‘Sampling’ – Wikipedia: Act of taking a portion of one sound recording and reusing it in a different piece. Originated with musique concrete – physically manipulated sounds, sourced from real life, with tape loops or vinyl. Hip-hop – first musical genre based around sampling (firstly with live performances using turntables). Dance music. Originally done with a sampler – now with computer software. Breaks (funky & amen) – first used during live performances for dancing – then used in actual songs. (Most commonly Soul and funk music). Doesn't always mean pre-existing recordings (can be sourced themselves – like concrete). Today, we can’t think of the word ‘sampling’ without thinking of the words ‘legal’, ‘law’ and ‘copyright’. Both controversial legally and musically: law versus artistic credibility (however, it has become artistic to reuse/ sample other people’s songs). LIVE = okay, but as it became a recorded form (and went mainstream) – necessary to pay for clearance. Easier for more successful DJs. Lots of artists ran into legal trouble for uncredited samples. ‘Rockist’ outlook – less authentic music!!! AMEN – have used whole 5.66 seconds …. AND the individual sounds: kick ect. in their soundwave library for free use. True??? ICE ICE BABY – ect – one way of sampling (using it illegally, when it gets big they demand royalties!) Rerecorded version of same song? Rapper’s delight – rerecorded but still copyright! Sometimes artists get permission and collaborate? ‘Sampler’ – Wikipedia: Like Synthesiser – but uses recorded sounds (samples) loaded by the user. Stored in digital memory – can be manipulated with effects, and pitch-shifted and sped up ect. E-mu SP-1200: Golden age of hip-hop (ability to construct a whole song with the one piece of kit!) Simulated warmth of vinyl recordings. WHY IS SAMPLING ANY WORSE THAN COVERING? (artistically and creatively speaking!)