Written Proposal Student Sample

Pilot Study on Implementation of Moringa Seed-Based
Household Water Sanitation System






Aman Agrawala
Stephanie Cai
Kevin Choi
Eric Hui

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
RESEARCH PLAN ................................................................................................................................................... 3
I. PROJECT/DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 3
II. CHALLENGE DEFINITION..................................................................................................................... 4
III. RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHALLENGE TO SUSTAINABILITY ................................................... 5
People .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Prosperity ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Planet ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
IV. RESULTS, EVALUATION, DEMONSTRATION ................................................................................ 6
V. PROJECT SCHEDULE AND MILESTONES ........................................................................................ 7
Overall Project Schedule Visualization ..................................................................................... 7
Phase I: Research and Development .......................................................................................... 8
Phase II: Design Implementation ................................................................................................ 9
Phase III: Follow-Up ...................................................................................................................... 10
VI. PROPOSED BUDGET ............................................................................................................................ 10
ABOUT THE TEAM ............................................................................................................................................. 12
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 13


1
ABSTRACT

RFA: 10
th
Annual P3 Awards: A National Student Design Competition for Sustainability
Focusing on People, Prosperity and the Planet
Funding Opportunity Number: EPA-G2013-P3-Q4 — Water
Title: Pilot Study on Moringa Seed-Based Household Water Sanitation System
Principal Investigator: Shannon Ciston
Student Team: Choi, K. (team leader); Agrawala, A.; Cai, S.; Hui, E. (all undergraduates)
Institution: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Student Represented Departments and Institutions: Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Project Period and Location: August 15, 2013 – August 14, 2014 near Varanasi, India
Proposed EPA Project Cost: $6075 - $12900
Total Project Amount: $6075 - $12900, from EPA grant

Objective:
Many people in developing countries lack a cheap, sustainable way of obtaining safe
drinking water. In India, less than 10% of all water is filtered before consumption. Most of
the water is contaminated from fecal pollution. The primary goal for this project is to carry
out a pilot study in a rural village near Varanasi, India, which tracks the successful
introduction of an innovative water filtration system. The new method uses seeds from the
locally abundant Moringa plant as water purifiers. Previous research shows these seeds are
capable of eliminating up to 99.99% of bacteria from turbid water. During our pilot study,
we hope to go door-to-door in order to educate local villagers about our filter and its role in
water sanitation. If our filtration system is successfully integrated into many households,
we also aim to partner with a non-government organization to increase the distribution of
our Moringa seed-based filter.

Description:
We propose a pilot study on the implementation of a household water sanitation system
using the locally grown Moringa plant. Many people already crush Moringa seeds to extract
oil. We propose that the normally discarded seed remnants now be used as water purifiers.
Our pilot study will take place in a small village near Varanasi, India over a course of
one year, and we will monitor the use of the new filtration system and the rate of water-
borne diseases. If successful, the introduction of our new filtration system could improve
the health and quality of life of the villagers and possibly affect the people’s access to
sanitary water on a larger scale as well. The promotion of Moringa tree growth also has a
positive benefit on the people’s prosperity: the rich, nutritious Moringa oil that is harvested
can be sold for profit, fed to people and livestock, or processed into other goods. Many
villagers already crush Moringa seeds to extract this valuable oil. We also anticipate our
filtration system to have a positive environmental effect by purifying river water and
restoring polluted marine ecosystems.
This project will be completed by a team of undergraduate Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering students at University of California, Berkeley. The team will research the most
economic and environmental way of producing the Moringa seed filters before developing
2
working prototypes for the pilot study. The physical implementation phase will involve
travel to India and personally visiting each family in the village to educate them about the
operation of our filters. Data will be collected every six months for one and a half years to
monitor the frequency of filter use and rate of water-born diseases relative to a nearby
control village.

Expected Results:
If our pilot study is successful, we expect our Moringa seed water filter to significantly
increase the village’s access to healthy drinking water. We aim to reduce the number of
water-related illnesses to decrease by 80% over the course of the year. We also hope to see
at least 80% of the distributed filters still in use by the end of the year. We do not anticipate
any negative effects on the economy or agriculture because of the harvesting of the
Moringa seeds, as they are a common crop that requires minimal maintenance and has
various economic and nutritious benefits, as discussed previously. This experiment is
estimated to impact around 1,000 people. If successful, future projects could impact even
larger amounts of the Indian population.

Contribution to Pollution Prevention or Control:
Currently, fecal pollutants are one of the leading reasons for the lack of sanitary drinking
water in India. India’s most heavily populated river, the Ganges, is both a common source
for water and one of the most polluted rivers in the world. The region near Varanasi, a
major Indian city, is contaminated with fecal bacteria levels 100 times greater than the safe
limit set by the World Health Organization. This clean water scarcity arises primarily from
the lack of a sustainable, government-regulated water supply and sanitation system.
Although there are various state government programs in place, most lack the financial
means to be very effective. Other municipal and privatized attempts at constructing water
utilities still do not successfully address the problem of water distribution to poor, rural
areas. We hope that by introducing a water filtration system that is based on the native
Moringa plant, we will be able to alleviate the problems of drinking water pollution and
distribution and reduce the spread of water-borne pathogens.

Supplemental Keywords:
Household-level water sanitation, water pollution

3
RESEARCH PLAN

I. PROJECT/DESIGN

People in developing countries such as India, Mongolia, and Sudan often lack
access to clean drinking water. In India, this issue is caused primarily by two factors:
widespread fecal pollution and lack of financial resources to fund government-
regulated water supply systems. For our research project, we will implement a pilot
study in a small village near Varanasi, India. Varanasi is a major city located along the
Ganges River, one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Despite high bacteria levels,
the Ganges is still commonly used for bathing, laundry, washing, and drinking.
1

Varanasi is particularly dependent on the Ganges for its water supply and is one of the
most densely populated basins, making the water sanitation issue even more pressing
in local areas.
2, 3
Our project aims to provide local residents with a cheap, easily-
accessible water purification method that uses seeds of locally grown Moringa oleifera
(Moringa) plants to increase drinking water availability.
We propose a cheap and effective water filtration design using crushed Moringa
seeds. Preliminary studies on the efficacy of Moringa seeds at reducing water-borne
pathogen levels indicate that turbidity and pathogen concentrations were reduced by
99.99% within two hours of treatment. Moringa seeds are particularly effective at
removing fecal bacteria, which is especially important to our pilot study because the
leading cause of water-borne diseases in India is fecal pollution.
3, 4, 5

Another advantage of using Moringa seeds is their accessibility. Moringa trees
are fast-growing, drought-resistant, and native to northwestern India.
6
The seeds are
also soft and can be crushed with minimal effort. Many Indian villagers already gather
and crush Moringa seeds to harvest the oil. Our proposed filtration system utilizes the
normally discarded seed remnants and is therefore convenient and low-cost. Moringa
seeds are ideal for household water filtration systems, rather than large-scale
processes, making them an optimal chose for our project.
7

Our actual filter design (see Fig. 1, below) consists of a 10 L plastic container and
a drainage tap fitted with an 8 mm mesh screen. The mesh size was chosen to be small
enough to prevent the crushed Moringa seed sediment from flowing out of the tap when
purified water is collected. Our proposed system is simple and easy to use. First, the
container is be filled with dirty water. Then 5-10 g of crushed Moringa seeds are added.
The mixture is stirred for 2-3 minutes and allowed to settle for 2-3 hours. The purified
water is then collected from the tap and the sediment discarded as waste. It is
important to collect the purified water within 3 hours because studies show that
waiting longer than 4 hours can result in a secondary bacterial increase due to
regrowth in the supernatant water.
4

We chose to base our design around a 10 L tank based on several factors.
Because Moringa seed filtration requires a multi-hour settling period, it is not effective
when adapted to small, portable containers like water bottles. Consequently, we looked
towards larger tank sizes, but, at the same time, batches that are too large would be too
bulky to be convenient. Instead we decided on an intermediate tank volume of 10 L.
Given that the average adult should drink about 2.5 L of water daily and that the
4
average family in India has around four people, each batch should be sufficient for one
day’s worth of clean drinking
water. To achieve larger
volumes of water, we propose
that the filter be used multiple
times a day or that families use
several filters in parallel.
However, if demands are high, it
is possible to investigate the
construction of larger batch
systems.
One apparatus will be
delivered for free to each family
in the village (approximately
1000 people) and we will charge
a small but reasonable fee on the
order of a few cents to a dollar
for each additional apparatus.
We will teach them how to crush
the seeds properly to ensure
effective particle size and how to
operate the apparatus. Over a
span of one year, we will visit
the village two times for six-
week spans to replace any filters
if necessary and to collect data.
This data will focus primarily on
how many villagers continue to use our purification technique and on how the rate of
water-borne diseases compares to a nearby control village.


II. CHALLENGE DEFINITION

The first challenge in our project is to engineer an economical and
environmentally friendly water filtration system. In India, only 10% of all dirty water is
treated before consumption.
9
Many people rely on the country’s polluted rivers for
drinking, bathing, and cooking. Current methods of water distribution include water
“ATMs” and tankers. Water ATMs are ATM-style kiosks that dispense several liters of
clean water. Tankers are people who travel around the country, dispensing water for
free. Neither method is very effective. Tankers are intermittent, unpredictable,
unreliable, and generally only visit urban silums. Water ATMs can be installed in rural
villages, but have a high installation cost of 500 USD. They also charge several cents per
liter, which can be expensive for poorer families in the long run.
10
A water filter
utilizing the cheap and abundant Moringa seed will ideally be a new and convenient
way for families to filter their own drinking water from easily accessible dirty river
water.
Figure 1. Apparatus design including a 10 L batch container, the
tap, and a zoomed in, cross-sectional view of the 8 mm mesh
tap filter. Turbid water and 5 g of Moringa seed coagulants will
be added into the batch container, shaken for 2-3 minutes,
settled for 2-3 hours, and then collected via tap. The filter will
prevent the collection of dirty seeds.
5
Our biggest challenge is convincing the villagers that our water filtration method
is safe and effective, and ensuring that they follow our directions properly. Literature
shows that door-to-door methods are most effective at getting people to pay attention.

11
This is why we propose that we fly out to the village directly and interact with the
villagers personally. We anticipate that there will be challenges due to our linguistic and
cultural differences that may make it difficult for us to persuade the villagers that our
system is sound. However, a good translator and proper demonstration of our methods
should assuage these concerns.
Other problems can arise regarding the availability of Moringa seeds. Although
they are very common, sturdy, and can tolerate poor conditions, environmental factors
out of our control, such as floods or mass droughts, can negatively impact cultivation.
Furthermore, if this method proves successful and becomes widely used, the Moringa
trees may be over-cultivated. At this point in our research, it is reasonable to assume
that the recycled Moringa seeds from the oil harvest are enough to sustain an entire
village. Approximately 625 kg of Moringa seeds are harvested to produce 250 L of oil
per hectacre every 7 weeks.
11
According to this data, assuming that a family of 4 uses 5
g of seeds per batch and that the village of 1000 people is evenly divided into 250
families, each family can filter 10 batches a day, giving them access to up to 100 L of
clean water a day from one hectacre’s worth of recycled seeds. If our project does
expand beyond a single village, further research must be conducted to adjust filter
distribution and ensure the sustainability of our project.


III. RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHALLENGE TO SUSTAINABILITY

People
The adaptation of Moringa seeds for water purification will have an extremely
large impact on rural people. In many countries, these communities have poor access to
clean drinking water and instead relyon dirty water from local lakes and rivers. The
introduction of our Moringa seed water purification system will substantially decrease
the levels of pollution, dirt, and bacteria in this dirty water and increase rural villagers’
accessibility to safe drinking water.
The Moringa seeds are also highly effective; on average, a single Moringa tree
can produce between 15,000 and 25,000 seeds annually.
13
Each seed can purify 1 L of
turbid water.
13
Considering that an adult human should drink about 691 liters a year,
one Moringa tree is capable of sustaining 20-35 people. This filtration technique
therefore requires minimal additional work from the villagers while helping reduce the
spread of water-borne diseases.
Moringa seeds are also multi-purposeful: they not only act as water coagulants,
but can help combat malnutrition as well. These seeds contain significant quantities of
calcium, iron, phosphorous, and vitamins A, B, and C.
13
People can crush the seeds to
produce nutritious cooking oil while utilizing the leftover scraps as a water purifier. The
extracted oil has multiple uses including animal fodder, soap production, and lamp oil.
13
Furthermore, the Moringa seed process will push people to use stagnant water,
removing potential nesting grounds for mosquitoes and lowering malaria cases in these
areas.
6

Prosperity
The use of the Moringa plant in our filtration system can also help promote
rural villagers’ prosperity. Because the trees are native to India, there is no financial
cost associated with planting and harvesting large amount of seeds. Furthermore, the
entire process is simple and can be done with unsophisticated tools. This eliminates
additional costs for machinery and labor and reduces the amount of training people will
need in order to operate our filters. Therefore, the theoretical implementation and
maintenance cost for rural residents negligible. Furthermore, since these trees are
native, there is no wait time associated with growing the Moringa trees.
Additionally, cultivation of the Moringa plant introduces further economic
benefits. A tree with a spacing of 3 m could produce about 3000 kg of seeds, which can
be exchanged in local markets, fed to livestock, crushed for oil extraction, or pressed
into pulp for papermaking. Moringa oil is about 73% weight oleic acid and approaches
the high quality of olive oil, which makes it a lucrative product to sell for profit or barter
with in local markets. The seed scraps left over after the oil is made can then be crushed
and used in the water purifier. This is possible because the macromolecule that purifies
the dirty water is a water-soluble protein and will not be pressed out into the oil.
Studies have also shown that oil extraction using water does not reduce the
effectiveness of Moringa seeds for water treatment.
15


Planet
The use of Moringa seeds as water purifiers also has various environmental
benefits. Research has shown that Moringa seeds can remove hazardous chemicals like
aluminum sulfate from local water systems and prevent the deaths of both animals and
people that ingest the water. This will help sustain current ecosystems and repair
damaged ones. Furthermore, because Moringa seeds can tolerate soil alkalinity up to pH
9, they can be planted in environments that have been damaged by basic chemicals.
Thus, the Moringa trees can provide food for animals and locals as the environment
naturally becomes healthy again.
There is also minimal fear of overplanting Moringa trees in order to meet
purification demands. Even with India’s turbid waters, no more than one Moringa seed
per liter is required for 99.99% purification. Furthermore, Moringa seeds are also
naturally found in rural areas, so they will not have to be artificially introduced. We
thus eliminate the risk of outcompeting local plants.
16
Moringa trees also grow year-
round, so there will be no seasonal seed shortages.
17
The trees grow rapidly, reaching
heights of over five meters and beginning seed production within one year. They are
also extremely resilient and can quickly regrow, even if cut down to one meter from the
ground.
14



IV. RESULTS, EVALUATION, DEMONSTRATION

From our pilot study, we hope to introduce a sustainable supply of clean water
and reduce the number of illnesses caused by poor water sanitation. We aim to provide
working filters and any necessary operational training to a local village of roughly 1000
7
people. Over the course of the year, we will monitor how many families continue to use
our filtration system, even in our absence. We will also track the rate of water-borne
diseases in the village, relative to a nearby control village of comparable size. An ideal
successful project will show an 80% decrease in the spread of water-borne pathogens
and an 80% retention rate of filtration system usage after one year.
If this plan is successful within one village then it can be expanded throughout
all villages in India with support from non-government organizations. Possible
partnerships could include both local groups and larger, international ones like UNICEF
and the World Health Organization. The most immediate societal benefits from this plan
include increasing the quality of life for people who live in areas with limited access to
clean water. The most important economics benefits include the ability for these people
to be able to contribute to a country’s GDP by continuing to produce crops and other
goods. Finally, the environmental benefit of this project is that it removes dangerous
chemicals from water and helps repair chemically damaged ecosystems.


V. PROJECT SCHEDULE AND MILESTONES

Overall Project Schedule Visualization


Figure 2. Overall timeline showing the duration and timespans of each project phase


8

Phase I: Research and Development
ITEM
TIME PERIOD
(FROM PROJECT
START)
TEAM
MEMBERS
DESCRIPTION
Production Cost
Study
0 - 3.5 weeks
Kevin
Aman
Eric
From literature, study the local
economic and ecological costs of
producing Moringa seeds.
Alternative
Benefits Study
0 - 3.5 weeks
Kevin
Aman
Eric
From literature, study the alternative
uses of Moringa seed oil, spent seed,
and plant material as feed, fertilizer
and food.
Viability Study 0 - 3.5 weeks
Whole
Team
Justify the economic and ecological
costs in light of the direct and indirect
benefits of Moringa cultivation.
Obtaining
Moringa Seeds
By 3.5 weeks Stephanie
Obtain at least 100g of fresh seeds by
the end of the first 3.5-week period
from Earth Goodness, LTD.
*

Obtaining
Moringa Plant
Material
By 3.5 weeks Stephanie
Obtain samples of Moringa wood and
leaves from
Earth Goodness, LTD.
*

Borrow/Obtain
a IDEXX Quanti-
Tray 2000
Water Tester
By 3.5 weeks Stephanie
If possible, borrow the water tester
from the Office of Environmental
Health and Safety from UC Berkeley, or
obtain one from IDEXX.
†

Demonstration
of Filtration
3.5 - 8.5
weeks
Kevin
Eric
Demonstrate that the seed can indeed
purify water adequately by initial
testing on sewage from EBMUD
‡
using
the IDEXX water tester.
Demonstration
of Alternative
Uses
3.5 - 8.5
weeks
Kevin
Aman
Eric
Demonstrate that the alternative uses
of Moringa are practical.
Cultivation of
Moringa
3.5 - 8.5
weeks
Stephanie
Aman
Practice the cultivation of Moringa as
well as demonstrate its viability.

*
Earth Goodness, LTD is a supplier of Moringa plant material based in Haifa, Israel.
†
IDEXX is a manufacturer of food, veterinary, and water testing equipment.
‡
EBMUD: East Bay Municipal Utility District.
9
Filter
Implementation
8.5 - 13
weeks
Kevin
Eric
Based off earlier research; design,
build, and test a working filter.
Filter Milestone By 13 weeks -
Have a fully functional filter by this
time.
Filter
Production
13 - 15
weeks
Kevin
Eric
Build more filters for demonstration
purposes.
Obtaining
Permissions
8.5 - 15
weeks
Stephanie
Kevin
Obtain permission to travel to
Varanasi, India, to implement the
design from local authorities and
humanitarian groups already in the
area. Obtain travel visas.

Phase II: Design Implementation
ITEM
TIME PERIOD
(FROM PROJECT
START)
TEAM
MEMBERS
DESCRIPTION
Travel to
Varanasi, India
By 15 weeks
Whole
Team
Travel to Varanasi, India, and get as
much support (Translation,
Transportation, and Information) as
possible from the local authorities and
other groups.
Secure Seed
Supply
15 - 21
weeks
Whole
Team
Secure a stable source of Moringa
seeds, either by sourcing or cultivation
of trees.
Provide
Instructions
15 - 21
weeks
Whole
Team
Provide instructions on how to use,
clean, refill, and repair the filters to
people who will be using them.
Promotion
15 - 21
weeks
Whole
Team
Promote the usage of the filter.
On-location
Study
15 - 21
weeks
Whole
Team
Study the economic and ecological
effects of the implementation of the
filter and the supply of Moringa seeds.
Return By 21 weeks
Whole
Team
Return from Varanasi after 6 weeks at
location.


10
Phase III: Follow-Up
ITEM
TIME PERIOD
(FROM PROJECT
START)
TEAM
MEMBERS
DESCRIPTION
Tracking
Progress
21 - 33
weeks
Whole
Team
Recuperate, and continue to track and
study the economic and ecological
effects of the project in the area while
communicating (if possible) to the
locals.
Filter
Production
31 - 33
weeks
Kevin
Eric
Build more filters for demonstration
purposes.
Second Visit to
Varanasi
33 - 39
weeks
Whole
Team
Return to check up on and further
promote the project. This includes
repeating what was done last time but
on a slightly larger scale if possible.
Return from
Varanasi
39-52 weeks
Whole
Team
Continue to track and study the
ecological effects as well as evaluate
the success of the project.
Project End By 52 weeks Stephanie
If successful, turn the project to a
larger organization more able to give
the project a larger physical impact.


VI. PROPOSED BUDGET

ITEM COST
Initial Literature Study
$0 - $50
(Depending on availability of literature at UC Berkeley)
Moringa Oleifera Seeds and
Samples
$500
Study Seed Filtration and
Alternative Uses
$0 - $75
(Depending on availability of equipment at UC
Berkeley)
IDEXX Quanti-Tray 2000
Water Tester
$0 - $900
(Depending on availability of equipment at UC
Berkeley)
11
Initial Filter Construction $15
More Filter Construction
$360
(Depending on finalized filter cost and scale)
Travel Costs to and from
Varanasi for the First Trip
$2000 - $4000
(Depending on availability of charity air-fares)
Living Costs in Varanasi for
6 Weeks for the First Trip
$600 - $1500
(Depending on local conditions)
Filter Construction, Travel
Costs, and Living Costs for
Second Trip to Varanasi
$2600 - $5500
(Depending on the 3 variables listed above for
construction, travel, and living costs)
TOTAL $6075 - $12900


12
ABOUT THE TEAM

This project will be executed by four Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering students at
University of California Berkeley. Their cumulative experience spans various fields
including project and finance management, biomedical research, and environmental
projects both in and out of the United States.

Aman Agrawala is a third-year Chemical Engineering student with previous experience in
finance at Northwestern Mutual. He is also fluent in Hindi, the language spoken by most
residents in Varanasi, and will serve as both a financial manager and translator for the
project.

Stephanie Cai is a third-year Chemical Engineering student concentrating in biotechnology.
She has previous experience with biomedical and disease-focused research in the fields of
pharmacology and leukemia. Her role in the project will focus primarily on data collection
and analysis of water-borne disease rates.

Kevin Choi is a third-year Chemical Engineering student who has taken courses on
environmental engineering that focused substantially on water filtration systems. He has
also completed an internship on air quality control in Mongolia and therefore has
experience with environmental projects in developing nations.

Eric Hui is a third-year Chemical Engineering student. He has previously worked on water-
quality related projects for irrigation and agriculture and will use this past experience to
build and test the filtration system during the prototype and production stages.


13
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November 20, 2013).
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