Understanding the History of Private Security in America
Historically the security systems in America had roots in England. Many of the early settlers were English citizens before coming to America and brought the common law strategies with them.The colonies had sheriffs as the legal authority who could deputize citizens to assist them in enforcing the common law that protected people and property.There are records that indicate the earliest organized police force began in Detroit and Cincinnati in the early 1800s. The first formal public police force was in England and was started by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 (Ortmeier, 2009).Parliament was petitioned by Peel about the need for a nationally organized and trained force. The Metropolitan Police Act was ratified by British Parliament in 1829 (Ortmeier, 2009).In the Americas individual states began to organize police departments first in Boston, then New York City in 1844 (Ortmeier, 2009). Other states soon begin to do the same and by 1864 the Treasury department of the U.S. approved the first federal level bureau to investigate criminal activity. This was followed by policing of borders and the formalization of the Border Patrol by the Department of Justice in 1882.At that time there was still no localized police force throughout the nation. In the states there remained the sheriff structure throughout the early 1800s. The sheriffs were able to get support from local citizens however, they were not under contract to
Content
Understanding the History of Private Security in the U.S. A.Johnson. Reyte on Publishing 2012.
Historically the security systems in America had roots in England. Many of the early settlers were English citizens before coming to America and brought the common law strategies with them. The colonies had sheriffs as the legal authority who could deputize citizens to assist them in enforcing the common law that protected people and property. There are records that indicate the earliest organized police force began in Detroit and Cincinnati in the early 1800s. The first formal public police force was in England and was started by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 (Ortmeier, 2009). Parliament was petitioned by Peel about the need for a nationally organized and trained force. The Metropolitan Police Act was ratified by British Parliament in 1829 (Ortmeier, 2009). In the Americas individual states began to organize police departments first in Boston, then New York City in 1844 (Ortmeier, 2009). Other states soon begin to do the same and by 1864 the Treasury department of the U.S. approved the first federal level bureau to investigate criminal activity. This was followed by policing of borders and the formalization of the Border Patrol by the Department of Justice in 1882. At that time there was still no localized police force throughout the nation. In the states there remained the sheriff structure throughout the early 1800s. The sheriffs were able to get support from local citizens however, they were not under contract to respond. This caused policing services to lack the support necessary to fully protect
citizens. Therefore vigilantes made up of citizens seeking justice or revenge organized themselves and carried out what they felt was justice against offenders. At times this was done without regard for due process (Ortmeier, 2009). The security service of Wells and Fargo was formed in 1850 by Henry Wells and William Fargo designed to provide protection for transport of cargo on both sides of the Missouri River (. Pinkerton Security was formed by Alan Pinkerton and was the first nationwide service. Pinkerton was also involved in the investigative arm of security services including providing intelligence at the time of the Civil War (Ortmeier, 2009). Brinks security was established in the late 1850s to provide protection of armored vehicles to transport valuables (Ortmeier, 2009). After the first and second World Wars the number of private security enforcers increased. This was due to the increase in industrial plants that needed policing and the growth brought on by the industrial revolution. It was after times of war that many veterans returning home turned to work in the field of security and policing. Moving forward into the 1950s, the largest privately owned security force was established by a former member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, George Wackenhut. Following soon after American Society for Industrial Security or ASIS began and has over 30,000 members today (Ortmeier, 2009). This organization provides security services for private and public property, individuals, and proprietary data. ASIS covers the business, industry and government sectors of society (Ortmeier, 2009). By 1968 several acts came about during the Civil Rights movement. These were the
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act along with the National Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice institute, which later became the National Institute of Justice for financing criminal research (Ortmeier, 2009). Need for More Private Security Services A recommendation by a research into criminal activity agency called the National Commission on Criminal Justice in 1970. One of the reports that came out of this organization revealed the need for more privatization of security throughout the U.S. The report was the Task Force Report on Private Security from 1976. Based on the research it was shown that the best determent to crime is to inform communities of preventative measures. At that time many private organizations begin to work alongside the police force and privately in local communities to establish various security patrols. However it was found that public police and private security did not work well together. In fact they were often antagonistic of one another. The public police force felt that private security was an encroachment on their jurisdiction in the community. While private security felt they were not given enough credit for aiding and assisting the public police force. The skill level of the private security personnel was called to question by the public police force as well (Cunningham, Strauchs, and Van Meter, 1990). The Task Force Report suggested that both of these crime deterring institution work together rather than against one another (Craighead, 2003). The primary difference between public and private security are the roles of the policing personnel. For public security the purpose is to protect the public, be it property, people,
or crimes against property or people. Private security personnel's role is slightly different in that they protect the organization or property rights where assigned. These are primarily privately owned by the property or individual and may differ from public policy and procedure (Craighead, 2003). Factors affecting the Growth of Private Security The factors and level of training for security personnel has evolved significantly from those basically walking the perimeter and reporting disturbances. Today private property requires protection in many industries such as banking, medical, chemical, technological, manufacturing, even retailers and small businesses need security protection. The required security today includes to operating highly sophisticated surveillance equipment such as cameras, gates, fire prevention, loss prevention, asset protection, disaster recovery, intellectual property and many additional areas of specialization. The number of security personnel is nearly two million today while the police force nationwide is approximately 600,000 (Ortmeier, 2009). The private justice system have established the crime and punishment parameters for offences in the private sector (Schmalleger, 2008). The number of jobs that have evolved as a result of the increase of security needs in recent years present unique and lucrative opportunities, especially since the terrorists attacks of 9/11 (Ortmeier, 2009). There are many schools that offer security training throughout the U.S. Standard training requirements include courses on legalities such as power and authority of security officers or guards. Emergency procedural training in fire safety, CPR, First Aid, and Building Evacuation/Security, Weapons training and certifications, Legal Uses of Firearm, Handling of Firearm, Marksman training for specialized positions, as well as safety and care of firearms. There is also continuing
educational certifications that must be completed each year dependent on the type of security service assigned (N.Y. Department of Justice, 2012). Private Security Growth and Licensing At the turn of the century the private security forces were used to track criminals, gangsters, and mobsters. Prior to federal agencies being established in law enforcement. The railroad transportation between states was protected by security forces such as Pinkerton in addition to shipments to banks and other businesses that were often targeted by crime elements ( . However once federal agencies such as the FBI were established these jobs were no longer necessary for security agencies. Yet by this time the industry had developed to the point of needed regulation and licensing as many detectives, guards, and armed security bounty hunters and body guards were already working for various businesses. The development of the Federal Bureau of Security and Investigative Services became the official regulator of all security related licensing. The following chronology lists the various regulatory requirements and agencies involved in the security professions expansion. Today’s professional private security force should be aware of these important milestones in order to ensure proper licensing for specific security professions. Security Professions Regulatory History
← 1915 California license and regulation of private detectives with the Administration State Board Prison Directorship. ← 1943 A new specialized category, Private Patrol Operator added to Private Investigation Act. ← 1949 Repossess agencies are put into the license category beneath Collection Agency Act. ← 1950 Detective License Act renamed Private Investigator and Adjuster Act. ← 1959 Repossess agencies, regulated by Collection Agency Act, are now under the Private Investigator Act ← 1973 The Bureau of Collection and Investigative Service is federally mandated to register all uniformed employees that are Private Patrol Operators. ← 1974 The firearm program is developed which requires applicants to have exposed weapon permit and complete Bureau-approved training. ← 1977 Alarm firms and workers require licensing. ← 1981 Repossession workers require licensing. ← 1986 Locksmiths workers are require registration with the Bureau. ← 1993 The Locksmith Act is revised and require separate license for both locksmith companies and employees. (Bureau of Security and Investigative Services, 2012).
References Bureau of Security and Investigative Services (2012). A brief history. Retrieved March 25, 2012 from http://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/history.shtml Craighead, G. (2003). High rise security and fire life safety. Rothstein Assoc. Cunningham, W.C, Strauchs, J.J, Van Meter, C.W. (1990). Private security trends: hallcrest reports. . 106. Ibid., p. 2. 107 , P., J. (2009). Introduction to security. Pearson Education. 3rd Edition. Department of Justice, N.Y. (2012). Criminal justice services: security guard training. Retrieved March 26, 2012 from http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/ops/sgtraining/ Schmalleger, F. (2002). Criminal justice. Prentice Hall.
Historically the security systems in America had roots in England. Many of the early settlers were English citizens before coming to America and brought the common law strategies with them. The colonies had sheriffs as the legal authority who could deputize citizens to assist them in enforcing the common law that protected people and property. There are records that indicate the earliest organized police force began in Detroit and Cincinnati in the early 1800s. The first formal public police force was in England and was started by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 (Ortmeier, 2009). Parliament was petitioned by Peel about the need for a nationally organized and trained force. The Metropolitan Police Act was ratified by British Parliament in 1829 (Ortmeier, 2009). In the Americas individual states began to organize police departments first in Boston, then New York City in 1844 (Ortmeier, 2009). Other states soon begin to do the same and by 1864 the Treasury department of the U.S. approved the first federal level bureau to investigate criminal activity. This was followed by policing of borders and the formalization of the Border Patrol by the Department of Justice in 1882. At that time there was still no localized police force throughout the nation. In the states there remained the sheriff structure throughout the early 1800s. The sheriffs were able to get support from local citizens however, they were not under contract to respond. This caused policing services to lack the support necessary to fully protect
citizens. Therefore vigilantes made up of citizens seeking justice or revenge organized themselves and carried out what they felt was justice against offenders. At times this was done without regard for due process (Ortmeier, 2009). The security service of Wells and Fargo was formed in 1850 by Henry Wells and William Fargo designed to provide protection for transport of cargo on both sides of the Missouri River (. Pinkerton Security was formed by Alan Pinkerton and was the first nationwide service. Pinkerton was also involved in the investigative arm of security services including providing intelligence at the time of the Civil War (Ortmeier, 2009). Brinks security was established in the late 1850s to provide protection of armored vehicles to transport valuables (Ortmeier, 2009). After the first and second World Wars the number of private security enforcers increased. This was due to the increase in industrial plants that needed policing and the growth brought on by the industrial revolution. It was after times of war that many veterans returning home turned to work in the field of security and policing. Moving forward into the 1950s, the largest privately owned security force was established by a former member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, George Wackenhut. Following soon after American Society for Industrial Security or ASIS began and has over 30,000 members today (Ortmeier, 2009). This organization provides security services for private and public property, individuals, and proprietary data. ASIS covers the business, industry and government sectors of society (Ortmeier, 2009). By 1968 several acts came about during the Civil Rights movement. These were the
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act along with the National Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice institute, which later became the National Institute of Justice for financing criminal research (Ortmeier, 2009). Need for More Private Security Services A recommendation by a research into criminal activity agency called the National Commission on Criminal Justice in 1970. One of the reports that came out of this organization revealed the need for more privatization of security throughout the U.S. The report was the Task Force Report on Private Security from 1976. Based on the research it was shown that the best determent to crime is to inform communities of preventative measures. At that time many private organizations begin to work alongside the police force and privately in local communities to establish various security patrols. However it was found that public police and private security did not work well together. In fact they were often antagonistic of one another. The public police force felt that private security was an encroachment on their jurisdiction in the community. While private security felt they were not given enough credit for aiding and assisting the public police force. The skill level of the private security personnel was called to question by the public police force as well (Cunningham, Strauchs, and Van Meter, 1990). The Task Force Report suggested that both of these crime deterring institution work together rather than against one another (Craighead, 2003). The primary difference between public and private security are the roles of the policing personnel. For public security the purpose is to protect the public, be it property, people,
or crimes against property or people. Private security personnel's role is slightly different in that they protect the organization or property rights where assigned. These are primarily privately owned by the property or individual and may differ from public policy and procedure (Craighead, 2003). Factors affecting the Growth of Private Security The factors and level of training for security personnel has evolved significantly from those basically walking the perimeter and reporting disturbances. Today private property requires protection in many industries such as banking, medical, chemical, technological, manufacturing, even retailers and small businesses need security protection. The required security today includes to operating highly sophisticated surveillance equipment such as cameras, gates, fire prevention, loss prevention, asset protection, disaster recovery, intellectual property and many additional areas of specialization. The number of security personnel is nearly two million today while the police force nationwide is approximately 600,000 (Ortmeier, 2009). The private justice system have established the crime and punishment parameters for offences in the private sector (Schmalleger, 2008). The number of jobs that have evolved as a result of the increase of security needs in recent years present unique and lucrative opportunities, especially since the terrorists attacks of 9/11 (Ortmeier, 2009). There are many schools that offer security training throughout the U.S. Standard training requirements include courses on legalities such as power and authority of security officers or guards. Emergency procedural training in fire safety, CPR, First Aid, and Building Evacuation/Security, Weapons training and certifications, Legal Uses of Firearm, Handling of Firearm, Marksman training for specialized positions, as well as safety and care of firearms. There is also continuing
educational certifications that must be completed each year dependent on the type of security service assigned (N.Y. Department of Justice, 2012). Private Security Growth and Licensing At the turn of the century the private security forces were used to track criminals, gangsters, and mobsters. Prior to federal agencies being established in law enforcement. The railroad transportation between states was protected by security forces such as Pinkerton in addition to shipments to banks and other businesses that were often targeted by crime elements ( . However once federal agencies such as the FBI were established these jobs were no longer necessary for security agencies. Yet by this time the industry had developed to the point of needed regulation and licensing as many detectives, guards, and armed security bounty hunters and body guards were already working for various businesses. The development of the Federal Bureau of Security and Investigative Services became the official regulator of all security related licensing. The following chronology lists the various regulatory requirements and agencies involved in the security professions expansion. Today’s professional private security force should be aware of these important milestones in order to ensure proper licensing for specific security professions. Security Professions Regulatory History
← 1915 California license and regulation of private detectives with the Administration State Board Prison Directorship. ← 1943 A new specialized category, Private Patrol Operator added to Private Investigation Act. ← 1949 Repossess agencies are put into the license category beneath Collection Agency Act. ← 1950 Detective License Act renamed Private Investigator and Adjuster Act. ← 1959 Repossess agencies, regulated by Collection Agency Act, are now under the Private Investigator Act ← 1973 The Bureau of Collection and Investigative Service is federally mandated to register all uniformed employees that are Private Patrol Operators. ← 1974 The firearm program is developed which requires applicants to have exposed weapon permit and complete Bureau-approved training. ← 1977 Alarm firms and workers require licensing. ← 1981 Repossession workers require licensing. ← 1986 Locksmiths workers are require registration with the Bureau. ← 1993 The Locksmith Act is revised and require separate license for both locksmith companies and employees. (Bureau of Security and Investigative Services, 2012).
References Bureau of Security and Investigative Services (2012). A brief history. Retrieved March 25, 2012 from http://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/history.shtml Craighead, G. (2003). High rise security and fire life safety. Rothstein Assoc. Cunningham, W.C, Strauchs, J.J, Van Meter, C.W. (1990). Private security trends: hallcrest reports. . 106. Ibid., p. 2. 107 , P., J. (2009). Introduction to security. Pearson Education. 3rd Edition. Department of Justice, N.Y. (2012). Criminal justice services: security guard training. Retrieved March 26, 2012 from http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/ops/sgtraining/ Schmalleger, F. (2002). Criminal justice. Prentice Hall.
