Unit 4-II

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Unit 4
Responsibilities and Rights
Common to all Branches
07G004 Professional ethics and Human Values
Prepared by
R.SENTHIL KUMAR
Associate Professor/EEE
Responsibilities of Engineers
 Internal Responsibilities
. Collegiality
. Loyalty
. Respect for Authority
. Collective Bargaining
 External Responsibilities
. Confidentiality
. Conflicts of interest
. Occupational Crimes
Internal Responsibilities
 Collegiality
 Collegiality is the tendency to support and
cooperate with the colleagues
 Team work – Collegiality
 Engineers should not try to harm the
feelings and respect of their colleagues
 No criticism of work
Aspects of Collegiality
 Respect
 Admiration of colleague and their potential
 Respect for the work
 Commitment
 Commitment towards the relationship
 Sharing of loyalty
 Connectedness
 Co operation and bond in a team work
 Mutual Understanding
LOYALTY
 Being loyal in the profession
 There are two aspects
 Agency Loyalty
 Fulfill a person’s contractual duties to an
employer
 Identification Loyalty
 Attitudes, emotions and personal identity
exhibition
Obligations of Loyalty
 Agency Loyalty is an obligation within a
limit of official commitment
 Identification Loyalty is obligatory with
following conditions
 Employees are sure that their goals are achieved with
the help of group in which they work
 Employees to be treated in a fair manner
Professionalism and Loyalty
 Performing duties on professional
commitment and not on orders of the
company
 Loyalty to companies should be truthful
 Professionals and employers should have
a moral understanding
Respect for Authority
 Respect to legitimate authority of their
employers to fulfill the organizational aims
 Authority paves way to understand the
personal responsibility and accountability
Respect to Authority
 Institutional Authority
 Authority within organization
 To handle employees and subordinates
(Institutional Right to exercise power)
 Given to qualified and experienced
professionals
 Good decision makers, reasonable thinkers
Respect to Authority
 Expert Authority
 For resolving problems in institutional
authority (Incompetence)
 Possession of special knowledge in system
 Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers are expert
authorities in solving some problems that
could not be solved by managers just….

Unionism
 Unionism is for the welfare of the
employees
 Professionalism is for the welfare of the
organization and economy
Unionism and Professionalism
Unionism and Respect to authority
Unionism and Loyalty
ULTIMATE CONTRADICTION !!!
Collective Bargaining
 Unions are bargaining agents for
improvement of economic status of
employees
 Loyalty decreases as unionism increases
 Communist thoughts and employee
satisfaction
Arguments in favor of unionism
 Obtaining healthy salaries & promotions
 Job security and protection
 Resist the unethical impositions by org.
 Grievance resolving medium
 Struggles against the exploitation of
employees
 Creates a confidence
Arguments against unionism
 Cause for inflationary condition
 Cause for Destruction to economy
 Always oppose the decision than co-
operating
 Removes individual negotiations between
employee and org.
 Encourages disqualified workers
 Escapes employees from penalization for
their mistakes
 Influences Promotions and rewards
 Develops an enmity between the org. and
employees
 Less transparency between employee and
management
Arguments against unionism
External Responsibilities - 1
 Confidentiality
 Keep certain information secret in an
organization
 Should be a habit of a professional
 All professions have got confidential
matters – Confidentiality in professionals
becomes essential
 Keep up the proprietary information
Confidential Information
 Related Terms
 Privileged Information (Details known to PA
to MD due to privilege of being PA)
 Proprietary Information (Information owned
by a company)
 Trade Secret Information (Designs, quoted
cost for tender, etc)
 Patents (legally protected works)

Types
 Obvious Information
 Test results, Data, tender quotation, design
values of unreleased product etc
 Information of lesser confidentiality
 Vague information like strategy followed, no
of employees, methods adopted, systems
followed etc
Confidentiality Limits
 There are two levels
1. First level
 Respect for autonomy
 Respect for Promises
 Respect for Public well being
2. Second level
 Right based theory
 Duty based theory
 Utilitarian
Confidentiality Limits
 Respect for autonomy
 State of self realization to keep up the secrets
 Respect for Promises
 Commitment to the promises to the company for
keeping up secrets
 Respect for Public well being
 Secrets reveled causing danger to any individual or
group should not be done
Ethical theories and secrets
 Right based theory (Violation of Rights in
violating confidentiality – Issues)
 Duty based theory (Violation from Duty to
violate confidentiality – Issues)
 Utilitarian
 Rule (Very clear that GO BY RULES)
 Act (Act according to situations)
How management maintains
confidentiality?
 Employment contracts and restrictions – A
threaten to employees
 Tight control of flow of secret information
 Creating a professional responsibility
amongst employees by motivation and
good culture of work
External Responsibilities -2
 Conflicts of Interest
 It is the conflict that a professional has
when his interest is disrespected
 If an engineer is more interested in going
for a bidder who is good in quality
 But management wants a low bidder who
is poor in quality
 Conflict of interest of an engineer arises….
Types of Conflicts
 Actual Conflicts of Interest
 Loss of professional duties due to conflict
 Potential Conflicts of Interest
 A good relationship maintained with a client
being misunderstood by management
 Apparent Conflict of Interest
 Misunderstanding a professional that he tries
to improve his margin in getting the business
Avoiding conflict of interest
 Follow company policy
 Opinions from boss and subordinates
 Examining one’s motives
 Follow code of ethics properly
External Responsibilities -3
 Occupational Crime
 Illegal acts that are made possible
through a person’s lawful employment
 Carried out by office workers and
professional are called as White collar’s
Crime
 Industrial Espionage (spying), Price Fixing
and Endangering lives
Industrial Espionage
 Getting confidential details of a company
in illegal way
 Gopal, a spy for 10 year was caught in
California…..ICs and Computer companies
suffered a lot of spying and espionage
 Reason may be due to tough competition
in the production business
Price Fixing
 Fixing the contract bidding price and other
quotations without knowledge of the
proprietors
 Westing house and General Electrics
Case….
 Rotating plan: ‘Phase of Moon’ basis
Endangering Lives
 Exposing employees to safety hazards
 Asbestos industry caused a lung disease
named asbestosis and a cancer named
mesothelioma
 25 million people affected…case went on
in court …compensation…..
 Occupational crimes of macro and micro
structure
Rights
 Engineers have lot of rights in addition to
their responsibilities
 Three types
 Human Rights (personal)
 Employee Rights
 Professional Rights(PR)
 Express views, judgment, refuse unethical,
warn public, remuneration and recognition,
talk publicly about jobs, society engagement
Employee Rights
 Employ rights are the rights that apply or
refer to the status or position of employee
 Any right moral, legal, that refers for well
being of employee
 Contractual Employee Rights
 Documented and Informed to an employee
when he joins an org.
 Eg. Right to receive salary, right to receive
other benefits, etc.
Employee Right
 Non contractual Employee Right
 Not formally recognized in specific contracts
or recognition
 Rights to choose outside activities (Taking
tuitions in evening), right to prevent sexual
harassment
 Eg. Right to choose outside activities, privacy,
nondiscrimination etc.
Choice of Outside activities
 Basic human rights for any one to engage
in outside activities
 No interference should be there from the
management
 Violations in rights like scolding for doing a
business outside, taking tuition classes
being a school teacher
Choice of outside activities
 Outside activities are the rights of
employees till they stick to the following
 The activity should not affect the business,
fame and respect of the organization
 Ex. Doing a moonlighting is not
permitted…cannot be justified as right
Professional Rights
 Its one of the most fundamental rights
 Professional rights are the rights
possessed by virtue of being professionals
having special moral responsibilities
 Eg. Express views, judgment, refuse
unethical, warn public, remuneration and
recognition, talk publicly about jobs,
society engagement
Aspects of PR
 Two aspects
1. Rights of professional conscience
2. Specific rights
1. Rights of professional conscience
 It refers to moral right to exercise responsible
professional judgment in discharging once
professional duties
 It’s the right to do what everyone agrees, it’s
obligatory for professional engineer to do
Aspects of PR
2. Specific rights
 Two kinds
 Right of conscientious refusal and
 Right to recognition
Right of conscientious refusal
 It is the right to refuse to engage in unethical
behavior
 Which means no employer can force an employee
to do unethical practice
 This is possible in two situations
1. Where there is a widely shared agreement in the
profession reg. ethical and unethical acts
2. Where there is a possibility for disagreement
among people over unethical acts
Right to recognition
 It refers the engineers’ right to
professional recognition for their work
 It may be of two types
1. Extrinsic rewards: related to monetary
benefits, like, salary increment,
incentives, cash bonus
2. Intrinsic rewards: non monetary
rewards, like, appreciation letters etc.,
Principles of Professional Rights
 Justification by Right Ethics
 Everyone have got their own rights....
 similarly professionals….
 should not be disturbed from their rights
 Justification by Duty Ethics
 It is the duty of the public to allow engineers
to take better decision (to use their rights
Principles of Professional Rights
 Justification by Utilitarianism
 Greatest good is promoted by permitting
Engineers to do good things
 Their rights should be protected
 Rule utilitarianism try to set up best policy or
rule for employee rights
Privacy
 Employers should not look in to personal
and private life of employees
 But contradictory justification is that…
Personal life only influence in professional
behavior….
 Cashier, Sales Department, (Trust
worthiness)…
 Personal Counseling for enhancement of
professional performance
Rights due to process
 Rights to take actions on indisciplinary
grounds
 Contradiction: Misuse of the rights
 Proper documents for the use of rights of
process
 Produce explanations for actions taken
What is Intellectual Property?
 It is the information and original
expression that derives original values
from creative ideas with commercial
values
 Provides an ownership and independence
for property
IPs
 Patents
 Plant varieties
 Undisclosed Information
 Design of ICs
 Industrial design
 Trademarks
 Copyrights
 Geographical Indications
Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR)
 To keep the intellectual proprietary
 High impact on socio – economic and
technological improvement of a nation
 Trade Related Intellectual Property Right
System (TRIPS) takes care of the IPR
systems
 WTO supposed to implement standards
Intellectual Property Rights
 Technology Obsolescence and fierce
competitions to protect the innovations
with patents, trademarks, service marks,
design registration etc
 IPR plays a vital part in advancing
technological ambience
IPR Agreements
 Agreement established by WTO and TRIPS
accepted by India during 1995
 This gives certain minimum standards for
protecting an innovation
 Enforcement as law in many countries will
protect IPR much
Elements of IPR
 Patents for Inventions
 Copyrights for materials
 Trademarks for broad identity
 Trade Secrets
IP could be bought, sold, licensed or
exchanged
Patents
 Innovations – New or improved product of
processes which are meant for industrial
applications
 Contract between Inventor and Individual
 Inventor has rights to prevent anybody
using or selling invention
Patents
 Patent period 20 years….after that people
can freely use the product
 Enforceable by civil laws and criminal
proceedings
 Non obviousness
Patent – Requirements
 Problem of invention
 Current report of problem to address
 Solution or procedure to problem
 Extent of novelty or inventive
 Application or uses
 Details of the inventor
 Resources of funds
Types of Patents
 Utility Patents
 Inventions or discoveries to utilize new and
useful – 20 years (Chemical composition)
 Design Patents
 Design of new things, article, ornaments etc –
14 years
 Plant Patents
 Asexually reproduces a new variety of plant -
20 years
Copy Rights
 Specific and exclusive right even for
reproduction of an original work
 Material, Literature, aesthetic material,
music, film, sound recording,
broadcasting, software, multimedia
 Licensing from the owner – Disclaimer
statements – Legal proceedings
Trade Marks
 Identity for a specific product
 Territorial right which needs registration
 Source of any sign or combination of signs
of goods
 Service marks to individualize product
 In form of logos, symbols and wordings
 TRIPS agreement provides protection
similar to copyright
Trademarks
 Registration must be renewed for
encouraging competition, protecting
inventor’s good will etc.,
 Trademarks are of National Level
 Distinctive marks (distinguish products)
 Trademarks are very generic and not clear
about the process
Need for protecting IPR
 Prevent plagiarism
 Prevent others using it for financial gains
 Support income generation strategy
Importance of IPR
 Granted to the investors for their freedom
for further creation
 Give the inventors the right of use
 Permit entry to a technical market
 Steady Income by licensing
Discrimination
 Unfair difference in treatment of people
 Giving preference on sex, race, religion,
status etc.
 Teasing and ill-treating people based on
their religion, race, sex etc.
 Called as Reverse Preferential Treatment
Discrimination – Examples
 Selecting candidates based on communal
preferences
 Securing mistakes of people based on
communal preferences
 Appointing women in front office sales
operations
 Voluntary Retirement Schemes
Preferential Treatments
 Weak Preferential treatment
 Selecting a candidate who belong to the
community of the organizational majorities
 Strong Preferential treatment
 Selecting women / minority candidate based
on reservations by law or by conventions
Strong Preferential Treatment to be
supported !!
 As per Right ethics every one has right to
get an opportunity….
 Minority and backward class reservations
are compensatory benefits for the
discriminations in the past
 As per Utilitarian principle, social
improvement is main factor Reservations
are essential….
 As per right ethics, an individual who
comes without any reservation is violated
from his rights to get a job
 Equal opportunities are not given
Strong Preferential Treatment to be
supported !!
Sexual Harassment
 Continuous annoying and attacks on
women on the basis of sexual
considerations
 Harassment by Female superiors to male
employees also come under this
discussion
 Moral and ethical violations as well,
CULTURAL DEVASTATION
Sexual Harassment
 Any sex oriented practices that endangers a
woman’s job that undermines her job
performance and threatens her economic
livelihood
 Unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in
the context of relationship of unequal power
 A Woman may be a boss, employee, engineer,
manager…..
Different Forms of Harassment
 Interviewer / Recruiter seeking for a
sexual favor, for offering a job
 Boss seeking a sexual favor for offering a
promotion
 Tortures like scolding, firing a woman not
for accepting the sex request
 Comments, Tease, sex jokes, Request for
dates etc.,
Forms of Harassment
 Violation of basic rights as happened in a
school of New Delhi (Camera capture)
 For the sake of promotions, survival in the
job etc, women are exploited
 All the four theories, stand in one line,
with no controversies to disagree with Sex
Harassment

END OF UNIT IV
Difference Between His & Her
Thoughts
 HER DIARY ---------
 Friday night, I thought he was acting weird. We
had made plans to meet at a cafe to have some
coffee. I was shopping with my friends all day
long, so I thought he was upset at the fact that
I was a bit late, but he made no comment.
 Conversation wasn't flowing so I suggested that
we go somewhere quiet so we could talk, he
agreed but he kept quiet and absent.
Difference Between His & Her
Thoughts- Continues..
 I asked him what was wrong - he said,
"Nothing." I asked him if it was my fault that he
was upset. He said it had nothing to do with me
and not to worry.
 On the way home I told him that I loved him, he
simply smiled and kept driving. I can't explain
his behavior, I don't know why he didn't say, "I
love you, too”.
 When we got home I felt as if I had lost him, as
if he wanted nothing to do with me anymore. He
just sat there and watched TV, he seemed
distant and absent. Finally I decided to go to
bed.
Difference Between His & Her
Thoughts- Continues..
 About 10 minutes later he came to bed. I
decided that I could not take it anymore,
so I decided to confront him with the
situation but he had fallen asleep.
 I started crying and cried until I too fell
asleep. I don't know what to do. I'm
almost sure that his thoughts are with
someone else. My life is a disaster.
HIS DIARY ---------
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 Today India again lost the cricket match.
DAMN IT

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