Toilet
Content
Housing typologies
Type G3 (continued) Courtyard house G3 (final extension)
A staircase provides access onto a gallery on the first floor. The roof structure can be lifted in order to extend the first floor step by step. The first floor can be accessed separately when a staircase is added in one of the joints between the buildings. So the building can be habituated by two families or can be used for living and working. ground floor
Ground floor: 60,00 m² interior space 100 m²
porches and courtyard
First floor: 39-60,00 m²
interior space
phases of growth
4
first floor
5
Gambella settlement project
cross section C-C
6
cross section D-D Institute for Sustainable Architecture and Settlement Planning (IES) Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany e-mail: [email protected] Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Planungsgruppe Krusche (PGK) e-mail: [email protected]
91
92
Cultural heritage promotion
Some cultural heritage buildings in Addis Ababa / Ethiopia
3,4
Pictures
5 6
From upper left to lower right: 1 Taitu Hotel, Piazza 2 INCIS type 3 house in Kasanchis
7 8
two houses in Piazza Ilk house, Piazza Mohammad Ali house, Piazza St. Giorgis, Piazza house on Mohammad Ali compound behind old post office,
9 10 11 12
Piazza old post office, side facade, Piazza Finfinne Hotel INCIS house in kasanchis old post office, front facade, Piazza
93
An exemplary restoration of a historic building in Kasanchis pia. Experiences hardly exist so far. The workers, foremen and construction site manager engaged in this renovation project have been thoroughly trained being able to start off renovation of historical buildings in Addis Ababa and other urban centres of Ethiopia. Taking into consideration the number of historical buildings in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Harar, Mekelle, Lalibela and Axum there is a lot of work ahead. The impact will be more beautiful cities, restored historic centres with unique identities Rehabilitation of crumbling histori-
ing manner. One building has
of their own, to be highly appreci-
cal buildings as on–job–training,
been restored in a way that the
ated by Ethiopians, the Interna-
employment generation and mi-
old structure and existing building
tional Community and tourists.
cro- and small enterprise promo-
materials were reused – as far as
tion improves urban infrastructure
possible - to maintain the historical
The objective of the brochure is to
and the quality of life of the city
character and style.
promote cultural heritage and give a practical technical guideline how
dwellers. The sanitation system was restored
to implement it in a cost-efficient manner.
Project
in a way to prevent the contamina-
(LCH) in collaboration with their
tion of soil and water, achieving
Ethiopian Counterparts, the Ad-
hygienic and healthy living condi-
The renovated building serves as
dis Ababa City Government and
tions.
a “Centre of Excellence in cost-ef-
GTZ/Low-cost
Housing
ficient Construction” in Ethiopia.
the Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office (AAHDPO)
The natural stone pavement in the
Training–on-the–job in architectur-
renovated a historical site in Ad-
courtyard represents a new tech-
al designing as well as in cost cal-
dis Ababa as a “training object”
nical vocational trade in Ethiopia
culation, monitoring and evalua-
to demonstrate “best practices”
making use of the natural stones
tion with adequate IT programmes
in renovation works. It is one of
available in abundance, its pro-
are part of the capacity building
fifty “palazzines” (“small palaces”)
cessing being labour intensive
programme provided by the LCH
built in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa
and durable.
in the “Centre of Excellence in cost-efficient Construction”.
and Harar between 1936 and 1941 to accommodate mostly tempo-
The exemplary renovation has led
rary Italian civil servants living and
to value increase of the neighbour-
The Ministry of Works and Urban
working in Ethiopia.
hood.
Development is strongly committed to promote the renovation and
A lack of maintenance and repair
More than 70 workers, in particu-
maintenance of cultural heritage
work has led to a considerable
lar also female workers have been
in Ethiopia within its mandate for
deterioration of these houses.
trained on–the–job to make the
urban development planning mak-
AAHDPO & LCH made the effort
approach sustainable and repli-
ing use of the AAHDPO / LCH ex-
to demonstrate, on a pilot basis,
cable.
periences.
how restoration can be done in a cost-efficient and culture preserv-
Renovation work is new to Ethio-
94
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Introduction to the project
Financing cultural heritage ner. The rehabilitation costs have to be compared with the costs for new construction on the basis of the overall philosophy to maintain what can be maintained. The existing list of buildings in Addis Ababa to be maintained2 is a helpful instrument for this process. Individual, single case studies nevertheless will be additionally required. The surrounding neighborhood, i.e. existing urban patterns and future plans have to be analyzed additionally, the local development plans serving as basis Cultural heritage can only be main-
It is of high value for residential ar-
tained if financing mechanisms
eas as well as for the service sec-
and funds are available.
tor.
or framework. A conducive taxation system to encourage investment in cultural
One cannot assume that Govern-
Persons with money are interested
heritage should be elaborated and
ments, be it on federal, regional or
to invest in cultural heritage as the
enforced. Central elements of such
municipal level have the funds to
1
return can be very high.
a taxation system could be tax exemption or tax holidays3 for indi-
rehabilitate cultural heritage. Their might be some seed money avail-
However, ownership issues have
viduals, business men and women
able to encourage local and for-
to be clarified before hand to cre-
who are ready to invest in the reha-
eign investors to engage in reha-
ate planning and investment se-
bilitation of cultural heritage.
bilitation activities, the bulk of the
curity avoiding claims frightening
funds, however, has to come from
investors.
As tourism promotion strongly depends on well restored and main-
the private sector. Local development plans and the
tained cultural heritage a city or a
The maintenance of cultural heri-
control of their implementation
Country can offer, the Government
tage is not only an objective of
define cultural heritage, possible
should create the framework con-
architects, engineers and town
variations and redefinition of func-
ditions to promote private foreign
planners, it can as well be of high
tions.
and national investment in cultural heritage by an incentive system.
interest for investors. Renovated city centers or neigh-
exercised in order to avoid demoli-
The incentive system includes tax
borhoods are attractive sites for
tion of cultural heritage construct-
relaxation as well as reduction of
business and people in need of a
ing profitable high rise buildings
bureaucracy for paper works such
residence.
instead.
as building permits etc. to a mini-
Cultural heritage promotion
Control on speculation has to be
mum. Cultural heritage is normally lo-
Not every old building refers to
cated within the city, i.e. centrally
cultural heritage and not every
The only important issue to be su-
located with short ways to work
old building can or should be
pervised is that the projects devel-
places, shopping areas, restau-
maintained. The technical feasi-
op according to the agreed upon
rants and cafeterias.
bility and financial viability have
plans & designs not diverting into
to be checked in a realistic man-
completely different buildings &
95
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Financing cultural heritage (continued) usages. For single objects Embassies and cultural institutes having a historical/cultural relation can be directly contacted and motivated to engage in their restoration.4 If recognition as “Cultural Heritage” has been obtained by UNESCO, search for financing from International Donor Organizations is easier. Offensive campaigns and a felt Government commitment is required to successfully obtain support from International Organizations for the restoration of “Cultural Heritage”. In order to dispose of funds for the respective maintenance after restoration, adequate and functional usage concepts have to be elaborated and implemented. Museum type restoration is not recommendable as it remains “dead”.5 Cultural heritage within cities should be used for residential and business functions6 in order to guarantee its maintenance and secure lively old cities and townships.
Notes 1 2 3 4
5 6
For example ….. See list of …… For a limited period For example the house of Alfred Ilk in Addis Ababa could have been interesting for Switzerland, the Italian Palazzines might be interesting for the Italian Government. Some beautiful old buildings in Dire Dawa could be of interest to the Italian or the French Government as it has happened in Harar in regard to France. Not used in real life Mixed functions
96
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site
Considerations on historical projects
aspects of the rehabilitation pro-
all the other local and foreign pres-
cess of a historic Italian building,
ences on the city’s architecture
it furthermore has to reveal the his-
and urban structure.
Working on cultural heritage proj-
toric background of the building it-
ects places an obligation on us to
self and the building activities dur-
carefully investigate the historic
ing the Italian occupation period.
context of any project. Although
While doing this, one has also to
this documentation is focusing on
take into consideration the overall
the technical and organizational
context of the various influences of
Cultural heritage promotion
“piano regolatore generale dell’ impero coloniale” by Ignazio Guidi and Cesare Valle, 1939
97
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site (continued) Building activities during the Italian occupation period
During the short period of the Italian occupation (1936-1941) over 130,000 Italians, mostly temporary laborers lived and worked in Ethiopia. According to Richard Pankhurst, this labor pool along with an equal proportion of Ethiopian workers constructed dozens of European style offices, shops, flats and houses. In regards to architectural standardization, the Italian conquerors showed a strong intention of developing consistent types of the colonial house. These efforts were bundled up to a much more ambitious idea: A building program of the colonial empire ( Programma Edilizio del l’Impero Coloniale ) as a part of the ongoing master plan
Drawing detail “piano regolatore generale dell’ impero coloniale” by Ignazio Guidi and Cesare Valle, 1939
“piano regolatore generale dell’ impero coloniale”. Many normative controls and edificatory intentions
He further illustrated his idea of a
are put into these plans and pro-
‘urban capital’ by describing the
grams proposed by Antonio Guidi
city as an ‘instrument of work, a
and Cesare Valle.
center of order, a residence of government, so to say, a large admin-
According to the modernist idea
istration […] which is demanding
of the garden city, the plans pro-
for large buildings and large mod-
posed a clear separation of the
ern housing’.1
city’s functional areas, moreover distinguishing the accumulations of the local dwellers from the districts of the foreigners. A ‘tropical’ type of architecture was proposed, assuming hygienic and healthy living conditions. The famous French architect Le Corbusier, who was invited to Addis Abeba as a rep-
Sketch of Le Corbusier for the administrative area of Addis Ababa, 1936
resentative of a French delega-
Notes
tion described the problem of the
1
contemporary capital as a general problem of the modern civilization.
A. Munoz, Le Corbusier parla di urbanistica romana, in ‘L´Urbe’, 10, 1936
98
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site (continued) I.N.C.I.S in Kasanchis
1 Kasanchis, as this urban area of Addis Ababa is called at present time, obtained its name from a modification of the Italian naming “case INCIS” for a particular place, where three housing projects were proposed by the “Instituto Nationale per Case dello Impiegati dello Stato” (INCIS).
2
The Italian “national institute for the houses of employees of the state” as the naming INCIS could be translated, established in 1924
3&5
in Italy. Its task was the provision
4
of residential housing for the state employees within Italy. In the thirties, it expanded its work up to the Italian colonies1: 1930 in Somalia and Libya, 1936 in Ethiopia and at
Sites of the INCIS projects, map from around 1936. Sites are numbered from 1 to 5.
the end of 1939 in Albania.
struction of residences for state
These little houses were still facing
It is important to put in evidence
employees for the total amount
a lot of difficulties resulting in the
that the activities of the INCIS were
of 50 million Liras. It arranges the
lack of appropriate craftsmanship
more of informative criteria and not
immediate study of the project ac-
and suitable materials. They were
the ones of massive building con-
cordingly to various house types in
inaugurated in October 1936. In
struction as it might appear, con-
order to adapt them to the require-
a short period of time the INCIS
sidering the provision of numerous
ments of the diverse sites. A tech-
constructed the significant amount
residences with low costs in such
nical department is established in
of 50 “palazzine” with 133 apart-
a reasonable short time. It has to
Addis Ababa in September 1936
ments, counting a total of 859
be considered, that all these small
where
investigations
rooms in Addis Ababa. Four of five
palaces are built of only one or two
are made to develop a number
“lotti di case INCIS” (project sites)
storey with varying apartment sizes
of possibilities presented by the
have been built in the Kasanchis
from a minimum of two up to five
use of local available construction
area and till now all of the overall of
rooms, whereas the exterior was
materials. Building materials are
50 “palazzine” (including the ones
planned with gorgeous gardens
examined in regard to their gen-
in the northern part of Arada) can
and separate service rooms.
eral climatic characteristics and
be considered to be in a relatively
their transportation and manpower
good condition.
technical
expenses.
Investigations
Cultural heritage promotion
In 1936 INCIS provides the con-
were
brought to a certain level and the
Also in other Ethiopian cities INCIS
construction of the first site with 10
completed further projects, like
“palazzines” (small palaces) in the
9 “palazzine” (30 apartments) in
northern part of the Piazza area
Harar and 4 (8 apartments) in Dire
was started immediately.
Dawa.2
99
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site (continued)
INCIS site no. 1, site plan
INCIS site no. 2, site plan, project building marked
INCIS site no. 3 & 5, site plan
INCIS site no. 4, site plan
100
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site (continued)
Site no. 4 Site no. 2
Cultural heritage promotion
Site no. 5
./24(
Site no. 3
Location of INCIS site no. 2-5, shown on contemporary aerial photograph. Site 5 was never implemented.
101
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site
./24(
(continued)
Site plan of INCIS site no. 2, shown on contemporary aerial photograph
102
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site (continued)
Type 6
Type 3
Type 2
Site plan of INCIS site 2, building types, project building marked
INCIS site no. 2, building type 6
INCIS site no. 2, building type 2
1
Though Ethiopia has never been an Italian colony, there are some books out of the literature sources of the document that refer to it as a colony, such as Gresleri: Architettura italiana d’oltremare 1870-1940; Marsilio Editori; Venezia, 1993
2
Exact numbers are not clear as at the time of the literature source, not all houses have been finished
Cultural heritage promotion
Notes
INCIS site no. 2, building type 3
103
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site (continued)
Perspective of houses of site no. 1
Housing type 3
Housing type 3
Housing type 4
Housing type 5
Housing type 6
104
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Planning considerations
Analysis of the neighbourhood
The other type 3 house of the kasanchis neighborhood.
One of the terraces had been changed to a closed room with sloped roof.
The roof at the backside balcony is in the original shape. The balcony is not covered by the roof, but the handrail is new.
Handrail of the backside balcony of another INCIS house. This could be taken as a template for the handrail .
Only a few hundred meters from
had been walled up and closed
would easily infiltrate the construc-
with a sloped roof, possibly due to
tion at this point, causing damage
a lack of waterproofness of the ter-
to the building.
race already in the early years.
the project site away, there is a
As the terraces were considered to
second INCIS type 3 house as
As renovation of historic buildings
be characteristic for the building,
it can be seen on the INCIS site
should go along with preservation
they were preserved. Considering
plan. To preserve the context of
and conservation, it was consid-
the durability of the building, they
the former INCIS site the second
ered carefully if all building’s fea-
were sealed with contemporary
house was assessed.
tures should be restored in the
techniques, instead of insisting on
original manner or if some should
building techniques used at the
Some architecture changes had
be changed according to new
time of the original construction.
been made, but details like the
needs and building techniques.
roof at the backside balcony could still be found in the original state.
Cultural heritage promotion
Considerations about the second type 3 INCIS house
Original handrails from houses in Having this in mind, the architects
the neighbourhood were taken as
chose a roof overhang for the
templates for the production of
The shape of the roof not covering
backside balcony covering the
new handrails for the project build-
the balcony was like it has been
balcony’s slab for reasons of dura-
ing.
built before. One of the terraces
bility of the construction. Rainwater
105
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
The finished Project´s impressions
106
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
107
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Cultural heritage promotion
Project´s impressions
Design drawings
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
108
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Cultural heritage promotion
(continued)
FRONT AND LEFT SIDE ELEVATIONS
109
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Design drawings
Design drawings
110
Ecological sanitation systems
schematic model of a dry toilet unit
111
Resource efficient sanitation - Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) Alarming sanitation situation
The current sanitation and wastewater situation in Addis Ababa and
Some facts & figures on the alarming sanitation situation word wide
Lack of adequate sanitation facili-
many other urban centers in the
ties remains one of the main trans-
Regions is not satisfactory. About
mitters of diseases in the world’ s
half of the population of Addis
developing countries. Sanitation
Ababa uses shared sanitation fa-
children - die of contaminated
inadequacies also hinder eco-
cilities and almost a quarter of the
water per year
nomic and social development,
population has no toilet facilities
constitute a major impediment to
at all. Only about 40,000 people
poverty alleviation, and lead to en-
out of more than three million are
vironmental degradation.
connected to the central sewer
- 5 million people - mainly
- 2,5 billion people world wide do not dispose of adequate sanitation systems
- Only 5 – 10 % of the waste
system and the wastewater treat-
water worldwide is treated in
In the major cities of Africa as many
ment ponds (A.A.W.S.A., 2002)1,
plants
as two-thirds of the population are
whereas the striking majority of the
without adequate sanitation.
existing treatment facilities are dry pit latrines and septic tanks, which
The majority of the population
cannot be considered a sustain-
of Ethiopia, urban and rural alike
able solution.
ECOSAN is an integrated ap-
does not have access to safe and adequate sanitation facilities.
Introduction of ECOSAN – towards a sustainable society
With this water problem in mind
proach. It represents an alternative
Addis Ababa and many other ur-
sanitary solution on the way to an
Three-fourth of the health prob-
ban centers in the Regions can-
ecologically sustainable society.
lems in Ethiopia are communica-
not give themselves the luxury of
ECOSAN is not only a technical
ble diseases attributed to unsafe
building more flushing toilets be-
solution, it involves a philosophy
and inadequate provision of water
ing flushed with drinking water.
centered around efficient utiliza-
and unhygienic waste manage-
The urban centers have to strongly
tion of scarce natural resources.
ment, particularly sewage.
economize on the use of drinking
The efficient utilization consists of
water in order to save the little they
a reuse & recycling of human ex-
Three-fourth of the health prob-
have for the absolutely neces-
creta. Human excreta are not con-
lems of children in Ethiopia are
sary water supply for drinking and
sidered as waste to be disposed,
communicable diseases originat-
washing. For toilets and washing
but as nutrients for reuse in agri-
ing from the environment. Only
of clothes etc. innovative devices
culture. This holds true for urine
11.5 % of the population has ac-
have to be introduced and applied
(yellow water), faeces (brown wa-
cess to sanitation facilities while
in order to manage and use the
ter) and grey water (from rinsing,
88.5 % are without proper sanita-
scarce water resources in the most
bathing/showering, washing kitch-
tion facilities.
effective manner.
en utensils). The reuse of human excreta does not cause problems
The purity and quality of Addis
Decentralized waste water sys-
as long as the separation of urine
Ababa’s water sources is decreas-
tems recycling the water (grey wa-
and faeces is maintained and nei-
ing at an alarming rate. Tanneries
ter) and dry sanitation should be
ther urine nor faeces are mixed
and factories built alongside the
introduced in order to demonstrate
with grey water. Nature has made
rivers are the main industrial pol-
cost-efficient and environmentally
urine & faeces emerge from the
luters.
friendly sanitation moreover re-
body from different sources. This
ducing the wastage of precious
separation should be maintained
and scarce drinking water.
in order to make optimal (re-) use
The water however mainly con-
of both as nutrients.
tains harmful micro-organisms (especially “e-colli”), which are found
ECOSAN is not an approach in-
in human excrements.
112
ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Resource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN
Recource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN (coninued)
Shortcomings of conventional wastewater systems (left) and advantages of ecological sanitation systems (right)
tended only for developing coun-
- Operation of decentralized
- Grew water: kitchen & clothes’
tries. It is should be implemented
systems is the key issue
washing water, wastewater
- Decentralized systems create
in every nation.
more management problems
- Decentralized system create more jobs
Centralized versus decentralized waste water systems
- Decentralized systems can be built in phases/successively
generated through bathing & showering
- Brown water: faeces - Yellow water: urine - Black water: faeces & urine together
- Decentralized systems reduce - 80% of costs in centralized
the import of fertilizer - reuse
sewerage is invested for sewer
options by source separa-
lines
tion (fertilizer, soil conditioner,
- Centralized sewerage sys-
Production of waste water per person per annum (average)
biogas) the “loop”
investments are required
- Within centralized sewer
- Grew water: 25.000 – 100.000 l (low nutrient)
- Yellow water (urine): 500 l
systems the nutrient cycle is
(high nutrient)
broken
Definitions
- The centralized, conventional
- Brown water (faeces): 50 l (high nutrient)
- Waste water: total flow of hu-
sewer system is a one line
man faeces, urine, kitchen &
It is seen from these data, that the
clothes’ washing water, waste
largest portion of waste water is
is the sludge being a low nutri-
water generated through bath-
grey water, which is a low nutrient,
ent
ing & showering
but can be purified easily through
system
- The only waste to be recycled
ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
Addis Ababa City Government
Ecological sanitation systems
- Decentralized systems close
tems are very costly, huge
MWUD
113
Recource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN (coninued) Experiences with ECOSAN toilets & cultural taboos
- Experiences in rural areas are available (China, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Uganda)
- Link to agriculture in rural areas is direct/obvious
- First experiences of dry toilets in mass housing construction have been made in Dong Sheng (Inner Mongolia)/China
- Designs for dry toilets for apartments are ready
- Pilot projects are being implemented (best practices)
Wastewater volumes and nutrient loads
- Awareness creation campaigns are required In China, roughly 700.000 ECOSAN toilets have been constructed.
gravel filter and used for gardening. In general one distinguishes between:
- Dry toilets allow reuse of urine and faeces as nutrients in
reuse of human excreta. The very
agriculture
old civilization of China builds on
- Nutrients (urine & faeces) do
the reuse of human excreta for
not require sophisticated ad-
improving agricultural production
ditional treatment
since for than 3000 years.
- Domestic waste water - Industrial waste water.
- Urine is a high value fertilizer,
In the chapter on ECOSAN the
- Faeces have to dry and can
comparable to chemical fertil-
In Vietnam as well as in Japan,
izer
taboos on the reuse of human ex-
topic dealt with is domestic waste
then be used as soil condi-
water.
tioner (composed excreta)
- Chemical fertilizer contains phosphate Why use ECOSAN toilets
There are no taboos in regard to
- The reserves of phosphate (in
creta hardly exist. In Africa, the slash and burn (shifting agriculture) agricultural system of the different ethnics has not paid attention to human excreta.
Morocco, area occupied by
- Resource efficient sanitation must consider water consumption
- Flushing toilets waste highly valuable drinking water
- In many locations there is not sufficient water to flush toilets continuously
- Black water cannot be reused - Dry toilets separate urine and
POLISARIO) will be exhausted within 150 to 200 years
- Prices for phosphate and hence chemical fertilizer are on the rise
- Urine contains nitrogen and phosphate
New enterprises have to be created & trained for ECOSAN toilet handling such as:
- Urine is as effective for agriculture as chemical fertilizer
- Production of containers for faeces & urine
- Production of toilet moulds
faeces
114
Micro and small enterprise promotion – job generation
ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Resource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN
Recource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN (coninued) with separation
- Installation of toilets & containers
- Emptying of containers and
as purified grey water can also be
city dwellers. Some designs have
used to improve the green areas
been developed and are ready
and the individual small gardens
for construction. The operation &
within the neighborhoods.
maintenance and management is the most important part of public
exchange of toilets
- Transporting & selling of
toilets. They should be managed
treated excretes to agricultural enterprises
ECOSAN for housing & public toilets
by the private sector, preferability by MSE. However, the MSE will need some training in the opera-
The implementation of ECOSAN
tion before hand.
within low-cost housing schemes
Summary
and public toilets includes: Decentralized waste water systems recycling the water (grey wa-
- Construction of appropriate
Countries with favorable conditions for ECOSAN
ter) and dry sanitation should be
sanitation systems within large
introduced in order to demonstrate
scale housing schemes and
Countries with a strong solar radia-
cost-efficient and environmentally
for public toilets
tion, reduced soil fertility and water
friendly sanitation moreover re-
- Capacity building and training
ducing the wastage of precious
– on – the – job in the con-
and scarce drinking water.
struction of ECOSAN
scarcity provide the most favorable conditions for ECOSAN.
- Public awareness creation & Therefore
small
sanitation
systems
decentralized should
be
implemented, which are able to grow with the development of the section of the city and are work-
campaigns
- Authorities, beneficiaries’ & MSE training in the use, maintenance & repair of ECOSAN
- Reuse of human excreta
ing independent from centralized
(separated in urine and dried
structures.
faeces) for agricultural purposes, green areas, gardens,
Ethiopian Housing Program hous-
floriculture, etc.
- Reuse of purified grey water
ing units (individual apartments)
(gravel as filter) for agricul-
within the housing schemes with
tural purposes, green areas,
up to four storeys will be equipped with dry urine-separating toilets (ECOSAN). The different wastewa-
gardens, floriculture, etc.
- Monitoring, evaluation & possible adjustments
ter streams such as faeces, urine,
- Development of sustainable
greywater and stormwater will be
replication strategy (sustain-
managed not in one systems, but
able system approach).
Ecological sanitation systems
In the framework of the Great
in separate systems accounting for the different properties of the respective streams. Faeces are
Public toilets
Notes
collected, composted and then used as soil conditioner, whereas
For urban centers is seems in
urine is collected, stored and trans-
particular relevant to build public
ported to agriculture. Grey water is
toilets to improve the sanitary &
treated in decentralised trickling
environmental situation as well as
filters. Urine, dried faeces as well
provide sanitary services to the ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
1
AAWSA & NEDECO (2002). Wastewater Masterplan Volume I-III, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, Ethiopia.
115
Functional description of a dry toilet system SEPARATING TOILET
URINAL
Dry toilet units are arranged in pairs: -
one separating toilet one urinal.
The separating moulds: -
FAECES
URINE
toilet
contains
two
one for faeces one for urine.
The separation of urine and faeces is essential for the proper drying process. It has to be taken care of that no bigger amount of water is spilled into the faeces mould.
For the urine, a tank is attached to the system. The tank is connected to the urine mould of the separating toilet as well as to the urinal. FAECES´ CONTAINERS
For both, each for toilet and urinal, one container for faeces is situated below the floor.
URINE TANK
URINE
Due to the separation of urine and faeces, two workflows have to be considered: -
one for urine one for faeces.
When urine is entered to the urine mould of the toilet it is led to the urine tank.
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Addis Ababa City Government
Functional description
Functional description of a dry toilet system (continued) When faeces are entered to the faeces mould of the toilet they are stored in the drying container situated below.
FAECES
After 6 months of use, toilet and urinal are exchanged. New faeces are now only entered into the second container below the toilet.
During the following 6 months, the urinal is used on the left side container. Therefore no more faeces are entered. Previously deposited faeces can dry out during this period of time.
FAECES
Ecological sanitation systems
URINE
New faeces are now entered only into the second container (shown on the right side).
DRYING FAECES
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Addis Ababa City Government
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Functional description of a dry toilet system (continued)
SHUT TER
To remove the dried faeces, a shutter on the backside of the container is opened and the dried faeces are dropped from the drying container to a transport container that is carried away. Also the urine tank is emptied The dried faeces as well as urine are sold for agricultural use. The shutter of the emptied container is closed again.
DRIED FAECES
The urinal and the toilet are restored in the same positions as six months before. Another 6 months’ cycle is now newly started.
118
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Addis Ababa City Government
Pilot project
ECOSAN public toilet - a pilot project
perspective of kiosk and public toilet
This design for a public toilet is a
men´s urinals 9° 9°
pilot project design for urban ar-
18°
18°
eas. R 2.545 90°
It consists of two separate buildings, which accomodate the public toilet itself and an additional kiosk. The kiosk is run by a MSE
12°
that at the same time runs the pub-
33°
lic toilet.
45°
33°
12°
The public toilet itself has a basement of approx. 1 m height in
33°
separating toilets 12°
which drying containers for the
male
female
faeces are situated. Containers are periodically changed to ensure the drying process of faeces. The urine is gathered in a spearate
paying for toilet use
Ecological sanitation systems
tank below the men´s urinals. Pipes in the center of the building provide ventilation to the drying chambers similar to chimneys.
kiosk
shopping
Furthermore, the roof is lifted form the walls to ensure ventilation of the toilets themselves. ground floor plan scale 1 : 100
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Addis Ababa City Government
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120
Credits to the stakeholders
Tsedale Mamo
AAHDPO manager
overall coordination
Amare Asgedom
AAHDPO land, infrastructure and design department head
land provision, design and utilities coordination
Dr. Messele Haile
MH-Engineering PLC managing director
consultant for the project
Ruth Erlbeck
GTZ / LCH project manager sociologist / economist
overall coordination
Dipl.-Ing. Ralph Trosse
GTZ / LCH technical advisor architect
design, coordination, site supervision and documentation
Dipl.-Ing. Carsten Stammeier
GTZ / LCH architect
project documentation, 3D renderings and illustrations
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Otterpohl TUHH Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Wastewater Management
wastewater management for Arat Kilo / Piazza project
Prof. Per Krusche Institut für Entwicklungsplanung und Siedlungswesen (IES) Technische Universität Braunschweig, Deutschland Planungsgruppe Krusche (PGK)
technical concept for the urban renewal of Piazza / Arat-Kilo, Mekelle masterplan design project
Consulting Engineers in Construction Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner Stuttgart
design study of a highway and pedestrian bridge at Piazza / Arat-Kilo
Asmerom Tadesse
in 2003 Project manager of Mekelle City Plan Preparation Project
Kidusan Negga
in 2003 Mekelle City Mayor
Mulu Muduts
in 2003 Dean of Mekelle Institute of Technology
Debretsion Gebremichael
in 2003 Head of Regional Bureau of Trade, Industry & Urban Development / Tigray
Anbessaw Mamo
in 2003 Head of Urban Development Bureau / Tigray
Ralph Bäcker
professional photographer
presentation photographs
121
Type G3 (continued) Courtyard house G3 (final extension)
A staircase provides access onto a gallery on the first floor. The roof structure can be lifted in order to extend the first floor step by step. The first floor can be accessed separately when a staircase is added in one of the joints between the buildings. So the building can be habituated by two families or can be used for living and working. ground floor
Ground floor: 60,00 m² interior space 100 m²
porches and courtyard
First floor: 39-60,00 m²
interior space
phases of growth
4
first floor
5
Gambella settlement project
cross section C-C
6
cross section D-D Institute for Sustainable Architecture and Settlement Planning (IES) Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany e-mail: [email protected] Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Planungsgruppe Krusche (PGK) e-mail: [email protected]
91
92
Cultural heritage promotion
Some cultural heritage buildings in Addis Ababa / Ethiopia
3,4
Pictures
5 6
From upper left to lower right: 1 Taitu Hotel, Piazza 2 INCIS type 3 house in Kasanchis
7 8
two houses in Piazza Ilk house, Piazza Mohammad Ali house, Piazza St. Giorgis, Piazza house on Mohammad Ali compound behind old post office,
9 10 11 12
Piazza old post office, side facade, Piazza Finfinne Hotel INCIS house in kasanchis old post office, front facade, Piazza
93
An exemplary restoration of a historic building in Kasanchis pia. Experiences hardly exist so far. The workers, foremen and construction site manager engaged in this renovation project have been thoroughly trained being able to start off renovation of historical buildings in Addis Ababa and other urban centres of Ethiopia. Taking into consideration the number of historical buildings in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Harar, Mekelle, Lalibela and Axum there is a lot of work ahead. The impact will be more beautiful cities, restored historic centres with unique identities Rehabilitation of crumbling histori-
ing manner. One building has
of their own, to be highly appreci-
cal buildings as on–job–training,
been restored in a way that the
ated by Ethiopians, the Interna-
employment generation and mi-
old structure and existing building
tional Community and tourists.
cro- and small enterprise promo-
materials were reused – as far as
tion improves urban infrastructure
possible - to maintain the historical
The objective of the brochure is to
and the quality of life of the city
character and style.
promote cultural heritage and give a practical technical guideline how
dwellers. The sanitation system was restored
to implement it in a cost-efficient manner.
Project
in a way to prevent the contamina-
(LCH) in collaboration with their
tion of soil and water, achieving
Ethiopian Counterparts, the Ad-
hygienic and healthy living condi-
The renovated building serves as
dis Ababa City Government and
tions.
a “Centre of Excellence in cost-ef-
GTZ/Low-cost
Housing
ficient Construction” in Ethiopia.
the Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office (AAHDPO)
The natural stone pavement in the
Training–on-the–job in architectur-
renovated a historical site in Ad-
courtyard represents a new tech-
al designing as well as in cost cal-
dis Ababa as a “training object”
nical vocational trade in Ethiopia
culation, monitoring and evalua-
to demonstrate “best practices”
making use of the natural stones
tion with adequate IT programmes
in renovation works. It is one of
available in abundance, its pro-
are part of the capacity building
fifty “palazzines” (“small palaces”)
cessing being labour intensive
programme provided by the LCH
built in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa
and durable.
in the “Centre of Excellence in cost-efficient Construction”.
and Harar between 1936 and 1941 to accommodate mostly tempo-
The exemplary renovation has led
rary Italian civil servants living and
to value increase of the neighbour-
The Ministry of Works and Urban
working in Ethiopia.
hood.
Development is strongly committed to promote the renovation and
A lack of maintenance and repair
More than 70 workers, in particu-
maintenance of cultural heritage
work has led to a considerable
lar also female workers have been
in Ethiopia within its mandate for
deterioration of these houses.
trained on–the–job to make the
urban development planning mak-
AAHDPO & LCH made the effort
approach sustainable and repli-
ing use of the AAHDPO / LCH ex-
to demonstrate, on a pilot basis,
cable.
periences.
how restoration can be done in a cost-efficient and culture preserv-
Renovation work is new to Ethio-
94
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Introduction to the project
Financing cultural heritage ner. The rehabilitation costs have to be compared with the costs for new construction on the basis of the overall philosophy to maintain what can be maintained. The existing list of buildings in Addis Ababa to be maintained2 is a helpful instrument for this process. Individual, single case studies nevertheless will be additionally required. The surrounding neighborhood, i.e. existing urban patterns and future plans have to be analyzed additionally, the local development plans serving as basis Cultural heritage can only be main-
It is of high value for residential ar-
tained if financing mechanisms
eas as well as for the service sec-
and funds are available.
tor.
or framework. A conducive taxation system to encourage investment in cultural
One cannot assume that Govern-
Persons with money are interested
heritage should be elaborated and
ments, be it on federal, regional or
to invest in cultural heritage as the
enforced. Central elements of such
municipal level have the funds to
1
return can be very high.
a taxation system could be tax exemption or tax holidays3 for indi-
rehabilitate cultural heritage. Their might be some seed money avail-
However, ownership issues have
viduals, business men and women
able to encourage local and for-
to be clarified before hand to cre-
who are ready to invest in the reha-
eign investors to engage in reha-
ate planning and investment se-
bilitation of cultural heritage.
bilitation activities, the bulk of the
curity avoiding claims frightening
funds, however, has to come from
investors.
As tourism promotion strongly depends on well restored and main-
the private sector. Local development plans and the
tained cultural heritage a city or a
The maintenance of cultural heri-
control of their implementation
Country can offer, the Government
tage is not only an objective of
define cultural heritage, possible
should create the framework con-
architects, engineers and town
variations and redefinition of func-
ditions to promote private foreign
planners, it can as well be of high
tions.
and national investment in cultural heritage by an incentive system.
interest for investors. Renovated city centers or neigh-
exercised in order to avoid demoli-
The incentive system includes tax
borhoods are attractive sites for
tion of cultural heritage construct-
relaxation as well as reduction of
business and people in need of a
ing profitable high rise buildings
bureaucracy for paper works such
residence.
instead.
as building permits etc. to a mini-
Cultural heritage promotion
Control on speculation has to be
mum. Cultural heritage is normally lo-
Not every old building refers to
cated within the city, i.e. centrally
cultural heritage and not every
The only important issue to be su-
located with short ways to work
old building can or should be
pervised is that the projects devel-
places, shopping areas, restau-
maintained. The technical feasi-
op according to the agreed upon
rants and cafeterias.
bility and financial viability have
plans & designs not diverting into
to be checked in a realistic man-
completely different buildings &
95
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Financing cultural heritage (continued) usages. For single objects Embassies and cultural institutes having a historical/cultural relation can be directly contacted and motivated to engage in their restoration.4 If recognition as “Cultural Heritage” has been obtained by UNESCO, search for financing from International Donor Organizations is easier. Offensive campaigns and a felt Government commitment is required to successfully obtain support from International Organizations for the restoration of “Cultural Heritage”. In order to dispose of funds for the respective maintenance after restoration, adequate and functional usage concepts have to be elaborated and implemented. Museum type restoration is not recommendable as it remains “dead”.5 Cultural heritage within cities should be used for residential and business functions6 in order to guarantee its maintenance and secure lively old cities and townships.
Notes 1 2 3 4
5 6
For example ….. See list of …… For a limited period For example the house of Alfred Ilk in Addis Ababa could have been interesting for Switzerland, the Italian Palazzines might be interesting for the Italian Government. Some beautiful old buildings in Dire Dawa could be of interest to the Italian or the French Government as it has happened in Harar in regard to France. Not used in real life Mixed functions
96
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site
Considerations on historical projects
aspects of the rehabilitation pro-
all the other local and foreign pres-
cess of a historic Italian building,
ences on the city’s architecture
it furthermore has to reveal the his-
and urban structure.
Working on cultural heritage proj-
toric background of the building it-
ects places an obligation on us to
self and the building activities dur-
carefully investigate the historic
ing the Italian occupation period.
context of any project. Although
While doing this, one has also to
this documentation is focusing on
take into consideration the overall
the technical and organizational
context of the various influences of
Cultural heritage promotion
“piano regolatore generale dell’ impero coloniale” by Ignazio Guidi and Cesare Valle, 1939
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Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site (continued) Building activities during the Italian occupation period
During the short period of the Italian occupation (1936-1941) over 130,000 Italians, mostly temporary laborers lived and worked in Ethiopia. According to Richard Pankhurst, this labor pool along with an equal proportion of Ethiopian workers constructed dozens of European style offices, shops, flats and houses. In regards to architectural standardization, the Italian conquerors showed a strong intention of developing consistent types of the colonial house. These efforts were bundled up to a much more ambitious idea: A building program of the colonial empire ( Programma Edilizio del l’Impero Coloniale ) as a part of the ongoing master plan
Drawing detail “piano regolatore generale dell’ impero coloniale” by Ignazio Guidi and Cesare Valle, 1939
“piano regolatore generale dell’ impero coloniale”. Many normative controls and edificatory intentions
He further illustrated his idea of a
are put into these plans and pro-
‘urban capital’ by describing the
grams proposed by Antonio Guidi
city as an ‘instrument of work, a
and Cesare Valle.
center of order, a residence of government, so to say, a large admin-
According to the modernist idea
istration […] which is demanding
of the garden city, the plans pro-
for large buildings and large mod-
posed a clear separation of the
ern housing’.1
city’s functional areas, moreover distinguishing the accumulations of the local dwellers from the districts of the foreigners. A ‘tropical’ type of architecture was proposed, assuming hygienic and healthy living conditions. The famous French architect Le Corbusier, who was invited to Addis Abeba as a rep-
Sketch of Le Corbusier for the administrative area of Addis Ababa, 1936
resentative of a French delega-
Notes
tion described the problem of the
1
contemporary capital as a general problem of the modern civilization.
A. Munoz, Le Corbusier parla di urbanistica romana, in ‘L´Urbe’, 10, 1936
98
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site (continued) I.N.C.I.S in Kasanchis
1 Kasanchis, as this urban area of Addis Ababa is called at present time, obtained its name from a modification of the Italian naming “case INCIS” for a particular place, where three housing projects were proposed by the “Instituto Nationale per Case dello Impiegati dello Stato” (INCIS).
2
The Italian “national institute for the houses of employees of the state” as the naming INCIS could be translated, established in 1924
3&5
in Italy. Its task was the provision
4
of residential housing for the state employees within Italy. In the thirties, it expanded its work up to the Italian colonies1: 1930 in Somalia and Libya, 1936 in Ethiopia and at
Sites of the INCIS projects, map from around 1936. Sites are numbered from 1 to 5.
the end of 1939 in Albania.
struction of residences for state
These little houses were still facing
It is important to put in evidence
employees for the total amount
a lot of difficulties resulting in the
that the activities of the INCIS were
of 50 million Liras. It arranges the
lack of appropriate craftsmanship
more of informative criteria and not
immediate study of the project ac-
and suitable materials. They were
the ones of massive building con-
cordingly to various house types in
inaugurated in October 1936. In
struction as it might appear, con-
order to adapt them to the require-
a short period of time the INCIS
sidering the provision of numerous
ments of the diverse sites. A tech-
constructed the significant amount
residences with low costs in such
nical department is established in
of 50 “palazzine” with 133 apart-
a reasonable short time. It has to
Addis Ababa in September 1936
ments, counting a total of 859
be considered, that all these small
where
investigations
rooms in Addis Ababa. Four of five
palaces are built of only one or two
are made to develop a number
“lotti di case INCIS” (project sites)
storey with varying apartment sizes
of possibilities presented by the
have been built in the Kasanchis
from a minimum of two up to five
use of local available construction
area and till now all of the overall of
rooms, whereas the exterior was
materials. Building materials are
50 “palazzine” (including the ones
planned with gorgeous gardens
examined in regard to their gen-
in the northern part of Arada) can
and separate service rooms.
eral climatic characteristics and
be considered to be in a relatively
their transportation and manpower
good condition.
technical
expenses.
Investigations
Cultural heritage promotion
In 1936 INCIS provides the con-
were
brought to a certain level and the
Also in other Ethiopian cities INCIS
construction of the first site with 10
completed further projects, like
“palazzines” (small palaces) in the
9 “palazzine” (30 apartments) in
northern part of the Piazza area
Harar and 4 (8 apartments) in Dire
was started immediately.
Dawa.2
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Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site (continued)
INCIS site no. 1, site plan
INCIS site no. 2, site plan, project building marked
INCIS site no. 3 & 5, site plan
INCIS site no. 4, site plan
100
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site (continued)
Site no. 4 Site no. 2
Cultural heritage promotion
Site no. 5
./24(
Site no. 3
Location of INCIS site no. 2-5, shown on contemporary aerial photograph. Site 5 was never implemented.
101
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site
./24(
(continued)
Site plan of INCIS site no. 2, shown on contemporary aerial photograph
102
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Historical background of the project site
Historical background of the project site (continued)
Type 6
Type 3
Type 2
Site plan of INCIS site 2, building types, project building marked
INCIS site no. 2, building type 6
INCIS site no. 2, building type 2
1
Though Ethiopia has never been an Italian colony, there are some books out of the literature sources of the document that refer to it as a colony, such as Gresleri: Architettura italiana d’oltremare 1870-1940; Marsilio Editori; Venezia, 1993
2
Exact numbers are not clear as at the time of the literature source, not all houses have been finished
Cultural heritage promotion
Notes
INCIS site no. 2, building type 3
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Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Historical background of the project site (continued)
Perspective of houses of site no. 1
Housing type 3
Housing type 3
Housing type 4
Housing type 5
Housing type 6
104
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Planning considerations
Analysis of the neighbourhood
The other type 3 house of the kasanchis neighborhood.
One of the terraces had been changed to a closed room with sloped roof.
The roof at the backside balcony is in the original shape. The balcony is not covered by the roof, but the handrail is new.
Handrail of the backside balcony of another INCIS house. This could be taken as a template for the handrail .
Only a few hundred meters from
had been walled up and closed
would easily infiltrate the construc-
with a sloped roof, possibly due to
tion at this point, causing damage
a lack of waterproofness of the ter-
to the building.
race already in the early years.
the project site away, there is a
As the terraces were considered to
second INCIS type 3 house as
As renovation of historic buildings
be characteristic for the building,
it can be seen on the INCIS site
should go along with preservation
they were preserved. Considering
plan. To preserve the context of
and conservation, it was consid-
the durability of the building, they
the former INCIS site the second
ered carefully if all building’s fea-
were sealed with contemporary
house was assessed.
tures should be restored in the
techniques, instead of insisting on
original manner or if some should
building techniques used at the
Some architecture changes had
be changed according to new
time of the original construction.
been made, but details like the
needs and building techniques.
roof at the backside balcony could still be found in the original state.
Cultural heritage promotion
Considerations about the second type 3 INCIS house
Original handrails from houses in Having this in mind, the architects
the neighbourhood were taken as
chose a roof overhang for the
templates for the production of
The shape of the roof not covering
backside balcony covering the
new handrails for the project build-
the balcony was like it has been
balcony’s slab for reasons of dura-
ing.
built before. One of the terraces
bility of the construction. Rainwater
105
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
The finished Project´s impressions
106
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
107
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Cultural heritage promotion
Project´s impressions
Design drawings
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
108
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Cultural heritage promotion
(continued)
FRONT AND LEFT SIDE ELEVATIONS
109
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Design drawings
Design drawings
110
Ecological sanitation systems
schematic model of a dry toilet unit
111
Resource efficient sanitation - Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) Alarming sanitation situation
The current sanitation and wastewater situation in Addis Ababa and
Some facts & figures on the alarming sanitation situation word wide
Lack of adequate sanitation facili-
many other urban centers in the
ties remains one of the main trans-
Regions is not satisfactory. About
mitters of diseases in the world’ s
half of the population of Addis
developing countries. Sanitation
Ababa uses shared sanitation fa-
children - die of contaminated
inadequacies also hinder eco-
cilities and almost a quarter of the
water per year
nomic and social development,
population has no toilet facilities
constitute a major impediment to
at all. Only about 40,000 people
poverty alleviation, and lead to en-
out of more than three million are
vironmental degradation.
connected to the central sewer
- 5 million people - mainly
- 2,5 billion people world wide do not dispose of adequate sanitation systems
- Only 5 – 10 % of the waste
system and the wastewater treat-
water worldwide is treated in
In the major cities of Africa as many
ment ponds (A.A.W.S.A., 2002)1,
plants
as two-thirds of the population are
whereas the striking majority of the
without adequate sanitation.
existing treatment facilities are dry pit latrines and septic tanks, which
The majority of the population
cannot be considered a sustain-
of Ethiopia, urban and rural alike
able solution.
ECOSAN is an integrated ap-
does not have access to safe and adequate sanitation facilities.
Introduction of ECOSAN – towards a sustainable society
With this water problem in mind
proach. It represents an alternative
Addis Ababa and many other ur-
sanitary solution on the way to an
Three-fourth of the health prob-
ban centers in the Regions can-
ecologically sustainable society.
lems in Ethiopia are communica-
not give themselves the luxury of
ECOSAN is not only a technical
ble diseases attributed to unsafe
building more flushing toilets be-
solution, it involves a philosophy
and inadequate provision of water
ing flushed with drinking water.
centered around efficient utiliza-
and unhygienic waste manage-
The urban centers have to strongly
tion of scarce natural resources.
ment, particularly sewage.
economize on the use of drinking
The efficient utilization consists of
water in order to save the little they
a reuse & recycling of human ex-
Three-fourth of the health prob-
have for the absolutely neces-
creta. Human excreta are not con-
lems of children in Ethiopia are
sary water supply for drinking and
sidered as waste to be disposed,
communicable diseases originat-
washing. For toilets and washing
but as nutrients for reuse in agri-
ing from the environment. Only
of clothes etc. innovative devices
culture. This holds true for urine
11.5 % of the population has ac-
have to be introduced and applied
(yellow water), faeces (brown wa-
cess to sanitation facilities while
in order to manage and use the
ter) and grey water (from rinsing,
88.5 % are without proper sanita-
scarce water resources in the most
bathing/showering, washing kitch-
tion facilities.
effective manner.
en utensils). The reuse of human excreta does not cause problems
The purity and quality of Addis
Decentralized waste water sys-
as long as the separation of urine
Ababa’s water sources is decreas-
tems recycling the water (grey wa-
and faeces is maintained and nei-
ing at an alarming rate. Tanneries
ter) and dry sanitation should be
ther urine nor faeces are mixed
and factories built alongside the
introduced in order to demonstrate
with grey water. Nature has made
rivers are the main industrial pol-
cost-efficient and environmentally
urine & faeces emerge from the
luters.
friendly sanitation moreover re-
body from different sources. This
ducing the wastage of precious
separation should be maintained
and scarce drinking water.
in order to make optimal (re-) use
The water however mainly con-
of both as nutrients.
tains harmful micro-organisms (especially “e-colli”), which are found
ECOSAN is not an approach in-
in human excrements.
112
ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Resource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN
Recource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN (coninued)
Shortcomings of conventional wastewater systems (left) and advantages of ecological sanitation systems (right)
tended only for developing coun-
- Operation of decentralized
- Grew water: kitchen & clothes’
tries. It is should be implemented
systems is the key issue
washing water, wastewater
- Decentralized systems create
in every nation.
more management problems
- Decentralized system create more jobs
Centralized versus decentralized waste water systems
- Decentralized systems can be built in phases/successively
generated through bathing & showering
- Brown water: faeces - Yellow water: urine - Black water: faeces & urine together
- Decentralized systems reduce - 80% of costs in centralized
the import of fertilizer - reuse
sewerage is invested for sewer
options by source separa-
lines
tion (fertilizer, soil conditioner,
- Centralized sewerage sys-
Production of waste water per person per annum (average)
biogas) the “loop”
investments are required
- Within centralized sewer
- Grew water: 25.000 – 100.000 l (low nutrient)
- Yellow water (urine): 500 l
systems the nutrient cycle is
(high nutrient)
broken
Definitions
- The centralized, conventional
- Brown water (faeces): 50 l (high nutrient)
- Waste water: total flow of hu-
sewer system is a one line
man faeces, urine, kitchen &
It is seen from these data, that the
clothes’ washing water, waste
largest portion of waste water is
is the sludge being a low nutri-
water generated through bath-
grey water, which is a low nutrient,
ent
ing & showering
but can be purified easily through
system
- The only waste to be recycled
ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
Addis Ababa City Government
Ecological sanitation systems
- Decentralized systems close
tems are very costly, huge
MWUD
113
Recource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN (coninued) Experiences with ECOSAN toilets & cultural taboos
- Experiences in rural areas are available (China, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Uganda)
- Link to agriculture in rural areas is direct/obvious
- First experiences of dry toilets in mass housing construction have been made in Dong Sheng (Inner Mongolia)/China
- Designs for dry toilets for apartments are ready
- Pilot projects are being implemented (best practices)
Wastewater volumes and nutrient loads
- Awareness creation campaigns are required In China, roughly 700.000 ECOSAN toilets have been constructed.
gravel filter and used for gardening. In general one distinguishes between:
- Dry toilets allow reuse of urine and faeces as nutrients in
reuse of human excreta. The very
agriculture
old civilization of China builds on
- Nutrients (urine & faeces) do
the reuse of human excreta for
not require sophisticated ad-
improving agricultural production
ditional treatment
since for than 3000 years.
- Domestic waste water - Industrial waste water.
- Urine is a high value fertilizer,
In the chapter on ECOSAN the
- Faeces have to dry and can
comparable to chemical fertil-
In Vietnam as well as in Japan,
izer
taboos on the reuse of human ex-
topic dealt with is domestic waste
then be used as soil condi-
water.
tioner (composed excreta)
- Chemical fertilizer contains phosphate Why use ECOSAN toilets
There are no taboos in regard to
- The reserves of phosphate (in
creta hardly exist. In Africa, the slash and burn (shifting agriculture) agricultural system of the different ethnics has not paid attention to human excreta.
Morocco, area occupied by
- Resource efficient sanitation must consider water consumption
- Flushing toilets waste highly valuable drinking water
- In many locations there is not sufficient water to flush toilets continuously
- Black water cannot be reused - Dry toilets separate urine and
POLISARIO) will be exhausted within 150 to 200 years
- Prices for phosphate and hence chemical fertilizer are on the rise
- Urine contains nitrogen and phosphate
New enterprises have to be created & trained for ECOSAN toilet handling such as:
- Urine is as effective for agriculture as chemical fertilizer
- Production of containers for faeces & urine
- Production of toilet moulds
faeces
114
Micro and small enterprise promotion – job generation
ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Resource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN
Recource efficient sanitation - ECOSAN (coninued) with separation
- Installation of toilets & containers
- Emptying of containers and
as purified grey water can also be
city dwellers. Some designs have
used to improve the green areas
been developed and are ready
and the individual small gardens
for construction. The operation &
within the neighborhoods.
maintenance and management is the most important part of public
exchange of toilets
- Transporting & selling of
toilets. They should be managed
treated excretes to agricultural enterprises
ECOSAN for housing & public toilets
by the private sector, preferability by MSE. However, the MSE will need some training in the opera-
The implementation of ECOSAN
tion before hand.
within low-cost housing schemes
Summary
and public toilets includes: Decentralized waste water systems recycling the water (grey wa-
- Construction of appropriate
Countries with favorable conditions for ECOSAN
ter) and dry sanitation should be
sanitation systems within large
introduced in order to demonstrate
scale housing schemes and
Countries with a strong solar radia-
cost-efficient and environmentally
for public toilets
tion, reduced soil fertility and water
friendly sanitation moreover re-
- Capacity building and training
ducing the wastage of precious
– on – the – job in the con-
and scarce drinking water.
struction of ECOSAN
scarcity provide the most favorable conditions for ECOSAN.
- Public awareness creation & Therefore
small
sanitation
systems
decentralized should
be
implemented, which are able to grow with the development of the section of the city and are work-
campaigns
- Authorities, beneficiaries’ & MSE training in the use, maintenance & repair of ECOSAN
- Reuse of human excreta
ing independent from centralized
(separated in urine and dried
structures.
faeces) for agricultural purposes, green areas, gardens,
Ethiopian Housing Program hous-
floriculture, etc.
- Reuse of purified grey water
ing units (individual apartments)
(gravel as filter) for agricul-
within the housing schemes with
tural purposes, green areas,
up to four storeys will be equipped with dry urine-separating toilets (ECOSAN). The different wastewa-
gardens, floriculture, etc.
- Monitoring, evaluation & possible adjustments
ter streams such as faeces, urine,
- Development of sustainable
greywater and stormwater will be
replication strategy (sustain-
managed not in one systems, but
able system approach).
Ecological sanitation systems
In the framework of the Great
in separate systems accounting for the different properties of the respective streams. Faeces are
Public toilets
Notes
collected, composted and then used as soil conditioner, whereas
For urban centers is seems in
urine is collected, stored and trans-
particular relevant to build public
ported to agriculture. Grey water is
toilets to improve the sanitary &
treated in decentralised trickling
environmental situation as well as
filters. Urine, dried faeces as well
provide sanitary services to the ARGE Otterwasser GmbH TUTech Innovation GmbH
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
1
AAWSA & NEDECO (2002). Wastewater Masterplan Volume I-III, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, Ethiopia.
115
Functional description of a dry toilet system SEPARATING TOILET
URINAL
Dry toilet units are arranged in pairs: -
one separating toilet one urinal.
The separating moulds: -
FAECES
URINE
toilet
contains
two
one for faeces one for urine.
The separation of urine and faeces is essential for the proper drying process. It has to be taken care of that no bigger amount of water is spilled into the faeces mould.
For the urine, a tank is attached to the system. The tank is connected to the urine mould of the separating toilet as well as to the urinal. FAECES´ CONTAINERS
For both, each for toilet and urinal, one container for faeces is situated below the floor.
URINE TANK
URINE
Due to the separation of urine and faeces, two workflows have to be considered: -
one for urine one for faeces.
When urine is entered to the urine mould of the toilet it is led to the urine tank.
116
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Functional description
Functional description of a dry toilet system (continued) When faeces are entered to the faeces mould of the toilet they are stored in the drying container situated below.
FAECES
After 6 months of use, toilet and urinal are exchanged. New faeces are now only entered into the second container below the toilet.
During the following 6 months, the urinal is used on the left side container. Therefore no more faeces are entered. Previously deposited faeces can dry out during this period of time.
FAECES
Ecological sanitation systems
URINE
New faeces are now entered only into the second container (shown on the right side).
DRYING FAECES
117
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
Functional description of a dry toilet system (continued)
SHUT TER
To remove the dried faeces, a shutter on the backside of the container is opened and the dried faeces are dropped from the drying container to a transport container that is carried away. Also the urine tank is emptied The dried faeces as well as urine are sold for agricultural use. The shutter of the emptied container is closed again.
DRIED FAECES
The urinal and the toilet are restored in the same positions as six months before. Another 6 months’ cycle is now newly started.
118
MWUD
Addis Ababa City Government
Pilot project
ECOSAN public toilet - a pilot project
perspective of kiosk and public toilet
This design for a public toilet is a
men´s urinals 9° 9°
pilot project design for urban ar-
18°
18°
eas. R 2.545 90°
It consists of two separate buildings, which accomodate the public toilet itself and an additional kiosk. The kiosk is run by a MSE
12°
that at the same time runs the pub-
33°
lic toilet.
45°
33°
12°
The public toilet itself has a basement of approx. 1 m height in
33°
separating toilets 12°
which drying containers for the
male
female
faeces are situated. Containers are periodically changed to ensure the drying process of faeces. The urine is gathered in a spearate
paying for toilet use
Ecological sanitation systems
tank below the men´s urinals. Pipes in the center of the building provide ventilation to the drying chambers similar to chimneys.
kiosk
shopping
Furthermore, the roof is lifted form the walls to ensure ventilation of the toilets themselves. ground floor plan scale 1 : 100
119
Addis Ababa City Government
MWUD
120
Credits to the stakeholders
Tsedale Mamo
AAHDPO manager
overall coordination
Amare Asgedom
AAHDPO land, infrastructure and design department head
land provision, design and utilities coordination
Dr. Messele Haile
MH-Engineering PLC managing director
consultant for the project
Ruth Erlbeck
GTZ / LCH project manager sociologist / economist
overall coordination
Dipl.-Ing. Ralph Trosse
GTZ / LCH technical advisor architect
design, coordination, site supervision and documentation
Dipl.-Ing. Carsten Stammeier
GTZ / LCH architect
project documentation, 3D renderings and illustrations
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Otterpohl TUHH Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Wastewater Management
wastewater management for Arat Kilo / Piazza project
Prof. Per Krusche Institut für Entwicklungsplanung und Siedlungswesen (IES) Technische Universität Braunschweig, Deutschland Planungsgruppe Krusche (PGK)
technical concept for the urban renewal of Piazza / Arat-Kilo, Mekelle masterplan design project
Consulting Engineers in Construction Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner Stuttgart
design study of a highway and pedestrian bridge at Piazza / Arat-Kilo
Asmerom Tadesse
in 2003 Project manager of Mekelle City Plan Preparation Project
Kidusan Negga
in 2003 Mekelle City Mayor
Mulu Muduts
in 2003 Dean of Mekelle Institute of Technology
Debretsion Gebremichael
in 2003 Head of Regional Bureau of Trade, Industry & Urban Development / Tigray
Anbessaw Mamo
in 2003 Head of Urban Development Bureau / Tigray
Ralph Bäcker
professional photographer
presentation photographs
121
