Wisconsin - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Wisconsin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wisconsin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 44.5°N 89.5°W

Wisconsin i /wɪsˈkɒnsən/ is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan. The state comprises 72 counties. Wisconsin's geography is diverse, with the Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupying the western part of the state and lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline. Wisconsin is known as "America's Dairyland" because it is one of the nation's leading dairy producers. Manufacturing and tourism are also major contributors to the state's economy.

State of Wisconsin

Flag

Seal

Nickname(s): Badger State; America's Dairyland Motto(s): Forward

Demonym

Wisconsinite Madison Milwaukee Milwaukee metropolitan area Ranked 23rd in the U.S. 65,497.82 sq mi (169,639 km2) 260 miles (420 km) 310 miles (500 km) 17 42° 37′ N to 47° 05′ N 86° 46′ W to 92° 53′ W Ranked 20th in the U.S. 5,726,398 (2012 est)[1] 105/sq mi (40.6/km2) Ranked 23rd in the U.S. $47,220 (15th)

Contents
1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 State symbols 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 4.2 Crime 5 Government 5.1 Executive 5.2 Legislative 5.3 Judicial 5.4 Federal 5.5 Taxes 6 Politics 6.1 Lawmakers in Wisconsin 7 Economy 7.1 Agriculture 7.2 Manufacturing 7.3 Consumer goods 7.4 Tourism 7.5 Film industry 7.6 Energy 8 Important municipalities 9 Education
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Capital Largest city Largest metro area Area - Total Width Length % water Latitude Longitude

Population - Total - Density - Median household income Elevation - Highest point - Mean - Lowest point Before statehood Admission to Union

Timms Hill[2][3] 1,951 ft (595 m) 1,050 ft (320 m) Lake Michigan[2][3] 579 ft (176 m) Wisconsin Territory May 29, 1848 (30th)
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10 Culture 10.1 Art 10.2 Music 10.3 Alcohol and Wisconsin culture 11 Recreation 12 Sports 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links

Governor Lieutenant Governor Legislature - Upper house - Lower house U.S. Senators U.S. House delegation Time zone

Scott Walker (R) Rebecca Kleefisch (R) Wisconsin Legislature Senate State Assembly Ron Johnson (R) Tammy Baldwin (D) 5 Republicans, 3 Democrats (list) Central: UTC −6/−5 WI Wis. US-WI www.wisconsin.gov (http://www.wisconsin.gov)

Etymology

Abbreviations Website

The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact.[4] French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal.[5] This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.[6] Throughout the course of its many variations, the Algonquian word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations may vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that line its banks. One leading theory holds that the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies red," a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows by the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells.[7] Numerous other theories have also been widely publicized, including claims that name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning "red stone place," "where the waters gather," or "great rock."[8]

History
Main article: History of Wisconsin Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals exemplified by the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin.[9] After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of this Wisconsin in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy Mound approximate state area highlighted. culture," which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across the landscape.[10] Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.[11] The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes, who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact.[12] Other American Indian groups living in
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Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700.[13] The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.[14] Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local American Indians.[15] In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Rohrbeck, was probably the first European to Chien.[16] Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the explore Wisconsin. The mural is located in the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th Brown County Courthouse in Green Bay. centuries, but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in 1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, now settled in Wisconsin permanently rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[17] Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War. However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, which finally established an American presence in the area.[18] Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, Dodgeville, Wisconsin, and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug and earned the nickname "badgers," leading to Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State."[19] The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 led to the forced removal of American Indians from most parts of the state.[20] Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was organized in 1836. Continued white settlement led to statehood in 1848. Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after a runaway slave from Missouri named Joshua Glover was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional in a trial stemming from the incident.[21] The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by antislavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events.[22] During the Civil War, around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.[23]

The Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin held the nation's first meeting of the Republican Party

Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s.[24] Meanwhile, the lumber
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Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882

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industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.[25] This forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline. Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as "America's Dairyland."[26] Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped reestablish the state's forests during the early 20th century,[27] paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and toolmaking, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910.[28]

The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in Chase, Wisconsin was built in 1903 as dairy farming spread across the state

The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. La Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[29] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[30] and the first state income tax,[31] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW-Extension system at this time.[32] Later, UW economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[33] Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. Recent politics have been comparatively moderate, but the state has continued to push forward new ideas, most notably becoming a leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[34] The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism. Two U.S. Navy battleships, BB-9 and BB-64, were named USS Wisconsin in honor of this state.
Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette addressing an assembly in Decatur, Illinois, 1905.

State symbols
State Motto: Forward[35] State Song: On Wisconsin![36] State Flower: Wood violet[37] State Bird: Robin[37] State Tree: Sugar maple[36] State Fish: Muskellunge[36] State Animal: Badger[36]
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State Rock: Red granite State Symbol of Peace: Mourning dove State Insect: Honey bee State Soil: Antigo silt loam State Fossil: Trilobite State Dog: American water spaniel State Beverage: Milk
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State Wildlife Animal: White-tailed deer[36] State Domesticated Animal: Dairy cow State Mineral: Galena

State Grain: Corn State Dance: Polka

Geography
Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast. Wisconsin is the northernmost state that does not share a border with Canada.[citation needed ]

Wisconsin can be divided into five geographic regions.

The Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice Age glaciers.

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With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the Niagara Escarpment that stretches from New York State, the Black River Escarpment and the Magnesian Escarpment.[38][39] The bedrock of the Niagara Escarpment is dolomite, while the two shorter ridges have limestone bedrock. In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation. Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo Silt Loam. Areas under the management of the National Park Service include the following:[40] Apostle Islands National Lakeshore along Lake Superior Ice Age National Scenic Trail North Country National Scenic Trail Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway There is one national forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service in Wisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with the Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.[41]
Wisconsin Pole of Inaccessibility

The pole of inaccessibility for Wisconsin, located approximately 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Wausau at 44.8824°N 89.912°W, marks the location furthest from any point not within Wisconsin.

Climate
The southern third of Wisconsin is classified as hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) and the colder northern portion is classified as warm summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches in the southern portions with up to 160 inches annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each year.[42]

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Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Selected Wisconsin Cities [°F (°C)]
City Green Bay Jan 25/10 Feb 29/13 Mar Apr May Jun Jul 81/59 Aug 79/58 Sep Oct Nov Dec 30/15 40/23 55/35 67/45 76/55 71/49 58/38 43/28

(−4/−12) (−2/−11) (5/−5) (13/1) (19/7) (25/13) (27/15) (26/14) (22/10) (14/4) (6/−2) (−1/−9) 19/0 26/4 36/16 49/29 65/41 73/50 76/56 75/54 65/46 53/35 36/22 24/8

Hurley

(−7/−18) (-4/−16) (2/−9) (9/-2) (18/5) (23/10) (25/13) (24/12) (18/8) (12/2) (2/-6) (-5/−14) 26/6 32/13 45/24 60/37 72/49 81/58 85/63 82/61 74/52 61/40 44/27 30/14

La Crosse

(−3/−14) (0/−11) (7/−4) (16/3) (22/9) (27/14) (29/17) (28/16) (23/11) (16/4) (7/−3) (−1/−10) 27/11 32/15 44/25 58/36 69/46 79/56 82/61 80/59 73/50 60/39 45/28 31/16

Madison

(−3/−12) (0/−9) (7/−4) (14/2) (21/8) (26/13) (28/16) (27/15) (23/10) (15/3) (7/−2) (−1/−9) 29/16 33/19 42/28 54/37 65/47 75/57 80/64 79/63 71/55 59/43 46/32 33/20 (0/−7) 25/9

Milwaukee

(−2/−9) 21/2

(0/−7) (6/−2) (12/3) (18/8) (24/14) (27/18) (26/17) (22/13) (15/6) (8/0) 26/6 35/17 46/29 56/38 66/47 75/56 74/57 65/47 52/36 38/23

Superior
[43]

(−6/−17) (-3/−14) (2/−8) (8/-2) (13/3) (19/8) (24/13) (23/14) (18/8) (11/2) (3/−5) (−4/−13)

Demographics
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5,726,398 on July 1, 2012, a 0.7% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[1] Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next wave was dominated by "Yankees," migrants of English descent from New England and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Between 1850 and 1900, large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including Germans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), and smaller groups of Belgians, Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles, Italians, and others. In the 20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee; and after end of the Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs. According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of the population was: 86.2% White American (83.3% non-Hispanic white, 2.9% White Hispanic) 6.3% Black or African American 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native 2.3% Asian American 1.8% Multiracial American
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Historical populations
Census Pop. %±

1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

1,444 3,635 30,945 305,391 775,881 1,054,670 1,315,457 1,693,330 2,069,042 2,333,860 2,632,067 2,939,006 3,137,587 3,434,575 3,951,777 4,417,731 4,705,767

— 151.7% 751.3% 886.9% 154.1% 35.9% 24.7% 28.7% 22.2% 12.8% 12.8% 11.7% 6.8% 9.5% 15.1% 11.8% 6.5%
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2.4% Some other race In the same year, 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[45] The six largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish (10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%), and Italian (6.1%).[46] German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau and Vernon.[47] Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.[46] The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state. Although Germans settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegians settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Small colonies of Belgians, Swiss, Finns and other groups settled in their particular areas, with Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settling primarily in urban areas.[48] African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with an American Indian majority. 86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of AfricanAmerican residents.

1990 2000 2010 Est. 2012

4,891,769 5,363,675 5,686,986 5,726,398

4.0% 9.6% 6.0% 0.7%

Source: 1910–2010[44]

Wisconsin 2010 Population Density Map

33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[49] Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.[50]

Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of the year 2000, the RCMS[51] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin are Catholic, Mainline Protestant, and Evangelical Protestant. The Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,695,660), followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 463,432 members reported and the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, reporting 241,306 adherents. Circle Sanctuary is one of the largest Wiccan places of worship in the country.[52] As of 2008, the non-religious population of Wisconsin surpassed 850,000. The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations are shown below:[53] Christian – 81% Protestant – 50% Lutheran – 23% Methodist – 7% Baptist – 5% Presbyterian – 2% United Church of Christ – 2% Other Protestant or general Protestant – 15% Roman Catholic – 29%
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The Roman Catholic Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, in La Crosse, Wisconsin

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Other Christian – 2% Other religions – 1% Non-affiliated – 15%

Crime
Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/nonnegligent manslaughter; 1,108 forcible rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.[54] Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Office of Justice Assistance.[55] The OJA reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance rate (% solved) of 50%.[56] The OJA reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57%. Of note, in Wisconsin juveniles are nearly three times more likely than adults to be victims of sexual assault, with 11- to 15-year-old children as the highest victimized age group.[57]

Government
The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state, documenting the organization of the state’s three branches of government. Published every two years with updated information, copies are available by contacting state legislators. Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government. Wisconsin's government is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Executive
The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor, Scott Walker, assumed office on January 3, 2011. In addition to the governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Legislative
The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate.

Judicial

The Wisconsin State Capitol

Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance matters. The circuit courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the Wisconsin Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin.[58]

Federal
In the United State Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin. Wisconsin is divided into eight congressional districts.

Taxes
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Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4.6% to 7.75%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.[59] Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax which helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001. Retailers who make sales subject to applicable county taxes must collect this tax on their retail sales. The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities. Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Until January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[60] There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).

Politics
During the period of the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican state; in fact it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious Year issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the Republican coalition. 2012 Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated 2008 by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a 2004 close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Republican Senator Joe 2000 McCarthy was a controversial national figure in the early 1950s. Recent 1996 leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and 1992 Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.; prominent Democrats include 1988 Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, and Congressman David Obey.[61]
Presidential elections results Republican Democratic 45.89% 1,407,966 52.83% 1,620,985 42.31% 1,262,393 56.22% 1,677,211 49.31% 1,478,120 49.71% 1,489,504 47.56% 1,237,279 47.83% 1,242,987 38.48% 845,029 36.78% 930,855 48.81% 1,071,971 41.13% 1,041,066

47.80% 1,047,794 51.41% 1,126,794

The most famous controversy in the state's political history dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. This was fought out in the Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.[citation needed ] The cities of Wisconsin have been active in increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet, thereby providing for greater government transparency. Currently three of the five most populous cities in Wisconsin provide their constituents with internet-based access of all public records directly from the cities’ databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after Milwaukee began doing so, on their page (http://legistar.milwaukee.gov/mattersearch/), in 2001. One such city, Madison, has been named the Number 1 digital city by the Center for Digital Government (http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/cnet/2006-12-01-wiredcities_x.htm) in consecutive years.[citation needed ] In the 2008 presidential election, Wisconsin voted for the Democratic presidential nominee, Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Obama captured 56% of the vote statewide, with the urban centers of Milwaukee and Madison voting strongly Democratic. Bucking the historic trend, Brown County (home to Green Bay) and Outagamie County (home to Appleton) voted for Obama over John McCain, the Republican presidential nominee. In all, McCain captured
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approximately 42% of the vote statewide and won 13 of the state's 72 counties. Of the counties won by McCain, only a handful were by greater than 55% of the vote (Florence, Green Lake, Ozaukee, Washington, and Waukesha, with Washington County providing his largest single-county percentage victory in the state). In all, Obama was successful in 59 counties, transcending the state's usual east/west and urban/suburban/rural divides. Wisconsin ranked second in voter turnout in the 2008 presidential election, behind Minnesota. In 2008 under Democratic rule, Milwaukee became the third U.S. city to pass paid sick-days legislation.[citation needed ] The 2010 elections, however, saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's office and both houses of the state legislature. Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator Russ Feingold, and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 5–3 Republican majority House delegation.[citation needed ] On February 14, 2011, the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill that would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 bil. deficit. The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day, and garnered international attention. The Assembly passed the bill 53–42 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to the Governor for his signature.[62] In response to the bill, enough signatures were gathered to force a recall election against Governor Walker. Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won the Democratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker easily won the election 53%-46% and became the first governor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election. Further information: 2011 Wisconsin protests Further information: Political party strength in Wisconsin Further information: Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan, a native of Janesville, Wisconsin, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Despite Ryan's presence on the Republican ticket, however, Obama still triumphed again in Wisconsin by a margin of 53% to 46%.

Lawmakers in Wisconsin
The last election in which Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate was in 1984. However, both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising because it was a "swing", or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. However, in 2008, Barack Obama carried the state by 381,000 votes and with 56%. Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time the Republican Party has taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election. Republicans have held Waukesha County. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the powerful House Appropriations Committee.[63] However, Obey retired and the once Democratic seat was overtaken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010. Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive movement; and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy.
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In the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was referred to as "sewer socialism" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence faded in the late 1950s, largely because of the red scare and racial tensions.[64] The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948 to 1960. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War. William Proxmire, a Democratic Senator (1957–89), dominated[citation needed ] the Democratic party for years; he was best known for attacking waste and fraud in federal spending. Democrat Russ Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001. Democrat Tammy Baldwin from Madison was the first, and is currently the only, openly lesbian U.S. Representative.[65] Republican Paul Ryan was, at age 28, the youngest member of the Congressional freshmen class when he took office in January 1999. In 2012, he was selected as the Republican party's candidate for Vice President, running with Mitt Romney. In 2004, Gwen Moore, a Democrat from Milwaukee, became Wisconsin's first African-American U.S. Representative. In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor Jim Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly, Republicans retained a five-vote majority in that house. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a 52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1987 that the governor and state legislature were both Democratic.[citation needed ] However, Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship in 2010, the first time all three changed partisan control in the same election. In November 2012, Tammy Baldwin became the first openly gay senator to be elected into office in the nation.[66]

Economy
See also: Wisconsin locations by per capita income In 2010 Wisconsin’s gross state product was $248.3 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.[67] The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.[68] Manufacturing accounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion that is third among all states.[69] The per capita personal income was $35,239 in 2008. As of June 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 7.9% (seasonally adjusted).[70] In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were: 1. 2. 3. 4. Wal-Mart University of Wisconsin–Madison Milwaukee Public Schools U.S. Postal Service
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The U.S. Bank Center in Milwaukee is Wisconsin's tallest building.

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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Wisconsin Department of Corrections Menards Marshfield Clinic Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs Target Corporation, and City of Milwaukee.[71]

Agriculture
Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.[72][73] It is second in milk production, after California,[74] and third in per-capita milk production, behind Idaho and Vermont.[75] Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.[76] The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries[77] ginseng,[78] and snap beans for processing. It grows over half the national crop of cranberries.[77] and 97% of the nation's ginseng.[78] Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design.[79] A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known brands such as Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods alone employs over 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller Brewing Company — the nation's second-largest brewer – until it merged with Coors Brewing Company. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee. Green Bay Packers-State pro baseball team: Milwaukee Brewers-State pro basketball team: Milwaukee Bucks

Manufacturing
Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing economy, with special focus on transportation and capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company; Mercury Marine; Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; Seagrave Fire Apparatus; Pierce Manufacturing (fire apparatus); Briggs & Stratton; Miller Electric; Milwaukee Electric Tool Company; Bucyrus International; Joy Global Inc.; The Manitowoc Company; Modine Manufacturing Company; Reliance Controls Corporation; Super Steel Products Corp.; Ladish Co.; Oshkosh Truck; HarleyDavidson; Ashley Furniture; the Ariens Company; and Evinrude Outboard Motors.
State Animal:

Badger State Badger State Domesticated Dairy cow Animal: State Wild Animal: White-tailed deer State Beverage: State Fruit: State Bird: State Capital: State Dog: State Fish: State Flower: State Fossil: State Grain: State Insect: State Motto: State Song: State Tree: State Mineral: State Rock: Milk Cranberry Robin Madison American water spaniel Muskellunge Wood violet Trilobite Corn European honey bee Forward "On, Wisconsin!" Sugar maple Galena (Lead sulfide) Red granite
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Consumer goods
Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other consumer goods. Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey Inc., Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km) stretch. The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy, with key players such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, and TomoTherapy.
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Tourism

State Soil: State Dance:

Antigo silt loam Polka Mourning dove Lactococcus lactis

Tourism is also a major industry in Wisconsin – the state's third largest, State Symbol of according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist destinations such as Peace: the House on the Rock near Spring Green, Circus World Museum in State Microbe Baraboo, and The Wisconsin Dells also draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention, along with hundreds of thousands of visitors. Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is very popular.

The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door County. Door County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of natural harbors, bays and ports on the Green Bay and Lake Michigan side of the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws hundreds of thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.

Film industry
On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take advantage of the tax incentive was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million dollars on the film, it was reported that most of that went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's making.[80]

Energy
Wisconsin has the potential to generate 255,266 GWh from 103,751 MW of land based wind turbines and 317,755 GWh from 80,672 MW of offshore wind turbines located in Lake Superior and in Lake Michigan, as well as 5,042,259 GWh from 3,206,830 MW of rural utility scale photovoltaics, and 13,939 GWh from 12,262 MW of rooftop mounted photovoltaics.[81] Wisconsin Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh) Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source:[82][83][84] Capacity Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec (MW) 449 1,052 99 115 123 116 114 62 53 469 1,088 114 62 88 137 90 59 60 631 1,196 84 129 97 126 127 85 57 70 66 46 35 80 94 94 90 94 128 108 75 106 135 127

193 123 173 145 135

Important municipalities
Further information: List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population and Political subdivisions of Wisconsin Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urbanized areas, with the Greater Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's population.[85] Milwaukee is at the northern edge of an urban area bordering Lake Michigan that stretches southward into greater Chicago and northwestern Indiana, with a population of over 11 million. With over 602,000 residents, Milwaukee proper is the 22nd-largest city in the country.[86] The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis.
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Wisconsin counties

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Madison's dual identity as state capital and college town gives it a cultural richness unusual in a city its size. With a population of around 233,000, and metropolitan area of over 600,000, Madison is a very fast-growing city. Madison's suburb, Middleton, was ranked the "Best Place to Live in America" in 2007 by Money Magazine. Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.[87] Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self-government.

Education
Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.[88] Today, public post-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with the flagship university University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System. Private colleges and universities include Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll University, Carthage College, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University, Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St. Norbert College, and others. See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin, List of high schools in Wisconsin, and List of school districts in Wisconsin

Culture
Citizens of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read "America's Dairyland" since 1940[89]) have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads" and to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese. Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest, Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, and many others.

Music stage at Summerfest in 1994

Art
The Milwaukee Art Museum, with its brise soleil designed by Santiago Calatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. Monona Terrace in Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony The Milwaukee Art Museum Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Frank Lloyd Wright.[90] Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.

Music
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Main article: Music of Wisconsin Wisconsin has more country music festivals than any other state,[91] including Miller Lite Presents Country Fest, Bud Light Presents Country Jam USA, the Coors Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes,[91] and Ford Presents Country USA. The state's largest city, Milwaukee, also hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest Music Festival," every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, as are a summer-long array of ethnic musical festivals such as the Milwaukee Irish Fest. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists.
Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green

Alcohol and Wisconsin culture
Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, binge drinking, driving under the influence, and proportion of drinkers.[92] Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the longstanding presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin. The minimum legal age for recreational consumption of alcohol is 21 unless accompanied by a parent or guardian. Wisconsin is the only state that treats a first offense drunk driving (OWI) as a traffic violation and not a misdemeanor.[93] The Wisconsin Tavern League is a strong political force and the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure. The League also opposes raising the alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this situation.[94]

Recreation
The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but three other states - Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.[95] Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer hunting licenses are sold.[96] In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be about 1.5 to 1.7 million.

Sports
Main article: Sports in Wisconsin Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown
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Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL's Green Bay Packers.

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USA". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL, and is the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field.[97] The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, play in Miller Park in Milwaukee, the successor to Milwaukee County Stadium since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998 season. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major League teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season in the newly-founded American League in 1901 before moving to St. Louis and becoming the Browns, who are now the Baltimore Orioles. Milwaukee was also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved from Boston from 1953 to 1965, winning the World Series in 1957 and the National League pennant in 1958, before they moved to Atlanta.

Miller Park is the home stadium of Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Brewers

The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Bradley Center. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971. The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Snappers of the Class A minor leagues). Wisconsin is also home to the Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Green Bay Bullfrogs, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiate all-star summer league. In arena football Wisconsin is represented by three teams: the Wisconsin Wolfpack in Madison in the CIFL; the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL, and the Milwaukee Mustangs of the AFL. The state is also home to the 6 Time Major Indoor Soccer League Champion Milwaukee Wave. Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University of Wisconsin– Madison and the Panthers of University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. The Wisconsin Badgers football former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made a second trip to college basketball's Final Four in 2000. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles. The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's other major collegiate program, is known for its men's basketball team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in 1977. The team returned to the Final Four in 2003. Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference at the Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 92 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of the 2011–12 academic year.[98] The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, WI, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, WI, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly, WI, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, WI, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from Eau Claire, WI, and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior, WI. The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August. Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis, Wisconsin, held races there long before the Indy 500.[99]
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Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927.[100]

See also
Index of Wisconsin-related articles Outline of Wisconsin – organized list of topics about Wisconsin Stormy Kromer cap List of ecoregions in Wisconsin

References
1. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012" (http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2012/index.html) (CSV). 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 2. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States" (http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html). United States Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 3. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988. 4. ^ "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsinname/). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 5. ^ Marquette, Jacques (1673). "The Mississippi Voyage of Jolliet and Marquette, 1673" (http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-051/). In Kellogg, Louise P. Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 235. OCLC 31431651 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31431651). 6. ^ Smith, Alice E. (September 1942). "Stephen H. Long and the Naming of Wisconsin" (http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,14413). Wisconsin Magazine of History (Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society) 26 (1): 67–71. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 7. ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames (http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2002552&journal_code=ONO). Onoma 38: 39–56 8. ^ Vogel, Virgil J. (1965). "Wisconsin's Name: A Linguistic Puzzle" (http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,23263). Wisconsin Magazine of History (Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society) 48 (3): 181–186. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 9. ^ Theler, James; Boszhardt, Robert (2003). Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-87745-847-0. 10. ^ Birmingham, Robert; Eisenberg, Leslie (2000). Indian Mounds of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-0-299-16870-4. 11. ^ Birmingham; Eisenberg (2000). pp. 152–156. ISBN 978-0-299-16870-4. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 12. ^ Birmingham; Eisenberg (2000). pp. 165–167. ISBN 978-0-299-16870-4. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 13. ^ Boatman, John (1987). "Historical Overview of the Wisconsin Area: From Early Years to the French, British, and Americans". In Fixico, Donald. An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indian History. University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee. OCLC 18188646 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18188646). 14. ^ Rodesch, Gerrold C. (1984). "Jean Nicolet" (http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/library/articles/nicolet.htm). University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 15. ^ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: Arrival of the First Europeans" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-006/?action=more_essay). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 16. ^ Jaenen, Cornelius (1973). "French colonial attitudes and the exploration of Jolliet and Marquette". Wisconsin Magazine of History 56 (4): 300–310. 17. ^ "Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Langlade, Charles Michel" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp? action=view&term_id=2266&search_term=Langlade%2C+Charles+Michel). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 18. ^ Nesbit, Robert (1973). Wisconsin: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 62–64. ISBN 978-0-29906370-2. 19. ^ "Badger Nickname" (http://www.uwbadgers.com/trads/nickname.html). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 201003-14. 20. ^ Nesbit (1973). pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help)
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20. ^ Nesbit (1973). pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 21. ^ Legler, Henry (1898). "Rescue of Joshua Glover, a Runaway Slave" (http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/wireader/WER1124.html). Leading Events of Wisconsin History. Milwaukee: Sentinel. pp. 226–229. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 22. ^ Nesbit (1973). pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 23. ^ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-023/?action=more_essay). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 24. ^ Nesbit (1973). p. 273. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 25. ^ Nesbit (1973). pp. 281, 309. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 26. ^ Buenker, John (1998). Thompson, William Fletcher, ed. The Progressive Era, 1893–1914. History of Wisconsin 4. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 25, 40–41, 62. ISBN 978-0-87020-303-9. 27. ^ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Modern Environmental Movement" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-048/?action=more_essay). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 28. ^ Buenker (1998). pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-87020-303-9. Missing or empty | t i t l e =(help) 29. ^ Ware, Alan (2002). The American direct primary: party institutionalization and transformation in the North. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-81492-8. 30. ^ Ranney, Joseph. "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace" (http://www.wisbar.org/AM/TemplateRedirect.cfm?template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=35854). Retrieved 2010-03-13. 31. ^ Stark, John (1987). "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax". Wisconsin Magazine of History 71 (1): 27–45. 32. ^ Stark, Jack (1995). "The Wisconsin Idea: The University's Service to the State". The State of Wisconsin Blue Book, 1995–1996. Madison: Legislative Reference Bureau. pp. 101–179. OCLC 33902087 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33902087). 33. ^ Nelson, Daniel (1968). "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History 51 (2): 109–121. 34. ^ "Tommy Thompson: Human Services Reformer" (http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122179&page=1). 200409-04. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 35. ^ "Chapter 1: Introduction". Encyclopedia of Wisconsin. 200 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 U.S.A.: Somerset Publishers. 1990. p. 3. ISBN 0-403-09907-1. 36. ^ a b c d e "Chapter 1: Introduction". Encyclopedia of Wisconsin. New York: Somerset Publishers. 1990. p. 5. ISBN 0403-09907-1. 37. ^ a b "Chapter 1: Introduction". Encyclopedia of Wisconsin. 200 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 U.S.A.: Somerset Publishers. 1990. p. 4. ISBN 0-403-09907-1. 38. ^ Lawrence Martin (1965). The physical geography of Wisconsin (http://books.google.com/? id=QB7qpOSeh6sC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=Black+River+Escarpment&q=Black%20River%20Escarpment). University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-03475-7. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 39. ^ "The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands of Wisconsin" (http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/easternridges.html). Wisconsin Online. Retrieved 2010-09-14. mirror (http://www.webcitation.org/query? url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconline.com%2Fwisconsin%2Fgeoprovinces%2Feasternridges.html&date=2010-0914) 40. ^ "Wisconsin" (http://www.nps.gov/state/wi). National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-17. 41. ^ "Sister-States and Cities" (http://international.wi.gov/SisterStates.html). International Wisconsin. 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 42. ^ Benedetti, Michael. "Climate of Wisconsin" (http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html). The University of Wisconsin–Extension. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 43. ^ "Monthly Averages for Superior, WI (54880) - weather.com" (http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/54880). Retrieved 2013-05-29. 44. ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census" (http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php). 2010.census.gov. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 45. ^ "Wisconsin QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau" (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55000.html). Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-07. 46. ^ a b ""Ancestry: 2000," U.S. Census Bureau" (http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-25. 47. ^ "Wisconsin Blue Book 2003–2004" (http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/bb/03bb/128-133.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-25. 48. ^ Miller, Frank H., "The Polanders in Wisconsin (http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?
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48. ^ Miller, Frank H., "The Polanders in Wisconsin (http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php? CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=14489)". Parkman Club Publications No. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.: Parkman Club, 1896. Retrieved January 29, 2008. 49. ^ "Wisconsin's Hmong Population" (http://www.apl.wisc.edu/publications/HmongChartbook.pdf) (PDF). University of Wisconsin–Madison Applied Population Laboratory. Retrieved 2010-04-26. 50. ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk 51. ^ "State Membership Reports" (http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/55_2000.asp). thearda.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 52. ^ Wiccan Veterans' Graves to Receive Government -Issued Pentacle Markers at Memorial Day Ceremony (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,275775,00.html) retrieved 16 October 2012 53. ^ Carroll, Brett E. (2000-12-28). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Routledge Atlases of American History. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92137-6. 54. ^ Table 5 – Crime in the United States 2009 (http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_05.html) 55. ^ Office of Justice Assistance (http://oja.state.wi.us/index.asp?locid=97) 56. ^ [1] (http://oja.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=19873&locid=97) 57. ^ Office of Justice Assistance – Sexual Assaults (http://oja.wi.gov/category.asp? linkcatid=1327&linkid=709&locid=97) 58. ^ "Wisconsin Court System – court system overview" (http://www.wicourts.gov/courts/overview/overview.htm). Wicourts.gov. 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2012-02-18. 59. ^ "County Sales Tax Distribution-2007" (http://www.revenue.wi.gov/esd/cotax07.html). Wisconsin Department of Revenue. 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2007-03-24. 60. ^ "Wisconsin Department of Revenue" (http://www.revenue.wi.gov/faqs/ise/estate.html#ret3). Revenue.wi.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 61. ^ Conant, James K. (2006-03-01). "1". Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1548-7. 62. ^ "Wisconsin Assembly passes bill to curb collective bargaining" (http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/10/wisconsin.budget/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1). CNN. March 10, 2011. 63. ^ "David Obey, former U.S. Representative" (http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400300). GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2012-02-18. 64. ^ Smith, Kevin D. (Spring 2003). "From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar Milwaukee". Michigan Historical Review 29 (1): 71–95. doi:10.2307/20174004 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F20174004). 65. ^ Bull, Chris (1999-02-16). "Take a seat – openly lesbian Representative Tammy Baldwin" (http://web.archive.org/web/20050625081817/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_1999_Feb_16/ai_5 3877986). The Advocate (LPI Media). Archived from the original (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_1999_Feb_16/ai_53877986) on 2005-06-25. Retrieved 2007-0316. 66. ^ Wisconsin's Baldwin becomes first openly gay senator (http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usacampaign-wisconsin-senate-idUSBRE8A60BY20121107) retrieved 13 November 2012 67. ^ "GDP by State" (http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state). Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved September 7, 2011. 68. ^ EconPost, Manufacturing industry top 10 states by GDP (http://econpost.com/industry/manufacturing-industry-top10-states-gdp) 69. ^ EconPost, Manufacturing industry top states by percentage of state economy (http://econpost.com/industry/manufacturing-industry-top-states-percentage-state-economy) 70. ^ [2] (http://www.dwd.state.wi.us/dwd/newsreleases/2010/100715_lmi_state_june.pdf); WI June 2010 unemployment rates 71. ^ Wisconsin's Large Employer Search (http://worknet.wisconsin.gov/worknet/largemp.aspx?menuselection=ed) 72. ^ "Total Cheese Production Excluding Cottage Cheese – States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy Products (http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf), p. 13. 73. ^ "American Cheese Production – States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy Products (http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf), p. 14. 74. ^ "Milk Cows and Production – 23 Selected States: March 2011 and 2012" in United States Department of Agriculture, Milk Production (http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/MilkProd/MilkProd-04-19-2012.pdf), p. 3. 75. ^ "Table 6: Per Capita Milk Production by State, 2003" in CITEC, The Dairy Industry in the U.S. and Northern New York (http://www.citec.org/test/dairy_industry_study_020105.pdf), p. 25. 76. ^ Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, Wisconsin's Rank in the Nations's Dairy Industry: 2007 (http://www.wisdairy.com/Upload/statistics/wi_rank_nation_dairy_industry_2007.gif)
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Wisconsin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://www.wisdairy.com/Upload/statistics/wi_rank_nation_dairy_industry_2007.gif) ^ a b U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wisconsin – Cranberries (http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Wisconsin/Publications/Crops/cranberry.pdf), p. 1. ^ a b United States Department of Agriculture, "American Ginseng – Rooted in Wisconsin" (http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/1992/outlying/gingfst.pdf), Census of Agriculture, September, 1995. ^ Walters, Steven. "Doyle flips decision, puts cow on quarter" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070321031237/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original (http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693) on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-03-30. ^ ""Commerce study slams film incentives law" The Business Journal of Milwaukee March 31, 2009" (http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/03/30/daily29.html). Bizjournals.com. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2010-07-25. ^ Renewable Energy Technical Potential (http://www.nrel.gov/gis/re_potential.html) ^ U.S. Installed Wind Capacity (http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp) ^ EIA (July 27, 2012). "Electric Power Monthly Table 1.17.A." (http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_17_a). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ EIA (July 27, 2012). "Electric Power Monthly Table 1.17.B." (http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/index.cfm). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ Naylor. "Number and Percent of Total Population by Urban/Rural Categories for Wisconsin Counties: April 1, 2000" (http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=418) (PDF). State of Wisconsin, Department of Administration. Retrieved 2007-03-16. ^ Davis, Chase; Rick Romell. "City drops out of top 20" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070310214138/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=337561). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Journal Communications). Archived from the original (http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx? id=337561) on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2007-03-16. ^ Wisconsin Department of Revenue, "Wisconsin's Metropolitan Statistical Areas", Summer 2011. ^ Rudolph, Frederick (1990). The American College and University: A History. The University of Georgia Press, Athens and London. ^ Christopulos, Mike and Joslyn, Jay. "Legislators took license with ideas for slogan on plate" Milwaukee Sentinel 1227-85; Page 5, Part 1 ^ Pure Contemporary interview (http://www.purecontemporary.com/Interview/article/11) with Anthony Puttnam ^ a b Winterroth, Scott (2011). "Wisconsin Country Music Festivals" (http://countrymusicchicago.com/category/wisc-country-fests/). Country Music Chicago. Retrieved April 7, 2011. ^ Rick Romell (October 19, 2008). "Drinking deeply ingrained in Wisconsin's culture" (http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/31237904.html). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 18, 2011. ^ "Lawmakers to try again on drunken driving bills" (http://www.channel3000.com/news/Lawmakers-to-try-again-ondrunken-driving-bills/-/1648/18365522/-/r8cf1m/-/index.html). channel3000.com. Retrieved 2013-02-01. ^ "Wasted in Wisconsin" (http://www.jsonline.com/news/30565984.html). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved July 25, 2010. ^ Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0358.pdf). U.S. Government Printing Office. 2012. p. 223. Retrieved 2012-11-23. ^ "A Chronology Of Wisconsin Deer Hunting From Closed Seasons To Antlerless Permits" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070211061345/http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4 .htm) (Press release). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005-11-12. Archived from the original (http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4.htm) on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2007-03-16. ^ Green Bay Packers, Inc., Fan Zone FAQ (http://www.packers.com/fan_zone/faq/), accessed Feb 28, 2010. Archived (http://web.archive.org/20100318031051/http://www.packers.com/fan_zone/faq/) March 18, 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference – National Championship Teams" (http://www.wiacsports.com/sports/2010/7/23/GEN_0723103641.aspx?tab=nationalchampionshipteams). Wiacsports.com. Retrieved 2012-02-18. ^ "Milwaukee Mile Website – History" (http://www.milwaukeemile.com/History-2010.asp). Milwaukeemile.com. Retrieved 2010-07-25. ^ "Kenosha Velodrome Association" (http://www.333m.com/). 333m.com. Retrieved 2010-07-25.

Further reading
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Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2005). The Almanac of American Politics, 2006. Washington, DC: National Journal. ISBN 0-89234-112-2. Current, Richard (2001). Wisconsin: A History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07018-6. Gara, Larry (1962). A Short History of Wisconsin. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Holmes, Fred L. (1946). Wisconsin. 5 vols. Chicago. Detailed popular history and many biographies. Nesbit, Robert C. (1989). Wisconsin: A History (Rev. ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299-10800-7. Pearce, Neil (1980). The Great Lakes States of America. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-05619-8. Quaife, Milo M. (1924). Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 1634–1924. 4 vols. Detailed popular history & biographies. Raney, William Francis (1940). Wisconsin: A Story of Progress. New York: Prentice-Hall. Robinson, Arthur H.; Culver, J. B., eds. (1974). The Atlas of Wisconsin. Sisson, Richard, ed. (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34886-2. Van Ells, Mark D. (2009). Wisconsin [On-The-Road Histories] . Northampton MA: Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-673-5. Vogeler, I. (1986). Wisconsin: A Geography. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-492-6. Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (2002). Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas. Works Progress Administration (1941). Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State. Detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural history. See additional books at History of Wisconsin

External links
"Wisconsin" (http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/reference/pagegen_wi.pdf) (PDF). National Atlas (map). US: The Government. "State of Wisconsin" (http://www.wisconsin.gov/) (official World Wide Web site). Wisconsin state symbols (http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_symbols.html). State of Wisconsin. "Legislature" (http://www.legis.state.wi.us/). State. Wisconsin. Court System (http://www.wicourts.gov/). Wisconsin. "Wisconsin" (http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/WI.htm). State Facts. US: DA. Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data (http://www.lmhscscorecard.com/sc/brief.cgi?s=1) Energy Profile for Wisconsin – Economic, environmental, and energy data (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WI) Wisconsin Historical Society (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/) The State of Wisconsin Collection (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI) from the UW Digital Collections Center (http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/) Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy (http://faculty.uwstout.edu/shiellt/freespeech1/) Wisconsin Department of Tourism (http://www.travelwisconsin.com/) Travel Information- Traveling by public transit (http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/travel/transit/)(Wisconsin Department of Transportation) Geographic data related to Wisconsin (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/165466) at OpenStreetMap Wisconsin (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Wisconsin/) at the Open Directory Project Maps of Wisconsin from the American Geographical Society Library (http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php? CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=Wisconsin&CISOFIELD1=statep&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=wisconsin+-+maps&CISOFIELD2=subjec&CISOROOT=/agdm&t=s)
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Preceded by Iowa

List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on May 29, 1848 (30th)

Succeeded by California

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin&oldid=558865939" Categories: Wisconsin States of the United States States and territories established in 1848 This page was last modified on 8 June 2013 at 05:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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