Town Planning
Content
TOWN PLANNING & URBAN MANAGEMENT Definition: “The planning and control control of the construction, growth, growth, and development development of a town or other urban urban area” “A city should should be built to give its inhabitants inhabitants security & happiness” Aristotle “A place where where men had a common common life for a noble end” end” Plato
What is Town Planning?: Physical, social and economic planning of an urban environment It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all under a single mbrella. The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organiation of all elements of a town or other urban environment. environment. The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the ma!imum practicable degree of economy convenience and beauty economy, convenience, and beauty An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to wor", and to play or rela!, thus bringing about the social and economic well#being for the ma$ority of man"ind.
Town Planning: %#ell %#ell balanced social & economic development '#Improvement '#Improvement of life (uality )#*esponsible administration administration of resources & environment protection +#*ational use of land
Gist Points: %# ocial#-ans interrelationship & behaviour '# /conomic#0inancial environment )# Political#Ideological environment +# Physical#1uilt environment 2# 3ultural#piritual 3ultural#piritual environment environment 4# /cological#5atural environment environment
Role of Plannes: Consider 6 6 “human communities are always in the process of changing Recognize 6 “the comple!ity of communities Concern 6 about the future
If Planning !ee"e! not #o""en#e!$: Uneven & Chaotic development 6 6 contrasting urban scenario Mixed Landuse 6 Industries springing up in residential ones Congested Transportation Network 6 overflowing traffic than e!pected
O%e#ti'es & Goals of Town Planning (ealth: 7To create create and promote healthy conditions and environments environments for all the people 7 To ma"e ma"e right use of the land for the right purpose by oning etc. 7 To ensure orderly development 7 To avoid encroachment of one one over the other
)on'enien#e: 7 ocial, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc 78pen spaces, par"es, gardens & playgrounds, townhalls, stadiums, community centers, cinema houses & theaters.
Bea*t+: 7 To preserve preserve the individuality of the town people 7 To preserve preserve the aesthetics in all design of all elements of town o r city plan.
Town Planning of In!*s ,alle+-(aa.a Geoga.h+: #Pa" & 5orth est India, between Indus *iver & 9haghar :a"ra *iver #:arappa 3ivilation, ahraswardi;indhu 3iviliation
It/s Town Planning )on#e.ts: 7ophisticated and advanced urban culture 7streets in perfect grid patterns in both mohen$odoro & harappa 7 worlds world s first sanitation system 7 individual wells and separate covered covered drains along the streets for waste water 7 houses opened to inner courtyards & smaller lanes 7 impressive doc"yards, graneries, warehouses, bric" platforms & protective walls 7 massive citadels protected the city from floods & attac"ers 7 city dwellers 6 traders & artisans 7 all the houses had access to water & drainage facilities
De'elo."ent of )ities: 7 grew in sie & density and surrounded by numerous towns & villages 7 cities interlin"ed by trade & economic activities, relegious beliefs, social relations, etc 7 vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral communities , fisher fol" and hunters surrounded each city
)lassifi#ation of Towns: #mall villages#<#%< hectares #=arge towns#%<#2< hectares #3ities#2< hectares
Aeas: -ohen$odaro>'<< :ectares :arappa>%2< :ectares
Po.*lations:
-ohen$odaro>)2‐+%<<< :arappa>')2<<
Town Planning of Moen 0o Dao 1E2#a'ation showe!: The most stri"ing feature of the :arappan cities is their town planning. The :arappan 3ity was divided into the upper town called the 3itadel and the lower town. The various features of the :arappan town Planning is given below?
Ganaies? The granary was the largest structure in -ohen$odaro, in :arappa there were about si! granaries or storehouses. These were used for storing grain.
Geat Bath This was another important structure in -ohen$odaro. The floor of the bath had five layers. It was so watertight that even today it holds water. There were changing rooms. People probably used it during festivals and religious ceremoies.
Town (allA palace#li"e building that loo"ed li"e an assembly hall for the city government of for people to meet.
Lowe (all?@;38=8*@;1 ?@;38=8*@;1 This was the residential area where the common people lived. 3teets? The roads and streets intersected at right angles. There were covered drains along the road. :ouses were built on either side of the roads and streets.
Dainage 3+ste" The drainage system of the :arappan cities was the best "nown to the world in ancient times. The bric"wor" prevented the dirty water from lea"ing. ooden screens stopped the solid wastes from being washed away with the water. Brains were built either side of the roads. They were covered with stones which could be removed in order to clean them.
(o*ses? The houses varied in sie. ome might have been two storeyed. The houses were made of burnt bric"s. -ost of the houses had central courtyard, well, bathing area and "itchen.
4ot Dii 1E2#a'ate! in 5677189 ;; <" awa+ fo" 4hai.* 14ot Dii fot1596= %+ Tal.*s 1Rani 4ot->ot Ah"a!a%a!
:undreds of years ago, at the edge of a desert in indh, the Talpurs Talpurs constructed a pompous fort atop a hill. This emblematic fort, dominating the town of Cot Bi$i in Chairpur district and "nown as Cot Bi$i 0ort, was built between %DE2 to %DF2. Briving towards Chairpur district from the 5ational :ighway, :ighway, it is hard to miss this forts opulence, brea"ing the monotony of the s"yline. I remember my e!citement e!citement and disbelief all at once when I first saw this mammoth construction. I could not wait to get a closer loo" and to step inside to e!plore it properly. It too" us appro!imately appro!imately eight hours to reach Chairpur district from Carachi. 8n our way we made pitstops for tea and food. 1y the time we got to Cot Bi$i fort, I "new I had very little time to e!plore this place and
that I had to rush since the sun was about to set soon, leaving us with very little light for shooting photos. hen I got of f the car, right by the entrance I noticed this place with a cafeteria with traditional handmade items from indh decorated along the entrance. entrance. This was the brave adi(a alahuddinGs G"haana,G an off#shoot of the Indus *esource 3entre HI*3. Chaana employs local women and showcases various handicrafts made by them such as patchwor", hand embroideries, table#mats, table#mats, coasters and ceramics, all for sale. I too" a (uic" loo" and then made my way to the fort. I had only heard about Cot Bi$i fort and seen photos onlineJ but no photos can do $ustice to being in direct audience to this marvel. :istory suggests that this fort was built on a strategic location since it provided an edge over enemies marching from the east. A fatigued army could be encountered before trooping towards irrigated lands in search of water. The fort was apportioned into three parts among the Talpurs. Talpurs. 8ne of the parts came under the rule of the -irs in :yderabadJ the second portion went to the Talpurs of -irpur Chas while the Talpurs Talpurs of Chairpur -irs held the third portion under control. It is recorded in history that the first Talpur Talpur ruler of Chairpur -irs, -ir ohrab Chan Hfounder of the Cingdom of Kpper indh, founded a number of forts in order to safeguard the frontiers of his rule. :e is accredited for constructing forts such as Imam 9arh in the Thar region, hah 9arh to wards Lodhpur, Lodhpur, Laisalmer and Ahmad Abad at Bi$i. The fort has o nly one main entrance on the east, saving it against any raiding enemy. enemy. The gate "nown as hahi Barwaa or the royal gate in itself is a wor" of engineering genius. 1uilt on the plan of a curved entrance, the fort has a small courtyard, which is accessible only from outside. The space is further guarded by two heavy bastions "eeping space to trap any proceeding army aiming to destroy the fort by attac"ing from the mus"etry holes and battlements on the top. The access through the bastions is from the east, while the wooden gate with heavy iron spi"es totalling ')+, stands towards the western corner of the northern wall. These spi"es ensured that no heavy contingent, or elephants, could be employed to brea" open the wooden gates. And through its history the fort has never been attac"ed. Cot Bi$i is constructed on a limestone hill with "iln#ba"ed bric"s. Apparently the bric"s were used since they were locally accessible and limestone roc"s were believed to be very brittle and would have shattered easily upon impact with a canon ball. The hill is about %%< feet high, above which the walls of the fort rise another )< feet. It has three strategically placed towers about 2< feet tall. The fort was built at a time when cannons had become common and its design and position reveal that. It includes several several stations for cannons and because it is positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons would have had to fire at a massive distance and with little accuracy. 3annonballs could either hit the hill or would end up flying over the fort and fall on the enemiesG own forces on the other side. In addition to the main entrance through hahi 9ate, the fort has as many as three secret small passages, which were used in case of emergency.
After crossing the hahi 9ate we entered a small semi#circular open space with high walls on three sides. These provide a climbing access to the main fort. After crossing the second gate a tunnel#li"e access leads to the top through a third gate. The main portion of the fort is beyond this point. This military fort is designed to be fully e(uipped to offer defence and to withstand an i nvasion. In addition to this it houses heavy bastions, towers, an ammunition depot, water reservoir, the -irs harem, a prison, a place of holding court and cells to accommodate guards and sepoys. These bur$s were also used to mount the cannons at their tops. These cannons were of different sies, but since there was sufficient space on each bastion, these could be aimed in different directions. Almost facing the third gate are some roofless rooms beside the ghulam gardish. These were used as ammunition depot or what is locally "nown as barood "hano. -ir ohrab Chan made this fort his abode a few years before his death, but soon handed over the power to his sons. In Lanuary %E+), 1ritish troops also stayed here at a time when 3harles 5apier was on his military adventure to invade and con(uer Imam 9arh. If any of you ever plan to visit Chairpur, do ma"e ma"e it a point to ma"e this your first stop. And if you live in indh, you must e!plore this fort at least once.
Mehgah >Bhadhar, >Bhadhar, 1alouchistan;1olan Pass, 'nd 8ldest after 1hirra HIndia #5eolithic age#42<<#'2<< 13>farming, sheeps #ie#+F2 acre old village has been founded #/!cavated #/!cavated in %FD+ by Lean 0rancisco & 3atherine Townplanning? Townplanning? -ud 1ric"s, -etal using, Peio! I# HD<<<#22<< 5eolithic? tone, 1one tools, farming, ornaments, shells Peio! II#H22<<#+E<< 3eramic 5eolithic? oman decoratings, pottery, human figures etc
-ehrgarh H1alochi? -ehrgaMhJ Pashto? J Krdu? , sometimes anglicied as -ehergarh or -ehrgar, near the capital of the Cachi Bistrict Badhar, is one of the most important 5eolithic H42<< 13/ to c. '2<< 13/ sites in archaeology It lies on the Cacchi Plain of 1alochistan, Pa"istan.@% Pa"istan.@% It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in outh Asia.@'@)
-ap of Pa"istan showing -ehrgarh in relation to the cities of Nuetta, Calat, and ibi and the Cachi Plain of 1alochistan. -ehrgarh is located near the 1olan Pass, to the west of the Indus *iver valley and between the Pa"istani cities of Nuetta, Calat and ibi. The site was discovered in %FD+ by an archaeological team directed by 0rench archaeologists Lean#0ranOois Larrige and 3atherine Larrige, and was e!cavated continuously between %FD+ and %FE4, and again f rom %FFD to '<<<. The earliest settlement at -ehrgarh, in the northeast corner of the +F2#acre H'.<< "m' site, was a small farming village that has been dated to between 42<< 13/ to 22<< 13/. The whole area covers a number of successive settlements. settlements. Archaeological material has been found in si! mounds, and about )',<<< artifacts have been collected.@+ collected.@+
Mehgah Peio! I -ehrgarh Period I D<<< 13/622<< 13/, was 5eolithic and aceramic Hi.e., without without the use of pottery. The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi#nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement settlement was established with simple mud buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions. 5umerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as bas"ets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. 8rnaments 8rnaments of sea shell, limestone, tur(uoise, lapis lauli and sandstone have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. ea shells from far sea shore and lapis lauli found as far away as present#day 1ada"shan, 1ada"shan, Afghanistan shows good contact with those areas. A single ground stone a!e was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone a!es are the earliest to come from a stratified conte!t in the outh Asia. Periods I, II and III are contemporaneous with another site called Cili 9ul -ohammed. In '<<%, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from -ehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the Indus alley 3iviliation, from the early :arappan periods, had "nowledge of proto#dentistry. =ater, in April '<<4, it was announced in the scientific $ournal 5ature that the oldest Hand first early 5eolithic evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo Hi.e. in a living person was found in -ehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto#dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. Q:ere we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults di scovered in a 5eolithic graveyard in Pa"istan that dates from D,2<< to F,<<< years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto#dentistry in an early farming culture.Q@E
@Peio! II an! Peio! III -ehrgarh Period II 22<< 13/6+E<< 13/ and -erhgarh Period III +E<< 13/6)2<< 13/ were ceramic 5eolithic Hi.e., pottery pottery was now in use and later chalcolithic. Period II is at site -*+ and period III is at -*'.@+ -uch evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techni(ues were used. 9laed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. 0igurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two Two fle!ed burials were found in period II with a covering of red ochre on the body. The The amount of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft "ilns, large pit "ilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long#distance trade in period II? important as an indication of this is the discovery of several beads of lapis lauli, once again from 1ada"shan. -ehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an e!pansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of outh Asia, including the establishment of settlements li"e *ana 9hundai, heri Chan Tara"ai, Tara"ai, arai Cala, Lalilpur and 9haligai.
Gan!haa )i'iliation Lo#ation? 5orthern Pa"istan and Afghanistan, in vale of Peshawar, Potohar Plateau on the Cabul *iver )ities? Pushapura HPeshawar “city of man”, armayana “modern 1amayan”, Ta"shahila “Ta!ila”. Peio!? %st millennium 13 to %%th century AB. R*les? Alberuni, 9hanavi & then 9andhara name disappeared Te2ila? The 9andharan city of Ta!ila Ta!ila was an important 1uddhist and :indu @%% centre of learning from the
2th century 13@%% to the 'nd century. awatRBirRPeshawarRTa!ila was called 9andhara. E'i!en#es? of tone Age H3ave, 1rone Age , 9andhara script writings etc , 1udhist art
This civiliation is symbol of human, religious, art and history development. ~ compiled it !rom the developing countries" hence" the developing countries o! plans can #e resem#led with $akistan
U%aniation: According to -itchell urbanisation is a process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities. 3auses of Krbaniation? arious reasons have have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows? i. Industrialiation? Industrialiation is a ma$or cause of urbaniation. It has e!panded the employment opportunities. *ural *ural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities. ii. ocial factors? -any social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities. iii. /mployment opportunities? In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. 1ut Indian agriculture is depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities. iv. -oderniation? Krban areas are characteried characteried by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities. *ural urban transformation transformation?? It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their uni(ue rural culture. *ural people are following the material culture of urban people. Krban rural transformation can be observed in the following areas. pread of education? education? The literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised. i. 3hange in Bress habits. ii. Adoption of modern Technology iii. /nlightenment of women. iv. -odern transport transport and communication. /.g.? 3ell phones have become common even among rural people. v. Active involvement in politics. vi. 9rowth of infrastructure infrastructure li"e 1an"s, Post office. vii. Awareness among rural consumers. viii. Increasing demand for sophisticated products li "e cosmetics etc. Thus it can be noticed that there are significant changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages have adopted urban culture and urban style of living. :owever, all villages in India are not transformed. 8nly certain villages situated close to the cities have been transformed. /ffect of Krbanisation? ith a high rate of urbaniation significant changes have ta"en place. The effect of urbanisation can be summed up as follows? Positi'e effe#t:
i. -igration of rural people to urban areas. ii. /mployment opportunities in urban centres. iii. Transport and communication facilities. iv. /ducational facilities. v. Increase Increase in the standard of living. Krbaniation can yield positive effects if it ta"es place up to a desirable limit. /!tensive urbanisation urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows? Negati'e Effe#ts:
i. Problem of over population? 3oncentration of population is a ma$or problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of slums etc.
ii@ Disintegation of 0oint fa"il+:
Loint family cant be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living? People prefer to live in the nuclear type of families. iii@ )ost of li'ing:
:igh cost of living is a ma$or problem of cities. In -etro cities li"e 4aa#hi, Lahoe etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living. iv. Increase in 3rime rates? Krban centres are "nown for high rate of crimes. Theft, Bacoity, -urder, 3heating, Pic" poc"eting, rape etc. are common in urban centres. '@ I".esonal elations:
Krban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community life are almost absent in cities. Krban life i s highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological psychological effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings. 'i@ Po%le" of Poll*tion:
In industrialied cities pollution is a ma$or problems. It may be caused by industries or by e!cessive movement of vehicles. 'iii@ 3tess:
Krban life is characterised characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. 3hanging role of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations. Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de#merits. Krbaniation cant be avoided. 1ut the negative effect of urbaniation can be minimised. i@ Wate & waste Dis.osal Po%le":
What is Town Planning?: Physical, social and economic planning of an urban environment It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all under a single mbrella. The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organiation of all elements of a town or other urban environment. environment. The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the ma!imum practicable degree of economy convenience and beauty economy, convenience, and beauty An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to wor", and to play or rela!, thus bringing about the social and economic well#being for the ma$ority of man"ind.
Town Planning: %#ell %#ell balanced social & economic development '#Improvement '#Improvement of life (uality )#*esponsible administration administration of resources & environment protection +#*ational use of land
Gist Points: %# ocial#-ans interrelationship & behaviour '# /conomic#0inancial environment )# Political#Ideological environment +# Physical#1uilt environment 2# 3ultural#piritual 3ultural#piritual environment environment 4# /cological#5atural environment environment
Role of Plannes: Consider 6 6 “human communities are always in the process of changing Recognize 6 “the comple!ity of communities Concern 6 about the future
If Planning !ee"e! not #o""en#e!$: Uneven & Chaotic development 6 6 contrasting urban scenario Mixed Landuse 6 Industries springing up in residential ones Congested Transportation Network 6 overflowing traffic than e!pected
O%e#ti'es & Goals of Town Planning (ealth: 7To create create and promote healthy conditions and environments environments for all the people 7 To ma"e ma"e right use of the land for the right purpose by oning etc. 7 To ensure orderly development 7 To avoid encroachment of one one over the other
)on'enien#e: 7 ocial, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc 78pen spaces, par"es, gardens & playgrounds, townhalls, stadiums, community centers, cinema houses & theaters.
Bea*t+: 7 To preserve preserve the individuality of the town people 7 To preserve preserve the aesthetics in all design of all elements of town o r city plan.
Town Planning of In!*s ,alle+-(aa.a Geoga.h+: #Pa" & 5orth est India, between Indus *iver & 9haghar :a"ra *iver #:arappa 3ivilation, ahraswardi;indhu 3iviliation
It/s Town Planning )on#e.ts: 7ophisticated and advanced urban culture 7streets in perfect grid patterns in both mohen$odoro & harappa 7 worlds world s first sanitation system 7 individual wells and separate covered covered drains along the streets for waste water 7 houses opened to inner courtyards & smaller lanes 7 impressive doc"yards, graneries, warehouses, bric" platforms & protective walls 7 massive citadels protected the city from floods & attac"ers 7 city dwellers 6 traders & artisans 7 all the houses had access to water & drainage facilities
De'elo."ent of )ities: 7 grew in sie & density and surrounded by numerous towns & villages 7 cities interlin"ed by trade & economic activities, relegious beliefs, social relations, etc 7 vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral communities , fisher fol" and hunters surrounded each city
)lassifi#ation of Towns: #mall villages#<#%< hectares #=arge towns#%<#2< hectares #3ities#2< hectares
Aeas: -ohen$odaro>'<< :ectares :arappa>%2< :ectares
Po.*lations:
-ohen$odaro>)2‐+%<<< :arappa>')2<<
Town Planning of Moen 0o Dao 1E2#a'ation showe!: The most stri"ing feature of the :arappan cities is their town planning. The :arappan 3ity was divided into the upper town called the 3itadel and the lower town. The various features of the :arappan town Planning is given below?
Ganaies? The granary was the largest structure in -ohen$odaro, in :arappa there were about si! granaries or storehouses. These were used for storing grain.
Geat Bath This was another important structure in -ohen$odaro. The floor of the bath had five layers. It was so watertight that even today it holds water. There were changing rooms. People probably used it during festivals and religious ceremoies.
Town (allA palace#li"e building that loo"ed li"e an assembly hall for the city government of for people to meet.
Lowe (all?@;38=8*@;1 ?@;38=8*@;1 This was the residential area where the common people lived. 3teets? The roads and streets intersected at right angles. There were covered drains along the road. :ouses were built on either side of the roads and streets.
Dainage 3+ste" The drainage system of the :arappan cities was the best "nown to the world in ancient times. The bric"wor" prevented the dirty water from lea"ing. ooden screens stopped the solid wastes from being washed away with the water. Brains were built either side of the roads. They were covered with stones which could be removed in order to clean them.
(o*ses? The houses varied in sie. ome might have been two storeyed. The houses were made of burnt bric"s. -ost of the houses had central courtyard, well, bathing area and "itchen.
4ot Dii 1E2#a'ate! in 5677189 ;; <" awa+ fo" 4hai.* 14ot Dii fot1596= %+ Tal.*s 1Rani 4ot->ot Ah"a!a%a!
:undreds of years ago, at the edge of a desert in indh, the Talpurs Talpurs constructed a pompous fort atop a hill. This emblematic fort, dominating the town of Cot Bi$i in Chairpur district and "nown as Cot Bi$i 0ort, was built between %DE2 to %DF2. Briving towards Chairpur district from the 5ational :ighway, :ighway, it is hard to miss this forts opulence, brea"ing the monotony of the s"yline. I remember my e!citement e!citement and disbelief all at once when I first saw this mammoth construction. I could not wait to get a closer loo" and to step inside to e!plore it properly. It too" us appro!imately appro!imately eight hours to reach Chairpur district from Carachi. 8n our way we made pitstops for tea and food. 1y the time we got to Cot Bi$i fort, I "new I had very little time to e!plore this place and
that I had to rush since the sun was about to set soon, leaving us with very little light for shooting photos. hen I got of f the car, right by the entrance I noticed this place with a cafeteria with traditional handmade items from indh decorated along the entrance. entrance. This was the brave adi(a alahuddinGs G"haana,G an off#shoot of the Indus *esource 3entre HI*3. Chaana employs local women and showcases various handicrafts made by them such as patchwor", hand embroideries, table#mats, table#mats, coasters and ceramics, all for sale. I too" a (uic" loo" and then made my way to the fort. I had only heard about Cot Bi$i fort and seen photos onlineJ but no photos can do $ustice to being in direct audience to this marvel. :istory suggests that this fort was built on a strategic location since it provided an edge over enemies marching from the east. A fatigued army could be encountered before trooping towards irrigated lands in search of water. The fort was apportioned into three parts among the Talpurs. Talpurs. 8ne of the parts came under the rule of the -irs in :yderabadJ the second portion went to the Talpurs of -irpur Chas while the Talpurs Talpurs of Chairpur -irs held the third portion under control. It is recorded in history that the first Talpur Talpur ruler of Chairpur -irs, -ir ohrab Chan Hfounder of the Cingdom of Kpper indh, founded a number of forts in order to safeguard the frontiers of his rule. :e is accredited for constructing forts such as Imam 9arh in the Thar region, hah 9arh to wards Lodhpur, Lodhpur, Laisalmer and Ahmad Abad at Bi$i. The fort has o nly one main entrance on the east, saving it against any raiding enemy. enemy. The gate "nown as hahi Barwaa or the royal gate in itself is a wor" of engineering genius. 1uilt on the plan of a curved entrance, the fort has a small courtyard, which is accessible only from outside. The space is further guarded by two heavy bastions "eeping space to trap any proceeding army aiming to destroy the fort by attac"ing from the mus"etry holes and battlements on the top. The access through the bastions is from the east, while the wooden gate with heavy iron spi"es totalling ')+, stands towards the western corner of the northern wall. These spi"es ensured that no heavy contingent, or elephants, could be employed to brea" open the wooden gates. And through its history the fort has never been attac"ed. Cot Bi$i is constructed on a limestone hill with "iln#ba"ed bric"s. Apparently the bric"s were used since they were locally accessible and limestone roc"s were believed to be very brittle and would have shattered easily upon impact with a canon ball. The hill is about %%< feet high, above which the walls of the fort rise another )< feet. It has three strategically placed towers about 2< feet tall. The fort was built at a time when cannons had become common and its design and position reveal that. It includes several several stations for cannons and because it is positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons would have had to fire at a massive distance and with little accuracy. 3annonballs could either hit the hill or would end up flying over the fort and fall on the enemiesG own forces on the other side. In addition to the main entrance through hahi 9ate, the fort has as many as three secret small passages, which were used in case of emergency.
After crossing the hahi 9ate we entered a small semi#circular open space with high walls on three sides. These provide a climbing access to the main fort. After crossing the second gate a tunnel#li"e access leads to the top through a third gate. The main portion of the fort is beyond this point. This military fort is designed to be fully e(uipped to offer defence and to withstand an i nvasion. In addition to this it houses heavy bastions, towers, an ammunition depot, water reservoir, the -irs harem, a prison, a place of holding court and cells to accommodate guards and sepoys. These bur$s were also used to mount the cannons at their tops. These cannons were of different sies, but since there was sufficient space on each bastion, these could be aimed in different directions. Almost facing the third gate are some roofless rooms beside the ghulam gardish. These were used as ammunition depot or what is locally "nown as barood "hano. -ir ohrab Chan made this fort his abode a few years before his death, but soon handed over the power to his sons. In Lanuary %E+), 1ritish troops also stayed here at a time when 3harles 5apier was on his military adventure to invade and con(uer Imam 9arh. If any of you ever plan to visit Chairpur, do ma"e ma"e it a point to ma"e this your first stop. And if you live in indh, you must e!plore this fort at least once.
Mehgah >Bhadhar, >Bhadhar, 1alouchistan;1olan Pass, 'nd 8ldest after 1hirra HIndia #5eolithic age#42<<#'2<< 13>farming, sheeps #ie#+F2 acre old village has been founded #/!cavated #/!cavated in %FD+ by Lean 0rancisco & 3atherine Townplanning? Townplanning? -ud 1ric"s, -etal using, Peio! I# HD<<<#22<< 5eolithic? tone, 1one tools, farming, ornaments, shells Peio! II#H22<<#+E<< 3eramic 5eolithic? oman decoratings, pottery, human figures etc
-ehrgarh H1alochi? -ehrgaMhJ Pashto? J Krdu? , sometimes anglicied as -ehergarh or -ehrgar, near the capital of the Cachi Bistrict Badhar, is one of the most important 5eolithic H42<< 13/ to c. '2<< 13/ sites in archaeology It lies on the Cacchi Plain of 1alochistan, Pa"istan.@% Pa"istan.@% It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in outh Asia.@'@)
-ap of Pa"istan showing -ehrgarh in relation to the cities of Nuetta, Calat, and ibi and the Cachi Plain of 1alochistan. -ehrgarh is located near the 1olan Pass, to the west of the Indus *iver valley and between the Pa"istani cities of Nuetta, Calat and ibi. The site was discovered in %FD+ by an archaeological team directed by 0rench archaeologists Lean#0ranOois Larrige and 3atherine Larrige, and was e!cavated continuously between %FD+ and %FE4, and again f rom %FFD to '<<<. The earliest settlement at -ehrgarh, in the northeast corner of the +F2#acre H'.<< "m' site, was a small farming village that has been dated to between 42<< 13/ to 22<< 13/. The whole area covers a number of successive settlements. settlements. Archaeological material has been found in si! mounds, and about )',<<< artifacts have been collected.@+ collected.@+
Mehgah Peio! I -ehrgarh Period I D<<< 13/622<< 13/, was 5eolithic and aceramic Hi.e., without without the use of pottery. The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi#nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement settlement was established with simple mud buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions. 5umerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as bas"ets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. 8rnaments 8rnaments of sea shell, limestone, tur(uoise, lapis lauli and sandstone have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. ea shells from far sea shore and lapis lauli found as far away as present#day 1ada"shan, 1ada"shan, Afghanistan shows good contact with those areas. A single ground stone a!e was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone a!es are the earliest to come from a stratified conte!t in the outh Asia. Periods I, II and III are contemporaneous with another site called Cili 9ul -ohammed. In '<<%, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from -ehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the Indus alley 3iviliation, from the early :arappan periods, had "nowledge of proto#dentistry. =ater, in April '<<4, it was announced in the scientific $ournal 5ature that the oldest Hand first early 5eolithic evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo Hi.e. in a living person was found in -ehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto#dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. Q:ere we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults di scovered in a 5eolithic graveyard in Pa"istan that dates from D,2<< to F,<<< years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto#dentistry in an early farming culture.Q@E
@Peio! II an! Peio! III -ehrgarh Period II 22<< 13/6+E<< 13/ and -erhgarh Period III +E<< 13/6)2<< 13/ were ceramic 5eolithic Hi.e., pottery pottery was now in use and later chalcolithic. Period II is at site -*+ and period III is at -*'.@+ -uch evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techni(ues were used. 9laed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. 0igurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two Two fle!ed burials were found in period II with a covering of red ochre on the body. The The amount of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft "ilns, large pit "ilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long#distance trade in period II? important as an indication of this is the discovery of several beads of lapis lauli, once again from 1ada"shan. -ehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an e!pansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of outh Asia, including the establishment of settlements li"e *ana 9hundai, heri Chan Tara"ai, Tara"ai, arai Cala, Lalilpur and 9haligai.
Gan!haa )i'iliation Lo#ation? 5orthern Pa"istan and Afghanistan, in vale of Peshawar, Potohar Plateau on the Cabul *iver )ities? Pushapura HPeshawar “city of man”, armayana “modern 1amayan”, Ta"shahila “Ta!ila”. Peio!? %st millennium 13 to %%th century AB. R*les? Alberuni, 9hanavi & then 9andhara name disappeared Te2ila? The 9andharan city of Ta!ila Ta!ila was an important 1uddhist and :indu @%% centre of learning from the
2th century 13@%% to the 'nd century. awatRBirRPeshawarRTa!ila was called 9andhara. E'i!en#es? of tone Age H3ave, 1rone Age , 9andhara script writings etc , 1udhist art
This civiliation is symbol of human, religious, art and history development. ~ compiled it !rom the developing countries" hence" the developing countries o! plans can #e resem#led with $akistan
U%aniation: According to -itchell urbanisation is a process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities. 3auses of Krbaniation? arious reasons have have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows? i. Industrialiation? Industrialiation is a ma$or cause of urbaniation. It has e!panded the employment opportunities. *ural *ural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities. ii. ocial factors? -any social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities. iii. /mployment opportunities? In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. 1ut Indian agriculture is depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities. iv. -oderniation? Krban areas are characteried characteried by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities. *ural urban transformation transformation?? It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their uni(ue rural culture. *ural people are following the material culture of urban people. Krban rural transformation can be observed in the following areas. pread of education? education? The literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised. i. 3hange in Bress habits. ii. Adoption of modern Technology iii. /nlightenment of women. iv. -odern transport transport and communication. /.g.? 3ell phones have become common even among rural people. v. Active involvement in politics. vi. 9rowth of infrastructure infrastructure li"e 1an"s, Post office. vii. Awareness among rural consumers. viii. Increasing demand for sophisticated products li "e cosmetics etc. Thus it can be noticed that there are significant changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages have adopted urban culture and urban style of living. :owever, all villages in India are not transformed. 8nly certain villages situated close to the cities have been transformed. /ffect of Krbanisation? ith a high rate of urbaniation significant changes have ta"en place. The effect of urbanisation can be summed up as follows? Positi'e effe#t:
i. -igration of rural people to urban areas. ii. /mployment opportunities in urban centres. iii. Transport and communication facilities. iv. /ducational facilities. v. Increase Increase in the standard of living. Krbaniation can yield positive effects if it ta"es place up to a desirable limit. /!tensive urbanisation urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows? Negati'e Effe#ts:
i. Problem of over population? 3oncentration of population is a ma$or problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of slums etc.
ii@ Disintegation of 0oint fa"il+:
Loint family cant be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living? People prefer to live in the nuclear type of families. iii@ )ost of li'ing:
:igh cost of living is a ma$or problem of cities. In -etro cities li"e 4aa#hi, Lahoe etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living. iv. Increase in 3rime rates? Krban centres are "nown for high rate of crimes. Theft, Bacoity, -urder, 3heating, Pic" poc"eting, rape etc. are common in urban centres. '@ I".esonal elations:
Krban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community life are almost absent in cities. Krban life i s highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological psychological effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings. 'i@ Po%le" of Poll*tion:
In industrialied cities pollution is a ma$or problems. It may be caused by industries or by e!cessive movement of vehicles. 'iii@ 3tess:
Krban life is characterised characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. 3hanging role of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations. Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de#merits. Krbaniation cant be avoided. 1ut the negative effect of urbaniation can be minimised. i@ Wate & waste Dis.osal Po%le":
