Wireless Networks
Content
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY AND [Type text] COMMUNICATION Here the bluetooth BLUETOOTH technology is used now a
days very frequently and through the very easily . wireless network bluetooth technology can be possible
I.
ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION
Now a days, wireless networks plays a very important role in our society. Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly associated with a telecommunications without the use with of some network wires. are of that type system whose Wireless generally remote uses interconnections between nodes is implemented telecommunications implemented information networks The idea that resulted in the Bluetooth technology was born in 1994. Ericsson Mobile communications initiated a study to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost radio interface between Mobile Phones And their accessories. The aim was to eliminate cables between Mobile Phones and PC cards, headsets and Desktop devices etc. In February 1998, five companies, Ericssion, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG). The group contained the Mix of business areas –two market leaders in Mobile Telephony, to market leaders in Laptop computing and a market leader in core digital – signal-processor technology. It’s important to surround yourself with the right kind of people. That is a fact that even old Herald knew. In this Electronic era, the devices used by us are rapidly growing. We are using several wires to supply
transmission
electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.with the help of these wireless networks We can have the convinience . We can have the economical freedom.Here the problem tracing is also very easy as we have no physical relation in between the systems.Now in these days we can have the wireless technology in the mobiles very much.in olden days we can have the communication through the long wires.If any connection is in failure then communication is not possible.But now it’s not at all a problem.We can easily have the networking between the cells.We can also have the wireless technology developped in between the systems.
[Type text]
power, to connect user interfaces, to connect each other. There will be no problem until we shift them from one place to another. Bluetooth wireless technology – the technology that propels you into a new dimension in wireless connectivity. Why the name Bluetooth is given to this technology? The Answer is “Herald Bluetooth was the 10 th century Viking King who gave name to our technology. Herald Bluetooth was king of Denmark in the 10th century. He unified Denmark and part of Norway into a single kingdom, and then introduced But he was Christianity into Denmark. Drawbacks with infrared communications are 1. Infrared is a “line of sight “technology. For example we have to point the remote control at the TELEVISION or DVD player to make things happen. There are already a couple of ways to get around wires. They are • • Beams of light in the infrared spectrum. Cable synchronization. 2. Infrared is a “One –To –One” technology. For example we can send data from our PC to out LAPTOP, but not to both LAPTOP and PDA at the same time. Fig 1: Infrared Communication REMOTE uncommon because infrared transmitters and
receivers have to be lined up with each other and we can make sure a message goes only to intended recipient, even in a room full of infrared receivers.
killed in 986 during battle with his son. So his name was choosen for this technology
III.
NEED FOR BLUETOOTH:
INFRARED: CABLE SYNCHRONIZATION:
It is used to connect some computers with In synchronization, we attach PDA to out computer (usually with a cable), Press a button and make sure that the data on PDA and the data on the computer match. Its technique that makes the PDA a valuable tool for many people but synchronizing the PDA with the peripheral devices. For most of these computer and entertainment purposes, infrared is used in a digital mode. The signal is pulsed on and off very quickly to send data from one point to another. Infrared communication are fairly reliable and don’t cost very much to build into a device. Reliable means interference between devices is
[Type text]
PC and making sure we have the correct cable or cradle to connect these two can be real hassle. and parallel communications to talk to different devices. Modems, mice, Keyboards are use serial links, while printers tend to use parallel links. All parties in a electronic conversation need to know what the bits mean and whether the message they received is same of message that was sent. In most cases this means developing a language of commands and responses known as Fig.2 :Cable synchronization Bluetooth intended to get around the problems that come with both Infrared synchronizing system. From the users’ point of view, there are 3 important features in Bluetooth. 1. 2. It is wireless. It is inexpensive. Manufacturers and Cable protocol. Some products have standard protocol used by virtually all companies so that the commands for one product will tend to have the same effect on another. Modems fall into this category. Other product types each speaks in their own language, which means commands intended for one specific product will seem gibberish if received by another. Printers have multiple standards like PCC and POSTSCRPT.
think that it will add about $20 per device. 3. Bluetooth don’t require doing any thing special to make it work. The devices find one another and strike up a conversation. When any two devices want to talk to each other, they have to agree on a number of points before the conversation begins.
IV.
HOW BLUETOOTH WORKS
AVOIDING INTERFERENCE:
Bluetooth devices sent out very week signal of 1 milli watt. By comparison the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low power limit range of Bluetooth device to about 10 meters, cutting the chances of interferences. With many different Bluetooth devices in a room, they wont interfere with one another. Why because, it is unlikely that several devices will be on the same frequency at the same time because Bluetooth uses a technique called Frequency Hopping Spread-Spectrum (FHSS) In this technique a device will use 79 individual randomly chosen frequencies with in a designated range, changing from one to another
1.
The first point of agreement is
physical, will they talk over wires or through some form of wireless signal. 2. The second point is type of communication, i.e. information can be sent one bit at a time in a scheme called Serial Communication or in group of bits in scheme called Parallel Communication. PC uses both serial
[Type text]
on a regular basis. Transmitters changes
frequencies 1600 times every second. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses FHSS, same frequency it is unlikely that 2 transmitters will be on the at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices since any interference on a particular frequency will lose only a tiny fraction of a second. Fig 3. Bluetooth Network FHSS is designed to tradeoff bandwidth efficiently for reliability, integrity and security. FHSS uses a narrow band carrier that changes frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter and receiver. 1. OFF – Radios in a Pico net can be in one of six states Piconet Scatter net
MASTER
It
means initial state. There is no connection for LMP. 2. Piconet. 3. connect. INQUIRE – Radio seeking other radios to STANDBY –
V.
BLUETOOTH NETWORKS :
Two possible networks exist in
Radio is waiting to join in a
Bluetooth. They are: 1. Pico net. 2. Scatter net. When we bring Bluetooth radios with in range of each other, an electronic conversation will take place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one need to control one another. Once the conversation has started the devices form a network i.e. Pico net. One unit becomes a MASTER and other as SLAVE. The master controls all the traffic in the Pico net. Bluetooth radios in a Pico net frequency-hop together. Scatter nets occur when multiple masters exists in range of each other. A master radio may also be a slave radio on another Pico net. Each Pico net is hopping with a different sequence sharing the same 2.4 GHz band. Because different hopping sequences, there is very little chance that any master will hit a channel at the same time as another master.xx
4.
to a specific radio 5. as a master,
PAGE
–
Master radio asking to connect CONNECTE slave or
D – Radio active on a Piconet simultaneously.
6.
PARK/HOL
D – When there is no work for a radio if states its osition and waits for messages.This state is called Park state. In this state it consumes least power.
[Type text]
Fig.4. . Master controlling slaves
Frequency hops in the range 2400 – 2438.5 MHz at the rate of 1600 times er second 1,2,3 – SCO links – time slots were reserved 4,5,6,7 – ACL links – remainin
ARCHITECTURE OF BLUETOOTH PACKET
Fig. 5. Protocol stack for file transfer applications
In this model multiple data terminals use a LAN Access Point (LAP) as a wireless connection to a LAN. Once connected, the DT’s operate as if it they were connected to the LAN via dial-up networking. The DT can access all of the services provided by the LAN.
ACCESS CODE 72 BITS
POCKET HEADER 54 BITS
PAYLOAD 0 – 2745 BITS
VII.
CONCLUSION:
Using access code slave compares data packets access code by comparing its internal code, otherwise it rejects it.
Bluetooth wireless technology – The technology that propels you into a new dimension in wireless connectivity. It is important to surround yourself with the right kind of people. Bluetooth is a new standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers, that will allow any sort of electronic equipment to make it's own or any connections without wires, cables
VI.
FILE TRANSFER MODEL
This usage model offers the ability to transfer
data objects from one device to another. Object types includes .x1s, .ppt, .wav,.jpg and .doc files, entire
folders or directories or streaming
It also offers a possibility to
direct action from user. It is a rapid growing technology that makes man easy to transfer his electronic equipments from one place to another.so when we use this Bluetooth technology in a perfect manner then it will plays a very prominent role in the development of communication.
media formats. device.
browse the contents of the folders on a remote
[Type text]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The heading of the Acknowledgment section and the References section must not be numbered. Causal Productions wishes to acknowledge Michael Shell and other contributors for developing and maintaining the IEEE LaTeX style files which have been used in the preparation of this template. To see the list of contributors, please refer to the top of file IEEETran.cls in the IEEE LaTeX distribution. REFERENCES: [1] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed., R. M. Osgood, Jr., Ed. Berlin, Germany: SpringerVerlag, 1998. [2] J. Breckling, Ed., The Analysis of Directional Time Series: Applications to Wind Speed and Direction, ser. Lecture Notes in Statistics. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1989, vol. [3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, “A novel ultrathin elevated channel lowtemperature poly-Si TFT,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999. [4] M. Wegmuller, J. P. von der Weid, P. Oberson, and N. Gisin, “High resolution fiber distributed measurements with coherent OFDR,” in Proc. ECOC’00, 2000, paper 11.3.4, p. 109. [5] R. E. Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, “High-speed digital-to-RF converter”.
days very frequently and through the very easily . wireless network bluetooth technology can be possible
I.
ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION
Now a days, wireless networks plays a very important role in our society. Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly associated with a telecommunications without the use with of some network wires. are of that type system whose Wireless generally remote uses interconnections between nodes is implemented telecommunications implemented information networks The idea that resulted in the Bluetooth technology was born in 1994. Ericsson Mobile communications initiated a study to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost radio interface between Mobile Phones And their accessories. The aim was to eliminate cables between Mobile Phones and PC cards, headsets and Desktop devices etc. In February 1998, five companies, Ericssion, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG). The group contained the Mix of business areas –two market leaders in Mobile Telephony, to market leaders in Laptop computing and a market leader in core digital – signal-processor technology. It’s important to surround yourself with the right kind of people. That is a fact that even old Herald knew. In this Electronic era, the devices used by us are rapidly growing. We are using several wires to supply
transmission
electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.with the help of these wireless networks We can have the convinience . We can have the economical freedom.Here the problem tracing is also very easy as we have no physical relation in between the systems.Now in these days we can have the wireless technology in the mobiles very much.in olden days we can have the communication through the long wires.If any connection is in failure then communication is not possible.But now it’s not at all a problem.We can easily have the networking between the cells.We can also have the wireless technology developped in between the systems.
[Type text]
power, to connect user interfaces, to connect each other. There will be no problem until we shift them from one place to another. Bluetooth wireless technology – the technology that propels you into a new dimension in wireless connectivity. Why the name Bluetooth is given to this technology? The Answer is “Herald Bluetooth was the 10 th century Viking King who gave name to our technology. Herald Bluetooth was king of Denmark in the 10th century. He unified Denmark and part of Norway into a single kingdom, and then introduced But he was Christianity into Denmark. Drawbacks with infrared communications are 1. Infrared is a “line of sight “technology. For example we have to point the remote control at the TELEVISION or DVD player to make things happen. There are already a couple of ways to get around wires. They are • • Beams of light in the infrared spectrum. Cable synchronization. 2. Infrared is a “One –To –One” technology. For example we can send data from our PC to out LAPTOP, but not to both LAPTOP and PDA at the same time. Fig 1: Infrared Communication REMOTE uncommon because infrared transmitters and
receivers have to be lined up with each other and we can make sure a message goes only to intended recipient, even in a room full of infrared receivers.
killed in 986 during battle with his son. So his name was choosen for this technology
III.
NEED FOR BLUETOOTH:
INFRARED: CABLE SYNCHRONIZATION:
It is used to connect some computers with In synchronization, we attach PDA to out computer (usually with a cable), Press a button and make sure that the data on PDA and the data on the computer match. Its technique that makes the PDA a valuable tool for many people but synchronizing the PDA with the peripheral devices. For most of these computer and entertainment purposes, infrared is used in a digital mode. The signal is pulsed on and off very quickly to send data from one point to another. Infrared communication are fairly reliable and don’t cost very much to build into a device. Reliable means interference between devices is
[Type text]
PC and making sure we have the correct cable or cradle to connect these two can be real hassle. and parallel communications to talk to different devices. Modems, mice, Keyboards are use serial links, while printers tend to use parallel links. All parties in a electronic conversation need to know what the bits mean and whether the message they received is same of message that was sent. In most cases this means developing a language of commands and responses known as Fig.2 :Cable synchronization Bluetooth intended to get around the problems that come with both Infrared synchronizing system. From the users’ point of view, there are 3 important features in Bluetooth. 1. 2. It is wireless. It is inexpensive. Manufacturers and Cable protocol. Some products have standard protocol used by virtually all companies so that the commands for one product will tend to have the same effect on another. Modems fall into this category. Other product types each speaks in their own language, which means commands intended for one specific product will seem gibberish if received by another. Printers have multiple standards like PCC and POSTSCRPT.
think that it will add about $20 per device. 3. Bluetooth don’t require doing any thing special to make it work. The devices find one another and strike up a conversation. When any two devices want to talk to each other, they have to agree on a number of points before the conversation begins.
IV.
HOW BLUETOOTH WORKS
AVOIDING INTERFERENCE:
Bluetooth devices sent out very week signal of 1 milli watt. By comparison the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low power limit range of Bluetooth device to about 10 meters, cutting the chances of interferences. With many different Bluetooth devices in a room, they wont interfere with one another. Why because, it is unlikely that several devices will be on the same frequency at the same time because Bluetooth uses a technique called Frequency Hopping Spread-Spectrum (FHSS) In this technique a device will use 79 individual randomly chosen frequencies with in a designated range, changing from one to another
1.
The first point of agreement is
physical, will they talk over wires or through some form of wireless signal. 2. The second point is type of communication, i.e. information can be sent one bit at a time in a scheme called Serial Communication or in group of bits in scheme called Parallel Communication. PC uses both serial
[Type text]
on a regular basis. Transmitters changes
frequencies 1600 times every second. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses FHSS, same frequency it is unlikely that 2 transmitters will be on the at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices since any interference on a particular frequency will lose only a tiny fraction of a second. Fig 3. Bluetooth Network FHSS is designed to tradeoff bandwidth efficiently for reliability, integrity and security. FHSS uses a narrow band carrier that changes frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter and receiver. 1. OFF – Radios in a Pico net can be in one of six states Piconet Scatter net
MASTER
It
means initial state. There is no connection for LMP. 2. Piconet. 3. connect. INQUIRE – Radio seeking other radios to STANDBY –
V.
BLUETOOTH NETWORKS :
Two possible networks exist in
Radio is waiting to join in a
Bluetooth. They are: 1. Pico net. 2. Scatter net. When we bring Bluetooth radios with in range of each other, an electronic conversation will take place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one need to control one another. Once the conversation has started the devices form a network i.e. Pico net. One unit becomes a MASTER and other as SLAVE. The master controls all the traffic in the Pico net. Bluetooth radios in a Pico net frequency-hop together. Scatter nets occur when multiple masters exists in range of each other. A master radio may also be a slave radio on another Pico net. Each Pico net is hopping with a different sequence sharing the same 2.4 GHz band. Because different hopping sequences, there is very little chance that any master will hit a channel at the same time as another master.xx
4.
to a specific radio 5. as a master,
PAGE
–
Master radio asking to connect CONNECTE slave or
D – Radio active on a Piconet simultaneously.
6.
PARK/HOL
D – When there is no work for a radio if states its osition and waits for messages.This state is called Park state. In this state it consumes least power.
[Type text]
Fig.4. . Master controlling slaves
Frequency hops in the range 2400 – 2438.5 MHz at the rate of 1600 times er second 1,2,3 – SCO links – time slots were reserved 4,5,6,7 – ACL links – remainin
ARCHITECTURE OF BLUETOOTH PACKET
Fig. 5. Protocol stack for file transfer applications
In this model multiple data terminals use a LAN Access Point (LAP) as a wireless connection to a LAN. Once connected, the DT’s operate as if it they were connected to the LAN via dial-up networking. The DT can access all of the services provided by the LAN.
ACCESS CODE 72 BITS
POCKET HEADER 54 BITS
PAYLOAD 0 – 2745 BITS
VII.
CONCLUSION:
Using access code slave compares data packets access code by comparing its internal code, otherwise it rejects it.
Bluetooth wireless technology – The technology that propels you into a new dimension in wireless connectivity. It is important to surround yourself with the right kind of people. Bluetooth is a new standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers, that will allow any sort of electronic equipment to make it's own or any connections without wires, cables
VI.
FILE TRANSFER MODEL
This usage model offers the ability to transfer
data objects from one device to another. Object types includes .x1s, .ppt, .wav,.jpg and .doc files, entire
folders or directories or streaming
It also offers a possibility to
direct action from user. It is a rapid growing technology that makes man easy to transfer his electronic equipments from one place to another.so when we use this Bluetooth technology in a perfect manner then it will plays a very prominent role in the development of communication.
media formats. device.
browse the contents of the folders on a remote
[Type text]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The heading of the Acknowledgment section and the References section must not be numbered. Causal Productions wishes to acknowledge Michael Shell and other contributors for developing and maintaining the IEEE LaTeX style files which have been used in the preparation of this template. To see the list of contributors, please refer to the top of file IEEETran.cls in the IEEE LaTeX distribution. REFERENCES: [1] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed., R. M. Osgood, Jr., Ed. Berlin, Germany: SpringerVerlag, 1998. [2] J. Breckling, Ed., The Analysis of Directional Time Series: Applications to Wind Speed and Direction, ser. Lecture Notes in Statistics. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1989, vol. [3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, “A novel ultrathin elevated channel lowtemperature poly-Si TFT,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999. [4] M. Wegmuller, J. P. von der Weid, P. Oberson, and N. Gisin, “High resolution fiber distributed measurements with coherent OFDR,” in Proc. ECOC’00, 2000, paper 11.3.4, p. 109. [5] R. E. Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, “High-speed digital-to-RF converter”.
