Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

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PROJECT REPORT ON “ICE CUBE MAKING MACHINE”

Submitted in partial fulllment for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BY  SAGAR REVALE SURESH CHOUDHARY  RISHITOSH BHANDARY  ROSHVEL BARRETTO  NIPUN BHATIA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Prof Mrs K.H DHANAVDE

LOKMANYA TILAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KOPARKHAIRANE KOP ARKHAIRANE NAVI NAVI MUMBAI 4 !" UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI  #$4%$&

 

“ICE CUBE MAKING MACHINE” D'ss(r)*)'o+ Submitted by

SAGAR REVALE SURESH CHOUDHARY  ROSHVEL BARRETTO NIPUN BHATIA RISHITOSH BHANDARY  In partial fulllment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING U+,(r )-( /',*+0( of Prof Mrs K.H DHANAVDE LOKMANYA TILAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING1 NAVI MUMBAI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOKMANYA LOKMANY A TILAK COLL! O" N!IN#IN! KO$A#K%AI#AN& NA'I M(M)AI MA%A#AS%T#A& INDIA *++,+ #$4%$&

 

CERTIFICATE

 Thi. i. to /ertif0 that the pro1e/t report on& 2.. 2..... ...... ...... ...33 .ub .ubmi mitt tted ed b0 “........”1 )a/helor of ngineering .tudent of Lo2man0a Tila2 College Of ngineering& Na3i Mumbai& toward. partial fulllment of the re4uirement. for the award of the Degree of B*0-(or of E+'+((r'+  in M(0-*+'0 M(0-*+'0* * E+'+((r'+ E+'+((r'+

a. pre./ribed b0 the

U+'5(rs')6 Of M/78*'1 i. a bona de re/ord of the wor2 /arried out b0 him under

m0 .uper3i.ion and guidan/e5 The matter /ontained in thi. di..ertation ha. not been .ubmitted to an0 other (ni3er.it0 (n i3er.it0 for award of an0 Degree or Diploma5

Date of Submi..ion6 77777777777777777  77777777777777777 

Prof. C-*+,r*8*8/ D

 $ro1e/t /oordinator ngg59

Dr.

%OD 8Me/hani/al

 

 

Prof....

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APPROVAL OF PROJECT REPORT

 Thi. i. to /ertif0 that the the.i. entitled “pro1e/t title”1 .ubmitted b0 :.tudent name ;  in partial fulllment of the re4uirement. for the award of the Degree of  )a/helor of ngineering in Me/hani/al ngineering & a. pre./ribed b0 (ni3er.it0 Of  Mumbai i. appro3ed5

Pro9(0) G/',( E:)(r+* E:*7'+(r

 777777777777777777    777777777777777777   777777777777777777  777777777777 777777 Date6 7777777777  $la/e6 7777777777 

 777777777777777777    777777777777777777  7777777777777777  77777777777 77777 

 

ICE CUBE MAKING MACHINE INT#OD(CTIONS6

I/e /ube ma2er. u.e more water than 1u.t the water /ontained in the i/e5 Thi. e4uipment /an often be 3er0 ine</ient in water u.e5 The t0pi/al i/ema2er i/ema2er u.e. = or > time. more more water than needed to ma2e the i/e we /on.ume5 The.e water u.ing ma/hine. /an be found e3er0where? ho.pital. a//ount for >-5* per/ent of all /ommer/ial i/e@ma2er i/e@ma2er pur/ha.e.& followed b0 hotel. 8==5> per/ent9& re.taurant. 8>5B per/ent9& retail outlet. 8B5 per/ent9& ./hool. 8B5 per/ent9& o</e. 8*5> per/ent9 and gro/er0 .tore. 8>5= per/ent95  There are water two ba.i/ two e4uipment de.ign.6 de.ign.6 air@/ooled air@/ooled refrigeration refrigeration unit. and /ooled refrigeration unit.5 The air air@/ooled @/ooled unit. are u.uall0 more water e</ient? while the water /ooled unit. are u.uall0 more more energ0 e</ient5 )oth t0pe. 3ar0 greatl0 in water e</ien/0& e3en within it. own de.ign t0pe5 The water water e</ien/0 i. mea.ured b0 the indu.tr0 in :gallon. of water per ++ lb. 8*5> 2g9 of i/e;5 $erfe/t water e</ien/0 e</ien/0 would e4uate e4uate to 5-, 5-, gallon. 8*5> L9 of water to produ/e ++ lb. 8*5> 2g9 of i/e5 Mo.t i/e ma2er.E water u.e range. between B to =++ gallon. 8B L to ,5- L9 of water per per ++ lb. 8*5> 2g9 of i/e5 i/e5 Thi. repre.ent. repre .ent. a water water e</ien/0 range of F to onl0 F5 F5 Thu.& >*F to -F of the water water u.ed i. dumped dumped down the the drain5 The water 3arie. for .e3eral rea.on.5 A. the i/e i. formed in the freeGing tra0.& mineral. in the water /olle/t in the e4uipment5 e4uipment5 The.e mineral. mu.t be o//a.ionall0 rin.ed oH the freeGing tra0. and the water water re.er3oir.5 I/e ma2er. ma2er. ha3e a 3ariable .etting to initiate a rin.e /0/le at de.ired fre4uen/ie.5 The fre4uen/0 of rin.e i. to to be determined determined b0 lo/al water 4ualit0 and .ite re4uirement. re4uirement.55 Some new model model a/tuate the rin.e /0/le. ba.ed on .en.or .en.or reading. reading. of mineral.5 Often the i/e ma2er i. .et to rin.e more often than ne/e..ar0& re.ulting in water wa.te5

 

 The :4ualit0; of the i/e i/e /an al.o aHe/t water u.e5 Some i/e ma2er. are de.igned to produ/e /learer and .moother i/e b0 u.ing a repeated freeGing and partial thawing /0/le while the i/e i. produ/ed5 produ/ed5 Thi. re.ult. re.ult. in i/e /ube. /ube. that are .moother& without air bubble. and more /r0.talline /r0.talline li2e5 li2e5 (nfortunatel0& thi. ae.theti/ ae.theti/ 4ualit0 wa.te. a lot of water and .er3e. no u.eful purpo.e? fro.t0 i/e /ool. 1u.t a. well a. /lear i/e5   ater /ooled i/e ma2er. are often the mo.t ine</ient in water u.e& although .ometime. pro3iding .igni/ant energ0 .a3ing. at the point of u.e5 It i. important to note that there are man0 air@ air@ /ooled i/e ma/hine. 7or( energ0 e</ient than .ome water@ /ooled i/e ma/hine.5 ater /ooled ma/hine. generall0 u.e potable water to remo3e heat from the refrigeration e4uipment5 In 0ear. pa.t& mo.t of the.e ma/hine. u.ed .ingle@pa.. /ooling J dumping the water into the .ewer a. it eited the ma/hine5 "ortunatel0& man0 manufa/turer. manufa/turer. are .tarted to abandon thi. wa.teful wa.teful de.ign5 de.ign5 Some newer de.ign. re@/ir/ulate re@/ir/ulate the water after it pa..e. through a /ooling tower or heat h eat e/hanger& but the.e .till re4uire large amount. of ma2e up water55 hile air@/ooled water air@/ooled ma/hine. generall0 ha3e a water e</ien/0 of *+F to F& water /ooled ma/hine. are u.uall0 le.. than F water e</ient5

 Pro8(7

S)*)(7(+);

Ni/2el@@ or tin@plated /opper i. mo.t /ommonl0 u.ed for the i/e Ni/2el forming po/2et. in /ube i/e ma/hine. toda05 Su/h po/2et. ma0 be formed b0 tting not/hed .trip. of /opper together in an egg /rate relation.hip to form a grid of four .ided po/2et.5 po/2et.5 The .trip. are then .oldered to a ba/2ing pan5 At the .ame time a .erpentine pie/e of /opper tubing 8forming the e3aporator .e/tion of the refrigeration .0.tem9 /an be .oldered to the ba/2 of the pan5 The entire e3aporatori/e forming a..embl0 i. then ni/2el or tin plated5 The plating i. re4uired b0 National Sanitation "oundation

 

8NS"9 /ode.& whi/h prohibit the u.e of /opper part. in /onta/t with food produ/t.5 hile plated /opper a..emblie. wor2 well in /ube i/e ma/hine.& the0 ha3e .e3eral drawba/2.5 One of the primar0 problem. i. that the plating operation it.elf i. /o.tl0& and t0pi/all0 produ/e. .ludge that i. /o.tl0 to di.po.e of in an en3ironmentall0 .afe manner5 manner5 Al.o& /opper i. relati3el0 epen.i3e5 "urther& though it ha. 3er0 good heat /ondu/tion propertie.& /opper i. den.e& .o that it ha. a high heat /apa/it0 per unit 3olume5 The duration of the produ/tionhar3e.t /0/le i. thu. longer than de.ired be/au.e& at ea/h /hange in the /0/le& the /opper i/e forming po/2et. po/2et. ha3e to be either heated or /ooled5 Another di.ad3antage of a..emblie. made from bonded part.& in/luding plated /opper a..emblie.& i. that .tru/ture. made from bonding diHerent part. together u.uall0 .uHer a heat tran.fer impediment5 (.uall0& two element. ma0 not be perfe/tl0 1oined be/au.e the element. are not perfe/tl0 at or otherwi.e mat/hed in prole& and the pre.en/e of du.t parti/le. or oide. ma0 /au.e .urfa/e irregularitie. de/rea.ing thermal /ondu/tion at tho.e lo/ation.5 "urther& be/au.e air ha. poor /ondu/ting propertie.& the pre.en/e of air po/2et. in two bonded element. ma0 al.o redu/e thermal /ondu/tion5 In attempting to o3er/ome the.e di.ad3antage.& a /a.t aluminum grid wa. eperimented with5 Ca.t aluminum wa. found to pre.ent .e3eral drawba/2.5 $rimaril0& e3en though the i/e /ube po/2et. /ould ea.il0 be formed in the /a.ting& the e3aporator .0.tem tubing had to be atta/hed after the /a.ting operation5 Thi. pro3ed to be unwor2able be/au.e the /a.t aluminum wa. .o porou. that the tubing /ould not .uitabl0 be braGed to the /a.ting

 

VAPOUR COMPRESSION R REFRIGERA EFRIGERATION TION CYCLE;   Mo.t of the modern refrigerator. wor2 on thi. /0/le5 /0/le5 In it. .imple.t form there are four fundamental operation. re4uire to /omplete one /0/le5 • • • •

 

 

Compre..ion Conden.ation pan.ion 'aporiGation

Co7<r(ss'o+;  The low pre..ure pre..ure 3apor. in dr0 .tate are drawn from the e3aporator during the .u/tion .tro2e .tro2e of the /ompre..or5 During Compre..ion .tro2e the pre..ure and temperature in/rea.e until 3apour temperature temperature i. i. greater greater than the temperature of /onden.er /ooling medium5 Co+,(+s*)'o+ ; hen the high pre..ure refrigerant refrigerant 3apour enter. the /onden.er heat ow. from /onden.er to /ooling medium thu. allowing the 3apouriGed rrefrigerant efrigerant to return to li4uid .tate5

 



E:<*+s'o+ ; Af After ter /onden.er the li4uid refrigerant i. .tored in the li4uid re/ei3er until needed5 needed5 "rom the re/ei3er it pa..e. through through an epan.ion 3al3e where the pre..ure pre..ure i. redu/ed .u</ientl0 to allow the 3apouriGation of li4 li4uid uid a low low

temperature of about @+C5 •

V*<or'=*)'o+ ;  The low pre..ure V*<or'=*)'o+ pre..ure refrige refrigerant rant 3apour after epan.ion in the epan.ion 3al3e enter. the e3aporator or refrigerated .pa/e where where a /on.iderable amount of heat i. ab.orbed b0 it and refrigeration i. furni.hed5

F'/r( $

'apour@/ompre..ion /0/le for #efrigeration .0.tem

 

F'/r( #

'apour@/ompre..ion /0/le with T@S Diagram  $@' Diagram

Component. of Compre..ion /0/le re4uire. four /omponent. 6  The 3apour /ompre..ion /ompre..ion /0/le re4uir re4uire. e. four /omponent. 6 •





Co7<r(ssor ;  T  To o rai.e the pre. pre..ure .ure of low@pr [email protected] e..ure low temperature ga. to [email protected] high temperature ga.5 T-( Co+,(+s(r ; To /hange the .tate of [email protected]& high temperature ga. to [email protected]& high temperature LIP(ID5  Thi. i. a/hie3ed b0 pa..ing pa..ing ambient air 82nown a. air air@@ /ooled9 or water 82nown a. water@/ooled9 water@/ooled9 o3er the /onden.er tube.5 T-( E:<*+s'o+ D(5'0( ;  The purpo.e of the de3i/e i. i. to /hange the .tate of the refrigerant from from [email protected] [email protected]& e& high temperature li4uid to low pre..ure low temperature .aturated li4uid5 li4uid5 Thi. i. i. a/hie3ed b0 pa..ing the li4uid through an ori/e5

 



T-( E5*<or*)or ;  T  To o ab.orb the heat from room air or water& whi/h in the /a.e of a /hiller i. /ir/ulated around the e3aporator /oil5 Thi. will /hange the .tate of low@pr [email protected]& e..ure& low temperature temperature .aturated li4uid to low pre..ur pre..ure& e& lowmedium temperature ga. 5  

COMPRESSORS I+)ro,/0)'o+ ;   A refrigerator /ompre..or /ompre..or i. the /enter of the refrigerator /0/le 5 Compre..or ma0 be /alled a. a heart of an0

3apour /ompre..ion /ompre..ion .0.tem 5 It wor2. a. a pump to /ontrol /ontrol the /ir/ulation of the refrigerant& and it add. pre..ure to the refrigerant& heating it up 5 The /ompre..or al.o draw. 3apour awa0 from the the e3aporator to maintain maintain a lower pre..ure pre..ure and lower temperature before .ending it to the /onden.er5

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPRESSORS ;

A//ording to the method of /ompre..ion 6 A//ording #e/ipro/ating /ompre..or.  

 

  •

#otar0 /ompre..or. Centrifugal /ompre..or.

F'/r( >

F'/r( 4

HERMA HERM ATICALL TIC ALLY Y SEAL SEALED ED ;

 

A .mall hermati/all0 .ealed /ompre..or in a /ommon /on.umer refrigerator or freeGer? it t0pi/all0 ha. a rounded .teel outer .hell that i. permanental0 permanental0 welded welded .hut& and whi/h . .eal. eal. operating ga.e. in.ide the .0.tem5 There i. no route for ga.e. ga.e. to lea2& .u/h a. around motor motor .haft .eal.5 On thi. model& model& the pla.ti/ top .e/tion i. part of an [email protected] .0.tem whi/h u.e. motor heat to e3aporate the water5   Compre..or. are often de./ribed a. being either open & hermeti/& or .emi@hermeti/& .emi@hermeti/& to de./ribe how the /ompre..or and motor dri3e i. .ituated in rrelation elation to the ga. or 3apour being /ompre..ed5 The indu.tr0 name for hermeti/ i. hermeti/all0 .ealed /ompre..or& /ompre..or& while a .emi@ i. /ommonl0 /alled a .emi@hermeti/ /ompre..or5   In hermeti/ and mo.t .emi@hermeti .emi@hermeti/ / /ompre..or.& the /ompre..or and motor dri3ing the /ompre..or are integrated& and operate within the pre..uriGed ga. en3elope of the .0.tem5  The motor i. de.igned to operate and be /ooled /ooled b0 the ga. or 3apour being /ompre..e /ompre..ed5 d5   The diHeren/e between the hermeti/ and .emi@hermeti/& .emi@hermeti/& i. that the hermeti/ hermeti/ u.e. a one@pie/e one@pie/e welde welded d .teel / /a.ing a.ing that /annot be opened for repair? if the hermeti/ fail. it i. .impl0 repla/ed with with an entire new unit 5 A .emi@hermeti/ .emi@hermeti/ u.e. a large /a.t metal .hell with ga.2eted ga.2eted /o3er. that /an be opened to repla/e motor and pump /omponent.5   The primar0 ad3antage of a hermeti/ and .emi@hermeti/ i. that there i. no route for the ga. to lea2 lea2 out of the .0.tem5 Open Open /ompre..or rel0 on either natural leather or .0ntheti/ rubber .eal. to retain the internal internal pre..ure& pre..ure& and the.e .eal. rre4uire e4uire a lubri/ lubri/ant ant .u/h a. oil to retain ttheir heir .ealing propertie.5  

An open pre..uriGed .0.tem .u/h a. an automobile air

/onditionerenough5 /an lea2Open it. operating it i. not no t operated fre4uentl0 .0.tem. ga.e.& rel0 oniflubri/ant in the .0.tem

 

to .pla.h on pump /omponent. and .eal.5 If it i. not operated fre4uentl0 enough& the lubri/ant on the .eal. .lowl0 e3aporate.& and the .eal. begin to lea2 until the .0.tem i. no longer fun/tional and mu.t be re/harged5 )0 /ompari.on& a hermeti/ .0.tem /an .it unu.ed for 0ear.& and /an u.uall0 be .tarted up again at an0 time without re4uiring maintenan/e or eperien/ing an0 lo.. of .0.tem pre..ure5 pre..ure5  The di.ad3antage of hermeti/ hermeti/ /ompre /ompre..or. ..or. i. that the mot motor or dri3e /annot be repair or maintained& and the entire /ompre..or mu.t be remo3ed if if a motor fail.5 A further di.ad3antage i. that burnt burnt out winding. /an /ontaminate whole .0.tem. re4uiring the .0.tem to be entirel0 pumped down and the ga. repla/ed5  T0pi/all0  T0pi/all0 hermeti/ hermeti/ /ompre..or. are are u.ed in low@/o.t fa/tor0@ a..embled /on.umer /on.umer good. wher where e the /o.t of repair i. i. high /ompared to the 3alue of the de3i/e & and it would be more e/onomi/al to 1u.t pur/ha.e a new de3i/e5 An ad3antage of open /ompre..or. i. that the0 /an be dri3en b0 non@ele/tri/ power .our/e.& .u/h a. an internal /ombu.tion engine or turbine5 %owe3er& open /ompre..or. that dri3e refrigeration .0.tem. are generall0 not totall0 maintenan/e free throughout the life of the .0.tem& .in/e .ome ga. lea2age will o//ur o3er time5

Co7<r(ssor L/8r'0*)'o+   In order to lubri/ate the mo3ing part. of the /ompre..or& an oil i. added to the refrigerant during in.tallation or /ommi..ioning5 The t0pe of oil ma0 be mineral or

.0ntheti/ to .uit the /ompre..or t0pe& and al.o /ho.en .o a. not

 

to rea/t with the refrigerant t0pe and other /omponent. in the .0.tem5 In .mall refrigeration .0.tem. the oil i. allowed to /ir/ulate throughout the whole /ir/uit& but /are mu.t be ta2en ta2en to de.ign the pipe wor2 and /omponent. .u/h that oil /an drain ba/2 under gra3it0 to the /ompre..or5 /ompre..or5 In larger more di.tributed .0.tem.& e.pe/iall0 in retail refrigeration& the oil i. normall0 n ormall0 /aptured at an oil .eparator immediatel0 after the /ompre..or& and i. in turn redeli3er redeli3ered& ed& b0 an oil le3el management .0.tem& ba/2 to the /ompre..or8.95 Oil .eparator. are not ++F e</ient .o .0.tem pipe wor2 mu.t .till be de.igned .o that oil /an drain ba/2 b0 gra3it0 to oil .eparator or /ompre..or5 /ompre..or5 Some newer /ompre..or te/hnologie. u.e magneti/ bearing. and re4uire no lubri/ation& for eample the Danfo.. Turbo/or range of /entrifugal /ompre..or.5 A3oiding A3oiding the need for oil lubri/ation and the de.ign re4uirement. and an/illarie. a..o/iated with it& .implie. the de.ign of the refrigerant .0.tem and redu/e. maintenan/e re4uirement.5 re4uirement.5

APPLICATION; • • • • •

#efrigerator. Deep freeGer ater /ooler )ottle /ooler. #oom air /onditioner.

CONDENSOR

 

I+)ro,/0)'o+s ;

Conden.or. and e3aporator. are ba.i/all0 heat e/hanger. in whi/h the refrigerant undergoe. a pha.e /hange5 Net to /ompre..or.& proper proper de.ign and .ele/tion of /onden.er. and e3aporator. 3er0 important for/onden.er. .ati.fa/tor0and performan/e of are an0 refrigeration i. .0.tem5 Sin/e both e3aporator. e..entiall0 heat e/hanger.& e/hanger.& the0 ha3e man0 thing. in /ommon a. far a. the de.ign of the.e /omponent. i. /on/erned5 In /onden.er. the refrigerant 3apour /onden.e. b0 re1e/ting heat to an eternal uid& whi/h a/t. a. a heat .in25 Normall0& the eternal uid doe. not undergo an0 pha.e /hange& e/ept e/ept in .ome .pe/ial /a.e. .u/h a. in /a./ade /onden.er.& where the eternal uid 8another refrigerant9 e3aporate.5 In e3aporator.& the li4uid refrigerant e3aporate. b0 etra/ting heat from an eter eternal nal uid 8low temperature heat .our/e95 The eternal uid ma0 not undergo pha.e /hange& for eample if the .0.tem i. u.ed for.en.ibl0 /ooling water& air or .ome other uid5 There are man0 refrigeration and air /onditioning appli/ation.& where the eter eternal nal uid al.o undergoe. pha.e /hange5 /h ange5 "or eample& in t0pi/al .ummer air /onditioning .0.tem& the moi.t air i. dehimidi.ed b0 /onden.ing water 3apour and then& remo3ing the /onden.ed li4uid water5 water5 In man0 low temperature refrigeratio refrigeration n appli/ation. freeGing or fro.ting of e3aporator. ta2e. ta2e. pla/e5 The.e a a.pe/t. .pe/t. ha3e to be /on.idered while de.igning /onden.er. and e3aporator.5

 

C*ss'?0*)'o+ of 0o+,(+s(rs; Conden.er. ma0 be /la..ied on the following ba.i.6 •

O+ )-( 8*s's of 0oo'+ 7(,'/7 /s(,;

8a 8a9 8b999 8b 8/99 8/ •

A r/ /o d led /o /onde nd en.e n. er .err iate at eoro/oo /le ool /ond on den.e en 3ap apo orat atii3e /o /onde nden.er

O+ )-( 8*s's of 0o+s)r/0)'o+; 8a99 Shell t0 8a t0pe /o /onde nden.er 8b99 Sh 8b Shel elll and and /oil /oil /onde onden. n.e er 8/99 Double pi 8/ pipe / /o onden.er 8d99 "inne 8d ned d /onden. n.e er

P/r<os( of * Co+,(+s(r;  The purpo.e of a /onden.er in the /0/le of /ompre..ion /ompre..ion refrigeration i. to /hange the hot ga. being di./harged from the /ompre..or to a li4uid prepared for u.e in the e3aporator e3aporator55 The /onden.er a//ompli.he. thi. a/tion b0 the remo3al of .u</ient heat from the hot ga.& to en.ure it. /onden.ation at the pre..ure a3ailable in the /onden.er /on den.er55 The heat h eat i. .hifted to another medium& li2e water or air& to /ool the /onden.er5

AIR COOLED FIN TYPE CONDENSER

 

F'/r( &

Air@/ooled nned /onden.er i. widel0 u.ed in refrigeration and air Air@/ooled /onditioning appli/ation5 "or .ame amount of heat tran.fer& the operation of air /ooled /onden.er i. more e/onomi/ a. /ompared with water /ooled /onden.er t0pi/all0 air /ooled /onden.er are of the round tube and n t0pe5 To impro3e the performan/e of air /ooled /onden.er. multiple te/hni4ue. /an be a/hie3ed .u/h a. enhan/ement on inner pipe .urfa/e& /hanging the tube geometr0 from round to at .hape and eternal n.5 A mi/ro@/hannel at tube. that heat e/hanger i. one of the potential alternati3e. for repla/ing the /on3entional nned nn ed tube heat e/hanger e/hanger55 Thi. 2ind of heat e/hanger i. made of a at tube with .e3eral independent pa..age. in the /ro.. .e/tion and formed into a .erpentine or a parallel ow arrangement5 In the.e heat e/hanger.& a multitude of /orogated n. with lou3er. are in.erted into the gap. between the at tube.5 The at tube de.ign oHer. higher thermal performan/e and lower pre..ure drop then the nned nn ed round heat e/hanger.5

 

E@PANSION E@P ANSION DEVICES I+)ro,/0)'o+;  

An epan.ion de3i/e i. another ba.i/ /omponent of a

refrigeration .0.tem5 The ba.i/ fun/tion. of an epan.ion de3i/e u.ed in refrigeration .0.tem are to6 5 #ed #edu/e u/e pre..ure pre..ure from /onden.er /onden.er pre.. pre..ure ure to e3aporator e3aporator pre..ure& and =5 #eg #egulate ulate the refrigerant refrigerant ow fr from om the high@pr [email protected] e..ure li4 li4uid uid line into the e3aporator at a rate e4ual to the e3aporation rate In the e3aporator5  

The epan.ion de3i/e. u.ed in refrigeration .0.tem /an

be di3ided into ed opening t0pe or 3ariable opening t0pe5 A. the name implie.& in ed opening t0pe in the ow area /hange. with /hanging ma.. ow rate.5 There are ba.i/all0 .e3en t0pe. of refrigerant epan.ion de3i/e.5 The.e are6 5 %and 88manual manual99 epan.ion epan.ion 3al3e 3al3e. . =5 Capil Capillar0 lar0 T Tube. ube. >5 Or Ori i/e /e *5 Con.tant pr pre..ure e..ure or Automati/ pan.ion pan.ion 'al3e 'al3e 8A'9 5 Ther Thermo.ta mo.tati/ ti/ pan. pan.ion ion 'al3e 'al3e 5 "loat tt0pe 0pe p pan.io an.ion n 'al3e 'al3e a9 %igh S Side ide "lo "loat at 'al3e 'al3e b9 Low Si Side de "loat 'al3e 'al3e ,5 le/ le/troni troni/ / pan.ion pan.ion ' 'al3e al3e

 

F'/r( 

C*<'*r6 T/8(; A /apillr0 tube i. long narrow tube of /on.tant diameter5 diameter5 The word :/apillr0; i. a mi.nomer .in/e .urfa/e ten.ion i. not important in refrigeration appli/ation of /apillar0 tube.5 T0pi/al tube diameter. of refrigerabQnt /apillar0 tube. range from +5mm to > mm and the length range. from 5+m to m5 The pre..ure redu/tion redu/tion in /apillar0 tube o//ur. due to the following two fa/tor.6 5 The refrige refrigerant rant ha. to o3er/ome the fri/tinal re.i.tan/e oHered b0 the wall.5 Thi. lead. to .ome pre..ure drop& and =5 The li4uid refrigerant a.he. 8e3aporate.9 into miture of li4uid and 3apour. it. pre..ure redu/e redu/e.5 .5 The den.it0 of of 3apour i. le.. than that of the li4uid5 %en/e& the a3erage den.it0 of refrigerant de/rea.e. a. it ow. in the tube5 The ma.. ow rate and the tube diameter 8hen/e area9 being /on.tant& the 3elo/it0 of refrigerant in/rea.e. .in/e5 The in/rea.e in 3elo/it0 or a//eleration of the refrigerant al.o

 

re4uire. pre..ure pre..ure drop5 Se3eral /ombination. of length and bore are a3ailable for the .ame ma.. ow rate and pre..ure pre..ure drop5 %owe3er& on/e a /apillar0 tube of .ome diameter and length ha. been in.talled in a refrigerating .0.tem& the ma.. ow rate through it will 3ar0 in .u/h a manner that the total pre..ure drop through it mat/he. with the pre..ure diHeren/e between /onden.er and the e3aporator e3aporator55 It. ma.. ow rate i. totall0 dependent upon the pre..ure diHeren/e a/ro.. it? it /annot ad1u.t it.elf to 3ariation of load eHe/ti3el05

S((0)'o+ of C*<'*r6 T/8(;   "or an0 new .0.tem& the diameter and the length of /apillar0 tube ha3e to be .ele/ted b0 the de.igner .u/h that the /ompre..or and the /apillar0 tube a/hie3e the balan/ed point at the de.ired e3aporator temperature5 There are anal0ti/al and graphi/al method. to .ele/t the /apillar0 tube5 The ne@tuning of the length i. nall0 done b0 /ut@and tr0 method5 A tube longer than the de.ign 8/al/ulated9 8 /al/ulated9 3al3e i. in.talled with the epe/te epe/ted d re.ult that e3aporating temperature will be lower than epe/ted5 epe/ted5  The tube i. .hortened until until the de.ire de.ired d balan/e point i. a/hie3ed5 a/hie3ed5  Thi. i. done for ma.. produ/tion5 produ/tion5 If a .ingle .0.tem i. to be de.igned then tube of .lightl0 .horter length than the de.ign length i. /ho.en5 The tube will u.uall0 re.ult in higher temperature than the de.ign 3alue5 The tube i. pin/hed at a few .pot. to obtain the re4uired pre..ure and temperature5

A,5*+)*(s *+, ,'s*,5*+)*(s of 0*<'*r6 )/8(;

 

 

Some of the ad3antage. of a /apillar0 tube are6 5 It i. In Ine epe pen.i n.i3e5 3e5 =5 It doe. not ha3e an0 mo3ing part. hen/e it doe. not re4uire re4uire maintenan/e5 >5 Capillar0 tube pro3ide. an open /onne/tion between between /onden.er and the e3aporator hen/e during oH@/0/le& pre..ure e4ualiGation o//ur. between /onden.er and e3aporator55 Thi. redu/e. the .tarting tor4ue re4uirement of e3aporator the motor .tart. w with ith .ame pre..ure pre..ure on the the two .ide. .ide. of the /ompre..or5 %en/e& a motor with low .tarting tor4ue 8.4uirrel /age Indu/tion motor9 /an be u.ed5 *5 Ideal for her hermeti/ meti/ /ompre..or /ompre..or ba.ed ba.ed .0.tem.& .0.tem.& whi/h are /riti/all0 /harged and fa/tor0 a..embled5 a ..embled5 Some of the di.ad3antage. of the /apillar0 tube are6 5 It /annot ad1u.t it.elf to to /hanging ow /ondition. in in re.pon.e to dail0 and .ea.onal 3ariation in ambient temperature temperature and load5 %en/e & CO$ i. u.uall0 low under oH de.ign /ondition.5 =5 It i. .u./ept .u./eptible ible to /logging /logging be/au.e of narrow bore of the tube& hen/e& utmo.t /are i. re4uired at the time of a..embl05 A lter@drier lter@drier .hould be u.ed ahead of the /apillar0 to pre3ent entr0 of moi.ture or an0 .olid parti/le.5 >5 During oH@/ oH@/0/le 0/le li4uid li4uid refrigerant refrigerant ow. to e3aporator e3aporator be/au.e of pre..ure diHeren/e between /onden.er and e3aporator55 The e3aporator ma0 get ooded and refrigerant e3aporator ma0 ow to /ompre..or and damage it when .tart.5  Therefore /riti/al /riti/al /harge i. u.ed u.ed in /apillar0 tube ba.e ba.ed d /ompre..or .0.tem.5 "urther& "urther& it i. u.ed onl0 with hermeti/all0 .ealed /ompre..or. where refrigerant doe. not lea2 .o that /riti/al /harge /an be u.ed5 Normall0 an a//umulator i. pro3ided after the e3aporator to pre3ent .lugging of /ompre..or5

 

 

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EVAPORATORS

An e3aporator.& li2e /onden.er i. al.o a heat e/hanger e/hanger55 In an e3aporator& the refrigerant boil. or e3aporate. and in doing .o ab.orb heat from the .ub.tan/e being refrigerated5 The name e3aporator refer. to the e3aporation pro/e.. o//uring in the heat e/hanger5

Co<<(r Co+,(+s(r Co's  The mo.t /ommon u.e of /opper /opper allo0 tube bundle. are are for /onden.er. and auiliar0 heat e/hanger.5 If 0ou need to turn .team into water minimal ba/2 ow and high e</ien/0& then /opper tubing i. one of 0our be.t bet.5 #ea/hing 0our parti/ular uidE. dew point i. not hard with /opper #ea/hing and a moderate amount of air mo3ing o3er the /oil5 CopperE. high thermal tran.fer rate ma2e. it ideal for /onden.ing operation.5

Co<<(r E5*<or*)or Co's hen inten.e heat i. re4uired for 0our appli/ation or pre..uriGed tting. are needed5 CTC! ha. 0ou /o3eredR Our end tube manipulation .er3i/e. allow. 0ou to /u.tomiGe 0our an0 wa0 0ou want5 Cannot nd the end ture 0ou need e e /an buil it in hou.e for 0ou5 hen pre..uriGed ga. i. depre..uriGed at the epan.ion 3al3e& it be/ome. far /ooler than it wa. before5 In other word.& a. pre..uriGed ga. i. able to epand in an e3aporator /oil& it.

 

temperature de/rea.e. de/rea.e. and it be/ome. a /olling agent5 (.uall0& thi. pro/e.. i. u.ed either to /ool the air out.ide ou t.ide the /oil or to turn a pre..uriGed or li4uid medium into ga.5 #efrigeration #e frigeration te/hni/ian /hoo.e /opper be/au.e of it. thermal /ondu/ti3it0& whi/h eight time. greater aluminium tube5to  The lightweight andi.durable durable propertie propertie. . of than /opper ma2 ma2e e it ea.0 wor2 with during and after in.tallation5 CopperE. long life .pan and re.i.tan/e to /orro.ion ma2e it a maintenan/e free /hoi/e that will li2el0 la.t the lifetime of the building5 #emo3ing heat i. a pro/e.. greatel0 helped b0 /opperE. highl0 #emo3ing heat .en.iti3e nature5 (.ing tubing with uid i. a 3er0 e</ient wa0 to tran.fer haet& and /an be utiliGed in di3er.e wa0. to a//ommodate 0our pro1e/tE. need.5 (nli2e other indu.trie.& /opper /opper tube. u.ed for air /onditioning and refrigeration purpo.e. are de.ignated b0 their out.ide diameter diameter55 Other indu.trie. u.e the in.ide diameter of the tube5

 

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REFRIGERANTS A refrigerant. i. a .ub.tan/e u.ed in heat /0/le u.uall0 u.ua ll0 in/luding& for enhan/ed e</ien/0& a re3er.ible pha.e /hange from a li4uid to a ga.5 Traditionall0& uoro/arbon.& e.pe/iall0 /hlorouoro/arbon.& were u.ed a. refrigerant.& but the0 are being pha.ed out be/au.e of their oGone depletion eHe/t.5 Other /ommon refrigerant. u.ed in 3ariou. appli/ation. are ammonia& .ulphur dioide& and non@ halogenated h0dro/arbon. .u/h a. methane5 

Introdu/tion.6  

 

 The thermod0nami/ e</ien/0 e</ien/0 of a refrigeration . .0.tem 0.tem depend. mainl0 on it. operating temperature temperature.5 .5 %owe3er& important pra/ti/al i..ue. .u/h a. the .0.tem de.ign& .iGe& initial and operating /o.t.& .afet0& reliabilit0& reliabilit0& and .er3i/eabilit0 et/5 depend 3er0 mu/h on the t0pe of refrigerant .ele/ted for a gi3en appli/ation5 Due to .e3eral en3ironment i..ue. .u/h a. oGone la0er depletion and global warming and their relation to the 3ariou. refrigerant. u.ed& the .ele/tion of .uitable refrigerant b0 a /ompletel0 new refrigerant& for whate3er rea.on& i. an epen.i3e propo.ition a. it ma0 /all for .e3eral /hange. in the de.ign and manufa/turing of refrigeration .0.tem5 %en/e it i. 3er0 important to under.tand the i..ue. related to the .ele/tion and u.e of refrigerant.5 In prin/iple& an0 uid /an be u.ed a. a . a refrigerant5 Air u.ed in an air a ir /0/le refrigeration .0.tem /an al.o be /on.idered a. a refrigerant5 %owe3er& in thi. le/ture the attention i. mainl0 fo/u.ed on tho.e uid. that /an be u.ed a. refrigerant. in 3apour /ompre..ion refrigeration .0.tem. onl05

P-6s'0* <ro<(r)'(s;  The ideal refrigerant refrigerant ha. fa3orable thermod0nami/ propertie.& propertie.& ii. . un/reati3e /hemi/all0& and i. .afe5 The de.ired thermod0nami/ propertie. are boiling point .omewhat below the target temperature& a high heat of 3aporiGation& a moderate den.it0 in li4uid form& a relati3el0 high den.it0 in ga.eou. form& and a high /riti/al temperature5 Sin/e boiling point and ga. den.it0 are aHe/ted b0 pre..ure& refrigerant. ma0 be made more .uitable for a parti/ular appli/ation b0 /hoi/e of operating pre..ure5 The.e propertie. are ideall0 met b0 the /hlorouoro/arbon.& but en3ironmental ./ien/e regard. .tabilit0 .tabilit0 a. being an /+,(s'r*8( propert0 of a refrigerant& leading to re/ommendati re/ommendation. on. .u/h a. Super/riti/al /arbon dioide a. a po..ible future /ooling agent for u.e in 3ehi/le.5

 

Corro.ion propertie. propertie. are a matter of material. /ompatibilit0 with the me/hani/al /omponent.6 /ompre..or& piping& e3aporator& and /onden.er55 Safet0 /on.ideration. in/lude toi/it0 and /onden.er ammabilit05

Pr'7*r6 *+, S(0o+,*r6 r(fr'(r*+)s; "luid. .uitable for refrigeration purpo.e. /an be /la..ied into primar0 and .e/ondar0 refrigerant.5 $rimar0 refrigerant. are tho.e uid.& whi/h are u.ed dire/tl0 a. wor2ing uid.& for eample in 3apour /ompre..ion and 3apour ab.orption refrigeration .0.tem.5 hen u.ed in /ompre..ion /ompre..ion or ab.orption .0.tem.& the.e uid. pro3ide refrigeration b0 undergoing a pha.e /hange pro/e.. in the e3aporator5 A. the name implie.& .e/ondar0 refrigerant. are tho.e li4uid.& whi/h are u.ed for tran.porting thermal energ0 from one lo/ation to other other55 Se/ondar0 refrigerant. are al.o 2nown under the name brine. or antifreeGe.5 Of /our.e& if the operating temperature. are abo3e +o/& then pure water /an al.o be u.ed a. .e/ondar0 refrigerant& for eample in large air /onditioning .0.tem.5 AntifreeGe. or brine. are u.ed when refrigeration i. re4uired at .ub@Gero temperature.55 (nli2e primar0 refrigerant.& the .e/ondar0 temperature. refrigerant. do not undergo pha.e /hange a. the0 tran.port energ0 from one lo/ation to other5

R(fr'(r*+) s((0)'o+ 0r')(r'*; Sele/tion of refrigerant for a parti/ular appli/ation i. ba.ed on the following re4uirem re4uirement.6 ent.6 i5 ii5 ii5 iii5

The Therm rmod od0n 0nam ami/ i/ and and the therm rmo@p o@ph0 h0.i .i/a /all pr prop oper erti tie. e. n3 n3ir ironm onmen enta tall and and .a .afe fet0 t0 pr prop oper erti tie. e.&& and and /onomi/.

 

R(fr'(r*+) R%$>4*;

#efrigerant #>*a i. a h0dro uoro/arbon 8%"C9 that ha. Gero #efrigerant potential to /au.e the depletion of the oGone la0er and 3er0 little greenhou.e eHe/t5 Let u. .ee the 3ariou. propertie. of thi. refrigerant and how it repla/e. #=5 R(fr'(r*+) R$>4*  The refrigerant #>*a #>*a i. the /hemi/al /ompound /ompound tetrauoroethane /ompri.ing of two atom. of /arbon& two atom. of h0drogen and four atom. of uorine5 It. /hemi/al formula i. C">C%="5 The mole/ular weight of refrigerant #>*a i. >>5* and it. boiling point i. @5 degree "5

#efrigerant #>*a i. a h0dro uoro/arbon 8%"C9 that ha. Gero #efrigerant potential to /au.e the depletion of the oGone la0er and 3er0 little greenhou.e eHe/t5 #>*a i. the nonammable non ammable and non@eplo.i3e& ha. toi/it0 within limit. and good /hemi/al .tabilit05 It ha. .omewhat high a<nit0 for the moi.ture5 The o3erall ph0.i/al and thermod0nami/ propertie. of refrigerant #>*a /lo.el0 re.emble with that of refrigerant #=5 Due to all the abo3e fa/tor.& #>*a i. /on.idered to be an e/ellent repla/ement for #= refrigeran

 

INSULATION In.ulation i. the redu/tion of heat tran.fer tran .fer between ob1e/t. in thermal /onta/t or in range of radiati3e inuen/e5 %eat tran.fer i. the tran.fer of thermal energ0 betwee between n ob1e/t. of diHering temperature5 The mean. to .tem heat ow ma0 be e.pe/iall0 engineered method. or pro/e..e.& a. well a. .uitable .tati/ ob1e/t. and material.5

F'/r( "

P/r<os( of I+s/*)'o+; A thermal in.ulator i. a poor /ondu/tor of heat and ha. a low /ondu/ti3it055 In.ulation i. u.ed in building. and in manufa/turing /ondu/ti3it0 pro/e..e. to pre3ent pre3ent heat lo.. or heat gain5 Although it. primar0 purpo.e i. an e/onomi/ one& it al.o pro3ide. more a//urate /ontrol of pro/e.. temperature. and prote/tion of per.onnel5 It pre3ent. /onden.ation on /old .urfa/e. and the re.ulting /orro.ion5 Su/h material. are porou.& /ontaining large number of dormant air /ell.5 Thermal in.ulation deli3er. the following benet.6 • •

#edu/e. o3er@all energ0 /on.umption5 OHer. better pro/e.. /ontrol b0 maintaining pro/e.. temperature5

 



• •

$re3ent. /orro.ion /orro.ion b0 2eeping the epo.ed .urfa/e of a refrigerated .0.tem abo3e dew point5 $ro3ide. re prote/tion to e4uipment5 Ab.orb. 3ibration5

I+s/*)'o+ 7*)(r'*; In.ulation material. /an al.o be /la..ied into organi/ and inorgani/ t0pe.5 Inorgani/ in.ulation i. ba.ed on Sili/eou.Aluminou.Cal/ium material. in brou.& granular or powder form.5 ample6 Mineral wool& Cal/ium .ili/ate et/5 Organi/ in.ulation. are ba.ed on the h0dro/arbon pol0mer.& whi/h /an be epanded to obtain high 3oid .tru/ture.5 ample  Thermo/ol 8panded $ol0.t0rene9 $ol0.t0rene9 and $ $ol0 ol0 (rethane " "oam oam 8$("95 $uH .tand. for pol0 (rethane "oam5 $ol0ure $ol0urethane thane 8$("9 i. u.ed eten.i3el0 in appli/ation. of lower temperature.5

BRAING;

 

)raGing i. metal@1oining pro/e.. whereb0 a ller metal i. heated abo3e melting point and di.tributed between two or more /lo.e@ tting part. b0 /apillar0 a/tion5 The ller metal i. brought .lightl0 abo3e it. melting 8li4uid.9 temperature while prote/ted b0a .uitable atmo.phere& u.uall0 a u5 It then ow. o3er the ba.e metal 82nown a. wetting9 and i. then /ooled to 1oin the wor2 pie/e. together5 It i. .imilar to .oldering& e/ept the temperature. u.ed to melt the ller metal are higher5

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F/+,*7(+)*s; In order to obtain high@4ualit0 braGed 1oint.& part. mu.t be /lo.el0 tted& and the ba.e metal. mu.t be e/eptionall0 /lean and free of oide.5 mo.t /a.e.& /learan/e.for of +5+> to +5+B mm 8+5++= toIn +5++> in9 are 1oint re/ommended the be.t /apillar0 a/tion and 1oint .trength5 %owe3er& in .ome braGing operation. it i. not un/ommon to ha3e 1oint /learan/e. around +5 mm 8+5+=* in95 Cleanline.. of the braGing .urfa/e. i. al.o important& a. an0 /ontamination /an /au.e /au .e poor wetting 8ow95 The two main method. for /leaning part.& prior to braGing& are /hemi/al /leaning and abra.i3e or me/hani/al /leaning5 In the /a.e of me/hani/al /leaning& it i. important to maintain the proper .urfa/e roughne.. a. wetting on a rough .urfa/e o//ur. mu/h more readil0 than on a .mooth .urfa/e of the .ame geometr05

 

Another /on.ideration that /annot be o3erloo2ed i. the eHe/t of temperature and time on the 4ualit0 of braGed 1oint.5 A. the temperature of the braGe allo0 i. in/rea.ed& the allo0ing and wetting a/tion of the ller metal in/rea.e. a. well5 In general& the braGing temperature .ele/ted mu.t be abo3e the melting point of the ller de.igner. metal5 %owe3er& there are .e3eral The fa/tor. inuen/e the 1oint temperature .ele/tion5 be.tthat temperature i. u.uall0 .ele/ted .o a. to6 89 )e the lowe.t po..ible braGe temperature& 8=9 MinimiGe an0 heat eHe/t. on the a..embl0& 8>9 Keep ller metalba.e metal intera/tion. to a minimum& and 8*9 MaimiGe the life of an0 ture. or 1ig. u.ed5 In .ome /a.e.& a higher temperature ma0 u.e be .ele/ted to allow for otheror fa/tor. in the de.ign 8e5g5 to allow of a diHerent ller metal& to /ontrol metallurgi/al eHe/t.& or to .u</ientl0 remo3e .urfa/e /ontamination95 The eHe/t of time on the braGed 1oint primaril0 aHe/t. the etent to whi/h the aforementioned eHe/t. are pre.ent? howe3er& in general mo.t produ/tion pro/e..e. are .ele/ted to minimiGe braGing time and the a..o/iated /o.t.5 Thi. i. not alwa0. the /a.e& howe3er& .in/e in .ome non@produ/tion .etting.& time and /o.t are .e/ondar0 to other 1oint attribute. 8e5g5 .trength& appearan/e95

 

Tor0- 8r*='+

F'/r( $$

 Tor/h braGing i. b0 far the  Tor/h the mo.t /ommon method of me/haniGed me/haniGed braGing in u.e5 It i. be.t u.ed in .mall produ/tion 3olume. or in .pe/ialiGed operation.& and in .ome /ountrie.& it a//ount. for a ma1orit0 of the braGing ta2ing pla/e5 There are three main /ategorie. of tor/h braGing in u.e6 manual& ma/hine& and automati/ tor/h braGing5 Manual torch brazing i. a pro/edur pro/edure e where the heat i. applied u.ing a ga. ame pla/ed on or near the 1oint being braGed5 The tor/h /an either be hand held or held in a ed po.ition depending on whether the operation i. /ompletel0 manual or ha. .ome le3el of automation5 Manual braGing i. mo.t /ommonl0 u.ed on .mall produ/tion 3olume. or in appli/ation. where the part .iGe or /onguration ma2e. other braGing method. impo..ible5 The main drawba/2 i. the high labor /o.t a..o/iated with the method a. well a. the operator .2ill re4uired to obtain 4ualit0 braGed  1oint.5 The u.e of u or .elf@uing .elf@uing material i. re4uired re4uired to pre3ent oidation5 Tor/h braGing of /opper /an be done without the u.e of u if it i. braGed with a tor/h u.ing o0gen and h0drogen ga.& rather than o0gen and other ammable ga.e.5 Machine torch brazing i. /ommonl0 u.ed where a repetiti3e braGe operation i. being /arried out5 Thi. method i. a mi of both

 

automated and manual operation. with an operator often pla/ing braGe. material& u and 1igging part. while the ma/hine me/hani.m /arrie. out the a/tual braGe5 The ad3antage of thi. method i. that it redu/e. the high labor and .2ill re4uir re4uirement ement of manual braGing5 The u.e of u i. al.o re4uired for thi. method a. there i. no prote/ti3e atmo.phere& and it i. be.t .uited to .mall to medium produ/tion 3olume.5  Automatic torch brazing i. a method that almo.t eliminate. the need for manual labor in the braGing operation& e/ept for loading and unloading of the ma/hine5 The main ad3antage. of thi. method are6 a high produ/tion rate& uniform braGe 4ualit0& and redu/ed operating /o.t5 The e4uipment u.ed i. e..entiall0 the .ame a. that u.ed for Ma/hine Ma /hine tor/h braGing& with the main diHeren/e being that the ma/hiner0 repla/e. the operator in the part preparation5

MOTOR An ele/tri/ motor i.ELECTRIC an ele/trome/hani/al de3i/e that /on3ert. ele/tri/al energ0 to me/hani/al energ05

 

F'/r( $#

 In normal motoring mode& mo.t ele/tri/ motor. operate through the intera/tion between an ele/tri/ motor. magneti/ eld and winding /urrent. to generate for/e within the motor5 motor5 In /ertain appli/ation.& .u/h a. in the tran.portation indu.tr0 with tra/tion motor.& ele/tri/ motor. /an operate in both motoring and generating or bra2ing mode. to al.o produ/e ele/tri/al energ0 from me/hani/al energ05 "ound in appli/ation. a. di3er.e a. indu.trial fan.& blower. and pump.& ma/hine tool.& hou.ehold applian/e.& power tool.& and di.2 dri3e.& ele/tri/ motor. /an be powered b0 dire/t /urrent /urrent 8DC9 .our/e.& .u/h a. from batterie.& motor 3ehi/le. or re/tier.& or b0alternating /urrent 8AC9 .our/e.& .u/h a. from the power grid& in3erter. or generator.5 Small motor. ma0 be found in ele/tri/ wat/he.5 [email protected] motor. with highl0 .tandardiGed dimen.ion. and /hara/teri.ti/. pro3ide /on3enient me/hani/al power for indu.trial u.e5 The large.t of ele/tri/ motor. are u.ed for .hip propul.ion& pipeline /ompre..ion /ompre..ion and pumped@ .torage appli/ation. with rating. rea/hing ++ megawatt.5 le/tri/ motor. ma0 be /la..ied b0 ele/tri/ power .our/e t0pe& internal /on.tru/tion& appli/ation& t0pe of motion output& and .o on5

 

le/tri/ motor. are u.ed to produ/e linear or rotar0 for/e fo r/e 8tor4ue9& and .hould be di.tingui.hed from de3i/e. .u/h a. magneti/ .olenoid. and loud.pea2er. that /on3ert ele/tri/it0 into motion but do not generate u.able me/hani/al power.& whi/h are re.pe/ti3el0 re.pe/ti 3el0 referred to a. a/tuator. and tran.du/er.5

P*r)s of *+ E(0)r'0 Mo)or;

F'/r( $>

Ro)or In an ele/tri/ motor the mo3ing part i. the rotor whi/h turn. the .haft to deli3er the me/hani/al power power55 The rotor u.uall0 ha. /ondu/tor. laid into it whi/h /arr0 /urrent. that intera/t with the magneti/ eld of the .tator to generate the for/e. that turn the .haft5 %owe3er& .ome rotor. /arr0 permanent magnet.& and the .tator hold. the /ondu/tor.5

S)*)or  The .tationar0 part i. The the .tator .tator& u.uall0 ha. either winding. .tator& i. permanent magnet.5 the .tationar0 part of the or

 

motorE. ele/tromagneti/ /ir/uit5 /ir/uit5 The .tator /ore i. made up of of man0 thin metal .heet.& /alled lamination.5 Lamination. are u.ed to redu/e energ0 lo..e. that would re.ult if a .olid /ore were u.ed5

A'r *< In between the rotor and .tator i. the air gap5 The air gap ha. important eHe/t.& and i. generall0 a. .mall a. po..ible& a. a large gap ha. a .trong negati3e eHe/t on the performan/e of an ele/tri/ motor5

'+,'+s  inding. are wire. that are laid in /oil.& u.uall0 wrapped around a laminated .oft iron magneti/ /ore .o /ore .o a. to form magneti/ pole. when energiGed with /urrent5 le/tri/ ma/hine. /ome in two ba.i/ magnet eld pole /onguration.6 salient-pole ma/hine and nonsalient-pole ma/hine5 In the .alient@pole ma/hine the pole. magneti/ eld i. produ/ed b0 a winding wound around the pole below the pole fa/e5 In the nonsalient-pole& or di.tributed eld& or round@rotor& ma/hine& the winding i. di.tributed in pole fa/e .lot.5 A .haded@pole motor ha. motor  ha. a winding around part of the pole that dela0. the pha.e of the magneti/ eld for that pole5 Some motor. ha3e /ondu/tor. whi/h /on.i.t of thi/2e thi/2err metal& .u/h a. bar. or .heet. of metal& u.uall0 /opper /opper&& although .ometime. aluminum aluminum i.  i. u.ed5 The.e are u.uall0 powered b0 ele/tromagne ele/tromagneti/ ti/ indu/tion.

Co77/)*)or A /ommutator /ommutator i.  i. a me/hani.m u.ed to .wit/h .wit/h the  the input of mo.t DC ma/hine. and /ertain AC ma/hine. /on.i.ting of .lip ring .egment. in.ulated from ea/h other and from the ele/tri/ motor.

 

.haft5 The motor. armature /urrent i. .upplied through the .tationar0 bru.he. bru.he. in  in /onta/t with the re3ol3ing /ommutator& whi/h /au.e. re4uired /urrent re3er.al and applie. power to the ma/hine in an optimal manner a. the rotor rotor rotate.  rotate. from pole to pole5 In ab.en/e of .u/h /urrent re3er.al& re3er.al& the motor would bra2e to a .top5 In light of .igni/ant ad3an/e. in the pa.t few de/ade. due to impro3ed te/hnologie. in ele/troni/ /ontroller& .en.orle.. /ontrol& indu/tion motor& and permanent magnet motor eld.& ele/trome/hani/all0 ele/trome/ hani/all0 /ommutated motor. are in/rea.ingl0 being di.pla/ed b0 eternall0 /ommutated indu/tion and permanent@ magnet motor. 

5 #otar0

Swit/h6

A ro)*r6 s')0- i. a .wit/h operated b0 rotation5 The.e are often /ho.en when more than = po.ition. are needed& .u/h a. a three@ .peed fan fan or  or a C) radio with radio with multiple fre4uen/ie. of re/eption or /hannel.5

F'/r( $4

 Three@de/2 rotar0 rotar0 .wit/h allow. /ontrolling /ontrolling three diHerent diHerent /ir/uit /ir/uit fun/tion.

 

F'/r( $&

)ottom 3iew of a [email protected] rotar0 .wit/h .howing wiper and /onta/t.5 A rotar0 .wit/h /on.i.t. of a .pindle .pindle or  or rotor rotor that ha. a /onta/t arm or .po2e whi/h pro1e/t. from it. .urfa/e li2e a /am5 It ha. an arra0 of terminal.& arranged in a /ir/le around the rotor& ea/h of whi/h .er3e. a. a /onta/t for the .po2e through whi/h an0 one of a number of diHerent ele/tri/al /ir/uit. /an /ir/uit. /an be /onne/ted to the rotor5 rotor5 The .wit/h i. la0ered to allow the u.e of multiple pole.& ea/h la0er i. e4ui3alent to one pole5 (.uall0 .u/h a .wit/h ha. a detent detentme/hani.m me/hani.m .o it /li/2. from one a/ti3e po.ition to another rather than .tall. in an intermediate po.ition5 Thu. a rotar0 .wit/h pro3ide. greater pole and throw /apabilitie. throw /apabilitie. than .impler .wit/he. do5 #otar0 .wit/he. were u.ed a. /hannel .ele/tor. .ele/tor. on  on tele3i.ion re/ei3er. until the earl0 -,+.& a. range .ele/tor. on ele/tri/al metering e4uipment& a. band .ele/tor. on multi@band radio.& et/5 Modern rotar0 .wit/he. utili.e a .tar wheel me/hani.m to pro3ide the .wit/hing po.ition.& .u/h a. at e3er0 >+& *& +& or -+ degree.55 N0lon /am. are then mounted behind thi. me/hani.m degree. and .pring@loaded ele/tri/al /onta/t. .lide around the.e /am.5  The /am. are not/hed or /ut where the /onta/t /onta/t .hould /lo.e to /omplete an ele/tri/al /ir/uit5 Some rotar0 .wit/he. are u.er /ongurable in relation to the number of po.ition.5 A .pe/ial toothed wa.her that .it. below the holding nut /an be po.itioned .o that the tooth i. in.erted into

 

one of a number of .lot. in a wa0 that limit. the number of po.ition. a3ailable for .ele/tion5 "or eample& eample& if onl0 four po.ition. are re4uired on a twel3e po.ition .wit/h& the wa.her /an be po.itioned .o that onl0 four .wit/hing po.ition. /an be .ele/ted when in u.e5

ELDING

F'/r( $

(,'+ i. a fabri/ation fabri/ation or  or ./ulptural ./ulptural  pro/e.. pro/e.. that  that 1oin. material.& u.uall0 metal. metal. or  or thermopla.ti/. thermopla.ti/.&& b0 /au.ing /oale./en/e /oale./en/e55 Thi. i. often done b0 melting melting the  the wor2pie/e. and adding a ller material to form a pool of molten material 8the weld pool9 pool9 that /ool. to be/ome a .trong 1oint& with pre..ure pre..ure .ometime.  .ometime. u.ed in /on1un/tion with heat heat&& or b0 it.elf& to produ/e the weld5 Thi. i. in /ontra.t with .oldering .oldering and  andbraGing braGing&& whi/h in3ol3e melting a lower@ melting@point material between the wor2pie/e. to form a bond between them& without melting the wor2 pie/e.5 It i. often u.ed in

/on.tru/tion engineering5

 

Man0 diHerent energ0 .our/e. /an be u.ed for welding& in/luding a ga. ame& an ele/tri/ ar/& a la.er& an ele/tron beam& fri/tion& and ultra.ound5 hile often an indu.trial pro/e..& welding welding ma0 be performed in man0 diHerent en3ironment.& in/luding in open air& under water& and in outer .pa/e5 elding elding i. a haGardou. underta2ing and pre/aution. are re4uired to a3oid burn.& ele/tri/ .ho/2& 3i.ion damage& inhalation of poi.onou. ga.e. and fume.& and epo.ure to inten.e ultra3iolet radiation5 ra diation5 (ntil the end of the -th /entur0& the onl0 welding pro/e.. wa. forge welding& whi/h bla/2.mith. had u.ed for /enturie. to  1oin iron and .teel .teel b0 heating and hammering5 Ar/ welding and o0fuel welding were among the r.t pro/e..e. to de3elop late in the /entur0& and ele/tri/ re.i.tan/e re.i.tan/e welding followed .oon after5 elding te/hnolog0 ad3an/ed 4ui/2l0 during the earl0 =+th /entur0 a. orld ar I and orld ar II dro3e the demand for reliable and inepen.i3e 1oining method.5 "ollowing the war.& .e3eral modern welding te/hni4ue. were de3eloped& in/luding manual method. li2e SMA& SMA& now one on e of the mo.t popular welding method.& a. well a. .emi@automati/ and automati/ pro/e..e. .u/h a. !MA& SA& "CA and S5 De3elopment. /ontinued with the in3ention of la.er beam welding& ele/tron beam welding& magneti/ pul.e welding 8M$9& and fri/tion .tir welding in the latter half of the /entur05 Toda0& the ./ien/e /ontinue. to ad3an/e5 #obot welding i. /ommonpla/e in indu.trial .etting.& and re.ear/her. /ontinue to de3elop new welding method. and gain greater under.tanding of weld 4ualit05

 

F'/r( $!

CORE IRE A 'r( i. a .ingle& u.uall0 /0lindri/al& eible .trand or rod of metal5 ire. ire. are u.ed to bear me/hani/al load. or ele/tri/it0 and

 

tele/ommuni/ation. .ignal.5 ire i. /ommonl0 formed b0 drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate5 ire gauge. /ome in 3ariou. .tandard .iGe.& a. epre..ed epre..ed in term. of a gauge number5 The term wire i. al.o u.ed more loo.el0 to refer to a bundle of .u/h .u /h .trand.& a. in multi.tranded wire& whi/h i. more /orre/tl0 /orre/tl0 termed a wire rope in me/hani/.& or a /able in ele/tri/it05 ire /ome. in .olid /ore& .tranded& or braided form.5 Although u.uall0 /ir/ular in /[email protected]/tion& wire /an be made in .4uare& heagonal& attened re/tangular& or other /[email protected]/tion.& either for de/orati3e purpo.e.& or for te/hni/al purpo.e. .u/h a. high@ e</ien/0 3oi/e /oil. in loud.pea2 loud.pea2er.5 er.5 dge@wound  /oil .pring.& .u/h a. the Slin20 to0& are made of .pe/ial attened wire5

Us(s; ire ha. man0 u.e.5 It form. the raw material of man0 important manufa/turer.& .u/h a. the wire netting indu.tr0& engineered .pring.& wire@/loth ma2ing and wire rope .pinning& in whi/h it o//upie. a pla/e analogou. to a tetile ber5 ber5 ire@/loth of  all degree. of .trength and nene.. of me.h i. u.ed for .ifting and ./reening ma/hiner0& for draining paper pulp& for window ./reen.& and for man0 other purpo.e.5 'a.t 4uantitie. 4uantitie. of aluminum& /opper& ni/2el and .teel wire are emplo0ed for telephone and data /able.& and a. /ondu/tor. in ele/tri/ power tran.mi..ion& and heating5 It i. in no le.. demand for fen/ing& and mu/h i. /on.umed in the /on.tru/tion of .u.pen.ion bridge.& and /age.& et/5 In the manufa/ture of .tringed mu.i/al in.trument. and ./ienti/ in.trument. wire i. again largel0 u.ed5 Carbon and .tainle.. .pring .teel wire ha3e .igni/ant appli/ation. for engineered .pring. for /riti/al automoti3e or indu.trial manufa/tured part./omponent.5 Among it. other .our/e. of /on.umption it i. .u</ient to mention pin and hairpin ma2ing& the needle and .h@hoo2 indu.trie.& in du.trie.& nail& peg and ri3et ma2ing&

 

and /arding ma/hiner0? indeed there are few indu.trie. into whi/h it doe. not enter5 Not all metal. and metalli/ allo0. po..e.. the ph0.i/al propertie. ne/e..ar0 to ma2e u.eful wire5 The metal. mu.t in the r.t pla/e be du/tile and .trong in ten.ion& the 4ualit0 onfor whi/h utilit0 of wire prin/ipall0 depend.5 The metal. .uitable wire&the po..e..ing almo.t e4ual du/tilit0& are platinum& .il3er& iron& /opper& aluminium and gold? and it i. onl0 from the.e and /ertain of their allo0. with other metal.& prin/ipall0 bra.. and bronGe& that wire i. prepared 8 For a detailed discussion on copper wire, see main article !opper wire and cable" 95 )0 /areful treatment etremel0 thin wire /an be produ/ed5 Spe/ial purpo.e wire i. howe3er made from f rom other metal. 8e5g5 tung.ten wire for light bulb and 3a/uum tube lament.& be/au.e of it. high h igh melting temperature95 Copper wire. are al.o plated with other metal.& .u/h a. tin& ni/2el& and .il3er to handle diHerent temperature.& pro3ide lubri/ation& pro3ide ea.ier .tripping of rubber from /opper5

INNOVATIONS;

 

F'/r( $

 I/e ma2ing ma/hine. in the eld de./ribed ha3e had their grid. di.po.ed .o that the rearward wall. and al.o the outermo.t edge. of the grid are di.po.ed in 3erti/al plane.5 Thi. ha. the di.ad3antage that& during har3e.t /0/le& the earlier melting of the lower part of the i/e a..embl0 ha. little eHe/t on how .oon the i/e a..embl0 /an fall out of the grid be/au.e the entire i/e a..embl0 or /a2e mu.t /ome out at on/e5 In other word.& it /ome. out whene3er the uppermo.t portion. ha3e melted awa0 from the grid and are loo.e5 In .u/h prior art ma/hine.& the entire i/e a..embl0 or /a2e /annot be/ome loo.ened until a mu/h longer time period ha. pa..ed for defro.ting than i. ne/e..ar0 with the i/e ma/hine of m0 /on/ept5 It i. an ob1e/ti3e of thi. in3ention to pro3ide a grid& the outer .urfa/e. of whi/h are in/luded approimatel0 approimatel0 with re.pe/t to the 3erti/al .o that a. the lower portion. of o f the i/e /a2e melt free of the grid& then the weight of the lower portion.& being pulled b0

 

gra3it0& will ha3e the eHe/t of pr0ing the upper portion. loo.e fa.ter55 Speed of har3e.t fa.ter har 3e.t i. important in i/e ma/hine.5 In prior art i/e ma/hine.& the water owing down a/ro.. the outer.ide of a grid ow. down a/ro.. the upper wall of a /ompartment in a 3erti/al dire/tion and mu.t ma2e a turn of approimatel0 appro imatel0 + in order to /ling to the under.ide of the upper wall of a /ompartment a. the water mo3e. on it. wa0 to the ba/2 end wall of a /ompartment5 )e/au.e the water mu.t turn at .u/h a .harp angle a. a +& the i/e /ube. made b0 .u/h a ma/hine of the prior art are not a. uniform a. i. de.ired5 %owe3er& b0 u.ing m0 /on/ept of ha3ing the water ow downwardl0 a/ro.. the outer .urfa/e of the upper wall of a /ompartment at an in/lination of  with re.pe/t to the 3erti/al& therefore&& the amount of turn that the water mu.t ma2e in order therefore to ow ba/2rearward a/ro.. the .urfa/e of a /ompartment it. wa0 to the endupper wall of the /ompartment i. onl0on a -+ turn5 Sin/e water /an ma2e thi. -+ turn mu/h more ea.il0& the net re.ult i. a de.irabl0 uniform i/e /ube5 It i. not po..ible with prior art /on/ept. to .impl0 redu/e the amount of the angle of in/lination of the upper wall of the /ompartment with re.pe/t to the horiGontal in order to /au.e water not to need to ow around a round .u/h a .harp angle be/au.e a .ub.tantial in/lination i. alread0 needed for the purpo.e of de.irable har3e.t and .o that a i/e /a2e i. not held undul0 long b0 it. grid5 And .o& with thi. in3ention& e3en though the upper wall of an i/e /ompartment i. .lanted the .ame a. in the prior art& 0et the amount of turning that the water mu.t ma2e in order to follow the upper wall i. a mu/h le.. .harp turn b0 the amount of 5 A parti/ular di.ad3antage of the prior art ma/hine. of the 2ind de./ribed ha. been that i/e tend. to build up below the outer tip edge. of the upper wall of ea/h /ompartment5 Thi. build@up of i/e /urtail. the ow of water in the de.ired fa.hion ba/2 up along the under.ide upper wall be/au.e be/au.e of the amount of turnThi. the water mu.t ma2eofi.the e3en greater the i/e build@up5 i/e

 

build@up pla/e. ma2e drip point. whi/h en/ourage further i/e build@up in the.e unde.irable lo/ation.5 Thi. i/e build@up i. parti/ularl0 a problem be/au.e thi. problem of i/e build@up at the outer edge i. parti/ularl0 great in the prior art be/au.e the outer edge. of ea/h /ompartment are dire/tl0 below and in the drip@ path of the outer edge. of upper /ompartment.5

ORKING PRINCIPLE;

 

F'/r( $"

In thi. .0.tem& the metal i/e tra0 i. /onne/ted to a .et of /oiled -(*)%(:0-*+'+ <'<(s li2e the one. on the ba/2 of 0our refrigerator55 If 0ou3e read & then 0ou 2now refrigerator 2n ow how the.e pipe. wor25 A /ompre..or dri3e. a .tream of refrigerant uid in a /ontinuou. /0/le of /onden.ation and epan.ion5 )a.i/all0& the /ompre..or for/e. refrigerant through a narrow tube 8/alled the 0o+,(+s(r9 to /onden.e it& and then relea.e. it into a wider tube 8/alled 8 /alled the (5*<or*)or9& where it /an epand5 Compre..ing the refrigerant rai.e. it. pre..ur pre..ure& e& whi/h in/rea.e. it. temperature5 A. the refrigerant pa..e. through the narrow na rrow /onden.er /oil.& it lo.e. heat to the /ooler air out.ide& and it 0o+,(+s(s into a li4uid5 hen the /ompre..ed uid pa..e. through the (:<*+s'o+ 5*5(& it e3aporate. @@ it epand. to be/ome a ga.5 Thi. e3aporation pro/e.. draw. in heat energ0

 

from the metal pipe. and the air around the refrigerant5 Thi. /ool. the pipe. and the atta/hed metal i/e tra05  The i/ema2er i/ema2er ha. a water pump& whi/h draw. draw. water from a 0o(0)'o+ s/7< and pour. it o3er the /hilled i/e tra05 A. the water ow. o3er the tra0& it graduall0 freeGe.& building up i/e /ube. in the well of the tra05 hen 0ou freeGe water la0er b0 la0er thi. wa0& it form. /lear i/e5 hen 0ou freeGe it all at on/e& a. in the home i/ema2er& 0ou get /loud0 i/e 5 After a .et amount of time& the i/ema2er After i/ema2er trigger. a so(+o', 5*5( /onne/ted to the heat@e/hanging /oil.5 Swit/hing thi. 3al3e /hange. the path of the refrigerant5 The /ompre..or .top. for/ing the heated ga. from the /ompre..or into the narrow /onden.er? in.tead& it for/e. the ga. into a wide 86<*ss )/8(5  The hot ga. i. /0/led ba/2 to the e3aporator without without /onden.ing5 hen 0ou the for/e hot ga.up through the e3aporator the pipe. and i/ethi. tra0 heat rapidl0& whi/h loo.en.pipe.& the i/e /ube.  T0pi/all0& the indi3idual  T0pi/all0& indi3idual /ube /a3itie. are are s*+)(, .o the loo.ened i/e will .lide out on their own& into a /olle/tion bin below5 below5 Some .0.tem. ha3e a 06'+,(r <'s)o+ that gi3e. the tra0 a little .ho3e& 2no/2ing the /ube. loo.e5  Thi. .ort of .0.tem i. popular in re.taurant. and hotel. hotel. be/au.e it ma2e. i/e /ube. with a .tandard .hape and .iGe5 Other bu.ine..e.& a. gro/er0 .tore. and ./ienti/item. re.ear/h rm.& re.ear/h need .maller.u/h '0( *(s for pa/2ing peri.hable

 

S'+'?0*+0( of '0( 0/8( 7*'+ 7*0-'+(;   In toda0E. modern life & e3er0one had to be pro3ided with read0@to read0@to made or ea.0@to@ u.e .0.tem5 The pro1e/t of i/e /ube ma2ing ma/hine i. one on e of approa/h to pro3ide the .ame5 Thi. ma/hine i. /apable to pro3ide de.ired i/e /ube with mi/robial free and with perfe/t latti/e .tru/ture5 The /on.umer. who had a wor2 with the i/e /ube. doe. not bu0 a /ommer/ial i/e plant or i/e ma2er for hi. purpo.e5 Thi. i/e /ube ma2ing ma/hine ma0 a/t a. boon to .u/h /on.umer. whi/h pro3ide perfe/t i/e /ube. and redu/e /o.t5  Thi. ma/hine i. 4uite /ompa/t /ompa/t and partable& .o .o it i. ea.0 to .et up an0where and u.e on the go5 A. all part. of the .0.tem are ea.il0 a//e/ible .o it ea.0 for maintenan/e point of 3iew5

A<<'0*)'o+s of '0( 0/8( 7*'+ 7*0-'+(;

 

  I/e had pro3ed to be the mo.t important in both 2eeping 2eep ing .omething /ool to medi/al appli/ation.5 Some of the other u.e. of i/e /ube ma2ing ma/hine are a. follow.6 •

I/e /ube. /an be u.ed to /ool drin2.5 A. the i/e melt.& it ab.orb. heat and 2eep. the drin2 near + UC 8>= U"95









I/e /ube. /an be u.ed to redu/e .welling 8b0 de/rea.ing blood ow9 and pain b0 pre..ing it again.t an area of the bod05  The i/e /ube ma2ing ma/hine ma/hine pro3ide. i/e /ube with 3er0 le.. power /on.umption5 It i. ea.0 to operate and u.e a. there i. no /ompli/ated .0.tem. in3ol3ed5  The de.ign of the i/e /ube ma/ine i. /ompa/t hen/e it ta2e. ta2e. le.. .pa/e5

O89(0)'5(s of '0( 0/8( 7*'+ 7*0-'+(;   The main ob1e/ti3e of i/e /ube ma/hine i. to pro3ide i/e /ube of perfe/t latti/e .tru/ture whi/h i. di.abled b0

 

an0 other i/e ma2er.5 ma2er.5 e are forming i/e /ube with the help of /opper grid .0.tem whi/h i. 2ind of new in i/e ma2er.5   Our i/e /ube ma2ing ma/hine i. enable to produ/e about ,+ /ube. whi/h i. 4uite high a. /ompared to freeGer in dome.ti/ refrigerator5

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