Wireless Sensor Networks PPT
Content
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Introduction :
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions. These autonomous devices, or nodes, combine with routers and a gateway to create a typical WSN system. The distributed measurement nodes communicate wirelessly to a central gateway, which provides a connection to the wired world where you can collect, process, analyze, and present your measurement data. To extend distance and reliability in a WSN, you can use routers to gain an additional communication link between end nodes and the gateway.
HISTORY OF WSNS :
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DARPA: Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop (1978) Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program (early 1980s) Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program UCLA and Rockwell Science Centre Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) Low Power Wireless Integrated Micro sensor (LWIM) (1996) UC-Berkeley Smart Dust project (1999) concept of ´motesµ, extremely small sensor nodes Berkeley Wireless Research Centre (BWRC) Pico Radio project (2000) MIT AMPS (micro-Adaptive Multidomain Power-aware Sensors) (2005)
APPLICATIONS OF WSNS
1. Area monitoring 2. Environmental monitoring Greenhouse monitoring Landslide detection 3. Industrial monitoring Machine health monitoring 4. Water/Wastewater monitoring Landfill ground well level monitoring and pump counter Agriculture 5. Fleet monitoring 6. Health Monitoring 7. Security
OPERATING SYSTEM
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TinyOS is the first operating system specifically designed for wireless Sensor Networks. TinyOS·s component library includes network protocols, distributed services,sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools. The TinyOS system and programs was written in speacial programming language called NesC. NesC is the extension of the Clanguage. Contiki , it is another open source Operating System designed specifically for WSNs. It is a event driven like TinyOS , and also supports the multithreading on a perfect application basis. Contiki kernel supports IP communication in both IPv4 and IPv6. SOS embed operating system is another OS for WSNs. It supports loadable modules. LiteOS is another type of OS for WSNs developed in UNIX. It is possible to operate one or more WSNs in UNIX.
HARDWARE
The general Hardware used in Wireless networks are
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Embedded processor Transceiver Memory Power source Sensors
SOFTWARE AND SIMULATORS FOR WSNS
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NS-2 is the most popular non-specific network simulator environment . NS-2 is a descrete event simulator developed in C++ software. The NS-2 Supports the wide range of protocols in all layers. The second simulator for WSNs is OMNET++, it is also a discrete event simulator developed in C++. It has very clear design . It provides easy Graphical User Interface(GUI) library for tracing, animation and debugging support. The other type of simulator is J-sim . It is a component based simulation environment entirely developed in JAVA software. It is also provides GUI for tracing, animation , debugging and also the script interface. The other simulator is NCTUns2.0, it is a discrete event simulator developed in kernel of UNIX software.
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JiST/SWANS, it is also a discrete event simulation framework that embeds the simulation in JAVA byte-code. It is run entirely in JAVA programming. GloMoSim, it is one type of simulation framework simulation environment built in parsec. Parsec is a simulation language derived from C language.
CHALLENGES
Challenges Vs Internet : 1 . Bandwidth Is very Expensive in WSNs 2. Ad-hoc 3. Energy 4. Wireless and Collaborative use 5. Collect and Decimate Research Challenges : 1. Medium Access Control(MAC) 2. Routing 3. Localization 4. Operating Systems 5. Security 6. Programming Abstractions and Query Processing
CHARESTERSTICS
The main characteristics of a WSN include ´ Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting ´ Ability to cope with node failures ´ Mobility of nodes ´ Dynamic network topology ´ Communication failures ´ Heterogeneity of nodes ´ Scalability to large scale of deployment ´ Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions ´ Easy of use
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Unattended operation.
Introduction :
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions. These autonomous devices, or nodes, combine with routers and a gateway to create a typical WSN system. The distributed measurement nodes communicate wirelessly to a central gateway, which provides a connection to the wired world where you can collect, process, analyze, and present your measurement data. To extend distance and reliability in a WSN, you can use routers to gain an additional communication link between end nodes and the gateway.
HISTORY OF WSNS :
´
´
´
´
´
DARPA: Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop (1978) Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program (early 1980s) Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program UCLA and Rockwell Science Centre Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) Low Power Wireless Integrated Micro sensor (LWIM) (1996) UC-Berkeley Smart Dust project (1999) concept of ´motesµ, extremely small sensor nodes Berkeley Wireless Research Centre (BWRC) Pico Radio project (2000) MIT AMPS (micro-Adaptive Multidomain Power-aware Sensors) (2005)
APPLICATIONS OF WSNS
1. Area monitoring 2. Environmental monitoring Greenhouse monitoring Landslide detection 3. Industrial monitoring Machine health monitoring 4. Water/Wastewater monitoring Landfill ground well level monitoring and pump counter Agriculture 5. Fleet monitoring 6. Health Monitoring 7. Security
OPERATING SYSTEM
´
´
´
´
TinyOS is the first operating system specifically designed for wireless Sensor Networks. TinyOS·s component library includes network protocols, distributed services,sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools. The TinyOS system and programs was written in speacial programming language called NesC. NesC is the extension of the Clanguage. Contiki , it is another open source Operating System designed specifically for WSNs. It is a event driven like TinyOS , and also supports the multithreading on a perfect application basis. Contiki kernel supports IP communication in both IPv4 and IPv6. SOS embed operating system is another OS for WSNs. It supports loadable modules. LiteOS is another type of OS for WSNs developed in UNIX. It is possible to operate one or more WSNs in UNIX.
HARDWARE
The general Hardware used in Wireless networks are
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Embedded processor Transceiver Memory Power source Sensors
SOFTWARE AND SIMULATORS FOR WSNS
´
´
´
´
NS-2 is the most popular non-specific network simulator environment . NS-2 is a descrete event simulator developed in C++ software. The NS-2 Supports the wide range of protocols in all layers. The second simulator for WSNs is OMNET++, it is also a discrete event simulator developed in C++. It has very clear design . It provides easy Graphical User Interface(GUI) library for tracing, animation and debugging support. The other type of simulator is J-sim . It is a component based simulation environment entirely developed in JAVA software. It is also provides GUI for tracing, animation , debugging and also the script interface. The other simulator is NCTUns2.0, it is a discrete event simulator developed in kernel of UNIX software.
´
´
JiST/SWANS, it is also a discrete event simulation framework that embeds the simulation in JAVA byte-code. It is run entirely in JAVA programming. GloMoSim, it is one type of simulation framework simulation environment built in parsec. Parsec is a simulation language derived from C language.
CHALLENGES
Challenges Vs Internet : 1 . Bandwidth Is very Expensive in WSNs 2. Ad-hoc 3. Energy 4. Wireless and Collaborative use 5. Collect and Decimate Research Challenges : 1. Medium Access Control(MAC) 2. Routing 3. Localization 4. Operating Systems 5. Security 6. Programming Abstractions and Query Processing
CHARESTERSTICS
The main characteristics of a WSN include ´ Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting ´ Ability to cope with node failures ´ Mobility of nodes ´ Dynamic network topology ´ Communication failures ´ Heterogeneity of nodes ´ Scalability to large scale of deployment ´ Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions ´ Easy of use
´
Unattended operation.
