THE PROBLEMS WITH FUSION
Content
THE PROBLEM WITH FUSION
D T YARBROUGH
THE PROBLEM WITH FUSION
When protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom the collective mass of the nucleus is less that the sum of the individual nucleons. This is called the "mass defect". However, it is not possible to carve up the pie and assign a lesser mass to a particular nucleon because it is going to be different from each nucleus. For example: The mass of a "free" proton and a "free" neutron is 1.67262158x10^-27 kg and 1.67492716x10^-27 kg, respectively. The sum is3.34754874x10^-27 kg. But the mass of a "free" deuteron is 3.34358309x10^-27 kg. The difference is -0.00396565x10^-27 kg. That does not mean that the proton or neutron is "lighter" inside the nucleus in the normal way we think of heavy and light. Rather, the binding of the proton and neutron to form the deuteron releases a certain amount of energy which equivalent to the "mass defect" which is given by the famous formula E=mc^2. On the nuclear level we have to abandon the concept that mass an energy are independent quantities. They are "just" different aspects of the same stuff (mass-energy). The same thing even happens in "normal" chemical reactions, but the equivalence of mass and energy is so one sided that it does not make any difference. Even "free" particles do not have a fixed mass. As their speed approaches the speed of light they increase in mass. That is just the weird way nature is. 1. When protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom the collective mass of the nucleus is less that the sum of the individual nucleons. This is called the "mass defect". This is because the orbital velocity of the protons and neutrons reduces their spin and thus their magnetic fields. 2. However, it is not possible to carve up the pie and assign a lesser mass to a particular nucleon because it is going to be different from each nucleus. It is different because the more nucleons, the farther some are from the center of the atom, increasing their orbital velocities. 3. For example: The mass of a "free" proton and a "free" neutron is 1.67262158x10^-27 kg and 1.67492716x10^-27 kg, respectively. The sum is3.34754874x10^-27 kg. But the mass of a "free" deuteron is 3.34358309x10^-27 kg. The difference is -0.00396565x10^-27 kg. That does not mean that the proton or neutron is "lighter" inside the nucleus in the normal way we think of heavy and light. Rather, the binding of the proton and neutron to form the deuteron releases a certain amount of energy which equivalent to the "mass defect" which is given by the famous formula E=mc^2. On the nuclear level we have to abandon the concept that mass an energy are independent quantities. They are "just" different aspects of the same stuff (mass-energy). There is no mass defect. Energy is converted from spin to velocity. The magnetic fields weaken and reduce the atoms response to other magnetic fields(its mass). Mass and energy are not interchangeable although added energy will typically increase mass(the magnetic field strength). Matter is never destroyed to create energy. Energy only exists within particles. 4. Even "free" particles do not have a fixed mass. As their speed approaches the speed of light they increase in mass. That is just the weird way nature is. This is true of more complex matter such as atoms. Particles do not increase their mass as they approach the speed of light. As mass increases due to momentum, spin slows and reduces mass due to the magnetic field. Conservation of energy, momentum, whatever you want to call it. This
is why a photon doesn't hit us with the force of a bowling ball. Photons have mass. They have magnetic fields. Forget about the Higgs, magnetism gives matter mass. In an accelerator, it is this reduction in field strength that prevents the accelerator from accelerating particles to the speed of light. They don't become heavier, they become less responsive to the accelerators fields. Collisions do not occur because of increased mass, but because of reduced fields. Applying work energy such as rockets to accelerate a spaceship will increase its mass since it doesn't have to convert its own energy from spin to velocity. You are adding the energy externally to create the acceleration. In an accelerator, you are simply creating a field that guides the particle and gives it something to push against. CONCLUSION: Fusion creates no energy release but requires energy to accomplish. In fusion reactors like the Tocomack, deuterium and tritium are used to create helium. These are isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrogen = 1P + 1 E . Deuterium = 1 P + 1 E + 1 N. Tritium = 1P + 1E + 2N. This refers to the number of Protons, Electrons and Neutrons. Helium = 2P + 2E + 2N. Scientists believe that depending on how these isotopes combine, excess neutrons are discarded to create the energy. I believe that collisions with free particles(electrons, protons and neutrons) cause the tritium atom to lose a neutron(fission). The neutron either collides with other atoms or splits into a proton and electron(fission) which take part in future collisions. Freeing these particles from their orbital motions within the atoms, causes them to eventually slow down, if they don't collide first. Their fields expand dramatically creating pressure and heat capable of fusing helium. But that process actually uses some of the fission energy, rather than creating new energy. Fusing of 2 deuterium atoms requires the least amount of energy. The energy needed to fuse tritium with deuterium is never reached. Fusion does not occur within stars, only fission. Fusion occurs in supernovae and stellar collisions at the center of galaxies. Supernovae may be the result of runaway fission or random stellar collisions.
D T YARBROUGH
THE PROBLEM WITH FUSION
When protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom the collective mass of the nucleus is less that the sum of the individual nucleons. This is called the "mass defect". However, it is not possible to carve up the pie and assign a lesser mass to a particular nucleon because it is going to be different from each nucleus. For example: The mass of a "free" proton and a "free" neutron is 1.67262158x10^-27 kg and 1.67492716x10^-27 kg, respectively. The sum is3.34754874x10^-27 kg. But the mass of a "free" deuteron is 3.34358309x10^-27 kg. The difference is -0.00396565x10^-27 kg. That does not mean that the proton or neutron is "lighter" inside the nucleus in the normal way we think of heavy and light. Rather, the binding of the proton and neutron to form the deuteron releases a certain amount of energy which equivalent to the "mass defect" which is given by the famous formula E=mc^2. On the nuclear level we have to abandon the concept that mass an energy are independent quantities. They are "just" different aspects of the same stuff (mass-energy). The same thing even happens in "normal" chemical reactions, but the equivalence of mass and energy is so one sided that it does not make any difference. Even "free" particles do not have a fixed mass. As their speed approaches the speed of light they increase in mass. That is just the weird way nature is. 1. When protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom the collective mass of the nucleus is less that the sum of the individual nucleons. This is called the "mass defect". This is because the orbital velocity of the protons and neutrons reduces their spin and thus their magnetic fields. 2. However, it is not possible to carve up the pie and assign a lesser mass to a particular nucleon because it is going to be different from each nucleus. It is different because the more nucleons, the farther some are from the center of the atom, increasing their orbital velocities. 3. For example: The mass of a "free" proton and a "free" neutron is 1.67262158x10^-27 kg and 1.67492716x10^-27 kg, respectively. The sum is3.34754874x10^-27 kg. But the mass of a "free" deuteron is 3.34358309x10^-27 kg. The difference is -0.00396565x10^-27 kg. That does not mean that the proton or neutron is "lighter" inside the nucleus in the normal way we think of heavy and light. Rather, the binding of the proton and neutron to form the deuteron releases a certain amount of energy which equivalent to the "mass defect" which is given by the famous formula E=mc^2. On the nuclear level we have to abandon the concept that mass an energy are independent quantities. They are "just" different aspects of the same stuff (mass-energy). There is no mass defect. Energy is converted from spin to velocity. The magnetic fields weaken and reduce the atoms response to other magnetic fields(its mass). Mass and energy are not interchangeable although added energy will typically increase mass(the magnetic field strength). Matter is never destroyed to create energy. Energy only exists within particles. 4. Even "free" particles do not have a fixed mass. As their speed approaches the speed of light they increase in mass. That is just the weird way nature is. This is true of more complex matter such as atoms. Particles do not increase their mass as they approach the speed of light. As mass increases due to momentum, spin slows and reduces mass due to the magnetic field. Conservation of energy, momentum, whatever you want to call it. This
is why a photon doesn't hit us with the force of a bowling ball. Photons have mass. They have magnetic fields. Forget about the Higgs, magnetism gives matter mass. In an accelerator, it is this reduction in field strength that prevents the accelerator from accelerating particles to the speed of light. They don't become heavier, they become less responsive to the accelerators fields. Collisions do not occur because of increased mass, but because of reduced fields. Applying work energy such as rockets to accelerate a spaceship will increase its mass since it doesn't have to convert its own energy from spin to velocity. You are adding the energy externally to create the acceleration. In an accelerator, you are simply creating a field that guides the particle and gives it something to push against. CONCLUSION: Fusion creates no energy release but requires energy to accomplish. In fusion reactors like the Tocomack, deuterium and tritium are used to create helium. These are isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrogen = 1P + 1 E . Deuterium = 1 P + 1 E + 1 N. Tritium = 1P + 1E + 2N. This refers to the number of Protons, Electrons and Neutrons. Helium = 2P + 2E + 2N. Scientists believe that depending on how these isotopes combine, excess neutrons are discarded to create the energy. I believe that collisions with free particles(electrons, protons and neutrons) cause the tritium atom to lose a neutron(fission). The neutron either collides with other atoms or splits into a proton and electron(fission) which take part in future collisions. Freeing these particles from their orbital motions within the atoms, causes them to eventually slow down, if they don't collide first. Their fields expand dramatically creating pressure and heat capable of fusing helium. But that process actually uses some of the fission energy, rather than creating new energy. Fusing of 2 deuterium atoms requires the least amount of energy. The energy needed to fuse tritium with deuterium is never reached. Fusion does not occur within stars, only fission. Fusion occurs in supernovae and stellar collisions at the center of galaxies. Supernovae may be the result of runaway fission or random stellar collisions.
