Grammar Swedish 00 Fort Rich
Content
METHOD GASPEY-0TT0-3AUER
ELEMENTARY
SWEDISH GRAMMAR
COMBINED WITH
EXERCISES, READING LESSONS AND CONVERSATIONS
HENRI FORT.
II
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON.
DAVID NDTT, 57-59 Long Acre,
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON &
NEW
DYRSEN THE NEWS G. E.STECHERT & CO.,
STEIGER & BOSTON: RITTER & FLEBBE,
E.
DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square, CO., 100 Southwark Street, S. E. YORK: BRENTANO'S, Fifth Avenue and 27th Street. & PFEIFFER (CHRISTERN'S), 16 West 33rd Street. INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, 83 and 85 Duane Street.
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Street.
&
Co.,
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Tremont
HEIDELBERG.
aTJ]L.ITJ®
OROOS.
i9n.
pr>
sill
nil
The method of Gaspey-Oito-Sauer is my own private property, having been acquired by purchase from the authors. The text-books made after this method are incessantly improved. All rights, especially the right of making new editions, and the right of translation for all languages, are reserved. Imitations and fraudulent impressions will be prosecuted according to law. I am thankful for communications relating to these
matters.
Heidelberg.
Julius Oroos,
Preface.
The second edition of this "Elementary Swedish Grammar" has undergone many alterations in the text
of the exercises, most of which have been taken from the best class-books used in Swedish schools.
The
chief
features
of
the
second edition consist
in the adaptation of the phonetical ciation phonetique internationale"
system of the "Assoand the application
of the
new Swedish orthography
in accordance with the
Royal Circular of the 7tli of April, 1906. Special care and attention have been devoted to the phonetical transcription of the sounds and to the accentuation of the words occurring in the text, but it should be remembered here that each word has been treated individually and accented accordingly, no mention being made of the "melodious" accent, which would be quite out of place in an elementary book of
this kind.
The author hopes
a
great
that the second edition, which is improvement over the first, will meet
all
with the favour of and prove useful to
begin learning the Swedish language.
those
who
much pleasure in thanking Mr. W. Gr. Priest, of London, who revised the manuscript of the English part, and Miss A. E. Millberg, of Berlin, who had the
He
has
great kindness to read the Swedish part and helped him with her valuable advice.
Cognac, December, 1910.
H. Fort.
ivi249302
IV
Contents.
Page
Pronunciation.
The alphabet
Accentuation Pronunciation of the letters
Vowels
Consonants Swedish writing
1.
2.
1 2 2 2
8
Lesson.
»
The indefinite article The terminal definite article The independent definite article
Declension of substantives.
» » »
»
3.
»
»
I.
declension
» »
.
.
4.
5. 6. 7.
» » » »
II.
.
.
» »
»
» »
»
III.
, .
.
IV.
»
.
8.
9.
» » »
»
10. 11.
» V. Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns The gender of substantives Remarks on the nouns. Read. Less. Fisket i Sverige The auxiliary verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav
»
.
.
:
18 20 22 23 26 28 32 35 38 41 46 51
12. 13.
14.
»
»
» » »
» » » » » » » »
Vasas ungdom The adjective. Reading Lesson: Gruvan The adjective (contin.). Read. Lesson yiS^ocMoZTTis hlodhad The verb. I. conjugation. Read. Less.: Stockholm
.
. :
54 59
64 69 75
15.
II.
conjugation. Reading Lesson
» » » » » »
:
/S'^ocA:^oZm (cont.)
.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
24.
25. 26. 27. 28.
III.
IV.
80 Kinnekulle Slag et vid Poltava 84
.
Auxiliary verbs (contin.). Read. Less.: yiS'rm^es/bZA:
The numerals. Read. Less. Svenskt metersgstem The pronouns. Reading Lesson: Nordens natur The pronouns (contin.). Reading Lesson J^m^ma The deponent verbs. Read. Less. ^nsfma (cont). The impersonal verbs. Read. Less. Gustav Adolf Compound verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf
:
92 95 101
:
:
:
108 113 117
120 123
127
(contin.)
» »
»
»
Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf (contin.) List of the principal prepositions. Reading Lesson Sveriges natur List of the principal conjunctions. Reading Lessoa: Sveriges natur (contin.) List of the principal interjections. Reading Lesson
Adverbs.
:
:
130 132
Hemmet
29.
>
The
construction
of sentences.
Reading Lesson:
135 139 152 157 161 192
Hemmet
Reading exercises
(contin.)
Poems
Appendix
Vocabulary:
I.
II.
Swedish-English English -Swedish
Pronunciation,
§
1.
The Alphabet.
letters,
The Swedish alphabet consists of 29 1. which are represented and named as follow:
Character.
\":
*
I
'-
.•\
'•
Pronunciation.
§
following signs:
1)
'
*
2.
Accentuation.
is
The Swedish accentuation
represented by the
2)
'
which indicates the strong accent „ mid-strong accent „ „
»
r,
3)
'
„
y,
4)
„
„
weak accent secondary weak
this
accent.
These
signs,
when
placed,
a) after a b) after a
vowel indicate that
vowel
is
long,
is
consonant that the preceding vowel
short.
Ex.: 1) a)
bad [ba'd], bath. 1) b) all [al^l all. 2) a) bada [ba'da% to bathe. 2) b) alia [d'a'], all (pi.). 3) a) mogenhet [mco'gdnhe't], maturity. 3) b) fattig [fafig'], poor. 4) a) promenad [prco'radnatd], walk. 4) b) destillera [des'tildra], to distill.
§
3.
Pronunciation of the letters.
I.
Vowels.
1.
A.
Swedish a
1) In
is
pronounced:
man
long syllables like «a» in «father» like Ger«o» in «^ttte» and French «a» in «ame».
Phonetic transcription: a.
Ex.: a)
c)
apa [a'pa% monkey.
bra
[bra.'],
b) sfcada [ska'da'], damage.
well.
2) In
short syllables it has no equivalent sound in English. It nearly resembles English «u» in «fun» and corresponds to German «tt» in «33lott» and French «a» in «capital».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) alster [al'stdr], product. b) packe [pak'd^], package.
c)
a.
docka \dok-a%
doll.
Pronunciation.
3
2.
E.
Swedish
1) in
e is
pronounced:
long syllables nearly like «a» in «name» and «ai» in «sail», German «e» in «fe^(en» and French «^» in «bl6».
Phonetic transcription:
e.
Ex.: a) ek [etk], oak. b) fel [fell], mistake.
2) in
a) like «a» in «c» in «2Scrf» and
short syllables «man», «parish»,
:
«
carry »,
German
French «al»
in «traltre».
ee.
Phonetic transcription:
Elx.:
a)
b)
/9)
verk [vBevtk], work, herr [hBer^^ sir.
like «e» in «better», German c in «@affe» and final «e» in French words such as «porte» after the pronunciation used in the South of France, in the
final syllables
Ex.
:
in
-e,
-el,
-er.
a.
Phonetic transcription:
[^os'a'j, boy. b) fag el [fotpdl], bird.
a)
gosse
c)
kloster [klosttdr], monastery.
« there »
3) like
«e» in other cases.
:
and «2lU
e.
in
«hair»
in
all
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.
fest [festt],
feast.
penna
[pen'a^], pen.
:
Except
when
it
a few words such as ett, svedd, hemma, has nearly the sharp sound of «i» in «middle».
in
3.
I.
:
Swedish
1) in
i is pronounced long syllables like «ee»
in «meet».
i.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.
:
a) isa [i'sa% to ice.
b) piga, ]prga,% maid.
c)
hageri, [ba'gdrif], bakery.
2) in
short syllables like «i»
a)
in
i
«miss».
Ex.:
Phonetic transcription irra [ir'a'], to err.
:
(as above).
b)
minska [min'ska%
to decrease.
1*
4
Pronunciation.
4.
0.
o is pronounced: long syllables: a) nearly like «o» in «go» or «oa» in «gfOat» in a few words of foreign origin ending in -oh, -of, -ok, -om, -ofiy 'op, -or, -OS, -ovy -log and in some other words such 1) in
Swedish
as:
kol, son, sova etc. Phonetic transcription: o. Ex.: garderob [gar'ddroth], wardrobe.
Jilosof [fiVosotf], philosopher.
epok [epotk'l, epoch. symbol [symbo'l], symbol.
ekonom
[ek'onotm]^ economist.
polygon [pol'igoin], polygon. mikroskop [mik'rosko.'p], microscope.
korridor [kor'ido!r],
corridor.
metamorfos [me'tamorfots], metamorphose.
alcov [alkoiv\ alcove. dialog [di'aloig\ dialogue. kol \kotl]^ coal.
son [sotn\ son. sova [so'va% to
sleep.
«oa» in «broad5> /9) like «o» in «more», in «door» in a few words before -rl, -rd, -I
Phonetic transcription: Ex.: a) sorl [so.'rl], murmur, b) order [o.'rddr], order.
y) like
o.
and «oo» and -v.
«o» in «to lose», «oo» in «too» or «u» in at the end of a long syllable and at the beginning of a word when forming a syllable of its own.
«rule»
in
many monosyllables
Ex.:
ord
stol
[ojlrd],
Phonetic transcription: word.
chair.
co.
[staj!i\^
ro [roj!], rest. broder [bra>'ddr% brother. obekant [co'bdkan't], unknown.
2) in
short syllables:
a) like «o» in «clock» in
Ex.: a) lock [loki], curl, b) ollon [ol'on% mast.
most cases:
o.
Phonetic transcription:
«oo» in «book», «u» in «put» in a few /9) like monosyllables, at the end of a short syllables and in the plural termination -or.
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcriptions:
Ex.: a) ost
b)
c)
co.
[ojstt],
cheese.
rodd [rcodt], rowing. kvitto [kvit'a)% receipt. d) vokal [vcokatl], vowel.
e)
skolor
f)
dockor [dok-ajT%
[skco'lajr^], schools. dolls.
5.
U.
Swedish u has two
1) In
different sounds.
it
has a sound peculiar to the long syllables Swedish language and has no equivalent in English. It is not unlike French «u» in «pure» and German «u» in «fu^ren». This sound is obtained in rounding the lips as closely as possible and pronouncing i whilst with drawing the tongue and the lower lip backwards.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
ui.
ur [mtr\
gud
hus
d) tu [tui^,
e)
watch, clock. [gmtd\ god. [hmis\ house. two.
(bjiti'da^\,
hjuda
to invite.
N.B.
sound
:
In unaccented syllables,
u,
has a somewhat more open
Ex.: a) rubin [rmbi'n], ruby.
b)
(till)
salu [saUui],
(for) sale.
2) in
short syllables it has also a sound peculiar to the Swedish language and which is nearly like English «u» in «pat», «ou» in «could» or German
«tt»
in «ittng».
Phonetic transcription
:
u.
Ex.: a) under [untddr], wonder.
b)
c)
kund
stund
[kuntd], customer.
[sfun!d],
moment.
fact.
d)
e)
faktum [fak'tum%
furstinna [fudstin'a%
princess.
f)
rum
[rum!], room.
6.
Y.
Swedish
1)
tj
has:
in
long syllables a close sound nearly like French «n» in «dune» or German «tt» in «3tt9el».
6
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
yra
myra
[y'ra''\ whirl. \my'ra% ant.
hy [hyt\
village.
short syllables an open sound nearly 2) French «u» in «lustre», «rustre» and German
in
like
«tt»
in «f(uftern».
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a) ynka [yy'ka^ to pity, b) syster [sys'tdr% sister.
o
7.
A.
Swedish a
is
pronounced:
1) in lonj? syllables like «o» in «go», «oa» in «coat» and German «ii» in «BQ^n».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) dr, [o.V], year. b) dka [o'ka^], to drive. c) pdse [po'sd% bag. d) gd [go!], to go.
e)
o.
trdd
[tro.^d],
thread.
2) in
short syllables
«o» in «3Sol!».
like «o» in
«clock» and Gero.
man
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
c)
dska [os'ka% thunder.
[sol!],
b) sdll
d)
e)
matt sdng
sieve. [mot!], measure.
[soy!],
song.
rat.
rdtta [rot'a%
8.
A.
is pronounced: long syllables: a) before r followed by a consonant like «a» «parish» but longer and German «d» in «9efa^rlid&».
Swedish a
1) in
in
Phonetic transcription: «,
Ex.: aria [$s'rla% wagtail.
jdrn
lice!jin],
iron.
gdma
^) in all in «hair».
[jag'jina% willingly.
other
cases like «e» in «there» or «ai»
Pronunciation.
7
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
e.
dga
b) dta
{e'ga.% to posess. [€'ta% to eat.
c) hdra [he'va'-], to bear. d) Idra [U'ra^ to teach. ^ e) tra [trei], wood. Tend knee. f) \kn€f\^
2) in short syllables: a) before double r or r followed by a consonant like «a» in «c8p»,y«hat» or German «c» in «2Bcrf».
Phonetic transcription: %. Ex.: a) drr [sert\ scar. b) drt \8erit\ pea.
c)
mdrke
[mier'kd'],
mark.
d) Idrka
[l%rka%
lark.
^) in all other cases like «e» in «tbere» or «ai» in «liair».
Phonetic transcription: Ex.: a) dpple [ep'h'], apple.
b) hdst [hes't] horse.
c)
€.
Idmpa [l€m'pa%
'
to apply.
9.
0.
Swedish
1) in
6*
is
pronounced:
long syllables:
«) before r followed by a consonant nearly like «i» in «bird». It has also the broad sound of French
«oeu» in «c(»ur».
Ex.: a)
Phonetic transcription: [ceUn], eagle. b) morda [mce'rda'], to murder. c) lordag [lceUda(gJ], Saturday.
ce.
'^
om
/?) before simple r (followed by a vowel or at the end of a word) nearly like «e» in «her». It corresponds to German «(i» in «®iitter».
Phonetic transcription: o. Ex.: a) for [/oVr], for. b) ora [o'ra'], ear.
c)
d)
fora [fd'ra% smor [smo'r],
to lead.
butter.
and before r in the plural of a very few words ending in 6 like French «eux» in «deux» or German «ii» in «©B^ne».
f) in all other cases
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) oga
b)
[0'ga,'],
0.
lopa
eye. [l0'pa% to run.
Pronunciation.
c) hon [h0in\ prayer. d) /^c* {fr0t\ seed.
e)
mor
[mo.^r], maids.
2) in
short syllables:
nearly like «i» in «first» or
Phonetic transcription:
ce.
a) before r «o> in «6rter».
German
Ex.: a) ort [ceUt], plant. b) torst [toed,.^st], thirst.
c)
j3)
dorr
[doer!], door.
in
all
other cases like «e» in «her» and GerPhonetic transcription:
o.
man
«ii»
in «r5ften».
Ex.: a) ost [ds!t] east. b) rosta [ros'ta'], to vote.
c)
mossa
[mds'a'], cap.
II.
Consonants.
10.
B.
Swedish
1)
b is
pronounced:
Phonetic transcription:
b.
like English «h» in «ball».
Ex.: a) bild [biUd], image.
b) stab lsta.^b], staff. c) kabel [kaibdll cable.
d)
e)
snabb [snabf], swift. bubbla [bub'W], bubble.
2) like English «p» in «pot» before t in the «snabbt» (neuter of: snabb) and s- sound.
Phonetic transcription: p.
word
Ex.: snabbt
[snai?'.^],
swift.
klubbslag
[lclup'sla.'g],
blow with a
club.
11.
c.
:
Swedish
wels
Ex.:
e,
c is
pronounced
y.
1) like English «8» in
i
«8ense»
before the
s.
soft
vo-
and
Phonetic transcription:
a)
ceder [seiddr], cedar.
b) cirkel \sir'kdl'-\ circle. c) cylinder [sylin'ddr], tall hat.
Pronunciation.
i
2) like
English «k» in
k.
«kill».
«chef>: a) before h (except in French words such as
etc.)
and
Phonetic transcription: k.
Ex.: a) och [oki], and. b) jiicka [fiik'a% c) icke [ik'd'], not.
girl.
Note. words as:
d) lycka [lyk-a% luck. In the new orthography
k
is
substituted for
c.
Such
kanon \kano/-n\ cannon. kompass [kDrnpas!], compass.
kurtisera [kur*tise.^ra], which were formerly spelt with
to court,
c,
etc.
etc.
are
now
spelt with k.
See page 11.
12.
D.
Swedish d
1) like
pronounced: English «d» in «duck».
Phonetic transcription: d.
is
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
dag [da'g], day. bada {ba'da'], to rad [raid], line.
bathe.
2) like
English «t» in «take».
a) before s at the genitive case followed by a vowel. derived syllables beginning by s. /9) before
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
t.
guds (fruktan) [gut's-], fear of gods (dgare) [gcot's-], landlord.
god.
3)
Swedish d is not audible at the beginning of words before j. The combination dj is sounded like j.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
j.
(See page 12.)
djup djur
[juiip], deep.
[jyuiir]^
animal.
13.
F.
:
Swedish f
1) like
is
pronounced
English «f» in «frui£», «cuif». a) at the beginning of words.
r) at
/?)
before s and t. the end of some foreign words.
10
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: /.
Ex.
:
I
a) b)
c)
a
!
(
fara [fa'ra% danger. frag a [froga^] question.
Jikon [Jl'kon%
fig.
a) loft [loftl loft.
b)
rofsa
strof
[rejf^'sa'],
rake.
c) luft [luf't], air.
a)
[stro!f], strophe.
b)
c)
fotograf [fcof cograif]^ photographer.
jilosof [fiVDsotf\ philosopher.
2) like English «v» in «voice».
a) at the end of words (except foreign words ending in -grafj -strof -sof and those ending in -mf). middle of words (except before «s» and «^»). /?) in the
^
Phonetic transcription: Ex.:
v.
Uf[Wvl
bref
life.
[bre'v], letter.
After
tafla [ta'vla% table. silfver [sil'vor], silver. the new orthography
/
is
replaced by v in above cases.
See page 18.
liv in stead of lif
brev in stead of bref tavla in stead of tafia,
silver in stead of silfver.
14.
G.
1) like
pronounced: English «y» in «year». a) before the soft vowels: e^ i, i/, a and o. ^) after I and r in the same root- syllable.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.:
(
'
Swedish g
is
j.
a) get [je't], goat. b) giva Wva'], to give.
c)
gyckel
[jykidl], jest,
d) gdst [jes't], guest. e) gora [jor'a% to do.
^ P
j
\
a) farg [fier!j], colour. throat. b) svalg [svaUj], [si
2) like English «g» in «get».
a) before the hard vowels a, -o, -u and a. e and after i in short unaccented final /9) before
syllables.
Pronunciation.
11
y)
before a consonant.
S) at the
end of a syllable (except
Phonetic transcription: g.
street.
1, /3).
Ex.:
(
J
a)
gata [ga'ta%
b)
c)
god
[gcoid], good.
gud
gd
[gmtd]^ god.
\ d)
[got], to go.
a) spegel [spe'gdr], looking-glass b) fattig [fat'ig^], poor.
^ r
f
a)
I b)
f
grata [gro'ta% to weep, prdgla [pr€'gla% to coin.
^ ^
3) like
]
a) lag [lo.'gl low. b) lag [latg], law.
English «k» in «keen».
a) before s
/9)
and
the
t.
before
final
syllables
in
-set,
-sen
and
sera.
Phonetic transcription: k.
Ex.:
(
a) c)
highest, [hdk.'st], [hdk!st], highest. b) fattigt [fat'ikHl [fat'ik% poorly.
hogst ~ )gst
sagt
[sakit], said
a) hlygsel [blyk\sdl], bashfulness.
b)
c)
avldgsen [a'vhk'sdn], remote. bog sera [bok'setra], to tow.
4) like
English
n.
«ng»
in
«finger»
between a short
vowel and
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a) regna [reyna'], to rain. b) fdgna [feyna''], to gladden.
5) like
English «sh» in «sbade» before
Phonetic transcription
:
-e-
and
-i
in
foreign words.
/.
Ex.: geni [fenif] genius. logi [lofit], lodging. Note. In the combinations «^j», the Ex.: gjort [jojj,!t]^ made.
g
is
mute.
gjuta
[jm'ta''],
to found.
15.
H.
Swedish
1) like
h is pronounced:
in
English «h»
«hold» before vowels.
12
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: h.
Ex.: hagla Uia'gla^], to hail. hehag [hdhatgX [hdhat pie
2) before the
consonants j and v \
«/i» is
quite mute.
Ex.: hjul [juitl]^ wheel. hjdlp [jeltp\ help. hjdrta [J8Br'ta% heart. hjord [jojUd]^ flock.
16.
J.
Swedish j
1) like
pronounced: English «y» in «.year».
jord
Phonetic transcription: J. [jcoUd], earth.
to invite.
is
Ex.
:
a)
c)
b) Jul [jut- 1], yule.
bjuda [bjm'da%
koja
[koj-a^], cot.
d) bjorii [bjoe'rn], bear,
c)
2) like
English «8h» in «bush», derived from French.
Phonetic transcription
Ex.:
a)
:
«shame»
/.
in
words
projeJd [projfektt]^
project,
b)
jurnal
[furna.'l], journal.
17.
K.
pronounced: «k» in «kid». like 1) English a) before the hard vowels a, o, u, and a. the soft vowels e and i in unaccented /?) before
final syllables.
f)
Swedish k
is
before and after a consonant (except j),
d) at the end of a word or e) in some loan words.
Ex.:
f
a syllable.
a) b)
c)
kap [ka'p], cape. kopp [kop'], cup.
kull [kul'], brood. d) kdl [W'l], cabbage.
^ r
^
j
\
a) rike
[rrkd% kingdom.
before
b) trdkig [tro'kig^\ tedious.
this
letter
y,
after the
Words formerly beginning with h drop new orthography.
h]i-ad [vatd], what.
h\varje [i'ar'jd% each. li\vem [vemt\ who.
Pronunciation.
13
a)
b)
c)
klocka [khk'a'], clock. krig [kri'g], war.
prakt
skola
[prak!t], magnificence,
[sk(o'la'\, school.
rid)
e)
minska
rysk
tak
[min'ska.''], to decrease.
f)
a)
[rys!k], Russian.
[ta'k], roof. [o'ka^], to drive.
^{
b)
dka
a) b)
c)
m^kiv [arkHv], archives. anarki \an'aTkit\ anarchy. bankeft [baykef], banquet.
in «9}idb$en»
2) like
German «b^»
and [nearly
like
«t-y» in «don'(t-y)ou» popular.] a) before the soft vowels e, i, y (except in cases
mentioned at
1, /5,
<^,
page
12) a
and
c.
o.
^) before j.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.:
[
a)
kedja
[ge'dja'], chain,
b) kil
[gitl],
wedge.
cold.
a
\
I
c)
kyla [cy'la'\
d)
e)
kdr
kol
[getr],
[co.'Z],
dear.
keel.
I
Note: ko \ko.%
cue.
dell.
A
Swedish
and
«call».
a)
kjusa [cia'sa%
b) kjol [qojU], petticoat.
18.
I
L.
like
is
pronounced
English «1»
Z.
in «loan»
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) lag [la'g]. law b) sval [sva:l], cool.
c)
kalla [kal'a'l to
is
call.
Note.
L
mute before j and
in the
word <ivdrld*.
Ex.: a) Ijus \.jm!s], light. b) Ijud ljm!d\, sound. c) vdrld [v^j,!d], world.
19.
M.
in
Swedish
«main».
w
is
pronounced like English «m»
Phonetic transcription: m.
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
matta [mat'a^
carpet.
palm
lampa
[pal.'m], palm.
[lam'pa''\ lamp.
14
Pronunciation.
20.
N.
Swedish n
1) like
pronounced; English «n» in «none» generally.
Phonetic transcription: n.
nature.
is
Ex.: a) natur
b)
c)
[natui.'r]^
panna
organ
[pan'a'J, forehead. [orgatn], organ.
2) like
English «ng» in «sing» before k and in a few words loaned from French.
Phonetic transcription;
y.
Ex.: a) vink [vir)tk\ beck. b) linka [liij'ka^], to limp. c) annons [ano7)ts\ advertisement.
3)
n
is
mute
in the
words:
lugnt
[luytt], peacefully.
ndmnt
\nemtt\ named.
is
The combination ng
1) like
pronounced:
«sing» and
English «ng»
e,
i,
?/,
in
German «ng»
it
in
«6ringen».
a) After tal sound.
a and a whereby
it
has a pala-
/?) after a, o tural sound.
and u whereby
has a slightly guty.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) engelsk [ey.'dlsk], p]nglish. b) ingen [iy'dn'], none. c) yngling [yy'Uy'l youth. d) dnga [oy'a,^], steam.
e) cingel hy'dl'], angel.
f) g) h)
rang [ra,y.% rank. halkong [bdlkoy:], balcony, lunga [luya,% lung.
is
2)
In the combination gn, g
a) like
pronounced:
English «g» in «guest» at the beginning of words: (It is then never mute as English «g» in «gnaw».)
Phonetic transcription: g.
Ex.: a)
gnat [gnatt^ quarrel. b) gnista [gnis'ta], spark. c) gno [gn(jjt\ to rub.
d) gncill [gnelf], whimpering.
Pronunciation.
15
/^)
like
English «ng» in «siiig
Phonetic transcription:
+ n»
7)71.
at the end of
words.
Ex.: a)
,b)
vagn
ugn
[vayiri], carriage. [ur)tn\ oven.
21.
P.
like
Swedish j9
Ex.
:
is
pronounced
English «p» in «peep».
Phonetic transcription: p.
[pojtT\ pole. b) lojpjp [loA course.
a)
c)
pol
apa [a'pa% monkey.
22.
Is
Q.
like
it is
replaced in the
k by which always pronounced new orthography:
etc.
now
(qvist) kvist [kvis.% branch,
23.
R.
Swedish
1) nearly
r
is
pronounced:
it
English «r» in «room» but be vibrated with the tip of the tongue.
like
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) [rco't], root. b) [broj'd9r% brother.
r.
should
2) before -n, -d,
-s,
-t
it is
almost quite mute.
,i
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
(also: r).
ham
[hajbtn], child.
lard [lsedtd\ learned. forst [foRdtst], first.
[
d) hevars
L^j^^^
[h^va^t|\ God forbid!
24.
S.
Swedish
s is
pronounced like English «s» in «seat».
Phonetic transcription:
s.
Ex.: a) stund [stuntd], moment.
b)
c)
resa \re'sa% to ros [ro)is\ rose.
travel.
16
Pronunciation.
Note. In words ending in -sion, the combination nounced like English «sli» in «ship».
Phonetic transcription
Ex.: a) mission {mifcotn], mission, b) pension [payfojtn], pension.
:
«si>
is
pro-
/.
The combinations:
pronounced
sch-,
sj-,
skj-
and
stj-
are also
like «8h» in «sliip».
Ex.: a) schal [fa.% shawl. b) sjo [/0.I, sea.
c) skjuta [Jm'ta'], to shoot. d) stjart [j^d!t], tail.
Sk.
The
1) like
combination sk is
-a
pronounced: English «sh» in «ship».
-e, -i,
-z/,
a) before
and
-0.
:
Phonetic transcription /.
Ex.: a) sken [fe!n], shine.
b) skicka [fik'a% to send. c) sky \fy!l sky. d) skagg [feg!], beard.
c)
j3)
skord
[Jcedkl], crop, harvest.
in the following
a)
words:
b)
c)
marskalk {7nar'fal'k], marshal. mdnniska [me'nijy], man.
skarlakan [farlaikan],
scarlet.
2) like English «sk» in «de8k».
a) before a
/5)
consonant. before the hard vowels a, 0, u and a. y) after all vowels at the end of words or syllables.
Phonetic transcription: sk.
Ex.: «)
skriva [skri'va^\ to a) skald [skaV.d]^ poet. 1 b) skog [skoj'.gX wood.
a)
write.
c) skur \skm:r\^ shower. d) skdjp [skoi-p], cupboard.
a) rask [rastk'], swift. b) fisk [fisikl fish.
ci
kusk
{kustlc],
coachman.
d) flask Xflisik]^ bacon. e) pdsk [postk], easter.
In derivatives and in the various inflections of words the of which ends in «s/L'», these two consonants have the same sound as in the root-syllable before «e> and «i».
Note.
root-syllable
Pronunciation.
17
Ex.: disk-en ('from disk) [dis'kdn''^ the counter. jUask-et (iiom flask) fles'kd^t], the bacon.
fiaskig ^from fjask) [fJES'kig% bustling. jiskeri f from fisk) [Jis'kerif], fishery.
The combination
1) like
-scent, -scens
sc is
pronounced:
«8hip»
in
English «8» in
words ending
in
and
-scion.
:
Phonetic transcription /.
Ex.: a) konvalescent [kon'valefsnH], convalescent, b) konvalescens [kon'valefen's], convalescence.
Note.
These words may also be pronounced:
[kon'vales£n.'t] [kon'valesen^s].
2) like
English «s» in «8un» in the following words
:
seen [se'n], scene. sceneri ]s€^ndrif], scenery. scenisk [se!niskj, scenic(al).
25.
T.
Swedish
1)
like
t is pronounced: English «t» in «tip» in most words.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) tacka [tak'a^ to thank.
b) rdtta [rot'a^], rat. c) mat [ma-'t], food.
t.
2) like
English «ts»
i.
in «gets» before
ts.
i
followed by
the vowels a or
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) aktie [ak'tsid], share.
b) initiativ [in^itsiati^v], initiative.
The combination
a) like
ti
is
pronounced:
In foreign words ending
:
«8h»
in «ship».
in -Hon
preceded by a consonant.
Phonetic transcription
y*.
Ex.: lektion [lekfcotn], lesson.
/5)
like
ending
in -tion
English «ch» in « church » in foreign words preceded by a vowel.
Phonetic transcription:
tf.
Ex.: nation [natfojtn], nation.
The combination
«b^» in «3)idb4en».
tj
is
pronounced
c.
like
German
Phonetic transcription:
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
2
18
Pronunciation.
26.
V.
like
Swedish
v is
pronounced
English «v» in
v.
«,voice».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) vagn \vaytn\, carriage. b) tavla [ta'vla,\ picture. c) Ijuv [jiiitv], sweet.
27.
W.
This letter only occurs in some names of towns, persons and countries. It is pronounced as v (26 -v) and never as English «w».
28.
X.
like
Swedish x
is
pronounced
English «x» in
«fix».
Phonetic transcription: ks.
Ex.: taxera \takseira], to tax.
Note. In words ending in -xion the combination nounced like: kf.
Ex.: reflexion [re'flekfcoin], reflection.
«cci»
is
pro-
29.
Z.
in «sit».
Swedish
Ex.: zink
z is
pronounced like English «8»
Phonetic transcription:
s.
[siy.'k], zinc.
§
4.
Swedish writing.
of the
little
The Swedes make use
and their handwriting
differs
Latin characters from the English
handwriting. Notice the following letters
:
©yf U, J
©^ U,
v_^
Ky
i^x^j
(y ^
and
'?
Preliminary remarks.
§ 1.
The genders.
Swedish three genders, viz: the masculine (han-kon), the feminine (hon-kon), and the
There are
in
neuter
(det-kon) genders.
Pronunciation.
19
The study of the genders in Swedish is an important and one for Englishmen; but it should be observed that it is sufficient to distinguish the neuter nouns from the masculine-feminine group which are followed or preceded by the same articles, their inflections remaining always the same.
Note.
difficult
§ 2.
The numlbers.
sin-
The Swedish language has two numbers: the
gular (ental)
and the plural
§ 3.
(flertal),
The parts of speech.
The parts
The article The noun
ord).
of speech in
(ting.
Swedish are the following:
The verb (hdndelseord). The adverb (omstdndighetsord) The preposition (forord). The conjunction (bindeord). The interjection (utropsord).
.
(artikel). or substantive
The adjective (egenskapsord) The pronoun (ersdttningsord).
First Lesson.
The
§
1.
articles.
articles: the inarticle
There are
in
Swedish three
article.
definite
the
article, the
terminal definite
indefinite article.
and
independent definite
I.
The
(Obestamd artikel.)
§ 2.
The
indefinite
article
is
equivalent to
the
English article a or an and has two forms: 1. en which is used before masculine and feminine nouns; 2. ett which is used before neuter nouns.
Ex.:
en
gosse (masc), a boy;
en
Jiicka
(fern.),
a girl; etf
barn
(neut.), a child.
§ 3. Interrogative sentences with the auxiliary' verbs „hava"^ «to have» and „vara" «to be» are formed as in English: Is the father good? Ex.: dr fadern godf
hava de en fader f
Have they a father?
to have.
Hava [ha'va%
Jag har [jatg hatr\ I have. du har {duit — ], thou hast
lian
har Vhani — ], he has. hon har [hojnt — ], she has. det har ^dett — ], it has. vi hava vii ha'va% we have. I haven ii ha'vdn% you have. de hava dii ha'va% they have.
(you have).
Words.
the wagtail bird fdgel U'oigdJ] hamen[ha'JLndn'^] [the] children
[le'rlan^]
drlan
stjdrt [fxjitt]
liten
\li'tdn^'\
tail
little
mask
[masth]
worms
The
articles.
21
ungar
munter
Idng
[i«?;*ar']
yoimg ones
stalk
iitjalk [fel'k]
vem ?' [vemf] vadf [va!d]
styv [sty!v]
who ?
what?
stiff
mitt [nkf]
livlig [li'vlig^]
[Zo?;/]
pretty
lively
[m.unitdr] merry, gay
dr [%!r] or [e^r] is dro[x'roy]or[8'rco^] are.
alia [aZ'aJ everybody,
like to see
all
wpp och ned
ok: ne'd]
long [upt up and
down
segdma[setjse'rTia']
hon
[hconf]
[ott si'g]
at sig
[she] it. for itself
tycka mycket
[tyk'a''
om
are
very fond
like
myk'df
it
of,
sj
sina [si'na^] its. da [do^ when, as trippar [trip'ar^] ambles, is ambling
omkringlomkriyf about plockar [plok'ar picks up
henne [hen'd'] som [som^ vippar [vip'ar^] ihland [ihlanta\
that,
which
wags
sometimes, now and then
gungar
dan^]
[guy'ar'
swings
pa
gor
och
[poi]
[jotr]
[oki]
on
does and.
hurudan?[hia'rm how? what?
Reading Exercise
1.
Arlan. Arlan ar en liten natt fagel. Hon ar munter och livlig. Alia se henne garna. Barnen tycka mycket om henne. Hon har en lang styv stjart, som vippar upp och ned, da hon Hon plockar mask at sig och sina ungar. trippar omkring. Ibland gungar hon pa en stjalk.
Conversation.
Hurudan ar arlan? Ar hon en livlig fagel?
Se alia henne garna?
Vem
tycker mycket om henne? Hurudan stjart har hon? Vad gor hon, da hon trippar omkring? Vad plockar hon at sig och sina imgar? Pa vad gungar hon ibland?
Words.
pupil Idrjungellse'rjuy'd] school-master skolmdstare [skco'lmes'tard'']
the teacher chair
the desk(s)
Idraren
Idrostol
stoj'r]
[U'rardii^]
[le'rco-
school
skola
man
class-room
man [man^
klassrum
[skoj'la''']
pulpet(ema)[pulpeit]
(neut.)
penholder
inkstand
pennskaft
(neut.)
maps
blackboard
[klas^rum^] kartof' [ka'rtcor'] svart tavla [svaM't
ta'vla"]
[pen'skaf^t]
copy-book
hldckhorn (neut.) [hUkliojUn] skrivbok [skrrvbco'k]
forms
skolhdnkar[skoj-lbey^kar]
reading book Idsebok [U'sdbo/k]
22
Lesson
2.
pencil
I
am
go
to
our
I
jag dr [ja'g e^r] vdr [vo'r] school jag gar iskola[ja.'g
goir i skoj'la^] talar [ta'lar'] engelska [ey^dlska]
blyertspenna [hlyeMspen^a]
learned
in
lard [lasUd]
i [if]
several there are,
sits
[is]
flere [fle'rd'] det jinns[dett fints]
sitter [sitidr]
speaks English Swedish
behind each
I
hakom [hakom^
varje
[var'jd^]
see
jag
sei^
[jatg setr].
svenska [sven'ska^]
Translation Exercise 2.
The class-room.
go to school. Our school-master is a learned man; he speaks English and Swedish. In a class room there are several maps, a black board, and forms. The Each pupil has a teacher sits in a chair behind a desk. form and a desk. What do you see on the desks? I see a penholder, a pencil, an inkstand, a copy book and a
I
am
a pupil.
I
reading book.
Second Lesson.
II.
The terminal
definite article.
(Slutartikel.)
§ 1. This article consists of a letter or a syllable It answers to the affixed to the end of substantives. article «the». English
§ 2. It plural, viz.:
has four forms in the singular and in the
§
3.
-n or -en for the
masculine and feminine nouns
2°^^,
3'*^
Singular.
and
5'^
of the I'S
Ex.
:
declensions.^
;
gossen, the boy ; flickan, the girl hagaren, the baker.
nyheten, the news
;
't
or
-et
4^^'
for the
neuter nouns
declensions.
^
belonging to the
3'"'^,
and
5*^
Ex.:
myteriet, the sedition;
the table.
spdnnet, the buckle; hordef,
§
4.
Plural,
-we for the
5*^
masculine substantives
^
of the
2'''^
and
declensions.
Ex.: gossarne, the boys; hagai^ne, the bakers.
^
See lesson 3 and the following
(4,
5,
6 and
7).
The
-na
article.
23
for the substantives of each gender belonging to the P% 2^*^ and 3^*^ declensions.^
Ex.
:
flickorna, the
girls gossarne or gossarna, the boys nyheterna, the news; myterierna, the seditions.
;
;
-a for the
neuter nouns
neuter nouns
of the 4^^ declension.
^
Ex.: spcinnena, the buckles.
-en for the
Ex.:
of the 5^^ declension.
hamen,
the children; borden, the tables.
III.
The independent
definite article.
(Fristaende artikel).
The study of the independent definite article with that of the qualifying adjective, connected being it will be treated in lesson 12.
§ 5.
jag dr [ja!g et du dr [diai _ han dr ^an' ] hon dr [hojni — ]
— —
"Vara [va'ra^] to be. det dr [dett J thou art vi dro [vit troj'"']
I
am
is
—
it
is
we
are
he
she
I
is
dren de dro
]ii
s'rdn']
you are
they are.
[det e'rco^]
Words.
2 pd 800
talet [po' in the ninth 800 taildt] century
stort
[stcotdt]
great
fertile
fruktbart [fruk'tbauH] vdrt [votjbt]
I
8ver(i)ge
svsmrtjd]
[ii
in
Sweden
our
of since
greatest
[he'vdiy'] chieftain sdndebud (neut.) messenger(s), ambassador(s) [sen'ddbia^d]
hovding
av [atv\ sedan [sedan]
storsta
[stoRJitsta]
folket
kdt]
(neut.) [foU- people
bodde
[bojd'd']
dwelt
hette [het'd^]
(neut.)
Ryssland
Russia
[rys'lan^d[\
kommo
kom
[kom'oj'']
was called, whose name came [was
said
land (neut.) \lantd] country ordning [o'ddni'^'^] order army ^dr [heir] Ostersjon [os'tdr- the Baltic Sea
fo'n]
sade [sa'dd''] ingen [%*a?i']
no
come \komi] Tidrska [hsev'ska''] rule
samlade[sam'ladd''] assembled, mustered, gathered
pd andra sidan on
[pot an'dra' si'dan'] rike (neut.) [ri'kd'] kingdom
the side
other
grdnserlgrentsdr] borders, bounds
i
grundlade
seglade [se'gladd^] sailed founded
[grun'dladd'']
vdrlden
ddn]
[it
vssU- in the world
grannland
neighbouring [gran'lan^d] country mdktig [inek'tig^] powerful
(neut.)
^
vidgade [vid'gadd'] extended vdxte ut [vek'std'' grew to, came mtt] till honom [til! to him
hon'om^]
(4, 5,
be-
See lesson 3 and the following
6
and
^
7).
dtta hundra.
24
Lesson
from
osf\
2.
frdn
[frohi\
over us ddrfbr [dser^foer] therefore hdr [h%tr or heii^ here
over OSS [oivdr
gjorde en ^a^
[jco'jdd']
[e.'n
did
datg\
one day
[we] know then.
kdnna
[vi] [c€n'a!'\ '
c?« [dot]
Reading Exercise
Rurik.
3.
Pa 800
hette Rurik.
talet
Till
bodde
i
Sverige
en maktig hovding,
fran
som
fol-
honom kommo en dag sandebud
ket
„Vart land ar stort och fruktbart, men det finns ingen ordning dar. Kom darfor och harska Da samlade Rurik en stor har, seglade over over OSS.'* Ostersjon och grundlade pa andra sidan ett rike, som sedan vidgade sina granser och viixte ut till ett av de storsta i
i
Ryssland och sade:
varlden.
Det riket kanna
vi
alia,
det ar vart grannland:
Ryssland.
Conversation.
Vem
Vad
bodde i Sverige pa 800 talet? hette denne (this) maktige hovding?
i
Vem kom till honom? Vad sade sandebuden fran folket Vad gjorde Rurik da? Vad heter (what is the name of)
grundlade?
Ryssland?
det
rike,
som han
Words.
[the]
man
mdnniskan
vdsen
M
\men'i-
being
the
(neut.) [vetsdn]
human Tnd'nniskokroppen
[men'ifcokrop ^dn\
body the head
the the the the the the
huvudet
d'9t]
[hia'vu-
the the the the the the the
back
heart
liver
ryggen
levern
rygidn]
[I
hjdrtot. Jsed'tat']
mouth
hair
munnen
hdret
eivdm]
[mun.'dn]
[hotrdt]
stomach
sides
trunk
face
hdlen [bo!hn]
arms
leg, legs fingers nail
mag en \ma'gdn^] sidoma [si'dcom a*] annar [avmar^]
ben
[betri]
ansiktet [an'sikHat] forehead pannan pan'an'] ogonen p'gondn^] eyes
ears
fingrar [fivgrar']
cheeks
[o'ronan'J kindema [gin'ddr713*]
oronen
the limbs the chin
very,
ledema [te'dama^] hakan \ha'kan']
mgcket [mgk'dt^] fomuftigf [fcernufitikt]
nagel [naigdt]
much
the nose the lips the beard the neck the teeth
the tongue the breast
ndsan [ne'san^] Idppaima [lep'arna']
reasonable
consists of
skdgget U'egtdt] halsen [haUsdn]
belong to we hear
bestdr av [bdstoir] tillh ora [til'h o'ra]
vi
hora
[trei'^
tdndema
na*]
[vit ho'ra']
[ten'ddr-
two
three four
five
tvd
tre
[t}:oi]
tungan
brostet
[tuy'an^]
[brds.'tat]
fyra
[fy'ra'']
fefin [/f???.*].
Declension of Substantives,
25
Translation Exercise 4.
Man.
a reasonable being. The human body consists The different parts of the head, the trunk and the limbs. of the head are: the face, the forehead, the eyes, the ears, the cheeks, the nose, the mouth, the teeth, the lips, the chin, The tongue and the teeth are in the beard and the neck. The heart, the stomach the back and the ribs the mouth. (revhenen) belong to the trunk. The heart is in the breast. The lungs and the liver are also in the breast. A man has four limbs: two arms and two legs. We have two hands and each hand has five fingers. Each finger has a nail.
Man
is
Third Lesson.
Declension of substantives.
§ 1. (bdjningar)
1.
The Swedish language has
five declensions
2.
3.
4.
which are varied by four cases: the nominative answering to the questions: who? or what? the genitive answering to the questions: whose? or of which ? the dative answering to the questions: to whom or to what? the accusative or objective case answering to the
questions:
whom?
or
what?
§ 2.
Ex.
Formation of the genitive. The genitive is formed in the singular and
s
;
the plural by adding
:
to the nominative.
skolors, of schools.
to
faders, fathers
1.
Note
noun the s
Ex.
:
is
the terminal definite article is affixed added to the article and not to the noun.
;
When
the
gossens, the boy's
2.
skolornas, of the
schools.
the substantive is preceded by the indefinite article the genitive case is formed by adding s to the substantive and not to the article which remains unchanged,
Note
When
Ex.: en
Note
of the
blommas, of a flower; ett barns, a Nouns ending in s, x and z take no indefinite form, that is when preceded by the
3.
is
child's.
s in the genitive
indefinite article.
The
is
s of the genitive left unaltered.
replaced by an apostrophe or the substantive
2Q
Ex.
Lesson
:
en jprins
or en
prins
slott, a prince's castle.
Note 4. Whilst the genitive case is used in English with nouns denoting animate objects and sometimes with nouns denoting time and space, it is used in Swedish with all sorts of nouns, whether they indicate animate or inanimate objects.
I.
First Declension.
declension
§
3.
The
-a.
first
comprises
all
feminine
nouns in
§ 4.
The
:
sion is formed
Ex.
plural of nouns belonging to this declenby changing -a into -or.
;
flicka, girl
flickor,
girls.
§ 5.
The terminal
definite article is -n in the sin-
gular and -na in the plural.
§ 6.
Indefinite
Example.
Form.
Definite
Form.
N. G. D. A.
en en en en
Singular.. N. blomman, the flower blomma, a flower G. blommans, of the flower blommas, of a flower D. blomman, to the flower blomma, to a flower A. blomman, the flower. blomma, a flower
Plural.
N.
blommor, flowers. G. blommors, of flowers D. blommor, to flowers A. blommor, flowers
[ha'dd^], I
N.
G.
blommoma,
blommornas,
D. blommoma, A. blommoi^na,
the flowers of the flowers to the flowers the flowers.
Haya.
Jag hade [ha'dd'] or du hade, thou hadst han hade, he had hon hade, she had
sjdar
had
det hade,
VI hade,
I
Words.
it had we had haden, you had
de hade, they had.
[fo'ar^]
lakes
mdngd
[me'O-d]
quantity
Vdnern Malar en
Vattem oar [0'ar']
fatten (neut.) [vatidn]
isles,
mdrkvdrdigf
[maer'kvse'rdikt]
remarkable
mdrkvdrdigaste
islands
most remarkable
clear
[mderkvcx'rdigastd]
water
klart
\kla:.it\
bottnen
[bottndn']
bottom
motion, movement
tributary
djup \jmtp] imt [leti]
deep
easily
rorelse [ro'rdlsd^j
tillflode [til'Jio'dd]
svdr sjo [svo!rfo!] rough sea
ganska
ka'
litet
[gan's- ever so
little
li'tdt']
stream
tusen [tmtsdn]
thousand
dar
[o'ar']
rivers
ndgra
hio'gra''']
some
greater,
lar-
lander
[leniddr]
countries
storre [stcerta]
pa jorden
jo/dddn^]
[pot
on earth
smd'rre [smoer.'d]
ger smaller
Declension of substantives.
27
quite, very
28
Declension of substantives.
29
Note.
article for
The article -ne is, properly speaking, the terminal definite masculine nouns, but the use of the article -na for mascuis
line
nouns
becoming more and more general.
§ 4.
I.
Examples.
Sul)stantive8 ending in -e.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Singular.
N. G. D. A.
Form.
N. G. D. A.
en en en en
gosse, a boy gosses, of a boy (a boy's) gosse, to a boy gosse, a boy.
gossen, the boy gossens, of the boy gossen, to the boy gossen, the boy.
(the boy's)
N. gossar, boys G. gossai'S, of boys D. gossar, to boys. A. gossar, boys.
II.
Plural. N. gossatme, the boys
(boys').
G.
gossarnes,
boys')
of the boys (the
D. gossarne, to the boys A. gossarne, the boys.
Substantive with various terminations.
Singular.
Indefinite
Form.
N. G. D. A.
en en en en
gdrd, a yard gdrds, of a yard gdrd, to a yard gdrd, a yard.
Definite Form. N. gdrden, the yard G. gardens, of the yard D. gdrden, to the yard A. gdrden, the yard.
Plural.
N. gdrdar, yards G. gdrdars, of yards D. gdrdar, to yards A. gdrdar, yards.
N.
G.
D.
A.
gdrdama, the yards gdrdamas, of the yards gdrdama, to the yards gdrdama, the yards.
Yara.
Jag var [vair] I was du var thou wast han var he was hon var she was
det var it was vi voro \va>'ro/]
I
we were voren you were de voro they were.
Words.
Lappama
p'ama'] ansiktsfdrg
siktsjagr'j]
[la-
[the]
Laplan-
toppmossa
mos'a]
[top'-
peaked cap
ders
[an'-
complexion
trousers coat
hoskap
[hoj'ska^p] cattle
cattle
boskapsskotsel
[bco'skapfofsdl]
feeding pla-
hyxor
[hyk'sa)r^'\
kolt [koUt] vadmal [va'dmal] drugget(coarse
stuff)
hostdder
ste^ddr]
[ho)'-
dwelling
ces
trakt [traktt]
region
renar
[re'nar']
skinn [fin'] pals [pd's]
reindeer skin
fur
dkerhruk
[o'kdr-
husbandry
hrm'-k] hjordar[ja)'jidar'-] herds
30
Declension of substantives.
31
aunt
cousins
easter holi-
j faster [fasitdr] I moster [mcos^tdr]
spent
kusiner [kmsiindr] pdskferier [pos'kfe'ridr]
days garden
trddgdrd [tre'goUd]
\morfar''[m(or:far] armor ^ [far'mojr]
-,
grand fatherZ-^^-^r'!/*^^-^?;^ ^
tillhragte {til' brak^td] several years j^ere dr [fie're'' otr] plays spelar [spe/lar^] sjunger [fuy'dr'] sings de gd [di! go'] they go kind to me goda mot mig [gorda' mojtt mi'g]
stays
will
grand mother
stories
j
f
stannar
to
\mormor^[ma>rima>r]
come
skola
tilf]
komma
[stan'ar']
till
sagor
[sa'gojr^]
us
oss [skorla" kom-'a'
cakes
kakof
[ka'kcor']
grand
isonson [son'son^] \dotterson [dot'dr8071']
enjoy myself roa mig [rwa' mi!g] we shall play vi skola leka [z;z?
skoj'la le'ka^]
to tell
(Son
grand daughter
\
\
^
dottev
[sow
berdtta [bdrd'a]
dot'er]
to
bake
baka
dlska
[ba'ka']
[el'ska']
dotterdotter [dot'dvdot'ar]
like
French
franska
[fran'ska^]
my my
still
(pi.)
German
Swedish
teaches
tyska [tys'ka^'] svenska \svEn'ska^'\
Idr,
\l£tr
alive
min [mi'n] mina [mi'na'] dnnu i livet, vid
[snui''
it
liv
litvdt
vitd
under vis ar
,
i
Wv]
beautifully
un'ddrvi^-
fdrtrdffligt
treffliktj.
[for-
speaks
sar talar
if\
[ta'lar']
Translation Exercise 8.
The Family.
a teacher in
My
our
parents are
school.
still
alive.
My
father
is
grammar
He
teaches
modern languages;
he
speaks French, German and Swedish very well. He spent several years in France, Germany and Sweden. My mother plays on the piano and sings beautifully. I have a brother and two sisters; they go to school. I love my parents with all my heart (av alt mitt hjdrta), for they are very kind to me. My little sister stays at home to-day, because she is ill; I hope she will be better to-morrow (i morgan). My I shall enjoy Uncle and aunt will come to us at Easter. We myself with my cousins during the easter holidays. shall play in my grandfather's garden. Our grandfather will tell us nice stories and our grandmother will bake good cakes for us. Their grandsons and granddaughters like them very much.
by the father's
side.
^
by the mother's
side.
32
Fifth Lesson.
^
§
1.
1.
III.
Third Declension.
This declension contains:
the
masculine
n o u n s ending in
-ac?,
-nad^ -skap
-d,
and -ndr ;
2.
the
-het,
feminine nouns ending
-else,
in -an,
-t,
-sfj
-and and -ang ;
-ant^
-ass,
3;
the
-en
-ik^
and
masculine nouns ending in -at, -is and- the feminine nouns
ending
in
4.
and -ur, which come from a foreign language and have the accent on the last syllable; the neuter nouns which end in -eum and -ium and are derived from Latin;
-ion
5.
the
polysyllabic neuter nouns
in -eri;
6.
a great
as:
of monosyllabic nouns of each gender and with various terminations, such
priest;
number
prdst (masc),
•er in
dam
(fem.), lady; salt (neut.), salt etc.
§ 2. The substantives of the third declension take the plural. Ex.: mdnad, month; mdnader, months; r or else, movement, motion; rorelser, movements; tryckeri, printing-office; tryckerier, printing-offices.
Note
1.
The words
in -else drop the final-e before taking the
plural ending.
Ex.: hdndelse, event (occurrence); hdndelser, events.
Note
2.
The nouns ending
in
-and and -dug change a and
a
into a.
-um
Ex.: tand, tooth; tdnder, teeth; tang, pincers; tdnger, pincers, tongs etc, Note 3. Nouns, ending in -eum and -ium drop the syllable before taking the plural termination. Ex.: museum, museum, plur.: museer.
The terminal definite article of the § 3. third declension has four different forms in the singular and in the plural, viz:
1.
a) in the singular: -n for the feminine
-en for the
2.
tives
masculine and feminine ending in a consonant;
substantives ending in -e; substan-
Declension of substantives.
33
3.
-et
for the
neuter
substantives;
b) in the
plural:
-na for each gender.
Note. Neuter nouns in -eum and before adding the terminal definite article.
-mm
drop the syllable -um.
Ex.: museet, the museum.
§4.
I.
Examples.
Feminine and Masculine Nouns.
Form.
Singular.
artist
Indefinite
Definite
Form.
N. en konstndr, an
G. en
konstndrs,
(an artist's)
of
an
artist
N. konstndren, the artist G. konstndrens, of the
(the artist's)
artist
D. en konstndr, to an artist A. en konstndr, an artist
N. konstndrer, artists G. konstndrers, of artists D. konstndrer, to artists A. konstndrer, artists.
II.
D. konstndren, to the artist A. konstiidren, the artist.
Plural.
N. konstndrerna, the
(the artists')
artists
G. konstndr ernas, of the artists
D. konstndrerna, to the artists A. konstndrerna, the artists.
Neuter Nouns.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Form.
Singular.
N. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill G. ett spinneris, of a spinningmill
N. spinneriet, the spinning-mill G. spinneriets, of the spinningmill
D. ett spinneri,
mill
to
a
spinning-
D. spinneriet,
mill
to
the
spinning-
A. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill.
A. spinneriet, the spinning-mill.
N. spinnerier, spinning-mills
Plural. N. spinneriema, the spinningmills.
G. spinneriers, of spinning-mills
G.
spinneriemas,
ning-mills
of the spinto
D. spinnerier, to spinning-mills
D.
spinneriema,
ning-mills
mills.
the
spin-
A. spinnerier^ spinning-mills.
A. spinneriema,
the spinning-
Words.
34
eldstaden[el'dsta'- the
Lesson
5.
fire
place
pla-
skrapa upp
pa' up']
[skra'- scrape up
ddn] sovplatser [so'v- sleeping
plat^Sdr] foda [fo'da']
ces
bo
[bcj']
dessa dro
£'rco']
[des'a'
dwell these are
food
clothes dragareldra'gard'] beasts of bur-
kldder VkUiddv^
den
flyttningama
Iflyt'niyama,']
the movings things ackja (a kind of sledge) boat
saker
ackja
bat
[sa'kdr]
[ak'ja']
[va'ri- through which je'nom] gar ut [go.'r m't] goes out serve tjdna [ge'na'] bredas [bre'das'] are spread out pa marken [pot on the floor
varigenom
madtkdn] skaffa [skaf'a']
ej blott [eji blotf]
[bo.'t]
medar
kol
ime'dar^]
[go.'l]
runners keel
rein
bdra [be'ra'] spdnnas [spen'as']
ser ut [setr m!t] begins
procure not only bear
are put to
torn [tomf]
looks like
da det b orjar
[do.^
when
to
it
dett b (Br'jar']
bred [bretd] Idngs [l€7j.'s]
broad
along holds
om
bli[va] [bli'va^]
hosten [om!
in
become autumn
rymmer
ndtt
[rym.'dr]
ochjdmt
[net' just
hos'tdn] to move flytta ner [ne'r] leva av [leva' a'v] live on out of ur [iii'r]
ok.' j€m.'t]
down
dkande [okan'dd'] kor [Qd:r]
kallt [kalit]
driver drives
cold.
Eeading Exercise
Lapparua
9.
(continued).
det borjar bli kallt om hosten, flytta de ner i skogarna, dar (where) renarna leva av renlav, som de skrapa upp ur snon med sina klovar. Lappama bo i kator. Dessa aro ett slags talt ay vadmal med hal i taket, varigenom roken fran eldstaden gar ut till sovplatser tjana renskinn, som bredas pa marken. Renarna skaffa lappen ej blott foda och klader, de aro aven bans dragare, som vid flyttningama bara bans saker. Denne ser vintern spannas de for ett slags slade, ackja. ut som en liten bat, ar utan medar med en bred kol langs mitten och rymmer natt och jamt en (one) akande, vilken kor renen med endast en tom.
Da
;
Om
Conversation.
flytta lapparna om hosten? Varav leva renarna? Huruledes (pa vad satt) skrapa de upp renlav ur snon? Vari bo lapparna? Beskriv (Describe) lappamas bostader? Vartill tjana renarna? Vad kallas lappamas siadar?
Vart
Hum
ser en
ackja ut?
Declension of substantives.
35
Words.
dwelling pla- he7nvist[he7n'vis^t]
ces
in the country
water
lilies
ndckrosor
rcL>''sojr\
{nek'-
pa
i
landet [poi lani-
cowslips
roses
gullvivor [gul'vi'vcor]
ddt]
in
town
staden[i' sta'ddn]
rosor
[rco'sojr]
summer house sommarbostad[sDm'arbo/stad]
hill
dew-drops
tulips
daggdroppar
[dag'drop'ar]
park
orchard
fruittrees
kulle [kul'd'] park [par!k]
tulpaner
ndr]
vi
[tulpat-
frukttrddgdrd
[fruktre^godd]
we
1
reside,
bo
[vi' bco^]
(dwell)
like
frukttrdd [fruk'tre'\
jag dlskar (tycker
om)[ja'g
eV'skar'-]
cherry-trees
korshdrtrdd
[Qce,r'sh€^rtr€\
stands det star [deit sto^r] in the middle mitt i [mitt it}
it
apple-trees
pear-trees
dppeltrdd
tre'\
[ep'dl-
shady
plenty of in front of
skuggig [skug'ig']
manga
[moy'a']
pdrontrdd[pe'rontre']
framfor
[framt-
flower garden
hlomstertrddgdrd
[blojm'stdrtre^gdrd]
among swim
beautiful
for] ibland [iblantd]
simma
other
[sim'a^]
[jo.'n,
basin
gold fishes
violets
bassdng
Jis'kar]
[bas€7j']
guldfiskar[gul'd'
skon, fager faigdr]
many
manga andra
[moy^a' an'dra'].
violer
[vico.'ldr]
Translation Exercise 10.
The house. have two dwelling places. In summer we reside I like our (dwell) in the country and in winter in town. summer-house very much. It stands on a small hill in the middle of a shady park. Behind the house there is a large orchard with plenty of fruittrees: cherry-trees, apple-trees and pear-trees. In the flower garden in front of the house there is an oval basin in which many gold fishes swim among water-lilies. In our flower garden we have plenty of violets, cowslips, roses, dew-drops, tulips and many other beautiful
We
flowers.
Sixth Lesson.
IV.
§
1.
Fourth Declension.
in -e;
1.
This declension contains:
all all
2.
neuter nouns neuter nouns
Ex.: knd, knee;
(most monosyllables) the root
of which ends in a vowel.
kndn, knees.
3*
36
Lesson
6.
The substantives belonging § 2. declension form their plural in -n.
Ex.: spcinne, buckle;
to
the fourth
spdnnen,
buckles.
§
1.
3.
The terminal definite
article is:
-t
in the singfular. Ex.: spdnnet, the buckle.
2.
-a in the plural. Ex.: spdnnena, the buckles.
§ 4.
Indefinite
Example.
Form.
Singular.
N. G. D. A.
Definite
Form.
N. ett rike, a kingdom G. ett rikes, of a kingdom J), ett rike, to a kingdom A. ett rike, a kingdom.
riket, the kingdom rikets, of the kingdom riket, to the kingdom riket, the kingdom.
N. riken, kingdoms G. rikens, of kingdoms D. riken, to kingdoms A. riken, kingdoms.
Plural. N. rikena, the kingdoms G. rikenas, of the kingdoms D. rikena, to the kingdoms A. jHkena, the kingdoms.
Words.
Tyskland
lan'd]
[tys'k-
Germany
Europe
vetenskapsman
men
of science
Europas
pas^]
[mo'rco- of
[fas't-
[ve'tdnskapsme^n\ konstndrej^lkon'st- artists
nerdr^]
fastland
lan^d]
continent
endast
\endas''t]
only
sidan [si'dan'] hav [ha.^v]
Nordsjon
fo'n]
the side sea [nco'rd- the North Sea
north norra [nor'a^] grdnsar till [gren'- borders upon
sar^]
sluttar [slut'ar']
Idngsamt
the slopes
rivers
[lon^g-
slopes slowly
sluttningarna
[slut'niyama^]
sam't]
mot, emot [moj.% towards
emco.'t]
Jioder [Jioj'ddr] strdnder [stren.'- banks
ddr]
utfor [uittfor'] rinna frm'a']
down
flow
skonhet
{J'enihet]
[tys'-
beauty
the
tyskama
karna']
Germans
learned [men] Idrde [Ix'rdd'^] flow flyta [flyta'l beromda [bdrom'- renowned
da']
folkmdngd [fol'kmey'd]
population
stolta over [stol'ta' proud of
[miVjoji- millions
miljoner
ridr]
oivdr]
vacker
\vak.'dr]
till
beautiful
vetenskap [ve'tdns- science
ka'-p]
uppgdr
hogt
[up'-
comes up
stand
[on
a]
to
art konst lkon!st] vdrlden [vae'jddn^] the world
gor' til!] std [sto!]
(adv.) [hok!t]
[sairu't]
high
skolor
intager
{skoylcjr^]
schools
[level]
[in'ta''gdr\ occupies
samt
Declension of Substantives.
37
Reading Exercise
11.
Tyskland. Tyskland intager mitten av Europas fastland. Endast pa norra sidan gransar det till hav Ostersjon och Nordsjon. Landet sluttar langsamt mot havet och utfor sluttningarna rinna manga stora floder. Till Ostersjon flyta Weichsel och Oder, till Nordsjon Elbe och Rhen. Storst av dessa ar Rhen; dess strander aro mycket beromda for sin skonhet och tyskarna aro mycket stolta over denna sin (their) vackra flod. Tyskland ar ej sa mycket storre an Sverige, men dess folkmangd uppgar till over 60 miljoner. Vetenskap och konst sta i hela Tyskland mycket hogt; intet land i varlden har sa manga skolor av alia slag samt sa manga vetenskapsman, larde och
:
konstnarer.
Conversation.
Ar Tyskland
Till vilka
ett stort
land?
hav gransar det at norr? Vilka aro Tysklands storsta floder? Vilken ar Tysklands storsta och vackraste flod? Varfore ar Rhen beromd ? Hvarfore aro Tyskarna stolta over denna flod? Ar Tyskland mycket storre an Sverige? Hum manga invanare har Tyskland? Sta vetenskap och konst mycket hogt i Tyskland?
Words.
on the ground
floor
pa
nedre
botten
bed rooms
valley
sovrum
[so'vrum']
rooms
sitting
rum (neut.) [rumi room vardagsrum (neut.)
[va'rdagsrum^]
[po' neidrd hottdn
dal [daU]
inthe morning pa
will
morgonen [po!
va'ra''
mor'on^dn]
be over
skola vara forbi
[skoj'la''
dining room study
matsal [ma'tsal^]
studerkammare
[stm'ddrkam^ard]
in (within)
fcerbH]
inom
tre
veckor
tre'
kitchen on the
floor
floor
kok
first
(neut.) [ge.'k]
three
weeks
[inom'
k-cor']
ve-
en trappa
upp
[ent
trap' a' upf]
on the second tvd trappor
[tvo.^ trap'cor''
upp
up']
to breathe andas [an'das'] the fresh air frisk luft [fris'.k
attics
vindskammare
[vin'dskam'ard]
luftt] alltid,
ti'd,
stddse
[al'-
ste'dsd']
out at (of) the
utgenomfonstren
[m't jetnomfontstrdn]
pleasant
loft
windows
trevligt [tre'vlig't] loft [loft].
Translation Exercise 12.
On
room,
The House (continued). the ground floor there are four rooms: the sitting the dining room, my father's study and the kitchen.
38
Lesson
7.
and second floor there are six beautiful bed Our house has also a loft and two attics. Out at the windows you can see the Rhine, that slowly flows in a
the
first
On
rooms.
verdant valley.
try.
It
is
ning.
move
to
The town
I should like to dwell always in the counso pleasant to breathe the fresh air in the morholidays will be over in three weeks and we shall
again.
Seventh Lesson.
V.
§
1.
Fifth Declension.
declension includes:
The
fifth
a) all
1.
masculine nouns
in -are;
2.
in -ande;
b) the names of substantives in -er;
c) all
peoples and
the
foreign
(loan)
neuter nouns
:
ending in a
consonant.
Except the neuter nouns in -eum and 4um derived from Latin which belong to the third declension.
§
2.
The substantives
of the fifth declension re-
main
unchanged
in the plural. Ex.: barn, child and children.
The § 3. declensions is:
1.
terminal definite article
for this
a) for masculine -n in the singular.
nouns
Ex.: hagaren, the baker.
2.
-ne in the plural. Ex.: bagarne, the bakers.
ending in
-e
Note. The substantives terminal definite article.
drop
it
before adding the
b) for
1.
-et
neuter nouns
in the singular.
Ex.: bordet, the table; barnet, the child.
2.
-en in the plural.
Ex.: borden, the tables: barnen, the children.
Declension of substantives.
39
§4.
I.
Examples.
Masculine Nouns.
Form.
Definite Form. Singular. N. Idraren, the teacher N. en Idrare, a teacher G. Idrarens, of the teacher G. en IdrareSy of a teacher (a
Indefinite
(the
D. en A. en
teacher's) Idrare, to a teacher Idrare, a teacher.
teacher's)
D. Idraren, to the teacher A. Idraren, the teacher.
Plural.
N. Idrare, teachers G. Idrares, of teachers D. Idrare, to teachers A. Idrare, teachers.
II.
N. Idrarne, the teachers
G.
Idrames,
of the teachers (the
D. A. Idrarne, the teachers.
teachers') Idrarne, to the teachers
Neuter Nouns.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Form.
N. ett hord, a table G. ett hords, of a table D. ett hord, to a table A. ett hord, a table.
N. G. D. A.
Singular. N. hordet, the table G. hordets, of the table D. hordet, to the table A. hordet, the table.
Plural.
N. G. D. A.
h or den, the tables hordens, of the tables h orden, to the tables horden, the tables.
hord, tables hords, of tables hord, to tables hord, tables.
Words.
fjdllen
[fjel'dn'']
the mountains
drifts
glacidrer
s'ie'r&r]
[gla-
glaciers
driver
[dri'vcor']
dret [o.'rdt] tdcke [tek'd']
the year cover [coat] the top toppen [tDp!dn] snogrdnsen [sno'- the limit of
samlar
sig [sam'- gathers
lar^ si!g]
nedanfor
gren'sdn]
snows
vales
[ne'dan'- underneath fcer] become hliva [hli'va']
arise
dalar \da'lar''^ fordjupningar
depressions
uppstd [up'sto^] hogre [hotgrd]
hinner [hin'dv'] fidlstdndigt [ful'sten^dikt]
hranterna
[fcerjm'pni7)ar''] [hran'- the steeps
higher succeed
fully
tdma^] tryoket [tryktdt]
the pressure
hortsmdlta[hor'ts- to melt away
hopade [hoj'padd^] heaped up snomassor [sno'- bulks of snow
mascor']
meVta]
utan
{m'tan'^
kvarligga [kvairis
but remain
pressas
samman
i.^s]
compressed
li'ga]
[prss'as^ sam'an^]
till is [tiU
dret
into ice
om [otvdt omt]
[e'vig'']
through the year
eternal, ever-
ismassor
sojr']
[i'sma-
bulks of ice
glaciers
evig
joklar
[jo'klar^]
som
[som.']
lasting as
40
Lesson
called
7.
(man) kallar (den)
it
is
sages
[se'gds'']
is
said
sdsom
[so'som^]
like
nd over na
Ino"] \no.\
i}^ ^^ h^yoiiiA
1
to reach
above
sammanhdngande hanging
[sam'anhey'andd] over hela [o.'vdr over the whole
he'la']
most mesta [mes'ta^^ i trdnga [zV fro?;'a'] in narrow
lidT
Sjisetr]
sd
such
starkt
startkt]
[sot-
[t]here so strong
sddant [sotdant]
Reading Exercise
Fjallen.
13.
Pa de hogre
fjallen ar det sa kallt,
att
snon
ej
hinner
fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren, utan stora driver ligga kvar aret om. Pa de allra hogsta fjallen ligger denna evig sno, som man kallar den, sasom ett sammanhangande tacke
over hela toppen ett sadant fjall sages na over snogransen. Mesta snon samlar sig i tranga dalar och fordjupningar nedanfor fjallbranterna, och har kan trycket av de hopade snomassorna bliva sa starkt, att snon pressas samman till is. Sa
;
uppsta stora ismassor, som
man
kallar joklar eller glaciarer.
Conversation.
Ar
det kallt
pa de hogre
fjallen?
Hinner snon fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren? Var ligger den eviga snon? Vad kallas sammanpressade snomassor?
Words.
drawing-room formak [fd'rma^k]
sofa
newspapers
ceiling
tidningar
[tid-
arm-chairs
chairs
foot-stools
soffa [sof-a'] Idnstolar [hn'stcj'l]
chandelier
tak [ta^k\ fniyar^] Ijuskrona [jm'skrco'na]
stolar
[stco'lar^]
every corner
plants vases flowers
varje horn
hcerhi]
[var'ja''
the walls
pallar [palar^] vdggai^na [veg'ar?ia']
vdxter
{vek'stdr"'\
vaser
[va'sdr^]
[hloj-
papers on the floor
tapetei^ [tapet'dr']
hlommor
ni'ojr^]
pa golvet [pot goltVdt]
rosy
rosenrod
ro'd]
[roj'sdn[tap'dt-
mattor [mat'cor^] carpets the pianoforte pianot [matnojt] the door dorren [doRrtdn] the window fdnstret[fontstrdt]
pictures
hung with
represent
illustrated
tapetserade
se'radd^]
framstdlla [fram'stel'a]
mdlningar [moVniyar'] mdlare [mo/'ara'j
illustrerade
stre'radd']
[iVii-
painters
landscapes
table rare
landskap
ka^p]
[lan'ds-
bloom
between
exotic
blomstra
emellan
[blojm'stra'] [emel'an^]
books
[h(oird] sdllsynt [ssl.synH] bocker [boktdr]
hord
china
exotisk [iksojitisk] porslin [porslitn].
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
41
Translation Exercise 14. The Drawing-Room.
our drawing-room there are a sofa, four arm-chairs, and so many foot-stools. The walls are hung with rosy papers and the floor is covered with red carpets. Some pictures made by renowned painters are hanging from the Most of these pictures represent English landscapes. walls. On a small round table you can see several books and illuA beautiful chandelier is hanging from strated newspapers. the ceiling. Every corner of the room is garnished with rare plants and exotic flowers are blooming in china vases.
In
six chairs
Eighth Lesson.
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
§
it
1.
First declension.
This declension has no irregular plural forms, but contains
:
1.
Certain nouns that are used only in the plural;
:
such as
anor, ancestors
matvaror,
victuals
bannor, chiding
flavor, estate.
indlvor, bowels dthavor etc., manners, gestures.
Some compound substantives which have preserved their ancient form of genitive in -o and -u; such as:
2.
mdnniskokdrlek, philanthropy. mdnniskodtare, man-eater
salupris, sale-price salutorg, market varumdrke, trade-mark varulager etc., warehouse.
in a as well ending in -e they are declined according to the second declension in the singular but follow the first declension in the plural.
3.
Some feminine nouns which end
as in
-e.
When
Ex.:
Note.
skugga
When
or skugge, shade; skuggan or the shade, but skuggor in the plural. ending in -e they are masculine.
skuggen,
§
1.
2.
Second declension.
of the final
The following nouns drop the vowel
syllable before taking the plural ending:
42
Lesson
8.
sommar, summer
afton, evening
morgon, morning
djdvul, devil
2.
somrav, summers aftnar^ evenings morgnar, mornings djdvlar, devils.
Two
The
moder, mother
3.
nouns modify their root-vowel: modrar, mothers
ddttrm%
daughters,
dotter, daughter
four nouns indicating the colours of cards are unchanged in the plural:
hjdrter, hearts ruter, diamonds
Jdover, club, clubs
spader, spade, spades.
4. Some nouns that end in -e as well as in -a in the singular, thus belonging to the first and the second declensions, but in the plural they are declined according to the second declension.
Ex.:
timme
or
timmar
timma, hour; timman,
in the plural.
the
hour,
but
Such are:
ande, breath; droppe, drop; make, husband; mane, moon; tanke, thought etc.
Third declension. 1. Several masculine and feminine nouns modify the root-vowel and most of them double the final con§
3.
sonant before taking the plural termination:
fot, foot
rot, root
fotter,
feet
son, son
bot, fine
soner, sons
boter, fines.
rotter, roots.
Notice the plural of: bok, bocker, book, books ^ ledamot, ledamoter, member, members; not, notter, walnut, walnuts; get, getter, goat, goats and van, vdnner, friend, friends.
2.
A
few masculine and feminine nouns modify the
but do not double the
letter
root-vowel, the plural:
final
consonant in
bokstav,
stad, town natt, night fader, father
3.
bokstdver, letters stdder, towns ndtter, nights
fdder,
fathers.
The masculine and feminine nouns
their plural
in -a,
-e,
-o,
w,
and a form
by adding
mor, maidens
-r.
stadga, statute
stadgar, statutes
mo, maiden
'^-^™{hf4ewife
ko, cow so, sow
^-''•{
hir/ewives
kor, cows sor, sows
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
43
rd, yard
sld, rod td, toe
rdr, yards
sldr, rods tdr^ toes
sko, shoe
skor, shoes
vallmo, poppy bonde, countryman
fiende, enemy bo, inhabitant
vallmor^, poppies bonder, countrymen
fiender, enemies bor^, inhabitants
in
frdnde,
Note.
gularly.
relative
The
foreign nouns
frdnder, -e and
relatives.
-i
form their plural
qvalite,
re-
Ex.:
teori,
theory; teorier, qvaliteer, qualities.
theories;
quality;
4.
1.
The word man, man, has two
plural endings:
2.
man and manner, men, in a general sense; man (unchanged), man, when denoting a group
of persons forming a whole.
Ex.: tio tusen
man
(soldiers), ten
thousand men.
§ 4.
Fourth declension.
1. To this declension belong six nouns which are declined in the plural according to the third and fourth declensions; viz.: drenden or drender, business drende, business
fdngelse, prison brdde, board
tdckelse, covering ode, ode
fdngelsen
or fdngelser, prisons
regemente, regiment
2.
brdder, boards tdckelsen or tdckelser, coverings oden or oder, odes regementen or regementer, regiments.
or
brdden
The word:
oga, eye,
and om,
ear,
have an
irre-
gular plural.
Ex.: ogon, eyes; oron, ears.
§ 5.
Fifth declension.
1. The word: fruntimmer, ladies, has three different plural forms when used with the definite article; viz: fruntimren (fruntimrena and fruntimmerna).
2. The word: finger, finger, is both neuter and masculine and takes the following endings when used with the definite article in the plural: fingren or fingrarne.
^ Or vallmoblommor. bor parishioners etc.
—
^
Only
in
compound words: socken-
44
Lesson
8.
Words,
korsfarare
fa'rara]
[kod's- .crusaders
hyste [hys'td']
\
had
(a
spite
agg
the Fins
till
f
against)
finnarna [ jin'arhedningar
[he'd-
heathens
landsteg [lan'ste'g] landed, went on shore uppmanade [up'- exhorted
ma'nadd]
[the] baptism dopet [doj.'pdt] Jm^an [h-ran'] [the] doctrine Finland Finland [/in'lan'd]
lata [lota']
to let to christen
dopa
[do'pa']
[de'
de vdgrade
ve'gra'dd]
they refused
biskop
[bis'kop'']
bishop
Christianity
Kristendomen
[kris't9ndoj^m9n]
besegrade
se'gra'dd]
[ba-
vanquished
apostel [aposttdl]
apostle
en ny
ny.'
omvand
[en' a
catechumen
compelled tvang [tvay'] mottaga [mort-ta'- to receive
kristen [krns'tan'] christian dtervdnde [o'tdr- came back
ven'dd]
om'ven'd]
spite
left
agg
[ag-]
kvarldmnade
blivit
vit''
[kva'TUm^nade^ kallad [blr- was called
kal'ad'] [an'gri'to attack
predikade [predi'- preached
ka'dd]
angripa pa]
mordades
da'dds]
[mod'r- was murdered.
Reading Exercise
Erik den Helige.^
Erik samlade
15.
i Sverige en har av korsfarare och Kung seglade med den ut for att angripa finnarna, som da annu voro hedningar. Han landsteg i trakten av Abo. Forst uppmanade ban finnarna att lata dopa sig, men de vagrade. Da
angrep han dem med sin har, besegrade dem och tvang dem De visste likval icke mycket om den att mottaga dopet. kristna laran. Da Erik atervande till Sverige, kvarlamnade han darfor biskop Henrik, som dar predikade kristendomen och darfor blivit kallad Finnlands Apostel. Biskopen mordades dock snart av en ny omvSnd finne, som hyste agg till honom.
Conversation.
Vad gjorde Erik den Helige
for att angripa finnarna?
Var (where) samlade han denna har? Voro finnarna annu hedningar? I vilken trakt landsteg Kung Erik? Voro finnarna villiga att lata dopa sig?
Vad gjorde Kung Erik niir de vagrade Vad hette Finlands Apostel? Av vem mordades biskopen Henrik?
the Holy.
at lata
dopa sig?
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
45
Words.
book-case
bokskdp
verk
(neut.)
typewriter
the use
skrivmaskin
[skri'vmafi^n]
[boj'ksko^p]
works
writers
[vwr.'k]
begagnandet
ga7)'nan''ddt]
\bd-
skriftstdllare
[skrif'tstel'ard]
copying press kopiepress [kco'pidpr€S^]
poets
skalder [skalddr']
I
„. ^ volumes
codes (laws)
band
[ba,n!d]
[la'g-
a safe
steel
bills
ett
kassaskdp
[polymer [voly-mdv^]
lagbocker
bok^dr]
[kas'asko'p] stdl [stoil]
vdrdepapper
[v^'rddpap'dr]
lawyer
writing-table
sakforare
fo'rard]
[sa'k-
money
[skri'v-
penningat^ [peiriyar^]
skrivbord
boj'rd]
green cloth
writing
gront kldde[gr0nH
kh.dd^]
ma- iskrivmaterialier
[
jewels family simple elegant
juveler [jmveUdr] familj [jmniUj]
enkel [eyjkdl]
elegant [e'legayit]
terials
[skri'mnat^eriailidr]
bound books bundna backer
[bun'dna'' bdk.'dr] stitched books ^a/if«c?e backer [hef'tadd^] Russian rysk [rys!k] covered with betdckt med [6atekH me.'d] provided mthforsedd med [for'sed^ me!d]
stationery
)
inkstands ink
blotter
bldckhorn
[blek'-
hco^m] black [bhk!] portfolj [podtfoHj]
linjalej' [linjaildr\
rulers
{pldnpapper[plo'nblotting]
paper
pap^dr] \l(iskpapper V pap^dr]
\les'k-
necessary
full
nodvdndig
ven'dig]
[no'd-
writing-paper skrivpapper [skri'vpap'dr] post-paper brevpapper [bre'v-
of
uppfylld
med [yp-
jyVd me!d]
red black
rod
[ro'd]
[sva'ji't]
pap'dv]
penholders
pencils
svart
pennskaft
[
pen's-
now a days
nu for
tiden [nm:-
kaft] blyertspennor
fo.'r trddn']
much spread mycket spridd
[myk'df spridf]
preserves
[bly'drtspen'cor] letter-weigner brevvdg [bre'vvotg]
forvarar [foe'rvarar''].
Translation Exercise 16.
The Study.
simple but elegant. In the bookcase there are many bound and stitched books. Among his various books you can see many works w^ritten by Svredish, French and Russian authors and poets. Most volumes are on law, as my father is a lawyer. The writing table is covered with green cloth and provided with all the necessary writing materials (stationery): two inkstands, the one full of black ink and the other full of red ink, a blotter, a
My
father's
study
is
ruler,
blotting-paper,
a letter-weigher.
On
writing-paper, penholders, pencils and a little table stands a typewriter.
46
Lesson
9.
Nowadays
Here is the use of typewriters is much spread. the copying-press. The safe is in the corner; it is made all of steel. My father preserves in it all sorts of bills, money and the family jewels.
Ninth Lesson.
The gender
I.
of substantives.
Masculine.
Masculine are:
a) All appellations of
men
and
male animals.
months,
Ex.: mdlare, painter; bonde, countryman; tupp, cock.
b) forests.
The names
Ex.:
of the seasons,
days and
sommar, summer; lordag,
in:
Saturday.
c)
1.
The nouns ending
Ex.:
-ad and -nad,
mdnad, month;
skillnad, difference.
2.
-ande (names of persons). Ex.: handlande, merchant.
Ex.: Idrare, teacher.
3. -are.
4.
-dom.
Ex.: barndom, childhood.
-e
5.
(Plural -ar).
Ex.: gosse, boy.
6.
-el
(Plural -ar), Ex.: axel^ axe.
7.
-er
(Plural -ar or
Ex.: seger, victory.
-er),
8.
-ing (concrete nouns).
Ex.:
taming,
die.
9.
-ling.
Ex. frdmlingj stranger.
:
10. -lek. Ex.: kdrlek, love.
11. 'ndr. Ex.: konstndr,
artist.
12. -skap (Plural -er). Ex.: egenskap, property.
The gender of
substantives.
47
Except:
1.
The
titles
ending in -hud
and -rad which are
neuter.
Ex.: sdndebud, ambassador; statsrdd, minister.
2.
3.
4.
hdrad, district; altare, altar; ankare, anchor, are also neuter. The words: fjdder, feather; -fidder^ elder; lever liver; adevj vein; ndver, birch-bark, are feminine. The nouns in -sel are also feminine.
^
The words:
II.
Feminine.
Feminine are:
a) All female Ex. flicka,
:
names and appellations:
girl
;
hona, hen.
Swedish rivers and the names b) of trees and the nouns in -and and -ang which modify the final vowel in the plural.
The names
of
Ex.: bjork, birch-tree; hand, hand.
c)
1.
The substantives
in
:
-a (Plural -or),
Ex.: skola, school; piga, maid.
2.
-an (abstract nouns).
Ex.: borjan, beginning.
-st
3.
-d,
-t^
Ex.:
4.
-else.
(mostly abstract). mdngd, great deal of; avsikt,
intention; konst, art.
Ex.: varelse, being.
5. -het
(mostly abstract).
Ex.: sannolikhet, likelihood.
6.
'ing (abstract
-sel
nouns) and -ning.
Ex.: handling, act, action; aktning, esteem.
7.
(mostly abstract).
Ex.: horsel, hearing.
-ik^
8.
-^,
-ion
and -ur (foreign words).
temperatur,
tem-
Ex.:
teori,
theory; fabrik, factory, perature; mission, mission.
Except:
1.
The words:
tree
;
blast,
brand, fire; pil, willow; apel^ applegale (strong wind) jdst^ yeast tingest^
; ;
48
Lesson
9.
pastry; strirkelse, starch; gaol; hackelse, hacked straw, and vdxt, plant, are masculine.
thing;
^ors^, thirst; bakelse,
hdktelse^
2.
sto,
The words: fruntimmer^ mare land, country
;
;
lady;
vide,
kvinnfolk,
women;
;
water-willow
fdng-
ghost; stdngsel, enclosure, paddock; tdckelse, covering; betsel, bridle; harhari, barbarity; baroni, barony; kompani, company; geni, genius, are neuter.
else,
prison;
spokelse,
III.
Neuter.
Neuter are:
a) The names of towns, countries, the letters of the alphabet and generally the words used substantively; such as ett ja, a «yes»:
Ex.: Frankrike, France;
ett b,
a b.
b)
1.
The nouns
in:
-a (Plural -n)
and nouns
in -a
derived from Greek
and Latin.
2.
Ex.: oga, eye; drama, drama. -an (concrete nouns).
Ex.
3.
:
lakan, sheet.
-ande and -ende (abstract nouns). Ex.: anforande, conduct; avseende, connection.
-e
4.
(Plural -n).
Ex.: spdnne, buckle.
5.
-el
and
Ex.
:
-er
(unchanged in the
plural).
galler, railing.
6.
-m.
Ex.: tryckeri, printing-house.
-on. Ex.: smultron, strawberry.
7.
8.
-skap (unchanged in the plural). Ex.: herrskap, master and mistress of
a house.
9.
-urn, -eum and -ium (derived from Latin). Ex. faktum, fact museum, museum studium, study.
:
;
;
Except:
The words: morgon, morning, and which are masculine.
afton, evening,
The gender
of substantives.
49
Words.
nordens
[nco'r-
[in] of the
gudfruktig [gm'd- pious
fruk'tig] tyckte sig [tyk'td' thought
si!g]
drommar
North ddn's] kvinnoi^[kvin'cor'] women [dro- dreams
visions
Idt
uppteckna [UH had
written
syner [s^'nar'] angels dnglar [eiflar^] Kristus [kris'tus''] Christ
rykte [ryk'td']
up'tek^na]
uppenbarat[up'dn- revealed
ba'rat]
renown,repute
spred sig [spread spread
sUg]
dlderdom
[ol'ddr- old age
Rom
dcom^]
[rojhn]
[po'vd7i']
vida omkring
all
around
Rome
the pope
festivities
[vi'da''
omkriy^
[se'dar- hereafter
settled
pdven
begav sig [hdgatv repaired
sitg]
hogtidligheter
[h dgti'dlighe^tdr]
sedermera
monastery nuns
of
iiunnekloster
[nun'dklDs'tdr]
me'ra] bosatt [bco'saf]
slutligen
ligdn^]
[sluc't-
kloster [khsttdr]
monastery
died at the age
at last
avled
70^
[a'vle^d]
dr gammal[otr gam'ar]
pa
of 70 deti tiden [po! at that time
vallfdrdade fm'rdadd
[val'-
went on a pilgrimage
ddrefter[dEtTeftdr\ afterwards
den! ti'ddn^] den heliga [deni
he'lig'a]
the holy
forklaradfor hel- canonised gon [fcerkla'rad^
for!
hel'gon'].
sam,tala[sam'ta^la] to converse
Reading Exercise
Den heliga
17.
Birgitta.
Pa den tiden levde en av Nordens markvardigaste kvinnor, den heliga Birgitta. Hon var mycket gudfruktig. I drommar och syner tyckte hon sig samtala med Kristus och anglarna och lat uppteckna vad de uppenbarat for henne. Hennes rykte spred sig vida omkring. Pa sin alderdom begav hon sig till Rom, dar hon sedermera var bosatt och slutigen vallfardade hon anda till Jerusalem. Hon avled 70 ar gammal i Rom Nagon tid darefter blev hon av paven under stora hogtidligheter forklarad for helgon. Hon grundlade i Vadstena ett nunnekloster, som blev det mest beromda kloster i hela Norden.
Conversation.
Vad vet Ni {what do you know) om den heliga Birgitta? Var hon gudfruktig? Med vem tyckte hon sig samtala i drommar och syner? Vad lat hon uppteckna?
Var hennes rykte stort?
Vid vilken alder avled hon?
Av vem
^
blev hon forklarad for helgon? Var grundlade hon ett kloster?
sjuttio
=
70.
a
Elementary Swedish Grammar,
50
Lesson
9.
W ords.
the dining
matsalen[ma'tsa^Idiil
napkins
servetter
t'dr]
room
apartment
[sa^rve-
rum (neut.) \rumf] ifamiljens [famil'J
ifrukostera
we breakfasti
.
\
members
[fruk'ostetra]
tili
of
jdn's]
the family
]medlemmar
I
welunch[eon]/^ ]ata tillfrukost
[me'd^[e-ta'
—
]
lem^ar]
we drink
[mo'lti^-
vi
dricka
drik'a^]
[vzV
meals
mdltider
ddr] [the] breakfast/ri^^'os^en
k'ostdn'']
[fru-
tea coffee
te [tef]
[the]
luncheon andra frukosten
[airdra'
—
cakes sandwiches
cold
kakor {ka'kojr''] smorgdsar
[sm(Er'gosar'-'\
kaffe [kafd^]
]
[the]
dinner
middags mdltiden
[mid'ags ddn]
vio^lti-
meat
[the]
supper
kvdllsvarden
[kvel'svaUddn] valnotstrd [va'lnot'stre]
red wine white wine assemble
kallmat [kal' ma't] rodvin [ro'dvi'n]
vitt
vin
[vW
viin]
forsamla
sam'la^]
sig [for-
walnuttree
table cloth
square
to take
is laid
fyrkantigt
kan''tigt]
[fy'r-
bord-duk dm^k]
[hco'rd-
intaga [inta'ga']
ar
dukad
[aetr
linen the maid dishes
plates
linne [/m"9']
dui'kad']
lays the cloth
pigan
fat
[pi'gan']
[tal'ri-
dukar bordet [dm'dar' bco'rddf]
[fa.'t]
tallrikar
kar']
she puts at 8 o'clock
Idgger [Ug'dr^] klockan 8^
[khk'an^]
glasses wine bottles
decanters
glas [glais] vinhuteljer [vi'nhmtEVj] vattenkaraffiner
[vat'9nkaraf'indr]
inthemorningpa morgonen [movgon'dn] in the evening_p« aftonen
[aj^to-ndti^]
knives
forks
spoons
knivar gafflar skedar
p.
m.
eat
e.m.{eftermiddag)
[ef'tdr' mid'ag']
we
vi dta
[vii
£'ta%
Translation Exercise 18. The Dining Room.
The dining-room is an apartment in which all the members of the family assemble to take their meals: breakfast, A square table of walnuttree luncheon, tea and dinner. stands in the middle of the dining room with twelve chairs around. The table is laid wdth a white table cloth made of very fine linen. When the maid lays the cloth she puts on the table dishes, plates, glasses, wine bottles, decanters, kniWe breakfast at 8 o'clock ves, forks, spoons and napkins. in the morning and lunch a 1 p. m. At 5 o'clock we drink In the tea or coffee and eat some cakes or sandwiches. evening we eat cold meat and drink red or white wine.
dtta.
51
Tenth Lesson. Remarks on the nouns.
I.
Gender of compound nouns.
Compound nouns are generally of the same § 1. gender as the last component.
Ex.: husdgare (m) [from hus (n) and agave (m)]. Tiusfru (f) [from hus (n) and fru (f)].
posthus
II.
(n) [from
post
(f)
and hus
(n)].
Formation of female appellations.
§
2.
The female
titles),
to
the
appellations
appellations are formed by adding of male individuals -inna (female
-erska (profession),
-a,
animals and
-ska^
-iska
(names of peoples), -fru and -hustru (profession).
greve, count (earl) furste, prince
hertig, duke
grevinna, countess furstinna, princess
hertiginna, duchess
varg, he-wolf
lejon, lion
varginna, she-wolf
lejoninna, lioness
dsna, ass kock, cook
slaktare, butcher
tysk,
dsninna, she-ass kokerska, cook slaktarhustru (fru),
wife
butcher's
German
svensk, Swede spanior, Spaniard
tyska, German (lady) woman svenska, Swedish (lady) woman spaniorska, Spanish (lady) wo-
man
kines, Chinese kinesiska, Chinese (lady) woman. Note. Names of peoples ending in imam) change this syllable into -ska. Ex.: Norronan, Norwegian; Norska, Norwegian (lady)
woman.
§
3.
Special feminine appellations.
moder, mother
dotter, daughter syster, sister flicka, girl fru, lady
fader, father
son, son
broder, brother gosse, boy herr, gentleman
farbror^, uncle
morbror'^, uncle
faster^, aunt moster^, aunt
man, man
systerson^, nephew
kvinna, woman
syster dotter^, niece brorsdotter^, niece.
brorson^, nephew
^
By
sister's side.
^ the father's side. By the mother's side. * By the brother's side.
—
—
—
^
By
the
4*
52
Lesson
10.
III.
Double gender.
Double plural.
§ 4.
The following nouns have a double gender
Masculine.
Neuter,
hdl, funeral-pile
fjdll, scale
hdl^
les
and
meaning:
hdlar, trunks
lofty
hdl, trunk
funeral-pi-
fjdll^loity mowii' fjall[ar\,
tain
fjdll^ scales
mountains
grund, motive
lock, curl, lock
grunder, motives
grund, shoal
lock, lid
grund, shoals
ZocA:, lids
lockar, locks
curls,
Feminine,
not, walnut rev, fishing-line
Neuter.
fishing-
notter, walnuts
revar,
lines.
not, cattle rev, reef
not, cattle rev, reefs.
Masculine,
bal, ball
baler, balls bank, sandbank bankar, sand-
bal, bale
5<2Z«r, bales
bank, bank
6ors,Exchange
(building) ^«??^, time
banker,
banks
bors, purse
^a72.gr,
banks borsar, purses
path
mask, worm
torsk, cod-fish
vals, cylinder
gdngar, paths maskar, worms
^or.s•^*a7',
borser, Exchange (buildings) gdnger, times
mask, mask
^orsZ:, thrush
masker, masks
(no plural)
cod-fis-
hes
valsar, ders
cylin-
vals, waltz
valser, waltzes,
Feminine,
bok, book
wo^, drag-net
bocker, books
notar, drag-nets vdgar, scales
&o^',
??of,
beech-tree
bokar,
trees
beech-
note
r%,
scales
v«^, wave
noter, notes vdgor, waves.
>Vor(ls.
fisket [fis'kdt^]
[the]
fishery,
stdllningar
[stel'-
stands nets
•
fishing
Bohusldn
htasle'n]
[bo)'-
Bohusliin
shires
niyar'] ndteu [nctdn^] storfiske [stoj'rjislco]
great fishery
ling
landskapen
Uan'dska'pdn]
fiskamci
kama']
gdn]
\fis'-
the fishers
Idnga [loya^] veckor [vek'cor^]
torsk [tortsk]
weeks
cod
fiskldgen [Jls'kU- fishing places
hdlleflun dralhel'd- halibut
byar
jord
\by'ar'']
villages
clifi"s
kusfen
Jdippor [klip'ojr^] trdd [tretd]
[jco.'ud]
trees
flun''dra] [kus'tdn^] shore sillfiske [sil'Jis^k9\ herring-fishery sillen [sil'dn'] herri»g
land,earth,soil
invid [invHd]
on
Eemarks on
rikt [riktt]
rich,
the nouns.
53
naked barren
arable
abundant
nakna
[na'kna^]
[oj'd-
utomor dentil gt
[la'tomod'denHlikt]
extraordinarily
odlingsbar
liy'sbar]
ndsfan liksom
I
almost [nes'taii^] like [li'ksom''] aUmdnhet [iV al- generally
torka [torka'] far a [fa'ra']
overallt[0'V9rart] everywhere to dry
to
go
men'he^t]
vdstra [ves'tra'] sodra [so dra'] mest [mes.'t]
western southern
somUga[sDm'Uga'] some borta {bod'ta'] away
fdnga
olika
[foya']
to catch
most
idkas [idkas']
[oj'lika']
. . .
liggande[Ug'andd^] lying, situated vid [vi!d] on, near
oft a [of'ta^]
da']
often
da ...an [etn
they give themselves to various etn\ now ... now
inklamdalinkUm' - compressed
bland
[blan.'d\
givande [ji'vanda'] productive forsvunnenlfcers- disappeared.
vun'dn^]
amongst
Reading Exercise
Fisket
i
19.
Sverige. I Bohuslan, liksom i allmanhet i vastra och sodra landskapen, bo fiskarna mest i fiskelagen. Dessa aro byar, liggande vid stranden, ofta inklamda bland nakna klippor utan Overallt ser man stallningar trad och utan odlingsbar jord. sommaren fara somfor naten eller att torka fisk pa.
Om
pa sa kallat storfiske, ofta langt ut^) at Nordsjon; de ligga da borta i flera veckor och fanga torsk, langa helgeliga
fiundra
o.
s.
v.
=
(och sa vidare).^)
Sillfisket
Om
vintern idkas invid
kusten
har under olika tider varit olika rikt; an har det varit utomordentligt givande, an har sillen under manga ar varit nastan forsvunnen.
ett rikt sillfiske.
Conversation.
I vilket
Ian bo de fiesta fiskarna?
Var ligga fiskelagena?
om sommaren? Vad for fiskar fangar man i Nordsjon? Nar idkas sillfisket? Har sillfisket alltid lika givande?
Vart fara fiskarna
Words.
[the]
domestic husdjuren animals jm'rdn]
[hm's-
the hound
jakthunden
hun'ddu] hun'ddn]
[jak't-
the dog friend the bitch
hunden
Uiun'ddn]
the shepherd's/ar^wncZe/*
[fo'r-
van [v€.'n] hyndan Uiywdan']
dog
the hunter the game
jdgaren
[je'garan']
[vil'd-
hu7idar [hun'dar^] dogs the watch-dog gdrdvaren [go.cdva'rdn]
^
villebrddet
bro'ddt]
the flock
hjorden [jcoUddn]
2
far away. Idngt ut and so forth etc.
=
=
54
the horses
Lesson
11,
hdstarna
na']
[hes'tar-
the mar( stona [stoj'na'^ the ass dsnan [o-sna^] [oin the meadow p« cincjen [jpot
£7)'9n'']
the she-ass the cat
dsninnan
7iin'an'']
\os-
katten
ycat'dii^]
tuppen
na']
honorna
kon
figg
[tup'dn'] [ho'nojv-
folet [f0'l9f]
[kco'ii]
mjolk [mjol'k]
bg^
[;fo'rdf]
[uli]
fdret
ull
oxen [ojk'sdii^] vagnen [vay'iidn^] plogen [plco'gdn']
tjuren [cm'rdn'] kalven (kal'vdn''] geten [je'tdn]
The
auxiliary verbs.
55
Infinitive.
JETava,
Participle present.
to have.
Supine.
haft, had.
havande, having.
Indicative.
Sul)junctive.
Present.
jag har du har han har
VI
S.
jag (have)
or
md
hava
du (have) or Tnd hava han (have) or md hava
(ha)
P. vi (have) or 1 (haven) or de (have) or
>M
hava
I haven
(han) de hava (ha)
md hava man hava md hava
S
Imperfect.
jag hade du hade han hade P. vi hade I haden de hade
S.
jag (hade) or skulle hava du (hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P. vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle hava
S.
OS
bO
Perfect.
S.
P.
jag har haft du har haft ha7i har haft vi hava haft I haven haft
de hava haft
S.
jag (have)
or
md md
du (have) or md hava haft han (have) or md hava haft
(have) or
or or
hava haft
P. vi
I (haven)
de (have)
man hava
hava haft
haft hava haft
^
O
e8'
md
Pluperfect,
jag hade haft du hade haft han hade haft P. vi hade haft I haden haft de hade haft
S.
3
S,
jag (hade)
or skulle^
hava haft
haft haft haft haft haft
du
(hade) or skulle hava han (hade) ov skulle hava vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) ov skullen hava de (hade) or skullen hava
S.
Future. jag skall hava
Conditional.
S.
P.
du skall hava han skall hava vi skola hava I skolen hava de skola hava
Future past.
jag skulle hava du skulle hava
1—1
*^
P. vi skulle
hava hava I skullen hava de skulle hava
skulle
han
2-£^
Conditional past.
S.
S.
jag skall hava haft du skall hava haft
han skall hava haft P. vi skola hava haft
J«
P.
I
skolen hava haft de skola hava haft
ja^ skulle hava haft du skulle hava haft han skulle hava haft vi skulle hava haft I skullen hava haft de skulle hava haft
o a
Or matte.
56 Impcratiye.
Lesson
11.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Perf.
Int.
hav, have (thou) Idt orri OSS hava (havom), let us have haven (haver), have (ye)
hava hava
or lia^ to have haft, to have had
to be about to
skola hava,
have.
it
instead of vi hava, I haven, de hava. Note 5. The periphrastic forms of the tenses of the subjunctive mood are more frequently used.
«ia^» /, is never written with a capital letter, unless occurs at the beginning of a sentence. Note 3. The pronoun I (ye, you) is written with a capital letter. Note 4. In general conversation vi ha, I han, de ha, are used
2.
Note Note
1.
The forms havom and haver
are antiquated.
Infinitive.
vara,
Participle present.
to be.
Supine.
varit, been.
varande, being.
Indicative.
Sul)jnnctive.
Present.
b.
P.
jag ar du ar han dr vi dro I dren de dro
S.
jag
du (vare) or md vara han (vare) or md vara
vi (vare) or
(vare) or
md
vara
P.
md
I
(var en) or
de (vare) vr
vara vara md vara
mdn
S.
jag var du var han var
voro
1 voren
P. vi
de voro
Imperject. S. jag vore or skulle vara du vore or skulle vara han vore or skulle vara P. vi vore or skulle vara I voren or skullen vara de vore or skulle vara
Perfect.
S_
"
S.
jag har varit du har varit han har varit P. vi hava varit I haven varit de hava varit
S.
jag (have) or md hava varit du (have) or md hava varit han (have) or md hava varit P. vi (have) or md hava varit I (haven) or mdn hava varit de (have) or md hava varit
s s
S.jag hade varit
du hade varit han hade varit
P.ti
hade varit
varit
^
I haden
^
de hade darit
Pluperfect. S.jag (hade) or skulle^ hava du (hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P.ri (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle hava
varit varit varit varit varit varit
rt
e3
Or matte.
The
Future.
auxiliary verbs.
57
58
Lesson
11.
forrddiskt [fcere!- treacherously
diskt]
kdnde [gen'dd^
oemotstdndlig
felt
irresistible
hortford
[hoji't-
taken away
during heard
over
[ox em ojtston'dlig] forklddd [fo'r- disguised
under [un!ddr] horde [h(£\idd']
tola
om [ta'la' om'} talk(ing)
intended
kUd'] trdffade \tref'add^] met,
came
across
dmnade [em'nadd^]
foretaga [fo'rdta^ga]
redan
[re'dan']
already
undertak(ing)
smog
si-g]
sig
[smo^g slipped.
Reading Exercise
21.
Gustay Yasas nngdom. Gustav Eriksson Vasa foddes i Uppland pa garden Lindholmen, troligen ar 1497. Hans fader var radsherre och en av Sturarnas trognaste anhangare. Sasom yngling kom Gustav till Sten Stares hov. Han kampade tappert i striderna mot Kung Kristian och i slaget vid Brannkyrka bar han den svenska fanan. Kort darpa blev han av den trolose Kristian forradiskt gripen och bortford till Danmark. Under sin fangenskap horde han danskarna tala om det stora krigstag de amnade foretaga mot Sverige. Gustav kande da en oemotstandlig langtan att fa komma hem och kampa for faderneslandet. Forkladd flydde han fran Danmark till Lybeck och traffade dar en skeppare, som forde honom over till Sverige om varen 1520. Da voro danskarna redan i besittning av storre delen av landet. Pa ensliga vagar smog han sig fran det ena stallet till det andra och kom slutligen till en av sin faders gar dar, Ravsnas i Sodermanland.
Conversation.
Var foddes Gustav Vasa? Vem var bans fader? Mot vem kampade han? Av vem blev han forradiskt gripen? Vad horde han under sin fangenskap danskarna Huruledes flydde han till Lybeck? Vem traffade han i denna stad? Nar aterkom han till Sverige?
Words.
kitchen-gar-
tala
om?
\
kokstrddgdrd
[gok'strwD^jid]
vegetables
gronsaker [gro'nsa'kdr]
den
wall the gardener
vdgg [vegf] trddgdrdsmdstaren [frrgojd-
radishes
spinage
love-apples'
rddisor [re'di^sojr] spenat [spena.'t] kdrleksdpplen
[ga?'rlefcsep^h7i]
seeds
fron
mes'tard] [fro^n]
asparagus
sparris [spar
The
tomatoes
adjective.
59
spaden
hackan
[spa'ddn^] [hak'an^]
rdfsan [ref'san^] omgiven [om'ji''vd7i\
sdtt
[sott]
seg
[seig]
mjuk
mogen
[mjuifk]
hdlsosam [heVsMsamy\
[moj'gdn^] flytta Cflyt'a'] det dr tid [deit etr
ti'd]
utrotar
tar].
[m'tr cot-
Translation Exercise 22.
The kitchen-garden.
Behind our house we have a large kitchen-garden. It is surrounded by a high wall. The gardener has sowed many seeds. We shall have plenty of vegetables in spring and summer radishes, spinage, love-apples, asparagus, onions, salad, carrots, beans, cauliflowers, parsley and sorrel. These
:
love-apples are red; they are ripe. In spring horse radishes are tough. Asparagus are soft and wholesome vegetables. It is time to transplant cabbages. The gardener roots up the weeds in the boarders. The gardener's tools are: the spade, the hoe and the rake.
60
Lesson 12.
A.
Indefinite Form.
§ 2. The indefinite or strong declension has three different forms: a)
A common
alteration.
in the singular
form for the masculine and feminine whereby the adjective requires no
b)
particular form for the neuter in the singular, the inflection of which is -t. common form for the three genders in the c) plural, the inflection of which is -a.
A
A
Note.
of -a.
Participles in
-ad and superlatives
in -ast take -e instead
Examples.
Masculine. Sing, en god gosse
Plur.
Feminine.
en god fiicka
ett
Neuter.
gott
ham
goda
Note
gossar.
goda
adjectives
fiickor.
goda ham.
1.
The
that end in an accented vowel double
-t in
the neuter.
Ex.: grd^ grdtt; hid, hldtt; ny, nytt. Those ending in -en (unaccented) drop the -n before 2. taking the neuter inflection -t. Ex.: mogen^ Tnoget; trogen, troget.
Note
Note 3. The adjectives in remain unchanged in the neuter,
Ex.: fast; stolt; trott
-t
preceded by a consonant or in
-tt
etc.
Note
4.
Those ending in
-al,
-I,
in the plural the vowel preceding
-en, -el, -n, -r.
-er (unaccented) drop
Ex.:
gammal, gamla; tapper, tappra. mogen, mogna; ddel, ddla.
as well
Note 5. Those ending in -d preceded by a consonant, as participles in -ad change -d in -t in the neuter.
Ex.: hlind
neuter:
» »
hlint
mild aktad
Note
-tt in
6.
milt
aktat.
in -d preceded
Those ending
by a vowel change d
in
fhe neuter.
Ex.: god, neuter: gott.
B.
3.
Definite Form.
weak declension has for the § three genders and both numbers the same inflection -a. When the adjectives are declined according § 4. to this form they are generally preceded by the InThe
definite or
dependent definite article
(fristaende artikel):
The
adjective.
61
den for the masculine and feminine in the singular. » » neuter in the singular. det » » three genders in the plural. de
Here it must be observed that the qualified noun has the terminal definite article although the adjective is preceded by the independent definite article, excepted in some cases which will be treated in the Lesson on the Pronouns.
Examples.
Singular.
Plural,
den goda (e) gossen den goda flickan
det
goda
harnet.
de de de
goda gossarne goda fiickorna goda barnen.
NB.
Note 2 and 4 apply also
to the adjectives declined after
the definite form.
§ 5. In the masculine singular the inflection -e It should always be used instead of -a: also used.
a)
is
of
In exclamations and in solemn apostrophes. Ex.: gode Gud! svenske man! b) When the adjective is not followed by a noun or when it is used after a proper noun as a surname. Ex.: den gode, the good (man or woman) Karl den Store, Charles the Great. NB. Participles in -ad and superlatives in -ast take -e instead -a, as when declined according to the indefinite form.
C.
6.
Use
of the
modes of
inflections.
§ adjectives should be declined according to the strong declension when used:
1.
The
Without
Ex.
:
article or predicatively.
;
gott vin, good wine
vinet dr gott, the wine
is
good.
2.
With the indefinite
Ex.: en
article.
god man, a good man. en god flicka, a good girl. ett gott ham, a good child. (goda filckor) (good girls).
3.
With the indefinite pronouns.
Ex.: varje tapper soldat, every brave soldier.
4.
With the interrogative pronouns.
Ex.: vilket sott sockerf
§
weak
The adjectives are declined according to the declension when used:
7.
62
Lesson
12.
1.
Before a noun with the
ticle. Ex.:
terminal definite
ar-
NB.
2.
franska sprdket, the French language. In this case the adjective is generally preceded by the
article (see B. § 4).
independent definite
After a noun in the genitive case.
Ex. faderns stora egendoinar, the father's large estates. After the personal, possessive, relative and demonstrative pronouns. Ex.: jag olyckliga mdnniska! min gode van!
:
3.
Remarks.
a)
Some
adjectives are indeclinable, such as:
in
ode, waste; gdngse, usual; hra, good etc. etc.
b)
all
These adjectives have the same termination
they take an
:
cases;
Ex.
s
in the
genitive
when used
as
but:
substantives.
den dygdiges olycka, the virtuous (man's) misfortune. den dygdige mannens olycka, the virtuous man's
misfortune.
Words.
gruvan [grrn'ran^] the mine maimer [maltmdr]
dmnen
[em'ndn'']
inre [in.^rd] herget [hserjtdt]
meter [mettdr]
gruvor [grui'vcor^']
at alia sidor
al'd^ si'dojr'']
[^oit
:
gdngar
[goyar'']
[ne'd-
rum
[rumf\
nedgdngen
goy'dn]
oppning
[op'niy']
brunn
stegar
[brunf]
[ste'gar^]
korgar [kor'jar^] tunnor [tun'ojr^] pd dagen [po!
da'gdn^]
lampor [lam'pojr^]
bloss [blosf]
upplyste
lys^td]
[up'-
nyttiga [nyt'iga^]
The
adjective.
63
Reading Exercise 23.
Grruyan.
For
mider Dessa
hel
att
jordens inre
sig djupt ner i berget jorden, stundom flera hundra meter. Sa far man gruvor. utvidgas at alia sidor^ sa att de slutligen besta av en
komma at maimer och har man fatt spranga
andra nyttiga amnen
i
mangd gangar och rum. Dar nere kunna ofta flera hundra manniskor arbeta. Nedgangen till en gruva utgor vanligen blott en smal oppning, som ser ut som en brunn man stiger ner pa branta stegar eller hissas utfor i korgar eller tunnor. I sjalva gruvan skuUe vara kolmorkt aven pa dagen, om man ej upplyste den med lampor eller bloss.
;
Conversation.
gora for att komma at maimer jordens inre? Varav bestar en gruva? Huru manga manniskor kunna arbeta i en gruva ? Huru ser nedgangen till en gruva ut?
Vad har man
fatt
i
Hur ypplyses gruvoma?
Words.
the earth
jorden [jutrddn]
ett
a ball
Mot
[eti klojtt]
the Isthmus the bays the peninsula
ndset Ine'sdt]
havsvikama
[hav'svi'karna]
the universe vdldsalUet[vse'dds-
aUdt]
the equator
line
halvon
[hal'vo^n]
ekvatorn
[ekva'-
round
rund
[rwitd]
moves
hemisphere
quarters
surface
linje [Unijd] [linih Hot [Jial'vJialvklot
infinite
fictitious
ror sig [rd!r siig] odndlig \oj'En^dlig\
finger ad[Ji7)jeiraa\
lik(a) [li'ka^^
kWt]
fjdrdedelar[fjss'jiddde'lar]
similar divides
yta [yta']
southern northern
flat
delar [de'lar^] sydlig [sydligl nordlig [noj'MUg^]
slat
[sh.^t]
oceaner[Q)' seaindr] the m2im-\2inAfastland€t [fas-tlan'ddt] the continents kontinenterna
[kon'tinen'tdrna']
tracts of land
oceans
wide
spitting fire
vidstrdckt
strek^t]
[vi'd-
eldsprutande [el'dsprm'tande]
landstrdckor
[lan'dstrEk^ojr] Idgland [lo'glan'd]
leads in the year
for
dr
plains,
low-
[/o.V] or pd .. . talet [otr or pot tatldt]
land streams
volcano
strommar
m'ar*^]
by the French av fransmdnnen
[stro-
[a.'vfran'smin^dn]
in the
Alps
pd Alperna
al'p9rna']
[po.'
vulkan [vulka'n]
the summits
fna^]
[top'ar-
.chain of moun- bergskedja[bser'jstams ge'dja]
strait
topparna
hojder
rocky
heights capes
klippig [klip'ig']
[hojtddr]
[ud'ar^].
sund
vdg
[sun'd]
way
[v€!g]
uddar
64
Lesson 13.
Translation Exercise 24.
The earth.
The earth is round like a ball; it moves in the infinite The equator is a fictitious line, that divides the universe. earth into two similar hemispheres. Three quarters of the surface of the earth are covered by seas and deep oceans. The main-land is divided into two continents: the old and
new continents. On the main-land are high mountains, pieces of land, which are called plains, deep and vdde A mountain valleys (through) in which great rivers flow. that spits fire is called a volcano. A chain of mountains consists of several mountains. A strait is a way that leads from one sea into another sea. The Isthmus of Suez was cut by the French in the year 1870. Glaciers are heights covered with ice. There are many glaciers in the Alps. The summits of the highest mountains are covered with eternal snow. The sea-shores consist of steep capes, deep bays and rocky
the
flat
peninsulas.
Thirteenth Lesson.
The adjective
(continued).
II.
Degrees of comparison.
comparison
of Swedish adjectives is the comparative and the
§
1.
The
aifected
by two degrees:
A.
superlative.
Formation of the comparative.
into three
§ 2. classes
:
The comparatives may be divided
a) The comparative which expresses a superior degree and which is formed in the regular way, that is, by adding -are to the positive.
Ex.: rik, rich; rikare, richer.
The comparative which expresses an equal dewhich is formed by the words: lika or likasa and gree
b)
placed before the positive.
Ex.: lika rik as poor
. .
.
as rich ....
.
.
lika or likasa fattig
.
.
.
.
The
adjective (continued),
65
c) The comparative which expresses an inferior degree and which is formed by the words: mindre or icke (lika) sd placed before the positive. icke (lika) sd rik not so rich Ex. mindre rik NB. «Thaii» is translated by an. «As» is translated by som.
:
. .
.,
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ex.
:
Han
He
He
B.
is
Han
is
dr rikare an min fader. richer than my father. dr icke sd stor som jag.
not so strong as I (am).
§ 3.
Formation of the superlative. The superlative may be: attributive,
predi-
cative or absolute.
a)
by adding the syllable
when
superlative attributive is regularly formed -ast to the positive and is used followed by a noun (which may be understood).
Ex.
:
The
Bosen dr den vackraste hlomman
.
.
.
The rose is the prettiest flower Jag dr den yngste (sonen).
I
.
.
.
am
the youngest (son).
in
is
b) The superlative predicative is formed same manner as the superlative attributive, but used after the verb «mm» as predicate and variable.
the
only is in-
Ex.
:
Dessa blommor dro vackrast. These flowers are (the) prettiest
(in
German:
am
c)
jc^onften).
The superlative absolute, that
is
is
without
comparison
formed by placing such words asi mycket,
before the positive.
hogst, alldeles, ganska,
Ex.: mycket god, very good; hogst angendm, most agreeable; alldeles bid, quite blue.
Remarks.
1. The adjectives ending in -al, -el, -en, -er (unaccented) drop the vowel preceding I, n and r in the formation of the comparative and superlative.
Ex.: mogen, ripe; mognare, riper; mognast, (the) ripest.
2. Polysyllabic adjectives in -ad, -e, -se, -es, -isk and the polysyllabic participles form their comparative by
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
g
66
Lesson 13.
placing the adverb mera and their superlative b}' placing the adverb mest before the positive. Ex. krigisk, warlike mera krigisk ; mest krigisk.
:
;
3.
rative the positive.
Ex,
:
The adjectives ending in -a form their compaand superlative by adding only -re and -st to
stilla,
still
;
stillare ; stillast.
4. Notice the following adjectives which form their degrees of comparison like those in -a.
Positive.
The
adjective (continued).
67
Ex.: den rikaste fursten den vackraste fiickan det flitigaste barnet
de rikaste furstarne de vackraste flickorna de flitigaste barnen.
b)
The
Ex.
:
superlative predicative remains Dessa blommor dro vackrast.
is
unchanged.
c)
The superlative absolute
Singular.
declined like the
Plural.
indefinite form.
Ex.: fursten dr ntycket rik fiickan dr mycket vacker
barnet dr mycket sndllt.
E.
furstarne dro mycket rika flickorna dro mycket vackra barnen dro mycket sndlla.
§
6.
Irregular comparisons.
Comparative.
Superlative.
Positive.
liten (sing.),
mindre, smaller » » smd (plur.), smdrre, ddlig, elak (ond), bad sdmre, vdrre, worse
small
gammal,
fa,
old
bra, god, good
dldre, older bdttre, better
minst, smallest » smdrst, sdmst, vdrst, worst didst, oldest bdst, best minst, least mest, most
fldsta,
est.
few
fdrre, less
mi/cfcen (sing.), much
mera, more
flera
manga (plur.), many
ndra
near.
—
mesta
—
ndrmare, nearer.
ndst, ndrmast, near-
Words.
blodbad
ba'd\
\bloj'd-
slaughter
till
doden
[ti'l
dei- to death
soldiers
ddn]
mdnnen
svek
stdt [stoif]
[sve.'k]
pomp
deceit
knektar
tar']
[knek'-
\mentm\ the men
(treachery) castle room, hall
ring
[riy!]
bodeln [boiddln]
ring the executio-
slott \sht:'\
ner
sal
[sa.'Z]
uppsyn
iron
[up'sy'ri] face,
mien,
svdrdet [svseirddt] the sword uppstdllda \up' posted
steVda}
[trco.^n]
look throne
beslut€t[bdslm.'t9t] the decision avsdttning [a*t*- deposition
sif'niT)]
vdntade \vvrvtdid^''\ was awaiting dodade^de'dadds'] were killed
tillsatte [til'sat'd]
instituated
domdes [dom'dds'] were condemcourt
(of Ju-
domstol [doj'mstco'U
ned
stice) [po.^
hy Hades
dds']
[hyl'a-
was sworn
allegiance
a forhc pd forhand
forhanid] de anklagade
kla^gadd\
beforehand
the accused
[a?i*
krontes [kron'tds^] was crowned inbjudit [hvbjm^- invited
dit]
ones
68
Lesson most eminent
13.
fomdmsta
n€m'sta\ visade sig
[fce'Ji-
forfoljt
\vi'-
showed
self
him-
fom
[fce'v-
persecuted
avsatt [a'vsaf^
matte straffas
samtyckte [sam'tyk'td]
nddig [no'dig^]
tankte
\t€7)'td^'\
clement
thought
distinguished
called together
should be punished consented
framstdende
[fram'sto'dndd]
uppkallade [up'karadd]
'it [de'lta^git] deliagit [c partaken befallde [bdfaT- commanded
dd']
samlades
'dds]
[sam'la'- assembled
std
till
rdtta [sto^ to sue at law
til! ret'a']
mork
[mcer!k] satte sig [sat'd']
gloomy
sat (upon)
avgjord [a'vjcor^d] decided fordes ut [fcR'ji- were led out
d9s' uc't]
framtrddde
[fram'tre'dd]
appeared
avrdttas[a'vr€t^as] be executed.
begdrde
[hdjseirdd]
demanded
Reading Exercise 25.
Stockholms blodbad.
hyllades Kristian II sasom Sveriges konung och kronStockholm med stor stat. Till hogtidlighetema hade han Han inbjudit de fornamsta mannen i riket och deras fruar. visade sig iiadig mot alia, men i sitt sinne tankte han pa svek. En dag i november 1520 blevo de mest framstaende svenskarna uppkallade till Stockholms slott. De samlades i en sal pa slottet. Konungen kom in med mork uppsyn och satte Infor honom framtradde nu Gustav Trolle sig pa sin tron. och begarde, att de, som forfoljt och avsatt honom, matte straffas. Konungen samtyckte hartill och befallde, att alia, som deltagit i beslutet om Gustav Trolles avsattning, skulle sta till ratta infor en domstol, som han tillsatte. Domen var pa forhand avgjord: de anklagade domdes till doden. Darpa fordes de ut till att avrattas. Pa Stortorget voro danska knektar uppstallda i en ring, och inom denna viintade bodeln med svardet. Nu dodades 82 av de fornamsta svenskarna.
tes
i
Nu
Conversation.
Vem
hyllades sasom Sveriges konung? Var krontes han? Vad skedde under dessa hogtidligheter? Vad vet Ni om detta blodbad?
Vilket ar agde det
rum?
Vad begarde Gustav Trolle? Vad befallde konungen?
tillsattes domstolen? vad domdes de anklagade? Hum manga av de fornamsta svenskarna dodades?
Av vem
Till
The
verb.
69
Words.
gold
silver
guld,
-et
[gul'd] -n
[pla'-
blast-furnace
steel
masugn,
suy^n]
-en [ma'-
silver, -vret[sil'vdr]
platinum, pla- platina,
tina
stdl, -et [stoH]
heavier than tyngre
an
[tgyrd'
metals
lead iron
metaller, -na [metal'dr]
en.']
precious
fusible
bly, -et [bly!]
dyrbar [dy'rba'r\ smdltbar [smel'tba'r]
jam,
-et
[jseUn]
[ko-
copper
mercury,
quick-silver the ore
iron-plate
tin
koppar, -en
p'ar']
smelts
easily
smdlter
[smel'tar''] latt [htt]
kvicksilver, -vret [kvik'sirvdr]
hard
ductile are dug out
hard
[hoidd]
malmen {maHmdn]
jdrnbleck,
tenn,
ten.']
tdnjbar [tsn'jba'r] graves ut [gre'vds'
m.'t]
-et
[jds'Miblsk^]
-et
smelted
or
smalt
[smelit]
[ten!
dipped is used
to solder
doppad
[dop'ad']
brukas [brm'kas']
loda [le'da'] (Mir rostigt
<
tin-plate
Ijusbleck, -et
blek']
[jiit's-
[bli.'r
cast-iron
gjutjdm,
-et [jut't-
rusts
ros'tig't]
mixture
coal
jeeUn] blandning,
-en
damp
brass
Iblan'dniy'] kol, -et \kotl\
[rostar [ros'tar'] fukt [fuktt] massing, -en[m€S'-
¥]'
Translation Exercise 26.
Metals.
Platina Gold, heavier than silver; it is the heaviest metal. Precious metals are not the most useful. Lead is more fusible than iron; it smelts very easily. Copper is not so heavy as quicksilver. Silver is harder than gold and more ductile than copper. The ore as well as most metals are dug out of the earth. Iron-plate dipped into smelted tin becomes Cast iron is a mixture of iron and coal. Tin tin-plate. is used to solder other metals. Iron rusts easily when exposed to damp weather. Cast iron flows out of blast-furBrass is not so hard as steel. naces.
silver
is
and platina are precious metals.
Fourteenth Lesson. The verb.
§ 1. The Swedish language has four conjugations which are distinguished by the termination of the
supine.
70
Lesson 14.
The termination of the supine
-at for
-t
is:
»
the P* conjugation. » » 2^^
» »
S'-^
'tt
-it
» »
»
4*^
»
The first three conjugations are called regular conjugations and the fourth irregular or strong conjugation.
§
2.
or
weak
First conjugation.
§
3.
The
-erttj
first
conjugation contains the verbs en-na, -ra, -ska, -sa
ding in
-iga^
-la,
and
-ta.
It takes:
-ade in the imperfect indicative. -ad in the past participle. -at in the supine.
§ 4.
Indicatiye.
Alska^
to love.
Active volee.
Sul)juiictive.
Present.
I
S.
loye
etc.
I
S.
love or
may
love
etc.
jag dlkaf"
du dlskar' han dlskar
P. vi
I
dlska dlsken
de dlska.
or dlska du dlske or dlska han dlske or dlska. P. vi dlske or tna dlska I dlsken or dlska dlska. de dlske or
jag dlske
md md md
man
md
Imperfect.
I
S.
loYed
etc.
jag dlskade du dlskade
S.
P. vi
han dlskade. dlskade I dlskaden
de dlskade.
P.
I loved or might love etc. jag dlskade or skulle or matte dlska du dlskade or skulle or matte dlska han dlskade or skulle or matte dlska. vi dlskade or skulle or matte dlska
I dlskaden de dlskade
Perfect.
or skullen or mdttefti dlska or skulle or matte dlska.
I
S.
P.
have loved etc. jag har dlskat du har dlskat han har dlskat. vi hava dlskat I haven dlskat de hava dlskat.
I
have
S.
or
may have loved
etc.
jag
P.
md hava dlskat du md hava dlskat han md hava dlskat. vi md hava dlskat
I man hava
de
dlskat
dlskat.
md hava
The
verb.
71
Pluperfect.
I
S.
had loved
etc.
I
S.
had
or
might have loved
or skulle
» > > » >
etc.
P.
jag hade alskat du hade alskat han hade alskat vi hade alskat I haden alskat de hade alskat.
Future.
I
S.
P.
jag hade du hade han hade vi hade I haden
de hade
or
»
skulle skulle skulle skullen skulle
> >
> >
matte matte matte matte mdtten matte
Conditional.
etc.
shall love
I
S.
should love
etc;
jag skall dlska
du skall dlska han skall dlska.
P. VI
skola dlska skolen dlska de skola dlska.
I
jag skulle dlska du skulle dlska han skulle dlska. P. vi skulle dlska I skullen dlska de skulle dlska.
Conditional past.
I shall
S.
Future past. have loved
etc.
I
S.
should have loved
etc.
jag skall hava dlskat du skall hava dlskat
jag skulle hava dlskat du skulle hava dlskat
P. vi skola
hava dlskat. hava dlskat I skolen hava dlskat de skola hava dlskat.
skall
han
han
P. vi skidle
hava dlskat. hava dlskat I skullen hava dlskat de skulle hava dlskat.
skulle
Imperative.
dlska,
love.
let
Infinitive.
Pres. Perf.
Int.
dlskom,
us love.
ye.
dlska, to love. hava dlskat, to have
skola dlska,
loved.
dlsken, love
to be about to love.
Participles.
Pres. Perf.
dlskande, loving. havande dlskat, having
dlskat,
loved.
loved.
Sup.
Passive voice.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
I
S.
I
am
loved
etc.
he or
may he loved
etc.
S.
jag dlskas du dlskas
han dlskas.
P. vi
dlskas
I dlskens
de dlskas.
jag dlskes or md dlskas du dlskes or md dlskas han dlskes or md dlskas. P. vi dlskes or md dlskas I dlskens or man dlskas de dlskes or md dlska.
72
Lesson 14.
Imperfect.
I
S.
was loved
etc. S,
jag dlskades du dlskades Tian dlskades.
P. vi
dlskades
P.
7 dlskadens
de dlskades.
I were or might be loved etc. jag dlskades or skulle or matte du dlskades or skulle or matte han dlskades or skulle or matte vi dlskades or skulle or T/ia^^e I dlskadens or skullen or mdtten de dlskades or sfcwZ/e or wdffe
Perfect.
have heen loved etc. S. Ja^ ^ar dlskats du har dlskats han har dlskats. P. vi hava dlskats I hava dlskats
de hava dlskats.
I
have
S.
or
may have heen
loved,
jag
ma
hava dlskats
The
verb.
73
been loved.
Supine: (ilskats
Note.
=
passive voice is also formed by the auxiliary verbs <hlivai> and ^vara^ and the participle perfect past.
The
jag Mir (dr) dlskad etc., I am loved. jag blev (var) dlskad etc., I was loved.
Irregular verbs of the
Infinitive.
I.
Conjugation.
Imperfect.
hette
Ind. Present,
Sing.
Plur.
Supine.
hetat
heta
to
be
named
heter
heta
kunna
leva veta
vilja
to be able to live
to
kan
level"
kunna
leva veta
vilja
kunde
levde
visste
ville
kunnat
levat vetat
velat.
know
vet
vill
will
Words.
utlopp [m'tlop^]
mouth
salt-sea saltsjo [sal'tfo^] holmar [hol'mar^^ islets halvdar\hal'v0ar^\ peninsulas
around kring [kriy.'] utgores av \m't- are formed out
jo'rds
a.'v']
of
skilda [fil'da^]
separated
filled
sund, vikar
pi.
[sunJd']
straits
uppfyllda [up'
up
[vi'kar^]
JyMa]
lummiga[lum'iga'] bushy
sjdlv [fsl'v]
itself
ldvskog[l0'vskoj'g^ foliage dungar [du7far'] clumps soder [so.'ddr] south malmenlmal'mdnl the suburb djurgdrden [jui'r- the zoological
ddrigenom
[d€.'ri-
thereby
divided
goUddn]
garden
the ghost parliament-
je'n'om] delat [de'laf] at soder [o.'t
se.'-
to the south to the north in the west in the east
anden
[an'dd'n]
riksdag shuset
[rik'sda'gshm'
S'dt]
house
sluice vessel
slussen [slus.'dn] the fartyget [fa'rty'- the
gdt]
ddr] at norr [o!t nor!] i vaster [tV ves.'tdr] i oster [i' os.'tdr'] oster om [os.'tdr
om.']
to the east of
strax
intill
quite near
allt
kunglig [kuy'lig'] royal ever since ifrdn [altt
ifroin]
begravna
[strakis intiH] [6a-
buried
gra'vna'] hredvid\hre'dvitd] close to
tvdrton^tvBBJi-tom''] vice versa vanligtvis [va'n- usually liktvi^s] beldgen [bdUigdn^ situate(d)
helgeands [hd'jd- of the Holy Ghost an'ds]
bygffd [byg;d]
built
ndmligen [nem'ligdn']
namely
new.
ny
[ny.']
Reading Exercise
27.
Stockholm. Stockholm ar en av de vackrast belagna stader i Europa. Hela trakten kring Malarens utlopp i ^Saltsjon" utgores av sma oar, holmar och halvoar, skilda av sund och vikar samt
74
Lesson 14.
uppfyllda av sma branta berg, skogar och lummiga lovskogsdungar. Sjalva Stockholm ligger pa flera holmar och halvoar och ar darigenom delat i flera delar: I mitten ligger „Staden'' pa en holme mellan „Norrstrom" och „Soderstr6m" at soder „Sodermalm'',atnorr „Norrmalm" samt ^Kmigsholmen" i vaster och „Ostermalm*^ i oster. Oster om „Staden" at ^Saltsjon" till ligga „Skeppsholmen*' och ^Djurgarden'^ „Staden'' ar Stockholm aldsta del. Har ar det „Kmigliga Slottet" och pa en liten holme strax intill ligger „Riddarholmskyrkan". dar konungarna allt ifran Gustav II ligga begravna. Pa en annan
;
holme, ,,Helgeandsholmen'', ligger det nya „Riksdagshuset". Bredvid ^Soderstrom" ar en sluss byggd for fartyg, som skola ga fran Malaren till ,,Saltsj6n'* eller tvartom; vattnet i Malaren star namligen vanligtvis hogre an i „Saltsjon''.
Conyersation.
Ar Stockholm en vacker stad?
Av vad
Pa vad
utgores trakten kring Malarens utlopp
ligger sjalva
i
Saltsjon ?
Stockholm? I hum manga delar ar Stockholm delat? Vilka aro Stockholms viktigaste byggnader? Vad ar byggt det bredvid Soderstrom?
Words,
buildings
hyggnader\hyg'nad^dr]
professors
Idrare
\l£'rard^\
merchant
lesson
kopman [gd'pman^]
lundervisning [uwj
head-master \iskol)fdrestdndare I [foTdston^dard]
dormitories
ddrvis^niy] [lektion [Ukfcotri]
sovsalar
lar]
[so'vsa'-
children
is
ham
\haiji7i\
conducted forvaltas
valtas]
[foR'r-
dining-rooms
infirmary
matsalar [ma'tsa^lar]
IS
composed bestdr av [bdsto'r
of
a.'v]
sjukrum
rum^]
[fuck[skco'l-
spacious
quiet
rymlig \rym'lig^^
stilla
\stil'a^'\
school-rooms
teachers
of
skolrum
rum']
scolded
grdlade
la^dd]
pa
\_gr€'-
languages drawing master rard\ writing master skrivldrare[skri'vU^rard]
singing
sprdkldrare[spro'kh^rard] ritldrare [ri'tU'''
was whisper- viskade [vis'ka'dd]
ing
industrious
polite
flitig [flitig'] hdvlig [ho'vlig']
indulgent
[soj}'-
skonsam
[skco'n-
sdngldrare
W'rard]
master
pupils
class
Idrjungar
juy^ar]
[Ise'r-
blames punishes
strict
rooms
klassrum
[klas'-
impartial
sam'] tadlar [tad'lar^^ straffar \^straf'ar^'\ Strang \str£y^ opartisk [oj'par^tisk].
The
verb.
75
Translation Exercise 28.
The School.
one of the finest buildings in the town. The school is It is conducted by a very learned director. composed of three spacious dormitories, two dining-rooms, an infirmary, four class-rooms. We have three teachers of (for) modern languages, a Latin and Greek master, a drawing master, a singing master, a writing master and two other teachers. Pupils must be quiet in the class-room. Our teachers are very strict but impartial. Are all present to-day? No, four pupils are absent they must be ill. Our director scolded the merchant's son because he was always whispering during
Our school
is
;
parents
Industrious and polite children are loved by their Is your master indulgent? Yes, he blames us often but punishes us very seldom.
the lesson.
and masters.
Fifteenth Lesson.
Second conjugation.
belonging- to the second conju§ 1. into two classes: are divided gation a) To the first class belong all verbs the root of which ends in -k, -p, -s, -t, and contains one of the
The verbs
weak vowels
-te
't
:
a, y, o,
e,
i.
These verbs take:
in the imperfect indicative. past participle. -t in the supine. To the second class belong all verbs the root
in the
b) of
which does not end
a, y,
o,
in -k, -p,
«,
i.
-s,
-t,
but contains one
of the vowels:
-de in the
imperfect indicative.
-d in the past participle. -t in the supine.
Kopa,
to buy. Active voice.
Indicative. Present.
Boja,
to bend.
Passive voice.
S.
jag
du han
76
Lesson 15.
Imperfect.
S.
jag
\
S.
jag
du > han J
P. vi
kopte.
bojde.
du > han J
P. vi
I
koptes.
koptes.
hojdes. hojdes.
kopte.
bojde.
I
de
kopten.
kopte.
hojden.
bojde.
I
de
koptens.
koptes.
bojdens.
hojdes.
Note. The compound tenses of the Indicative and the Subjunctive etc. are conjugated with the same auxiliary verbs as the verb: dlska, dlskas.
The
verb.
77
78
Lesson
15.
Words.
uppfarten
fa^rtdn]
\up'the ascent
lifts
dngslupar
Im'par]
[^oy's-
steam-launch
slopes ,
hissar
[his'ar''^
stupar
[^stui'par^']
sinks
jamvdgar [jx'dn- railways
ve'gar]
down
Idtta {let'a^^ facilitate s. k. sd kalladid) so called
tunnlar [tun'lar'''] tunnels promenadplatser walking
[prco'mdna'dplafsdr]
=
place
[so.'kal'add']
finnas
(the)
[jin'as^^
are found, there are
kungstrddgdrden
[kuystrEgo'rddn]
King's
garden (the) Hopgarhumlegdrden den \hum'ldgo'rddn\ operahus [oj'pdra- opera house
underground [un'ddrjojUdisk] innehdller [ind'containSjholds
historisk \histcjtTisk'\
underjordisk
historical
hm^s]
nationalmuseum
[nat'fojna'lmiase^urri]
national
mu-
tvdrsover
[tvsej,'-
through
seum
artistic(al)
se'vdr] bekant [bdkanti]
known
leads
also
konstsam lingar
[kon'stsam^liyar]
leder [le'ddr^]
collections
ock
lokf]
sandds [san'do^s] sand
bergds [bxr'jo^s] ridge
seger
kdr\
[se.'gdr]
ridge
talrik [ta'lri^k]
numerous
visited
besokas [bdso'kas^] are
victory
facto-
bekvdmt [bdkv£7n!t]
comfortably
fabriker
[fabrit- works,
ries
avdelning [a'vde%
division
park
[paM^k]
stockholmare
[stok'hormard]
park Stockholmers
Jiotta [Jlot'^'} forlustelsestdlle [fcerlus'tdlsdsterd]
slot'n]
navy
pleasure
ground
pleasure
lustsloiten [lus't- the
omgivningar[om'- environs
jivniy^ar]
castles
spdrvagnar[spo'r- tram-cars.
vay^nar]
Beading Exercise 29.
Stockholm.
„Sodermalm« stupar brant
dit
at sjon.
har
man
tva
s.
k.
hissar.
For att latta uppfarten For jarnvagarna finnas tva
langa underjordiska vagar, s. k. tunnlar. A ,,Norrmalm,. ligga Stockholms tva fSmamsta promenadplaster, ^Kungstradgarden'' och ^Humlegarden'', samt Operahuset och Nationalmuseum, som innehaller statens historiska och konstamlingar. Tvarsover „Norrmalm*' gar en sandas, „Brunkebergsasen**, bekant genom Sten Stures seger over danskarna; genom denna as leder ock en tunnel. Pa ,.Kungsholmen'* finnas stora fabriker. Vid „Skeppsholmen" ligger en avdelning av svenska flottan. Djurgarden ar en vacker park med talrika sommarbostader; den ar stockholmarnas forniimsta forlustelsestalle. Mycket besCkas ocksa de i Stockholms niirhet liggande kungliga lustslotten ^Haga**, ^Ulriksdal" och j,Drottningholm".
The
verb.
79
Mellan Stockholms olika delar avensom till dess omgivningar kommer man latt och beqvamt med sparvagnar och angslupar.
Conyersation.
ar brantast? Var ligga Stockholms tva fornamsta promenadplaster ? Vad kallas de? Var ligger en avdelning av svenska flottan? Vilka aro stockholmarnas fornamsta forlustelsestallen ?
Vilken
malm
Words.
the tTa.desm3inhandlanden[han'dlan'ddn] business, pi. affdrer [afsridr]
creditors
fordringsdgare
Ifoj'rdriyse'gard]
debitors
gdldendrer
ne'rdr]
[jel'dd-
goods
profit
var or gods
^
[va'-
r(j)T\ gcot^s]
manager
bills
disponent
nenit]
[dis'pco-
vinst
[vin.'st]
tradesmen
the merchant
clerks
handlanden\han'dlan'ddn]
vdxlar
[vek'slar^]
receipts
[co'p-
kvitton [kvit'ojn^]
kopmannen
tojrisitdr]
man'dn] kontorister [kon'-
commercial code
losses
handelsbalk [han'ddlsbal'k]
forluster
lus'tdr]
[foRV[6a-
book-keeper
cashier
traveller
office
hokhdllare \ha)'khoVard] kassor [kaso.'r] [handels]resande
[re'san'dd]
balance-sheet balanskonto
lay'skon^toj]
assets
(tillgdngar) aktiva ak[til'goy^ar,
tiv!a]
kontor
tco'.r]
(neut.) [kon-
liabilities
(skulder), passiva [skul'ddr, pasivia]
merchandise
customers
orders
I
handelsvaror
[han'ddlsva'rcor] kunder [kun'ddr^]
does
buys
sells
gor [joir] koper [p0-»ar']
forsdljer [fcersel'jdr']
luppdrag
(neut.)
[up'dra^g] bestdllning[bdst€l'-
employs
sends out
my']
order-book
invoices
^bok orderl
bco'k]
\D'j,ddr
sysselsdtter [sgs'dlsd'dr] utsdnder [m'tsen'ddr]
imports
exports enter
fakturor
tm'rojr']
infor [in'fqr'] utfor [m* ftfor'] inskriva [in'skri^
va]
correspon-
brewdxUng \bre'vvek'sUy]
dence
agents
make
attend
out
utstdller
rdv]
[uctste[bdsoe'r-
ombud, agenter
[om' bm'd,ag€n.'tdr]
besorja
Ja']
cash-book
invoice-book
kassabok
bco'k]
[kas'a-
fakturbok
tm'rboj'k]
[fak[la'gdr[hui'-
keeps pays
receives
for
[for^]
\up'bser''\
betalar [bdta'lar']
uppbdr
stock-book
ledger
lagerbok
boj'k]
signs
is
undertecknar [wvddrtek'nar]
Jiuvudbok vudbo/k]
bound
dr tvungen
tvuy'dn'']
[fer'
80
take stock
ascertain
Lesson 16.
inventera
tetra]
[in'ven-
in compliance
z
with to
properly
regularly
enlighet med hV 'nligh&t meid]
[ve'-
utrbna [m'tre'na]
overskrida [0'vdrskri'da]
hilligt [bil'ig^t]
vederborligen
ddrbce'rligdn
go beyond
cheap
dear
dyrt
.
.
[dyji't]
. .
yearly
now an ... an [sn! enf] therefore ddrfor [dser'fc&r] now
.
easy
or
regelmdssigt [regdlmesHgt] drligen [o'rligdn'] latt [Ut^
eller [elidr]
Translation Exercise 30.
Commerce.
The tradesman does business; he buys goods and sells them again with a profit. Tradesmen buy now cheap now dear. The merchant employs several clerks, a book-keeper
and a cashier in his office; he sends out travellers to every part of the world to sell and buy goods; he therefore imports and exports all kinds of merchandise. The clerks enter
the travellers' or customers' orders in the order-book, make out invoices and attend to the correspondence with the The book-keeper keeps the agents, travellers or customers. cash-book, the ledger, the invoice book and the stock-book. The cashier pays the merchant's creditors and receives The manager signs the letmoney from his debitors. In compliance with the ters, invoices, bills and receipts.
commercial Code in France every merchant is boimd keep books properly and regularly and take stock every year that he may ascertain his losses or profits. The balance sheet shows whether the assets go beyond the liabilities. It is then easy for the merchant to ascertain his
to
profits.
Sixteenth Lesson.
Third conjugation.
§ 1. To this conjugation belong monosyllabic verbs and a few others
ie,
all
:
the following
to
ske, to
bo, to
show happen
dwell
sno, to twist tro, to believe
varsko, to
sy, to
warn
bero, to depend glo, to gape
sew
gnOf to rub
gro, to shoot forth sko, to shoe
bry, to trouble, to bother trd, to long for
ro, to
fly,
row
to flee
The
gry, to dawn sky, to shun spy, to spit, to vomit md, to be, to feel forma, to be able
verb.
81
sd,
to
sow
forebrd, to reproach fid, to skin feM, to strike forsmd, to disdain
spa, to foretell, to predict dtrd, to long for.
nd, to reach to take after
J
brd[s],
I
to resemble
2.
These verbs take:
'dde in the imperfect indicative. -dd in the past participle. -tt in the supine.
Tro,
Active voice.
Indicative.
to believe.
Passive voice.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Subjunctive.
S.
jag
S.
du
Tian P. VI
tror.
tro.
md md
md
jag
tro}
tro. tro. tro.
du han
P. vi
tros.
md md
md
tros.^
tros.
I
de
iron.
tro.
man
I
de
trons.
tros.
mdn
tros. tros. tros.
Imperfekt.
S.
jag
i
S.
jag
du
han
P. vi
)
trodde.
trodde.
trodde.^
du
han
P. vi
troddes,
troddes.^
)
trodde.
I
de
trodden, trodde,
trodden. trodde,
I
de
troddes. troddes. troddens. troddens. troddes. troddes.
Note. The compound tenses are conjugated in the as the verb: dlska, cilskas (page 70).
same manner
Imperative.
tro P. tron.
S. S. tros.
P. trons.
Infinitive.
tro.
tros.
Participle.
troende.
trodd.
^ The simple form of the subjunctive is antiquated and consequently no longer used. ^ The periphrastic forms are like those of the verb dlska, dlskas. Elementary Swedish Grammar. g
82
Lesson 16.
Supine,
trott.
trotts.
Note. The 1st person plural of the imperative mood is formed with the auxiliary verb ^Idta^ and the personal pronoun oss.
Ex.: Idtom oss tro,
let
us believe.
Irregular Verbs of the III. Conjugation.
Indicative.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Sing.
Plur.
Imp,
Sing.
Plur.
Supine.
dott
Participle,
do
to die
dor
do
dog
jick
dogo
jingo
dod
(adj.)
-et
fd
r
se
^
to get to go to
fdr gdr
lev
fd ga
le
gick
log
gingo
logo
fdtt gdtt
lett
(und) fdngen, gdngen, -et
laugh
to see
std to stand sld to beat
ser stdr sldr
se std sld
sag stod
slog
sdgo stodo
10
sett
sedd
(ut)
sett
stdtt
stdnden,
-et.
-et
slagit
slagen,
Words,
kyrkosocknar
[ccer'ksok'nar]
parishes
naturshdnhet
tm'rfonhe't]
[na- beauty of nature
hatften [heltftdn] the half avsatser [a'vsaf"-. shelves
Sdr]
ndra
[ne'ra']
near
trappsteg [trap'ste'g]
stairs
brett [bretf] wide, broad omfatta [oirvfafa] to comprise, to cover
jdmn
stone
[jemtn]
flat
stenart [ste'na'ut] species of
hoja sig [hoja' si'g] to rise liknande [li'kresembling
nan^dd]
tredje [tre'djd^]
third
sandsten [san'dste^n]
sandstone
alunskiffer
[a'lunfif'dr]
alumish slate
lime stone
trap^ firwood
hard [hoUd]
ak^tig]
hard
svartaktig \svax't- blackish
kalksten [kal'kste^n]
ddr uppe
up' 9^
[dstr
up there
to
trapp [trapf] barrskog [bar'skco'g]
vdxa
odlad
[vek'sa^]
[boR'.idig'']
grow
,
,
b ordig
fertile
hygd [bygtd] kyrka [fcer'Ara'] herrgdrd [hsergo^jid]
country church
[co'dlad'^]
tilled
culti-
vated
stdtlig
ligt]
[sto'tlig^'\
manor house
the view the plain surface
splendid
infinitely
odndligt [wend^skull [skul']
utsikten [m'tsik
tdn]
sake
travellers.
sldtten [sUttdn] yta [yta^]
resande [re'san'dd]
its
* an igneous rock (a variety of dolerite or basalt presenting a stair-like aspect.
named from
The
verb.
Reading Exercise
31.
KinuekuUe. Det markvardigaste av Vastgotabergen ar KinnekuUe. Det ligger invid Vanern/) ar nara 300 m. hogt, 14 km. langt och nara halften sa brett. Det omfattar tre hela kyrksocknar samt delar av fern andra. Det bildar icke en jamn sluttning,
utan hojer sig i avsatser, liknande stora trappsteg. Varje avsats bestar av en sarskild stenart den lagsta av sandsten, den andra av alunskiffer, den tredje av kalksten. Toppen innehaller en hard svartaktig bergart, som kallas trapp. Dar uppe vaxer barrskog; bergets ovriga delar utgora en bordig och val odlad bygd, med kyrkor och statliga herrgardar. Utsikten over bergets lagre delar samt over hela Vastgotaslatten och Vanerns vida yta ar oandligt vacker, och KinnekuUe besokes for sin naturskonhets skull mycket av resande.
:
Conversation.
Vilket ar det markvardigaste av Vastgotabergen? Vid vilken sjo ligger KinnekuUe? Hurudan ar dess sluttning? Varav besta dess avsatser? Ar utsikten over bergets lagre delar vacker?
For vad besokes KinnekuUe? Av vilken bergart bestar toppen?
Words.
the seasons drstidema[o'rstrof the year ddrna\ the trees trdden [trcddn^] the weather vddret [vetdrdt] this year i dr [it otr]
fruit
temperature
temjperatur
psratut^r]
[tem.[bloj-
blossoms
favourable
is
blommor
m'cor^]
gynnsam
sam']
[jyn'-
frukt [frukU]
nature natur(en) [natmtr] the crop, the skdrden[J CR'rd9n^] harvest
commenced borjas [bcer'jas'] intet under
[in'tef untddr]
wonder
under \un!d9r]
tdr]
no wonder
foga underligt
[frffs,' un'ddrligH] ej att undra
bathing places badorter[ba-dco^rthe leaves the days
pd
bladen
[bla'ddn*]
[€j.'
at'
un'dra' pof\
dagama
man
na^]
I
[da'gar-
hot
it is
people
in wet ther
[mant]
getting cold
het [he!t] det blir kallt
vdtvdder
[vo'tvs'ddr]
dark
early
mork
[kalit]
[mortk]
wea
vid
'
tidigt
(pd dagen)
ruskvdder
[rus'kvE^ddr]
[ti'dig't]
Strang,
short best
hdrd
the sick climate
desjuka[de!furka^]
[streyt hoird]
klimat
matt\
(neut.) \kli-
kort bast
[kco!rt]
[besit]
^
a famous lake in Sweden.
6*
84
Lesson
17.
dogdays
rdtmdnad
(sing.)
seems
begin
to fall
is
[ro'tmo'nad] there will be det shall finnas
[skali Jin'as']
to smile
synes \sy'n9s^] borja [bcer'ja^] falla ned [fal'a'
netd]
[nalkas'']
smdle
everything
to revive
[smo'le'] allting, allt [al'tiy'
altt]
coming on nalkas
to catch cold
to recover
forkyla sig
[foer-
leva
upp
igen
i'jdn']
[leva''
up!
gyla' sitg] tillfriskna [tilfris^kna].
Translation Exercise 32.
The seasons of the years.
Spring is the season that I like best. Trees are white If the weather is favourable this year, with (av) blossoms. All nature smiles and everythere will be plenty of fruit. thing seems to revive. We have had a warm summer; the No wonder that it is so harvest has already commenced. hot we are in (pa) the dog days. During the whole summer we dwell in bathing-places. In autumn it is not so hot as
—
—
;
— —
Leaves begin to fall; days become shorter. summer. In the morning it is getting cold winter is coming on. Winter is very cold in Sweden. People catch cold very easily in wet weather. The sick must spend winter in a warm climate In the month of December it is dark early. to recover. How can people be fond of winter! The days are so short and the temperature is so low.
in
;
—
—
—
Seventeenth Lesson.
Fourth conjugation.
Strong verbs.
§
1.
The strong verbs are characterized by vowelin the
changes of their root
§
a)
2.
Imperfect Indicative.
They The first group contains the verbs
are divided into three chief groups:
the root of
which undergoes but one vowel-change in the singular and in the plural of the Imperfect Indicative.
According to the change of the different rootvowels the verbs belonging to the first group may be
divided into 9 classes.
2nd
86
Lesson
17.
Olbservation.
It results from the above that the verbs belonging to the first group are characterized:
1.
by a simple change of the root- vowel in the Imperfect Indicative;
2.
by the preservation of the root-vowel
Supine
;
in
the
whereas those belonging to the second group are characterized
:
1.
by a double change of the root-vowel
perfect Indicative;
in the
Im-
2.
by the vowel in the Supine and Past Participle which is always u.
c) The third group contains all the irregular verbs belonging to the 4 conjugations. The irregular tenses will be given in the text as they occur or in the vo-
cabulary.
§ 3. Besides the different changes undergone by their root- vowels, the strong verbs are also characterized
by the following terminations:
-en in the
-it
Past Participle.
Supine.
»
»
§ 4.
Gripa,
to seize
The
verb.
87
Imperfect.
S.
jag
S.
jag
du han
P. vi
grep.
band.
du han
P. vi
greps.
bands.
I
de
grepo. grepen. grepo.
bundo. bunden. bundo.
I
de
grepos. grepens. grepos.
bundos. bundens. bundos.
Subjunctive.
Present.
S.
jag
S.
jag
du han
P. vi
gripe.
binde.
binde.^
du han
P. vi
gripes.
gripes.^
bindes.
bindes.^
gripe.^
I
de
gripen.
gripe.
binden.
binde.
I
de
gripens.
gripes.
bindens.
bindes.
Imperfect.
S.
jag
)
S.
jag
)
du han
P. vi
[
)
grepe.^
bunde. bunde. bunden. bunde.
du han
P. vi
[
I
grepes.^
bundes.^
grepe.
grepes.
I
de
grepen.
grepe.
I
de
grepens.
grepes.
bundes. bundens. bundes.
Imperatiye.
S.
grip.
bind.
S. grips.
binds.
P.
gripom.
gripen.
bindom.
binden.
P.
gripoms.
gripens.
bindoms.
bindens.
Inflnitiye,
gripa,
binda.
Participle.
gripas.
hindas.
gripande. bindande.
Supine.
gripit.
gripen.
bunden.
bundit.
gripits.
bundits.
^
The compound forms
are conjugated after <^alska» page 70.
88
Lesson 17.
vis^t^^^t^^^^^
a
^^
-"^
s -^
.-ts
'Sj-^
ill ill
IIP! i*iri'l-ili:&il i Nl
-"^ .-s
.-t-
s
--^
:t:j
-to
.-t^
vS -1
-'^s
t^-:ts ,^
.•*>i
"^
."tS
."^
S i
"<
.-t^
I U^~r
Wliiiiffliiiiijiife
ifiitti-PliiillHiiliilli! ^ '^^-^'?i,'^<«2, ^^ ^ ^
^o ^5'^o ^o ro ro
'ts
'^
Qi
.<
,^
;:s ;;5-:2
o
5^!^o§^
The
verb.
89
«:5>i
^
S-
^^
c5
''.*
'-
'•'-
<=^
c/j
'^^oS,g. cc "^ so CO
?~
p
i:
^
^
s
S>
g ^
i:
g ^'^
?^-g 53,1
g^^ ^M
II ill
°
g
«o «c
CO
cc
cc
90
Lesson 17.
Words,
anfallet [an'fal'dt] the attack framgdng [fram'- success gonv']
utstd [m'tsto']
dterse
[o'tdrse^']
to
undergo
to see again
first
fienden [Ji'dnddn^] the enemy
forsta [/cers^a'] skedde [fed'd^]
vek
[ve.'Jc]
took place
truppema
p'drna']
[tru- the troops
gave way
got
to
oordning
niv\
[oj'o^Jid-
disorder
rdkade [ro'ka^dd] passa pd [pas' a'
anfalla [an'faVa'\
watch
skarorna
corna^]
[ska'r- the bands
to attack
kulregnet \km'l- the shower of
rty'dt]
hdstbdr
bo'r]
[hes't-
the bullets stretcher
bar [6o.V]
(borne by a horse) stretcher, bar-
overwhelm man'a] soon snart [snaji^t] spridde [sprid'd^] spread Idt [UH] caused, let to shoot to sonderskjuta
[o'vdr- to
overmanna
row
undkomma
kom'a]
[dra'ga^^
moda
pieces [sdn'ddrfm'ta] [un'd- to escape
to
[me'da^]
difficulty,
dterstoden
sto/ddn]
trouble \o'tdr- the rest
draga (undan)
with draw
medfora [me'dfo'ra]
to bring along
Turkiet \turkiidt Turkey
turkisk
[tur'ikisk' turkish
ndrbeldgna
bdl€g''na]
[ne'r- neighbouring
to
omrdde \om'ro^dd
territory
befdlhavare \bd- chief commander ftlha'vard] fdlttdg [fd-tto'g] campaign disaster olycka [oxlyk^a^
sdra
[so'ra^^
wound
utmatiad [uct mafad]
exhausted
to to
formd
rddda,
[/cermo/]
sig.
I
'
fdngama
[fov'arna']
the prisoners
be able run away
one's
self
to save
lidanden
[li'dan^- sufferings
[red'a^']
ddn] dterstd [o'tdrsto^] to remain
modlos [moj'dWs] disheartened giva sig fdngen, to surrender
[ji'va''
ddribland
lan'd]
[de.'Hb-
among
si'gfoydn^]
fd
[foi]
(one's self) few, a few.
Eeading Exercise 33.
Slaget Tid PoltaYa.
Det forsta anfallet skedde med framgang, och fienden Men da rakade de svenska trupperna i oordning; ryssarna passade p§, och anfollo dem samt overmannade snart de spridda svenska skarorna. Konungen lat fora sig omkring i det varsta kulregnet liggande pa en hastbar; men baren blev sonderskjuten och konungen undkom med moda pa sin hast. Aterstoden av haren drog sig, medforande konungen, undan till den niirbeiagna floden Dnjepr, som har bildade gransen mellan Ryssland och Turkiet. Sarad och utmattad formaddes konungen att med n&gra hundra man radda sig over floden in pa turkiskt omrade. I den aterstaende svenska
vek.
The
liaren
verb.
91
voro befalhavarna och en del av trupperna modlosa och haren, som nu bestod av omkring 14,000 man, daribland 5,000 sjuka och sarade, gav sig fangen at Ryssarna. De svenska fangarna fingo i Ryssland utsta Endast fa av dem atersago faderneslandet. ja lidanden.
efter falttagets olyckor,
Conversation,
Skedde det forsta
i
anfallet vid Poltava
med framgang?
Vad gjorde Ryssarna, da de svenska trupperna rakade
oordning?
Hur fordes konungen omkring? Huru manga man blevo sjuka och sarade?
Vid vilken flod gav sig den svenska haren fangen at
Ryssarna?
Words.
the visit at the door
besoket [bdso'kdt]
to
to
knock
knacka
[knak'a^]
pa dorren
do&r.'dn]
[po
[vi'd
who?
vem?
[vem!]
by the
side
fire-
vid
harden
be pleased glddja sig [glsd'ja''] ever since alt sedan [se'dan'']
to greet
hsedtddn]
a cup
I
en kopp [kopt^
hope
jag
hoppas
[ho!
p-as']
take a seat, please!
to
I
hdlsa [hel'sa^] ivar so god och tag \vair so plats
gojtd
1
y
oktatg
good bye!
farvdl (sd Idnge)
how
are you ?
huru
[farve'l so Uy'd'] star det till [hm'rm' stoir det tilf]
be
will
you
[mo!] Ni [viU nit\ itack! \takt]
vill
ma
plates]
from
sit
me
jag tackar
(I)
\_jatg
frdn mig
rnitg']
[fro'n
neid]
thank you<
tak'ar']
^
tackar sd mycket
{^siti
sitt
ned
\\tak'ar^ so my'kdt']
to call for
long
no
to stay to to
Idnge {ley'd'-'] nej [nejf]
/comma
itn]
i
in \kom'a'
stanna
[stan'a^]
to-day
I
hear
(erfara [erfa'ra'] ^fd veta [fo ve'ta^]
am
sorry
det
dag [^ datg] gor mig ont
[det
conif].
jotr
mitg
do
gora
[jo'ra^]
Translation Exercise 34.
The
Visit.
knocks at the door? Go and see who it is and It is Mr. Holm, the teacher of modern open the door. I am very pleased to see you. How are you? languages. It is an age since I saw you Take a seat, please! Sit on this chair by the fire-side; it is so cold. I am very Will you not take a cup well, but I have been very ill. of tea? I have No, thank you; I cannot stay longer. only called to hear how you are. I have much to do and
Who
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
92
Lesson
18.
I
must go back to the country to day. Another time I will stay longer with you. I am sorry that you cannot stay longer I hope to see you again soon. I thank you for your visit. Good bye! Greet your father from me.
>.
jag
du han
x^uxiliary verbs.
93
§
4.
To these should be added the
maste and fa.
3.
following
kunna,
viljay
kunnaf
to be able.
Imperfect.
Present.
S.
jag
du han
kan.
§5.
§6.
§7.
94
Lesson 18.
ldgland[lo'gldn'd] lowland with regard tx) till [me^d hen'sy^n tilf] fjdlhnark \_fjd'- mountainous land mdr'k] tdthet [ts'he't] density
med hdnsyn
glest [gles't] befolkad [bdfolkad'] hogldnta [ho'glen^ta]
thinly
peopled
upper
nordlig [noj'rdlig^] northern
tat
[te.'t]
inhyggare [in'by- inhabitants
g'ard]
dense
l>el>ygyci
[bdbyya^]
to inhabit,
to
folkslag [fol'ksla^g]
race
look [m'tse^dndd] sprdk [spro'k] language on both sides pa orase sidor om'sd' si'[poi
dco'v]
utseende
people tdtare bebyggt more densely \tE'ta^rd bebyg!t] peopled sdrskilt [sas'rjil^t] particularly '
vars
tola
[vaj.^s]
of which,
[to'la^']
besldktad
.
\bd-
(whose) to bear akin
to resemble.
bade
.
.
och
as well ... as
[bo'dd' okr\
shk'tad'] likna [lik'na^^
sydlig [sydlig^]
southern
Reading Exercise 35.
Sveriges folk.
I jamforelse sydligare lander ar Sverige glest befolkat. I synnerhet galler detta om de hoglanta trakterna och allra mest om de nordliga skogs-och fjallmarkerna. Tatare bebyggt ar laglandet, sarskilt de sydliga slattlanden, till exempel Skane, vars sodra och vastra delar med hansyn till folktathet tala jamforelse med de battre befolkade trakterna i Europa. De fiesta av Sveriges inbyggare aro till nationen svenskar. I nagra trakter bo finnar och lappar, som aro beslaktade folkslag; de likna
I
Sverige bo over 5 miljoner manniskor.
med
varandra bade
finska gransen, pa omse sidor
till
till
utseende och sprak.
Finnarna bo nara
men nagra aven i de stora skogar, som ligga om Dalarna. Lapparna bo i fjalltrakterna ner
Conversation,
Harjedalen.
Hum
manga manniskor bo
i
Sverige?
Ar Sverige sMedes
tatt eller glest befolkat?
Vilken provins ar folkrikast? Vad kallas Sveriges inbyggare? Vad vet Ni om Finnarna och Lapparna? I vilka trakter bo dessa bada folkslag?
Words
post postcard
post [pos/^l brevkort [bre'vkcou^t]
envelope
kuvert [kmvcM't]
stamp
universal postal
frimdrke
mser^ka]
\_fri'-
telegraph telegraf\te'ldgraif] postal order post anvisning
union
vdrldspostforening \vssr ds pos'tfo^reniy]
[pos'tanvis^niy]
The numerals.
postman
letter
95
hrevhdrare [hre'vbe^rard] brev [breiv]
non-postpaid ofrankerad [oj'fraifkerad]
to deliver
avldmna [a'vhm^na] senast [se'nas't]
double
postage
dubbelporto
b'dlpojCtoj]
[dulatest
abroad
wire,telegram
utomlands [m'tomlan'ds]
to register
rekommendera
[re'komendetra]
telegramm
graTnf]
[te'ld-
words
figures
electric
ord [io!dd] tal \tail\
elektrisk
trisk]
[eleki-
post office
postkontor
kon^cor]
[pos't-
value
ters to
vdrde
[vse'rdd'']
invention
to despatch
uppfinning
finHy]
\up'-
printed mat- trycksaker
sa''kdr]
\tryk'-
avsdnda
da].
[a'vsen''-
send
skicka
[^fik'a^^
to belong
tillhora [tiVho^ra]
Translation Exercise 36.
Post and telegraph.
letter-paper and envelopes, if you wish Will you give me two penny your brother. stamps, and a post card. With postal orders one can send money to all the countries, that belong to the universal postal union. The postman has delivered me a non-postpaid letter; I therefore had to pay double postage. The postage of letters This wire was despatfor abroad is two pence half-penny. ched at nine o'clock; I should have received it at twelve Go to the post office and have these letters o'clock latest. registered. On registered letters (containing) enclosing banknotes, the actual value should be written in words and figures on the envelope. The electric telegraph is one of the most remarkable inventions of modem times. The post-man delivers letters, news-papers and printed matters twice a day. I have not been able to buy I had this letter registered.
You must buy
to
to
write
stamps, for the post
office
was
shut.
Mneteenth Lesson.
The numerals.
I.
Cardinal numbers (Grundtal).
f),
§
1.
en {m and
tvd,
tu,
ett (n)
one
fern, five
tvdnne, two tre, trenne, three fyra, four
sex, six
sju,
seven
dtta. eight
96
nio, nine
Lesson
19.
trettio,
thirty
Ho, ten
elva, eleven
tolf,
fyrtio, forty
twelve
femtio, fifty sextio, sixty
sjuttio,
dttio,
tretton, thirteen fjorton, fourteen femton, fifteen
seventy
sexton, sixteen
sjutton, seventeen
aderton, eighteen nitton, nineteen
tjugu, tw^enty
2.
eighty nittio, ninty hundra, a hundred tusen, a thousand en miljon, a million en biljon, a billion
noil,
nought.
In compound numbers between § units are added as in English.
Ex.
3.
:
20—100
the
femtio
fern,
fifty-five.
the hundreds and in the thousands the § smaller number is placed before as in English. Ex. tre hundra, three hundred. fyra tusen, four thousand.
In
:
§ 4. Tvenne designates two persons or things belonging together and is used instead of tva. Hundra and tusen may be used as nouns § 5. and are neuter.
Ex.:
ett
hundra,
ett tusen.
§ 6.
2
-|-
Note the following expressions:
gor
is
i
2
= 4 that
tvd och (plus) tvd
=2 2X2 = 4* 2 4 = 2 4 2 = 2
2
: :
» » *
»
fyra. lika tned minskat wied tvd \ dr (etc.), tvd. f fyra tvd ifrdn fyra \ j blir tvd. tvd gdnger tvd gor (etc.) fyra. tvd i fyra gor (etc.) tvd.
j )
dr
i
»
fyra genom tvd gor
(etc.)
tvd I
^**
|f ^"/^^^^
«In the year» is translated by the § 7. (year) placed before the numeral. Ex.: In the year 1830: dr 1830.
II.
word a
Ordinal numbers (Ordningstal).
fjdrde, fourth
§
8.
forste, -a, first
andre,
-a,
second
femte, fifth
sjdtte, sixth
tredje, third
The numerals.
sjunde, seventh dttonde, eighth
fjortonde, fourteenth
97
tjugonde, twentieth
trettionde, thirtieth
nionde, ninth tionde, tenth elffe, eleventh
tolfte,
fyrtionde, fortieth
twelfth.
trettonde, thirtheenth
femtionde etc., fiftieth hundrade, hundredth tusende, thousandth.
number
compound ordinal numbers the greater placed before the smaller number, which takes the termination of ordinal numbers as in English.
§
9.
In
is
Ex.
:
fyrtiosjunde, 4:7th (and not fyrtionde sjunde).
III. Collective
numbers
ett
(Samlingstal).
§ 10.
ett
ett
par, a pair (couple) dussin, a dozen
a score en gross, a gross.
tjog,
IV. Fractional
§ 11.
numbers
(Deltal).
The
fractional
numbers are formed
in
Swe-
dish by adding
the particle -del (part) to the ordinal
numbers.
Ex.
:
en tredjedel, a third.
tvd tredjedelar,
two
thirds.
V. Proportional numbers.
§
12.
The proportional numbers are formed by
-dubbel or -faldig to the cardinal
adding the particles: numbers.
Ex.: tvddubbel or tvdfaldig, twofold. treduhhel or trefaldig, threefold.
The hours of the § 13. in the following way: pressed
Hvad dr klockan? What
Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan
day and night are exis it?
time (o'clock)
dr ett, tvd, sex. It is one, two, six o'clock. dr half tvd, It is half past one. dr ire kvart pd (till) fern. It is a quarter to five. dr en kvart over tre I ^^ .^ ^ -i^^^^^ t^^^^^ ar en kvart pa fyra ) dr 5, 10 minuter over tvd. It is 5.10 m. past two. It is (wants) (dr) fattas 5, 10 minuter i sex. 5.10 m. to six. Huru dags? At what time?
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
7
98
The numerals.
to celebrate
p.
jira [^'ra']
last
m.
(in the
pa eftermiddagen
ef'tdvmid^a[_po gdri] avresa [a'vre'sa]
this
forliden ddn]
day week
i
[fcerli^-
afternoon)
to set to miss
dag am
dtta da-
gar till [i datg om
ot'a, da'gar'' tiV]
[se-'n]
[i
komma for
till
sent
late this
sen
[kom'a' for
[nes.t]
morning
i
morgan
on']
mor'-
senit til]
next
ndst
to leave
was born
foddes
[fod'ds^]
o'clock
avgd [a'vgoi] klockan [khk'an'].
Translation Exercise 38.
Age.
you? I am twelve years old. My brother Next month my father will be forty-four. Last is twenty. week my mother was thirty years old. She does not look so old. The teacher is a man of fifty years (of age). Is he so old? Your grand father will soon be eighty years old. When was your sister born? She It is a great (hog) age. was born on the 17^^ of January 1899. This day week we
old are
will celebrate
How
my
elder brother's birth- day.
The Hour.
What
It
is
o'clock is it?
it
not very late;
is
Can you tell me what o'clock it is? only two o'clock p. m. At what
time will you come to me to-night? I will await you until To morrow I will set out for London and as nine o'clock. the train leaves at nine o'clock, I will be at the station at a quarter to nine, not to miss the train.
Words.
rdknesdtt [re'kud- rule
SEf]
multiplikator
multiplier
de fyra rdknesdtten [de fyra'
the four rules
[murtiplika'tor'] faktor [jakitor] factor dividend dividend [di'vi-
addition
[adHt-
addition
dentd] division [di'vi-
division
fojin] term [tasrim]
term
kvot
total
fcoin]
[kvco't]
quotient
to
is
summa
[sum'a']
^
sum,
sammanldgga
[sam'anh'g^a] kallas [kal'as']
put
gether
to-
suhstraktion
subtraction
minuend
[sub'strakfojtn] [mi'nuienid] subtrahend [suh'rest
(are) called
to add [adefra] uppkomma [up'- to result
addera
kom^a]
trah£n.'d] rest [rssH]
sammanldggande
[sam'anhg^andd] subtrahera [sub*- to subtract
trahe'ra]
skillnad \jil'nad'] difference
multiplikand multiplicand [muVtip likanJd]
forra
[/cer-a']
(the) former
7*
100
Lesson
(the) latter
to multiply
19.
senare [se'nard']
utvisa [m'tvi^sa]
to
show
multipUcera
[multiplise.'ra]
produkt
[^proj-
product
to divide
gemensam[^jeme'n- common
multiplikation multiplication [murtipUkafoj^n]
duktt] dividera [di'videtra']
divisor \divi'sor^^ divisor storlek lstoj'rle%] quantity.
Reading Exercise 39.
De fyra raknesatten.
Addition.
Att sammanlagga tal kallas aven att addera
tal,
som adderas, kallas termer, och det uppkommer genom deras sammanlaggande, summa.
dem.
Talen,
kallas
storre
som
Subtraktion. Att draga ett mindre tal fran ett storre, aven att subtrahera det forra fran det senare. Det
o
kallas minuend, det mindre subtrahend. stoden kallas, rest eller skillnad.
talet
Ater-
Multiplikation. Att multiplicera ett tal med ett annat ar att taga det forra sa manga ganger, som det senare utvisar. Det forra talet kallas multiplikand, det senare multiplikator bada tva med ett gemensamt namn, faktorer. Det tal, som uppkommer genom multiplikation kallas produkt.
:
Division. Att dividera vill saga att dela ett tal i sa lika stora delar, som ett annat tal innehaller enheter. Det forra talet kallas dividend, det senare divisor. Det tal, som visar storleken av var och en av de delar, i vilka dividenden blivit delad, kallas kvot.
manga
Conyersation.
Vad gor 8 till 10? Vad gor 3 fran 15? Vad gor 5 ganger 9? Huru manga ganger innehalles 4
Words.
time
tid [ti'd]
i
12?
October
oktober \okt(oibdr\
January February
januariljan'uicu'ri]
November
December
ordinary
november [ncovem'bdr]
februari
bruiairi]
[/e'-
december
bdr]
[desem.^-
March
April
mars maj
[maM's]
april lapriit]
[maji] juni [jmtni]
vanlig [va'nlig^^
May
June
July
Monday
Tuesday
mdndag \montdag\
tisdag [tiisda'g^
juli {jiatli}
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday Saturday
onsdag
\(l)insdag^^
August September
augusti \a(^gustti^ September [septem:bdr^
torsdag [tMUsda'g]
fredag tfreidag]
lordag ilo^trdag]
The pronouns.
Sunday
leap year
101
sondag [son'dag]
skottdr
[skot'or'']
\ti'md^'\
\
name
minute second
namn
{namtrt]
hour
timme
I
minut \minmtt] sekund [sekunid].
Translation Exercise 40.
Time.
There are four seasons of the year. These are: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Spring begins on the 21st March, Summer on the 22^^ of June, Autumn on the 22^^ September and winter on the 21st of December. An ordinary year has three hundred and sixty five days and a leap year three hundred and sixty six days. A month is the twelfth part of a year. The twelve months are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December. The first, third, fifth, seventh, eighth, tenth and twelfth months have thirty one days, the second, twenty ei^t in an ordinary year and twenty nine in a leap-year, the fourth, the sixth, the ninth and the eleventh months have thirty days. A month has four weeks and a week seven days. The names of the days are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. A week is the fourth part of a month and a day the seventh part of a week. A day has twenty four hours, an hour sixty minutes and a minute sixty second.
:
:
—
Twentieth Lesson.
The pronouns.
There are in Swedish 7 kinds of pronouns § 1. the personal, possessive, demontrative, determinative, relative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns.
:
A, Personal
§
2.
(Personliga).
First person.
(Masc,
fern,
and
N.
neut.)
Singular.
N. G. D. A.
jag,
I
Plural.
min, av mig, my (of me) (at) mig, to me, me mig, me.
we G. vdr, av
vi,
oss, our (of us)
D. (at) oss, to us, us A. oss, us.
102
Lesson 20.
§
3.
Second person.
(Masc,
fern,
and
N.
neut.)
Singular.
N. du, thou
G. din, av dig, thy (of thee) D. (at) dig, to thee, thee A. dig, thee.
Plural.
I
(Ni)y you.
G. Eder (Er,avEr),Yom of you. D. (at) Eder, Er, to you, you A. Eder, Er, you.
§ 4.
Masculine.
Third person.
Feminine.
N. han, he G. hans, av honom, his (of him) D. (at) honom, to him, him A. honom, him.
N. hon, she G. hennes, av henne, her, of her D. (at) henne, to her, her A. henne, her.
Neuter.
Common
gender.
N. den, he, she G. dess, his, her D. (at) den, to him, to her A. den, him, her.
N. det, it G. dess (av det), D. (at) det, to it A. det, it.
its
(of it)
Plural
for all genders.
N. de, they G. deras (av dem), their (of them) D. (at) dem, to them, them A. dem, them.
In conversation «2V"u is used instead of «I> and ansNote. wers to the English polite form «you>. «M> is also commonly used in narratives, novels etc. but it is not generally accepted as a mode The title or name of the individual addressed is of social address. more frequently used with the third person of the verb.
Ex.:
Huru mar grevenf How are you. Count? Har doktom varit i Paris? Have you
Paris, doctor?
been in
Du
like
Ar fru Smith sjukf Are you ill, Mrs. used between intimate friends, German ,,bu" and French «tu».
is
//'
Smith? relatives,
§
5.
I.
B. Possessive (Agande).
Adjectival possessive pronouns.
My.
Singular. Masc. and fern. N. min, my G. min, of my (my) D. (at) min, to my,
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
N. mitt,
my
G. mitt, of my (my) D. (at) mitt, to my,
N. miiia, my G. mina, of my (my) D. (at) mina, to my,
my
A. min, my.
my
A. mitt, my.
my
A. mina, my.
The pronouns.
10^
§6.
Singular.
Masc. and fem.
Our.
Plural
Neuter.
for all gender.
N. far, our G. vdr, of our (our) D. (at) vdr, to our,
our
A. vdr, our.
N. vdrt, our G. vdrt, of our (our) D. (dt) vdrt, to our, our A. vdrt, our.
N. vdra, our G. vdra, of our (our) D. (dt) vdra, to our,
our
A. vdra, our.
§7.
Singular.
Masc. and fem.
Thy.
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
N. c?m, thy
G. cZm, of thy, (thy) D. din, to thy, thy
N. <ZzY^, thy G. ditt, of thy (thy) D. (dt) ditt, to thy,
thy
A. din, thy.
A.
ditt, thy.
N. dina, thy. G. cZma, of thy (thy) D. fa^:; cZwa, to thy, thy A. dina, thy.
§8.
Singular.
Masc. and fem. N. eder (er), your G. eder[s] (er([s]),
of your, (your)
Your.
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
N. edert G. edert D. (dt)
(ert), your. (ert),
of
N. edra (era), your G. edra, of your,
(your)
your, (your)
D.
("d^j
ec?er fer), to
edert
(ert),
D.
your, your A. eder (er), your.
to your,
your
A. edert
(ert), your.
edra, to your, your A. edra, your.
("a^J
§9.
His.
Her.
N. hennes, her G. hennes, of
(her) D. Ta^j hennes, her, her A. hennes, her.
her,
to
Its.
N. G.
c?ess, its
c?ess,
N. hans, his
G. /iaw5, of his (his)
of
its
(its)
D.
C«<t)
^a?is, to his,
his.
D. fd^j dess,
its
to
its,
his
A. hans,
A. dess,
its.
§ 10.
N.
Their.
c^eras, their
G. c?eras, of their, their D. (a^) deras, to their, their A. deras, their.
104
Lesson 20.
§ 11.
Reflexive possessive pronouns.
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
fern.
Singular.
Masc. and
N. sin,
G. sin,
its
his, her, its
N.
G.
sitt, his,
her, its
N. sina,
their
his, her, its,
of his,
sin,
to
her,
his,
sitt, his, her, its
G. sina, of his, her,
its,
their
his,
D.
(at)
D. (at) A.
her, its
sitt, her, its
to
his,
D. (at) sina, to
her,
its,
their
A. sin,
his, her, its.
sitt,
his, her, its.
A. sina,
their.
his, her, its,
§ 12. Sin^ sitt, sina are used in a subjective reflective sense, that is when they refer to the subject of the sentence, whilst hans, hennes, dess and deras are used objectively, that is when they do not refer to the
subject of the sentence.
Ex.:
Han
He
(gossen) dlskar sin broder (syster). (the boy) loves his brother (sister).
(flickan) dlskar sin broder (syster). girl) loves her brother (sister).
Hon
She (the
Det (bamet) dlskar
It (the child) loves its
sin broder (syster). brother (sister).
sitt
Han
He
(fadern) dlskar
barn.
(the father) loves his child.
Hon
(modern) dlskar sitt bam. She (the mother) loves her child. Det (fruntimret) dlskar sitt bam. She (the wife) loves her child.
De
(gossarne, Jlickorna, barnen) dlska sina broder. They (the boys, the girls, the children) love their brothers. Gossens fader soker hans bok (gossens bok). The boy's father is looking for his book (the boy's book). Flickans moder soker hennes bok (flickans bok). The girl's mother is looking for her book (the girl's book). Bamets broder soker hans bok (barnets bok). The child's brother is looking for its book (the child's
book).
De (gossames
They
fdder, jlickomas modrar, broder) soka deras bok.
barnens
(the boys' fathers, the girls' mothers, the children's brethren) are looking for their book.
II.
Absolute possessive pronouns.
These pronouns have the same forms as § 13. the adjectival possessive pronouns and are declined in the same manner.
Tue pronouns.
Singular. Neuter. Masc. and fem.
Plural.
105
min,
din,
sin,
mitt, mine ditt, thine
sitt, his, her, its
mina, mine
dina, thine
sina, his, hers,
its
sina agree in gender and number with the possessed object whereas: is used when the object is possessed by a masc. noun. hans
sitt,
vdr, eder, er, Note. Sin,
vdrt, ours edert, ert, yours.
vara, ours.
edra
(era), yours.
hennes
dess
deras
»>:»»>» >>»»»» »»»»»»
C.
>
»
»
»» »> >»
fem.
neut.
» » »
plural
§ 14.
Demonstrative (Utmdrkande). I. Conjunctive (Forenade).
Singular.
Masc.
N. cZew or denne, G. (dens) dess or denne,
Fem.
Neut.
den
or denna, dess or denna,
(at)
det or c?ef^<2, this dess or detta, of this,
this
(at) det or c?e^^a, to this, this
D.
(at)
den
or denne,
den
or
or
denna,
A. den or denne,
den
denna,
det or c^e^^a, this.
PZwraZ
.
(for the 3 genders).
N. G. D. A.
de or dessa, these cZeras or dessa, of these, these. (at) dem or dessa, to these, these. cZem or dessa, these.
Note. In conversation «this» is expressed by den liar, det Jidr by den ddr, det ddr, the following substantive taking the terminal definite article.
and
«that2>
Ex.: den hdr gossen, this boy. det ddr barnet, that child.
II.
Absolute
(sjdlfstdndiga).
The absolute demonstrative pronouns have the same forms as the conjunctive ones and are declined in the same manner but take an s in the genitive,
whereas the conjunctive pronouns remain unchanged, the following noun only taking an s.
Ex.:
Denne
(conj.)
mans sjukdom dr
is
farlig.
This man's disease
dangerous.
Se hdr dessa
omf Jag
(conj.) tvd rosor! vilken tycker Ni bdttre tycker bdttre om dennas (abs.) fdrg men
jag tycker mycket
om
dennas
(abs.) doft.
106
Lesson 20.
See these two roses!
colour
(very)
which do you prefer?
but
I
of
this
one,
like
the
I prefer the smell of that one
much.
Words.
environment, surroundings intryck \in'try^k'\ impression ndrvaro \n8srpresence
[om'ji'vniT)]
omgivning
vdrme
[vser'md']
warmth
exterior yttre Yyttvd] kdnnbar l^en'bar] sensible
ddrstddes
[de'r-
there
stingy
va^roj]
mdtta
\mot'a^'\
measure,
mo-
sU^dds] mg:\ njugg [njugt]
deration
hdrdsint irdsir
id-
rough
tender
friendly
avbrott [a'vbrof] interruption
overgdng [0V9r-
transition
dm
sin't]
[oTw/]
\ven'lig^'\ {has-tig^']
Nordbo[nco'udbco^] Northerner alternativ [artdr- alternative
vdnlig hasiig
sudden
to
forbereda [fo'rbdre^da] _ fysisk [jy!sisk]
prepare
natHv] kold [gdltd']
hetta yhet'a^^
cold
heat
coolness to refresh
moralisk
lisk]
[M
physical
[mojra.'-
moral
alternately
svalka [sval'ka^^
uppfriska
jris^ka]
[up'\bil'-
skiftevis [fif'tdvi's]
bildande
formative
to lack, to be
ndrande
ran'dd]
[ns'-
nourishing
dan''dd\ sakna [sa*A;na']
mognande
[moj'ynan^dd]
maturing.
lacking
Reading Exercise
Nordens natur.
41.
Den yttre omgivningens maktiga intryck gor i norden sin narvaro latt kannbar. Naturen ar darstades Strang, ofta
njugg och hardsint.
Den kan ocksa vara om och
vanlig,
men
ar det da vanligen utan m^tta. Det hastiga avbrottet av vinter och var, host och vinter, genom ingen overgang forberedd, utan liksom smygande sig fram, ar just en bild av vad nordbon ar i sitt inre. I den fysiska som moraliska
varlden harska skiftesvis dessa alternativ av kold och hetta; det som ligger daremellan, den uppriskande svalkan, den det ar vad som saknas. narande, bildande mognande v^rmen
—
Conversation.
Hurudan ar naturen
i
norden?
Kan den ocks^ vara mild?
Hurudan ar Overgangen till de 4 arstiderna? Vad liknar nordbon i sitt inre? Vad saknas i norden?
The pronouns.
107
Words.
bird
swallow
stork bird of pas- jiyttfdgel [flyt'sage fo'g9n ndktergal \n£k'tdrnightingale
fagel [foigdl] svala [sva'la'^ stork [stoxiU]
thrush field-mouse
siskin
trast [trasit]
dkerrdtta
[o'kdr-
gronsiska
sis'ka]
[gro'n-
cuckoo
pheasant
singing-bird
cage titmouse nest robin
ga'n bur [bm!r]
gok [i0-A:] fasan [fasa.^n]
sdngfdgel
fo'g9l]
[soif-
mes
[me's]
[fo'gdlbco^]
fdgelho
magpie
quail net
skata [ska'ta^]
vaktel [vak'tdV^
rotgel [rojtigel]
\ug'la^^ steglitsa [ste'glitsa] feathers (plu- fjddrar [fje'drar']
owl
uggla
gold-finch
ndt \nett\ fiyga [flyg'a^']
i
yesterday
to sing to chirp
twitter)
(to
gdr
\i
go'r]
[Juv'a,']
sjunga
mage)
female
partridge
lark
kvittra [kvit'ra^^
hona [hco'na'-] rapphona [rap'ho^na]
ugly
to destroy to build
to shoot
ful IfmtT] [stdira\ forstora [foer-
Idrka
\lseji'ka^^
bygga
[byg'a']
huntingsman jagTYidstare
[jeg'mes'tard]
snipe
to chatter
sndppa
l^snep'a^']
skjuta [/m'^a'] iprata [pra'ta^] [snattra [snat'ra^
Translation Exercise 42.
Birds.
Swallows and storks are birds of passage; they fly to Do you see this countries, when it becomes cold. nightingale? I caught it yesterday; it sings the whole day in its cage. The young tit-mice are chirping in their nest. The robin is a pretty little bird. These ugly birds are owls; however they are very useful, because they destroy field-mice. Your gold-finches and siskins are very beautiful; where did you buy them? Their feathers please me very much. The cuckoo does not build any nest; its female lays her egg in
warmer
My pheasants are greater than partridges have you shot? I did not shoot them; I caught them with nets. Larks are the first singing birds in Spring. When a man talks too much, it is said of him, that he « chatters like a mag-pie ». The sportsman has shot twelve larks, six quails and so many thrushes.
the nests of other birds.
yours.
How many
108
Twenty-first Lesson.
The pronouns.
(Continued).
D. Relative pronouns
§
1.
(relativt
pronomen).
The
relative pronouns are:
vilken
(masc. and fem.), who, that; vilket (neut.), which, that; vilka, who, which, that (for the three genders).
det,
S,
dem
^^^' ^^^^^^
\
^^^^•
vad, which.
Singular.
Masc. and fem.
N. vilken, who, that G. vilkens, whose, that
1).
Neuter.
(at) vilken, to
whom,
that.
that
A. vilken,
whom,
N. vilket, which, that G. vilkets, of which, that D. (at) vilket, to which, that A. vilket, which, that.
Plural
(for the three genders).
N. G. D. A.
vilka,
who, which, that
vilkas, whose, of which, that (at) vilka, to whom, to which, that
vilka,
whom, which,
indeclinable
that.
and may be used for all Like the English relative pronoun «that», <^som-» genders. is never governed by a preposition. Ex.; 1. Mannen, som (vilken) star pa hryggan dr min
Note
1.
Som
is
fader.
2.
The man, who stands on the Gif mig kdppen med vilken
bridge, is
("not
my
father.
^som») du
slog
min hund.
3.
Jag kdnner
the stick with which you hit my dog. ej till flickan som Ni talar om. I do not know the girl that you are speaking of.
Give
me
the relative pronoun is in the objective the preposition connected with the pronoun is placed at the end of the sentence, the relative pronoun may be left out, as in English.
Note
2.
When
case or
when
The pronouns
Ex.
(continued).
109
:
Det vin, jag kopte dr icke goU. I bought is not good. Ben flickan jag talade om dr
The wine
gift
s.
(i.
s.
of:
om
vilken).
The
Note
3.
girl I
spoke of
is
married
(i.
of: of
whom).
Instead of the genitive, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas, vars (antiquated genitive of var) is often used. Ex.
:
Define konung, vars dygder man prisar sd mycket This king, whose virtues are praised so much
.
.
.
.
.
.
Note 4. The antecedent of a relative sentence generally drops the terminal article when the independent article is placed before it.
Ex.
:
De darner (damerna) som du
icke.
I
talar om, kdnner jag
of.
do not
know
the ladies you are speaking
are not very much used and are Note 5. Den, det, always used in the dative and accusative case.
dem
Ex.
:
De booker, dem jag kopte dro for min moder. The books that (which) I bought are for my mother.
E, Interrogative pronouns (interrogativt pronomen),
§
1.
2.
The interrogative pronouns are: vem? who? which is always used substantively » » > » » vad? what?
2.
and occurs only
3.
in the singular.
vilken? (m. and f.) who? vilket? (n.) sing, vilka? for the three genders
what? In the
4.
(what?) in the plur. and adjectively and is declined as the relative pronouns: vilken, vilket, vilka^ page 108. vilkendera? (m. a. f.) vilketdera? (n.) which of the two (these)?
vad for en? (m. of?
a. f.)
who? which? can be used substantively
5.
vad for
ett? (n.)
which kind
6.
hurudan ? (m. a. f.) hurudant ? (n.) hurudana ? plural for the 3 genders is always used adjectively and
means how
7.
is?
who? is obsolete or poetical language.
ho?
and only used
in biblical
110
Lesson
21.
§ 3.
vem? who? vad?
which?
Singular. N. vem? who? N. vad? what? G. vems? whose? G. vars? of what? D. fdfj vem? to whom? D. faf) vad? to what?
A.
vew? whom?
Ex.:
A.
star
vad? what?
Vem
Who
framfor huset? stands before the house?
At vem giver du applet? To whom do you give the apple? Vad Jiar Ni sett? Intet.
—
What have you seen? Vilka hooker har han
Which
§ 4.
—
Nothing.
last? books (has he) did he read?
mination
Vilkendera is declined like vilken, the ter-dera remaining unchanged except in the genitive which admits of an «s».
Vilkendera af dessa
(tvd)
Idrjungar dr sjuk?
is ill?
Which of these (two) pupils Vad for fdglar dro dessa?
What
§
5.
(sort)
kind of birds are they?
Vem
is used for persons, vad for things. Vilken is used for persons and things.
F. Indefinite prononns (Obestdmda
1.
pronomen),
man, one, they, we, you (or passive voice). -ensj Dat. and Ace. -en.
nagoUf nagot, nagra^ any, some, somebody.
Gen.
2.
3.
4.
annan^ annatj andra(e)y other.
var och en
(ett) ;
en
(ett)
var(t), all
and every one,
each, every.
5.
6.
varje (indeclinable).
vem
heist;
vad
heist;
vilken
som
heist j
whoever,
whatever.
7.
bada and bagge^ both.
allj
alltj
8.
9.
alia, all.
hel, helt, hela,
whole, entire.
10.
mangen, manget, manga.,
many
a.
The pronouns
11. somliga^ some. 12. flere or flera, several.
(continued).
Ill
NB.
The
indefinite
pronouns admit of an «s» in the genitive
like the substantive.
G. Correlative pronouns. Declension.
Singular.
Masc. and
N.
G. D. A.
fern.
Neuter.
den, he, she dens, of him, of her (at) den, to him, to her den, him, her.
N. G. D. A.
det,
of ^he one (at) det, to it, to the one det, it, the one.
— —
it,
the one
(for
Plural both numbers).
N. de, they G. deras, of them
D. (at) dem, to A. dem, them.
them
Observations.
a) This
pronoun
is
almost always immediately
follo-
wed by
Ex.
:
the relative pronoun ^som^. Den, som fruktar Gud, dr sail. He who fears God is happy. De, som dro rika, dro icke alltid de lyckligaste. They who are rich are not always the happiest.
b) It may also be used with a noun and then it becomes a determinative pronoun and drops the «s»
in the genitive case. Ex.: Den som, fruktar Gud dr sail. The man who fears God is happy.
man
Den mans dygder som
The
virtues of the
.
.
.
man who
.
.
.
c) In the dative and accusative cases «dem» changes into «de'» when followed by a substantive. Ex. Gud dlskar de man, som dro dygdiga.
:
God
loves the men,
who
are virtuous.
112
The deponent
meat
thirst
verbs.
113
tillsdtta [til'sst'a] drickbar \drik'-
mat
torst
[matt]
[toejitsti
to prepare
drinkable
Rhine-wine
eatable rancid
to
renskt vin {rsniskt
vitn\
ba'r]
sour
indigestible
I
dthar [e'tha^r] hdrsken [hed'skdn']
hdrskna[h€x'skna']
become
am
thirsty
sur [smtr] osmdltbar [co'smeVtbar] jag dr torstig [jaig
setr tcex'stig']
rancid to harvest
to please
skorda
falla
i
[/(B'dda^]
to
quench
I
sldcka
[shk'a''
smaken
smaJkdn]
to use
[fal'a'' i
' j
nourishing
behaga [bdha'ga^] ndrande [n€'ra7i'd9]
bruka [brw/ka^] hava for sed [ha'va'' for setd].
Translation Exercise 44.
Food.
Who
become
has sold you this butter?
it is
not eatable;
it
has
The wine that I have harvested in my vineyards pleases my customers. Brandy is distilled from wine. What meat do you prefer? I prefer beef to veal. What did
rancid.
you eat at luncheon? My luncheon usually consists of roast ham, eggs and a piece of cheese. In Germany they drink beer, wine and other beverages. Fresh eggs are nouAt breakfast we drink coffee with milk, chocolate rishing. or tea and we eat sandwiches. The salad is prepared with salt, pepper, oil and vinegar. This wine is not drinkable; it has become sour. Ham, sausage, and bacon are indigestible meat. I am thirsty; I will drink a little wine with water to quench my thirst. Eat this cake and drink a cup of tea. What sort of wine are you fond of? I am very fond of Rhine wine. After each meal my father used to drink a small glass of brandy and to smoke a cigar.
beef,
Twenty-second Lesson. The deponent verbs.
§1. A deponent verb is a verb, which is conjugated in the passive form whilst having an active meaning.
Note
the supine.
1.
The deponent verbs form
their
compound
tenses with
Note
the
«,9»
2.
when
The present participle of the deponent verbs retains alone and drops it when followed by a noun.
g
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
lU
§ 2.
Lesson 22.
The
four Swedish
conjugations contain de:
ponent verbs, of which the principal are
yst Conjugation, andas, to breathe. dagas, to dawn. hoppas, to hope.
2Qd Conjugation (cont^).
rddas,
to be afraid.
svettas, to sweat.
tdras, to weep.
vistas, to stay, to sojourn. avundas, to envy.
to be ashamed. synas^ to appear. tyckas, to seem. vdmjas, to be disgusted.
skdmmas,
2/vas, to boast.
5rd
hrn<i ^^^^
Coujugation.
2nd Conjugation.
*® ressemble. \ \ to take after.
behovas, to want. dvaljas, to dwell.
^th
Conjugation,
is.
minnas,
to recollect.
bitas, to bite, ^/in-s (^(C?e;fj, there
Pronominal verbs.
The conjugation of the pronominal verbs is § 3. formed with the help of the personal pronouns which are placed after the verb; the auxiliary verb is «hava».
Example. Beklaga sig, to complain.
Indicatiye.
Present.
Perfect,
I
Jag beklagar mig, du beklagar dig,
plainest.
complain. thou com-
jag
liar beklagat
du har
hast
mig, I have beklagat dig, thou
•73
han hon
det
vi
)
\
)
he beklagar sig, she
it
i
complains.
det
vi
«'»'
\
« a
it
I
beklaga oss, we beklagen eder, you de beklaga sig, they
/
complain.
hava beklagat
we
oss,
>
)
/ haven
they
beklagat eder, have
sig,
S o o
and so
forth.
you de hava beklagat
Words,
samtid [sam'ti^d] (contemporaneous) epoch; age
drottning \drot'niy']
queen
diadem
[di'ads.'m]
diadem
sceptre
election,
fomtidlfco'mti^d] antiquity
eftervdrld [ef'tdr- posterity vseUd] tanke {taij'kd^^ thought metal metall [metalt] sldkt [slekit^ generation storhet [stco'rhe^t] grandeur
spira [spi'ra^'] val [vaU]
choice
krona [krco'na'] fdrddmjukelse drag [drdtg^^
nedstiga\nedstVga]
crown
humiliation
feature
to
descend
The deponent
kejserlig [cej'Sdr- imperial
verbs.
115
to revolve, roll
rulla {rul'a^^
to
%']
enda
fullkomna
only [eWfZa'l (ful'- to achieve
satisfied, con-
senaste [se'nas'td] future
to explain tyda \ty da^'\ de dodlige [do'd- the mortals
lig'd]
kom'na] nojd [noj.'d]
tent,
pleased
nedldgga
leg^a]
[ne'd-
to
depose
umgds
ypperst
[um'go^s]
[yp.'djisfi
. . .
to
be enviro-
ned
prime
,
oinsom
omsom now
.
.
now
[om'som']
drva [asr'va'] to inherit vdrdig [vee'Mig^] worthy tilldga [til'leg'' d] to add the Most High den Hogste
\hdktst9^'\
stdmpla [stem'pW]
oforgdnglig
\a)-foRrJE7flig^
to coin
teckna sig [tek'na']
imperishable
to depict one's self
behova [bdhova^]
to need.
Reading Exercise 45.
Kristina.
Ej nojd att
Varje hennes tanke blir en bild, som, stamplad i en oforganglig metall, ruUar kring varlden och for de senaste slakter tyder hennes sjals storhet. Utan rike vill hon vara drottning; utan diadem den yppersta bland dodlige. Sedan hon nedlagt en arvd spira, vill hon genom val finnas vardig en annan; och hon nedsteg ifran tronen, da hon till den kungliga icke kunde lagga en kejserlig krona. I sjalva sin forodmjukelse infor den Hogste andas hon blott sin egen storhet. «Du har gjort mig sa stor» sager hon till Gud; «att om du givit mig hela jordens rike, skulle du ej fornojt mitt hjarta.» I detta enda drag tecknar hon sig sjalf sa talande, att jag till fuUkomnandet av hennes bild ej behover tillagga flera.
i
hon omsom
umgas med sin samtids yppersta forntiden, omsom i eftervarlden.
snillen, lever
Conversation.
Nojde
sig Kristina
med
att
umgas med
sin
samtids
yppersta snillen? Vilken var hennes livliga onskan? Varfor nedsteg hon ifran tronen? Vad sade hon till Gud? Vad bemarker detta sty ekes forfattar e angaende Kristinas
bild?
Words.
soul
116
Lesson 22.
rich
healthy
frisk
\^frisik}
amusement
play sadness
discourage-
forlustelse
lus'tdlsd^]
(foer'-
only
rik [ri'k] endast, hlott \m'-
das%
wise
careless to die
to
blot']
lek
[le.'k]
vis [vi's]
sorgsenhet [sorsenhe^t]
sorglos [sor'jle's]
do
[de!]
[to'la^]
modloshet
loshe^t]
[mcj'd[foert-
bear
tdla
ment
despair
(to
gay
to care for
munter {munitdv]
glad
[glcu'd]
fortvivlan
vi'vlan']
a)
hekymra
Qymtra
m'an'dd]
sig
siig]
[6a-
have
(hava) lust
[lus!t]
mind
pleasure
frdmmande
fomojelse
nojtdlsd]
[fri-
[f(£r-
strange
unsettled
to grieve to discourage to
to
joy
action
glddje [gle'djd^] handlinglhan'dliy']
obekant [co'bdkan't] fordnderlig [foersn'ddrlig']
conduct
to encourage
to regret to
uppforande
foran^dd]
[up'-
bedrova [bddro'va] modfdlla [moj'dfd'a]
gov a modigljo'ra^
moj'dig^] dngra [oyra^]
gladden
uppmuntra
\up'-
something wish
continually
ndgot {no'gof] onska [^on'ska^]
stdndigt[st£n'dig't]
do (a action)
mun'tra] bad begd [bdgo!]
tadelvdrd
vse^jid'].
blamable
[ta'ddl-
weak
poor
svag
[si'a!g]
fattig Ifat'ig']
Translation Exercise 46.
The sonl and
its faculties.
Man has always something to hope for and to wish. There are people who continually complain of their lot; the weak would like to become powerful; the poor envy the rich; the wise man only knows how to bear pains, troubles and cares, for hope never dies in his heart. The child is careless; when healthy it is always gay and lively; it does not care for the future; it thinks but of plays and amusements. Sadness, discouragement and despair are strange to it. When it Our impressions are cries it often has a mind to laugh. unsettled; the least pain, the least care grieve and discourage us, whereas the least pleasure and the least joy gladden and encourage us. When we have done a bad action, we are ashamed of ourselves and we regret our blamable conduct.
117
Twenty-third Lesson. The impersonal verbs,
The impersonal verbs are so called because § 1. they are conjugated only in the third person of the
singular.
Example. Hagla, to hail.
IndicatiYe.
Present.
Imperfect.
(is
Det haglar,
it
hails
hailing).
Det haglade,
ling).
it
hailed (was hai-
Perfect.
Pluperfect.
has hailed
Det har haglat,
it
Det hade haglat,
(it
it
had hailed
,
(has been hailing).
had been
hailing).
Future
Det shall hagla,
will
I.
it
will hail
(it
Future II. Det skall hava haglat,
have hailed
hailing).
(it
it
will
be hailing).
will
have been
Conditional.
Present.
Past. would hail
Det skulle hagla,
(it
it
Det skulle hava haglat,
have hailed
hailing.
(it
would be
hailing).
it would would have been
Subjunctiye.
Present.
Imperfect.
hail
(it
Det md hagla, it may may be hailing).
Perfect.
Det skulle (matte) hagla, it might
hail
(it
might be
hailing).
Pluperfect.
Det
hava haglat, it may have hailed (it may have been
hailing).
md
Det skulle (mdtte) hava
might have hailed have been hailing).
it
haglat,
(it
might
Infinitive.
(att)
hagla,
to hail.
Participle.
Present.
Past,
hailing).
haglande, hailing (being
havande haglat, having
(having been hailing).
hailed
The
det det det det
chief Swedish impersonal verbs are:
det toar, it thaws. det dskar, it thunders. det haglar, it hails. det dngrar (mig), I repent.
regnar, it rains. snoar, it snows.
hlixtrar, it lightens. finns, there is.
118
Lesson 23.
I.
Interrogative conjugation.
The interrogative conjugation
cir
§ in English.
2.
is
formed as
Ex.:
jagf am I? voro vi? were we? dr bamet sjuktf is the child ill?
II.
Negative conjugation.
differs alto-
§
3.
The Swedish negative conjugation
gether from the English one; the negative particle is icke (ej, inte) and it is placed after the verb in simple tenses and between the auxiliary and the verb in compound tenses, the English negative forms «do not» and <^did noi» should therefore never be translated literally.
Ex.: vi tola icke, we do not speak (we speak not). vi hava icke talat, we have not spoken. vi skola icke tola, we shall not speak.
Note. In subordinate phrases the negative particle should be placed before the subject and the verb.
Ex.: jag sade
I told
honom, att jag icke kunde gd pa teatem. him (that) I could not go to the theatre.
III.
Interrogative^negative conjugation.
4.
In interrogative-negative sentences the negaalways stands after the subject whether it is a noun or a pronoun. Ex. Skall jag icke se dig i dag f
§
tion
:
Har
I not see you to-day? barnet icke varit sjuktf Has not the child been ill?
Shall
Words.
vdrldshistoria
history of the [vai'ddshistco^ria] world remembrance minne [min'd'] virtue dygd [dyg!d]
foremdl
mo^l]
[fo'rd-
object,
life
aim
levnad [le'vnad^] verksamhet
[vasjb'ksamheH]
activity
statsman man']
egenskap
[stat's-
statesman
hero
quality
rdddning[r€d"niy^] salvation
hjcilte [jel'td^]
dager [daJodr]
light
[e'gdn-
kunskap
ska^p]
{kun'-
science
social order
ska^p] personlighet[paer- personality
soj'nlighe^t]
samhdltsordning
[sam'helsoUdniy]
sdtt
\_S€t''\
way
great deed
drhundrade
[o'r-
century
hragd [bragdi]
hund'dradd]
The impersonal
verbs.
119
mod
courage [moxd] slaveri [^sla'vdri^ slavery
fdre7ia [fore'na^] to unite ovanlig [M'va^n- unusual
bildning
[bil'd-
culture
%]
dyrhar
\dyr'ha^T\^ dear
spiritual andlig ~Mg [an'dJZt^'] [a vdrldslig [v^'j^ds- temporal
tillvaro \til'va^Ta)\ presence to leave efterldmna
[^Ef'tdvUmfna]
dterkalla
kaVai]
[o'tdv-
to recall
hdrlig
[h^'rlig'']
splendid
final.
slutlig [slm'tlig^]
private
ensldld [e'nfiVdl^
Reading Exercise 47.
(xustav Adolf.
Fa manniskor hava i varldshistorien efterlaranat ett sadant namn som Gustav Adolf ett namn som aterkallar minnet
;
icke blott av alia den enskilda manniskans dygder, utan ock av snillets, statsmannens och hjaltens darmed icke alltid forenade egenskaper. Redan denna, lika ovanliga som alskvarda personlighet. skuUe gora honom dyrbar for varje hjarta; men annu mera har ban blivit det genom sattet varpa dessa egenskaper anvandes, genom den bragd, vilken blev slutliga foremalet for hans levnads verksamhet, namligen Europas Den harliga raddning fran andligt och varldsligt slaveri.
dager af samhallsordning, kunskap och bildning, som under dessa tvanne sista arhundraden gjutit sig over och ifran det nordliga Europa, har for sin tillvaro att tacka Gustav Adolfs mod och Gustav Adolfs svard.
Conversation.
Vilket namn har Gustav Adolf efterlamnat historien ? Vilka dygdep aterkalla hans namn? Vad gjorde honom sa alskad? Vilket var hans livsmal? Hurudant var Europa vid Gustav Adolfs tid?
i
varlds
Vad har Europa Gustav Adolf
Words.
weather
att tacka for?
120
Lesson 24.
to
to hail
to
pour
to clear to shine
to
up
Mama
dska
hagla [ha'gla'] osa ned [0'sa' ne.'d]
[kla'rna^]
seem
to destroy
to
synas [s^'nas'] forstora {foRrstotra] fiora [ho'ra^]
skina [/rna']
[os'ka^^
hear
thunder
bad
this
ddlig [do'Iig']
to lighten to freeze
blixtra \blik'stra'] frysa [frysa']
morning
i
morse
[moji'Sd^']
dark
to skate to
dka skridsko [o'ka''
skrUdskco] toa [if0*a']
thaw
[mcer!k] overcast betdckt, mulen \hdtekit, mm'ldn"]. (Contin. Page 123)
:
mork
Translation Exercise 48.
The weather.
What
it
has
is
sort of weather have we to-day ? It is snowed and hailed this morning; now^
bad weather
it
;
is
pouring.
dark weather. The sky is overcast, but it will soon The sun will soon shine and we shall have a It is very sultry It lightens it will soon thunder. and large rain drops are falling. It has lightened and thundered the whole night the weather was stormy. The streets were muddy and now it is slippery, for it has frozen very hard. The pond is frozen; we can skate on it. Now^ it is snowing and to-morrow at sunrise it will thaw the weather seems to become milder. It has hailed very hard; the harvest is almost destroyed. Do you hear it thunder? a storm is raging on the sea.
It
clear up. nice day.
;
;
;
Twenty-fourth Lesson.
Compound
verbs.
§ 1. Compound verbs, that is verbs composed of a root- verb and a prefix which may be a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a preposition are divided into inseparable and separable verbs.
A. Inseparable verbs.
Verbs beginning § 2. prefixes are inseparable:
anJ
with one of the following
sam-,
be-f
hi-,
ent-j
er-j for-j gen-, hdr-, miss-,
um-, und-, van-, reder-.
Ex.
:
vi forstd, we understand. jag erbjuder, I offer.
Compound
verbs.
121
B.
or an
Separable verbs.
are separable.
Most of the compound verbs composed of a n o u n
adjective
Ex.:
The separable
Domaren
Verbs
prefix is placed after the verb. tog del av brevet. The judge took cognizance of the letter.
§
4.
compounded with an adverb or a
generally
preposition
figurative
Ex.
:
are
inseparable
in the
translate.
I
in
the
meaning and separable
jag oversdtter (ins.), I jag sdtter over (sep.),
proper meaning.
overstep.
Note. It is difficult to give absolute rules on the composition of the verbs belonging to this class; they can only be learned by
practice.
Some
avhdnda^
anklaga,
to spoliate to accuse to dispossess
inseparable verbs.
nedgora,
to
overwhelm
tillhedja, to worship
frdnkdnna,
underldta,
fdregiva, to pretend inverka, to influence innebdra, to imply (infer.) tnotvdgay to counterbalance
to help from dkalla, to invoke dterspegla, to reflect back overgiva, to leave, to surrender.
Some
av-dela, to share frdn-taga, to carry
separable verbs.
ned-hugga,
pd-kldda,
(ejmot-taga, to receive to hurl down till-blanda, to bland
to dress over-ldsa, to read through.
away
hddan-jara,
to decease
in-packa, to pack up inne-stdnga, to shut in
:
Note. Some compound verbs composed of an adjective or a noun remain inseparable these are very few and will be better learned by practice. Ex.: Hvem hushdllar for honomf Who keeps his household?
Words.
kallelse [kal'dlsd^'] vocation strength, kraft [krafit^
befriare
fritard]
[
bd-
liberator
power
Ijus \_jmts] light frihet [/rr^e'^] liberty forsvarare [/ce^s- defender
tar [fo.V] skote [fo'td^]
ojffra
tear
bosom
to offer
[ofra']
egen [e'gdn'] framstd [fram'sto']
own
to to
come
fulfil,
forth
to
vdrv
[vseriv]
Mod
mission, task
\blojid^
fro [/V0/]
blood seed
fullborda
b(o''jida\
\_ful'-
achieve
krans \kranis\
crown
besegla [bdse'gW] to seal
122
Lesson 24.
noble
to
ddel
l^etddT]
skon [fe'n]
utfora vdga \vo'ga^'\ knytas \kny'tas^'\
protestantisk
beautiful \m'tfd^ra\ to accomplish
to venture
fukta {^fuk'ta^^ tacksam [tak'sam'']
akta [ak'ta^^ uppfostra [up'fajs'tra]
bedew
thankful
to regard to bring bless.
upon up
to be knotted
protestant
vdlsigna [velsiy.^na] to
[prco'testanftisk]
Reading Exercise 49.
Gustay Adolf.
Han var den, som inom eget brost kande kallelsen och kraften att framsta som Ijusets och frihetens forsvarare och han fullbordade detta heliga varv och beseglade det med sitt Vad stort, adelt och skont dessa landers hjaltar eget blod.
;
och snillen hava utfort, bildat och tankt, lag redan som fro den enda hjaltetanken att for Ijusets seger vaga bade sig sjalv och sitt folk och detta fro har efter bans dod utvecklat sig i eviga bragder i statens likasom i snillets varv, vilkas skonaste blommor ma knytas till en krans at befriarens minne, en krans, fuktad av hela det protestantiska Europas tacksamma tarar men mest av det folk, som aktades vardigt att i sitt skote uppfostra denne hjalte, att med honom offra sitt blod i den heliga striden, att med honom ga i valsignat minne till den senaste eftervarld.
i
;
;
Conversation.
Vilken kallelse kande Gustav Adolf inom sig? Vilka voro foljdema av bans regering? Som vad kan Gustav Adolf betraktas?
Words.
clothes
kldder \kletddr]
klddsel [kled^sdl]
overroc]4^0'vdrrok^] skrdddare [skrsd'ard']
stocking
strumpa
[stru7n'pa^'\
clothing overcoat
tailor
sock
linen necktie
halv strumpa
[hal'vstrum'pa] linne \lin'd^'\
trousers
byxor
vdst
,
benkldder
be'n-
[byk'sayr',
IcW'ddr]
waistcoat
Slipper
{vesif]
halsduk [hal'sdm'k] pair of braces hdngslen [heyishn] shoe maker skomakare [skco'ma'kard] sko [skcof]
stdvel [st0tv9l]
toffel [tofidl]
morning gown morgonrook
{mor'onrok'-^
shoe boot
half boot
chambermaid kamTnarjungjru
hat
felt hat straw hat
halvstovel [hal'vsto'vdl]
[karrfarjuy^frm] hatt \hat\
peasant
collar
fiUhatt [fil-thaf] halmhatt [hal'mhae]
cuff
bonde [bojn'dd^] krage Ikra'gd] manschett [man-
Adverbs.
123
shirt
slcjorta
skd']
{^foj'jiia^']
muddy
slippery
smutsig [smut'sig^]
slipprig [sUp'rig']
glove
fur
tight skilful
handske [han'dpals [peHs] trdng [troyf]
skicklig [jik'lig'] kvav (kva!v]
very hard
mild
is
raging
mycket StarJet [myk'df star'kt] mild [mil'd] rasar [ra'sar^].
Page 127)
sultry
stormy
stormig [stor'mig^]
(Contin.:
Translation Exercise 50.
Clothing.
have had warm clothes made. This overcoat is too I can hardly button it. He has tried on his tight for me new coat it suits him very well, as it was made by a skilful tailor. The trousers are too wide; the waistcoat is fashionable I will wear it with much pleasure. You see me with my slippers and morning gown, because I must keep my room. Has the chamber maid brushed my hat? Which hat? The felt hat. In winter we wear woollen stockings and in summer cotton socks. Take off your old coat and put on a new one. Dress quickly, for we are going to take a walk this morning. Have you folded up my linen ? Where did you buy these silk neckties? They are very elegant. This pair of braces is worn out you should buy a new pair. The shoe-maker makes shoes, boots and half boots. Peasants
; ;
We
—
;
;
The collars are too tight for usually wear wooden shoes. these shirts the cuffs old-fashioned and the gloves too dark. I will not have them. You must beat the fur; it is so Put on your woollen stockings because it is very cold dusty
; !
to-day.
Twenty-fifth Lesson. Adverbs.
§ 1. Swedish adverbs are derived from adjectives Swedish adjectives may become adverbs by placing them in the neuter.
;
all
Ex.: Jiovlig, polite; hovligt, poHtely. trogen, faithful; troget, faithfully.
§ 2.
Some adverbs end in -igen. Ex.: trolig, probable; troligen, probably.
The word «ja» answers to a question ex§ 3. pressed affirmatively and « Jo » to a question expressed
negatively.
124
Lesson 25.
Ex.:
Vill du dricka ett glas vin? Ja. Will you drink a glass of wine? Yes, I will. Vill du icke dricka ett glas vin? Jo. Will you not drink a glass of wine? Yes (certainly).
Degrees of comparison.
§
4.
Adverbs form
their
degrees of comparison
;
like the adjectives.
Ex.: hovligt, politely; 7^oi;%are, more politely
hovligast,
most
politely.
Note. The «^» in the positive form does not occur in the comparative and superlative forms.
Irregular adverbs.
hra, vdl, (good, well)
Adverbs.
125
ndstan^ almost, nearly
126
Lesson 25.
han kallade sin ogonsten, som han med sa mycken anstrangning forsvarade mot Wallensteins hotande svard: Niirnberg, som hade den hugnaden, att det var en av dess invanare, den unge Leubelfingen, vilken likasom ett ombud av stadens tacksamhet foljde konungen anda in uti dodsstunden; Niirnatt uppresa sin valgorares bildstod, fastan inre forandringar och yttre tvang sedermera hindrade verkstalligheten. En Gustav Adolfs ridknekt valtrade pa Liitzens fait en stor sten till det stalle, der det konungsliga liket blev
berg beslot
Stenen bar sedan bibehallit sin plats jamte nammet Schwedenstein, samt blivit omgiven av planterade trad och besokt av en var, som kommit till dessa nejder.
funnet.
Conversation.
Var Gustav Adolf alskad av tyskarne? Hum kallas rummet, som flackades av bans blod? Vilken stad beslot att resa bans bildstod? Vilken ung man foljde konungen anda in i dodsstunden? Varfor bar Niirnberg beslutit att uppresa bans bildstod ? Vad star pa det stalle, dar Gustav Adolfs lik blev funnet? Vad kallas denna sten?
Words.
The
British
Adverbs.
oldfashioned
127 wear on
gammalmodig
[gam'almoj'dig]
to
bdra
[bas'ra^]
[be'ra'']
dusty
to
dammig
. .
[dam'ig^]
[lo'ti^t
to put
have
Idtit
gora
taga pa sig poi si'g]
[ta'ga^
made
to button to try
to suit
jo'ra^]
to dress to
kndppa igen
{knep'a'
zjVtz.']
take
a
kldda sig \klE'da^'\ taga sig en pro-
walk
to fold
to
on
forsoka, prova
[fcersetka, proj'va^]
up
menad [proj'mdnaid] Idgga tillhopa
[leg'a' tiUhoj'pa^],
anstd, passa
[a7i'sto\ pas'a^l
buy
kopa
piska
to brush
to take off
borsta [bod'sta^] avtaga [a'vta'ga]
to beat
[ge'pa^] {^pis'ka^\
Translation Exercise 52.
The State and (xovernment.
British Empire is the greatest in the world. It comprises the United Kingdom (England, Scotland and Ireland which form the British Isles) India and many other countries and Colonies in the five parts of the world. It is
The
governed by a king. The legislative power is exercised by House of Lords and the House of Commons. At the opening of the first sitting the king delivers a speech, which is called the throne speech. In England Monarchy is hereditary the Salic law is not applied in this country, for wives may reign. England has had many celebrated queens. Queen Victoria's reign was one of the longest and most glorious during the last century. This great queen was beloved by all her subjects, respected and admired by all civilized peoples and very often received by all the Sovereigns of Europe. England may be proud of Queen Victoria whose remembrance will be imperishable.
the
;
Twenty-sixth Lesson.
List of the principal prepositions.
av^ of
bakom, behind
efter, after
enligt, according
emot, towards emellan, between
igenom, through innan, before inom, in, within med, with medelst, by means of
oaktadt, in spite of
framfor,
hos, at ibland,
.
before
.
omkring, about
pa, on rorande, concerning
sedan, since
frdn, from
.'s
among
128
Lesson
26.
under, under, during utan^ without
uti, in
at, to
anskont, notwithstanding
over, over.
utom, out
Words.
polhojd
[poj'l-
latitude
bergstrakt
idrak''t]
[bserj'-
mountainous
region
to stretch
hofd
olikhet
oj'likhe't] diversity
strdcka ut
[^strek'a^ vjuit]
Skdne
^sko'n9^]
[luf't-
Scania
climate
luftstreck
strek^]
gent emot [je^nt
emco't]
just opposite
kastanje[kastaniJ9\ chest nut(tree) mullbdrstrdd mulberry-tree
\imul'h£jLstre''^^
mild [miUd] dkta [ek'ta^]
mild
real, very, ge-
nuine
[frco'das'] to thrive ovre [o^vrd] upper frodig [froj'dig^] luxuriant to be precious brddmogna
rag \rotg'\ rye-(seed) seed sdde [^SE'dd^^ 'mark [Lap Lappland Lapp
frodas
kom
fara
Tnajb^k^
\kojijin\
corn
risk,
[bro'dmoj'gna] danger
[/a'ra']
[bserj'-
frysa hort
[fry'sa'' bo'r't]
to freeze
hdrgning
niy']
harvest, crop
naturlig \natmtr- natural
condition
heskajfenhet
{hdskafidnhe't]
%]
betydlig \bdty'd- fimportant
lig^^
^Istring sformdg a ^Toductiweness
[al'striysfcer-
motas
lower
[me'tas']
[considerable to meet with
mo''ga]
verklig [vser'klig'] real
nedre [ne'drd]
nordisk [nojUdisk] northern.
Reading Exercise 53.
Sveriges natur.
Ett land som utstracker sig under sa olika polhojder, maste inoni sig visa manga olikheter. Skane gor till utseende och luftstreck en overgang till det gent emot liggande nedre Akta Tyskland, men har annu mildare vintrar an detta. kastanjen, mullharstradet, ehuru blott planterat, frodas i Skane. Husdjuren aro storre och frodigare. Ragsiidet behover blott halvfemte manad att mogna, ej langre, an i Tyskland och ovre Italien, da det daremot i Lappmarkerna (dar endast kornet bradmognar) behover halvannan sommar dartill,
med
fara att innan bargningen bortfrysa.
hastigare forandring i naturlig beskaffenhet och alstringsformaga finnes ej i Sverige, iin emellan Skane och Smaland. Detta kommer av det senares betydliga hojd over havet, som gor den smalandska bergstrakten nilstan till ett Norrland mitt i Gota rike. Den fran soder resande motes forst hiir av verklig nordisk natur.
En
Adverbs.
129
Conversation.
Vad ar Skane? Aro vintrarne i Skane mildare an
Vilka trad vaxa
i
i Tyskland? denna provins? Hum manga manader behover ragen for att mogna? Ar det stor skillnad mellan naturen i Skane och Smaland? Vad kommer detta av?
Words,
constitution
statsforfattning
[sta'tsfoRvfat^nixi]
length
langd
[Isy.'d]
councilors of statsrddsherre
state
[sta'tsrad'sh^rd]
steam ship dnghdt {oyhoH^ national edu- folkundervisning cation [fol'kunddrvi'sniy]
to
the execution lagarnes utforande of laws [la'gamd^s m'tfceran'-dd]
fleet
comply
villfara [vil'fa'ra]
[6a/aZ*a']
to
command hefalla
borgare
vdlja
kingdom
citizen
k(on)ungarike
[ko'nuyari'kd]
[bor'jar9^]
[je*-
fiotta
{flot'a''^
army
the Swedish
diet
hdr
\hetr]
den svenska
riks-
to
choose
[vel'ja']
dag en
[svsn'ska'
to carry out
genomfora
nomfo^ra] ansvarig for
\^an' sva''rig']
rik'sda'gdn]
chambers
diet-bill
kammare[kam'ar9'] riksdag sordning
responsible
for
to
the First
Forsta Kamm aren
Ifcer'sta'^
[rik'sdagso^rdniy]
be bound to forpliktad till [fcerplrktad'] to count anse for [an'se'']
to
to
Chamber
the Second
kam'a-
improve
read
forbdttra
bet'ra]
[foer-
rd^n]
Andra Kammaren
[an'dra^
Chamber
military service under the
—
.
]
to write
to respect to admire
Idsa [le'sa'] skriva [skri'va']
militdrtjdnst \mi'lite'rgen'st]
hogakta[h0'g ak^ta]
beundra
dra']
[bdun'-
under
.
.
s reto receive to
reign
gering
rdje!ri7)]
[uniddr
mottaga[mojt'aga^] be proud of vara stolt over
[stoltt]
reforms
railways
fdrhdttringar
[fcerbet'riy^ar] jdrnvdgar [jx'xnvs'gar]
imperishable oforgdnglig
[co'fcerjey'lig].
Translation Exercise 54.
The Grovernment of Sweden.
governed by a king. The king should comply with the
is
Sweden
of
It is
Constitution.
an old monarchy. The Coun-
cillors
state
are responsible for the
execution of laws.
The king commands the fleet and army. The Swedish Diet consists in two chambers. According to the Diet-bill of 1866 the first Chamber is composed of the richest and most learned men of the kingdom the second Chamber, of citizens chosen
;
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
9
130
Lesson 27.
In Sweden all citizens are bound Under the reign of Oscar II many remilitary service. forms were carried out in Sweden. Railways were stretched out and their length is now over 10 000 kilometers. The
from among the people.
to
fleet numbers over 1200 steam ships. National education was much improved and the number af those who cannot read nor write is less in Sweden than in any other
Swedish
country.
Twenty-seventh Lesson.
List of the principal conjunctions.
anting en
att, that
. .
.
eller, either ... or
men, but
ndmligen, namely och, and
ocksd, also if, whether sdledes, thus
(viz.)
hade
.
.
.
och, both
.
.
.
and
dock, though da, as, when ehuru, although eljest, otherwise
eller, or
om,
ty, for
an
as, since, for
emedan,
Jivarfore, why likvdl, nevertheless
... an, sometimes times dndd, however.
.
.
.
some-
Words.
bevis
\^b9vi!s]
proof
kalkgrund
grun'd^
\kal'k- calcareous soil
skdrgard {fas'r- archipelago goUd] skdrgdrds natur archipelagic
knappast
p'ast'l
[kna-
scarcely
[—s natm'r]
sin like [si'n
nature
ovan
orolig likvdl
\o'va^n'\
[cj'rco'lig^
above
lonely,isolated
li'kd^] its like
enstaka [ensta'-ka]
[lik've'l]
bok [bojfk] lund [lun^d]
bolja [bol'ja^]
beech
grove, thicket
unsettled
equally
wave
fecundity
bordighet
dighett]
[bce'r-
bdda [bo'da'] utmdrkt [m't7nser^kt]
i
both remarkable
vattenomrdde [va- basin fdnom'rodd] sddesbygd [se'dds- cornfield
byg'd]
anseende
till
H
with regard to
an'sedn^do til]
hlandning [blan'd- miscellany
niy']
around mellerst [mel'dJLst] most central dessutom [dss'ui^- moreover
kring [kriy!]
torn]
bergsrorelse
[basr'jro'rdlsd]
mining
in-
gynna
[jyn'a']
[ve'l
to favour
dustry
lycklig [lyk'lig^]
happy, lucky
beneficial
rto astonish
forening [fo'rd- union
niy'] inflytelse [in'fly'tdlsd]
vdlgorande
influence
jo'randd] forvdna [foer
vo-'na]
bergig [bserjig']
mountainous
\to wonder vdxtlighet [vek'st- vegetation
lig^het]
vildhet \vildheH'\ wildness
Adverbs.
131
Reading Exercise 55.
SYeriges natur.
Foljer man fran Skane ostra kusten, sa visar sig i Blekinge det vackraste beviset pa Ostersjons mildare skargardsnatur och fran Karlskrona till Kalmar en strand, som pa sina stallen Ovan Kalmar vaxer i skonhet knappast har sin like i norden. smarre lundar och enstaka trad ga dock ej bokskogen mera
:
hogre. Vatterns
klara, men oroliga boljor skilja Vaster- och Ostergotland, tvenne av Sveriges fruktbaraste landskap, bada I anlikval utmarkta genom stora skillnader i bordighet. seende till sjalva landets bildning hor Vastergotland till Vanerns, Ostergotland till Vatterns vattenomrade. Kring sjoarne Hjalmaren och Malaren ar det mellersta
Sveriges storsta slattland
rorelse.
med harliga sadesbygder, dessutom gynnade genom en lycklig blandning av akerbruk och bergsDessas forening har strackt sin valgorande inflytelse
till
Varmland och Dalarne, utan att likval i dessa bada bergiga landskaps ovre delar hava kunnat besegra naturens borjande vildhet. Likval narer annu kalkgrunden kring sjon
aven
Siljan
(t.
ex.
i
Rattvik) en vaxtlighet,
som
forvanar.
Conversation.
Vilken natur har Blekinge? Ar stranden fran Karlskrona
till
Kalmar skon?
Vilka aro Sveriges fruktbaraste landskap? Vilka aro Sveriges storsta sjoar?
Words.
great powers stormakter
[stco'r-
at the
head
i
spetsen for
[spet'sdn]
[re'jd
makHdr]
cavalry
kavalleri,
rytteri
regiment
regemente
\ksLvaVdritj ryt'd-
captam
infantry
fotfolk,
infanteri
in'-
lieutenant
[fco'tfol^k,
fantdri^l
artilleri {^ctr'tihrii'] artillery horse-soldier ryttare [ryfard^] foot-soldier fotsoldat [fco't-
sergeant corporal cornet
garrison
menttd] kapten [kaptetn] lojtnant [loftnan't sergeant [s^rfanH korpral [korpra'l kornett \kornEti']
garnison
sajfTi]
[gar'ni-
soldaH]
victory seger [se!gdr] field-marshal fdltmarskalk
volunteer
recruit
frivillig [fri'vilHg] rekryt [rdkrytt]
\krig' sfoRrkMrirj]
declaration of krigsforklaring
troops
discipline
[fd'tmarfark] trupp [trup'] discipUn [di'siplUn]
overste [o'vdrstd^l^
war
capture of the m^«^<2?2c?e (av en place plats) \intagandd\
dragoon
cuirass
dragon
\draga)tn^^
colonel
kyrass {kyrasi^
132
Lesson
28.
hjdlm Yjdim'] svdrd [sv^.^rd] gun gevdr [JdVEtr] cartridge-box patrorikok [pair congo'k]
helmet sword
lance
pistol to exercise
to to
laiis [lan^s]
pistol [pistojH] utova [m'te'va]
arm
equip
vdpna
utrusta
Xvsp'na^"] \m^trus^ta^^
haversack
to
mat-tornister
\ma't-tornisHdr\
to fear
to
disarm
keep
underhdlla ddrhoVa]
\un'-
to bear
strict
frukta [fruk'ta^\ avvdpna [a'vep^na] hdra [&£'ra']
strdng
[streif);']
to fight to win to stand
kdmpa
vinna
[cem'pa^]
[vin'a']
obligatory
ohligatorisk
gatojirisk]
{ph'li-
std [sto']
compulsory
[foers-
tvingande
[tviyan'dd].
to defend
forsvara
va'ra]
Translation Exercise 56.
Army.
All great powers of Europe keep an army. An army consists in cavalry, infantry and artillery. The horse-soldiers and foot-soldiers fought bravely and won the victory. The field marshal commands the troops. In the German army The Colonel stands at the head of discipline is very strict. his regiment. Under the colonel stand the captain, the lieutenant, the sergeant and the corporal. Military Service is not The Comet defended bravely the obligatory in England. colours of the garrison. The volunteers and recruits will soon be exercised, equipped and armed, because a declaration of war is feared. After the capture of the place, the garrison was disarmed. Dragoons wear a cuirass and a helmet they defend themselves with the sword, lance or pistol. Footsoldiers bear a gun, a cartridge-box and a haversack. Officers
—
;
bear a sword.
Twenty-eighth Lesson.
List of the principal interjections.
ack!
alas!
ajf ay! o dear!
anfdicta! plague! gtid nd's! alas!
fy! fie! hva! hva sa!
hey!
st! hush! tag mot! look here! hvadan! what!
hm!
tro
I
ha! ha!
say! ah!
it!
topp! agreed!
lappri! nonsense!
mig! depend upon
min sann!
really! faith!
usch! oh!
Adverbs.
133
Words.
hem
\hemf\
134
135
Twenty-ninth Lesson. The construction of sentences. I. Order of the words.
A. Place of the subject.
§
a)
1.
The subject
is
generally placed:
Before the verb in affirmative and negative senEx.
:
tences.
jag laser
^
I
read
;
fadern sjong
icke, the father did
not sing.
b) After the verb in negative and interrogativenegative sentences. Ex.: Laser barnetf Does the child read? or is the child
..reading?
Alskar du icke din moderf
Do you
Note.
not like your mother?
When
word
«
manner
Ex.:
Hon
the interrogative is made with the help of the or «Jw» the subject should precede the verb. Mdnne de voro trottaf were" they tired?
dr ju nojdf she
is
Exceptions.
§
a)
1.
2.
The subject
is
placed after the verb:
When
:
the sentence begins with.
the object. Ex. Det huset har min fader kopt.
My
2.
father has bought this house has bought).
(this
house
my
father
an adverb or an adverbial expression or a conjunction.
Ex.:
Nu
are going to bed. I gar voro vi pa landet. Yesterday we were in the country.
Now we
skola vi gd
till
sdngs.
3.
an attributive adjective.
Ex.
:
Mdktig dr Gud! God
is
powerful! (powerful
is
is
God!)
b) When the principal phrase preceded by a subordinate sentence. Ex.: Om han vore rik, skulle han gora mycket gott. If he was (were) rich he would do much good.
c)
In exclamations. Ex.: Leve drottningen!
the queen for ever!
136
Lesson 29.
B. Place of the objective case. § 3. a) The indirect objective case when used without any preposition precedes the direct objective
case.
Ex.:
Ldraren gav Idrjungen en hok.
The teacher gave the boy a book.
b)
When
Ex.:
the
indirect
objective case
is
preceded
by a preposition the direct objective case should immediately be placed after the verb.
Ldraren gav en hok
in
at Idrjungen.
to the boy.
The teacher gave a book
c)
Like
a noun is the noun.
Ex.
:
English the indirect objective case of placed in the genitive case and precedes
Min fader s
11.
hus,
my
father's house.
Order of clauses.
which bears the prinbe placed at the be-
§ 4. a) Generally the clause cipal part in the sentence should
ginning of the sentence.
Ex.
:
Om
de icke dro skyldiga, skola de frikdnnas.
should be acquitted.
If they are not guilty they
b) The relative pronouns, the adverbs, conjunctions generally follow the nouns to which they refer. Ex.: Drdngen pa vilkens (vars) trohet jag rdknade har stuUt pengar frdn mig. The servant on whose faithfulness I relied has stolen money from me.
When a subordinate sentence precedes the prinsentence, both are generally united by the conjunction ^Sa» which is not rendered in English. Ex.: Ndr hamet fick se sin moder, sd borjade det att le.
c)
cipal
When
the child saw
its
mother,
it
began
to
smile.
Words.
godhet
{^gojtdhet']
kindness
serving spirit
ro
tjdnsteande
[gen'stdan'dd]
rest, repose [me'dlem^] member vdrldsliv [vse'jids- world's life
[rojf]
medlem
li'v]
frid \_fri'd^ peace trevnad [tre'vnad^] comfort
rot \ro)it^ leende Ue'dn^dd]
root
naturliv [natrn'r- natural
life
im
gubbe
[gub'd^]
smile old man
gudsjruktan
\_gut'sfrukHan\
fear of
God
The
tapperhet
[tap.'dv-
construction of sentences.
137
to shoot earnest to bless
to
bravery
|
gro
{gra)f\
[aZ* va'r-
forhdllande /Ae^]j circumstance
[^foRrhol'cin^dd]
allvarlig
condition
to call forth
bitter
%]
viga
n/juta
[vrga^'l
\njwi'ta''']
framkalla
[^frara'kaV'a]
enjoy
hitter \hitt9r\
fdrkvdva [foerkV£.'va]
to
choke up
Umiv] Jiembygd [hem
Ijuv
hyg'd;\
delightful native land.
Reading Exercise 59.
Hemmet.
och ordning, dessa himmelns tjansteandar pa jorden, framkalla overallt samma frid och samma trevnad. Ingen bitter rot far vaxa dar den vill gro, uppkommer alltid ett leende eller en tar, och i dessa ett ord av karlek att forkvava den. Karleken vakar over barnets vagga over gubbens ro, over var medlems val och trevnad for att vara hem. lycklig gar manniskan ur varldslivet Det star i livet sasom ett gronskande trad, vaxande allt hogre upp mot himmeln. Norden ar kail och allvarlig. Konsterna aga ej dar sin hembygd blommornas tid ar kort. Vill du se deras jord, se Italien, se Frankrike vill du se hemmets och familjens vigda jord, se Sverige se overallt bland fjallen och skogarna, dessa stilla gardar, der manniskan njuter ett foradlat naturliv, dar i skotet av heliga och Ijuva forhallanden utvecklas svenskarnes nationaldygder gudsfruktan och
;
Godhet
,
—
;
;
;
!
:
tapperhet.
Conversation.
Vad framkallar friden och trevnaden Hur forkvaves varje bitter rot?
i
hemmet?
Vilka aro karlekens forrattningar bland familjens med-
lemmar? Vad liknar hemmet? Vad motsvarar nordens hem
i
de sydliga landerna?
Var utvecklas och vilka aro svenskarnes nationaldygder?
Words.
fatherland
native
fddemesland
[frddmdslan'd] fosterland
[fcos'tarlaa^d]
glory patriotism
dra
[s'ra']
fosterlandskdrlek
[fcos'tdrlandsgse'rlek]
country
sacrifice
uppoffring
[up-ofriy']
sentiment
love
kdnsla karlek
[(gen'sla'''\
[f^rZe'fc]
[til'ji'-
native land
fosterjord
[fco'stdrjcoUd]
attachment
tillgivenhet
Vdnhet]
138
Lesson 29.
fidelity
troliet \tra)thet]
to protect
skydda Uyd'a'] "
i
devotion
hdngivenhet \h€'ngi'vdnhet]
on
the
war
bt [kri'gskrigsfoi
establish-
civil
danger duty
fara
[fa'ra']
ment
to contribute
medhorgerlig plikt
[me'dbor'jdrlig
plik't]
hidraga [bi'dra'ga]
prosperity
to require to prevail to unite to threaten
framgdng [fram'fordra [fco'rdra'] rdda [ro'cZa'] forena [/ore/na]
hota
resa
[hoj'ta''']
social duty
samhdlsplikt
[sam'helsvUk't]
to love dlska {el'ska^'] on the peace, pa fredsfot
establish-
[fred'sfoj^t]
to travel
to stay
[re'sa^]
[start' a'].
ment
stanna
Translation Exercise 60.
Fatherland.
ought to love, protect and defend our native country. our duty in time of peace to contribute to its prosperity and in time of war to defend it even at the sacrifice of our A brave soldier ought to fight and die for his native life. land when the glory of the nation requires such a sacrifice. Patriotism prevails in the hearts of all good citizens all are united in the same sentiment of love and attachment to defend their country when danger threatens it. Fidelity, love and devotion to fatherland are the principal civil and social duties. When we travel or stay in a foreign Country we are always thinking of our native land. Let us love our native country, because nothing is more beautiful and more worthy of our love^ than fatherland.
It is
;
We
139
Readings,
1.
En
frukost pa Medelhavet.
i
En hostdag ar 1869 hollo tvenne ekipager vid hamnen Marseille just dar de stora angbatarne ligga som i alia riktningar ploja Medelhavet. Ur det forsta stego en herre och en dam, bagge unga, med tre sma barn. Det var synbarligen «wne famille tres-distinguee» och de som akte i andra vagnen
,
tycktes tillhora uppvaktningen. Det var D.D. K.K. H.H. hertigen och hertiginnan av Ostergotland, som med sina barn skuUe resa till Nizza, for att dar tillbringa vintermanaderna.
Klockan var sex pa aftonen, den timman da, enligt annons, angbaten skuUe avga men ingen rok ur angskorstenen rojde, att man annu eldat pa, och vid sidan av angbaten lag en koldragare, som lastade in kol pa den forra. Den som ar van vid vara ordentliga angbatsturer forvanas over oordningen soderut, och man kan darfor ej undra pa, att de nyss
;
anlanda passagerarne syntes missnojda. «Nar avgar fartyget?» fragade en av prinsens uppvaktning kaptenen. «Nar vi fatt kolforradet ombord», svarade denne tvart. «Och nar sker det?» «Det vet jag icke.» «Det drojer kanske en hel timma?» «Det kan droja tva.»
«Tva? Omojligt!» «M kan hava ratt, det ser omojligt
tenen;
«slippa vi
ut»,
medgav kapanmarkte den
med
tre eller fyra
i
dag, ar det mer, an
jag vagar hoppas.» »Men det var
annonserat klockan sex»,
uppvaktande forargad. Kaptenen smalog medlidsamt och vande ryggen till. «Men det ar hoga personer ombord», anmarkte den
uppvaktande.
svar.
Kaptenen smalog, men bevardigade honom ej med nagot Ombord ar skepparen ensam konung, om ocksa alia Europas suveraner vore tillstades. Till nagon ursakt for angbatskonungen i fraga ma namnas, att den bat, han forde, mera var avsedd for gods an for
folk,
och gods ar en
talig
och tystlaten passagerare.
Emeller-
140
Readings.
sin hytt Men besvarligt klattrande over tunnor och balar. hertigen foredrog att vistas pa dack, avvaktande med latt begriplig otalighet stunden for avresan, vilken lange lat vanta
efter
ett
tid
hade H.K.H. hertiginnan med sina sma funnit
pa sig. Klockan var 11, nar angbaten stotte fran land. Natten var kolmork, men havsvinden vanlig och mild. Trots morkret trodde sig prinsen igenkanna nagra av de ogn.pper, mellan vilka angbaten gled fram, och han betraktade dem med den djupa rorelse, ett poetiskt sinne erfar, nar det aterfinner stallen, som det i yngre dagar skadat. Prinsen hade namligen en gang som yngling, och da i egenskap av lojtnant pa ett svenskt orlogsfartyg, gjort en resa over Medelhavet. Men sjon suger och Medelhavet icke minst. Fram emot
sig prinsen hungrig. Men ingen restauration Fartyg, som endast gora nattresor, aro beraknade for sovande, icke for atande. Prinsen gav sig i sam-
morgonen kande
fanns ombord.
kaptenen, men huruvida han da avkastade anony«Vill Ni och Ert sallskap halla till ej bekant. godo med vad jag har att bjuda pa», sade kaptenen, «sa ar Ni hjartligen valkommen. Min frukost vantar redan ». Prinsen tackade forbindligt och intradde med sin kavaljer i kaptenens hytt, dar en frukost serverades, som visst icke var att forakta. Men det drojde icke lange forran en fjarde person visade sig i samma hytt. Det var en lang ung man, sotig och flottig fran hjassa till fot, men som icke desto mindre belt obesvarat tog plats bland de andra vid bordet och del-
sprak
med
miteten
ar
tog
med
«For
Ni en ypperlig franska», yttrade kaptenen till prinsen. «Vem har sagt Er, att jag ar rysk amiral ?» fragade prinsen; «jag har den aran vara svensk amiral och ar fullkomligt belaten darmed. Men att jag talar franska ar mindre underligt, nar jag i min slakt haft icke mindre an tva franska
marskalker.> «Tva franska marskalker», upprepade kaptenen med en viss andakt, «och vilka aro de?» «Eugene och Bemadotte!» svarade prinsen. «Bernadotte!» upprepade anyo kaptenen och gjorde stora ogon, dem han oupphorligen flyttade mellan prinsen och maskinisten, vilken sednare ocksa fick stora ogon. «0m Ni ar en Bernadotte», tertog kaptenen, «sa kan jag har p^ stallet presentera for Er en nara slakting, Monsieur De la Graise, maskinist pa min bat och sonson av en syster till marskalk Bernadotte.*
frisk aptit i frukosten. att vara rysk amiral, talar
De
mycket
i
bagge sysslingarnes ogon mottes.
ett
!
Det kan ligga
odets lotter
sadant dar omsesidigt betraktande. Huru olika Fr^n samma vra kommer man, den ene till en
Readings.
141
Det kan osa lika furstekrona, den andre till en angpanna. hett fran bagge och bagge kuna hava sitt stora ansvar for sig men i forhallande till fursten, blir val anda maskinisten en underordnad person, han ma befinna sig over eller under dack. Prinsen rackte likval vanligt den sotige och flottige franden sin hand, och som denne var en bildad img man, uppstod snart emellan dem ett livligt och underhallande samtal, som for det mesta rorde sig kring familjegrenar sa i norr som soder. Alia med namnet Bernadotte tillhora dock Namnet Bernadotte i sodra Frandrike ar lika ej samma att.
;
vanligt,
som namnen Bergstrom och Stromberg hos
tillfallet
oss.
Huru-
omsesidiga slaktbesok utlovades, kanner jag dock icke. Men frukosten om skeppsbord ar alDen unge maskinisten avlagsnade sig snart drig langvarig. och halade sig ater ned i maskinrummet. Prinsen fortfor att promenera pa dack, betraktande den av eldgnistor paljetterade stenkolsroken, som virvlade ur skorstenen. Han syntes tankfull. Kanske tankte han pa sin frande, som djupt darnere
vida
vid
nagra
stektes for det
gemensamma basta. Mahanda tankte han ocksa pa huru den, som av odet ar bestamd att foresta det stora maskineri, som kallas staten och
varav an fleras val och liv bero, jamval ofta nog far stekas vid sakta eld och mera an en gang torka sin panna.
August Blanche.
2.
Slaget vid Narva.
Karl den tolvte tog vid femton ars alder riket i arv efter En lang foljd av fredliga ar och en kraftfuU sin fader. styrelse hade da bragt Sverige till en valmaga, som det under hela arhundradet forut hade saknat, och utsikterna for framtiden voro lovande. Men det spordes snart, att den unge konungen tankte mera pa lekar och nojen, an pa allvarliga varv. Dock voro lekarne sadana, som tydde pa nagot ovanligt. Det var hans lust att pa en yster hast flyga fram over de farligaste stigar och forgaves sokte da hans faders gamle tjanare varna honom. Jakten var ock ett av den unge kung Karls huvudnojen; men det djur, som isynnerhet jagades av honom, var bjornen, och de vapen, som da anvandes, voro icke skjutvapen, utan hogafflar och pakar Da Sveriges grannar horde, att pa den svenska tronen satt en yngling, som endast roade sig, trodde de ratta tidpunkten var inne att utfora de fientliga planer, som de lange nart. I Ryssland harskade da en kraftfull furste, Tsar Peter, som gjort till sin uppgift att hoja sitt rike till en stormakt i Europa. Till det andamalet ville han berova Sverige dess be;
142
Readings.
vid Ostersjon, och i den atgarden liksom i varje annat Sveriges forsvagande voro Danmarks och Polens konungar av hjartat villige att deltaga. Sa borjade de tre makterna nastan pa en gang och utan skymt av rattvisa ett anfall
sittningar
mot
Sverige. Just nar konung Karl nojen vid Kungsor, kom
som
bast var sysselsatt med sina underrattelse om Danmarks och
Polens fredsbrott. Detta slog honom med harm och forvaning. «Det forundrar mig», sade han, «att mina grannar vilja hava Ma sa vara! Gud hjalper oss val; vi hava en rattkrig. fardig sak. Jag vill forst avgora saken med den ene sedan fa vi nog tala med den andre.» Nu var det slut med nojena. Som en blixt stod Karl med sin krigshar pa Seland och foreskrev danske konungen en forodmjukande fred, och da han strax darefter fick underrattelse om Tsar Peters forraderi gick det lost emot Ryssland. Vid landstigningen pa Seland hade Karl, sages det, hort «Vad ar det?» sporde i luften ett underligt vinande Ijud. han. «Kulorna, Eders Majestat», svarade en gammal krigare. «Na val», sade Karl, « detta skall hadanefter bliva min musik.» Och sa blev det ock, ty fran den stunden var hans liv en oavbruten kedja av strider under mer an aderton ar. Tsar Peter
;
hade,
upprepade forsakringar om vanskap, gjort ett anfall. Med en ringa har seglade da forradiskt och hastigt konung Karl over till Ostersjolandskapen. Det gallde att nu forst undsatta Narva, som av Tsaren belagrades. I november manad ryckte Karl med sina fataliga trupper fran Pernau, dar han landstigit, till Narvas undsattning. Det vat ett forfarligt tag, som prcivade bade mod och krafter, ty i vinterkold och snoyra maste haren genomtaga ett alldeles ode och forharjat land, dar han pa sex dagars tid knappt fann ett spar av manniskor och dar han led brist pa allt. Och nar han antligen stod nara vid malet, sag han framfor sig den ryska harens sextio atta tusen krigare. Vid underrattelsen om svenska harens ankomst lamnade dock Tsar Peter befalet over de ryska trupperna at hertigen av Croi och begav sig sjalv pa vagen inat sitt eget rike. Karl daremot uppstallde sjalf sin har och beslot att angripa fienden och med inom hans egna forkansningar. Det var ej tid till att langre droja, ty noden hotade den svenska haren. Ryska forskansningarna strackte sig kring Narva i en lang halvkrets, med flyglarne stodda mot Narvaflodens strand. Svenska haren var for svag att angripa mer an ett par niirbelagna punkter. Dessa utsagos nara mitten av ryska linien. Ett par raketer skuUe vara tecknet, klockslaget tu-tiden, och orden «med Gudshjalp* losen. Nu flogo de tva raketerna i luften, och under faltropet: «Med Guds hjaip!» drog den lilla
trots
Readings.
143
svenska haren framat. Konungen i sin enkla blaa rock befann sig ytterst pa vanstra flygeln, och honom foljde narmast bans drabanter, en utvald trupp av ett hundra femtio man, som anfordes av Arvid Horn. Nagot till hoger om konungen gick Magnus Stenbock med dalkarlarne ocb sa bela den
ovriga haren.
I
detsamma svenskarne ryckte fram, uppstod en
haftig
blast, som drev framfor sig ett tjockt, men enstaka moln med ett sa tatt snoglopp, att ryssarne, som hade detsamma mitt i ogonen, icke kunde se trettio till fyrtio steg framfor sig.
Nagra svenska generaler
«Nej», skada darav.»
gatt
forbi.
ville uppskjuta anfallet till ovadret sade konungen, «vi hava mera gagn an
Ryssarne, som trott, att Karl dragit sig tillbaka, och som sedermera forblindades av det starka snogloppet, anade ocksa ingenting, forran svenskarne voro pa blott femtio stegs avstand fran vallarne. Da forsvann aven till alias forundran snomolnet med ens, och vid det ater frambrytande solskenet stortade svenskarne mot forskansningen. Gravarna fylldes av medforda risknippor, och vallarne bestegos. Ryska linjen brots och kastades at sidorna. Detta var gjort inom en fjardedels timma, och genom den tillvagabragta oppningen sprangde svenska rytteriet fram att understodja fotfolket.
I borjan sokte val ryssarne forsvara sig; men bestortningen over svenskarnes underbart hastiga anfall och deras utomordentliga mod spred sig allt, mer, och snart sprungo de som skramda far om varandra. Manga sokte pa sidan om svenskarne fly undan till skogs. Men da motte dem Karl sjalv i spetsen for drabanter och dragoner och jagade dem
tillbaka in
I
i
trangseln.
oordning stortade nu ryssarnes hogra flygel ner emot bron over Narva. Den brast, och tre tusen ryssar, sages det, funno sin grav i boljorna. Storsta delen maste saledes stanna vid stranden mellan floden och svenskarne. De ryska gardesregementena, som voro mer ovade och krigsvana, hejdade for en stund det svenska anfallet, och generalema gjorde allt for att ordna den ovriga massan. Men da borjade med ens ropas, att olyckan komme fran de forradiska tyskarne och fran andra utlanningar, som Tsaren dragit over sina landsman, och i fortvivlan borjade ryssarne nedhugga allt vad tyskt var, utan att akta nagot befal. Hertigens av Croi eget liv hotades. Da besloto han och tvenne av bans generaler samt nagra andra utlanningar att som fangar lamna sig i svenskarnes hand hellre an vara utsatta for ryssarnes raseri. Med adjutanter och betjaning sprangde de over till svenska sidan och stotte dar pa Magnus Stenbock,. at vilken de gavo sig till fanga.
vild
144
Readings.
Nu
slag.
intraffade
De
emellertid den haftigaste striden i detta vid stranden instangda ryssarne uppforde i hast av
trossvagnar och vad de fingo fatt en forskansning, och borjade de ihardigt forsvara sig. Svenskarne hade storsta delen bortskjutit de tjugufyra skott, varje soldat till medfort, och uppsokte nu nya ur doda Senders patronkok. Ett stort antal ryssar stupade, ock likval ville de aterstaende
liarifran
annu icke giva sig. For att fiendernas vanstra
hogra
till
flygel ej skulle komma den hjalp lat Karl erovra ett stort ryskt batteri, som lag pa en hojd mitt emellan bada flyglarne, varigenom han avskar dem fran varandra. Da forlorade ryssarnes hogra flygel modet och skickade ett par officerare att begara forskoning. Nu inbrot morket och blev sa tjockt, att striden ej langre kunde fortsattas, utan konungen lat giva tecken till dess upphorande. En var sokte nu vila, bast han kunde,
ingen fick avlagsna sig. Karl gick med annu genomvata klader till en vakteld, som gardessoldaterna uppgjort, och lade sig dar pa en kappa, som man utbredt over marken. Med huvudet i knaet pa en bland bussarne, tog han en kort och behovlig vila. Snart kommo tvanne af ryssarnes anforare for att underhandla. De anmaldes for Karl, dar denne lag vid vaktelden. Overenskommelsen uppgjordes snart. Ryssarne, utan kanne-
men
dom av verkliga forhallandet, tyckte sig ej nog fort kunna komma undan; svenskarne med kannedom av samma forhallande, tyckte sig ej snart nog kunna bliva av med dem. Man uppgjorde, att generalerna och overbefalet skulle stanna
som
krigsfangar. Kanoner, fanor, standar m. m. borde ock kvarlamnas, men alia trupperna genast over den snart upplagade bron taga hem igen med bibehallna vapen. Svenskarne hastade att laga bron i ordning, och redan klockan fyra foljande morgon, langt innan dagsljuset hunnit visa verkliga belagenheten, tagade fiendens hogra flygel over bron, och var och en skyndade till sitt hem igen. Ryssarnes vanstra flygel hade stridit med storre framgang. Men under natten kom bud, att hogra flygeln dagtingat, varigenom den befalhavande generalen pa vanstra flygeln fann sig tvungen att gora detsamma. Overbefalet Underhandlingen harom oppnades genast. skulle bliva krigsfangar men den ovriga skaran finge avtaga dock skulle alia lamna sina vapen. Det var ett markvardigt skadespel att foljande formiddag se tio eller tolv tusen man, bland vilka manga voro val vapnade, stracka gevar for knappt sex tusen svenskar, bland vilka manga voro uttrottade och sjuka efter den foregaende « Bland mina sex hundra dalkarlar*, skrisvara medfarten.
;
;
Readings.
145
ett
ver Magnus Stenbock,
«hade ingen
se
Men ban bad dem
stalldes
ut.
i
likval
modiga
ut.
en lang rad pa ett led for att huvud vandrade i en lang stracka ryssarne forbi svenskarne ocb nedlade infor konung Karl sina fanor och vapen. Det varade lange, innan alia hunnit forbi; men sa stor var skramseln bos ryssarne, att vid bron trangdes manga hundra i vattnet och drunknade. Sa slot Karls forsta falttag mot ryssarne. Efter denna forsta seger fattade Karl for dem ett djupt forakt och ansag dem foga farliga. Darfor lamnade ban dem ock snart och
enda skott kvar». Svenskarne upptaga sig nagorlunda
Med
blottade
tagade att straffa den polske konungen,
som
infallit
i
Livland.
3.
Karl von Linne.
bora utlanningar tala om vart fadernesland, dess natur och folk, dess samhallsskick och historia, kunna vi ofta ej annat an pa det bogsta forvana oss over den okunnigbet ocb de oriktiga forestallningar, som de i dessa avseenden lagga i dagen. Aven bildade framlingar gora sig bar vid ej sallan skyldiga till stora misstag, ocb manga av de verkligt store
Da
vi
man, som Sverige frambragt, aro for dem antingen till namnet okanda, eller ock anses de ej sallan bava tillhort nagot
annat folk. Det finnes dock ett svenskt namn, vilket for ingen bildad person inom hela varlden torde vara obekant, och vilket darfor mycket bidragit att gora Sverige kant ocb aktat i frammande land. Det namnet ar Linn6, och det namnet namnes med vordnad och beundran over hela jordklotet, var Da bor ock varje svensk heist bildade manniskor finnas. kanna detta namn ocb veta, vem den man var, som gjort det sa ryktbart. I en av sodra Smalands vackraste trakter ligger, ej langt ifran Skanes grans, Stenbrobults socken. Komministersbostallet inom denna socken beter Rasbult, och bar, i en ringa och oansenlig koja, foddes den 23 maj 1707 en gosse, som i dopet erboU namnet Karl. Fadern, en fattig komminister vid namn Nicolaus Linnaeus, vilken sedermera blev kyrkoherde i forsamlingen, var en stor alskare av blommor och anlade en for den tiden vacker tradgard, i vilken den lille gossen redan ifran sina spadaste ar inbamtade en livlik karlek for blomstervarlden en karlek, som sedan forskaffade honom plats bland varldens namnkunnigaste man, men tillika tillskyndade honom mangen sorglig och bitter stund. Detta fick ban redan som skolgosse erfara. Hos den unge Karl Linnaeus var bagen for naturens studium sa stor, att densamma bos honom borttog all lust for lasandet av de gamla
—
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
IQ
146
Readings.
latinska och grekiska forfattarne, vilka studerades i skolorna. Med desto storre iver sokte han daremot att lasa i naturens stora bok, i vilken han ansag sig inhamta kimskap om Skaparens allmakt, vishet och godhet. Da han till foljd harav
visade sig sasom en haglos och ingaluuda flitig larjunge i de iimnen, som i skolan foredrogos, och da dessutom naturvetenskaperna den tiden voro ringa aktade, sa var det ej underligt, om hans larare i Vexio skola ansago honom sasom oduglig Ocksa tillradde de hans fader att satta honora i att studera. skraddare- eller snickare-lara, pa det att han atminstone pa nagot satt skulle i en framtid kunna fortjana sitt uppehalle. Med biodande hjarta beslot aven fadern att lyda detta rad, och blott en tillfallighet gjorde, att gossen pa inradan av en doktor Rothman fick kvarstanna i skolan, varest han dock f*>rtfarande gjorde endast obetydliga framsteg. Darfor, da han lamnade Vexio gymnasium for att sasom student i Lund i'ortsatta sina studier, medforde han dit ett ingalunda vackert avgangsbetyg, i det att hans larare forklarade, att «ungdomen liknas vid sma trad i en tradskola, dar det i skolorna kan under tiden, fastan sallan, hander, att unga trad icke arta sig val, utan pa allt satt likna vilda stammar, ehuru man pa dem anvandt den allra storsta flit; bliva dessa sedermera omflyttade i annan jordman, kan det handa, att de forandra
I
och bliva skona trad, som giva behaglig frukt. denna avsikt och ingen annan avsandes till akademien denne yngling (Karl Linnaeus), som kanske dar kan komma pa ett stalle, som kan vara gynnsamt for hans forkovran i kunskaper». Med ingalunda glatt mod begav han sig med ett sadant vitsord till Lund, varest han genast vid sin ankomst traffades av en ny motgang. Vid inresan i staden horde han namsin daliga art
ligen klockorna ringa till begravning, och till svar pa sin lorfragan, vem den avlidne vore, erhoU han den upplysningen, att det var en hans slakting, hos vilken han hoppats finna
skydd och hjalp. Den fattige, av alia forbisedde 3'nglingen hade mahanda varit nodsakad att snart lamna Lund, sa vida
en lycklig tillfallighet gjort hans synnerliga flit bekant for en doktor vid namn Stobseus, vilken snart fattade sadant behag for honom, att han ej blott lat honom fritt begagna sin stora boksamling, utan aven upptog honom i sitt hus och till och med lovade gora honom till sin arvinge. Emellertid var Lund ej en lamplig plats for att inhamta kunskaper i de amnen, som Linnaeus mest alskade. En sadan var daremot Upsala, varest den beromde Olof Rudbeck meddelade undervisning i naturens kunskap. Da Linnaeus dessutom, for att skaffa sig sin utkomst, hade beslutit att bliva lakare, var det for honom av stor vikt, att de baste lararne i medicinen funnos i Upsala. Han beslot darfor att lamna
ej
Readings.
147
Lund, varover hans valgorare Stobseus hogeligen fortornades. Det var om hosten 1728 han kom till Upsala. Har fick han dock snart kampa mot den storsta nod och de svaraste bekymmer. Den lilla penningsumma, som hans foraldrar kunnat lamna honom, var snart fortard, och da det den tiden ansags
vara nastan foraktligt att studera lakarevetenskapen, sokte han forgaves att erhalla nagot understod for sina studiers fortsattande. Noden gick sa langt att han med papper maste omlinda sina frusna fotter, pa det att de ej skuUe sticka fram ur de trasiga skodonen. Utan mat, klader eller penningar hade han knappast nagot annat beslut att fatta an att saga farval at Upsala och pa samma gang at studierna. Nu besannades dock ordspraket, att da noden ar storst, ar ock hjalpen narmast. Innan han lamnade Upsala, ville han namligen annu en gang besoka den botaniska tradgarden, varest han njutit sa m3'cken gladje vid betraktandet av en
mangd
sadan,
utlandska,
for
honom
ej
forut
frammande
orter.
En
stod dar nyss utslagen. I gladjen over den samma glomde han nastan sin sorgliga belagenhet och undersokte vaxtens delar med storsta noggranndet var ju ocksa, som han trodde, sista gangen ett het, sadant noje var honom beskart. Till sist ville han avbryta
forr
som han
skadat,
—
blomman
at
for att medfora henne sasom ett minne fran lyckligare dagar, da han annu vagade hoppas pa en framtid, agnad
naturvetenskaperna. Da hordes plotsligen en barsk stamma, som hejdade hans Da Linnaeus vande sig om, sag han framfor sig en hand. vordig prastman, doktor Olof Celsius den aldre, vilken efter nagra fragor snart uppskattade Linnaei stora insikter, och da han sjalv var sysselsatt med utarbetandet av ett verk om de i bibeln omtalade vaxterna och dartill ansag sig kunna fa god
hjalp av Linnaeus, sa upptog han honom i sitt hus, sa att den fattige studenten snart med gladje sag sig kunna fortsatta sina
studier.
Detta kan man saga vara en av vandpunkterna i Linnes underbara ungdomsliv. Genom Celsius blev han namligen bekant med den ryktbare professor Rudbeck, vilken ej allenast tog honom till sina barns larare, utan ock skaffade honom forordnande att, ehuru han blott var en ung student, under JRudbecks sjukdom undervisa de ovriga studenterna i ortkunsett uppdrag, som han med allmant kapen eller botaniken, bifall fuilgjorde, an da till dess en aldre universitetslarare aterkommit fran en utlandsk resa och da overtog denna underLyckan, som en tid gynnat Linnaeus, borjade nu visning. ater att vara honom ogunstig, varfor han beslot att for nagon tid lamna Upsala. Pa sin valgorare Rudbecks tillstyrkan foretog han darfor 1732 en vidlyftig och ofta livsfarlig
—
10*
148
Readings.
fard till Lappland, vilket land da var sa gott som alldeles obekant, och varest han hade ett rikt tillfalle att gora nya iakttagelser rorande detta egendomliga lands invanare, djur Med alia de dyrbara vaxter och ovriga naturforhallanden. samlingar, som han dar sammanbragt, vande han visserligen tillbaka till Upsala, naen snart finna vi honom ater i Dalarne, dels undervisaude i naturalhistorien (i synnerhet laran om stenarterna), dels undersokande detta landskaps naturalster. Har forlovade han sig med Sara Elisabet Moreea, dotter av stadslakaren i Falun. Annu hade Linnaeus ej blivit medicine doktor, och for detta mals vinnande ansag han det vara bast att begiva sig till Holland, i vilket land pa den tiden ej blott lakarevetenskapen, utan aven botaniken stod i storsta utveckling. Har vann han aven snart ej blott doktorsvardigheten, utan aven vad mera var allmant erkannande och anseende. En mangd arbeten, som han har lat trycka, vackte det storsta uppseende, sa att gamla hogt aktade vetenskapsman tavlade
—
med varandra
kande
i att visa honom sin vanskap, samt oppet erden unge svenskens larjungar; rika man tavlade att forstracka honom medel och gora bans vistande i Holland behagligt samt bekostade bans resor till England och Frank-
sig vara
olika land Frankrike, Holland, England, Tyskrike; kommo frikostiga anbud, om han ville nedland, Spanien satta sig darstades och undervisa ungdomen vid darvarande universitet. Men Linnseus var svensk och alskade for mycket sitt fadernesland for att lockas av frammande guld; han 1am-
Mn
—
—
nade
alia
franvaro
ara vid
till sitt
dessa lysande utsikter och atervande efter tre ars fadernesland och sin vantande brud.
i
Att en person, som
sin
frammande land vunnit
mottagas, sasom val kunnat vanta,
sa
stor
hemkomst
skulle
armar, hade man Utomlands overallt firad, blev dock ingalunda handelsen. han hemma sa forbisedd, att han knappast kunde livnara sig. Molnen skingrade sig dock efter nagon tid, och efter att f5rst hava fatt anseende sasom Stockholms skickligaste lakare, utnamndes han 1741 till professor i Upsala, vilken befattning han sedan innehade anda till sin dod den 10 januari 1778. Under hela denna tid var bans rykte i standigt stigande, och talrika voro de erkannanden harav, som kommo honom till Sa, erholl han titel av arkiater, utnamndes till riddare del. av nordstjarneorden (vilket den tiden ansags siisom en lika ovanlig som stor utmarkelse) samt adlades, varvid han antog namnet von Linn6. Sa stor var den glans, som var fast vid detta namn, att bans ende son f5re faderns dod utnamdes till Vi hava nu i storsta korthet bans blivande eftertradare. redogjort for bans levnadslopp, men det ^terstar att antyda,
med oppna
man sager, men sa blev
Readings.
149
vari det stora,
sa
som han iitrattat, bestar, och varfor ban blivit beromd bade inom och utom Sverige. Skada vi omkring oss, finna vi jorden kladd av trad och
andra vaxter av otaliga slag, vilka i skilda trakter av jorden aro hogst olika. Man kan med trygghet pasta, att pa jordklotet nu finnas mycket mer an bundra tusen olika arter. Manga av dessa tjana manniskan till foda, klader, lakemedel, och till andra nyttiga andamal, under det andra aro skadliga eller rent av giftiga. En noggrann kannedom av sadana vaxter ar for manniskan nodvandig; men ej blott dessa bor hon soka lara sig kanna, utan aven alia, som likna dessa och med vilka de kunna forvaxlas. Ja, varje annan vaxt, stor eller liten, ar val fortjant av manniskans uppmarksamhet, ty intet ar onodigtvis skapat; och darfor ma icke manniskan i sin kortsynthet anse sig for hog att betrakta och beundra det, som den allsmaktige skaparen ej ansett sig for stor och
hog
att
frambringa.
Kannedomen av vaxtvarlden bor darfor anses s^som mycket viktig for manniskan, men denna kannedom ar ock forenad med ej ringa svarigheter. Detta var i synnerhet forhallandet fore Linnes tid. Under manga arhundraden hade man visserligen forut gjort en mangd iakttagelser angaende vaxterna; men liksom anvandandet av husgeradssakerna inom ett hushall bleve svart eller omojligt, om de kastades i en hog om varandra, pa samma satt voro de om vaxterna gjorda iakttagelserna sa gott som oanvandbara, emedan ingen formatt att ordna de samma. Detta gjorde Linne. Han uppstallde nagra enkla, lattfattliga grander, efter vilka ett sadant ordnande kunde ske, och salunda erholl vaxtkunskapen genom honom en fast grund, pa vilken han ordnade alia de forr
gjorda iakttagelserna dessutom okade han dem med en mangd nya och hogst viktiga, av honom sjalv gjorda upptackter. Harigenom erholl Linn6 namnet «botanisternas konung», vilket namn han an i dag utan motsagelse uppbar. Det var dock ej blott at denna vetenskap, som han agnade sin rastlosa flit och sitt genomtrangande snille, utan det samma galler i nastan lika hog grad laran om djuren eller zoologien, ty ocksa denna borjar fran bans upptradande en ny tidrakning.
;
Aven
laran om stenriket, liksom ock medicinen, ronte ett valgorande inflytande av Linnes ordnande ande. For att sprida kannedom om sina nya asikter och iakttagelser, mj\ste Linne naturligtvis upptrada sasom forfattare, och fa manniskor torde hava skrivit sa manga och dartill Sakert ar, att en person, som sa utmarkta bocker som han. blott ager Linn6s alia arbeten, m;\ste anses hava en ratt stor boksamling, och dessa bocker aro daruti olika flertalet av bocker, vilka snart forlora sitt varde och glommas, att de
150
Readings.
halla,
tvartom fortfarande hogt skattas for allt det utmarkta de inneliksom i allt manskligt — nagra fel aven om i dem och oriktigheter hava insmugit sig. I dessa Linnes talrika arbeten finnas alia da for tiden kanda naturforemal namngivna, beskrivna och pa sadant satt ordnade, att en var latteligen kan med tillhjalp av dessa skrifter bestamma de naturforemal, som ban antraffar. Men darjamte sokte Linne att pa allt satt utreda och sprida kannedom om de sarskilda naturalstrens forekomst, levnadssatt, nytta ocli anvandande m. m., utan vilket allt naturvetenskaperna skulle hava nedsjunkit blott till en namnkunskap. Otaliga aro de nya upptackter och iakttagelser, som finnas nedlagda i dessa arbeten, och ej mindre viktiga aro bans vederlaggningar av en mangd oriktiga och vidskepliga forestallningar, som forut varit allmant gangse. Hartill fordrades Sa t. ex ej blott kunskaper, utan aven mangen gang mod. svavade till och med Linnes liv i fara, da ban i Hamburg visade, att en dar forvarad «flygande drake med sju huvud», som blivit said for en summa av tio tusen mark, ej var annat an bedrageri, och att dylika djur ej finnas till 1 naturen, utan
—
i enfaldiga personers inbillning. Stor var utan tvivel Linne genom sina talrika verk, men ej mindre storartad var bans verksamhet sasom larare. Ingen professor vid vara hogskolor bar haft sa manga och sa hangivna ahorare. Att kallas «Linnes larjunge* ansags for en aretitel, och derfor skyndade ej blott studenterna till bans forelasningar, utan en mangd av rikets fornamsta man infunno
blott
aven for att atnjuta bans undervisning. Ja, till och med danskar, tyskar, engelsman. schweizare, fransman, ryssar, islandingar och amerikanare infunno sig for att av homom bora tolkas naturens under sa, som endast han forstod det.
sig
till
Outtrottlig var aven lararen. Fran tidigt pa morgonen sent pj\ aftonen i fullt arbete, meddelade han ej blott pa forelasningssalen eller i botaniska tradgarden sin undervisning, utan ofta vandrade han ut i fria naturen for att lara sina talrika, vetgiriga larjungar att sjalva undersoka och utforska na-
turens hemligheter. Till ett antal av ett par hundra vandrade de ut tidigt pft morgonen, och efter en flitigt anvand dag int&gade de sent pa aftonen i Upsala, foljande under pukors och valthorns klang sin alskade larare till bans bostad. Och barunder vaxte aven de forut ringaktade naturvetenskapernas anseende sa. att de da av alia vordades nastan mer an nagon
annan vetenskap. Sa satt Liun6 som en vetenskapernas konung i Upsala. och bans blomsterspiras makt strackte sig over hela den bildade varlden. Jordens maktige furstar och furstinnor ansago det som en ara att sta i beroring med honom, och fran alia
Readings.
151
hitll insandes till honom skatter av naturalster for att bestammas och beskrivas. Sjalv utsande ban till varldens avlagsnaste trakter larjungar for att darifran hemfora dittills okanda
naturalster; manga bland dem folio val under sina resor offer for sjukdomar, modor och forsakelser, men sa stor var den
hag,
som Linne maktade ingiva alia, att standigt nya unga erbjodo sig till nya farliga farder. Varpa berodde nu denna ofantliga makt, som Linne utovade pa alia sina samtida, hoga och laga? Utan tvivel ar hon att soka i den snillrikhet, vanned han forstod att tyda naturens dunkla gator, och den glodande karleg, varmed han omfattade allt i naturen. Men i den i ej ringa grad torde hon val vara att soka aven odmjukhet, varmed han bar sin iycka. Val ar det sant, att
man
han ofta nastan barnsligt gladde
som kommo honom
de hedersbetygelser, han harleda sig Tvartom att i sina skrifter satta sig sjalv i forsta rummet. andas de alia den djupaste vordnad, den oinskranktaste undergivenhet for naturens herre; overallt soker han blott framvisa Guds godhet och allvishet. Da han gjort nagon viktig och storartad upptackt, forhaver han sig icke darover, utan utbristor i glad odmjukhet: «Jag sag skuggan av Herren, den allsmaktige, svava forbi, och jag hapnade av vordnad och beundran». Hans valsprak, som han bokstavligen alltid hade for ogonen, inristat ovanfor sin dorr, lydde sa; «Lev rattAr det underligt, om en sadan man radig, Gud ser dig»^ vinner sin samtids beundran och karlek? Hundra ar aro snart forflutna, sedan Gustaf den tredje infor rikets stander klagade over den oersattliga forlust: som Sverige genom Linnes bortgang lidit, och mycket har sedan dess forandrats. Men det, som ej forandrats, ar den beundran, som av hela den bildade varlden agnas Sveriges storste vetenskapsman, Karl von Linne. Arligen fira naturens vanner i vitt skilda land arsdagen av bans fodelse, och otaliga aro de, som med odmjukt sinne stannat vid bans grav i Upsala domkyrka eller intratt i bans enkla boning pa Hammarby, nu tyst och undangomd, men for hundra ar sedan det stalle, varifran vetenskapens sol klart stralade over hela jorden. I vara barrskogars djupaste skugga doljer sig en liten vaxt, som fr^n en krypande stjalk hojer sina Ijusroda, klocklika blommor. Kar for alia ar denna blomma, Linnoea borealis, ty hon bar Linnes namn. Standigt friska och gronskande aro hennes blad, enkla och ansprakslosa hennes blommor, men dock tjusar hon alia och fyller den omgivande nejden vitt och brett med en mild vallukt. Hari kunde man se en bild av Th. Fries. Linne sjalv och bans ara.
sig at
till
del,
men
aldrig lat
^
Innocue
vivito,
numen
adest.
Poems,
Vagen.
Mitt liv ar en vag, Som rores en tid I svallande tag, Vid vindarnas strid.
Nar lugn blir pa hav, Och vinden ar tyst, Da somnar hon av Vid stranden hon kysst.
Hon
Till ro
lagger sig ner i det bla.
Hon synes ej mer; Men fins dar anda.
Af varldshavet ju En droppe hon ar, Och solen annu
Kan
spegla sig dar.
K. A. Nikander.
V&rylsa.
Nu
Da
D^
ar den Ijuvliga varens tid, grcinskas pa marken. Och luften flaktar sa varm och blid,
allt vill
Och ronnen blommar
gullstankt
fjaril
i
i parken, rosen gungar,
Och svanen simmar med Pa morkbla \kg.
sina ungar
Poems.
153
Pa fastet solen i hogan^ loft Den hela dag nu sitter, Och dricker daggvin och rosendoft, Och lyss pa faglarnas kvitter. Den glada goken fran lindens krona Sitt kiinda kuku pa nytt hors tona
I
gronan^ skog.
sig ror
Hvad lustigt liv, som i allt Och med zephirer blandas!
Vart lov kan tala, sjalf klippan hor Och blomsterkullarna andasDar grater kalian, dar suckar hacken, Dar sjunger vagen, dar spelar backen
Sin polska upp.
Kom min
Och
folj
mig ut
herdinna, rack mig din hand, i det grona!
Med hundratusende blomsterband
Och kransar skall jag dig krona. Och om du sedan en kyss mig unnar.
For barg och dalar jag hogt forkunnar: 'Nu ar det var.
C.
F, Dalgren.
Tradgardsflickan.
Blomman
ar
min van
an,
Svek mig aldrig Oskuld bor i hennes oga.
Blommor tusen slag, Nya med hvar dag
Dricka Ijus utur det hoga. » Som en aldre syster vardar jag dem omt, Solen glommer \dem,» men jag dem aldrig glomt.
Blomman
ar
min van,
I
Svek mig aldrig an, Oskuld bor i hennes oga.
Lilla
blomma
bla!
Larkan
pa, slar de Ijuva slagen. Lilla blomma rod!
Vakna upp! hor
Ar du redan dod?
obsolete form of the dative case.
154
Poems.
Det for
bitti
ar pa dagen.
An
star solen vanlig over dal och sjo, Lat den forst ga ner, och sedan kan du do. Lilla blomma bla!
Larkan
Vakna upp hor pa, slar de Ijuva slagen.
Sjalv en
blomma jag Vissnar ock en dag. Det gar mig, som eder andra. Varens dar forga,
Kort Lat OSS alska Svarta natten Glada lat oss
Sjalv
ar m,in ocksa. da varandra.
mulen kommer med
sin blund,
blomma an en liten stund en blomma jag
W.
Vissnar ock en dag Det gar mig, som eder andra.
C.
BUttiger.
Flyttfaglarna.
Sa hett skiner solen pa Nilvagen ner, Och palmerna ge ingen skngga mer.
Da
Och
griper oss langtan taget forsamlas.
till
fadernejorden,
Mot norden! mot norden!
Och djupt under fottren vi se som en grav Den gronskande jorden, det blanande hav, Dar oron och stormen var dag sig fornyar.
Men
Och Dar Dar Dar
vi fara fria
med himmelens
skyar.
hogt mellan fjiillen dar ligger en ang; nedslar var skara, der redes var silng. lagga i iigg under kyliga polen, klacka vi ut dem vid midnattssolen.
Ej jagaren hinner var fredliga dal, Dar halla guldvingade iilvor sin bal.
GrOnmantlade skogsfnm spatserar
i i
kvallen,
fjiillen.
Och dvargarne hamra
sitt gull in
Men
ater
pa bargen star Vindsvales son
Och skakar de snoiga vingar med dan, Och hararna vitna, och ronndrufvan gloder, Och taget forsamlas. Mot soder! mot soder!
Poems.
155
Till
Till
gronskande angar, till Ijummande vag, skuggande palmer star ater var hag. Dar vila vi ut fran den luftiga farden.
Dar langta
vi ater till nordliga varlden.
E. Tegner.
Martyrerne.
(Extract.)
Flavins.
Skon ar
du, nar
du beder.
Stralar glansa
Da i Som
I
ditt oga,
och
ditt anlete
skimrar
att bedja.
liljans
krona,
som en marmorbild
tempelsalen.
Lar ock mig
Perpetua.
Jag kan det ej. Det ord som skapte hjartat, Kan ensam lara hjartat bonens ord. Sa ogat ej av egen kraft kan se, Om dagen ej dess spada drag bestralar.
Ett underverk nodvandigt ar, Skall tala med sin Gud, och
om
stoftet
blott,
Anden
Den rena duva, som med silvervingar, Milt svavar over tidens mulna flod,
Lar vara brost den helga suckens genljud.
Kom
hit emellertid.
Jag
vill
dig visa,
Hur du till bonens nad skall dig bereda. Nar till ditt upphof med din kanslas offer Du amnar framga, tankarna da ropa
Fran varje jordiskt foremal tillbaka; Knapp sedan handerna, till vittnesbord Att dina sinnen du for varlden sluter; Boj sedan knan; for hela varldens Herre
Boj dina knan.
Blott till det laga sankes Det hoga neder. Bonens himlastege Star djupt i odmjukhetens blomsterdal.
Stagnelius.
Ur
«
„rritjofs Saga".
!
«Den
kvinna, kvinna forsta tanke,
»
nu Frithjof sade.
hade,
som Loke
Det var en logn, och han sande den I kvinnoskepnad till jordens man. En blaogd logn, som med falska tarar
Alltjemt oss tjusar, alltjamt oss darar, Hogbarmad logn med sin rosenkind,
Med dygd av
varis och tro av vind,
156
Poems.
I hjartat flarden
och sveket viska,
Och mened dansar pa lappar friska. Och dock, hur var hon mitt hjarta kar, Hur kar hon var mig, hur kar hon ar!
Jag kan Att hon
ej
i
—
minnas sa langt
leken
ej
tillbaka,
var min maka. Jag minns ej bragd, som jag tankt uppa, Dar hon ej tanktes som pris ocksa. Som stammar, vuxna fran rot tillsamman, Slar Tor den ena med himla-flamman, Den andra vissnar; men lofvas en, Den andra klader i gront var gren; Sa var yar gladje, var sorg gemensam; Jag ar ej van att mig tanka ensam. Nu ar jag ensam. ...»
E. Tegner.
Appendix.
1.
Viirldsalltet.
The universe.
vattnet, the water on, the island havet, the sea ^/ow, the lake an, the river bdcken, the brook dammen, the pond dalen, the valley.
himmeln, the sky vdrlden, the world solen, the sun Ijuset, the light mdnen, the moon tjdman, the star jorden, the earth luften, the air
2.
Landet.
The country.
arrendegdrden, the farm trddgdrden, the garden kvarnen, the mill
bonden, the peasant
fdltet, the field dngen, the meadow 62/v^, the village hyddan, the cottage trakfen, the country skogen, the forest veden, the wood sldtten, the plain vinbdrget, the vineyard busken, the bush vdgen, the road landsvdgen, the highroad
spannmdl, corn
rdgen, the rye kornet, the barley t;e^eif, the wheat
halmen, the straw
skorden, the harvest ^06^, the hay plogen, the plough ladan, the barn grdset, the grass. Trees, fruits and flowers. boken, the beech
fir-tree
3.
Trad, frukter och hlommor.
dppeltrddet, the apple-tree dpplet, the apple
granen, the
pdrontrddet, the pear-tree pdronet, the pear
jikontrddet, the fig-tree fikonet, the fig valnotstrddet, the walnut-tree valnoten, the walnut korsbdrstrddet, the cherry-tree korsbdret, the cherry plommontrddet, the plum-tree plommonet, the plum smuUronet, the strawberry vinbdret, the currant hallonet, the raspberry
ektrddetj the oak-tree poppeln, the poplar rosen, the rose liljan, the lily
the vinterlofkojan tulpanen, the tulip. nejUkan, the pink
,
stockgilly-
[flower
violblomman, the
violet
the pansy fdrgdtmigejen, the forget-me-not
styfmorsblomman,
bldklinten, the corn-flower getbladet, the honey-suckle vintergronan, the periwinkle
158
4.
Appendix.
Fyrfotadjur.
hasten, the horse dsnan, the ass 0X671., the ox kalven, the calf fdret, the sheep lammet, the lamb geten, the goat svinet, the pig lejonet, the lion bjomen, the bear raven, the fox vargen, the wolf tigern, the tiger kamelen, the camel elefanten, the elephant
5,
Quadrupeds. hunden, the dog
hJ or ten, the stag rddjuret, the rose gemsen, the chamois haven, the hare
kaninen, the rabbit ekorren, the squirrel
katten, the cat rattan, the rat
musen, the mouse mullvaden, the mole
renen, the reindeer.
Faglar.
Birds.
vakteln, the quail sndppan, the snipe
omen, the eagle tuppen, the cock honset, the fowl rt^^e^, the egg kycklingen, the chicken pdfdgeln, the peacock gdsen, the goose ankan, the duck svanen, the swan dufvan, the pigeon storken, the stork ugglan, the owl papegojan, the parrot
0.
rapphonan,
the partridge
Idrkan, the lark
koltrasten, the black-bird trasten, the thrush ndktergalen, the nightingale sparven, the sparrow siskan, the siskin kanariefdgeln, the kanary-bird svalan, the swallow mesen, the titmouse goken, the cuckoo.
Fiskar, Insekter.
Fishes, insects.
the toad the lobster
torsken, the cod-fish gdddan, the pike laxen, the salmon
«Zew, the eel karpen, the carp sillen, the herring
paddan,
grodan, the frog
hummern,
masken, the worm
larven, the caterpillar fjdriln, the butterfly ollonhorren, the may-bug wyran, the ant
sutaren,
1
,,
^
.
,^
,
forellen, the trout ostronet, the oyster musslan, the shell, muscle
spindeln, the spider
flugan, the
fly
6ie^, the bee
krdftan, the cray-tish
snigeln, the snail ormen, the snake
7.
getingen, the wasp odlan, the lizard.
Staden.
The towu.
tornet, the tower klockstapeln, the steeple
byggningen, the building kyrkan, the church huset, the house
domkyrkan,
the cathedral
Appendix.
159
tuUhuset, the custom-house sjukhuset, the hospital borseyi, the exchange
teatern, the theatre hotellet, the hotel
slottet, the castle
vdggen, the wall fdstningen, the fortress
platsen, the place, square
target, the market 6 oc^eTi, the shop gatan, the street pldstret, the pavement.
vdrdshuset, the inn posthuset, the post-office
kafeet, the coflfee-house
8.
Huset.
The house.
^a^'ei^, the ceiling golvet, the floor klockan, the bell spisen, the chimney koket, the kitchen kdllaren, the cellar
the door Z<2,9e^, the lock nyckeln, the key trappan, the staircase rummet, the room
dorren,
7nottagningsrummet, the parlour sofrummet, the bed-room fonstret, the window fonsterluckan, the shutter
9.
spannmdlsboden,tloLe
loft
granary
hrunnen, the well vindskupan, the garret.
Furniture.
vaxljuset, the wax-candle talgl'juset, the tallow-candle
Mobler.
bordet, the table
stolen, the chair soffan, the sofa spegeln, the looking-glass skdpet, the wardrobe dragkistan, the chest of drawers taflan, the picture vdgguret, the time-piece sdngen, the bed huvudkudden, the pillow lakanet, the sheet madrassen, the mattress sdngtdcket, the blanket mattan, the carpet Ijusstaken, the candlestick
Ijussaxen, the snuffers skeden, the spoon
gaffeln, the fork kniven, the knife koppen, the cup tallriken, the plate bordduken, the table-cloth handduken, the towel servetten, the napkin, serviette forhdnget, the curtain flaskan, the bottle glaset, the glass korgen, the basket.
10.
Kladning.
Clothing.
hatten, the hat (bonnet) mossan, the cap bonjouren, the frock-coat fracken, the tail-coat jackan, the jacket kdpan, the cowl nattrocken, the dressinggown vdsten, the waist-coat
tovlorna, the slippers skjortan, the shirt forklddet, the apron ndsduken, the kandkerchief halsduken, the neck handkerchief
kravatten, the cravat
benkldder, 7. .-^^ byxor,
1
? J
^ trowsers ^ ^^^„ the
.
,i
handskarne, the gloves fickuret, the watch bandet, the ribbon slojan, the veil
spatserkdppen, the walking-stick paraplyn(et) the umbrella parasollen, the parasol
,
strumpan,
the stocking
sA:on, the shoe
stoveln, the boot
160
Appendix.
orringen, the ear-ring
pungen, the purse
ringen, the ring
11,
glasogonen, the spectacles.
Kroppen.
The body.
halsen, the neck skuldran, the shoulder
mdnniskan,
(the)
man
kuvudet, the head
the brain hdret, the hair pannan, the forehead ansiktet, the face ogat, the eye ndsan, the nose ora^, the ear kinden, the cheek
hjdman,
ryggen^ the back
brostet, the breast (chest)
lungan, the lung
hjdrtat, the heart
the stomach the arm handen, the hand fingret (fingern)^ the finger nageln, the nail ftene^, the leg kndet, the knee foten, the foot i(«?2, the toe strupen, the throat.
magen, armen^
^nunnen, the mouth
Idppen, the lip tanden, the tooth tungan, the tongue
hakan, the chin skdgget, the beard
12.
Mat och dryck.
Eating and drinking.
kdlen, the cabbage potatisar, potatoes
frukost, breakfast
middag, dinner
kvdllsvarden, supper ftroc?, bread
wJoZ, meal, flour soppan, the soup
the vegetables
moroten, the carrot
drier, peas
honor, beans
fronsakerna, 0^^, meat
s^e/b,
kakan, the cake frukten, the fruit smor, butter
os^en, the cheese t-me^, the wine 67e^, the beer vatinet, the water kaffet, the coifee. ^ee^, the tea mjolken, the milk chokladen, the chocolate honingen, the honey timjan, the thyme korveln, the chervil persiljan, the parsley syran, the sorrel.
roast-meat
oxkott, beef fdrkott, mutton kalvkott, veal fldsk, pork
skinkan, (the)
ham
fisken, the fish saladen^ the salad senapen, the mustard oljan, the oil dttikan, the vinegar saltet, the salt pepparen, the pepper
VOCABULARY.
Explanation
of the signs and abbreviations used
in
the Vocabulary.
declensions of substantives are designated by the numbers 1., 2., 3., 4. and 5. followed by the terminal definite article in the singular and the flexion of the indefinite form in the plural. Ex. fana, 1. -n, -or flag (the flag, flags).
five
:
The
=
The
figures
I.,
four
II.,
conjugations III. and IV.
of verbs are
designated by the
Roman
The sign © placed after the Roman figures means that the verb belongs to the third group of the strong verbs and is quite irregular. The sign -1~ means that the noun has no plural. The sign means, that the plural is similar to the singular. adv. adverb, conj. adj. adjective, conjunction, prep.
preposition, past part.
= =
pres.
=
=
present,
s,
imp.
past participle,
=
imperfect, singular, pi.
=
=
=
sup.
=
— =
supine,
plural.
Swedish-English.
A
Ackja,
1.
allvarlig, adj.
\^al'va^rlig'], serious,
-an, -or [ak'ja^], ^ack[ade'ra], to addition -er {ad'itfojtri],
adder a,
I.
addition,
addition
3. -en,
solemn, grave alpstav, 2. -en, -ar [alpsta'v], alpenstock [duce alster, 5. alstret [^alistdr'], pro-n [aV1. alstringsformdga,
[a'cfZa'J, to aftonvard, 3. -en,
adla,
I.
ennoble
-er
[af'ton-
s^n7;s/cermo'^a],productiveness alunskiffer, 2. -n, —ffrar [a'lunfif'dr], aluminous slate
va'rd], afternoon meal akta, I. [ak'ta'], to esteem, to consider, to regard upon (as) agg, 5. -ef, [a,gf], spite, resent-
amerikanare, 5. -n, katnard], American
amiral,
admiral
I.
—
[am'm-
—
3.
-en,
-er
[am'iraH],
ment
aldrig, adv.
\^al'drig^'\,
never
ana, [a'na'], to have a presentiment of, to surmise
all, adj. [alf\, all
anbud,
andakt,
andas,
alia, adj. (pi.) [aZ'a'], all alldeles, adv. [^al'de'lds], quite allenast, adv. [^ale'nasH'], only,
5. -et, 3. -en,
— [an'bm'd'],
-er
offer
[^anda¥t],
solely
devotion(s) I. [an'das'], to breathe ande [a], 2. -en, -ar [an'dd'],
spirit,
allmakt, 3. -en, -\- {aVmak't], omnipotence allmdn, adj. [^aVmen'''], general allmdnhet, 3. -en, -f- [^aVmenheH'],
mind
andlig, adj. [an'dlig'], spiritual anfall, 5. -et, [an'/aZ'], onset,
attack
—
commonness;
generally
i
—,
in
general,
anfalla, IV.
{^an'faV'a'],
to attack to
anfora,
II.
[anfoe^ra],
lead,
allra
[al'ra'],
by
adj.
far (before a su[al' smek'tig'],
to
command
5. -n,
perlative)
anforare,
— [arr/ce'rara],
allsmaktig, omnipotent
leader, conductor
alltjdmt, adv. [al'tjemH'], ever
(so).
angripa, IV. [an'gri'pa], to attack angdende, prep, [an'go^dndd], concerning, regarding
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
11
162
Vocabulary.
5.
anhdngare,
partisan
-?i,
— \sLn'h€ifard\ +
arm,
art,
cies
2. -en,
-ar \artra\, arm
-er \^atdt\, kind, spe[a'dta^],
to
3. -en,
I.
anklaga,
I.
ankomst,
arrival
3. -en,
[an'kla'ga], to accuse [an'kom'st],
arta,
^si^J
assume
inheri-
anlete, 4.
-^,
anldgga,
II.
O
-n [an'le'td], face [^an'leg^a^ to put
to arrive
,
a certain quality ary, 5. -et (arven)
tance
\_ariv],
on, to establish
arvinge,
att
to
2. -n,
-ar
[ar'vir/d'], heir
anldnda,
11. [an'Zfn'cZa],
anmdla,
nqunce
II.
[aTi'm^'Za]
anob-
av
(before \aiv] [pi^v)], of
5.
-e^,
[a^.H, to
an
infinitive)
avhrott,
II. [ari*7W«r'fca], to
—
[^a'vhrot^ in-
anmdrka,
serve
terruption avhryta, IV. [a*i;6r2/'fa], to inter-
annan,
annat(n),
andra
(pi.)
rupt
[an'an', an'at', au'dra'], other annons, 3. -ew, -er [a?zo7?.'s], ad-
avdelning,
2.
-e?i,
-ar
[avc^e'Zoff
vertisement
m'l/], division [a'vgo'], to avgd. III.
©
annonsera,
vertise
I.
[an'o2;se.Va], to ad-
avgdngshetyg,
5. e^,
go — [a'vgoys-
[an'ony'anonymitet, 3. -e/i, miYe/f], anonymousness
+
"bdty^g^ testimonial
avgora,
avkasta,
II.
O
[a'vjo^ra'], to settle,
to decide
I. [a'^Aras'^a], to throw off avlida, IV. [a•^'Z^'(ZaJ, to decease avliden, adj. [a"i;Zi'cZ9/i], deceased avldgsen, adj. \^a'vlek^sdn\, distant, remote
anse.
III.
O
[ari'se'], to
look upon,
to consider
anseende,
4. -^, -\- [an'se^dndd], till, consideration, regard; i in consideration of
—
ansikte, 4.
-t,
-n [^an'sikHd], face,
avldgsna,
I.
[a'vUk'sna],
to
re-
countenance
move
avresa, avresa,
ture
II.
1.
ansiktsfdrg, 3. -en, -er [an'sikts/«r'j], complexion ansprdkslos, adj. [a?i-sproA:sZ0's], modest, moderate anstrdngning, 2. -eri, -ar [an'streyHy], effort
[a'vre^sa], to depart n.-or [a'vre'sa], depar-
ansvar,
5. -ef,
+ [an"s?;aV],
avrdtta, I. [a*?;r£f a], to execute avsats, 3. -eTi, -er [a'vsafs], layer, bed [view
arse,
III.
res-
O
4.
[a'vse'],
-f,
-ri
to
have in
ponsibility
avseende,
[awstJaW^'], res-
[a'vse'dndd],
ansvarig,
ponsible
adj.
antingen, conj. [an'^i^^'^n], either antrdffa, 1. [an-^r£/'a],.to meet antyda, II. [an'Z^/'cZa], to point
out
respect, regard avsikt, 3. -en, -er [a'vsik't], intention avskdra,\Y. [a'vfse^ra], to cut off
avstdnd,
distance
5.
-ef,
—
[a*i;sfor?/cZl,
anvdnda, II. [awvewcZa], to use anvdndande, 4. -^, -j- [an'ven'anvdndning,
dandd], use, application 2. -en, -ar [an'vfn'cZ-
avsomna,
sleep
I.
[av's^m^na], to go to
[a'vsoi'cZa], to send
avsdnda,
off,
II.
to
forward
II.
nixi\, use, application apostel, 2. -n (apostlar) [apos.^tdl], apostle a/?^iY, 3. -en, 4- [aptUt], appetite arheta, I. [aroe'^aj, to work arhete, 4. -^, -n [ar'^e'^af, work arkiater, 2. -n ("ifrjar [ar7«a.'^ar],
avsdtta, pose
O
[a't'Sf^'a],
te
de-
avkasta,
off
I.
[a'i^/cas'^a],
2.
to
throw
avsdttning,
-en,
-ar
[a't?5£^*-
n%], deposition
avtdga, I. [a'v^o'^a], to retreat avvakta, I. [a't'-ya/c'^a], to await
physician
Swedish-English.
163
had, 5. hagare,
-et,
5. -n,
— \hatd\ bath — \ha'gard^'\, baker
B
begdra,
behag,
II.
[69j«/ra],
to
desire,
to require
5.
-et,
—
[bdha'g],
plea-
bakom,
prep, [bakom'], behind
sure, ease, comfort
bal, 2, -en, -ar \ha:T\, ball bal, 3. -en, -er [6a/Z], bale balsamering, 2. -en, -ar [bal-
behaglig, adj. [bdha'glig],
fortable
com-
behova,
II.
[6a^0.'t*a], to
need
sa'meriyli,
embalming
bamburor, 5. -et, ro^r], bamboo
bana,
path,
1.
—
[bam'bmroad,
behovlig, adj. \bdh0tvlig'], necessary, needful
-n,
-or [6«'na'],
way
5. -et,
band,
—
bekant, adj. [ftaA^an/f], known, acquainted bekosta, I. [69A:os.'^a], to defray
[6an/d],
1)
band
;
bekvdm,
adj.
[69A;z;£.'m],
commo-
2) ribbon; 3) volume adj. [barba'risk], barbarisk,
dious, convenient, comfortable bekvdmlig, adj. [6aA:?;f.Wz^], con-
barbarous, barbary
barn,
5.
et,
—
venient,
filial,
commodious
[baUn], child
[fta'^nsZz^^'],
bekymmer,
barnslig, adj.
childlike
barrskog,
fir-forest
2. -en,
-ar [ftar'sArw^^],
5. -(Vje^, [^99^m!dr}, sorrow, care beldgen, adj. [^^Z^.'^an], situated beldgenhet, 3. -en, -er [bdle'gdn-
—
he't}, situation
barsk,
adj. [ftaj^'sA:], rough,
-e^,
rude
bat-
beldgga,
II.
O
[ftaZe^.^a],
to over-
batteri, 3. tery
-er [bate.'r{],
lay, to cover
bebygga,
on,
till,
II.
[&962/^'a'],
to build to
to cover with buildings, to cultivate
5. -n,
bebyggare,
inhabitant
— \b^byg'ar^'^'\,
to
beldgra, I. [bdU.'gra], to besiege 6en, 5. -e^, [6e.^n], leg, bone bereda, II. [6are.^(Za], to prepare berg, 5. -e^, [ba3r!j], mountain bergart, 3. -en, -er [6«r-Ja'^^],
—
—
rock, veinstone,
gangue
bedja, IV. to pray bedrift, 3.
feat,
\be'dja^\
-en,
3. -e^,
beg,
bergig, adj. tainous
[bxr'jig'],
3. -en,
moun{bser'js-
-er
Ibddriff],
bergstrakt,
trak't],
-er
deed
-er [bddre'gd-
mountainous
3.
tract, hilly
bedrageri,
ri.% deceit befalla, II. [6a/a?'a'], to to order
country bergsrorelse,
roe'rdlsd]
-n,
-r
[6^r-js-
command,
befattning,
2.
-en,
-ar [6a/af-
m??'], occupation, pursuit
hejinna, IV., sz^ [&a^na'], to be found, [to do, to be] befolka, I. \b9foVka^'\, to people befriare, 5. -n, Ibdfri'ard'],
—
bergds, 2. -en, -ar [bser'jo^s], mountain-ridge bero, III. [6arw.'], to depend (upon) beromd, adj. [bdrom^d], renowned berora, II. [6ardVra], to touch berova, I. [6ar0/ija], to bereave beroring, 3. -en, -ar [bdrce'riy],
contact
liberator
befdl,
5. -e^,
—
O
[bdfe'l],
-n,
befdlhavare,
Aa'?;ara],
5.
—command [69/fZofficer
besanna,
I.
[basan^a], to confirm,
to affirm
commanding
begiva, IV.
begrava, bury begravning,
nf??'],
[SajziJa'], to repair II. (IV.) [bdgra'va'], to
2. -en,
besegla, I. [6ase.'igrZa], to seal besegra, 1. [69se.*i^raj, to vanquish besittning, 2, -en, -ar [6asiY/nz7/], possession
-ar [&a^ra*v-
beskaffenhet,
3.
-en,
-{-
[bd-
burial
begripkg, adj. [ft^^W-pZi^'J, conceivable, comprehensible
skaf!dnhe't] , nature , quality, condition [scribe IV. beskriva, [bdskri^va], to de-
ll*
164
Vocabulary.
to
beskdra, IV. \hdfseira\,
bestow
upon
5. -et
besluty hesluta, I. heslaktad, adj. \hdslekttad\ kindred hestiga, IV. \hestitga], to ascend,
to climb, to
[bdslid't], decision [hdslvitta\ to decide
—
bland, prep. [&Zan.'cZ], among blanda, I. [6Zan*c?a'], to mixt, to blend blandning, 2. -e?i, -ar [blan'd7117)% mixture
blid, adj.
6Zzi;a,
feZias^,
[ftZiVcZ],
soft
IV. \bli'va^\ to become
2.
mount
-en,
-ar
[6ZiA:.'sf],
flash
bestrdla, I. [bdstroHa], to irradiate bestd, III. [bdstot], to consist
O
(of lightning)
blod,
5.
-ef,
-j-e^,
\blojid'],
adj. [69S^fm.'c?], definite bestdmma, H. [69S^f7?2.'a], to de-
bestdmd,
blodbad,
5.
—
blood
[6/a;'6?6a'6?],
massacre, slaughter
termine, to define
blomma,
blomster,
flower
I.
[6Z<i;Wa'], flower
-e^,
besvdrlig, adj. [6asr^.'r%], trou-
5.
—
[6Zo«//s^ar],
blesome
besok, 5. -e^, [ftasa'/c], visit besoka, II. [6as0.^A:a], to visit bete, 4. -#, -n [be'td'], pasture
-ew, -f- [bdgenHy], waiting, service, attendance betrakta, I. [fta^ra/c'^a], to con-
—
blomsterband,
stdrban''d\
5. -e^,
—
[6Zom'-
blomsterdal,
2.
-en,
-ar [blom'-
betjdning,
2.
stdrda^l], flowery dale
blomsterkulle, 2. -n, -ar [blomstdrkuVd], flowery hill
sider
blomster spira,
(4. -^, -|-),
I.
-n, -or
\bhm'-
betraktande
[bdtrak!-
tandd], consideration betraktelse, 3. -n, -r [bdtrakUdlsd], observation
stdrspi'ra], flowery sceptre bloss, 5. -et, [bios!'], torch blott, adv. [blot'], only, simply
—
blottad, adj. [6ZD^'ac?*], bare
betydlig, tant
adj. \b9tyidlig\
impor-
blund,
bldna,
blue
3.
-e7z,
-f-
[6Zi/n.'c?],
wink
bid, adj. [5Zo.'], blue
beundra, I. [bdun!dra], to admire beundran, 1. [69i^n.'(^raw],
—+
,
1.
[6Z0W3'], to blue, to turn[blo'sa'], to
-671,
admiration
bevis, 5. -e^ [SatiVs], proof bevdrdiga, I. [bevse.'rdiga], think worthy of
tain, to
bldsa,
to
II.
6Z«s^, 3.
-\-
blow [bhsU], wind
bibehdlla, IV. [6r&a7ioZ'a], to re-
keep on
{biblay) \bi':bdl\ bible
bldogd, adj. [ftZoo^^cZ], blue-eyed bldnka, II. [ftZf??'^^^*^']? to twinkle bloda, II. [ftZof'tZa], to bleed blodande, adj. [ftZo'cZan'c^^], bleeding
60, III. [6w/], to dwell
bibel, 2.
-?i
bidraga, lY.lbi'dra'ga], to contribute
bifall, 5.
&i7c?,
-e^, -j- [fti'/aZ'],
3.
-en,
-er
approval [bWd], image,
to
bok, 2. -en, -ar [bcoik'], beech 60A:, 3. -en (backer) [bcoik], book
boksamling,
2.
-en,
-ar
[Z)(^cA:-
picture bilda, I.
[bilda%
form
bildad, adj. [ftz'/'^^ac/^], educated bildande, part. [6i7'da?2'c?9], formative, civilizing
-en, -ar [6i7"d'«i2;'], bildning, formation, education bildstod \bildstoj^d\, statue biskop, 2. -en, -ar [ftis'/coj?'], bishop
2.
sam^liy], library (books of a..) bokstauligen, adv. [bojksta'vligdn], literally
boning,
bard, board; borgare,
5.
2.
-en,
-ar
[ft^^'m?;'],
dwelling
om
5.
-e^,
—
-n,
[Z>w.W],
,
[am.']
— on board — [bor'jar9^\
to
table,
burgher, citizen
borra,
I.
bitter, adj.
[6iY.'9?'],
bitter
bort, adv.
freeze
[bor'a'], to bore [Z>o.i^.'Zl, away, off
bjorn, 2. -en, -ar [ft/ce.'^n], bear blad, 5. -ef, [blaid], leaf
—
bortfrysa,
IV. [boji'tfrg^sa],
up
Swedish-English.
II. [bo.t'tfoh'a], to
165
break in
to
bortfora,
lead
bryta in [bryta'
m.'], to
away
bortgdng,
departure,
2. -en,
+ decease
brddmogna
\bod'tgo7)'\
[bro'dmco^gna],
ripen early brost, 5. -et^
(belly)
bortskjuta, IV. [bod-ffm'ta], to shoot away, to put-off borttaga, IV. \boji'tta'ga\ to take
\brds'.t\ breast 6wA:, 2. -en, -ar [bm'Jc], stomach
—
buss,
2. -en,
-ar
\busf\,
fellow
away
bosatt,
settled
adj.
3.
soldier
[6&>-saf],
-en,
residing,
boskap,
cattle
+
by, 2. -n, -ar [%'], village bygd, 3. -e/i, -er [byg!d], country
[&<^"s^«'p],
%^^«5,
II.
[byg'a'],
to
build,
to
cultivate
3. -en,
boskapsskotsel,
+
[bco's-
kapsfot'sdl], cattle breeding bostad, 3. -en (—stdder) [bco's^acZ'], habitation 4. -n [fttcCsff'Za], -f, bostalle,
byxa, 1. -n, -or \byk'sa'\ trousers bdda, adj. [6o*c^a'], both bade [bo-da^], both 6«Z, 3. -en, -f [&o/Z], trunk
bar,
2.
2.
-e?2,
-ar
[fto.'r],
barrow
dwelling place bosdtta, II. [6c(;,S£f a], to settle
O
-en, -ar [bekt], brook bar a, IV. [dtfe'ra'], to bear
back,
botanik, 3. -en, -4- [6w^'ani'A:], botany botanisk, adj. \b(jotainisk'\, botanic(al)
bdrgning,
2. -en, -ar [&«r;;m7;'], harvest, salvage 66'<ieZ, 2. -r (bodlar) {betddl],
executioner
botanist, 3. -en, -er [ftw^'amV^], botanist botten, 2. bottnen, bottnar [bo^.'an],
&Qya, bolja,
II. 1.
\bdj'a^\ to bend
-n, -or [6oZ:yV]
wave
soil,
ground
[brag'd], feat,
3. -en, borda, 1. -n
bon,
-er [bon], prayer
-or [6oe'^c?a'], burden
[6ce*^^i^'],
fertile,
bra, adv.
ftra^ftZ,
[Jra.^], well
bordig,
fruitful
adj.
3.
3. -en, -er
deed brant, brant, brasa,
bdrdighet,
adj. [&ran/^], steeply
3.
1.
-en, -er [6ran.'f], steep -n, -or [6rasa'], fire
[ftre-'cT],
-en, he't], fruitfulness I ftorja, [boe'rja^],
+
to
[bce'ddigbegin,
to
commence
borjan, 1, -|- \b(B'rjan''\ at the beginning
(in)
bred, adj.
wide, broad
to
breda, 11. [6re'^a'], to widen, spread out bredvid, prep. \bredviid\ by bringa, IV. [6rJ7;*a'], to bring brinna, IV. [6rma'J, to burn
C
civiliserad,
civilized
adj.,
[si'vilise^rad],
brinnande
burning
Z)ris^,
[6nn*an'c?a],
-er [brisH],
ardent,
3.
-en,
want,
2.
lack
brista, IV., bro, 2. -n, -ar [brcof], bridge broder, 3. -n (broder) \brcj'ddr% brother brud, 2. -en, -ar [ftrm.'c?], bride
p
-e?i, -ar [c?a/^], day dag, dager, 2. -n (dagrar) \datgdr\
wf
[6ns*i^a'], to burst
day-light
c?<3^^^,
2.
-en, -}- [c?a^.^,
-ef,
bruklig,
usual il
adj.
[5rm'A:%'], used,
-ar
[ftrwn.'],
daggvin, 5. winy dew
dag si' dagsljus,
2. -en,
5.
-e^,
dew — \dag'vi^n\ — \dag'sjuL^s\
to capi-
brunn,
&r?/^a
well
off
bryta, IV. ay
[ftri/'^a*], to
break
day light dagtinga, 1
tulate
.
\dagti'r)''a\
/ram
[bryta''
framt\
to
break forth
dal,
2.
-en,
-ar [dail]
valley, vale
166
Vocabulary.
-ar [dalkar^l],
dalkarl, 2. -m, Dalecarlian
dam,
3.
-m, -er [da'm], lady
2. -en,
damm,
-ar [cZam-], pond,
dricka, IV. [c?nA:a'], to drink driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^], drift driva, IV. [(iri'ya'], to drive droppe, 2. -n, -ar [cZrop'a'], drop drottning, 2. -en, -ar [cZro^'m'T;'],
dansa, I. \dan'sa^\ to dance dansk, adj. [dan'sk], Danish, Dane decimal, adj. [de'simaH], decimal decimalsystem. 5 -et, -[~ [^esima'lsyste'm.], decimal system del, 2. -e?2, -ar [deH], part, portion c?eZa, I. [de'la^], to divide deltaga, IV. [iie'Z^a'^a], to take a share (part.) dessutom, adv. [cZ^szi^fom], besides
destillera,
I.
queen
drunkna,
drowned
droja, II. be long
I.
[<i^rw2?*/!:?ia'],
to
be
to
[fZroj'a'],
to delay,
2. -men, -mar \drdm!:\ dream duva, 1. -n, -or \dvi'va''\ pigeon dunge, 2. -n, -ar [duy'd'], thicket dunkel, adj. {durjikdV] dark,
drom,
,
[c?es'^z7e.Va], to distill
gloomy, dingy dvdrg, 2. -en, -ar
[cZi^c^r/;],
dwarf
diadem, 5. diadem
(3.), -et,
-er [di'ads^m],
dygd,
dJ^ZzA:,
3. -en, -er [dyg.'d], virtue
adj.
dividend, 3. -en, -er [di'vidsn'd], dividend dividera, \di'videira'\, divide division, 3. -eri, -er [cZ{'viya>/?i], division [visor divisor, 3. '-?i, -er \divi'sor^\ diI.
[^'Zz'^], like, similar
dyr, adj.
[cZ^Z-'r],
dear
dyrbar,
cZa,
adj. [t^^'r^aV], dear
adv. [do'], then cZan, 5. -et, -f" [^^-^^1^ roaring
cZara, I. [cZo'ra'], befool
to infatuate, to
c?/wp, adj. [im.'jp], deep, (profound)
djupsinnig, profound
djur,
5. -e^,
adj.
[jmpsin'igl,
animal
5. -et, [dek'], deck ddrefter, adv. [cZ^.'rf/rar], there-
ddck,
—
—
after
[jtnir],
djurgdrd,
2. -en,
-ar [jm'rgo^jid],
ddrfor, adv. [<Z«r.^cer], therefore ddrihland, adv. [d^.'riblan'd],
zoological garden
doktor, 3.-71, -er[(Zoyfc/^Qr], doctor doktorsvdrdigket, 3. -e?2, -|- [cZ^A:*torsvas'rdighet], doctorate cZow, 2. -en, -ar [^<i>.'m], judgment, sentence dam, 3. -en, -er [dom% dome,
among
ddrigenom,
thereby
adv.
\dsetrije'nom\
ddmere,
there
adv. [dsetmerd],
down
ddrpd, adv. [d«.'rpo], there upon
ddrstddes, 2A^\d,setrsted9s'\, there ddrtill, adv. [cl^.'r^i'Z], thereto ddruppe, adv.[cZ«.Vwjp'a], up there cZo, IV. [(?0.^, to die
^ocZ, adj.
cZocZ,
[cZ0.'cZ],
cupola
domkyrka,
domstol,
dap,
1. -n-or[c?om*pGer'A:a], cathedral, minster
2. -en, -ar [<Z6;*ws^6;'Z], tribunal, court
dead
[cZe.'cZ],
5. -e^,
3.
—
2. -en,
I.
-ar
death
[c?&;/^],
baptism,
cZocZa,
r^0*cZa'], to kill
3.
christening
dodlig, adj. [do'dlig'], mortal
-en,
drahant,
satellite
-er
[dfra6an/^],
dodsstund,
s^wn'cZ],
-en,
-er
[docZ'.s-
\dratg\ feature draga, IV. \dra'ga^\ to draw dragare, 5. -n, [dra'gard% draught animal, beast of burden dragon, 3. -en, -er [dragojin], dragoon -ar 2. drake, -n, [c^ra'/ca'],
<^ra/7, 5. -et,
—
hour of death
[d?aZ'./a'],
dolja,
II.
II.
to conceal to
—
doma,
dopa,
dorr,
<ic>^;,
[(iom'a'], to judge, condemn, to sentence
II.
[dopa^
-ar
to baptize, to
christen
2. -en,
[dfajr.'],
door
dragon, (paper-)kite
adj. [dotv],
deaf
Swedish-English.
167
efter, adv. [ef'tdr^ after
efterldmna [ef'tdrUm'na], to leave
behind
eftertrddare,
«/]fermWcZ,
5. -n, ^r^'cZara], successor
—
3. -er [/a&nVfc], -en, manufacture, works fa(de)r, 3. -n, fader [/acZar'],
fahrik,
[Ef.tdv-
father
faktor,
3. -ti,
-er [/afc.'for], factor
2.-672, -|-[^/*^9^''v«^*^,
posterity, future
e^en, adj. [e'^an'], own egendomlig, adj. \e'gdndojmHig], peculiar
folia, IV. [/aZ'a'], to fall falsk, adj. [/aZ.'sA:], false familj, 3. -eTi, -er [/amiZ/;], family fana, 1. -w, -or [/a'Tia'], flag,
colours /a?'^, 1- -n, -or [fa'ra% danger fara, IV. [fa'ra'], to go, to drive
egenskap,
3. -e/i, -er [e'^snsAra'p],
property, quality
ekipage, 5. -t, (r) [ek'ipaJf], equipage 3. ekvator, -n, -er [ekva'tor'], equator eldgnista, 1. -n, -or [eZ'cZ^nw'^a], spark eZcZ2^, adj. [el'dig^ fiery, ardent stdder {^eVdeldstad, 3. -ew,
—
farhro(de)r
farfa(de)r,
,
3.
-n,
—broder
[faribrojr], uncle
3. -n, —fader [far!/a^], grandfather farfordldrar [far.fcerel'drar], grandparents farlig, adj. [/(^'rZz^'], dangerous
—
sta'd], fire place
eZeA;^or, elector
3.
-n,
-er
leUk'tor^X
[fairy
elf,
2. -n, —modrar farrao(de)r yjartma)r\ grandmother
eller, conj. lEV.9r\ or
cZi;a,
1. -n,
fartyg,p.-et,
/^J-^'^^Z
„
— ifa-rty'g\ vessel
[/a'ryfZ],
^ tj firm, solid
-or faZmj [£Zi;a],
mterj.
good
ewieZZan, prep. [em^Z'an'], between emellertid, adv. [smtZV^zV^Z], ho-
"y®
j.
r/*
^t
vever enda, adj.
e7i(Z«.9Z,
/asZer,
[en'cZa'],
/*^«^» adj. [/a^.Z], 2. -n (fastrar)
[fasttdr\
,
alone, one
,
adv.
[e/i'cZas'Z]
only,
simply enfaldig, adj. [enfal'dig], simple
enhet,
-er [en.'^eZ], unity mkel, adj. [e?;/A:aZ], simple, single enligt, prep. [e'wZi^r'Z], according
3.
-e72,
fastland, 5. -et, (—lander) [fas land], continent
^ ^V?*
,
.
,
,
,..
,r^
./
t-
fastdn,
fatta,
I.
conj. [/as'Zm^], although [/aZ'a'j, to seize, to com-
prehend
fattig, adj. [/aZ'i^'], poor
to adj. [e'nsam'], sole, alone enskild, adj. [e'ri/zZ'cZ], private
fattigdom,
poverty
5. fel, fault
'i.-en, -\-
[fal'igdcom%
mistake,
ensam,
-eZ,
—
[/e/Z],
cnsZz^, adj. [e'wsZ/^' J, lonely, alone enstaka, adj. [e'nsta'ka], isolated,
solitary
fiende,
3. -n, -r
[fl'dndd^ enemy
hostile,
erbjuda, IV. [e'rZym'da], to offer erfara, IV. [e*r/aVa], to learn, to hear
e>^hdlla, IV. [e*rA£>Z'a], to receive
fientlig, adj. [Jien'tlig], inimical
^n,
adj. [fi'n'}, fine
finger,
2. -n, (—gret, —grar) [A'^^J? finger
erA:a7iwawcZe,4:.-Z,-7i[e-r^m'ancZa],
acknowledgment
erovra, I. [e'ro'vra], to conquer, to overpower
evig, adj. [e'vig^], eternal
^/iwa, IV. [Jin-a'], to find ^nnas, IV. [fn-as'l to be (found)
fira,
I.
[T^'^a'],
to
celebrate,
to
solemnize
exempel, 5. example
-eZ,
—
fsk,
[ffcs^m.'paZ],
fiskare,
fisher
2. -en, 5.
-ar [fs!k], fish
-w,
—
[^s'fcara'J,
168
Vocabulary.
5.
fiske,
-t,
-n [jis'kd], fishing,
-t,
fot, 3. -en, (fotter) [fojtt],
^fishery
jiskldge,
fjdll, 5.
fotfolk,
4.
5.
-et,
-
foot
\_fojttMkl
-n
[Jis'kh'gd'],
infantry
fisher village
-et,
—
frambringa,ll. 0[fram'briy'a],
[/jsl'],
mountain
to bring forth, to
yjdUmark,d.-en,-er[fJ€l'mar'k], mountainous soil
fjdrdedel,
c?e'Z],
framgd,
III.
©
produce
to
[fram'go%
2. -en,
-ar [fjce'rdd-
fourth
advance, to step along framgdng, 2. -en, -ar [fram-goy% success
flera [fle'ra'], several
flertal, 5. -et, jority
—
framkalla,
maframsteg,
[fle'rta^T]
I. [fram'kal^a\ to call forth, to cause, to occasion
5. -et,
— [fram'ste'g],
[fram'sto'\
to
flicka,
flit,
1. -n,
[3.] -en,
+
-or [Jiik'a^], girl
[fli't],
progress
diligence,
framstd,
appear
III.
O
application
flitig, adj. [fli'tig'], diligent
flod, 3. -e?i, -er [.)?<y.'6?], river flotta, 1. -n, -or [flot-a'], fleet flottig, adj. {^flot'ig'X fatty, " greasy "
j^2/j
III.
[.^2/-'Jj
to flee
framstdende,Sidj.[fram-sto^dndr)], eminent, leading framstdllU, II. [/ram's^^/'a], to expose, to represent framtid, 3. -en, -er [fram'ti^d],
future
fiyga, IV. [flyga'l to fly ^2/^eZ, 2. -71 (flyglar) iflg'gdl'], wing, aisle ^2/^(2, IV. [^i/-^a'], to flow
flytta,
1.
framtrdda,
appear
II.
[fram'tre'da], to
[/r•am•^;^'sa j forth
,
framvisa,
evince, to
I.
to
[j?2/^*a'],
to
remove, to
show
wander
flyttfdgel, 2. -n (—glar) [flytfo^gdl], bird of passage flyttning, 2. -en, -ar [flyt'niy^],
Frankrike
franska,
1. -n,
[fraykri''kd], France [fran-ska'],
wandering
fldcka,
fidkta,
to
I.
Ifls'ka'],
to
to
blot,
to
stain, to spot
I.
lfre.'d], peace fredlig, adj. [fre'dlig'], peaceful 5. fredshrott, [/rec^'sftrof], breach of the peace
French fred. 3. -en, -er
+
—
\^flek'ta%
breathe,
blow (gently)
3.
^*rrf,
-en,
/oZA:, 5. -eZ,
+ —
3.
-e^,
[flseUd], vanity
-en,
[foUk], people
-er
[/bZ'A:-
fri, adj. [/nV], free frid, 3. -n, {friid'\, peace, [calm] frihet, 3. -en, -er [/nV^e^], liberty
—
folkmdngd,
folkslag,
nation
5.
/WA:os%,
frodas,
adj.
[/rrA:os'%j, liberal
m£2?*^], population
—
frisk, adj. [/nVA:], fresh, healthy
[fol'ksWg],
fritt, adv. [/rzY.^], freely 1. [/rc<>'c?a5'], thrive
adj.
[/rfo^'tZz^J,
prolific,
fordra,
I.
[/oj'rcZra'], to
demand,
frodig,
to claim
luxuriant
-er [/<wrnZrc?],
[/(W'^^/a'ra],
to
fomtid,
fortfara,
3. -en,
antiquity, past
/rw, 2. -n, -ar [friat'], wife frukt, 3. -en, -er [/rwA:/Z], fruit
IV.
frukthar,
frukttrdd,
fruit-tree
adj. [/rwA:"^6a'r], fruit5. -e^,
continue
ful, fertile
fortfarande, adv. {fco'jitfaWandd\, continually, continuedly
— [/rw^"^^r£'],
fortsdtta,
II.
O
[foj'jitsefa],
to
frukttrddgdrd,2.-en,-ar[fruk'ttre'^goM], orchard
continue, to pursue
fortsdttande[foj'd,ts£t^andd],continuation
frysa, IV.
[frt/'sa*], to freeze
frysa
2.
fortsdttning,
sef'ni'ij],
-en,
-ar
[fcj'jut-
continuation
bort, IV. [frysa'' bod't], to freeze away frdga, 1 . -n, -or [fro'ga''], question
Swedish-English.
to
169
frdga,
I.
[/ro'^aj,
ask,
to
fdltrop,
parole
^
5.
-et,
question
frdn, prep, [froin], from [/ro'7ii;a'rwJ, frdnvaro, 1. -n,
+
5. fdlttdg campaign
-e^,
— —
[fEl'trcxj'-p],
[/f^'^^o'^],
absence
/arc^,
2. -en,
3. -en,
-er [fasUd], journey,
frdmling,
-ar [frem'tiy^],
ride, drive
(foreigner) stranger
fdste, 4.
-t,
-n, [fes'td],
firmament
frammande,
frdnde,
/ro,
adj.
[frem'andd],
strange, foreign 3. -ew, -er [fren'd9^'\, re•^^''^ / .. 4. -(e)t,
I.
foda, foda,
to,
1. -n, -\II.
[fo'da^], food [/0*c?a'], to give birth
to be born
n ^ -n r^ [froil seed /wA:^, adj. [/?/A:.'^], damp, moist
fulda,
[/i^A:-^a'],
^
to
wet,
to
moisten
/wZZ, adj.
/o^eZse, 3. -tz, [/^-f^aZsa'], birth y^^^ ifo'Q^'l little foija^ n, [/oZ'/a'], to follow foljande, adj. [fol'jandd'l folio-
+
[fuHlMl
I.
wing
foijd,
3. -en,
-er,
fullborda,
[/wZ-6co»-^c?a], to terminate, to achieve, to accomII.
[fdmi
result
y^v^^ n.
[/ce-ra'], to conduct, to
^?5''^ fullgora,
7-
TT
^ O
^-
r^
7
-c
7
-,
.
lead /^'^^ bort[fce'ra' boMt], lo lead
[/wZ'jo'ra],
to
1
away
/oV«wi^i>[/os-ra'w2)/], toleadup fdra over [fce-ra' o.'vdr], to lead over
/6Vafcj5, 5.
-ej^,
^m^^ fullkomlig,
complete
adj.
I.
r^7
<7-
[ful-Jcom'hgl
to
fullkomna,
[fuVkom'na],
perfect, to accomplish
+
Ifmrakit], con-
fullstdndig, adj. [ful'sten'dig], perfect, complete furste, 2. -n, -ar [/w.i*sf9'], prince furstekrona, 1. -n, -or [/w.x*s^a/([:rcc»'wa], princely crown
tempt forakta, I. [/cera/c/fa]., to despise foraktlig, adj. [fcerakUlig], disdainful
forarga, I. forbereda,
[foerar^ja],
II.
to
anger
to
i
[/cer6are.''c?a],
,.
furstinna,
princess
1. -n,
-or [fuj^stin- a'l
forbindhg,
obliging
fill
^..P^^.P^f.
r^
i.-
^^7-
adj.
[fcerbin^dhg],
to
to
furstUg, 3idi.[fud'sUig% princely
/2/ZZa, II. [/|//-a'], to
/^ra
[/^/'ra'J, four
/a
fgsisk, adj. [fy!sisk], physical [/o/], few
III. [f(B'rbise'l overlook, to omit I. [fcerblin!da], forblinda, dazzle
forbise.
O
fd. III. O [/o/], to get, may fdgel, 2. -tz, -ar [fo!gdl], bird
fordjupning,
fdnga, I. [/b??'a*], to catch fdnge, 2. -n, -ar \_foj)'d^'\, prisoner fdngenskap, 3. -eri, [/oT^'an-
2. -eri, -ar [foerjmipniy], deepning, cavity, hollow
+
foredraga, IV.
prefer
[/ce'rad^ra'^a], to
s^a'p], captivity
/«r,
5.
-et,
-
foregdende,
adj. [/ce'rajgo'anc^^],
/aZaZz^, adj. portant
[fotrl sheep [fo'ta'ligl unim[/f*-
forekomst,
...P^f^dent
3. -en, /r^m'sZ], occurence 3. -en, Us^nir)], lecture
5.
-ei^,
+
[/os'ra-
fddernesjord,
2. -en, -ar ddrndsjco'jLd], native soil
foreldsning,
-ar [/ce'ra-
fddernesland,
/aZ^, 5.
-e^,
5. -eZ, [/f*^9^ndslan^d], native land (country)
+
foremdl,
— [fce'rdmo'l],
to unite
[/cere.':
—
object, subject
fdltherre,
general
2. -n,
[/H'Z], field -ar ifel'thxr'd],
forena, I. [/cere/na], forening, 2. -en, -ar union
170
Vocabulary.
III.
forestd,
[fce'rdsto^],
to
to
fornya,
I.
[fcemy.'a], to renew
govern, to
manage
[jce'rdstel^a], to represent,
forndm,
uished
to
adj. [foeme'Tn], disting-
forestdlla, II. place before, introduce
forndm st, adj.
distinguished
[fcerne.'mst], most
forestdllning, 2. -en, -ar [foR'r9image, performance, sterniy'], representation notion foretaga, II. [/ce'rafa'^a], to undertake forfatta, I. [fcerfaHa], to compose forfattare, 5. -n, [/cer/a^/ara], author IV. forjiyta, [foerflytta], to flow
forndja,
II.
forordande,
[foerndj.'a], to satisfy 4. 4, -f [/cer^j'^-
—
dan'd9], recommendation 4. +, -|- [fcero'ddnan^dd], order forra [fceva^], former forre [/osr'a'], fonner
forordnande,
forraderi,
treason
3. -e^,
-er [/cert'^eW.^,
forrddisk,
torous
adj. [/ce?'f/dzsA:], trai-
away forfrdga,
quire
I.
[f(Krfra!ga], to in1.
forrdn,
forfrdgan,
— +
,
forsakelse,
[foerfro'-
conj. [/osr^/n], before 3. -ti, -r \f(Brsa.^kdlsd],
2.
-e?i,
self denial
^aTi], inquiry, question forgd^ III. [/cer^o.'], to pass, to slip away, to disappear, to
forsamling,
elapse
[/osr[cure /orsA;a^<2, I. [/cersAra/'a], to proforskansning, 2. -en, -ar [fcer-
-ar
samUiy], meeting
forgdves [fcergs.^vds], in vain forhand, (pd) [ foerhantd], beforehand
forhdllande,
4. -^,
-n [foerhDl'an-
skanisniy], intrenchment 2. -en, -f- [foersko'm'l;], exemption, forbearance forskriva, IV. [/o2rsA:riVt;a], to
forskoning,
dd], circumstance
prescribe
forhdva,
[foRrhefva], to boast, to brag, to be proud of forhdrja, I. [fcerhe.'rja'], to deII.
forsld,
III.
forstrdcka,
II.
[/cersZo.'], to suffice \^f(Brstrikta\ to
vastate, to ravage
forklara,
plain;
—
I.
[/cer/i:Za.'ra],
to ex-
advance, to stretch forstd, III» [/cersto.*], to understand
ndgon for
IfoRrkUidaX
(helig) [guise
helgon [no'gon'
nonize
he'lig^], to ca-
forsvar,
fdrsvaga,l.[f(Brsva!ga],tOYfeaiken 5. -et, -\- [/cersva.V], defense
forkldda, forkovra,
II.
I.
to dis-
[/cerA:o/i;raj, to im1.
prove, to perfect
forkovran,
ko^vrari],
—
,
-|-
[fcer•
improvement
forkola,
stifle
I.
forkvdva,
forlora, forlust,
loss
I.
[foerko.'la^, to charr to il. [foerkv£.^va\,
to lose [fcerlco'ra'j, -en, -er [/asrZi/s/^],
5. -n, [fcersva^rard], defender IV. forsvinna, [foersvin'a], to disappear forsdkring, 2. -en, -ar [fcerseikriy], insurance, assurance /orfj^'na, I. [/cer^f.'na], to deserve fortjdnt, adj. [fcergen't], deserved
forsvarare,
—
fortvivlan,
Za7i],
1.
— +
,
[foertvitvto
3.
despair
II.
fortdra,
[/cer^«.'ra],
con-
forlustelsestdlle, 1. -if, -n [/cerlusitdlsd], pleasure ground formiddag, 2. -en, -ar [foermid'da'g], morning, forenoon fbrmd, III. F/cerma.'], to be able
sume
fortoma,
fend
I.
[/cer^ce.Vna], to ofI.
forundra
to
sig,
1.
[/cBrw7i/c?ra],
wonder
fdrnitftig,&ai.[foemuf.'tig},Te&sonable
forundran,
dran], wonder,
— + [foenin'astonishment
,
Swedish-English.
to
171
forvdna(s),
astonish
I.
[fcervo.'na],
giftig, adj. {jif'tig^\ poisonous giva, IV. [^ji'va^\ to give
-ar [fcervo'forvaningj niy], astonishment
2. -en,
givande,
forvdxla,
mistake
I.
{^fc&rvEkisW]
,
to
adj. [jrvan'dd], fertile, productive ^;w^a, IV. \^jui'ta% to pour (forth)
foradla, 1. [foRre'd'la], to ennoble foranderlig, adj. [fcereniddrlig], unsettled, changeable
glans, dour
glas,
2. -en, -j- [^Zan.^s], splen-
fordldrar,
parents
pi.
[
/cereZ/^rar],
5. -e^, [^^a-'s], glass gles, adj. [gle!s~\, thin ^ZicZa, IV. [^Zi'^a'], to glide, slide
—
to
to
to I. [foeren^dra], change, to alter fordndring, 1. -en, -ar [/cerenidrirj], change, reform
fordndra,
^ZtWa
/ram
[gli'da' framf],
glide
forodmjuka,
to
I.
[fce'rodmjm'ka],
humble forodmjukelse, 3. -w, -r [/ce'rddmjmtkdlsd\ humiliation foroka, I. [/(}sr'0.'A:a], to increase, to augment forokning, 2. -en, -ar [fcere'kniy], increase, augmentation
ri
glddja, II. O [^ZfcZ'ja'j, to rejoice, to be glad glddje, 3. -n, [gUd'jd^], joy gloda, II. [^Z0'cZa'i, to make red to hot, glow
+
glodande, wing
adj. \^gl0-dan^dd\,
II.
glo-
glomma,
god, adj. godhet,
[^to».*cZ],
3.
[^Zom'a'], to forget good, kind -en, [^6;/(Z^ef],
+
goodness, kindness
godhjdrtad,
goodhearted
adj.
[^(y*<Zj^./-'^acZ],
gaffel,
2.
-w,
(gafjiar) [gaf'dl],
godo
^ods,
gosse,
(till)
[gco'doj^], in favour
fork
5.
-et,
—
[gojt!s],
goods
^a^n,
5. -et, -\- [gay.^n], profit
gammal,
ganska,
entirely
adj. [^am'aZ'], old adv. [^an*sA:a'], quite,
grad,
2. -n, -ar [^os"a'], boy 3. -en, -er [^ra/d], grade
gram, 5. gramme
granne,
hour
-me^,
—
[^raw/],
gardesregemente,
4. -^, -n \^ga'jiddsre^jdinenHd], regiment of life-
2.-n,
-ar[gran'd% neigh5.
guards gata, 1. -n, -or [^a'^a'], street
grannland,
-et,
(—Idnder)
gemensam,
mutual
adj.
[jame/nsam],
[^ran'/an'tZ], neighbouring country grav, 2. -en, -ar [^graiv], grave
general, 3. -en, -er [je'ndrail], general genius, -ien, -ier [jeinius], genius genljud, 5. -et, [je-nljm^d], echo
—
grekisk, adj. [^re.'A:isA;], greek ^ren, 2. -en, -ar [gre!n], branch gripa, IV. [grrpa^], to seize gro. III. \_gra)t'], to shoot forth [^rwn.'cZ], ground grund, 5. -eZ,
—
genom, prep. [je/nD/n], through genomtrdnga, II. [je'nomtrey^a],
to penetrate
grund,
tive,
3. -en,
-er [^ri^n/cZ],
mo-
reason
II.
grundldgga,
to
O
[^rwn'cZZf^'a],
genomtdga,
genomvdt,
through
[j'e'nom^o'^a], to traverse, to go through, to cross
I.
found
-or [^rm'va'], mine IV. [^ro'^a'], to cry, to
1. -n,
gruva,
grata,
adj. [,;e"n3mz;o.'^],
wet
gentemot
gevdr,
rifle
[je'ntemco^t], in front of
5.
-et,
opposite,
weep grdns,
tier,
3.
-en, -er
I.
[^r^s],
to
fron-
—
boundary, limit
[^r£^n"sa'],
{^jdv€tr\
gun,
grdnsa,
(on) to
border
be bounded by
172
Vocabulary.
grdnmqiitlad
[gro'nman^tlad],
harm,
2.
-en,
covered with a green mantle gronskande, adj. \^grdn'skan^dd], green gubbe, 2, -n, -ar [gub'9^], old
+
[^ar.'w],
dis-
pleasure
harmoni, 3. harmony
hast,
-ctz,
-er \har'mojni:\
man
gud, 2. -en, -ar [gm!d], God gudfruktig, adj. Igm'dfruk'tig],
pious
2. -en, -\- \hastt\ hast hasta, I. [^asta'], to hasten hastig, adj. [/^as'^i^'j, sudden ^ay, 5. -et, [ha'v], sea
—
gudsfruktan,
1.
—
,
havsvind,
-|~
2. -en, -ctr [Aa"?;si-z/i'<f],
[gut's-
sea-breeze
fruk'tan], fear of God (of the Lord)
gul, adj. [gm.'l], yellow
hedersbetygelse,
ddrsbdty'gdlsd],
3.
-n,
marks
-r [^eof honour
guld, 5. -et, [gul-d], gold guldvingade, adj. [gul'dviy^ad], with golden wings adj. gullstdnkt [^wZ*s^f?y'A:^],
,
+
hedning, 2. -en, -ar [he'dniy'], heathen hejda, I. [hej'da^ to hold back hel, adj. [^e.'Z], whole
helgedom., 2. -en, -ar[hel'gddcom% sanctuary helgeflundra, 1. -n, -or [hel'gdflun'dra], halibut helgon, 5. -et, \hd'gon% saint helig, adj. [^e'%'J, saint, holy hem, 5. -we^, [hemf], home hemfbra, II.[^ew/ce'ra], to bring
yellow stained
gunga, gynna,
I.
[^W7?*a'],
adj.
to
swing
favour
fa-
I.
[j'^/wa'], to
gynnsam,
vourable
[ji'^/n'saTw'],
^«,
III.
[gof], to go;
;
—
[upi] till, out
— upp — up to — ut [mtt],
-ar [goy^], passage,
— —
gang,
2. -en,
home hemkomst,
hemlighet,
3.
-e)i,
+
[^e^'"
way
-ar [goUd], farm gdta, 1. -w, -or [go'ta^], riddle ^az;a, 1. -ri, -or [go'va^], gift, donation [to be worth gdlla, II. [jfZ'a'], to be in force, gdngse, adj. YJeysd''], usual
2. -en,
Ar^wsif], return
3.
1 -en, -er [ffoy!], [goy-], time
(home)
-er [hem'lig-
gang, gdrd,
3.
-en,
he't], secret
hemma,
hemvist,
herre,
adv. [Aem'a'],
5.
-e^,
—
home
[Aem'i'z.s-'^],
dwelling, domicile
2. -n,
-ar [A^r'a'], gentle2.
man
hei'regdrd,
hertig,
-en,
gdrna,
adv. [j^'^na'l. willingly
-ar
^oA:, 2. -en, -ar [^joiTc], cuckoo gomma, II. [jom'a'], to hide
[hssr'd-
go\id\ manor, mansion
2. -en,
^ora,
II.
[jce'ra'],
to
do to
-ar [^^r'fz^'], duke
make
H
{^haik\ notch chin ^aZa, I. [Aa'Za'], to haul halv, adj. [AaZ.'v], half halvo, 2. -71, -ar* [hal'vo^], peninsula hals, 2. -en, -ar [haHs], neck hamn, 2. -en, -ar [Aam//i], port,
hak,
5. -e^,
1.
—
^aA:a,
[Aa*A:a'],
hertiginna, 1. -n, -or [hser'tigin'a'], duchess hes, adv. [^e/s], hoarse het, adj. [Ae/^], hot to be called /ie^a, II. [Ae'^a'],
(named)
heita,
1.
-n, -|- [Ae^'a'],
heat
himmel, 2. (himmeln or himmlen, himlar) \him'dl^\ heaven
hindra,
I.
[^m'(?ra'], to prevent,
to, to
harbour
hand, 3. -ew, (hdnder) [han'd], hand handling, 2. -ew, -ar [han'dliy^],
action, deed, act
impede hinna, IV. [^m'a'l, to get fram {^framt\ reach;
to hinder, to
—
to at-
tain
hiss, 2. -en, -ar [7«V], lift hissa, 1. [/its"a'], to lift
Swedish-English.
173
himlajiamma,
l.-n, -or[him'la-
flam''a], fire of
heaven
himlastege^ 2. -n, -ar [him'laste'gd], heavenly ladder
historia,
history
3. -ien, -ier [histoj!ria],
AarcZ, adj. [hod'd], hard hdftig, adj. [hsf'tig], violent AaZ/f, 3. -en, -er [heW], half hdmta, I. [y^fm'Za*], to fetch;
m —
[
—
m],
3.
bring
in,
go and fetch, to to take in
to
-n,
historisk, adj. [histoj.'risk], historic(al) hjord, 2. -en,
hdndelse,
-r
[A^^i.cZaZsa],
occurence, event
-ar [jcoUd], herd,
[jel'p], help
[y'fZ'^a'],
hdngiven,
adj.
3.
[Afn'jz'z;an],
-f-
de-
flock
voted (sunendered)
2. -en, -\-
hjalp,
hdnsyn,
nished
-en,
[A£?i*52/'n],
hjdlte, 2. -n, -ar
hjdrta,
4. -^,
-n
[j^j.'ta''],
hero heart
hearty,
respect (in this) hdpna, I. [hep'na^],
to
be asto-
hjdrtlig, adj. heartily
[jasj.-tlig'],
-or [i^sa'], crown (of the head) holme, 2. -?i, -ar [/ioZ'???a'], islet
hjdssa,
1.
-72,
hdr, 2. -en, -ar [A^.'r], army hdr, adv. [A^.'r], here
hdrlig,
adj.
I.
[A^'rZz^'],
magnifi-
cent, splendid
heap [hop'], hope Aopp, 5. -et, hoppa, I. [^op'a*], to leap, to skip hoppas, 1. [Aopas'], to hope
/lopa,
I.
[hco'pa'], to
—
hdrska,
hdst,
[Aars/ca'],
to rule, to
dominate
hdstbdr,
litter,
2. -en, -ar [AesfZ], horse 2. -en, -ar [Afs*^5oV],
hota, I. [^oj'^a'], to threaten hov, 2. -en, -ar [^&>/y], hoof hov, 5. -ef, [ho.'v], court
barrow
—
ho,
5.
-(^e)^,
+
[ho!],
hay
Ao^, adj.
[AoZ/gr],
high
hugnad,
3. -en, -er [^w?;"7iacZ'], satisfaction, consolation 2. -en,
hogldnd, adj. [Ao'^Z^ti'cZ], highland hogskola, 1. -n, -or [ho'gskoj'la],
highschool hogtidlighet, 3. -e?i, -er [Ao'A;tidlighet], festivity hdja, II. [Aot;"*a'], to raise hdjd, 3. -en, -er [AojVcZ], height Aora, II. \hoR'ra^\ to hear horsel, 3. -n, -j- [Acer'saZ], hearing Aos^, 2. -en, -ar [liosit], autumn hostdag, 2. -en, -ar [hds'tda'g],
humlegdrd,
go'.id],
-ar {hum'h-
hopgarden
-en, -ar \]iuntd\ adj. [^w?;'ri^'],
5.
hund,
Alts,
5.
2.
hungrig,
-e^,
husdjur,
— —
dog hungry house [hmtii], [Am*sjm.V], do-
mestic animal
husgerddssaker, pi. [hui'sjdro'dssa'kdr\ utensils hushdll [hm'shoV], housekeeping huvud, 5. -e^, [hui'vu'd], head huvudsaklig, adj. [huivudsa'k-
—
autumnal day
hovding,
2.
-en,
-ar
[A0'a;(^i2?'],
chieftain
%ZZa, %ZZa,
[%Z'a'], shelf [%/•«'], to do homage, to swear allegiance
I.
lig], chiefly 1. -n, -or
I
hylsa,
A.?/sa,
1.
II.
-n,
-or \hyl'sa''\ husk
\hy'sa'], to preserve, to
iakttagelse, observation ihland, adv.
z^A:a;
1.
3.
n. r. [raA:to*^aZs9],
[zftZan/cZ],
among
to to re-
entertain
hytt, 3. -e?z, -er \hyt^, cabin /la^, 2. -en, -|- \hotg\ mind, spirit
[icZ'A^a'],
to
exercise,
carry on
igenkdnna,
II. [ijen'gen^a'],
hdglos, adj. [/io'^/e's], lazy,
dolent hdl, 5. -e^,
hdll, 5.
-et,
in-
—
cognize, to know again ihdrdig, adv. [i'hmr'-dig],
per-
hdlla, IV.
[^c>Z"a'],
hdr,
5. -e^,
— —
[y^o.7],
hole
severing
[hoU], side
to
inhillning [in'bWniy], fancy, imagination
hold
[ho.'r], hair
inhjuda, lY. [in'bjm^da],
to invite
174
Vocabulary.
3. -en, -er meridicu'n], meridian
inhryta^ IV. [in'hryHa], to break
in
jordmeridian,
[jV^>'.i<Z-
inbyggare^
5. -n,
— [in'hyg^ard],
jordmdn,
ground
3. -en, -er [jco'jidmo^n],
inhabitant, dweller
indela, I, [mtZe'Za], to divide infalla, IV. [m'^aZ'a], to invade infinna, IV. [m'Jfn'na], to appear infiytande, 4. -^, -j- [in'fly^tandd], influence
infiytelse,
3. -r^,
just, adv. [^its/Z], just
-r [in'fly^tdlsd],
influence
ingen, adj. [iy'dn^], nobody ingenting^ pTon.liy'dntiy^ nothing irihdmta, I. [in'hem'ta], to bring
in
jdgare, 5. -n, [jtgard'], hunter, sportsman jdmforelse, 3. -n, -r[J£m'fd'ralsd], comparison jdmn, adj. [jtm/n], even jdmte, prep, [i^m-ifa'], with jdrnvdg, 2. -en, -ar [y^'u-nt'c'^],
jo/iceZ,
—
railway (railroad) 2. -n, (joklar)
glacier
[jo'kdr],
[in'dha^va], to possess innehdlla, IV. [m'^T^oZ^a], lo contain
innehava
K
/caA:a, 1. -n,
/caZ/c, 2. -en, kalk, 2. -en,
innesluta, [m'asZm'Za], comprise, to include inom, prep, [m'om'], within
IV.
to
+ -ar
-or [ka'ka^], cake [kal'k], quick-lime
[^'aZ/A:],
cup,
inre, adv. [m*ra'], interior inrista, I. [mrzs'^a], to engrave
chalice
inrddan,
1.
—
,
-f"
[iw^o'San],
advice insikt, 3. -ew, -er [in'sikH'], notion,
5. -et, \kaVkgrun'd], calcareous soil kalksten, 3. -en, -ar [kal'kste^n^^
kalkgrund,
lime-stone
—
idea
kail, adj. {kalf], cold
to creep
to lock
/caZZa, 1. \kaVa'\, to call [upf], to call up
;
insmyga, IV. [in'smy'ga],
in
—upp
vo-
instdnga,
II.
[m'sZ^^^'a],
kallelse, 3. -n, -r [/caZ'aZsa'j,
cation, calling, appeal
(up), in intryck, 5. -e^,
+
[in'tryk'], im-
kanon,
.
3.
-en, -er [A:anco»/n], can-
pression
non, gun
intrdda,
II.
[tw^rf'^Za], to
come
in
intrdffa, I. [m'Zr^/'^a], to meet intdga, I. [m'Zo'^a], to march in is, 2. -en, -ar [iVs], ice ismassa, 1. -72, -or [i'smas'a], mass of ice
kappa,
tain
kanske, adv. [kan'fd% perhaps 1. -n, -or [kap'a^], mantle
kapten,
I.
3. -en,
-er
[A:a_pZe.^n],
cap-
islanding,
Icelander
iver, 3. -n,
2. -en,
-ar
[rsZe/i'cZzT/],
kasta, kastanj, 3. chestnut
kavaljer,
cavalier
A:ecZja,
1.
[kas'ta^], to
throw
[Ara^Zan.ji'],
-en,
-er
+
3.
-en, -er [A:ai;'a^e.V],
[^Vi'^?'],
zeal
-n,
-or [ge'dja'],
kejserlig, perial
A:Za<7a,
adj.
[^fi's^rZigr'],
chain im-
A:m(Z, 3. -en, -er [fiTj/dT], cheek I. [kla'ga'], to complain
[ArZa^//],
jaga,
jcuct,
I.
[./a'^a'], to
hunt
[jakif],
A:Zan^, 2. -en, -j-
sound
cliff,
3.
-en,
-er
hunt,
hunting
jorcZ, 2. -en, -ar [jcoUd], earth
klar, adj. [A:Za.V], clear klippa. 1. -n, -or [^•Z^pa'], crag
jordisk, adj. [jw.'^disA:], earthy jordklot, 6. -e^, [ja>*^dA:Za>'f], globe
—
klocka, klockslag,
1 .-n,-or[A:ZQA:'a'],
5. -eZ,
—
clock,bell
[A:Zo/c'sZa'^J,
stroke of the clock
Swedish-English.
bell-
175
klocklik,
adj.
5.
[klok'lik%
shaped
kloster,
tdr],
(klostret),
—
[klos.^-
monastery
3. -en, -j[ko'dtsynHJiet], shortsightedness kraft, 2. -en, -er [kraf!t], power, strength
kortsynthet,
kldcka, II. [klsk-a'], to blow forth kldda, II. [ZcZf'cZa'i, to dress kldder, 3. (pi.) [A:Zf/c?ar], clothes
kraftfull, adj. [kraf'tful% powerful
kldmma,
II.
squeeze in, kldttra, I. [fcZf^'ra'], to climb 2. -en, -ar [klo'v], hoof A:Zoi7, (claw) knapp, 2, -ew, -ar [knap.^], button knapp, adj. [A:nap/], scarce
m- [A:Zfm'a'], to hem in
to
krans, 2. wreath
-en, -ar [A:ra7z.'s], crown,
krets, 2. -en, -ar [kret's], circle krig, 5. -e^, [kri.'g], war krigare, 5. -n, [kri'gard^], warrior
—
2.
—
krigsfdnge,
-en,
-ar [krig's-
J^2?'9], prisoner of
war
krigshdr,2. -en, -ar[krig'shw'r],
knappast
barely
\knap'asH\
scarcely,
army
krigstdg,
5.
-e^,
—
[krik'sto^g],
ac-
knekt, 2. -e^i, -ar \knekit], soldier kniv, 2. -en, -ar \knitv\, knife knyta, IV. [/^n^/'^a'], to lie, to knot knd, 4. -t, -n \knst\ knee koja, 1. -n, -or [ZcaJ'a'], hut kndppa, II. [/cn^p'a'], to button
military expedition
krigsvan, customed
adj. [Zcn^'.sfa'rz], to war
kring, prep. [jfcnV], around kristen, adj. [A^Ws'^an'], christian
koldragare,
[ko'ldra^^araj, collier (coalheaver) 5. kolforrdd, -et, \ko'lfcero''d\ stock of coal
-n,
5.
—
kristendom,
2. -en,
+
[A;ns'fari-
—
dcom^], Christianity Kristus \kristus''\, Christ
kolmbrk,
dark
fco?^,
2.
adj. \ko'lm(e,Uk'\, pitch
krona, 1. -n, -or [A:rr^na'], crown kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop'], body krypa, IV. [A^r^-pa*], to creep krypande, adj. [kry'pan^de], creeping, reptile
-en, -ar
[fc^Z.'^],
frock
komma, IV. [A:am'a'], to come; upp [up.'], to come up
—
komminister,
nisitdr'],
2.
-en, -ar [A:3m'24.
-^,
krona, II. [/t'r0'na'], to crown kubera, I. [kmbe'ra], to cube Z^i/A:w (interj.) [A:w/cw'], cuckoo
/mZa, 1. -n, A:w/Ze, 2. -n, kulregn, 5.
-or \km'la'\ ball -ar {kuVd^], hill
-ef,
curate
komministerhostdlle,
-n
{kom'inis'tdrhaj'sUld], rectory konst, 3. -en, -er [A;on.'s^], art konstndr, 3. -en, -er[kon'stn%'r],
artist
+
[A;wZ*rf?;'n],
shower of balls kung, 2. -en, -ar [A:w?;.'], king kunglig, adj. [A:w7;*Zta'], royal
konstsamling,
art
2. -en, -ar [A:on*s^ sam'tiy], collection of works of
kunna, I. kunskap,
kusin,
sin
3.
O
[A;wn'a'J, to be able
3. -en,
-er [kun'ska^p],
knowledge
2.
konung,
king
-en, adj.
-ar
[A:o'nw2;'],
-en, -er [A:msiVn], con-en, -er [A^z^s/^], coast
I.
konung slig,
royal
[ko'nuy^sUg],
[Aror.^],
kust,
3.
kvadrera,
-en,
-e^,
[ A:z;acZre.Va ]
,
to
korg,
2. 5.
-ar
kom,
corn
—
basket
barley
[A:3r',s-
square
[kcoirn],
-n,
kvarldmna,
leave over
I.
[kva'rUm^na], to
korsfarare,
5.
—
kvinna,
A:?;o^,
1.
-n,
-^,
/a'rara], crusader Acor^, adj. [koUt], short korthet, 3. -en, -|- [Acau^^e'^J, shortness
kvitto, 4.
-or [)fct;m'a'], wife -n [A:v2^*^'], receipt
3. -en, -er [A:«;t6>.^^], quotient ArvaZZ, 2. -en, -ar [A:?;fZ.'], evening
kylig, adj. [gylig], cool
176
Vocabulary.
kyrka, 1. -n, -or [goeska']^ church kyrkoherde, 2. -n, -ar [gcBji'kcohe'jidd], vicar
ledig, adj. [Ze'dfi^'], vacant,
open
leende,
ZeA:,
2,
I.
-n [le'dn'dd], smile -en, -ar [le'k], play-game
4.
-^,
-knen, -ar [goeu,-kojsok^dn], parish kdta, 1. -n, -or [ko'ta'], Lapponian tent kdlla, 1. -n -or [gd'a*"}, source
kyrko socken,
2.
ZeA;a,
[Ze"A:a'],
to play
leva, II. [Ze'va'], to live lever, 2. -n, -ar [lek'dr], liver
levnad,
3.
-en, -^ [Ze'rnacZ'], life
5. -e^,
levnadslopp,
— [le'vnads-
kdmpa,
I.
[gem'pa^],
to struggle,
lop^], course of life (career)
to fight
kdnd, adj. [gsn^d], known kdnna, II. [^^wa'], to know, to feel kdnnbar, adj. [gen-ba^r], sensible
levnadssdtt, 5. [Ze*?;na6Zss£Z'], customs, ways and customs lida, IV. \lida'''\, to suffer
4. -?z -^, [ZrcZan'^Za], suffering, suffrance to lie IV. ligga, [Z2^*a'],
—
lidande,
kdnnedom,
2. -en, -\-
[gen'ddojm'],
knowledge
kdnsel, 3. -?z, -1- \_Q€nis9l\^ feeling kdnselverktyg, 5. -et, {(gon'sdlvse'rktyg], organ of (feeling) touch kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla'], feeling kdr, adj. [geir], dear
—
Ilk,
5.
-eZ,
—
[ZiVA:],
dead body,
corpse
Zi/c,
adj.
I.
\liik'\,
like
kdrlek,
^'d7,
2.
3. -e/i, -f- [grrle^k], love
-en, -ar [co^l], keel
A:o76Z, 3. -en, [gol'd], cold A'ora, II. [fo'ra'], to drive
+
resemble liknande, adj. [ZrA:nan'(Za], resembling liksom, conj. [Z^•^•s^?n'], as, as if likvdl, adv. [ZrA^vf'Z], however ZmtZ, 1. -en, -ar [Zm'cZa'], lime-tree,
likna,
[Zi'A:na'], to
korsbdr,
cherry
5.
-e^,
—
linden-tree
linje, 3. -n, -r [Zm.^'9], line
liten, adj. [ZrZan'], small little livsfarlig, adj. [Zrtvs/a'rZz^], dan-
[pcer's&^V],
gerous
livlig, adj.
[ZrvZi^'],
lively, alive
laga, I. [Za'^a'], to get ready, to prepare
livndra, II. [Zrt-n^^'ra], to to nourish
Ijud, 5.
-eZ,
feed,
laga
i
ordning
\la.ga''
it
o'jid-
nir)^\ to put in order
^/ws, 5. -eZ,
— —
[jm.'d],
sound
light
[,/m/s], light
lampa,
1. -n, -or \lam"pa^\ lamp land, 5. -et {lander) \lanict\, land, country
Ijusrod, rosy
adj.
[jm*sr0'<Z],
landskap,
5. -e^
— \lan'dska^p],
[Za^i'cZ-
landscape landstiga, IV. land
Ijuv, adj. [jn^'v], charming, sweet locka, I. [Z^^"a'J, to entice (away), to seduce
lott,
3.
I.
[lan'dsW'ga^,
to
-en, -er
[ZoZ.'],
lot,
fate
lova,
sing
[Zo'ra], to
promise
landstigning, 2. -en, -ar sW-gniij], landing
lovande, adj. [Zovan'cZa], promiluft, 3. -en,
landstdlle, 4. -^, -ti [Za/i'cZs^fZ'a], country-house lapp, 2, -en, -ar [lapf], Lapp lappuiark, 3. -en, -er [Zap 'mar' A;],
luftstreck,
5. -eZ,
+ —
[Zw/'Z], air
[luft'strek''],
lufttom, adj.
void
[Zi^jf^ZZwrn'],
vacuumair-tight,
Lapland
Za.s^a,
[
—
I.
[Zas'^a'], to
in],
latinsk, adj.
ZecZ,
5. -et,
load; — —[laWnsk], limb
in
[le!d],
—
in
lufttdt, adj. [Zw/'ZZf'Z],
hermetical
latin
lugn, adj.
to
leda, II. lead
[Ze'cZa'],
to conduct,
[Zw^^-^n], rest, quietness lukt, 3. -en, -er \luktt], smell f-erj [ZwA:Zluktorgan, 5. -eZ, (?r^a'n], smelling
—
Swedish-English.
177
to facilitate
lummig,
adj.
[lum'ig'],
thick,
Idtta,
I.
[Ist-a'],
tufted, bushy, thick-spreading
lund, 2. -en, -ar [lun^d\, grove lunga, 1. -w, or [Zt^?/a'], lung
Zws^, 3. -en,
latteligen, adv. [Ut'dUgdn], easily Idtffattlig, adj. [Utfaflig], easily understood, easily sible
lustslott,
5.
pleasure castle luck Igcka, 1. -n, [^^^'^'l?
lycklig, adj. [lyklig'], lucky
+ — +
-e^,
[Zi^s.'^],
mind
comprehenonion
[Zws'^sZo^'],
lok,
2.
loseii.
Zoy, 5.
Zoi;as,
—+ —
-e?z,
,
-ar
[/0.'A:],
[lo'san],
[Z0.'?;],
watch-word
leaf
-e^,
I.
[Z0-vas'], to leaf, to cover
2.
-eri,
lyda,
II.
[Z2/'<^3'],
to
obey
with leaves
lyfta^ II. [lyf'ta% te raise Zi/sa, II. [Z2/*6'a'], to light;
[wp.*],
— upp
[lo'g-
lovskog,
leafy
-ar [Zo-vsfc<w'^],
wood
to light
up
bright
lysande, adj.
[Zt/'san'cZa],
„
maka,
makt,
malm.,
I.
Z«^, adj. [loig\ low
Idgland,
Zan'cZ],
5.
-e^,
(—dnder)
long
[Zqt^'s'],
-n,
-or [ma'ita'], wife
-er [ma,k!t], power -er [mal'm], ore
lowland
[Zo2?.'j,
Zaw^, adj.
3. -e?i, 3. -e/i,
2. -ew,
Idnga,
Za?2^s
1.
-ti,
-or
cod-fish
malm,
wan,
3.
[loy's'],
along slow
[ZoT^'va'ri^], long-
ar [maZ.'m], suburb (mannen, man) [man^],
-ew,
Idngsam,
adj. [Z£»7;'saw'],
man
mark,
3.
Idngvarig, adj.
-er
3.
\marik\
soil,
lasting Za^a, IV. [lo'ta'],
ground
to
let (to
have
with an infinitive) Idgga, II. [Ug'a'], to lay Idkare, 5. -n, [Zf/car^'], phy-
-er marmorhild, morhiVd'], marble statue
-en.
[mav-
—
marskalk,
marshal
2. -en,
-ar [marfaUk],
sician
Idkarevetenskap,
3. -en,
-er
[Zf'-
mask, mask,
2.
-en, -ar [mas.^k],
worm
kardve'tdnska^p], medicine
Idkemedel, 5. -e^, [Z^'Arame'cZaZ], medicament, remedy
—
3. -e72. -er [was.'^A:], mask maskineri, 3. -e^, -er [ma/'manV],
Idmna, kvar
I.
[lemna^
to leave;
—
machinery maskinist, 3. -en, -er
machinist
[maf'inis.^t],
[kva'r],
to leave
behind
proper,
Idmplig,
adj. [Um'plig'],
convenient
Idngdmdtt, 5. -e^, long measure
—
massa, 1. -n, -or [mas'a'], heaj), man, block mat, 3. -en, -1- [ma't], food
me<^,
2.
[ZfT^'^^mo^'],
-en,
-ar [we/cZ], runner
(of a sledge)
Idnge, adv. [Z£?/'a'], long Idngs, see: Zan^s [^^??'^J? along
Idngtan, 1. [leytan^ long, longing Zopp, 2. -en, -ar [Zrp.'], lip Idra, 1. -n, -or [Ix'ra], doctrine,
,
—+ —
meddela, I. [me'cZcZe'Za], to inform, to communicate; undervisning [un'ddrvi'sniy'], to teach Medelhavet [me'ddlha'-vdt], the Mediterranean Sea medfora, 11. [me'cZ/o'ra], to bring
—
apprenticeship Idrare, 5. -n, [Ise'rard^ teacher lard, adj. [Z^u^/(i], learned
(take) with
medgiva, IV.
[me'cZji't*^], to agree,
Idrjunge,
Idrka,
Zasa,
1.
2.
-n,
-ar
[Z«"rjw7;'a],
pupil, scholar
-n, -or
[Ise'rka'], lark
II.
acknowledge medicin, 3. -en, [me'cZzst/n], medicine
to admit, to
+
Idsande, ding
[Zrsa'J, to read 4. -^, -J- [Zf'san'da], rea-
medlem, member medlidsam,
2.
-men, -7nar [me'cZZem^], (of a society)
adj.
[me'cZZzcZ'sam],
compassionate
easy
mellerst, adj. [m^'Z/arsZ], middle
ZaZf, adj. [Uti],
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
12
178
Vocabulary.
men, conj. \metn\, but mened, 3. -en, -er [me'ne^d],
oath, perjury
multipUcera,
false
to multiply
I.
[rtiuVtipliseira\
-en, -er
muUipUkand,
3.
[muV[muV-
metall,
'6.
-en, -er \metali\, metal
[me''4dr], metre meter, -n, midnatt, 3. -en, -\- [mi'dnaf], midnight midnattssol, 2. -en [-ar] [mi'dnatsco^l], midnightsun mild, adj. \miV.d\ mild
—
tiplikantd], multiplicand multiplikation, 3. -en, -er
stiplikafoj!n], multiplicsition; tahell, 3. -en, -er [ta'hel% multiplication table multiplikator, 3. -n, -er [mid'-
—
tiplika'tDr% multiplier
miljon,
million
3.
-en,
-er
[mU'joj'n],
minnas, II. [wnVas'], to recall, to remember minne, 4. -^, -n \min'd'-'\, remembrance
munter, adj. [munitdr], gay musik, 3. -en, -j- [muisi'k], music myteri, 3. -ef, -er [m^'^arz.'], mutiny
mdhdnda,
haps maZ, 5.
-ef,
adv. [mo'Jien''da\, per-
minst, adj. [mm.^s^], (the) least minst, adv. [mm/s^], at least minuend, 3. -e^i, -er [mi'nmenid],
man, 3. mdnad,
month
tw^z^^,
—
,
—
3.
[wo.^Z], aim, goal -er [mo.'/i], measure -er [mo'/iacZ'j, -e/i,
missnojd,
satisfied
adj.
5.
[mzs'Tzoj'cZ],
dis-
5.
-et,
—
\mott],
measure
to
misstag, mistake
-e^,
—
mdtta,
\mis'ta''g],
1.
-n,
-f-
[mo^'a'j,
to
be
able (may)
mdkta,
-j-
I.
[??2eZc*fa'J,
be
able
mitt, 3. -en, centre
\mitr\,
middle,
(can)
mod, 5. -et, [mco.'d], courage moder, 2. -?2 (modrar) [mco'ddr^],
mother
—
mdktig,
mdngd,
tity
adj. [mek'tig'"'], powerful 3. -en, -er [mey'd], quan1.
mdnniska,
adj. [m(>j*4/"£Z'<^],
dis-
-?2,
-or [mHi'i/a'], hu-
modfdlld,
man
mdnsklig,
adj.
heartened, discouraged
modig, adj. [mccCcZi^'], courageous modlos, adj. [mw&'s]. dish eartened
man
[m€n'sklig%
mdrkvdrdig,
remarkable
3id].
[mssrkvser^dig],
mogna,
I.
[m<z»-^na'], to ripen
[mo/.^7i], cloud moln, 5. -e^, moralisk, adj. [m<z>r<2.7isA:], moral morfader, 2. [w(wr'/a'c?ar], grand
—
moda, 1. -7^, -or [wioc^a'], trouble morda, I. [mceu^a'], to murder
mor/c, adj. [mcer/A:], dark
marker,
5.
-e^,
-f-
[mcer.'^-arj,
father^
obscurity, darkness
2. -en,
moster,2.-n,-ar\mojsttdr\2i\mi^
motgdng,
adversity
+
morkbld,
blue
adj. [7wcer•^'6/o'],
II.
dark
\m(x)'tgo7)''\
mbta(s),
adj.
[w0*^a'(s')],
to
meet
motsvarande,
[mw^sv«'jr
ra?i6Z9], corresponding motsdgelse, 3. -n, -r [mw tsf '^aZse],
contradiction
nagel,
to
re-
2.
-n,
-ar
[7ia.'^9r|,
nail
mottaga, IV. [mwf^a'^a],
ceive
naken,
adj.
[n<2*/:b>n'],
mulen, adj. [mm'ldn% gloomy mullhdrstrdd, 5. -e^,
overcast,
—
[mwZ*-
name namn, 5. -ef, [namJn^, namngiva, IV. [nawryi'i^a], to name namnkunnig, adj. [nam'wArwn'i^],
famous
—
naked
6«rs^r£*], mulberry-tree
^
by the mother's
side.
Swedish-English.
-en, -er [nam'nkun^skap], nation, 3. -en, -er [natf(o!n], na-
179
namnkunskap, 3.
tion
nationalmuseum,
national
8.
(—museet),
[nor'a% north -ar [nco.'s], nose, snout nu, adv. i e^^ nw [nmf\, in a twinkling nunna. 1. -n, -or [ni^n'a], nun
norra,
adj.
nos,
2. -en,
i-museer) [natfcona'lmmse^um],
museum
-or
[nat're^sa],
nunnekloster, 5. -e^ khs''tdr\ nunnery
—
[nwn'a-
nattresa, 1. -n, night journey
natur, 3. -en, -er [natm'r], nature [natui'rnaturalster, 5. -et, als'tdr], natural product 5. -et, [natm'rnaturforemdl, fo'rdmol], being, body 4. -t, -n [nanaturforhdllande,
— —
ny, adj. [n^/.'], new nyhet, 3. -en, -er [nyihef], news ?i2/ss, adv. [n?/s/j, recently nytta, 1. -n, -4- {nyt'a''], utility, use nyttig, adj. [nyt'ig''], useful na, interj. [no.'], well! nd. III. [no/], to reach, to attain
tui'rfcerhorande], natural condition
ndd, 3. nddig,
-en,
^
[^o/c?], grace,
mercy
adj.
[no'cZi^'J,
merciful,
clement
naturlig, adj. [natuc'rlig], natural naturliv, 5. -et, -\- [natwi'rli''v\,
natural
life
3. -en, -er [natm'rfo'-nhet], natural beauty naturvetenskap, 3. -en, -er[na-
naturskonhet,
ndgorlunda, adv. [no'^orZwn'tZa], somewhat ndmligen, adv. [n£m'%an'J, namely
ndmna,
nar«,
rish
II.
[n^m'na'], to
name
nou-
II. [nse'ra''],
to feed, to
tWj'rveHdnskap, natural science
nedanfor, prep, [ne'dan^for], below, beyond nedgdng, 2. -en, -ar [ne'dgoy^ descent [down nedhugga, IV. [ne'dhug^a], to fell II. O [ne'dleg''a], to nedlagga,
put down nedre, adj. [netdrd], under
ndrheldgen, ndrvaro,
presence
1.
adj.
-n,
[n«r6aZ^^an'],
neighbouring
3.
+
[nas'rva^rcj],
-n, -or [ni'sa^], nose ndsa, ndstan, adv. [n^stan'J, nearly na^, 5. -e^, \nEtt], net
—
nedsjunka, IV. [ne'dfuy^ka],
sink
to
[nit^, nice nocZ, 3. -en, -\- [notd], need,
na^i^, adj.
down
nodsaka,
1.
[no'cZsa'A^a],
to
want com-
nedsld, iV. [we*c?sZo'], to cast down nedstiga, IV. [ne'dsti'ga], to descend
nejc?, 3. -en, -er [nej.'d],
pel, to necessitate
nodvdndig,
adj.
[no'cZvfn'cZi^].
country
njugg,
adj.
[njug!],
avaricious,
eager, niggardly njuta, IV. [njui'ta% to enjoy noggrann,2idj [ti W^raTi'], accurate
.
necessary nojd, adj. [nojVd], pleased, satisfied noje, 4. -^, -n {noj'd''], pleasure not, 3. -en (nbtter) [noit], nut
noggrannhet,
het],
3. -en, -j-
[nco'gran'-
accuracy
3.
-eri,
nomad,
nomad
-er
[ncoma'd],
oansenlig, adj. [wansen'Zz^], unimportant
7iord, 2. -en,
[nojUd], north nordbo, 2.- fejn, -(a)r[noj-j.dbco% northerner
7iorcZisA:,adj .[n<z».Uc?zsA:], north[erly]
+
oanvdndhar,
inapplicable
adj. [6(;*an?;£n'c?5ar].
adj. [(Wai?6rm'^9n], unintermitting o6eA;an^,adj. [(^•6aA;an'^], unknown
oavbruten,
]S/ordsjdn [na)'d,df0^n], the North
obesvdrad,
free,
adj.
[fccSast'^'racZ],
Sea
unconstrained
un-
Nordstjdrneorden [noj'xdfmrndD^rddn], orden of the polar star
obetydlig, adj. [co'bdtyd^lig], important
12^
180
Vocabulary.
3. -en,
ocean,
-er [co'sda'n], ocean
operahus,
ore?,
5.
5. -e^,
—
[oj'pdrahco^s],
ock, conj.
[okfj, also
opera house
-e^,
oeksd, conj. [ok'so], also, likewise odla, I. [w<^/3'], to till, to cultivate
—
[^^/^tZ],
word
odlingshar,
arable
adj.
[M'dliifshar],
unfit,
[oxdrn'tlig], orderly (properly) ordna, I. [oVKi/ia'], to set in or-
ordentlig,
adj.
der
adj.
oduglig,
[oj'dmg^lig],
ordnande,
4.
-^,
-tz
[o"u,cZnan'cZ9],
useless, unsuitable oemotstdndlig , adj.
[o^'emoj"^ ston^dlig], irresistible
arrangement, organisation ordning, 2. -e?i, -ar [o'rdniy^
order, arrangement
oersdttlig, adj. [w^rs^-^'/t^], irreparable, not to be replaced ofantlig, adj. [oj'fan'tlig], enor-
ordsprdk,
organ,
5. -ef,
— [<i>V(Zspro'A:],
proverb, saying
5. -e^ [orga.'n], organ oriktig, adj. [wriZc'^], incorrect oriktighet, 3. -e?z, -er [oj'rik^tighet], incorrectness
mous, huge
[5>/'ar], sacrifice offer, 5. -ef, officerare [ofisetrard], officer sacrifice Oj^?^a, I. [of'ra^], to
—
o/i(a, adv.
[of'ta'''],
often
oforgdnglig,
perishable
[cj'fcerjey'lig],
imun-
ogunstig,
adj.
[orgun^stig],
[oj'roj'], agitation oro, 3. -91, orolig, adj. [6;-r6;'Zi^], agitated, unsettled orsak, 3. -en, -er [6;*rsa'A:], cause osa, I. [co'sa'], to smell
+
favourable
oinskrdnkt, adj.
unlimited
[wiwsA:r£??7t'^],
otalig, adj. [<w'?^a7z^], innumerable otdlighet, 3. -e?i, -f- [<^*to7f^i^e^],
okunnigliet, 3. -e?i, het], ignorance
+ [co'kunHgunknown
impatience
oM^, adj. \o)'t£''t\, not tight oupphorlig, adj. [<:j*Mj)Ace'r%],
continual
outtrottlig,Si,d]. [co'iatrofUg'], in-
okdnd,
adj. [^^'f^n'cZ],
olik(a), adj. [<z>'/z'/[;a], unlike olikhet, 3. -ew, -er [tocZfMe^],
difi'erence
defatigable
olycka,
1.
-w, -or
[<^>-Z2/A:'a],
mis-
ovan, adv. prep. [6f;*ra'w], above ovanfor, prep, [coi.yan'/cer], above
oval, adj.
[(i;?;a/Z],
fortune
ombud,
0. -et,
—
oval
[om'6m'c?], deto
puty, messenger omfatta, I. [am'/a^'a],
com-
prehend, to comprise
ovanlig, adj. [66»'i;«'nZz^], extra[der storm ordinary thun\(xJ'vi-''ddr'\, evader, 5. -eZ, odndlig, adj. [wfn'dZi^], infinite
—
omflytta,
nij)},
I.
omgivning,
[om'flyt^a], to remove 2. -en, -ar [om'ji'v[om*ji't*a],
environs
to
omgiva, IV.
sur-
round, to encircle
omkring, adv. [om'Arn'T;'], around omrdde, 4. -^, -ti [om'ro'da], district, domain
omtala,
sible
I.
paljett, 3. -ew, -er [paZJeZ/], tinsel paljetterad, adj. [ paljete'rad^], tinselled paZm, 3. -en, -er [paZ/m], palm
panna,
head
1.
-n,
-or [pa'na*], fore-
[om'te'Za], to report
[ct>'7no[/Zz^],
papper,
5.
-e^,
—
6.
[per [pa'par'], pa
omojlig, adj.
2.
impos-
onkel, -n, -ar [oyikdl], uncle onodigtvis, adv. [toi'Tie'di^^m],
unnecessarily
_parA:, 3. -en, -er [pax'Ac], passa, I. [pas'a'], to suit; [po], to pay attention
park
— pd
^
passagerare,
-n,
—
[^Jas'a-
fe'rard], passenger
-f- [oj-oj.dni'o^],
oordning,
disorder
2.
-e?i,
patronkok,
5.
-eZ,
—
[patroj'n-
ge^k], cartridge-box
Swedish-English.
181
penning sunima, 1. -tz, -or Yjpsn'iysum^a], sum (of money)
person,
3.
raseri,
3.
-ei(,
-J- [ra'sdrii],
mad-
ness, fury
-en,
3.
-er
-en,
[psersoj^n^
-er
person personlighet,
rastlos, adj. [ras'ZZo's], restless rec?a, II. [re'da^], to prepare
[pser-
redan, adv. [re'dan'], already
sco'nlighe't], personality piano, 4. -t, -n [piahico], piano-
redogora,
to report
II.
©
[^^e'cZiyjce'ra],
plan, plan,
5. -et, 3. -en,
—
[cross bar
[pla!7i'], plain, flat
regel,, 2.
-?i,
-ar
[re'g9l%
bolt,
-er
{plain'],
plan,
design plats, 3. -en, -er {platts], place plocka, I. [plok'a,'], to gather
re^eZ, 3. -n, -er [re'igr^Z'j, rule regent, 3. -en, -er [reji'fn.'f], regent religion, 3. -en, -er [re'Z2^i(^».'n],
religion
ploja,
II.
[j9?cy'a'], to
plotslig, adj.
plough [pZofsZ/o'], sudden
poetic(al)
poetisk, adj.
[p6o>e.^^^s/c],
ren, 2. -en, -ar [re/n], reindeer ren, adj. [re/n], pure, clear rent av [reint aiv\, candidly
polhojd,
latitude
3.
-en, -er
[porlhoj'd],
renlav,
lichen
2.
-en,
-ar
[re'?iZa'i?],
polsk, adj. [pqZ.^sZc], Polish polska, 1. -7i, -or [?)DZ'sA:a'], polka predika, I. [^^ra^zVAra], to preach pressa, I. [pre^s'a'], to press; samman [sam'an"'], to compress prins, 2. -e/i, -ar [_prm/s], prince
resa, 1. -n, -or [re'sa'], journey,
travel
—
resa,
resande,
rest,
3.
II. [re"sa'], to travel, to raise 5. -n, [re'san'cZa],
—
traveller
-en,
-er [resif],
3.
rest re-
produkt,
3.
-erz,
-er [projdukit], -er {prco'md-
produce, product
maining restauration,
-en -er [r^-s'Zo-
promenad,
S. -en,
natd], walk, walking
promenadplafs,
3. -en, -er
[proj'
ra/c'j.^n], restaurant riddare, 5. -n, [rid'ard']. knight ridknekt, 2. -en, -ar [ri'dknek''t],
—
mdua'dplafs], walking place
protestantisk, adj. [prco'testan.'tisk], protestant
groom
(soldier)
7Hk, adj. [riik], rich nA;e, 4. -t, n. [rrZ:a'], realm
pryda, II. {pryta^], to adorn prdstman, -nen, -man [pres'tman'], priest
rikedom,
2. -en, -ar [rr^'acZ^f^m'], riches, wealth
prova,
I.
[pro'va^
-71,
to test
[rik'sdagsriksdagshus, 5. -e^ hm's], Swedish parliament
—
puka, 1. drum
punkt,
pasta.
-or [jjm'A:^'], kettle-
riktning,
direction
2. -en,
-ar [rik'tniy'],
[W?;.'],
-er [pwT^/A:^], point [po's^o'], to maintain, to assert
3. -e?z, III.
2.
ring,
2. -en,
I.
-ar
ring
ringa. II. ringakta,
[n*?;-a'],
to ring [ri7;'a/c'Za], to disdain,
-en, -ar [po'va'], pope pals, 2. -en, -ar [p^Z.'s], fur
pave,
to despise
pdronformig,
pdrontrd,
pear wood
adj.
[p^'ron/br'-
rinna, IV. risknippa,
fagot
[n'n'a'], to flow
1. -n,
-or [ri's/cjzip'a],
mz^], pear shaped
4. -eZ,
5.
-n [pse'rontre^],
-ef,
WsZa,
I.
in
pdrontrdd,
^rf'],
—
[p^'ron-
pear tree
rest ro, 2. -n, [rco*.'], roa, I. [rjwa'], to amuse rock, 2. -en, -ar [rok!], dress-coat
+
[ris'ta^], to
engrave
ropa,
ros,
I.
[rcocpa'], to call
1. -en,
-or
[rojis], rose
R
racZ, 3. -en, -er \ra^d], line,
rosenkind, 3.-en,-er [rco'Sdncin'd], rosy- cheek
rank
raket,
3.
-en, -er [raA:e.^^], rocket
rosendoft, 3. -en, -er [rorsdndofH], perfume of roses
182
Vocabulary.
[rojtt], root lrul-a^\ to roll 5. -met, [rwm/], room,
I.
rot, 3.
en (rotter)
S
saga,
sak,
1. -n,
rulla,
rtira,
—
space
-or [sa'ga^], legend, cause
\ryk'a% rycka, rygg, 2. -en, -ar [ryg!], back
rykte,
4. -^,
II.
to pull, to tear
tale, fable 3. -en, -er \sa!k], thing,
I.
-n \ryk'td''\ reputation,
5. -e^,
sakna,
renown rymdmdtt,
[sa'kna^], be in need of
to
miss, to
— [r^m'd^wo^'],
fly
cubic measure
sakta, adj. [sak'ta^], soft, slow saZ, 2. -en, -ar [.9a.7], hall, room, saloon
saltsjo [sal'tfo^^, saltsea samhdlle, 4. -t, -n [sam'hel^d],
society
rymma,
II.
[ryma'], to
[rys'lan^d], Russia rytteri, 3. -ef, -er [ryt'drit], cavalry rdd, 5. -e^, \rotd\, counsel advice
Eyssland
—
samhdllsordning,
2.
-en,-{-[sam'-
rddsherre,
councillor
2. -n,
-ar [rod'shse'rd],
rye
hdso'rdniy], social order samhdllsskick, 5. -et, -\- [sam'-
rag,
2. -en,
I.
+
[ro.^.^],
rdka,
rdcka,
[ro'A^a'], to get, to prove,
II.
h£lsfik% social condition samla, I. [sawZa'], to collect,
assemble
to
to turn out
\r£k'a^\ to pass, to give
I.
reach,
to
samling,
2.
-e/i,
-ar [samdiij^,
adj.
collection
rddda,
liver
\r£d'a%
2. -en,
to save, to de-
sammanhdngande,
her)''aiidd\,
[sam'an-
continuous, connected,
II.
rdddning,
-ar \rEd'ni7)^\ salvation, deliverance rdkneord, 5. -et, {rek'ndOjUd],
coherent
sammanldgga,
Ug'a], to place
O
O
to
[sam'antogether
—
(to put),
numeral rdknesdtt,
rule
(adjective)
5. -et,
— [rsk'ndsd'],
[r^:^/],
sammansdtta,
sefa],
to construct
II.
[samancombine,
to compose,
5. -et,
rdtt, 3. -en [+], -er
right,
samsprdk,
— [sam' spo^k],
law
rdtt, adj.
[r^if'],
conversation
right (righteous)
[r^^'a'], to
rdtta, std
till
rdtta
be
samt, conj. [sam.'^], (with) and samtala, I. [sam'^a'Za], to converse
sued at law rdttfar dig, adj.
righteous, just
\ret'fse^rdig\
samtid,
age
3. -en, -er [sam'ti^d],
the
we
live
in
(our
contem-
rdttrddig, adj. {rEt'ro^dig}, right, honest
rdttvisa,
1. -?2
up-
poraries)
+
[vet'vi'sa], justice
rod, adj. [roid], red
rdja, II. reveal
[roiy'a'],
to disclose,
to
rok,
2. -en,
II.
rona,
row?!, 2. T07^a, II. [rcB'ra'], to
-ar [re^k], smoke experience -en, -ar [ron!], roan-tree
[reiia.'], to
samtida, adj. [sam'ti'da], contemporaneous sandhed, 2. -en, -ar [san'dhe'd], sandy heath sandsten, 2. -en, -ar [san'dste'n], sand stone sandds, 2. -en, -ar [san'd'o's], sand ridge
sann, adj. [san'], true schweizare, 5. -n, [fv€J'sa'rd%
move,
to con-
cern
—
rorande [rceran^dd], concerning
rorelse, 3. -n, -r
[?'oe'raZ.99'],
Swiss
se. III
mo-
O
[se.'\,
[.se.^],
to see
vement, motion
se ut
to look
sedan, adv. [se'dan% since sedermera, adv. [se'^armeVa],
since, afterwards
Swedish-English.
seger, 2. -n, -ar [setgdr\ victory segla, I. \se'gla% to sail sen, adj. \^sein\ late serrera, 1. [sasrveira], to serve sic?a, 1. -71, -or [srdd% side
si7Z, 2.
183
IV.
juta,
—
[/^a•^a'],
to
shoot;
hort [holW], to shoot away sonder [sdntd9r\ to off;
—
shoot to pieces
-en,
4.
-ar
-t,
[silf],
herring:
[sil'Jis^k9],
skjutvapen, 5. -et, [fm'tva^pdn], fire arm skodon, pi. [sA:6;"d^Qn'], shoes
sA;o^, 2. forest
-e?!,
—
sillfiske,
-n
-ar
[skco.'g],
wood,
herring-fishery silver, 5. -et, -|- [siltvdr], silver silvervinge, 2. -ew, -ar [s^7'v^r?;%'a]. silver- wing
simma,
I.
[sm"a'], to
-^,
swim
3. -eri, -er [skorgsmar^k], woodland skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la'"'], school skolgosse, 2. -??., -ar [sA^f^'Z^Qs'a],
skogsmark,
[sm'9'], sense sitta, IV. [sz^'a'], to sit
.9m?ze, 4.
-7z
pupil, scholar
sA:o^^, 5. -ef,
—
[sA:£>^/],
shoot
sjukdom,
disease
2. -en,
-ar [/m*A:6?&;m'],
to
skrapa, I. (avj
[s/cra'pa'], to scrape
sjunka,
ned [neid\, to sink down sjdl, 2, -672, -ar \fetT\, soul s?o, 2. -n, -ar [fhf]. sea skada, 1. -w, -or [.9A;a*6?a'], damage, injury skada, I. [sZ^a'c?a'],
to
—
IV.
[/w?;*A:a'],
sink;
skrift, 3. -en, -er [skrifH], handwriting
skrdddare,
tailor
5. -n,
II.
—
[sA^r^c^'ara'],
skrdmma,
[sA^'/'^m'a']
,
to
damage
frighten, to startle skrdmsel, 3. -n, -}- [skremtsdl], fright
skadlig, adj. [.sA:a-^%'], injurious, prejudicial, pernicious skaffa, I. [skaf'a!''], to procure
skugga, 1. -n, -or [sA:w^'a'], shade skuggig, adj. [sZcw^'i^^'], shady skiddra, 1. -n, -or [sA:itZ't?ra'],
shoulder
sA:wZZ,
.
.
.
skaka, I. skapa, I. skapare,
creator
.9A:a^f, 3.
[sA:a'A:a'], to
shake
[sZca'^a'], to create
5.
-?i,
—
/or
sake
5.
.
.
.
skull [skult],
for
[s^'a•par^'],
skydd,
-en, -er [skat!], tax, duty,
-et,
—
[/^/c?'],
shelter,
guilty,
rate,
impost
I.
]^
refuge skyldig,
obliged,
adj.
[fyl'dig'l
[y^m."^^],
skat' 81% to tax .9A^e, III. [j'ef\, to happen, to occur, to take place skepp, 5. -et, [fepi], ship
skatta,
bound
-ar
sky7nt,
2. -en,
shimmer
—
skeppare,
shipper
5.
-ti,
—
skynda, I. [/2/^*c?a'] to hasten skada, I. [sA:o'cZa'], to look at
skddespel,
5. -ef,
[fep'ard^],
—
[s/tJo*c?aspa'Z],
sight, spectacle
skeppsbord
board
[fep-sb(o-j,d\,
ship-
skick, 5, -ef, [/lA:.'], condition skicka, I. [/zVt^'a'], to send skicklig, adj. [fik'lig'-], clever, convenient, suitable adv. skiftesvis, [/^/'•^^,9v^'s], alternately, reciprocally skilja, II. [ /z7:;a'], to separate skillnad, 3. -en, -er [/z7??ac?'], difference
—
Skdne [sA^o'na'], Scania skdgg, 5. -ef, [A^-'], beard skdrgdrd, 2. -en, -ar [fx'rgo''rd\
—
archipelago (near the sea side)
skon, adj. [fo'n], pretty skonhet, 3. -en, -er [/o'n^e'f], beauty
skote, 4. -f, -n [fo'td''], bosom slag, 5. -et, [sla'g], battle, spe-
—
cies
slaveri, 3.
-et,
-\- [sla^vdri!],
sla-
skimra,
skingra,
skinn,
I.
I.
[/?m"ra'], to twinkle [y^2?ra'], to disperse,
very slippa, IV. [sZzp'a'], to escape, to
get
to scatter
5. -e^,
—
away
[/m.'J, hide
slott, 5. -et,
—
[slotr\,
castle
184
Vocabulary.
a few,
2. -en, -ar [slus^], sluice slut, 5. -et, [slm!t], end sluta, I. [slm'ta^, to finish, to end
sluss,
—
somliga, pron.
[si?7n'Zz^a'],
some souimar,2.-en (somrar) [som:ar%
sluta, IV. [slm'ta^], to lock slutlig, adj. [s/m'fZ(^'], final slufligen, 3idY.[sluL'tkgdn% finally slutta, I. \^sluta'\ to slope
summer sommarhostad,
2.
-e??.
(bostdder)
[som'arbco'stad], sonson, 3. -en (.
so'nj,
summer house
.
.
soner) [so^n-
sluttning,
slope
sZa, III.
2. -e?^,
-ar [sZw^'ni?;],
grandson
O — ut [udt],
[slo!], to beat, to
throw; to strike out, to beat
sldde, 2.-71, -ar. [sh'dd^], sledge, sleigh sldkt, 3. -en, -er [sUJdt], race, fa-
sorg, 3. -eri, -er [sar.^*], sorrow sorglig, adj. [sor*J%'], sorrowful so^i^, adj. [stoi'^i^'], sooty sova, IV. [so'z;a'], to sleep
sovande,
mily
sldkte, 4. -t, generation
-n Yslek'td^l, race,
adj. [so*7;a7i'cZa], sleeping spegla, I. [spe'^Za'], to reflect I. spela, [spe'Za^], to play spets, 2. -n, -ar [spe/^s], point,
top,
head
1. -n,
sldkting,
lative
2. -en,
-ar
[^sUk'tiif)'''],
re-
spira,
-or [spi'ra^], sceptre
sZaY^, 3. -en, -er [sUtt], plain sldttland, 5. -e^ f. . . lander)
.
sprida, IV. [^spri'da'''], to spread springa, IV. [spr^'a'], to run springhrunn, 2. -e?!, -ar [s^jW?;"6rwn'], fountain
\sl€t'la!'nd], plain smak, 2. -e?i, -f- [sma/A;J, taste
sprdk,
sprdnga, up
s^ar,
5.
5.
-e^,
—
[spro'k],
to
smaka,
I.
[sma'fca'], to taste
[s77ia.'Z],
language, tongue
II.
.9ma?, adj.
to slink
narrow
[sprey'a'],
blow
trace,
smygain, IV. [sm^/'^a'], to smuggle,
smd,
adj. [smof\, small, little smale. III, [swo'Ze'], to smile
-e^,
—
[s^o.V],
O
smdvdxt,
sized
adj. [smo'vfA^'s^],
under-
way-road spdrvagn, 2. -en, -ar [spo'rvay^n], tramcar
track,
spdd,
adj. [spe'd],
tender, gentle
smdlta, II. [smf/'^a'J, to melt; hort [hortt], to melt away snickare, 5. -w, [sm/c*a?"a'],
—
—
spdnna, II. [spen'a\ to bend spdnne, IV. [sp£?i*9'], buckle spdnning, 2. -en, -ar [spr?i'%],
tension
joiner
snille, 4.
-^,
-n
{snil'9''],
genius
sporja,
s^ac?,
3.
II.
O
[s^^cer'ja']
,
to
snillrikhet, 3. -e?i -\-[snil'rik''het], ingenuity sno, 2. -n, -\- [snof], snow
question
-en
5.
(stdder)
[sta:d],
town
snoglopp,
snowdrift
5.
-e^
-f
[s^0'^Zoi3'],
snogrdns,
limit of
2. -en, -er
[sno'^ren's],
stadsldkare, -n, [stad'sUkard'], town physician s^am, 2. -men, -war [.9fam/],
stem, race
—
snow
snomassa, 1. -n, -or [sno'mas'a], mass of snow snomoln, 5. -e^, [sn0moZ'n], cloud of snow
standar,
standard
5.
-e^,
—
[s^ancZa.V],
stay, to to re-
—
stanna, remain
I.
;
to — kvar \kva^r\
[s^an'a'],
[^starik],
3.
snoyra, storm socken,
sol, 2.
1.
-n, -f- [s7i0*2/'ra],
snow-
main
stark, adj.
strong
stat, 3. -en, er [s^a/^], state
2. -en,
-ar
[soAr/an], parish,
district
-e?i,
-ar [sojU], sun
solsken, shine
5. -et,
—
-nen (-mdn) [sta'tsstatsmann, Tnan'], statesman
sun{steig^\ steg steg, 5. -e^, s^e^e, 2. -n, -ar [s^e'^a'], ladder
[sco'lfe^n[,
—
Swedish -English.
steka, II. [ste'ka^'], to roast steUf 2. -eiif -ar [ste-^n], stone stenart, 3. -en, -er [ste'naUt], species (kind) of stone
185
I. [sZm'pa'], to fall styrelse, 3. -n, -r [s^^/'^^Zsa'j, administration, government
stupa,
stenkol,
stenrike,
5. -et,
— [stenko^T],
coal,
sZ^/v, adj. std, III.
[s^2/'^])
stiff
; ;
O
[.9Zo.'], to stand jtof],
— ut
pit-coal
4. -n [ste'nri^kd], -t, mineral kingdom sticka, IV. [^stik'af], to stick, to
[iM-t], to stand (out) stdt, 2. -en, -f- \^stoit\
pomp
stdtlig, adj. [sZoZ'Zigf'], pompous stddse, adv. [sZf "cZsa'], steadily, conftdlla,
ifantly II.
sting, to prick stig, 2. -en, -ar [stiig'], path stiga, IV. \^sti'g^a\, to mounj^o
[sZfZ'a'],
to place;
—
ascend, to put up (at hotrfsetc.)
stilla, adj. [sfrZa'J, quiet, peaceful
?/pp [wp^J, to set up, to erect stdlle, 4. -t, -n [stel a'], place, spot stdllning, 2. -en, -ar [s^fZ*?z%*],
position
stjalk, 2. -e/i, -ar ifeltlc], stalk stjdrt, 2. -ew, -ar [/^x^^], tail
stockholmare, 5. -??, hol'mard], Stockholmer
—
[s^r^Zc"-
stoft, 5. -e^, [stofH], dust s^oZ, 2. -en, -ar [stojU], chair .9^0 Z^, adj. [stol't], proud
.92^or,
+
-or [sZfm'a'], voice [sZfm'pZa*], to stamp stdnder, pi. [sZ£n.'Sar], states general
stdmma,
1. -n,
I.
stdmpla,
adj. [sZoj.V], great adj.
[sZtocra'^tZacZJ,
storartad,
stdndig, adj. [s^an'cZz^^], constant stora, II. [sZo'ra'], to trouble stora, I. [sZo'ra'], to prop stdta, II. [sZ0*^3'], to push, to
hurt, to thrust
grand, magnificent storhet, 3. -e/i, -er [stco'rhe't], grandeur, greatness storlek, 2. -en, -ar [stco'rle*k],
size
subtrahend,
hen.'d],
3. -en, -er
I.
[sub'tra-
subtrahera,
subtract
[sub'trahe!ra], to
[si<Z>'-
storm, 2. -e?z, -ar [sfor.'m], storm stormakt, 3. -e?2, -er [sZ^'rmaA:^], great power
3. -en, strdnder [strantd], shore, strand strax, adv. [s^ra/t'.'s], presently sZrzcZ, 2. -en, -er [stri'd], strife,
subtraktion,
3. -en, -er trakfco.'n^, subtraction
straffa, strand,
I.
[sZra/'a'], to
punish
suck, 2. -en, -ar [sukf], sigh sw^a, IV. [sm'ga% to suck
summa,
sund, 5. suverdn,
1. -n,
-or [si/m'a^],
sum
swn«i, adj. [sun^d], healthy
-et,
—
[sun.'d], strait
dispute strida, II. [sZrrcZa'], to fight, to quarrel, to dispute stripig, adj. [strfpig'], shaggy strdla, I. [stro'la^], to beam
-er [sm?;ar£/n], sovereign svag, adj. [sva.^^], feeble weak svan, 2. -en, -ar [sva/n], swan svart, adj. [sva.^.'^^], black
3.
-en,
svartaktig,
blackish
st-eA^,
adj.
[s?;au-'ZaA:'Zz^],
strdcka, II. [sZrfZ:a'], to stretch ut [mtf], to stretch out strdnga, I. [sZr£:7;'a*], to string student, 3. -en, -er [sZmcZfn/Z],
—
;
5.
-ef,
-|- [s?;e/A:],
deceit
svenska, 1. -n, Swedish lady
-or
[si'fn'sA:^*],
student
[sZmcZe.Va], to study studie, 3. -n, -r [stmtdid], study
Sverige
I.
{sv$Rrt{i)jd\,
Sweden
studera,
studium, 3. studiet, studier [stm^dium], study stund, 3. -en, -er [sZwn/cZ], moment stundom, adv. [j^^wn'cZo^n'j, sometimes
svika, IV. [svi'ka'], to deceive svdr, adj. [svo.V], difficult, heavy svdrighet, 3. -en, -er [sz;o*W^^e'Z],
difficulty
svdrd, svdva,
5.
I.
-eZ,
—
[svse^id'],
sword
[st'f.-ya'J,
to hover
sydlig, adj. [s^'<:Z%'], southern S2/n, 3. -en, -er \^sytn\ view, sight
186
Vocabulary.
IV. \ta'ga% to take; hort \hodit\ away fatt
synas, II. {sy'nas% to seem, to appear synharligen, adv. [synbarligdn^],
visibly
taga,
\_fati\
—
—
;
—
—
—
catch,
to seize;
in
i
synnerhet,
synnerhet
\_syn'9r-
he't], especially, principally
synnerlig, adj. [^syn'drlig*\ especial
\taik\ roof speech tala, I. \ta'la'\ to speak, to talk talande, adj. [ta'lan^dd], exprestak,
tal, 5. -et,
\tatT\,
\ini], to 5. -et,
— —
take in
syskon, pi. and sisters
sysselsdtta,
\^sys'kon^'\,
brothers
sive
taZriA:, adj.
II.
O
\^sys'dls£t'a], to
be occupied
syssling, 2. -n, -ar [sys'liif], son of cousin-german
syster,
2. -n,
\talri^k\ numerous tand, 3. -en, tdnder [tantd], tooth tanke, 2. -en, -ar [tay'kd*], thought tankfull, adj [taykful^ thought.
ful
-ar
[^sya'tdr^],
sister
sdlunda
Yso'lunda^], so
sdngldrare, 5. -n, singing master
— [soy'Wrard],
tapper, adj. [tapidr], brave tapperhet, 3. -en, -\- [tap'drhe't], bravery
tecken,
5.
I.
-eZ,
—
[fe/u^n], sign
tile
sdra, I. [so'ra^], to wound sdde, 4. -^, -n Ise'dd'], seed sdker, adj. [s£~/A:ar], certain, sure 5a^a, II. [sE'ga,% to say sdllan, adv. [sfZ'ari'], seldom
sdllskap,
5.
-ef,
teckna,
[ZeA^'na'], to sign
^e^eZ, 5. -e^,
—
2.
[te.'g9l],
Zerm,
ZzcZz^,
3.
-en, -er [txrtm],
term
Zid, 3. -en, -er [ZzVcZ], time adj. \ti'dig^, early
company sdndebud,
5. -e^,
— —
[sfZ'sfca'p],
tidrdkning,
nf?;], till och
-en,
ar
[Zi'cZr^'A;-
era
[sf?2*(^a&m'6?],
med
\tili
messenger sdnda, II. [s^n'^a*], to send smi^, 2. -671, -ar [se??.'], bed sdnka, II. [s£?;"A;a*], to sink
sdrskild, adj.
different
[,9^'r/VZ'cZ],
tillhaka,
adv.
[ZzZ"6a^A:a],
okt me'd], even back,
ago
{tiVhriifa'], to tillhringa, II. bring; to spend, to pass (of time)
tillfdlle,
4. -t,
O
various,
diffe-
-n [til'fsVd],
oc-
sdrskilt, rently
sdtt, 5.
adv.
[5«'r/VZ'^],
-eif,
—
[s£-f.'],
way
sdtta, II. [sf:^"3'], to set; [m!t], to set out, to expose
—
cassion, opportunity tiUfdllighet, 3. -en, -er [tiVfeVighet], casuality
ut
tillgodo,
hdlla
med ndgot
till-
soder,
3.
soder southward sodra, adj. [so'cZra'], southern
soka,
II.
-n, -\- [so.'ddr], south ut, adv. [soiddr ui't],
godo
be content with, to be put up with
[til'goj'doj], to
out [up;]f sot, adj. [soH], sweet
—
[s0A:a'], to seek
;
— upp u
tillgdnglig, adj. [til'j€y'lig'\, accessible, susceptible [tiVjeVp'], tillhjdlp, 2. -en, help, cooperation
+
tillhora, II. [til'ho'ra'], to belong tillika \til'li*ka'\, at once, conjointly
tack, 2. -en,
+
3.
tacka,
I.
[ZaA:'3*],
[tak^], thank(s) to thank
tillrdda, II. [Zi7'ro*(Za], to advise, to counsel
tillskynda,
I.
[Zz'Zy^n'cZa]
,
to
tacksam, adj. [^aAr'sam'], thankful tacksamhet, 3. -en, -|- [tak'saTnh&t], thankfulness
cause, to occasion
tillstyrkan, 1. kan], advice
tillstddes
[(to
— +
, ,
[til'styu*-
tacksdgeUe,
-n, -r [tak'se^gdl-
[til'ste'dds]
present
Sd], thank(s)
be) inj
Swedish-English.
187
tillvaro,
3.
-n,
-f-
{til'va^rcJ],
presence
tillvdga, adv. (to bring) tillagg, 5. -et, tillagga, II.
\til'VE^gd\,
about
trdng, adj. [troT)!:], narrow trdd, 5. -et, [tr€!:\ tree trddgdrd, 2. -eri, -ar [^r^'^o'u-c?],
—
— {tiVUg^ addition
[tiVleg^a], to
garden trddskola,
1. -?2,
-or
[^r^-'s/cct^'Za],
add
timma,
titel,
2.
2.
-n, -ar [tim'a,^ hour -en, -ar [tit!dl], title
[fitfsa'], to
tree-nursery trdffa, I. [^r£/*a*], to meet
trdng a,
throng
II.
[Zr£7;'a'],
to press, to
tjock, adj. [gok!], thick
;^y?/sa,
I.
charm
ijdna, I. [^^'na'], to serve -ijdnare, 5. -n, IgCnard*], servant
tjdnst, 3.
-e?2,
trdng set, crowd
trotta,
I.
3.
-n,
-\-
[treyisdl],
[ZroZ"a'], to tire, to ex-
haust
-er
[c£n.''s^],
service
tjdnste ande, 2. -?i^ -ar [gen'stdan'dd], ministering spirit tolka, 1. [tol'ka'], to explain, to
interpret
tu [tia!], two tunga, 1. -ti, -or [ifw?;'a*], tongue tunna, 1. -ri, -or [tun' a'], tun tunnel, 2. -n, tunnlar [tundli],
tunnel
tona, topp,
I. [^Co>"7i3'],
to sound, to tone
[topi],
2.
-en,
-ar
top
Turkiet
[tur'ki'df],
[^t;z?;"a*],
Turkey
to
toppmossa,
torka, torsk,
I.
1. -n,
-or [fj)p"m0s'a],
to dry
tvinga, IV.
pecked (night)-cap
[^D.fyfca'],
tvivel, 5. -ef,
—
[tvitvaT],
compel doubt
2.
-en, -ar [tojJsk], cod
tvdng, -et, -fcompulsion
[^vo??.'],
constraint,
country trapp, 2. -ew, -ar [^rap.'^J, trap trappa, 1. -n, -or [^rap'a'], staircase
^raA^f, 3. -e?i, -er [fraL'^],
^-yar, adj. [tvseir], blunt,
hasty
tvdrtom. adv. [^v^^TZom*], on the
contrary
ty, conj.
[Z2//],
trappsteg,
stair
5.
-e^,
—
for,
as
[trap'ste'g],
tycka,
II.
[si'g],
3.
[%A:'a'], to like to think;
— om
;
— sig
[omi],
to
trasig, adj. [^ra'si^'j, shabby
trevnad,
-en,
5.
+
to like, to
be fond of
to
\tre'vnad%
tyda,
II.
[ty'da'].
point,
comfort, wellbeing
trevdningshus,
high trippa,
-et,
—
signify
\tre'-
i:oni7)shm's], house three stories
I. [trip'a*],
tysk, adj.
[Z^/s.Vt:],
German
Trjskland [tys'klan^d], Germany
tyst, adj. [tys.'t], still tystldten, adj. [tys'tlo^tdn],
taci-
to trip, to trot
tro, 3. -n, -|- [^rw;], faith tro, III. [frw.^], to believe
turn
trogen, adj.
[^roj'^9?i'], faithful
trolig, adj. [^r&;*Z{^'], probable trolos, adj. [^rc^^'Zo's], faithless ifroTi, 3. -en, -er \trojin\, throne trossvagn, 2. -en, -ar [tros'vay'n],
[Zo.^^], train ^%, 5. -eZ, Z%a, I. [to'ga^], to march,
—
to go
tdga,
[to'ga'], fibre ifaZa, II. [ZoZa'], to stand, to bear,
1.
-71,
-or
to support
tdlig, adv. [to'lig% patient tar, 2. -en, -ar [to.'r], tear tdcka, II. [ffA;"a'j, to cover
luggage-waggon, convay
trupp,
tryck, sion
3.
5.
-en, -er \trupt]. troop
-e^,
—
\tryki],
impres-
tdcke, 4.
^aZZ,
5.
-^,
trycka, II. [iryka% to punt, to press trygg, adj. [tryg!], sure, secure
tryggJiet, 3. -eri, -f- [tryg'he't], surety, security 2. -en, -ar [tro'd], thread ^r<|d^,
-eZ,
tdnka,
tic(al)
II.
[tsUt], tent [Zf??"^^*]; to think
—
-?2
[t€k'd% cover
ZaZ, .adj.
[teU],
-e>i,
close,
[ZfZ/ie^Z],
hermeclose-
tdthet, 3.
+
ness
188
Vocabulary.
to emulate,
tdvla,
torriy
I.
\t£v'ln*\
to
contend
2.
II.
universitet, 3. -eri, -er [rn'mvaersit9't], university
-men, -mar
\tdint],
rein
universitetsldrare
,
5.
-??,
—
tora,
O
[^ce'ra'J,
may,
(shall)
[m'niv8ersitd'tsWrard\ university teacher, professor
unge,
2. -n,
U
umgds,
quent,
to hide
III,
upp och ned
and down uppdrag, 5.
-ar [uy'd^l, young one [up! ot ne:d\, up
-et,
—
[up'dia^g],
li-
[um'go^s], to freto have intercourse with
II.
O
mission, task
uppehdlle,4. -t,-\-]up9-h£rc)],
velihood, living
midangomma,
under,
vel,
5. -et,
[un'danjom'a],
[un'ddr], mar-
uppenbara,
I.
[up'dnba^ra],
to
—
wonder
2. -en,
under avdelning,
underbar,
derful
adj.
-ar [un'-
manifest, to reveal uppfart, 3. -en, -er ascension, ascent
[up'fa\(f],
ddra'vdelnii)], subdivision
[unddrba^i^], won3. -en,
-\-
I. \up'fms^trH\, to bring np, to educate uppfriska, I. [up'fris^ka], to refresh, to revive
uppfostra,
undergivenhet,
[un'-
uppfylla,
II.
[up'fgl'a], to
lill
up
ddrji'vdnhet], resignation
uppfora,
uppfftfi^
II.
[w^'/ora], to erect,
underhandla,
to negotiate
I.
\un'd9rhan'dla].
2. -e?2,
to establish
underhandling,
-ar
[wrz'-
uppgora,
range
3. -en, -er [up'jif't], task II. [up'jce'ra], to ar-
O
ddrhan^dliij], negociation
underjordisk,
disic],
adj.
[?/?i'c?arjf6;'u--
upphora,
II.
[Kip*^03Va[, to cease
[wp*Z?/"sa'J, to light
subterranean
[^f7^•c?9rZ^^'],
underlig, adj.
won-
upplysa, II. upplysning,
niij],
drous, strange
2. -en, -ar [up'lys'information, explanation
underordna,
underrdttelse,
rfif'aZsa],
I.
[un'ddro^rdna],
-r [t^n*c?9r-
to subordinate
3. -n,
uppmana, I. [wp'ma'na], to exhort [wp uppmdrksamhet, 2. -en,
+
mag'rksamhet], attention, attentiveness
news
5.
-e^,
under stud,
te
—
[i^n'cZar-
sto^d], support
upprepa, uppvesa,
I.
[upre^pa], to repeat
[ttjp're'saj, to erect 4. -^, -j- [itp'^e'^Jicfe],
II.
understodja,
support
II.
[unddrsto^dja],
[un'ddrso^ka], to
uppseende,
stir; sensation;
II.
supervision
undersoka,
examine undervisa,
teach
uppskatta,
I.
[w^*sA:a^'a], to value,
to appreciate
I.
[wwcZarvz'sa]
2. -ew,
,
to
uppskjuta,
postpone
IV.
[wp*/m'^aj,
to
undervisning,
+
[w7i'c?ar-
uppstd,
III.
O
II.
[lip-s^o'j, to
stand
to
vis'nii)], tuition
up, to arise
undkomma,
escape
IV. [wn'cZArom'a], to
uppstdlla,
O
[up'stel'a],
undra, I. [wwdfra'], to wonder undsdtta, II. O [wn*^.9£^'a],
relieve (a garrison)
to
undsdttning,
712*2;],
2. -en,
-ar [wwcZsfi'-
relieving
?/n^, adj. [uv'l young ungdom, 2. -ew, [w2;*t?<^m'],
+
draw up, to range [up'sy^n], look, uppsgn, 3. -en, mien upptaga, IV. [wp'^a'^a], to take up upvteckna, I. [wp'^eA^'na], to write down, to record upptrddande, 4. -t, -f- [w^j'frf^-
+
youth
dandd], appearance
Jwedish-English.
-er [up'tsk't],
189
upptackt,
discovery
3.
-en;
utsikt, 3,
-e/i,
uppvakta, I. [up'vak'ta], to wait uppvaktning, 2. -en, -ar [up'vak^tnirj], attendance, waiting
i^^sZa, III. to bloom, to
O
-er [m'tsik^t], view [m'tslo% to blow,
open
utsdnda,
out
II.
[urtsen^da], to send
ursprungligen, adv. [ucrspruifursdkt,
ligan], originally 3. -en, -er [ui'rsek'-t], excuse, apology
4.
utsdfta, II. [m'fsf^'a], to expose uttrdtta, II. [m'^ro^'a], to tire out
utarhetande, -t, -\- [ui'tar'betandd], working out II. uthreda, [m'thre''da\, to spread utbrista, IV. [m'tbris'ta], to break
out
utvald, chosen utveckla,
adj.
I.
mtva'ld],
select,
utforska,
I.
[ut'tfor^ska], to search
utfoT, adv. prep. [iu,':tfcer], down utfora, II. [m'j^/ceVa], to execute,
to carry out
develop utveckling, 2. -en, -ar [m'ifveA:'Z%], development utvidga, I. [m'ifufcZ'^aJ, to expand, to enlarge, to extend utvisa, I. [m'^fz'sa], to turn out, to expel; to show, to decide
[m'^veAr'Za], to
utgora,
11.
m'J^jce'ra], to
make
vacker, adj.
[vak.'dr], pretty
-{-
up, to amount, to constitute
utgoras, av
sist
[uL'tjoe,'ras\
to con-
vadmal,
vagga,
i;a^?z,
of
3.
-en, coarse stuff
1.
[va'd'ma''T\,
-\- [m'tkom''st\ income, (getting out) 5. -et utlopp, {m'tlop''], mouth, estuary I. utlova, [m'tlo''va], to promise utldnning, 2. -n, -ar [la'tlenHy],
utkomst,
-en
—
2.
-n, -or {vaga^^ cradle -en, -ar [z;a?;.'n], carriage
vaksam,
vakteld,
adj. [?;<2'/csam*],
2.
awake
-en,
-ar
[?;aA:'^eZ'cZ],
foreigner
watch-fire val, 5. -eif, [va/ZJ, choice, election vail, 2. -en, -ar [val% wall
—
utldndsk, adj. [m'tUn'dsk], foreign utmatta, I. [vi'tTnafa], to weary, to wear out, to exhaust
vallfdrda, I. [i;aZ*/«^£^<^a], to make a pilgrimage valsprdk, 5. -ef, [i^a'Zspro'A;],
—
—
utmdrka,
tinguish
II.
\uftmser^ka\, to dis3. -n,
device
utmdrkelse,
-r [la'tmasr^-
valthorn, 5. -e^, French-horn
van, adj.
[i;ain],
1.
[val'thcjUn],
kdlsd]. distinction
accustomed
utndmna,
abroad
II.
[ui'tnem'na], to apadv.
vandra,
[van'dra% wander
point, to nominate
utomlands,
[uiHomlands],
vanlig, adj. [va'nlig'], usual vanligen, adv. [^>a•nZ^^^n'], usually vanligtvis, adv. [ya'nZz^^vi's],
usually
[?;a.'p9n], weapon vapen, 5. -e^, rara, 1. -n, -or [t;a"ra*], goods
utomordentlig
,
adj.
[m'tomorfit
dsnHlig], extraordinary utreda, 11. [mtre^da], to
to clear
—
out;
up
[if^'^rf^'aj,
-?^,
utrdtta,
I.
to
perform
t;ara, I. [va'ra"], to last f A y vardagsgdst [vardagsjes^t],
utsaga,
1.
-or [ui'tsa^ga], destatement,
to look, to
claration,
assertion,
[ut'tse^],
-/i
deposition utse, III.
O
4.
every day's guest (h^)varest, adv. [?;a'rfs'^], where f^V^-an^enom,adv.[z;a.Vije'nom],
whereby
(h^)vass, adj. [vas/], sharp
appear utseende,
-^,
[m'tse'dndd],
appearance, look
^)
varna, I. [fa't/na'], to warn vatten [vaitdn\ water
old orthography
190
Vocabulary.
I. [z;ir'r/a*], to [visa''], to show;
vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a^], week vederldggning, 2. -en, -ar {veddvUg^nirj], refutation
(h^)virvla,
t'lsa,
I.
whirl — /ra?n
wis-
verk, 5. -et, [vsertk], work verka, I. \vserka^]y to work verklig, adj. \vserklig^\ real, virtual
—
3.
Yframf\, show, to exhibit
vishet, 3. -en,
-|- [vrs^e'if],
dom
viss, adj. [vzs.^], certain, sure
visserligen,
-en,
-|-
adv.
[i?zs*9rZi'^an],
verksamhet,
[vser'k-
samhe't], activity verkstdllighet, 3. -en, -j- [^?cer•A:steVighet], effect ve^a, I. [?;eta'], to know vetenskap, 3. -ew, -er [ve'tdnska'p], science
surely vistas, I.
[-yzs'^as*],
vetenskapsman
ence, scholar
,
3.
-nen,
-man
of sci-
vitsord, 5. -ef, testimony vittnesbord, 5. -e^, bce'rd], witness vrida, IV. [vri'da'], wrest
vrd,
—
to sojourn
[viY'sC'>»W],
—
to
[vit'ndstwist,
to
[ve'tdnskapsman*],
man
2. -n, -r [uro/],
corner
vuxen,
vdga,
vdr,
vetgirig, adj. [ve'tji'rig], desirous of learning vida, adv. [vida'], wide
adj. [t*itZj'sa?i'], grown (up) I. [vo'^a'J, to dare
2.
-en,
I.
-ar [vo.VJ, spring
to nurse, to
vdrda,
[uo'^c^a'],
vidga,
sive
I.
[i;rc?^a*], to
extend
take care of
vdris, 2. -en, -ar [vo'ris], nal ice
ver-
vidiyftig, adj. [z;r^/?;/'%], exten-
vidskeplig, adj. [vrdjep'lig], superstitious fi^, 2. -en, -ar [i^zVA:], bay z;zA;f, 3. -en, -er lvik.'t], weight
vdrvisa, 1. -n, -or legend of Spring
II.
[yo'rvisa],
viktmdtt, 5. -et, weight measure
viktig,
adj.
—
awake vdcka, {vek'a% vdg, 2. -en, -ar [c£tg\ way
to
\viktmot%
weigthy,
[vik'tig^'],
important
(h^)vila, I. \vi'la^\ to rest 3. vildhet, -en, -f[vil'dheH],
va^a; II. [r£^"^a'], to weigh vdgg, 2. -en, -ar \veg:], wall vdgra, I. [t;r^ra'], to refuse vdlgorande, adj. [r^Z'^ceVancZa],
beneficial
vdlgorare,
5. -n,
—
[ffZ'Jce'rara],
wildness
benefactor
3. -en, -e?' [z;27'c:?war'A:],
vildmark,
viYZa,
1.
vdlkommen,
welcome
3.
adj.
[y£Z'A;o?>?/c>nJ,
wild country
-n,
or \vil'a% cottage
villig, adj. \vil'ig^\ willing
(h^)vina, IV. [vi'na'\ to whistle t'lnd', 2. -en, -ar [i;m/dl], wind iringe, 2. -en, -ar [z/Zj?'^'], wing vinna, IV. [vm'a^]. win
-en, vdllukt, [^;^/•/M^*^], pleasing odour vdlsignelse, 3. -n, -r [vfZsiV^/sa], blessing vdltra, I. [-ufZ'^ra^], to roll (out) vdn, 3. -nen, -ner [vent], friend
-er
vinnande, winning
4. -^,
-f-
[?;m'an'^9],
vdnda,
apply
II.
[vrn't^a*],
3.
to turn, to
vinst, 3. -en, -er [vinist], profit
vdndpunkt,
-en,
-er
[vm'c^-
vinterbostad, 3. -en, -stdder \vin'tdrbco'stad], winter-house
vinterkold, 3. -en, coVd], wintercold
punk^t], turning point
+
Vdnern
[ve'ndd'n], the
2.
Vaner
[tm'^ar-
vdnlig, adj. [i;£n"%'], friendly
vdnskap,
vdnta,
J.
-en, -|- [ven's/ta'p],
to await,
to
vintermdnad,
3. -en, -er [vin'tdr-
friendship
[v£?i"^a'J,
mo'nad], winter-month vippa, J. [vip'a'], to wag
old orthography
expect, to wait for
Swedish-English.
to
191
vapna,
I.
[v€]p'na'']y
arm
dngpanna,
sten], flue
1.
-n,
-or [oypan^ajf
vdrd, adj. [vas'dd], worth vdrde, 4, -t, -n {^cse'ddd^ value vcirdig, adj. [vx'j^dig'], worthy
i;arr, 5. -et,
steam-boiler
dngskorsten,
2. -en,
-ar [oyskor'-
—
[v%r'v], mission,
dngslup,
2.
-en,
-ar [oy'slm^p],
year
cen-
task
vdrld, 2. -eTz, -ar [vw!rd], world vdrldshistoria, '6.-ien,-ier\vse\idshistcoWia], history of the world
vdrldslig, adj. [vce'j.dslig'], ternporal vdrldsliv, 5. -ef, ["y^'-t^sZz'y],
steam-sloop ar, 5. -et,
—
[o.'r],
drhundrade [o'rhun^dradd],
+
temporal
life
vdster, 3. -n, -|- [v£s/^ar], west Vdttern [vsHdrn], the Vatter -yacca, II. [vek'sa \, to grow t/aaj^, 3. -en, -er [vektst], plant vdxtlighet, 3. -e?i, -|- [vek'stlig^het], vegetation
tury drligen, adv. [otZi^^ti'], yearly drsdag, 2. -e?z, -ar [o'rsda'^], anniversary dsikt, 3. -e?2, -er [o'sikH'\, opinion dterfinna, IV. [o*^9r/i7i'a], to find
again dterkalla,
I.
[otarZcaZ'aJ, to recall
fo'^arX'^^m'a],
[o'tdrse'],
dterkomma, IV.
return, to
to
come back
dterse,
111.
O
O
to
see
vdxtvdrld, 2.-en, -ar [vsk'stvae'^td], world of plants
vorda,
I.
vordnad,
[vce'd,da], to venerate 3. -ew -j- [voe'j.dnad%
veneration
Y
yngling,
2. -ew,
again dterstod, 3. -en, -er [o'tdrstco^d], remaining, rest dterstd, III. [o"i(ars^o'], to remain, to be left dtertaga, IV. [o'tdTta''ga\ to retake
dtertvdnda,
-ar
[^/wZi?;*],
II.
[o'tdTven''da'\,
to
youth
return, to
come back
-e?i,
?/pper%,
adj. [2/p'ar%'], excellent
dtgdrd,
3.
-er
[o'tj%'jid\y
ypperst, adj. [^p/^rs^J, extreme yppig, adj. [2/i>^^'], luxuriant
2/s^er, adj.
[g/s.'^ar],
measure, step
dtminstone,
at least
adv.
[o'ifmm'sfowa],
fierce,
yta,
1.
ytmdtt,
-n, 5. -e^,
-or
— [y'tmof],
[y'ta'"'],
wild surface
dtnjuta, IV. [o'tnjm'ta], to enjoy
square
measure
ytterst, adj.
[^/if.'ars^],
utmost
ddel, adj.
A
a^a, dgg,
noble [£'ga% to possess, to 5. -ei^, [eg^], egg o^Tia, I. [syna'], to devote
[^/dJaZJ,
yttra,
I.
[2/^*ra'],
to utter
yttre, adj.
[^/^.'ra],
exterior
II.
—
own
2
d, 2.
-71,
-ar
5.
[of],
-?2,
dhorare,
dka,
II.
—
small river
[o'^o'rara],
genuine dlska, I. [£^Z'5A;a'], to love — [fZ's/cara'], lover dlskare, 5. -rz,
aA;te, adj. [ek'ta],
auditor, listener
[o'A:a'], to drive
dlksvdrd,
dkerbruk, husbandry dlderdom, 2.
age
5. -ef,
+ [o'kdrbrm'k],
[oZcZ'ard^wm'],
[o?;*6o'^],
dmna,
dmne,
I.
4.
adj. [fZ'sArv^'rcZ], lovely [fw'na'J, to intend -?i [em'nd'] , stuif, -^,
material
-e/i, -[-
dnda, 2. -w, -ar [m'c?a'], end dnda, adv. [fri'cZa*], to, up to,
dnghdt,
boat
2. -n,
-ar
3.
steam-
dndamdl,
object
5.
-ef,
—
till
[£7^'cZamo'Z],
dngbdtstur,
-eri,
-er [oy'bot-
stm^r], short voyage on a steam boat
dndligen, adv. [£?^•(ZZ^^'9?^], at last ari^, 2. -en, -ar [eij'], meadow dngel, 2. -n, -ar [ey'dl], angel
192
5.
Vocabulary.
dppeltrdd,
apple-tree
-et,
—
[£p'9ltre%
omsom,
nately
adv.
[om'som'],
alter-
ara,
1.
-n, -t [^'ra'],
honour
dretitel, 2. -n, title of honour
-ar [^'rdtit'dl],
aria,
1. II.
-n,
-or
[%rla%
wagtail
drva,
[^r'va%
to inherit
dta, IV. [s'W], to eat
dtt, 3. -en, -er
[et!],
oppen, adj. [op'an'], open oppna, I. [op'Tza'], to open oppning, 2. -en, -ar [op'wi?;'], opening [ce'rZo^sorlogsfartyg, 5. -e^, fa^rtyg], man-of-war
—
race, family
or^, 3. -en, -er
os^er, 3. -n,
+
[oRjitt],
[os-'^^rj,
herb, plant eastern
o, 2.
-92,
-ar
[0.'],
isle,
island
ode, 4. -t, -n [0'dd^], lot, destiny ode, adj. [e'c^^'j, desert, waste, desolate
Osifersjon[o6'tar/0'n],theBalticSea ova, I. [0''ya'], to exercise ovad, adj. [0''yac?'], exercised overavdelning, 2. -en, -ar [o'vdra'vdehiiy], over subdivision
overallt,
[o'dmjm'k], humble -eri, [o'dmjm'het], humbleness oga, 4. -t (ogon) \o'ga'], eye ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar [0*^D7is^e'?i],
odmjuk,
adj.
adv.
[o'vdrart],
every-
odm-jukhet,
3.
+
where
overbefdl,
5. -e^,
— [o'vdrbdfe^T],
-?i,
supreme command overenskommelse, 3.
overgdng,
transition
2.
-r [0'ver-
eye-ball, apple of the eye ogrupp, 3. -en, -er [o'grup''],
dnskom''9ls9], accord
-en, -ar [0*'y9r^o?;'],
I.
archipelage
oka,
om,
I. [o'ka^], to increase adj. [o7?2/], tender
overmanna,
overcome
[o'Vdrman^a],
to
omsesidig,
adj. [omsdsi^dig],
mu-
tual, reciprocal
overtaga, IV. [0*var^a'^a], to overtake, to take possession.
English-Swedish.
apple-tree, dppeltrdd,
[ep'eltrs*]
5.
-et,
—
action, handling, [han'dliy*]
to admire,
abroad, uioralands [m'tomlan^ds], -ar 2. -en,
afternoon,
age,
beundra, I. [ftawn/cZra] eftermiddag, 2. -en, -ar Uftdrmida'g] ^
to apply, anvdnda, II. {an'vimida] April, april [aprilt] arm, arm, 2. -en, -ar [ar/m] arm-chair, Idnstol, 2. -en, -ar
to
alder, 2. -n (dldrar) {oV.ddr] [om*agent, omhud, 5. -e^,
—
arm, vdpna, I. [vfpna*] [va^^pdn] arm, vapen, 5. -e^, army, Aar, 2. -en, -ar [has^r]
—
artillery, artilleri, 3. -et, -er [ar'-
air,
Zw/i(,
3. -en,
take
alive,
air,
+ hdmta
tildrH]
[Zw/'Y];
to
as, conj., sd,
frisk
luft
to
ascertain,
likasd [so/] utrona, taga reda
2.
[hxmta* frisik
Iv/f.'t]
pa
assets,
ass,
[ui'tro'na]
levande, vid liv [le'van' dd\
_ asparagus, 5P' sparris,
-en,
-ar
Alp, alp, 3. -en, -er [aZ/p] always, adv., alltid, stddse [al'ti^d]
[spar'is^]
aktiva [aktiiva]
1.
among,
prep.,
ibland [iblan!d]
animal, djur, 5. -et, apartment, rum, 5. -met,
—
dsna,
-n,
— [rum.']
[JKi^ir]
she-ass,
dsninna,
-or [^'sna'j: 1. -n, -or [os-
—
nm'a']
English-Swedish.
3.
193
attachment,
tillgivenhet,
II.
-en,
blast-furnace,
masugn,
2. -en,
-ar
-\- [tiljiv9nhe't\
to attend, folja,
attic,
vindskammare,
augusti
[fol'ja^] 2. -n,
-rar
or
[ma-sup'n] blind, adj. blind [bUn.^d] bloom, hlomma, 1. -n, -or
m'a']
{hloj-
[vin'dskam'ard]
August,
[acogustti\
blossom,
hlomma,
1. -n,
-or [hlco-
[ogusiti\
m"a*] (hlomster b.)
U
back, rvgg, 2. -e?i, -ar [r:?/^.'] bacon, Jtdsk, 5. -et, [fles'k] to bake, baka, I. [ba'ka"]
body, kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop!] book, SoA:, 3. -en, booker [boj.'k] boot, stovel, 2. -n, -ar [ste/u^Z]
—
bound,
adj.
fbrpliktad
[fcer-
plikttad]
braces, hdngslen, pi. [^£7;/sZ97i[
ball,
— kula, [km'la']
bassdng,
1. -ti,
.
-or, klot, 5. -e^,
brandy, konjak, brdnnvin, [kon'jak, brm'vi'n]
brass,
-et,
—
the Baltic Sea Ostersjon [os'tdr-
/0'n]
basing skdl,
2.
breakfast,
-en,
massing, 2. -en, -f- [mf.9*z??'] frukost, 2. -en, -ar
-ar [sko'l],
[5as£2/.'J
-t,
[frukos*t]
3. -en,
-er
bathing-place, badstdlle, 4.
[fta'Ss^f^'d]
-n
breast, &rosZ, 5. -et, [hrosit] to breathe, andas, I. [an'cZas'J
—
bay, havsvik,
^J^'^']
2.
-en,
-ar
[Tia'vs-
British, adj. britisk [britHsk] to brush, borsta, I. [6or*s^a'] to build, bygga, II. [&2/^'a']
bean, bona, 1. -n, -or [JonaH to bear, fordraga, IV. [/cer-
building,
byggnad,
3.
-en,
-er
draiga]
beard, skdgg, 5. -eZ, [/^^-'J beautiful, skon, fager [fetn] 2. -ar bed, sang, -en, [sf?;.']
—
[62/^nacZ'J bull, ^jwr, 2. -en, -ar [^m.V] but, conj. men {menf\
butter, smor, 5. -et, [smotr'] to button, kndppa, II. [fcn^p'a'J to buy, kopa, 11. [go'pa']
—
bed-room, sovrum, 5. -Tne^, [so'vrum'] beef, oxkott, 5. -e^, [oA:'fdY'] to begin, borja, I. [6cer'ja*j
—
—
C
cabbage, kdl,
calf, A:aZi;,
2,
behind, prep.,
bakom, bakpd
[ba-en, -}" [^o/Z]
komt]
being, varelse, 3. -n, -r [va'ralsd*] to belong, tillhora, II. [^I'Z'Ao'raJ beloved, dlskad, omtyckt [el'skad^, om'tyk't]
best, adv.,
cake, A:aA;a, 1.
to call,
-?z,
2. -en,
I.
kalla,
besoka,
bast
[bss.'t]
for
cape,
-et,
11., [bdseika], att trdffa [tref'a*]
komma
-en,
-or [ka'ka^] -ar [kaHv] for \kal'a%
—
between, prep., emellan [omd'an^] beyond, prep, utover [mte'vdr]
bill (of
udde,
—
2.
-ar,
kap,
5.
[ud'd', ka.'p]
exchange), vdxel,
2.
-n -ar
[veJdsdl]
2. -n, -ar [/o/^aZ] ; ~ of passage, jiy\ttfdgel, 2. •n, n, -ar [flyt'fo^gdl] \jlytfo'gdl\ bit, bit, 2. -en, -ar [biW] ]
bird,
—
fdgel,
captain, kapten, 3. -en, -er [kapZe/n] care, omsorg, 3. -en, er [om'sar^j]
'_
bitch,
hynda,
1.
-n -or {Jiyn'da^^
1.
sorglbs [sor'^lo's] , carpet, , matta, 1. -n, -or [mat'a*'\ . carriage, vagn, 2. -en, -ar [t;a?;/nj [varjt carrot morot, 3. -n, -rotter [mo)'careless, adj.,
, ,
black-board, svart tavla, -or [srar/Z Za't^Za]
-n,
rw'Z]
to carry,
genomfora,
II.
[je'nom5.
-eZ,
blamable,
adj.
tadelvdrd
I.
[ta'ddl-
fb'ra]
cartridge-box,
vee'rd] to blame, tadla,
[ta'dla']
—
patronkok,
I3
[patrco'ng0*k]
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
194
Vocabulary.
cash-book,
kassabok,
3.
-en,
coal, kol, 5. -e^,
—
[koil\
-backer [kas'abco'k] cashier, kassor, 3. -en, -er [kasd!r]
cast-iron,
cock, ^wp^, 2. -en, -ar \tupi] code, lagbok, 3. -en, -booker
gjutjdrn,
5.
-et,
+
[la'gbo/k]
coffee, A^a^e, 5.
[jm'tjas^rn] cat, katt, 3. -en, -er [kat]
to csitch, fatta,
I.
;
collar,
krage,
cold, [fat a'] forkyla, IL, sig [fcergyUa] cauliflower, blomkdl, 2. -en, -|3. -et,
—
colonel,
std']
-f, [A:a/-a'] 2. -n, -ar [A;ra"^9'J overste, 2. -n, -ar [o'vdr-
—
colony,
V'Dnit'\
koloni,
5. -e^,
3. -en,
-er
\kd-
\bla)m'ko^l] cavalry, rrjtteri,
colt,
fhl,
—
[/0.'q
-er
[ry-
to
tdrif\ ceiling, tak, 5. -et,
—
(i ett
rum)
command, befalla, II. [fta/a/'a] to commence, borja, I. [6cer*Ja*J House of Commons, Underhus(et)
[un'ddrhia's(dt)] competitor, medtdvlare, 5. -n, [me'dtevla'rd]
;
[tatk]
chain, kedja, 1. -n, -or [ge'dja'], of mountains, bdrgskedja,
—
1.
chair,
-n, -or [bserjsge'dja] stol, 2. -en, -ar
2. -en,
[stco.'l],
Idrostol,
-ar[l3R'rcostoyi\
2. -en,
compliance, samtycke, 5. -^, [sam'tyk'd] in compliance with, i enlighet med [i' e'nlighe't
we.'d]
to
— —
chamber,
kammare,
-mrar
ftyk'a]
[kam'ard']
chamber-maid, kammarjungfru, 2. -n, -r [kam'arjuy'frm\ chandelier, Ijuskrona, 1. -n, -or
[jm'skroj'na]
to chatter,
comply, samtycka, II. [sam'to comprise, innefatta, I. [ma/a^'a]
compulsory, tvingande, [tviij' ande', tvoys-^
to
tvdngsI.
prata,
I.
[pra'ta*]
conduct,
-yaZ/^aj
forvalta,
[/cer-
cheap, adj. adv., billig(t) [biVikH] cheek, kind, 3. -en, -er [gintd] cheese, ost, 2. -en, -ar [(x)stt\
cherry-tree,
chieftain,
to consist, bestd. III.
korsbdrstrdd, 5. -et,
2.
—
[bdsto:] constitution, statsforfattning, 2. -en, -ar [statsfoRrfat'niij]
O
[gcerbertrs']
hovding,
-en,
-ar
[ho'odiy']
chin, haka, 1. -ri, -or [ha'ka*] to chirp, kvittra, I. [&i;iY'ra']
continent, fastland, 5. -et, -lander [fas'tlan'd], kontinent, 3. -en, -er [A:on'^m£n.'q continually, oupphorligt [oj'upto
chocolate,
choklad,
3.
-en,
-|-
hoe'rlig] contribute,
bidraga, IV. [6rfp'ar^]
-f- [^•32. -e?i,
dra'ga\
to choose, va(/a, II.
citizen,
O
-n,
[vd'ja^]
borgare,
5.
—
copper,
[^Qr*-
koppar, 2. -en, copy-book, skrivbok,
-booker
[skri'vboj'k']
jara'] class-room,
to clear,
klassrum, [klasrum']
5.
-me^,
—
corner, horn, 5. -e^, [hoRUn] cornet, kornett, 3. -en, -er [/cornf^.']
—
3.
klarna, I. [A:?a'rna'] clerk, kontorist, 3. -en, -e>" [A:an'climate, klimat,
5. -e^,
corporal,
korpral,
-en,
-er
2.
—
;
[A:.^rpra.7]
[A:Zz-
correspondence,
councillor,
brevvdxling,
2. -?i,
cloth, tyg, 5. -et'
the
ka',
—
—
I.,
-en, -j" [bre'v-vek'sliy]
[ty^g]
to lay
rddsherre,
-ar
,
duka,
bordet [dm'-
b(oUd9t]
3.
clothes, kldder, pi. [kUfddr] clothing, kldder, pi. klddsel,
-n,
+
[rod'sha2r'd] to count, rdkna, II. [rf'A-na^ 5. lander /an^i, country, -et, [lanJdl ; in the country, pa lan-
\kUdtsdT\
det [poi laniddt]
English-Swedish.
3.
195
cousin,
sitn]
kusin,
3.
-en,
-er
\kui-
dining-room, [?na'fsa7]
dinner,
d.^a^]
mat sal,
2.
2.
-en, -ar
cow, ko,
vi'va] creditor,
-n, -r [kco!]
1. -n,
middag,
-en, -ar [wz-
cow-slip, gullviva,
or[gul'-en,
borgendr,
3.
-er
to dip, doppa, I. [dfap'a'J director, direktor, 3. -e7i,
-er
[bovjdnas^r] crop, skord, 2. -en, -ar [fodtdd]
to cross,
[dirsktce^r]
to disarm,
avvdpna,
I.
korsa, I., -dver\kor'Sct'] cuckoo, gok, 2. -en, -ar [je'k] cuff, manschett, 3. -en, -er [mankyrass,
3. -en,
discipline,
disciplin,
[a'v-vfp'na] 3. -e?z, -er
3. -en,
[cZzs'zpZzVn]
discouragement, modloshet,
-f-
fetf] cuirass,
[mofdlosheH]
-er \ky-
rasi]
cup, kopjp, 2. -en, -ar [kopf] customer, kund, 3. -en, -er [kunid]
[/«-'^] dish, /a^, 5. -eif, to divide, dela, I. [d^e'Za*] to do, gora, II. [ia?-ra*]
—
O
dog, hund, 2. -en, -ar [hun!d] anidomestic, adj.^ws- [hm's]; [hm'smal, husdjur, 5. -et,
—
—
jm'r]
damage, skada, 1. -n, -or [ska'da^ damp, adj. fuktig [fuk'tig*]
dark, adj. mork [mcej.'k'] danger, fara, 1. -n, -or [fa'ra'] day, dag, 2. -en, -ar [da.^g]
deaf, adj. cZov [<^0/v] dear, adj., dyr, dyrhar [dy.'r,
door, dorr,
to
2. -en,
-ar
[(^cer.^
—
;
knock at the door, knacka pa dorren [knak'a' poi do&rtdn] dormitory, sovrum, 5. -met
[so'vrum*^^ double, adj.,
gojin]
—
dubbel
[dub.'dl]
dyr-er
-er
dragoon, dragon,
3. -en,
-er [dra5.
ha^r] debitor,
gdldendr,
3.
-en,
-en,
drawing-master, ritldrare,
[jel'ddnseW] decanter, karaffin,
[kar'afitn]
—
-n,
[ri'tU^rard]
3.
drawing-room, formak, 5. -et, [fo'rma^k]] salong, 3. -en, -er
[sahyf]
to dress,
drift,
—
December, december [ddsem'bdr] declaration, forklaring, 2. -en, -ar
[fcerkla.'riy]
to
deep, adj. defend, va!ra]
djup
[jui'p]
I.
kldda, II. sig [kle'da'] driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^] to drink, dricka, IV. [c?r/A:'a']
drinkable, adj., drickbar [drik'ba'r] ductile, adv. [uttdnjelig, tdnjbar
[mt-teij'jdlig\ ten'jba'r] dusty, adj. dammig [dam'ig'] duty, plikt, 8. -en, -er [pZiA;.'^] to dwell, vistas, I. &o, III. [vis'tas']
forsvara,
I.
[foersI.
to deliver, befria,
overldmna,
[&a/nVa] desk, pulpet, 3. -en, -er [pulpe't] despair, fortvivla, 1. -ti, -f- [/cerifto
despatch,
avsdnda,
II.
11.
[a'l;-
to destroy,
forstora,
tillintet-
gora,
II.
O
dwelling-place, hemvist, 5. [he'mvis't]
-et,
—
[/ce.xsfce'ra]
-e?i,
devotion, hdngivenhet, 3.
[AfTi'iz-yariAe'^]
+
earth,
E
each, varje [var'jd'] ear, ora, 4. -t oron [o'ra^] early, adj. adv., tidig(t) [ti'dig^t]
dewdrop, daggdroppe,
[c^a^'tZr^p'a] to die, do, III.
diet,
[^Ze.'J
2.
-w, -<2r
jor^,
2.
-en,
2.
-ar [jojUd]
riksdag,
2.
-en,
-«r [rik's-
Easter,
pdsk,
-en, -ar [pos.7»:]
da'g]
to dig,
to eat, dta, IV. [6*^a']
grdva,
II.
[^r^'ua*]
eatable, adj.,
dtbar
[e'tba'r]
13*
196
Vocabulary.
2.
education, underinsning , -\- [un'ddrvis^niij]
egg, cigg, 5.
electric, adj.,
-et,
-en,
fear,
fruktan,
1.
—
2.
,
-\-
[fruk'-
—
[egt]
tan^] feather,
fjdder,
-7i,
-drar
elektrisk [elEkHrisk] empire, rike, 4. -t, -n [rrkd^] to employ, sysselsdtta; II.
O
[fje'ddr] February, 3bruary, februari [fe'bruia^ri]
feeling, kdnsel, 3. -n, -t [genisdl]: kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla*]
felthat, filthatt,
2.
[sys'dlsefa]
to encourage,
uppmuntra,
I.
[up'1.
-en, -ar [fiV-
mun'tra]
encouragement,
that']
—
uppmuntran,
female, hona,
fertile,
1.
-n, -or [hco'na*]
I
~\~
[up' mun^ trail]
frukthar, h ordig [fruk'fadj.,
English, adj., engelsk [e7)tdlsk'\\ the (language), engelska (sprdket) [eyidlska] to enjoy, njuta, IV. [njm-ta*]
—
ba^r]
fictitious,
finger ad
[fi'yjet-
rad]
trohet, 3. -en, -\- [trcoihet] field-marshal , fdltmarskalk , 2.
fidelity,
to enter,
intrdda,
II.
[in'tre'da\
envelope, omslag,
5. -et,
sla'g] (kuvert b.) equator, ekvator, 3. -n,
tor'] to equip,
— [om'+ [ekva'-
field-mouse,
[fel'tmarfaVk] dkerrdtta, 1. -n -or [o'kdrrofa]
-en, -ar
utrusta, I. [t^^trws'^a] European, adj., europeisk [mt'rojpeHsk]
evergreen, adj., alltid
to fight, kdmpa, I. [gem'pa^] figure, bild, 3. -en, -er \hil.d]
finger, finger, 2. -n,
fire-side,
-grar [fiy'dr]
-ar [ha3!d,d] : vid brasan,
grbnskande
allt
[al'tiy',
hard,
2. -en,
[gron'skan'dd]
everything,
al't]
by the
fire-side,
allting,
vid den husliga harden [vi!d
brasan*]
execution,
dd],
utforande [la'tfo'ranlagligt utfdrdande [lu'tI.,
fleet,
flotta,
1.
flock,
hjord,
2.
-n -or [flot'a*] -en, -ar [juUd^
fse'rdandd]
to exercise, ova,
flood, fiod, 3. -en, -er [flcoid]
utova,
II.,
I.
[e'va',
vi'to'va]
to export,
I.
golv, 5. -et, [gol^v] blomstertradgdrd, flower-garden, -floor,
.
—
utfora,
exporter a,
en, -ar [blcom'stertregoUd]
to fly, . fiyga, . ga, IV. ifilyga'] [fllyga^] to fold, Idgga tillhopa [leg' a*] illhopa \l
[lutfo'ra, ek'sporteira\
eye, oga, 4. 4, ogon [o'ga', egon'] eye-ball, ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar
[0gonste'n\
eye-tooth,
food, foda, 1. -n, -\- [fo'da^ footsoldier, fotsoldat, 3. -en, -er
[foj'tsolda't]
footstool,
ogontand, der [o'gontan'd]
3. -en,
-tdn-
pall,
2. -en,
1.
forehead,
n'a']
panna,
-n,
2.
-ar [pal'] -or [pa-en,
form,
face, anlete, 4. -t,
skolbdnk,
-ar
faculty,
formdga,
(pi.
-n [an'le'td] 1. -n, -{- ^fcer-
[skoj Iberfk]
to freeze,
frysa, IV. [fry'sa^
mo!ga]
formogenheter)
French,
adj.,
fransk
[fran,'sk]
to fall, falla, IV. [fala'] far, by far, aZZra (before a superlative) [al'ra']
fresh, adj., jfrisk [frisisk]
Friday, fredag, da'g]
2. -en,
-ar [fre-
fashionable, adj., nymodig \ny'moj'dig], modern fatherland, fddemesland, 5. -et,
-\-
friend, van, 3. -en, -ner [vehi] ramfor [fram'front, in of,
—
f
fo'r]
fruit,
[fE'denidslan^d]
adj.,
favourable,
gynnsam
[jyn'-
fruit-tree,
frukt, 3. -en, -er [frukit] frukttrdd, 5. -et,
—
sam']
[fimk-ttre*]
English-Swedish,
2.
197
fur,
pals,
-en, -ar [pelts]
hair,
H
hdr,
5. -et,
fusible, adj.,
smdltbar [smeltba'r]
—
[hotr]
ham, skinka, 1. -n, -or [fiyka'' hand, hand, 1. -en hdnder[han^d'
game, vildt, vUlebrdd,
viltt]
5.
et,
—
-ar
to hang, tapets'^a,d. [tap'etsetra' hard, adj. [hdrd [hotjid]
garden,
trddgdrd,
2.
-en,
harvest, skord, 2. -en, -ar [foetjid] to harvest, skorda, I. [foR'dda^] hat, halt, 2. -en, -ar [hatt]
[tre'go'dd]
gardener, trddgdrdsmdstare, b.-n, [trs'goxdsmes'tard] garrison, garnison, 3. -en, -er
—
haversack, mat-tornister, 2. -n, -rar [mat-tornis'tdr] head, huvud, 5. -et, \hm'vm*d]
—
i
;
at
the
head
of,
spetsen for
5.
[gar'niscotn] gay, adj., munter [munitdr] German, adj., tysk, tyska \tysik,
tys'ka^] glad, adj.,
to gladden,
[spettsdn]
headmaster, forestdndare, [fo'rdston'dard]
—
-n,
glad [glatd] glddja [ghd'ja']
glass, glas, 5. -et, to glide, glida, IV.
—
healthy, adj., frisk [fristk] to hear, hora, II. [hora*] hearing, horsel, 3. -n, -f- [hortsdl]
[glats] [glrda']
2.
glory, dra,
1.
-n, -\-[ce'ra]
glove,
handske,
-n,
-ar
[Iian'dskd'] to go, gd. III. [got] gold, guld, 5. -et, -{- [gultd]
O
heart, hjdrta, 4. [j^r'ta^] heavy, ^i^np, st?ar [fw??/, svotr] height, hojd, 3. -ew, -er [hojtd] helmet, hjdlm, 2. -en, -ar [jeltm]
hemisphere, halvklot,
-or
5.
-et,
—
goldfinch, steglitsa, 1. -n, [ste'glifsa] goldfish, guldfisk, 2. -en,
[hal'vkWt] hen, hona, 1.
-w,
-or [7i0"na*]
-ar
[guldjis'k]
good-bye,
rajetra]
interj.,
farvdl [farveil]
I.
hereditary, adj., arv- [artv-] hill, kulle, 2. -n, -ar \kul'd*] hoarse, adj., lies \hets] hoe, hacka, 1. -n, -or [hak'a']
to govern, styra, regera^
[sty'ra^
holiday, ferier, pi. [fetridr] hope, hopp, 5. -e^, [^op/J
to hope,
—
government, sty r else, regering [styrdlsd', rdje'riy']
hoppas,
I.
[y^^p'as'J
grammar-school, Idrdomsskola, 1. -n, -or [Ise'rdcomsskoj^la] grand-daughter, dotterdotter [dogrand-father, far-far , [fcirfar^, mojr'far']
horse, hdst, 2. -cti, -ar [hestt] horse-radish, pepparrot, 3. -e?2, -rotter [pep'arrco't] horse-soldier, ryttare, 5. -n, [ryhot, Ae^ [hett] ft'ard']
—
morfar
hound, hund,
2. -en,
-ar [huntd]
grand-mother,
grand-son,
farmor
,
mormor
sondotter
hour, timme, 2. -n, -ar [tim'9'] huge, adj., ofantUg [cjfanHUg]
[far.'mcor, mcortrriMr]
huntsman, ja^are, 5.-7z,
— [je'gard^]
sonson,
[so'nso'n, so'ndot'dr]
to greet, hdlsa, I. [helsa'] to grieve, smdrta, I., sorja,
I
II.
[smer'ta'] ground-floor,
vo'nir)]',
to illustrate,
upplysa,
adj.,
11.
[up'ly'-
jordvdning
on the , pd nedre hotten [pot netdrd hottdn] gun, gevdr, 5. -et, [jevsetr]
—
—
[joj'dd-
sa]
imperishable,
to import,
I.
oforgdnglig
importera,
[ojfoerjsiflig]
infora,
II.,
[m/oVa]
198
Vocabulary.
learned, Idrd [IseUd] Idmna, I. [lem'na*] ledger, huvudhok, 3. -en, -backer
to leave,
to
improve, fovhdttraj
I.
[/osr-
indigested, adj. indulgent, adj.,
osmdlt [M'smeVt]
skonsam
[skco'n-
sam']
industrious, adj. flitig [Jii'tig*] infantry, infanteri, fotfolk \in'fantdri.', foj'tfol'k] infinite, odndlig [M'en^dlig'] infirmary, sjukhus, 5. -et,
[jiufviadbolc] ben, 5. -et, \bein^ legislative, adj., lagstiftande [la'gstiftandd] legislative power , lagstiftande
leg,
—
{fwi'khia^s] inkstand, bldckhom,
5.
-et,
— —
makt [— maktt^
lenght, Idngd,
letter,
3.
-et,
-en, -er [liif.d]
brev,
5.
—
1.
\bretv]
[bhk
hoj'jin]
skulder, pi. [skul.'ddr] lieutenant, lojtnant [Idj'tnan't]
liability,
invention,
iron,
uppfinning,
5. -et,
2. -en,
-ar
[upfiniy']
jdrn,
—
[gt]
to lighten, blixtra, to lighten, Idtta, 1,,
gora
[blik'stra'] I attar e
[jseUn]
2.
[ht'a', jo'ra* let'ara'']
iron-plate,
jdrnpldt,
-en,
-ar
Ijxdjiplo't]
island, o, 2. -n, -ar
isle,
[0.']
like, adj., lik, lika [li.% li'ka'] limb, lem, 2. -men, -mar [lem']
0,
2.
-n,
-ar
liver, lever, 2.
long, adj.,
&^
-??,
levrar [le'var]
-ar [^^r-'a*]
-ew,
[lov-]
January, januari [jan'uiatri\
joy, glddje, 3. -n,
lord, herre, 2. -n,
loss,
-{ [gUdjd']
forlust,
3.
-er
[/cer-
July, juli [jmili]
June, juni [juiini]
loud, adj., Ijudlig [jm'dlig]
to love, dlska,
1.
[£Z"5A:a*]
K
to keep,
love kdrlek, 2. -e?2, -|" [^^'^'^e'^*] love-apple, kdrleksdpple, 4. -^, -ti
{cdB'rleksep^ld] (tomat,
2>.)
holla, IV. \hol'a% underhdlla, IV. [un'ddrhol'a]
-et,
kind, slag, 5. -er [sla!g]
—
lowland,
Idgland,
3.
-et,
-lander
2. -en,
,
sort, 3. -en,
4.
-t,
\lo'glan*cl]
kingdom,
kungarike,
-n
2.
luncheon, andra frukost, -ar [an'dra' fruk'osH']
[kuy'ari'kd] kitchen-garden, kokstrddgdrd,
-ar [gok'stregoUd] knife, kniv, 2. -en, -ar [kni'v] to knock, knacka [knak'a*]
-en,
M
main land, fastland, 3. -et, -lander [fastlan^d] man, mdnniska, 1. -n, -or [men'ifa']
man-of-war,
lake, sjd, 2. -w, -ar [/of] lance, Za?is, 2. -en, -ar [lan!s]
—
orlogsfartyg,
3.
5. -et,
[oi-rlogsfa'rtgg]
-er?,
landscape, landskap, 5. -et, \lan'dska^p'\ language, sprdk, 5. -et, [spro^k]
—
manager, disponent,
-er
—
map, karta, 1. -n, -or [fcavfa'] March, mars, [mar's]
mare,
sifo,
lark,
Idrka,
latest, adj.,
1. -n, -or [Iser'ka'] senast [se'nas't]
-ef,
4.
-e^,
-ti
[sff(>/]
lead, ftZy,
leaf,
5.
Zov, 5. -e^,
+ —
master, mdstare,
tard*]
5.
-w,
—
[?7?fS'-
[W-]
[lo^v]
leap-year, skottdr, 5. -et, o'r]
— [skot'-
May, ma; [wi^y-l meadow, dng, 2.
meal, mdltid,
-en,
-ar
[ey.']
3. -en,
-er [mo'lti'd]
English-Swedish.
5. -et,
199
meat, Wtt,
—
2.
[Qoti]
napkin, servett, 3. -en, -er
vett]
[sser-
member, medlem, [me'dhm^]
-men, -mar
mercantile fleet, handelsfiotta, 1. -n, -or [han'ddlsflot'a] merchandise, handelsvaror , pi. [han'ddlsva'rojr] merchant, Tcdpman,^d. -nen, -man
native country, fosterland, 5. -et, -\- [fcos'tdrlan'd] nature, natur, 3. -en, -\- [natmtr] navigation, sjofart, 3. -en, -\- [fo'-
faUt]
navy, fiotta,
1.
-an, -or Yflot'a^'\
-t,
[gop'man*] mercury, Tcvicksilver,
[kviTc'sU'vdr]
5.
-et,
+
[me
necktie, slips, 3. -en, -er [sliyts]
nest, ndste, 4.
net, ndt, 5. -et,
—-n
{n£S'td*'\
[neif]
metal, metall, [taV
3.
-en,
-er
of, middle, mitt [miti] in the mitt i [miti it] mild, adj., mild [milid] military, militdr-, Tcrigs- [mifi;
—
night, natt, 3. -en, natter \natt^ nightingale, ndktergal, 2. -en, -ar
[nek'tdrga^l] no, nej (icke) \nejt^ noise, Ijud, 5. -et,
-et,
—
,
larm,
5.
-f-
Ijmtd, lartm]
t€'r-f Tcrik's-]
milk, mjolk, 2. -en, -\- [mjoltk] mind, tanke, 2. -n, -ar, lust, 3.
-en, -jto
northern, adj., nordlig [noj'rdlig^^ nose, ndsa, 1. -n, -or [ns'sa^] nourishing, adj. ndrande \nBe'-
[tayW]
to,
randd']
have a mind
hava
-en,
lust att
[ha'va^ lus.'t att]
minute,
to
minute,
3.
er [mi-
nmtt] miss (thre train), Icomma, IV., for sent till [kom'a' foe.'r senit
tilf]
November, november [ncovsmtbdr] and then, now, adv. nu [nmt] da och da [dot okt dot] nowadays, nu for tiden [nmt
;
—
foetr titddn]
mixture,
hlandning,
adj.,
2.
-en,
-ar
obligatory,
adj.
obligatorisk,
[blan'dnip']
modern,
dig]
nymodig [nymo/-
Monday, mdndag, 2. -en, -ar [montdag] monkey, apa, 1. -n, -or [a'pa']
month,
nad^]
tvdngs- [ob'ligatcjtrisk\ tvoys-] [vse'jidsocean, vdrldshav, 5. -et, ha^v], ocean, 3. -en, -er [oj'sdatn] October, oktober [oktojtbdr] oil, olja, 1. -n, -or [ol'ja^]
—
old, adj.
gammal
adj.
[gam'aV^
mdnad,
3.
-en, -er [mo'-
oldfashioned,
gammalmodig
[gam'almco'digl
onion, lok, 2. -en, -ar [lotk]
;
morning, 7norgon, 2. -en, morgnar [mor'on] this morning, i morse [moMSd'] morning-gown, morgonrock, 2. -en, -ar [mor'onrok'] mother, moder, 2. -n, -modrar
[moj'ddr']
opening, oppning, 2. -en, -ar [dp niy^] orchard, frukttrddgdrd, 2. -en,
order,
-ar [fruk'tregoUd] ordning, 2. -en,
mountain, berg,
mouth, [munt]
to
mun,
5. -et, [basdtj] 2. -nen, -nar
I.
—
niy^],
uppdrag,
dra^g],
[o'jud5. -et, [up'bestdllning, 2. -en, -ar
3.
+ —
[bdstsl'niT)']
move, flytta,
adj.,
[flyt'a']
orderbook, orderbok, -boker [o'rddrbco^k']
ore,
-en,
muddy,
smutsig [smut'sig']
malm,
organ, verktyg, 5.
nail,
3. -en, -er organ, 5. -et,
-et,
—
— [mdtalt] [orgatn],
[v^rkty'g]
2.
overcast, adj. betdckt [bdtektt]
nagel,
2.
-n, -lar [natgdl]
5.
-et,
name,
namii,
—
overcoat,
overrock,
-en,
-ar
[namtn]
[0V9rro¥]
200
Vocabulary.
to plough, ploja, II. [pZo/'s'] plumage, fjddrar, pi. [fj£-drar^
owl, uggla, 1. -n, -or \ug-U^] ox, oxe, 2. -n, -ar [cotsd^]
to
pl)^,
Tcryssa,
1.
[krys'a']
p
M. (latin: post meridiem), eftermiddag [eftd^wiida'g'] pain, smdrta, 1. -w, -or [sm^.fP.
fa^]
^
polite, adj.
hovlig [he'vlig-]
2. -ew,
-e??,
poor, adj. fattig [fat'ig']
port,
/lamn,
-ar
[7ia??L-n]
-er [pos.'t] post-card, hrevkort, 5. -ef r6re*vpost, posf, 3.
Tco/jit]
painter,
lard']
mdlare,
5.
-w,
—
[mo'-
paper, papper, 5. -ef, parents, fordldrar,
— [_29apar']
pi.
postman, brevbdrare, [bre'vb^^rard] post-office, postkontor,
5. -n,
5. -ef,
— —
[fcerel^-
drar]
park, park, 3. -e/i, -er [_par/fc] parsley, persilja, 1. -w, [p^^-
+
sif.^'a]
partridge,
patriotism,
rapphona,
1.
-?2,
-or
3.
[pos'tkontco'r] post-paid, frankerad [frayke^rad] post-paper, postpapper, 5. -ef, -j[po5"fj3ap'ar] postage, porto, 4. -f, -ti [por'fw*] postage-stamp, frimdrke, 4. -f, -ti
[fri'mseju^kd]
postal, post- [postt] to pour, osa (ned) {osa' ne.'d]
[rap'/iO^Tia]
fosterlandskdrlek,
-en, -\- [fces'tdrlandsgse'rlek] to pay, betala, I. [bdta'la']
peace-establishment,
fredsfot,
3.
-en, -f- [fre'dsfco't] pear, ydron, 5. -ef, [p^Tori'] peasant, bonde, 3. -w, bonder
—
[bco'ndd'] pen-knife, pennkniv,
power, makt, 3. -e?i, -er [wafc.4]; the great Powers, stormakterna \stoj-rma¥t\ powerful, adj. mdktig \m£ktig^ precious, adj. dyrbar [dy'rba'r] to prepare, bereda II. [Z>9?'e.'(^a]
to prevail, rdda. III. [ro'cZa'] to print, trycka, II. [fr^fca']
2.
-ew,
-ar
-or
[pm'fcm'v] pencil, blyertspenna, [bly'dMspm'a]
1.
w,
professor, professor, [projfes'or^]
profit
3.
-/i,
-er
peninsula, halvo, 2. -n, -ar [haVro'J people, folk, 5. -et, -man \foltk'\ pepper, peppar, 2. en, -\~ [pe-
and
loss,
vinst och forlust
[vintst oki fcerlusU]
par']
pheasant, fasan, sa!n]
3. -en,
framstdende adj. prominent, [fram'sto'dndd] properly, adv. vederborligen {ve'ddrboe'rligdn]
prosperity,
to protect,
-er
[fa-
vdlgdng
skydda,
[ve'lgoy']
1.
piano-forte, piano, 4. -f, -n [_p^Vnco] picture, mdlning, 2. -en, -ar
[/yd
a']
[mol'niy']
piece, sty eke, 4.
pistol, pistol,
-f,
-n [styk'9']
-er [pistcoU] -ar [faZnfc']
I.
proud, adj. stolt [stol't] to punish, straffa, I. [straf'a:] pupil, Idrjunge, 2. -n, -ar [Ix'rjuy'e]
3. -ew,
plate, tallrik, 2. -e?i,
platina, platinum,
-|-
platina,
I.
-n,
Q
quail, vaktel, 2. -n,
[pla'tina'] to play, Zefca II., speZa
[le'ka\
-ar
[vafc'faf']
speZa^]
pleasant, adj. behaglig [hdhaiglig] to please, behaga I. [fta/io-'^a] pleased, adj. beldten, nojd \bdloitdn] pleasure, noje, 4. -f, -w [noj'd']
quarter, fjdrdedel, 2. -e7z, -ar [fjx'rddde'l] to quench, sldcka, II. [sZffc'a'J quick-silver, kvicksilver, 5. -ef,
—
[kvik'sil'vdr] quiet, adj. sfi7/a [sfi'/a^j
English-Swedish.
201
R
radish, rddisa,
1. -n,
rosy, adj., rosig, [rco'sig*]
-or
\re'di''-
round, adj.,
Russia,
rund
[run'd]
[rys'lan^d]
sa\
to rage,
Ryssland
rasa,
rail-way,
[ra'sa,^] jdrnvdg, 2. -en,
I.
-ar
rust, rost, 3. -en, -J- [rostt'\ rusty, adj., [r»s*%']
ros%
[j£e'j,nv£^g'\
rain-drop, regndroppe, 2. -n, -ar
\rey ndrop^d]
rake, rdfsa, 1. -n, or [ref-sa^] rancid, adj. hdrsken \J^8eJ:sk^n'^'] reading-book, ldseboTc,2.-n, -bocker
sacrifice,
uppoffring,
2.
-en,
-ar
[Itsdho/lcl reasonable, fornuftig [fcernuf.tig^
receipt, Tcvitto, 4. -t, -n \hvit'a)^)^ to receive, (ejmottaga, IV. [mco't-
[up'ofriy'] sadness, sorgsenhet, Sdnhe^t] sailer, seglare, 4. -n,
sailor,
3.
-en [sor'j[se'^Zara']
—
sjoman,
3.
-nen,
-man
ta^ga]
to recover,
recruit,
ffriskna']
tillfriskna, rekryt, 3. -en,
2.
I.
[/0"man'] salic, adj., salisk
salt,
[sa:tlisk]
[til'-
saZ^, 3. -et, -er [saltt]
-er
-en,
[rd-
krytt] reform, forhdttring,
-ar
[re'I.
sandwich, dubbdlsmorgds, 2. -en, -ar [smor'go's] Saturday, lordag, 2. -en, -ar
[lce.'rdag]
[foerbd^riy] regiment, regemente,
4. -t,
-n
jdmenitd]
to
register,
scarcely, adv., knappt [knap't] school, skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la']
rekommendera,
I.
[re'komendeira'] to regret, beklaga,
regular, adj.
[bdklatga]
[re'gdlI.
regelmdssig
I.,
mssHg]
to reign,
r eg era,
hdrska,
-ar
[rdjetra, hse'dska^]
schoolmaster, skolmdstare, 5. -n, [skoj'lmes'tard] school-room, skolrum, 5. -met, [skoj'lrum^] to scold, grata, I. [^rrZa'] to scrape, skrapa, I. [sA^ra'jpa'] [Ao/y] ; on the sea, Aav, 5. -e^,
—
—
—
reign, regering, 2. -en,
[rdje.'-
sea,
vid havet [vi'd
ha.'vdt]
riy];
under the reign of, under ...s regering [un'ddr' ... —]
framstdlla,
II.
to represent, forestdlla, II. [fo'rd-
stsVa],
[fram'I.
season, drstid, 3. -en, -er [o^•s^^'c?] to seat, sdtta, II. s«^ [sf^'a']; take a seat! sitt nedf [sit! netd] second, sekund, 3. -en, -er [se-
O
steVa]
to require,
to respect,
A:wn.'c?]
begdra,
II.,
fordra,
seed, fro, 4. -e^, -n [/r0/]
to seem,
[69J«.V3, foj'rdra^]
synas,
II.,
tyckas,
II.
hogakta,
I.
[hogak'ta]
[an'sto sell, 5a^;a, II. [sel'ja'] to send, sdnda, II. [srn'cZa'] out,
;
responsible, adj., va^rig]
to revive,
ansvarig
I.
—
rich
adj.,
kvickna, W/c [nVA;]
[A:!;{A:*wa']
utsdnda,
II.
[m*^s£?i'<^a]
ripe, adj.,
river,
mogen
[morgdn^']
sense, sinne, 4. -t, -n [sin'd'] sentiment, kdnsla, 1. -n, -or
[^fn*s?a']
a, 2. -w, -ar, ^ocZ, 3. -en, -er [jiojtd] roast-beef, oxstek, 2. -en, -ar [cok'ste^k] robin, rotgel, 2. -w, -^Zar [rot'gdr] rocky, adj., klippig [klip'ig^']
September,
bdr] sergeant,
September [septemi3.
sergeant,
-en,
-er
[s^er/an.^^]
room, rwm,
root, rof, 3. to root out,
5.
-we^, [rumt] -en, -rotter [rojtt]
—
service, tjdnst, 3. -en, -er [g£n.'st] to set, saY^a, II. [set'a'j
O
rose, ros,
1.
utrota, I. [la'trco^ta] -en, -or [r(i>/s]
several, Jlere [fle'rd'] severe, adj., strdng, hard [strey!
hoUd\
13**
202
Vocabularj^
sovereign, suverdn, 3. -en, -er [smv'drstn'] to sow, sd, III. [so.' J spacious, adj. rymlig [rym'lig^] spade, spader, 1. -n, [spatddr] to speak, tala, I. [ta'la^] , speech, tal, 5. -et, talformd-
shady, adj. skuggig \skug'ig^] sharp, adj. vass [vast] sheep, far, 5. -et, \foir\ to shine, skina, IV. [fi'na'^ shirt, skjorta, 1. -n, -or [fco'dta^]
—
—
shoe, sko,
3.
-n, -r [skojt]
shoemaker, skomakare, 5. -n, [skoj'ma'kard] to shoot, skjuta, IV. [fui'ta,^]
short, adj. sick, adj.
sick,
—
—
ga, ga];
1.
-n, -\- [tail, ta'lfczrmo^-
speech
5.
from
-et,
kort [kD!d,tli the sjuk [fmfk]', de sjuka [det fm'ka']
—
trontal,
—
the
throne,
(ett)
II.
[troj'nta^l];
to deliver a speech,
hdlla
tal [hoVa^]
to
sight, syn, 3. -en, -er [sy!n]
sign, tecken, 5. -et,
—
spend (time), tillhringa,
[tiVhrirj^a]
O
[tektdn]
silk, silke, 1. -f, -n [sil'kd^] silver, silver, 5. -et, -{- [sil'vdr]
similar, adj. dylik [dylik'] since, conj. sedan [se'dan'] since, allt sedan [altt
—
;
ever
spina ge, spenat, 3. -en, -\- [spdnaii] spoon, sked, 2. -en, -ar \fetd'\ square, adj. fyrkantig [fyr'kan^tig]
]
sjunga, IV. [fur)' a'] singing-bird, sdngfdget, 2. -en,-ar
to sing,
square measure, ytmdtt,
[ytmot^']
5. -eZ,
—
[sov'fo'gdl]
stamp, frimdrke, 4.
-t,
-n [fri'-
singing-master, sdngldrare, 5. -n,
—
[so'0'l9e''rard\
siskin,
sister,
gronsiska,
2,
1.
-n,
-or
[sys'-
to stand, std. III. [stot] state, stat, 3. -en, -er [sZa/Z] station,
[gre'nsis'ka] syster,
hangdrd,
stanna,
I.
2.
-en,
-ar
-n,
-ar
[&a'n^o'.7.cZJ
tdr']
to stay,
to sit, stYifa, IV. [sit'a^] skate, skridsko, 1. -w, -r [skrid's-
steamer, dngare,
1.
[sZan'a'J -n, [^?;'a-
—
ko/]
skilful, skicklig, adj. [fik'lig'] sky, himmel, 2. -n, -ar [him'dV]
steel, .sZaZ, 5. -eZ, -j- [sZo/Z] still, adj. sZt'ZZa [sZz'Z'a'J
to smell, lukta, I. [Z^6^'•^a*] smell, ZwA:^, 3. -en, -f- [Zwfc/^] to smelt, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'^a']
stock, forrdd, 5. -eZ, [/cero.'cZ] ; to take stock, inventera, I. [m'i;fnZe.Va]
—
stockbook,
stocking,
smdle, snipe, beckasin,
to smile,
III.
[smo'Ze/] 3. -en, -er [&f-
O
lagerbok, -hooker [la'gdrho/k^
3.
-e?i,
strumpa,
1.
-n,
-or
[strum'pa^]
snout, nos, 2. -en, -ar [nco>/s] snow, sno, 2. -n, [sn0/] sock, halvstrumpa, 1. -n, -or
+
stomach, mage, 2. -n, ar [ma'g'd'stork, stork, 2. -en, -ar [sZox'/c^ storm, storm, 2. -en, -ar [sZor.W
stormy, adj. stormig [sZor'Tnza'J story, herdttelse, 3. -n, -r [Z>9rettdlsd]
strait, ,9wncZ, 5.
-cZ,
[hal'vstru7n^pa]
sofa,
soft,
so#a, 1. -n, -or [sofa^] adj. miw/c [mjiaik]
syra,
adj.
1.
to solder, ZocZa, II. [lo'da']
sorrel,
-n,
—
-or
-or [syra'^
sorry,
I
sorgsen [sor\jsdn^]; sorry, tZeZ gor mig ant [det: joe!r miig ojntt]
straw-hat, halmhatt, [y^aZ'wAaZ']
2.
[suntd] -en, -ar
[.^co».'cZ]
am
stream,
street,
./ZocZ,
3.
1.
-en, -er
-n,
gata,
[aa'Zri'j
soul, sjdl, 2. -en, -ar [felt] sour, adj. sur [svitr]
strict, adj.
strdng
[strey.]
-n,
study,
southern, adj. sydlig [sy'dlig^]
siuderkammare, 2. -kamrar [stut'ddrkarn'ard]
Swedish-English.
203
subject,
under sate,
5. -et,
I.,
2.
-n,
-ar
tight, adj.
fran^
\un'ddrsoHd\
sugar, socker,
to
suit,
-{-
time, tidpunkt,
[^ro??'] 3. -e?i, -er [ti'd-
[sok!9r}
III.
puy^kt]
tin,
fe?27i,
passa,
an'sto']
anstd,
o.
-et,
-|-
[^en/]
5.
-ef,
[pas'a,',
tin-plate,
2. -en,
jdrnbleck,
—
sultry, adj.
kvav [kva'v]
[j«*./-ri6Zeit']
summer, sommar,
[som'rar^]
-somrar
summit, topp, 2. -en, -ar [top.^] Sunday, sondag, 2. -en, -ar [son'-
tit-mouse, mes, 2. -en, -ar [we/s ] to-day, I dag [i! datg] tongue, tunga, 1. -n, -or [two'a^
sprdk,
tdta'l]
tool,
5. -et,
—
[sprotk]
-et,
dag]
sunrise,
tonnage, Idstetal,
5.
soluppgdng,
2.
-en,
-\-
[soj'lup^gorj]
redskap,
5.
-et,
— — [red's-
\l€s'-
supper, kvdllsvard, 3. -e7i, -er [kvEl'sva'dd] surface, yta, 1. -n, -or [y'ta'] to surround, omgiva, IV. [om'ji'va]
ka^p] tooth, tand,
3. -en,
-tdnder[tan!d]
swallow, svala, 1. -n, or [sva'la^] Swede, svensk, 2. -en, -ar[sven.^sk] Swedish, adj. svensk [svm^sk] to swim, simma, I. [sim'a,^]
torpedo-boat, minbdt, 2. -en, -ar [mi'nbo^f] tough, adj., se^ [se.'^] town, stad, 3. -en, -stdder [staid]
tract, strdckq, 1. -n, -or tradesman, liandlande,
[s!(reA:*a^] 5. -n,
—
sword, svcird,
5.
-et,
—
[svaUd]
[^an'6?/an'c?9] train, ^a^, 5. -e^ [^o/^]
transatlantic,
adj.
transatlantisk
I.
[tran'satlanttisk] to transplant, forflytta,
table,
[/cer-
bord,
5. -et,
—
^2/^.^a]
table-cloth,
tailor,
bordduk,
2.
[bojUd] -en, -ar
travel, resa, 1. -n,
traveller,
resande,
5.
-e^,
-or [re'sa'j 5. -n, [re'-
—
[b(o\iddui'k]
skrdddare,
5. -n,
— [skre[s??^«.^A:]
san^dd] tree, ^ra5,
tributary,
—
[tre!]
d'avd^] to take, taga, IV. [fa'^a']
taste,
tea,
sma^,
3.
2.
-en,
+
biflod, 3. -en, -er [bi'flco'd] troop, trupp, 3. -en, -er [^rt/p.'j
adj. (river),
te,
-ef,
-er
[fe.']
trouble,
bekymmer,
5.
-et,
—
Idra, II. [Z^'ra^] teacher, Idrare, b.-n, [Ise'rarQ^I 2. -en, -er telegraph, telegraf,
to teach,
—
[bdgymidr]
trunk, 6dZ, 2. -en, -ar [6o.7] to try, forsoka, II. [/cers6VZ:a] tulip, tulpan, 3. -e?i, -er [^wi'_pa/n]
[te'ldgraif] to tell, berdtta,
I.,
saga,
II. [&9-
Tuesday, tisdag,
temperature, vdrmegrad,
-er [v^-rmdgra^d]
to thank, tocA^a, I. [tak'a^] to thaw, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'ifa']
3.
-e/i,
2. -en,
-ar
[^zV.s--
dag]
U
ugly, adj. ful [fm'l] uncle, onkel, 2. -n, -ar \pykdV],
to unite,
therefore,
ddrfor [dmrfdir]
2.
-e?i,
thirst, ^ors^,
+
[^cex^s^]
thirsty, adj. torstig [toex'stig^'\ to threaten, hota, I. [^<y'^a']
thrush, trast, 2. -eTz, -ar [^i^as/^] to thunder, dska, I. [os"A:a']
Thursday,
[toMi
torsdag,
2.
-en,
-ar
farbror, morbror [far'bro/r] forena, I. [fcere.'na] United Kingdom, Storbritannien och Irland
universal, adj.
allmdn
[^al'ms^n]
204
Vocabulary.
universe, vdrldsallt, 5. -et, [va^'ddsaVt] unsettled, adj. orolig [o)'roj''lig\ to use, bruka, I. [brui'ka^]
—
water, vatten,
water-lily,
5.
-et,
—
1.
[i-at:dn\
ndckros,
-en,
-or
[nek'rco^s]
watch-dog, gdrdvard, 2. -en, -ar [go'rdva^xd] to wear, bdra, IV. [&«•?'«']; out, slita, IV. w^ [sU'ta^ m!t]
weather, vdder,
—
value, vdrde, 4. -t, -n [v^'ddd^] vase, vas, 3. -en, -er [^vcu's] veal, kalvkott, 5. -et, [kal'v-
—
Wednesday, onsdag,
5. -et, -}- [vi'ddr] 2. -en, -ar
got']
vegetables,
gronsaker,
b.-et,
2.
pi.
[gro'n-
sa'kdr]
vessel,
weed, ogrds, 5. -e^, -|- [^j'^rs's] week, vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a'] wet weather, vdtvdder, ruskvd[?;o'^t'f^c:?arJ der, 5. -ef, wide, adj. vid [vi!d] window, fonster, 5. -et, [fon:-
fartyg,
—[fa'rty'g]
-ar [setgdv]
—
victory, seger,
ba^rtj]
-n,
vineyard, vinberg,
vinegar, dttika,
violet,
1.
5. -et,
—
[vi'n-
—
-n, -\- [etika'^]
1.
violblomma,
-n,
-or
stdr] wine, vin, 3. -e^, -er [vi!n] wine-bottle, vinbutelj, 3. -en, -er
[vi'ojlblojm'a], viol, 3. -en, -er
besok, 5. -et, to visit, besoka, II.
visit,
—
[vi'nbm'telj]
wire,
[bsso^kl
telegram,
5.
-me^,
—
[^e'-
[&as0.^A;a]
volcano, vulkan, 3. -ew, -er [vwZ-
ka!n]
volunteer, friviUig [fri'vilHg]
Z^^raw.'] wise, adj. vis [viis] to wish, onska, I. [on'sfca']
[w??.'c?9r] wonder, under, 5. -ef, to wonder, undra, 1. [wn'c?ra'] 2. wool, ull, -671, [uU]
—
waist-coat, vast, 2. -en, -ar [v€sH] walk, promenad. 3. -en, -er [prco'mdnaJd]; to take a walk,
woollen, ylle-, ull- [yl'd-, ul'-] [coUd] word, ord. 5. -e^, writing-master, skrivldrare, 5.-n,
+ —
—
[skri'vU^rard']
taga sig en
wall,
promenad
3.
[ta'ga'
vdgg,
2.
-en, -ar [vegf] -en,
walnut,
valnot,
-notter
[va'lno't]
year, dr, 5. -et, yesterday, i gar
—
[tV
[o!r]
gotr]
Printed by
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230rtWM__jiifiL22:eL:3PM
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<
M24930J3
.<w)
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
ELEMENTARY
SWEDISH GRAMMAR
COMBINED WITH
EXERCISES, READING LESSONS AND CONVERSATIONS
HENRI FORT.
II
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON.
DAVID NDTT, 57-59 Long Acre,
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON &
NEW
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aTJ]L.ITJ®
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pr>
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nil
The method of Gaspey-Oito-Sauer is my own private property, having been acquired by purchase from the authors. The text-books made after this method are incessantly improved. All rights, especially the right of making new editions, and the right of translation for all languages, are reserved. Imitations and fraudulent impressions will be prosecuted according to law. I am thankful for communications relating to these
matters.
Heidelberg.
Julius Oroos,
Preface.
The second edition of this "Elementary Swedish Grammar" has undergone many alterations in the text
of the exercises, most of which have been taken from the best class-books used in Swedish schools.
The
chief
features
of
the
second edition consist
in the adaptation of the phonetical ciation phonetique internationale"
system of the "Assoand the application
of the
new Swedish orthography
in accordance with the
Royal Circular of the 7tli of April, 1906. Special care and attention have been devoted to the phonetical transcription of the sounds and to the accentuation of the words occurring in the text, but it should be remembered here that each word has been treated individually and accented accordingly, no mention being made of the "melodious" accent, which would be quite out of place in an elementary book of
this kind.
The author hopes
a
great
that the second edition, which is improvement over the first, will meet
all
with the favour of and prove useful to
begin learning the Swedish language.
those
who
much pleasure in thanking Mr. W. Gr. Priest, of London, who revised the manuscript of the English part, and Miss A. E. Millberg, of Berlin, who had the
He
has
great kindness to read the Swedish part and helped him with her valuable advice.
Cognac, December, 1910.
H. Fort.
ivi249302
IV
Contents.
Page
Pronunciation.
The alphabet
Accentuation Pronunciation of the letters
Vowels
Consonants Swedish writing
1.
2.
1 2 2 2
8
Lesson.
»
The indefinite article The terminal definite article The independent definite article
Declension of substantives.
» » »
»
3.
»
»
I.
declension
» »
.
.
4.
5. 6. 7.
» » » »
II.
.
.
» »
»
» »
»
III.
, .
.
IV.
»
.
8.
9.
» » »
»
10. 11.
» V. Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns The gender of substantives Remarks on the nouns. Read. Less. Fisket i Sverige The auxiliary verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav
»
.
.
:
18 20 22 23 26 28 32 35 38 41 46 51
12. 13.
14.
»
»
» » »
» » » » » » » »
Vasas ungdom The adjective. Reading Lesson: Gruvan The adjective (contin.). Read. Lesson yiS^ocMoZTTis hlodhad The verb. I. conjugation. Read. Less.: Stockholm
.
. :
54 59
64 69 75
15.
II.
conjugation. Reading Lesson
» » » » » »
:
/S'^ocA:^oZm (cont.)
.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
24.
25. 26. 27. 28.
III.
IV.
80 Kinnekulle Slag et vid Poltava 84
.
Auxiliary verbs (contin.). Read. Less.: yiS'rm^es/bZA:
The numerals. Read. Less. Svenskt metersgstem The pronouns. Reading Lesson: Nordens natur The pronouns (contin.). Reading Lesson J^m^ma The deponent verbs. Read. Less. ^nsfma (cont). The impersonal verbs. Read. Less. Gustav Adolf Compound verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf
:
92 95 101
:
:
:
108 113 117
120 123
127
(contin.)
» »
»
»
Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf (contin.) List of the principal prepositions. Reading Lesson Sveriges natur List of the principal conjunctions. Reading Lessoa: Sveriges natur (contin.) List of the principal interjections. Reading Lesson
Adverbs.
:
:
130 132
Hemmet
29.
>
The
construction
of sentences.
Reading Lesson:
135 139 152 157 161 192
Hemmet
Reading exercises
(contin.)
Poems
Appendix
Vocabulary:
I.
II.
Swedish-English English -Swedish
Pronunciation,
§
1.
The Alphabet.
letters,
The Swedish alphabet consists of 29 1. which are represented and named as follow:
Character.
\":
*
I
'-
.•\
'•
Pronunciation.
§
following signs:
1)
'
*
2.
Accentuation.
is
The Swedish accentuation
represented by the
2)
'
which indicates the strong accent „ mid-strong accent „ „
»
r,
3)
'
„
y,
4)
„
„
weak accent secondary weak
this
accent.
These
signs,
when
placed,
a) after a b) after a
vowel indicate that
vowel
is
long,
is
consonant that the preceding vowel
short.
Ex.: 1) a)
bad [ba'd], bath. 1) b) all [al^l all. 2) a) bada [ba'da% to bathe. 2) b) alia [d'a'], all (pi.). 3) a) mogenhet [mco'gdnhe't], maturity. 3) b) fattig [fafig'], poor. 4) a) promenad [prco'radnatd], walk. 4) b) destillera [des'tildra], to distill.
§
3.
Pronunciation of the letters.
I.
Vowels.
1.
A.
Swedish a
1) In
is
pronounced:
man
long syllables like «a» in «father» like Ger«o» in «^ttte» and French «a» in «ame».
Phonetic transcription: a.
Ex.: a)
c)
apa [a'pa% monkey.
bra
[bra.'],
b) sfcada [ska'da'], damage.
well.
2) In
short syllables it has no equivalent sound in English. It nearly resembles English «u» in «fun» and corresponds to German «tt» in «33lott» and French «a» in «capital».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) alster [al'stdr], product. b) packe [pak'd^], package.
c)
a.
docka \dok-a%
doll.
Pronunciation.
3
2.
E.
Swedish
1) in
e is
pronounced:
long syllables nearly like «a» in «name» and «ai» in «sail», German «e» in «fe^(en» and French «^» in «bl6».
Phonetic transcription:
e.
Ex.: a) ek [etk], oak. b) fel [fell], mistake.
2) in
a) like «a» in «c» in «2Scrf» and
short syllables «man», «parish»,
:
«
carry »,
German
French «al»
in «traltre».
ee.
Phonetic transcription:
Elx.:
a)
b)
/9)
verk [vBevtk], work, herr [hBer^^ sir.
like «e» in «better», German c in «@affe» and final «e» in French words such as «porte» after the pronunciation used in the South of France, in the
final syllables
Ex.
:
in
-e,
-el,
-er.
a.
Phonetic transcription:
[^os'a'j, boy. b) fag el [fotpdl], bird.
a)
gosse
c)
kloster [klosttdr], monastery.
« there »
3) like
«e» in other cases.
:
and «2lU
e.
in
«hair»
in
all
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.
fest [festt],
feast.
penna
[pen'a^], pen.
:
Except
when
it
a few words such as ett, svedd, hemma, has nearly the sharp sound of «i» in «middle».
in
3.
I.
:
Swedish
1) in
i is pronounced long syllables like «ee»
in «meet».
i.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.
:
a) isa [i'sa% to ice.
b) piga, ]prga,% maid.
c)
hageri, [ba'gdrif], bakery.
2) in
short syllables like «i»
a)
in
i
«miss».
Ex.:
Phonetic transcription irra [ir'a'], to err.
:
(as above).
b)
minska [min'ska%
to decrease.
1*
4
Pronunciation.
4.
0.
o is pronounced: long syllables: a) nearly like «o» in «go» or «oa» in «gfOat» in a few words of foreign origin ending in -oh, -of, -ok, -om, -ofiy 'op, -or, -OS, -ovy -log and in some other words such 1) in
Swedish
as:
kol, son, sova etc. Phonetic transcription: o. Ex.: garderob [gar'ddroth], wardrobe.
Jilosof [fiVosotf], philosopher.
epok [epotk'l, epoch. symbol [symbo'l], symbol.
ekonom
[ek'onotm]^ economist.
polygon [pol'igoin], polygon. mikroskop [mik'rosko.'p], microscope.
korridor [kor'ido!r],
corridor.
metamorfos [me'tamorfots], metamorphose.
alcov [alkoiv\ alcove. dialog [di'aloig\ dialogue. kol \kotl]^ coal.
son [sotn\ son. sova [so'va% to
sleep.
«oa» in «broad5> /9) like «o» in «more», in «door» in a few words before -rl, -rd, -I
Phonetic transcription: Ex.: a) sorl [so.'rl], murmur, b) order [o.'rddr], order.
y) like
o.
and «oo» and -v.
«o» in «to lose», «oo» in «too» or «u» in at the end of a long syllable and at the beginning of a word when forming a syllable of its own.
«rule»
in
many monosyllables
Ex.:
ord
stol
[ojlrd],
Phonetic transcription: word.
chair.
co.
[staj!i\^
ro [roj!], rest. broder [bra>'ddr% brother. obekant [co'bdkan't], unknown.
2) in
short syllables:
a) like «o» in «clock» in
Ex.: a) lock [loki], curl, b) ollon [ol'on% mast.
most cases:
o.
Phonetic transcription:
«oo» in «book», «u» in «put» in a few /9) like monosyllables, at the end of a short syllables and in the plural termination -or.
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcriptions:
Ex.: a) ost
b)
c)
co.
[ojstt],
cheese.
rodd [rcodt], rowing. kvitto [kvit'a)% receipt. d) vokal [vcokatl], vowel.
e)
skolor
f)
dockor [dok-ajT%
[skco'lajr^], schools. dolls.
5.
U.
Swedish u has two
1) In
different sounds.
it
has a sound peculiar to the long syllables Swedish language and has no equivalent in English. It is not unlike French «u» in «pure» and German «u» in «fu^ren». This sound is obtained in rounding the lips as closely as possible and pronouncing i whilst with drawing the tongue and the lower lip backwards.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
ui.
ur [mtr\
gud
hus
d) tu [tui^,
e)
watch, clock. [gmtd\ god. [hmis\ house. two.
(bjiti'da^\,
hjuda
to invite.
N.B.
sound
:
In unaccented syllables,
u,
has a somewhat more open
Ex.: a) rubin [rmbi'n], ruby.
b)
(till)
salu [saUui],
(for) sale.
2) in
short syllables it has also a sound peculiar to the Swedish language and which is nearly like English «u» in «pat», «ou» in «could» or German
«tt»
in «ittng».
Phonetic transcription
:
u.
Ex.: a) under [untddr], wonder.
b)
c)
kund
stund
[kuntd], customer.
[sfun!d],
moment.
fact.
d)
e)
faktum [fak'tum%
furstinna [fudstin'a%
princess.
f)
rum
[rum!], room.
6.
Y.
Swedish
1)
tj
has:
in
long syllables a close sound nearly like French «n» in «dune» or German «tt» in «3tt9el».
6
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
yra
myra
[y'ra''\ whirl. \my'ra% ant.
hy [hyt\
village.
short syllables an open sound nearly 2) French «u» in «lustre», «rustre» and German
in
like
«tt»
in «f(uftern».
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a) ynka [yy'ka^ to pity, b) syster [sys'tdr% sister.
o
7.
A.
Swedish a
is
pronounced:
1) in lonj? syllables like «o» in «go», «oa» in «coat» and German «ii» in «BQ^n».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) dr, [o.V], year. b) dka [o'ka^], to drive. c) pdse [po'sd% bag. d) gd [go!], to go.
e)
o.
trdd
[tro.^d],
thread.
2) in
short syllables
«o» in «3Sol!».
like «o» in
«clock» and Gero.
man
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
c)
dska [os'ka% thunder.
[sol!],
b) sdll
d)
e)
matt sdng
sieve. [mot!], measure.
[soy!],
song.
rat.
rdtta [rot'a%
8.
A.
is pronounced: long syllables: a) before r followed by a consonant like «a» «parish» but longer and German «d» in «9efa^rlid&».
Swedish a
1) in
in
Phonetic transcription: «,
Ex.: aria [$s'rla% wagtail.
jdrn
lice!jin],
iron.
gdma
^) in all in «hair».
[jag'jina% willingly.
other
cases like «e» in «there» or «ai»
Pronunciation.
7
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
e.
dga
b) dta
{e'ga.% to posess. [€'ta% to eat.
c) hdra [he'va'-], to bear. d) Idra [U'ra^ to teach. ^ e) tra [trei], wood. Tend knee. f) \kn€f\^
2) in short syllables: a) before double r or r followed by a consonant like «a» in «c8p»,y«hat» or German «c» in «2Bcrf».
Phonetic transcription: %. Ex.: a) drr [sert\ scar. b) drt \8erit\ pea.
c)
mdrke
[mier'kd'],
mark.
d) Idrka
[l%rka%
lark.
^) in all other cases like «e» in «tbere» or «ai» in «liair».
Phonetic transcription: Ex.: a) dpple [ep'h'], apple.
b) hdst [hes't] horse.
c)
€.
Idmpa [l€m'pa%
'
to apply.
9.
0.
Swedish
1) in
6*
is
pronounced:
long syllables:
«) before r followed by a consonant nearly like «i» in «bird». It has also the broad sound of French
«oeu» in «c(»ur».
Ex.: a)
Phonetic transcription: [ceUn], eagle. b) morda [mce'rda'], to murder. c) lordag [lceUda(gJ], Saturday.
ce.
'^
om
/?) before simple r (followed by a vowel or at the end of a word) nearly like «e» in «her». It corresponds to German «(i» in «®iitter».
Phonetic transcription: o. Ex.: a) for [/oVr], for. b) ora [o'ra'], ear.
c)
d)
fora [fd'ra% smor [smo'r],
to lead.
butter.
and before r in the plural of a very few words ending in 6 like French «eux» in «deux» or German «ii» in «©B^ne».
f) in all other cases
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) oga
b)
[0'ga,'],
0.
lopa
eye. [l0'pa% to run.
Pronunciation.
c) hon [h0in\ prayer. d) /^c* {fr0t\ seed.
e)
mor
[mo.^r], maids.
2) in
short syllables:
nearly like «i» in «first» or
Phonetic transcription:
ce.
a) before r «o> in «6rter».
German
Ex.: a) ort [ceUt], plant. b) torst [toed,.^st], thirst.
c)
j3)
dorr
[doer!], door.
in
all
other cases like «e» in «her» and GerPhonetic transcription:
o.
man
«ii»
in «r5ften».
Ex.: a) ost [ds!t] east. b) rosta [ros'ta'], to vote.
c)
mossa
[mds'a'], cap.
II.
Consonants.
10.
B.
Swedish
1)
b is
pronounced:
Phonetic transcription:
b.
like English «h» in «ball».
Ex.: a) bild [biUd], image.
b) stab lsta.^b], staff. c) kabel [kaibdll cable.
d)
e)
snabb [snabf], swift. bubbla [bub'W], bubble.
2) like English «p» in «pot» before t in the «snabbt» (neuter of: snabb) and s- sound.
Phonetic transcription: p.
word
Ex.: snabbt
[snai?'.^],
swift.
klubbslag
[lclup'sla.'g],
blow with a
club.
11.
c.
:
Swedish
wels
Ex.:
e,
c is
pronounced
y.
1) like English «8» in
i
«8ense»
before the
s.
soft
vo-
and
Phonetic transcription:
a)
ceder [seiddr], cedar.
b) cirkel \sir'kdl'-\ circle. c) cylinder [sylin'ddr], tall hat.
Pronunciation.
i
2) like
English «k» in
k.
«kill».
«chef>: a) before h (except in French words such as
etc.)
and
Phonetic transcription: k.
Ex.: a) och [oki], and. b) jiicka [fiik'a% c) icke [ik'd'], not.
girl.
Note. words as:
d) lycka [lyk-a% luck. In the new orthography
k
is
substituted for
c.
Such
kanon \kano/-n\ cannon. kompass [kDrnpas!], compass.
kurtisera [kur*tise.^ra], which were formerly spelt with
to court,
c,
etc.
etc.
are
now
spelt with k.
See page 11.
12.
D.
Swedish d
1) like
pronounced: English «d» in «duck».
Phonetic transcription: d.
is
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
dag [da'g], day. bada {ba'da'], to rad [raid], line.
bathe.
2) like
English «t» in «take».
a) before s at the genitive case followed by a vowel. derived syllables beginning by s. /9) before
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
t.
guds (fruktan) [gut's-], fear of gods (dgare) [gcot's-], landlord.
god.
3)
Swedish d is not audible at the beginning of words before j. The combination dj is sounded like j.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
j.
(See page 12.)
djup djur
[juiip], deep.
[jyuiir]^
animal.
13.
F.
:
Swedish f
1) like
is
pronounced
English «f» in «frui£», «cuif». a) at the beginning of words.
r) at
/?)
before s and t. the end of some foreign words.
10
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: /.
Ex.
:
I
a) b)
c)
a
!
(
fara [fa'ra% danger. frag a [froga^] question.
Jikon [Jl'kon%
fig.
a) loft [loftl loft.
b)
rofsa
strof
[rejf^'sa'],
rake.
c) luft [luf't], air.
a)
[stro!f], strophe.
b)
c)
fotograf [fcof cograif]^ photographer.
jilosof [fiVDsotf\ philosopher.
2) like English «v» in «voice».
a) at the end of words (except foreign words ending in -grafj -strof -sof and those ending in -mf). middle of words (except before «s» and «^»). /?) in the
^
Phonetic transcription: Ex.:
v.
Uf[Wvl
bref
life.
[bre'v], letter.
After
tafla [ta'vla% table. silfver [sil'vor], silver. the new orthography
/
is
replaced by v in above cases.
See page 18.
liv in stead of lif
brev in stead of bref tavla in stead of tafia,
silver in stead of silfver.
14.
G.
1) like
pronounced: English «y» in «year». a) before the soft vowels: e^ i, i/, a and o. ^) after I and r in the same root- syllable.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.:
(
'
Swedish g
is
j.
a) get [je't], goat. b) giva Wva'], to give.
c)
gyckel
[jykidl], jest,
d) gdst [jes't], guest. e) gora [jor'a% to do.
^ P
j
\
a) farg [fier!j], colour. throat. b) svalg [svaUj], [si
2) like English «g» in «get».
a) before the hard vowels a, -o, -u and a. e and after i in short unaccented final /9) before
syllables.
Pronunciation.
11
y)
before a consonant.
S) at the
end of a syllable (except
Phonetic transcription: g.
street.
1, /3).
Ex.:
(
J
a)
gata [ga'ta%
b)
c)
god
[gcoid], good.
gud
gd
[gmtd]^ god.
\ d)
[got], to go.
a) spegel [spe'gdr], looking-glass b) fattig [fat'ig^], poor.
^ r
f
a)
I b)
f
grata [gro'ta% to weep, prdgla [pr€'gla% to coin.
^ ^
3) like
]
a) lag [lo.'gl low. b) lag [latg], law.
English «k» in «keen».
a) before s
/9)
and
the
t.
before
final
syllables
in
-set,
-sen
and
sera.
Phonetic transcription: k.
Ex.:
(
a) c)
highest, [hdk.'st], [hdk!st], highest. b) fattigt [fat'ikHl [fat'ik% poorly.
hogst ~ )gst
sagt
[sakit], said
a) hlygsel [blyk\sdl], bashfulness.
b)
c)
avldgsen [a'vhk'sdn], remote. bog sera [bok'setra], to tow.
4) like
English
n.
«ng»
in
«finger»
between a short
vowel and
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a) regna [reyna'], to rain. b) fdgna [feyna''], to gladden.
5) like
English «sh» in «sbade» before
Phonetic transcription
:
-e-
and
-i
in
foreign words.
/.
Ex.: geni [fenif] genius. logi [lofit], lodging. Note. In the combinations «^j», the Ex.: gjort [jojj,!t]^ made.
g
is
mute.
gjuta
[jm'ta''],
to found.
15.
H.
Swedish
1) like
h is pronounced:
in
English «h»
«hold» before vowels.
12
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: h.
Ex.: hagla Uia'gla^], to hail. hehag [hdhatgX [hdhat pie
2) before the
consonants j and v \
«/i» is
quite mute.
Ex.: hjul [juitl]^ wheel. hjdlp [jeltp\ help. hjdrta [J8Br'ta% heart. hjord [jojUd]^ flock.
16.
J.
Swedish j
1) like
pronounced: English «y» in «.year».
jord
Phonetic transcription: J. [jcoUd], earth.
to invite.
is
Ex.
:
a)
c)
b) Jul [jut- 1], yule.
bjuda [bjm'da%
koja
[koj-a^], cot.
d) bjorii [bjoe'rn], bear,
c)
2) like
English «8h» in «bush», derived from French.
Phonetic transcription
Ex.:
a)
:
«shame»
/.
in
words
projeJd [projfektt]^
project,
b)
jurnal
[furna.'l], journal.
17.
K.
pronounced: «k» in «kid». like 1) English a) before the hard vowels a, o, u, and a. the soft vowels e and i in unaccented /?) before
final syllables.
f)
Swedish k
is
before and after a consonant (except j),
d) at the end of a word or e) in some loan words.
Ex.:
f
a syllable.
a) b)
c)
kap [ka'p], cape. kopp [kop'], cup.
kull [kul'], brood. d) kdl [W'l], cabbage.
^ r
^
j
\
a) rike
[rrkd% kingdom.
before
b) trdkig [tro'kig^\ tedious.
this
letter
y,
after the
Words formerly beginning with h drop new orthography.
h]i-ad [vatd], what.
h\varje [i'ar'jd% each. li\vem [vemt\ who.
Pronunciation.
13
a)
b)
c)
klocka [khk'a'], clock. krig [kri'g], war.
prakt
skola
[prak!t], magnificence,
[sk(o'la'\, school.
rid)
e)
minska
rysk
tak
[min'ska.''], to decrease.
f)
a)
[rys!k], Russian.
[ta'k], roof. [o'ka^], to drive.
^{
b)
dka
a) b)
c)
m^kiv [arkHv], archives. anarki \an'aTkit\ anarchy. bankeft [baykef], banquet.
in «9}idb$en»
2) like
German «b^»
and [nearly
like
«t-y» in «don'(t-y)ou» popular.] a) before the soft vowels e, i, y (except in cases
mentioned at
1, /5,
<^,
page
12) a
and
c.
o.
^) before j.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.:
[
a)
kedja
[ge'dja'], chain,
b) kil
[gitl],
wedge.
cold.
a
\
I
c)
kyla [cy'la'\
d)
e)
kdr
kol
[getr],
[co.'Z],
dear.
keel.
I
Note: ko \ko.%
cue.
dell.
A
Swedish
and
«call».
a)
kjusa [cia'sa%
b) kjol [qojU], petticoat.
18.
I
L.
like
is
pronounced
English «1»
Z.
in «loan»
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) lag [la'g]. law b) sval [sva:l], cool.
c)
kalla [kal'a'l to
is
call.
Note.
L
mute before j and
in the
word <ivdrld*.
Ex.: a) Ijus \.jm!s], light. b) Ijud ljm!d\, sound. c) vdrld [v^j,!d], world.
19.
M.
in
Swedish
«main».
w
is
pronounced like English «m»
Phonetic transcription: m.
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
matta [mat'a^
carpet.
palm
lampa
[pal.'m], palm.
[lam'pa''\ lamp.
14
Pronunciation.
20.
N.
Swedish n
1) like
pronounced; English «n» in «none» generally.
Phonetic transcription: n.
nature.
is
Ex.: a) natur
b)
c)
[natui.'r]^
panna
organ
[pan'a'J, forehead. [orgatn], organ.
2) like
English «ng» in «sing» before k and in a few words loaned from French.
Phonetic transcription;
y.
Ex.: a) vink [vir)tk\ beck. b) linka [liij'ka^], to limp. c) annons [ano7)ts\ advertisement.
3)
n
is
mute
in the
words:
lugnt
[luytt], peacefully.
ndmnt
\nemtt\ named.
is
The combination ng
1) like
pronounced:
«sing» and
English «ng»
e,
i,
?/,
in
German «ng»
it
in
«6ringen».
a) After tal sound.
a and a whereby
it
has a pala-
/?) after a, o tural sound.
and u whereby
has a slightly guty.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) engelsk [ey.'dlsk], p]nglish. b) ingen [iy'dn'], none. c) yngling [yy'Uy'l youth. d) dnga [oy'a,^], steam.
e) cingel hy'dl'], angel.
f) g) h)
rang [ra,y.% rank. halkong [bdlkoy:], balcony, lunga [luya,% lung.
is
2)
In the combination gn, g
a) like
pronounced:
English «g» in «guest» at the beginning of words: (It is then never mute as English «g» in «gnaw».)
Phonetic transcription: g.
Ex.: a)
gnat [gnatt^ quarrel. b) gnista [gnis'ta], spark. c) gno [gn(jjt\ to rub.
d) gncill [gnelf], whimpering.
Pronunciation.
15
/^)
like
English «ng» in «siiig
Phonetic transcription:
+ n»
7)71.
at the end of
words.
Ex.: a)
,b)
vagn
ugn
[vayiri], carriage. [ur)tn\ oven.
21.
P.
like
Swedish j9
Ex.
:
is
pronounced
English «p» in «peep».
Phonetic transcription: p.
[pojtT\ pole. b) lojpjp [loA course.
a)
c)
pol
apa [a'pa% monkey.
22.
Is
Q.
like
it is
replaced in the
k by which always pronounced new orthography:
etc.
now
(qvist) kvist [kvis.% branch,
23.
R.
Swedish
1) nearly
r
is
pronounced:
it
English «r» in «room» but be vibrated with the tip of the tongue.
like
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) [rco't], root. b) [broj'd9r% brother.
r.
should
2) before -n, -d,
-s,
-t
it is
almost quite mute.
,i
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
c)
(also: r).
ham
[hajbtn], child.
lard [lsedtd\ learned. forst [foRdtst], first.
[
d) hevars
L^j^^^
[h^va^t|\ God forbid!
24.
S.
Swedish
s is
pronounced like English «s» in «seat».
Phonetic transcription:
s.
Ex.: a) stund [stuntd], moment.
b)
c)
resa \re'sa% to ros [ro)is\ rose.
travel.
16
Pronunciation.
Note. In words ending in -sion, the combination nounced like English «sli» in «ship».
Phonetic transcription
Ex.: a) mission {mifcotn], mission, b) pension [payfojtn], pension.
:
«si>
is
pro-
/.
The combinations:
pronounced
sch-,
sj-,
skj-
and
stj-
are also
like «8h» in «sliip».
Ex.: a) schal [fa.% shawl. b) sjo [/0.I, sea.
c) skjuta [Jm'ta'], to shoot. d) stjart [j^d!t], tail.
Sk.
The
1) like
combination sk is
-a
pronounced: English «sh» in «ship».
-e, -i,
-z/,
a) before
and
-0.
:
Phonetic transcription /.
Ex.: a) sken [fe!n], shine.
b) skicka [fik'a% to send. c) sky \fy!l sky. d) skagg [feg!], beard.
c)
j3)
skord
[Jcedkl], crop, harvest.
in the following
a)
words:
b)
c)
marskalk {7nar'fal'k], marshal. mdnniska [me'nijy], man.
skarlakan [farlaikan],
scarlet.
2) like English «sk» in «de8k».
a) before a
/5)
consonant. before the hard vowels a, 0, u and a. y) after all vowels at the end of words or syllables.
Phonetic transcription: sk.
Ex.: «)
skriva [skri'va^\ to a) skald [skaV.d]^ poet. 1 b) skog [skoj'.gX wood.
a)
write.
c) skur \skm:r\^ shower. d) skdjp [skoi-p], cupboard.
a) rask [rastk'], swift. b) fisk [fisikl fish.
ci
kusk
{kustlc],
coachman.
d) flask Xflisik]^ bacon. e) pdsk [postk], easter.
In derivatives and in the various inflections of words the of which ends in «s/L'», these two consonants have the same sound as in the root-syllable before «e> and «i».
Note.
root-syllable
Pronunciation.
17
Ex.: disk-en ('from disk) [dis'kdn''^ the counter. jUask-et (iiom flask) fles'kd^t], the bacon.
fiaskig ^from fjask) [fJES'kig% bustling. jiskeri f from fisk) [Jis'kerif], fishery.
The combination
1) like
-scent, -scens
sc is
pronounced:
«8hip»
in
English «8» in
words ending
in
and
-scion.
:
Phonetic transcription /.
Ex.: a) konvalescent [kon'valefsnH], convalescent, b) konvalescens [kon'valefen's], convalescence.
Note.
These words may also be pronounced:
[kon'vales£n.'t] [kon'valesen^s].
2) like
English «s» in «8un» in the following words
:
seen [se'n], scene. sceneri ]s€^ndrif], scenery. scenisk [se!niskj, scenic(al).
25.
T.
Swedish
1)
like
t is pronounced: English «t» in «tip» in most words.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) tacka [tak'a^ to thank.
b) rdtta [rot'a^], rat. c) mat [ma-'t], food.
t.
2) like
English «ts»
i.
in «gets» before
ts.
i
followed by
the vowels a or
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) aktie [ak'tsid], share.
b) initiativ [in^itsiati^v], initiative.
The combination
a) like
ti
is
pronounced:
In foreign words ending
:
«8h»
in «ship».
in -Hon
preceded by a consonant.
Phonetic transcription
y*.
Ex.: lektion [lekfcotn], lesson.
/5)
like
ending
in -tion
English «ch» in « church » in foreign words preceded by a vowel.
Phonetic transcription:
tf.
Ex.: nation [natfojtn], nation.
The combination
«b^» in «3)idb4en».
tj
is
pronounced
c.
like
German
Phonetic transcription:
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
2
18
Pronunciation.
26.
V.
like
Swedish
v is
pronounced
English «v» in
v.
«,voice».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) vagn \vaytn\, carriage. b) tavla [ta'vla,\ picture. c) Ijuv [jiiitv], sweet.
27.
W.
This letter only occurs in some names of towns, persons and countries. It is pronounced as v (26 -v) and never as English «w».
28.
X.
like
Swedish x
is
pronounced
English «x» in
«fix».
Phonetic transcription: ks.
Ex.: taxera \takseira], to tax.
Note. In words ending in -xion the combination nounced like: kf.
Ex.: reflexion [re'flekfcoin], reflection.
«cci»
is
pro-
29.
Z.
in «sit».
Swedish
Ex.: zink
z is
pronounced like English «8»
Phonetic transcription:
s.
[siy.'k], zinc.
§
4.
Swedish writing.
of the
little
The Swedes make use
and their handwriting
differs
Latin characters from the English
handwriting. Notice the following letters
:
©yf U, J
©^ U,
v_^
Ky
i^x^j
(y ^
and
'?
Preliminary remarks.
§ 1.
The genders.
Swedish three genders, viz: the masculine (han-kon), the feminine (hon-kon), and the
There are
in
neuter
(det-kon) genders.
Pronunciation.
19
The study of the genders in Swedish is an important and one for Englishmen; but it should be observed that it is sufficient to distinguish the neuter nouns from the masculine-feminine group which are followed or preceded by the same articles, their inflections remaining always the same.
Note.
difficult
§ 2.
The numlbers.
sin-
The Swedish language has two numbers: the
gular (ental)
and the plural
§ 3.
(flertal),
The parts of speech.
The parts
The article The noun
ord).
of speech in
(ting.
Swedish are the following:
The verb (hdndelseord). The adverb (omstdndighetsord) The preposition (forord). The conjunction (bindeord). The interjection (utropsord).
.
(artikel). or substantive
The adjective (egenskapsord) The pronoun (ersdttningsord).
First Lesson.
The
§
1.
articles.
articles: the inarticle
There are
in
Swedish three
article.
definite
the
article, the
terminal definite
indefinite article.
and
independent definite
I.
The
(Obestamd artikel.)
§ 2.
The
indefinite
article
is
equivalent to
the
English article a or an and has two forms: 1. en which is used before masculine and feminine nouns; 2. ett which is used before neuter nouns.
Ex.:
en
gosse (masc), a boy;
en
Jiicka
(fern.),
a girl; etf
barn
(neut.), a child.
§ 3. Interrogative sentences with the auxiliary' verbs „hava"^ «to have» and „vara" «to be» are formed as in English: Is the father good? Ex.: dr fadern godf
hava de en fader f
Have they a father?
to have.
Hava [ha'va%
Jag har [jatg hatr\ I have. du har {duit — ], thou hast
lian
har Vhani — ], he has. hon har [hojnt — ], she has. det har ^dett — ], it has. vi hava vii ha'va% we have. I haven ii ha'vdn% you have. de hava dii ha'va% they have.
(you have).
Words.
the wagtail bird fdgel U'oigdJ] hamen[ha'JLndn'^] [the] children
[le'rlan^]
drlan
stjdrt [fxjitt]
liten
\li'tdn^'\
tail
little
mask
[masth]
worms
The
articles.
21
ungar
munter
Idng
[i«?;*ar']
yoimg ones
stalk
iitjalk [fel'k]
vem ?' [vemf] vadf [va!d]
styv [sty!v]
who ?
what?
stiff
mitt [nkf]
livlig [li'vlig^]
[Zo?;/]
pretty
lively
[m.unitdr] merry, gay
dr [%!r] or [e^r] is dro[x'roy]or[8'rco^] are.
alia [aZ'aJ everybody,
like to see
all
wpp och ned
ok: ne'd]
long [upt up and
down
segdma[setjse'rTia']
hon
[hconf]
[ott si'g]
at sig
[she] it. for itself
tycka mycket
[tyk'a''
om
are
very fond
like
myk'df
it
of,
sj
sina [si'na^] its. da [do^ when, as trippar [trip'ar^] ambles, is ambling
omkringlomkriyf about plockar [plok'ar picks up
henne [hen'd'] som [som^ vippar [vip'ar^] ihland [ihlanta\
that,
which
wags
sometimes, now and then
gungar
dan^]
[guy'ar'
swings
pa
gor
och
[poi]
[jotr]
[oki]
on
does and.
hurudan?[hia'rm how? what?
Reading Exercise
1.
Arlan. Arlan ar en liten natt fagel. Hon ar munter och livlig. Alia se henne garna. Barnen tycka mycket om henne. Hon har en lang styv stjart, som vippar upp och ned, da hon Hon plockar mask at sig och sina ungar. trippar omkring. Ibland gungar hon pa en stjalk.
Conversation.
Hurudan ar arlan? Ar hon en livlig fagel?
Se alia henne garna?
Vem
tycker mycket om henne? Hurudan stjart har hon? Vad gor hon, da hon trippar omkring? Vad plockar hon at sig och sina imgar? Pa vad gungar hon ibland?
Words.
pupil Idrjungellse'rjuy'd] school-master skolmdstare [skco'lmes'tard'']
the teacher chair
the desk(s)
Idraren
Idrostol
stoj'r]
[U'rardii^]
[le'rco-
school
skola
man
class-room
man [man^
klassrum
[skoj'la''']
pulpet(ema)[pulpeit]
(neut.)
penholder
inkstand
pennskaft
(neut.)
maps
blackboard
[klas^rum^] kartof' [ka'rtcor'] svart tavla [svaM't
ta'vla"]
[pen'skaf^t]
copy-book
hldckhorn (neut.) [hUkliojUn] skrivbok [skrrvbco'k]
forms
skolhdnkar[skoj-lbey^kar]
reading book Idsebok [U'sdbo/k]
22
Lesson
2.
pencil
I
am
go
to
our
I
jag dr [ja'g e^r] vdr [vo'r] school jag gar iskola[ja.'g
goir i skoj'la^] talar [ta'lar'] engelska [ey^dlska]
blyertspenna [hlyeMspen^a]
learned
in
lard [lasUd]
i [if]
several there are,
sits
[is]
flere [fle'rd'] det jinns[dett fints]
sitter [sitidr]
speaks English Swedish
behind each
I
hakom [hakom^
varje
[var'jd^]
see
jag
sei^
[jatg setr].
svenska [sven'ska^]
Translation Exercise 2.
The class-room.
go to school. Our school-master is a learned man; he speaks English and Swedish. In a class room there are several maps, a black board, and forms. The Each pupil has a teacher sits in a chair behind a desk. form and a desk. What do you see on the desks? I see a penholder, a pencil, an inkstand, a copy book and a
I
am
a pupil.
I
reading book.
Second Lesson.
II.
The terminal
definite article.
(Slutartikel.)
§ 1. This article consists of a letter or a syllable It answers to the affixed to the end of substantives. article «the». English
§ 2. It plural, viz.:
has four forms in the singular and in the
§
3.
-n or -en for the
masculine and feminine nouns
2°^^,
3'*^
Singular.
and
5'^
of the I'S
Ex.
:
declensions.^
;
gossen, the boy ; flickan, the girl hagaren, the baker.
nyheten, the news
;
't
or
-et
4^^'
for the
neuter nouns
declensions.
^
belonging to the
3'"'^,
and
5*^
Ex.:
myteriet, the sedition;
the table.
spdnnet, the buckle; hordef,
§
4.
Plural,
-we for the
5*^
masculine substantives
^
of the
2'''^
and
declensions.
Ex.: gossarne, the boys; hagai^ne, the bakers.
^
See lesson 3 and the following
(4,
5,
6 and
7).
The
-na
article.
23
for the substantives of each gender belonging to the P% 2^*^ and 3^*^ declensions.^
Ex.
:
flickorna, the
girls gossarne or gossarna, the boys nyheterna, the news; myterierna, the seditions.
;
;
-a for the
neuter nouns
neuter nouns
of the 4^^ declension.
^
Ex.: spcinnena, the buckles.
-en for the
Ex.:
of the 5^^ declension.
hamen,
the children; borden, the tables.
III.
The independent
definite article.
(Fristaende artikel).
The study of the independent definite article with that of the qualifying adjective, connected being it will be treated in lesson 12.
§ 5.
jag dr [ja!g et du dr [diai _ han dr ^an' ] hon dr [hojni — ]
— —
"Vara [va'ra^] to be. det dr [dett J thou art vi dro [vit troj'"']
I
am
is
—
it
is
we
are
he
she
I
is
dren de dro
]ii
s'rdn']
you are
they are.
[det e'rco^]
Words.
2 pd 800
talet [po' in the ninth 800 taildt] century
stort
[stcotdt]
great
fertile
fruktbart [fruk'tbauH] vdrt [votjbt]
I
8ver(i)ge
svsmrtjd]
[ii
in
Sweden
our
of since
greatest
[he'vdiy'] chieftain sdndebud (neut.) messenger(s), ambassador(s) [sen'ddbia^d]
hovding
av [atv\ sedan [sedan]
storsta
[stoRJitsta]
folket
kdt]
(neut.) [foU- people
bodde
[bojd'd']
dwelt
hette [het'd^]
(neut.)
Ryssland
Russia
[rys'lan^d[\
kommo
kom
[kom'oj'']
was called, whose name came [was
said
land (neut.) \lantd] country ordning [o'ddni'^'^] order army ^dr [heir] Ostersjon [os'tdr- the Baltic Sea
fo'n]
sade [sa'dd''] ingen [%*a?i']
no
come \komi] Tidrska [hsev'ska''] rule
samlade[sam'ladd''] assembled, mustered, gathered
pd andra sidan on
[pot an'dra' si'dan'] rike (neut.) [ri'kd'] kingdom
the side
other
grdnserlgrentsdr] borders, bounds
i
grundlade
seglade [se'gladd^] sailed founded
[grun'dladd'']
vdrlden
ddn]
[it
vssU- in the world
grannland
neighbouring [gran'lan^d] country mdktig [inek'tig^] powerful
(neut.)
^
vidgade [vid'gadd'] extended vdxte ut [vek'std'' grew to, came mtt] till honom [til! to him
hon'om^]
(4, 5,
be-
See lesson 3 and the following
6
and
^
7).
dtta hundra.
24
Lesson
from
osf\
2.
frdn
[frohi\
over us ddrfbr [dser^foer] therefore hdr [h%tr or heii^ here
over OSS [oivdr
gjorde en ^a^
[jco'jdd']
[e.'n
did
datg\
one day
[we] know then.
kdnna
[vi] [c€n'a!'\ '
c?« [dot]
Reading Exercise
Rurik.
3.
Pa 800
hette Rurik.
talet
Till
bodde
i
Sverige
en maktig hovding,
fran
som
fol-
honom kommo en dag sandebud
ket
„Vart land ar stort och fruktbart, men det finns ingen ordning dar. Kom darfor och harska Da samlade Rurik en stor har, seglade over over OSS.'* Ostersjon och grundlade pa andra sidan ett rike, som sedan vidgade sina granser och viixte ut till ett av de storsta i
i
Ryssland och sade:
varlden.
Det riket kanna
vi
alia,
det ar vart grannland:
Ryssland.
Conversation.
Vem
Vad
bodde i Sverige pa 800 talet? hette denne (this) maktige hovding?
i
Vem kom till honom? Vad sade sandebuden fran folket Vad gjorde Rurik da? Vad heter (what is the name of)
grundlade?
Ryssland?
det
rike,
som han
Words.
[the]
man
mdnniskan
vdsen
M
\men'i-
being
the
(neut.) [vetsdn]
human Tnd'nniskokroppen
[men'ifcokrop ^dn\
body the head
the the the the the the
huvudet
d'9t]
[hia'vu-
the the the the the the the
back
heart
liver
ryggen
levern
rygidn]
[I
hjdrtot. Jsed'tat']
mouth
hair
munnen
hdret
eivdm]
[mun.'dn]
[hotrdt]
stomach
sides
trunk
face
hdlen [bo!hn]
arms
leg, legs fingers nail
mag en \ma'gdn^] sidoma [si'dcom a*] annar [avmar^]
ben
[betri]
ansiktet [an'sikHat] forehead pannan pan'an'] ogonen p'gondn^] eyes
ears
fingrar [fivgrar']
cheeks
[o'ronan'J kindema [gin'ddr713*]
oronen
the limbs the chin
very,
ledema [te'dama^] hakan \ha'kan']
mgcket [mgk'dt^] fomuftigf [fcernufitikt]
nagel [naigdt]
much
the nose the lips the beard the neck the teeth
the tongue the breast
ndsan [ne'san^] Idppaima [lep'arna']
reasonable
consists of
skdgget U'egtdt] halsen [haUsdn]
belong to we hear
bestdr av [bdstoir] tillh ora [til'h o'ra]
vi
hora
[trei'^
tdndema
na*]
[vit ho'ra']
[ten'ddr-
two
three four
five
tvd
tre
[t}:oi]
tungan
brostet
[tuy'an^]
[brds.'tat]
fyra
[fy'ra'']
fefin [/f???.*].
Declension of Substantives,
25
Translation Exercise 4.
Man.
a reasonable being. The human body consists The different parts of the head, the trunk and the limbs. of the head are: the face, the forehead, the eyes, the ears, the cheeks, the nose, the mouth, the teeth, the lips, the chin, The tongue and the teeth are in the beard and the neck. The heart, the stomach the back and the ribs the mouth. (revhenen) belong to the trunk. The heart is in the breast. The lungs and the liver are also in the breast. A man has four limbs: two arms and two legs. We have two hands and each hand has five fingers. Each finger has a nail.
Man
is
Third Lesson.
Declension of substantives.
§ 1. (bdjningar)
1.
The Swedish language has
five declensions
2.
3.
4.
which are varied by four cases: the nominative answering to the questions: who? or what? the genitive answering to the questions: whose? or of which ? the dative answering to the questions: to whom or to what? the accusative or objective case answering to the
questions:
whom?
or
what?
§ 2.
Ex.
Formation of the genitive. The genitive is formed in the singular and
s
;
the plural by adding
:
to the nominative.
skolors, of schools.
to
faders, fathers
1.
Note
noun the s
Ex.
:
is
the terminal definite article is affixed added to the article and not to the noun.
;
When
the
gossens, the boy's
2.
skolornas, of the
schools.
the substantive is preceded by the indefinite article the genitive case is formed by adding s to the substantive and not to the article which remains unchanged,
Note
When
Ex.: en
Note
of the
blommas, of a flower; ett barns, a Nouns ending in s, x and z take no indefinite form, that is when preceded by the
3.
is
child's.
s in the genitive
indefinite article.
The
is
s of the genitive left unaltered.
replaced by an apostrophe or the substantive
2Q
Ex.
Lesson
:
en jprins
or en
prins
slott, a prince's castle.
Note 4. Whilst the genitive case is used in English with nouns denoting animate objects and sometimes with nouns denoting time and space, it is used in Swedish with all sorts of nouns, whether they indicate animate or inanimate objects.
I.
First Declension.
declension
§
3.
The
-a.
first
comprises
all
feminine
nouns in
§ 4.
The
:
sion is formed
Ex.
plural of nouns belonging to this declenby changing -a into -or.
;
flicka, girl
flickor,
girls.
§ 5.
The terminal
definite article is -n in the sin-
gular and -na in the plural.
§ 6.
Indefinite
Example.
Form.
Definite
Form.
N. G. D. A.
en en en en
Singular.. N. blomman, the flower blomma, a flower G. blommans, of the flower blommas, of a flower D. blomman, to the flower blomma, to a flower A. blomman, the flower. blomma, a flower
Plural.
N.
blommor, flowers. G. blommors, of flowers D. blommor, to flowers A. blommor, flowers
[ha'dd^], I
N.
G.
blommoma,
blommornas,
D. blommoma, A. blommoi^na,
the flowers of the flowers to the flowers the flowers.
Haya.
Jag hade [ha'dd'] or du hade, thou hadst han hade, he had hon hade, she had
sjdar
had
det hade,
VI hade,
I
Words.
it had we had haden, you had
de hade, they had.
[fo'ar^]
lakes
mdngd
[me'O-d]
quantity
Vdnern Malar en
Vattem oar [0'ar']
fatten (neut.) [vatidn]
isles,
mdrkvdrdigf
[maer'kvse'rdikt]
remarkable
mdrkvdrdigaste
islands
most remarkable
clear
[mderkvcx'rdigastd]
water
klart
\kla:.it\
bottnen
[bottndn']
bottom
motion, movement
tributary
djup \jmtp] imt [leti]
deep
easily
rorelse [ro'rdlsd^j
tillflode [til'Jio'dd]
svdr sjo [svo!rfo!] rough sea
ganska
ka'
litet
[gan's- ever so
little
li'tdt']
stream
tusen [tmtsdn]
thousand
dar
[o'ar']
rivers
ndgra
hio'gra''']
some
greater,
lar-
lander
[leniddr]
countries
storre [stcerta]
pa jorden
jo/dddn^]
[pot
on earth
smd'rre [smoer.'d]
ger smaller
Declension of substantives.
27
quite, very
28
Declension of substantives.
29
Note.
article for
The article -ne is, properly speaking, the terminal definite masculine nouns, but the use of the article -na for mascuis
line
nouns
becoming more and more general.
§ 4.
I.
Examples.
Sul)stantive8 ending in -e.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Singular.
N. G. D. A.
Form.
N. G. D. A.
en en en en
gosse, a boy gosses, of a boy (a boy's) gosse, to a boy gosse, a boy.
gossen, the boy gossens, of the boy gossen, to the boy gossen, the boy.
(the boy's)
N. gossar, boys G. gossai'S, of boys D. gossar, to boys. A. gossar, boys.
II.
Plural. N. gossatme, the boys
(boys').
G.
gossarnes,
boys')
of the boys (the
D. gossarne, to the boys A. gossarne, the boys.
Substantive with various terminations.
Singular.
Indefinite
Form.
N. G. D. A.
en en en en
gdrd, a yard gdrds, of a yard gdrd, to a yard gdrd, a yard.
Definite Form. N. gdrden, the yard G. gardens, of the yard D. gdrden, to the yard A. gdrden, the yard.
Plural.
N. gdrdar, yards G. gdrdars, of yards D. gdrdar, to yards A. gdrdar, yards.
N.
G.
D.
A.
gdrdama, the yards gdrdamas, of the yards gdrdama, to the yards gdrdama, the yards.
Yara.
Jag var [vair] I was du var thou wast han var he was hon var she was
det var it was vi voro \va>'ro/]
I
we were voren you were de voro they were.
Words.
Lappama
p'ama'] ansiktsfdrg
siktsjagr'j]
[la-
[the]
Laplan-
toppmossa
mos'a]
[top'-
peaked cap
ders
[an'-
complexion
trousers coat
hoskap
[hoj'ska^p] cattle
cattle
boskapsskotsel
[bco'skapfofsdl]
feeding pla-
hyxor
[hyk'sa)r^'\
kolt [koUt] vadmal [va'dmal] drugget(coarse
stuff)
hostdder
ste^ddr]
[ho)'-
dwelling
ces
trakt [traktt]
region
renar
[re'nar']
skinn [fin'] pals [pd's]
reindeer skin
fur
dkerhruk
[o'kdr-
husbandry
hrm'-k] hjordar[ja)'jidar'-] herds
30
Declension of substantives.
31
aunt
cousins
easter holi-
j faster [fasitdr] I moster [mcos^tdr]
spent
kusiner [kmsiindr] pdskferier [pos'kfe'ridr]
days garden
trddgdrd [tre'goUd]
\morfar''[m(or:far] armor ^ [far'mojr]
-,
grand fatherZ-^^-^r'!/*^^-^?;^ ^
tillhragte {til' brak^td] several years j^ere dr [fie're'' otr] plays spelar [spe/lar^] sjunger [fuy'dr'] sings de gd [di! go'] they go kind to me goda mot mig [gorda' mojtt mi'g]
stays
will
grand mother
stories
j
f
stannar
to
\mormor^[ma>rima>r]
come
skola
tilf]
komma
[stan'ar']
till
sagor
[sa'gojr^]
us
oss [skorla" kom-'a'
cakes
kakof
[ka'kcor']
grand
isonson [son'son^] \dotterson [dot'dr8071']
enjoy myself roa mig [rwa' mi!g] we shall play vi skola leka [z;z?
skoj'la le'ka^]
to tell
(Son
grand daughter
\
\
^
dottev
[sow
berdtta [bdrd'a]
dot'er]
to
bake
baka
dlska
[ba'ka']
[el'ska']
dotterdotter [dot'dvdot'ar]
like
French
franska
[fran'ska^]
my my
still
(pi.)
German
Swedish
teaches
tyska [tys'ka^'] svenska \svEn'ska^'\
Idr,
\l£tr
alive
min [mi'n] mina [mi'na'] dnnu i livet, vid
[snui''
it
liv
litvdt
vitd
under vis ar
,
i
Wv]
beautifully
un'ddrvi^-
fdrtrdffligt
treffliktj.
[for-
speaks
sar talar
if\
[ta'lar']
Translation Exercise 8.
The Family.
a teacher in
My
our
parents are
school.
still
alive.
My
father
is
grammar
He
teaches
modern languages;
he
speaks French, German and Swedish very well. He spent several years in France, Germany and Sweden. My mother plays on the piano and sings beautifully. I have a brother and two sisters; they go to school. I love my parents with all my heart (av alt mitt hjdrta), for they are very kind to me. My little sister stays at home to-day, because she is ill; I hope she will be better to-morrow (i morgan). My I shall enjoy Uncle and aunt will come to us at Easter. We myself with my cousins during the easter holidays. shall play in my grandfather's garden. Our grandfather will tell us nice stories and our grandmother will bake good cakes for us. Their grandsons and granddaughters like them very much.
by the father's
side.
^
by the mother's
side.
32
Fifth Lesson.
^
§
1.
1.
III.
Third Declension.
This declension contains:
the
masculine
n o u n s ending in
-ac?,
-nad^ -skap
-d,
and -ndr ;
2.
the
-het,
feminine nouns ending
-else,
in -an,
-t,
-sfj
-and and -ang ;
-ant^
-ass,
3;
the
-en
-ik^
and
masculine nouns ending in -at, -is and- the feminine nouns
ending
in
4.
and -ur, which come from a foreign language and have the accent on the last syllable; the neuter nouns which end in -eum and -ium and are derived from Latin;
-ion
5.
the
polysyllabic neuter nouns
in -eri;
6.
a great
as:
of monosyllabic nouns of each gender and with various terminations, such
priest;
number
prdst (masc),
•er in
dam
(fem.), lady; salt (neut.), salt etc.
§ 2. The substantives of the third declension take the plural. Ex.: mdnad, month; mdnader, months; r or else, movement, motion; rorelser, movements; tryckeri, printing-office; tryckerier, printing-offices.
Note
1.
The words
in -else drop the final-e before taking the
plural ending.
Ex.: hdndelse, event (occurrence); hdndelser, events.
Note
2.
The nouns ending
in
-and and -dug change a and
a
into a.
-um
Ex.: tand, tooth; tdnder, teeth; tang, pincers; tdnger, pincers, tongs etc, Note 3. Nouns, ending in -eum and -ium drop the syllable before taking the plural termination. Ex.: museum, museum, plur.: museer.
The terminal definite article of the § 3. third declension has four different forms in the singular and in the plural, viz:
1.
a) in the singular: -n for the feminine
-en for the
2.
tives
masculine and feminine ending in a consonant;
substantives ending in -e; substan-
Declension of substantives.
33
3.
-et
for the
neuter
substantives;
b) in the
plural:
-na for each gender.
Note. Neuter nouns in -eum and before adding the terminal definite article.
-mm
drop the syllable -um.
Ex.: museet, the museum.
§4.
I.
Examples.
Feminine and Masculine Nouns.
Form.
Singular.
artist
Indefinite
Definite
Form.
N. en konstndr, an
G. en
konstndrs,
(an artist's)
of
an
artist
N. konstndren, the artist G. konstndrens, of the
(the artist's)
artist
D. en konstndr, to an artist A. en konstndr, an artist
N. konstndrer, artists G. konstndrers, of artists D. konstndrer, to artists A. konstndrer, artists.
II.
D. konstndren, to the artist A. konstiidren, the artist.
Plural.
N. konstndrerna, the
(the artists')
artists
G. konstndr ernas, of the artists
D. konstndrerna, to the artists A. konstndrerna, the artists.
Neuter Nouns.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Form.
Singular.
N. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill G. ett spinneris, of a spinningmill
N. spinneriet, the spinning-mill G. spinneriets, of the spinningmill
D. ett spinneri,
mill
to
a
spinning-
D. spinneriet,
mill
to
the
spinning-
A. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill.
A. spinneriet, the spinning-mill.
N. spinnerier, spinning-mills
Plural. N. spinneriema, the spinningmills.
G. spinneriers, of spinning-mills
G.
spinneriemas,
ning-mills
of the spinto
D. spinnerier, to spinning-mills
D.
spinneriema,
ning-mills
mills.
the
spin-
A. spinnerier^ spinning-mills.
A. spinneriema,
the spinning-
Words.
34
eldstaden[el'dsta'- the
Lesson
5.
fire
place
pla-
skrapa upp
pa' up']
[skra'- scrape up
ddn] sovplatser [so'v- sleeping
plat^Sdr] foda [fo'da']
ces
bo
[bcj']
dessa dro
£'rco']
[des'a'
dwell these are
food
clothes dragareldra'gard'] beasts of bur-
kldder VkUiddv^
den
flyttningama
Iflyt'niyama,']
the movings things ackja (a kind of sledge) boat
saker
ackja
bat
[sa'kdr]
[ak'ja']
[va'ri- through which je'nom] gar ut [go.'r m't] goes out serve tjdna [ge'na'] bredas [bre'das'] are spread out pa marken [pot on the floor
varigenom
madtkdn] skaffa [skaf'a']
ej blott [eji blotf]
[bo.'t]
medar
kol
ime'dar^]
[go.'l]
runners keel
rein
bdra [be'ra'] spdnnas [spen'as']
ser ut [setr m!t] begins
procure not only bear
are put to
torn [tomf]
looks like
da det b orjar
[do.^
when
to
it
dett b (Br'jar']
bred [bretd] Idngs [l€7j.'s]
broad
along holds
om
bli[va] [bli'va^]
hosten [om!
in
become autumn
rymmer
ndtt
[rym.'dr]
ochjdmt
[net' just
hos'tdn] to move flytta ner [ne'r] leva av [leva' a'v] live on out of ur [iii'r]
ok.' j€m.'t]
down
dkande [okan'dd'] kor [Qd:r]
kallt [kalit]
driver drives
cold.
Eeading Exercise
Lapparua
9.
(continued).
det borjar bli kallt om hosten, flytta de ner i skogarna, dar (where) renarna leva av renlav, som de skrapa upp ur snon med sina klovar. Lappama bo i kator. Dessa aro ett slags talt ay vadmal med hal i taket, varigenom roken fran eldstaden gar ut till sovplatser tjana renskinn, som bredas pa marken. Renarna skaffa lappen ej blott foda och klader, de aro aven bans dragare, som vid flyttningama bara bans saker. Denne ser vintern spannas de for ett slags slade, ackja. ut som en liten bat, ar utan medar med en bred kol langs mitten och rymmer natt och jamt en (one) akande, vilken kor renen med endast en tom.
Da
;
Om
Conversation.
flytta lapparna om hosten? Varav leva renarna? Huruledes (pa vad satt) skrapa de upp renlav ur snon? Vari bo lapparna? Beskriv (Describe) lappamas bostader? Vartill tjana renarna? Vad kallas lappamas siadar?
Vart
Hum
ser en
ackja ut?
Declension of substantives.
35
Words.
dwelling pla- he7nvist[he7n'vis^t]
ces
in the country
water
lilies
ndckrosor
rcL>''sojr\
{nek'-
pa
i
landet [poi lani-
cowslips
roses
gullvivor [gul'vi'vcor]
ddt]
in
town
staden[i' sta'ddn]
rosor
[rco'sojr]
summer house sommarbostad[sDm'arbo/stad]
hill
dew-drops
tulips
daggdroppar
[dag'drop'ar]
park
orchard
fruittrees
kulle [kul'd'] park [par!k]
tulpaner
ndr]
vi
[tulpat-
frukttrddgdrd
[fruktre^godd]
we
1
reside,
bo
[vi' bco^]
(dwell)
like
frukttrdd [fruk'tre'\
jag dlskar (tycker
om)[ja'g
eV'skar'-]
cherry-trees
korshdrtrdd
[Qce,r'sh€^rtr€\
stands det star [deit sto^r] in the middle mitt i [mitt it}
it
apple-trees
pear-trees
dppeltrdd
tre'\
[ep'dl-
shady
plenty of in front of
skuggig [skug'ig']
manga
[moy'a']
pdrontrdd[pe'rontre']
framfor
[framt-
flower garden
hlomstertrddgdrd
[blojm'stdrtre^gdrd]
among swim
beautiful
for] ibland [iblantd]
simma
other
[sim'a^]
[jo.'n,
basin
gold fishes
violets
bassdng
Jis'kar]
[bas€7j']
guldfiskar[gul'd'
skon, fager faigdr]
many
manga andra
[moy^a' an'dra'].
violer
[vico.'ldr]
Translation Exercise 10.
The house. have two dwelling places. In summer we reside I like our (dwell) in the country and in winter in town. summer-house very much. It stands on a small hill in the middle of a shady park. Behind the house there is a large orchard with plenty of fruittrees: cherry-trees, apple-trees and pear-trees. In the flower garden in front of the house there is an oval basin in which many gold fishes swim among water-lilies. In our flower garden we have plenty of violets, cowslips, roses, dew-drops, tulips and many other beautiful
We
flowers.
Sixth Lesson.
IV.
§
1.
Fourth Declension.
in -e;
1.
This declension contains:
all all
2.
neuter nouns neuter nouns
Ex.: knd, knee;
(most monosyllables) the root
of which ends in a vowel.
kndn, knees.
3*
36
Lesson
6.
The substantives belonging § 2. declension form their plural in -n.
Ex.: spcinne, buckle;
to
the fourth
spdnnen,
buckles.
§
1.
3.
The terminal definite
article is:
-t
in the singfular. Ex.: spdnnet, the buckle.
2.
-a in the plural. Ex.: spdnnena, the buckles.
§ 4.
Indefinite
Example.
Form.
Singular.
N. G. D. A.
Definite
Form.
N. ett rike, a kingdom G. ett rikes, of a kingdom J), ett rike, to a kingdom A. ett rike, a kingdom.
riket, the kingdom rikets, of the kingdom riket, to the kingdom riket, the kingdom.
N. riken, kingdoms G. rikens, of kingdoms D. riken, to kingdoms A. riken, kingdoms.
Plural. N. rikena, the kingdoms G. rikenas, of the kingdoms D. rikena, to the kingdoms A. jHkena, the kingdoms.
Words.
Tyskland
lan'd]
[tys'k-
Germany
Europe
vetenskapsman
men
of science
Europas
pas^]
[mo'rco- of
[fas't-
[ve'tdnskapsme^n\ konstndrej^lkon'st- artists
nerdr^]
fastland
lan^d]
continent
endast
\endas''t]
only
sidan [si'dan'] hav [ha.^v]
Nordsjon
fo'n]
the side sea [nco'rd- the North Sea
north norra [nor'a^] grdnsar till [gren'- borders upon
sar^]
sluttar [slut'ar']
Idngsamt
the slopes
rivers
[lon^g-
slopes slowly
sluttningarna
[slut'niyama^]
sam't]
mot, emot [moj.% towards
emco.'t]
Jioder [Jioj'ddr] strdnder [stren.'- banks
ddr]
utfor [uittfor'] rinna frm'a']
down
flow
skonhet
{J'enihet]
[tys'-
beauty
the
tyskama
karna']
Germans
learned [men] Idrde [Ix'rdd'^] flow flyta [flyta'l beromda [bdrom'- renowned
da']
folkmdngd [fol'kmey'd]
population
stolta over [stol'ta' proud of
[miVjoji- millions
miljoner
ridr]
oivdr]
vacker
\vak.'dr]
till
beautiful
vetenskap [ve'tdns- science
ka'-p]
uppgdr
hogt
[up'-
comes up
stand
[on
a]
to
art konst lkon!st] vdrlden [vae'jddn^] the world
gor' til!] std [sto!]
(adv.) [hok!t]
[sairu't]
high
skolor
intager
{skoylcjr^]
schools
[level]
[in'ta''gdr\ occupies
samt
Declension of Substantives.
37
Reading Exercise
11.
Tyskland. Tyskland intager mitten av Europas fastland. Endast pa norra sidan gransar det till hav Ostersjon och Nordsjon. Landet sluttar langsamt mot havet och utfor sluttningarna rinna manga stora floder. Till Ostersjon flyta Weichsel och Oder, till Nordsjon Elbe och Rhen. Storst av dessa ar Rhen; dess strander aro mycket beromda for sin skonhet och tyskarna aro mycket stolta over denna sin (their) vackra flod. Tyskland ar ej sa mycket storre an Sverige, men dess folkmangd uppgar till over 60 miljoner. Vetenskap och konst sta i hela Tyskland mycket hogt; intet land i varlden har sa manga skolor av alia slag samt sa manga vetenskapsman, larde och
:
konstnarer.
Conversation.
Ar Tyskland
Till vilka
ett stort
land?
hav gransar det at norr? Vilka aro Tysklands storsta floder? Vilken ar Tysklands storsta och vackraste flod? Varfore ar Rhen beromd ? Hvarfore aro Tyskarna stolta over denna flod? Ar Tyskland mycket storre an Sverige? Hum manga invanare har Tyskland? Sta vetenskap och konst mycket hogt i Tyskland?
Words.
on the ground
floor
pa
nedre
botten
bed rooms
valley
sovrum
[so'vrum']
rooms
sitting
rum (neut.) [rumi room vardagsrum (neut.)
[va'rdagsrum^]
[po' neidrd hottdn
dal [daU]
inthe morning pa
will
morgonen [po!
va'ra''
mor'on^dn]
be over
skola vara forbi
[skoj'la''
dining room study
matsal [ma'tsal^]
studerkammare
[stm'ddrkam^ard]
in (within)
fcerbH]
inom
tre
veckor
tre'
kitchen on the
floor
floor
kok
first
(neut.) [ge.'k]
three
weeks
[inom'
k-cor']
ve-
en trappa
upp
[ent
trap' a' upf]
on the second tvd trappor
[tvo.^ trap'cor''
upp
up']
to breathe andas [an'das'] the fresh air frisk luft [fris'.k
attics
vindskammare
[vin'dskam'ard]
luftt] alltid,
ti'd,
stddse
[al'-
ste'dsd']
out at (of) the
utgenomfonstren
[m't jetnomfontstrdn]
pleasant
loft
windows
trevligt [tre'vlig't] loft [loft].
Translation Exercise 12.
On
room,
The House (continued). the ground floor there are four rooms: the sitting the dining room, my father's study and the kitchen.
38
Lesson
7.
and second floor there are six beautiful bed Our house has also a loft and two attics. Out at the windows you can see the Rhine, that slowly flows in a
the
first
On
rooms.
verdant valley.
try.
It
is
ning.
move
to
The town
I should like to dwell always in the counso pleasant to breathe the fresh air in the morholidays will be over in three weeks and we shall
again.
Seventh Lesson.
V.
§
1.
Fifth Declension.
declension includes:
The
fifth
a) all
1.
masculine nouns
in -are;
2.
in -ande;
b) the names of substantives in -er;
c) all
peoples and
the
foreign
(loan)
neuter nouns
:
ending in a
consonant.
Except the neuter nouns in -eum and 4um derived from Latin which belong to the third declension.
§
2.
The substantives
of the fifth declension re-
main
unchanged
in the plural. Ex.: barn, child and children.
The § 3. declensions is:
1.
terminal definite article
for this
a) for masculine -n in the singular.
nouns
Ex.: hagaren, the baker.
2.
-ne in the plural. Ex.: bagarne, the bakers.
ending in
-e
Note. The substantives terminal definite article.
drop
it
before adding the
b) for
1.
-et
neuter nouns
in the singular.
Ex.: bordet, the table; barnet, the child.
2.
-en in the plural.
Ex.: borden, the tables: barnen, the children.
Declension of substantives.
39
§4.
I.
Examples.
Masculine Nouns.
Form.
Definite Form. Singular. N. Idraren, the teacher N. en Idrare, a teacher G. Idrarens, of the teacher G. en IdrareSy of a teacher (a
Indefinite
(the
D. en A. en
teacher's) Idrare, to a teacher Idrare, a teacher.
teacher's)
D. Idraren, to the teacher A. Idraren, the teacher.
Plural.
N. Idrare, teachers G. Idrares, of teachers D. Idrare, to teachers A. Idrare, teachers.
II.
N. Idrarne, the teachers
G.
Idrames,
of the teachers (the
D. A. Idrarne, the teachers.
teachers') Idrarne, to the teachers
Neuter Nouns.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Form.
N. ett hord, a table G. ett hords, of a table D. ett hord, to a table A. ett hord, a table.
N. G. D. A.
Singular. N. hordet, the table G. hordets, of the table D. hordet, to the table A. hordet, the table.
Plural.
N. G. D. A.
h or den, the tables hordens, of the tables h orden, to the tables horden, the tables.
hord, tables hords, of tables hord, to tables hord, tables.
Words.
fjdllen
[fjel'dn'']
the mountains
drifts
glacidrer
s'ie'r&r]
[gla-
glaciers
driver
[dri'vcor']
dret [o.'rdt] tdcke [tek'd']
the year cover [coat] the top toppen [tDp!dn] snogrdnsen [sno'- the limit of
samlar
sig [sam'- gathers
lar^ si!g]
nedanfor
gren'sdn]
snows
vales
[ne'dan'- underneath fcer] become hliva [hli'va']
arise
dalar \da'lar''^ fordjupningar
depressions
uppstd [up'sto^] hogre [hotgrd]
hinner [hin'dv'] fidlstdndigt [ful'sten^dikt]
hranterna
[fcerjm'pni7)ar''] [hran'- the steeps
higher succeed
fully
tdma^] tryoket [tryktdt]
the pressure
hortsmdlta[hor'ts- to melt away
hopade [hoj'padd^] heaped up snomassor [sno'- bulks of snow
mascor']
meVta]
utan
{m'tan'^
kvarligga [kvairis
but remain
pressas
samman
i.^s]
compressed
li'ga]
[prss'as^ sam'an^]
till is [tiU
dret
into ice
om [otvdt omt]
[e'vig'']
through the year
eternal, ever-
ismassor
sojr']
[i'sma-
bulks of ice
glaciers
evig
joklar
[jo'klar^]
som
[som.']
lasting as
40
Lesson
called
7.
(man) kallar (den)
it
is
sages
[se'gds'']
is
said
sdsom
[so'som^]
like
nd over na
Ino"] \no.\
i}^ ^^ h^yoiiiA
1
to reach
above
sammanhdngande hanging
[sam'anhey'andd] over hela [o.'vdr over the whole
he'la']
most mesta [mes'ta^^ i trdnga [zV fro?;'a'] in narrow
lidT
Sjisetr]
sd
such
starkt
startkt]
[sot-
[t]here so strong
sddant [sotdant]
Reading Exercise
Fjallen.
13.
Pa de hogre
fjallen ar det sa kallt,
att
snon
ej
hinner
fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren, utan stora driver ligga kvar aret om. Pa de allra hogsta fjallen ligger denna evig sno, som man kallar den, sasom ett sammanhangande tacke
over hela toppen ett sadant fjall sages na over snogransen. Mesta snon samlar sig i tranga dalar och fordjupningar nedanfor fjallbranterna, och har kan trycket av de hopade snomassorna bliva sa starkt, att snon pressas samman till is. Sa
;
uppsta stora ismassor, som
man
kallar joklar eller glaciarer.
Conversation.
Ar
det kallt
pa de hogre
fjallen?
Hinner snon fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren? Var ligger den eviga snon? Vad kallas sammanpressade snomassor?
Words.
drawing-room formak [fd'rma^k]
sofa
newspapers
ceiling
tidningar
[tid-
arm-chairs
chairs
foot-stools
soffa [sof-a'] Idnstolar [hn'stcj'l]
chandelier
tak [ta^k\ fniyar^] Ijuskrona [jm'skrco'na]
stolar
[stco'lar^]
every corner
plants vases flowers
varje horn
hcerhi]
[var'ja''
the walls
pallar [palar^] vdggai^na [veg'ar?ia']
vdxter
{vek'stdr"'\
vaser
[va'sdr^]
[hloj-
papers on the floor
tapetei^ [tapet'dr']
hlommor
ni'ojr^]
pa golvet [pot goltVdt]
rosy
rosenrod
ro'd]
[roj'sdn[tap'dt-
mattor [mat'cor^] carpets the pianoforte pianot [matnojt] the door dorren [doRrtdn] the window fdnstret[fontstrdt]
pictures
hung with
represent
illustrated
tapetserade
se'radd^]
framstdlla [fram'stel'a]
mdlningar [moVniyar'] mdlare [mo/'ara'j
illustrerade
stre'radd']
[iVii-
painters
landscapes
table rare
landskap
ka^p]
[lan'ds-
bloom
between
exotic
blomstra
emellan
[blojm'stra'] [emel'an^]
books
[h(oird] sdllsynt [ssl.synH] bocker [boktdr]
hord
china
exotisk [iksojitisk] porslin [porslitn].
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
41
Translation Exercise 14. The Drawing-Room.
our drawing-room there are a sofa, four arm-chairs, and so many foot-stools. The walls are hung with rosy papers and the floor is covered with red carpets. Some pictures made by renowned painters are hanging from the Most of these pictures represent English landscapes. walls. On a small round table you can see several books and illuA beautiful chandelier is hanging from strated newspapers. the ceiling. Every corner of the room is garnished with rare plants and exotic flowers are blooming in china vases.
In
six chairs
Eighth Lesson.
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
§
it
1.
First declension.
This declension has no irregular plural forms, but contains
:
1.
Certain nouns that are used only in the plural;
:
such as
anor, ancestors
matvaror,
victuals
bannor, chiding
flavor, estate.
indlvor, bowels dthavor etc., manners, gestures.
Some compound substantives which have preserved their ancient form of genitive in -o and -u; such as:
2.
mdnniskokdrlek, philanthropy. mdnniskodtare, man-eater
salupris, sale-price salutorg, market varumdrke, trade-mark varulager etc., warehouse.
in a as well ending in -e they are declined according to the second declension in the singular but follow the first declension in the plural.
3.
Some feminine nouns which end
as in
-e.
When
Ex.:
Note.
skugga
When
or skugge, shade; skuggan or the shade, but skuggor in the plural. ending in -e they are masculine.
skuggen,
§
1.
2.
Second declension.
of the final
The following nouns drop the vowel
syllable before taking the plural ending:
42
Lesson
8.
sommar, summer
afton, evening
morgon, morning
djdvul, devil
2.
somrav, summers aftnar^ evenings morgnar, mornings djdvlar, devils.
Two
The
moder, mother
3.
nouns modify their root-vowel: modrar, mothers
ddttrm%
daughters,
dotter, daughter
four nouns indicating the colours of cards are unchanged in the plural:
hjdrter, hearts ruter, diamonds
Jdover, club, clubs
spader, spade, spades.
4. Some nouns that end in -e as well as in -a in the singular, thus belonging to the first and the second declensions, but in the plural they are declined according to the second declension.
Ex.:
timme
or
timmar
timma, hour; timman,
in the plural.
the
hour,
but
Such are:
ande, breath; droppe, drop; make, husband; mane, moon; tanke, thought etc.
Third declension. 1. Several masculine and feminine nouns modify the root-vowel and most of them double the final con§
3.
sonant before taking the plural termination:
fot, foot
rot, root
fotter,
feet
son, son
bot, fine
soner, sons
boter, fines.
rotter, roots.
Notice the plural of: bok, bocker, book, books ^ ledamot, ledamoter, member, members; not, notter, walnut, walnuts; get, getter, goat, goats and van, vdnner, friend, friends.
2.
A
few masculine and feminine nouns modify the
but do not double the
letter
root-vowel, the plural:
final
consonant in
bokstav,
stad, town natt, night fader, father
3.
bokstdver, letters stdder, towns ndtter, nights
fdder,
fathers.
The masculine and feminine nouns
their plural
in -a,
-e,
-o,
w,
and a form
by adding
mor, maidens
-r.
stadga, statute
stadgar, statutes
mo, maiden
'^-^™{hf4ewife
ko, cow so, sow
^-''•{
hir/ewives
kor, cows sor, sows
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
43
rd, yard
sld, rod td, toe
rdr, yards
sldr, rods tdr^ toes
sko, shoe
skor, shoes
vallmo, poppy bonde, countryman
fiende, enemy bo, inhabitant
vallmor^, poppies bonder, countrymen
fiender, enemies bor^, inhabitants
in
frdnde,
Note.
gularly.
relative
The
foreign nouns
frdnder, -e and
relatives.
-i
form their plural
qvalite,
re-
Ex.:
teori,
theory; teorier, qvaliteer, qualities.
theories;
quality;
4.
1.
The word man, man, has two
plural endings:
2.
man and manner, men, in a general sense; man (unchanged), man, when denoting a group
of persons forming a whole.
Ex.: tio tusen
man
(soldiers), ten
thousand men.
§ 4.
Fourth declension.
1. To this declension belong six nouns which are declined in the plural according to the third and fourth declensions; viz.: drenden or drender, business drende, business
fdngelse, prison brdde, board
tdckelse, covering ode, ode
fdngelsen
or fdngelser, prisons
regemente, regiment
2.
brdder, boards tdckelsen or tdckelser, coverings oden or oder, odes regementen or regementer, regiments.
or
brdden
The word:
oga, eye,
and om,
ear,
have an
irre-
gular plural.
Ex.: ogon, eyes; oron, ears.
§ 5.
Fifth declension.
1. The word: fruntimmer, ladies, has three different plural forms when used with the definite article; viz: fruntimren (fruntimrena and fruntimmerna).
2. The word: finger, finger, is both neuter and masculine and takes the following endings when used with the definite article in the plural: fingren or fingrarne.
^ Or vallmoblommor. bor parishioners etc.
—
^
Only
in
compound words: socken-
44
Lesson
8.
Words,
korsfarare
fa'rara]
[kod's- .crusaders
hyste [hys'td']
\
had
(a
spite
agg
the Fins
till
f
against)
finnarna [ jin'arhedningar
[he'd-
heathens
landsteg [lan'ste'g] landed, went on shore uppmanade [up'- exhorted
ma'nadd]
[the] baptism dopet [doj.'pdt] Jm^an [h-ran'] [the] doctrine Finland Finland [/in'lan'd]
lata [lota']
to let to christen
dopa
[do'pa']
[de'
de vdgrade
ve'gra'dd]
they refused
biskop
[bis'kop'']
bishop
Christianity
Kristendomen
[kris't9ndoj^m9n]
besegrade
se'gra'dd]
[ba-
vanquished
apostel [aposttdl]
apostle
en ny
ny.'
omvand
[en' a
catechumen
compelled tvang [tvay'] mottaga [mort-ta'- to receive
kristen [krns'tan'] christian dtervdnde [o'tdr- came back
ven'dd]
om'ven'd]
spite
left
agg
[ag-]
kvarldmnade
blivit
vit''
[kva'TUm^nade^ kallad [blr- was called
kal'ad'] [an'gri'to attack
predikade [predi'- preached
ka'dd]
angripa pa]
mordades
da'dds]
[mod'r- was murdered.
Reading Exercise
Erik den Helige.^
Erik samlade
15.
i Sverige en har av korsfarare och Kung seglade med den ut for att angripa finnarna, som da annu voro hedningar. Han landsteg i trakten av Abo. Forst uppmanade ban finnarna att lata dopa sig, men de vagrade. Da
angrep han dem med sin har, besegrade dem och tvang dem De visste likval icke mycket om den att mottaga dopet. kristna laran. Da Erik atervande till Sverige, kvarlamnade han darfor biskop Henrik, som dar predikade kristendomen och darfor blivit kallad Finnlands Apostel. Biskopen mordades dock snart av en ny omvSnd finne, som hyste agg till honom.
Conversation.
Vad gjorde Erik den Helige
for att angripa finnarna?
Var (where) samlade han denna har? Voro finnarna annu hedningar? I vilken trakt landsteg Kung Erik? Voro finnarna villiga att lata dopa sig?
Vad gjorde Kung Erik niir de vagrade Vad hette Finlands Apostel? Av vem mordades biskopen Henrik?
the Holy.
at lata
dopa sig?
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
45
Words.
book-case
bokskdp
verk
(neut.)
typewriter
the use
skrivmaskin
[skri'vmafi^n]
[boj'ksko^p]
works
writers
[vwr.'k]
begagnandet
ga7)'nan''ddt]
\bd-
skriftstdllare
[skrif'tstel'ard]
copying press kopiepress [kco'pidpr€S^]
poets
skalder [skalddr']
I
„. ^ volumes
codes (laws)
band
[ba,n!d]
[la'g-
a safe
steel
bills
ett
kassaskdp
[polymer [voly-mdv^]
lagbocker
bok^dr]
[kas'asko'p] stdl [stoil]
vdrdepapper
[v^'rddpap'dr]
lawyer
writing-table
sakforare
fo'rard]
[sa'k-
money
[skri'v-
penningat^ [peiriyar^]
skrivbord
boj'rd]
green cloth
writing
gront kldde[gr0nH
kh.dd^]
ma- iskrivmaterialier
[
jewels family simple elegant
juveler [jmveUdr] familj [jmniUj]
enkel [eyjkdl]
elegant [e'legayit]
terials
[skri'mnat^eriailidr]
bound books bundna backer
[bun'dna'' bdk.'dr] stitched books ^a/if«c?e backer [hef'tadd^] Russian rysk [rys!k] covered with betdckt med [6atekH me.'d] provided mthforsedd med [for'sed^ me!d]
stationery
)
inkstands ink
blotter
bldckhorn
[blek'-
hco^m] black [bhk!] portfolj [podtfoHj]
linjalej' [linjaildr\
rulers
{pldnpapper[plo'nblotting]
paper
pap^dr] \l(iskpapper V pap^dr]
\les'k-
necessary
full
nodvdndig
ven'dig]
[no'd-
writing-paper skrivpapper [skri'vpap'dr] post-paper brevpapper [bre'v-
of
uppfylld
med [yp-
jyVd me!d]
red black
rod
[ro'd]
[sva'ji't]
pap'dv]
penholders
pencils
svart
pennskaft
[
pen's-
now a days
nu for
tiden [nm:-
kaft] blyertspennor
fo.'r trddn']
much spread mycket spridd
[myk'df spridf]
preserves
[bly'drtspen'cor] letter-weigner brevvdg [bre'vvotg]
forvarar [foe'rvarar''].
Translation Exercise 16.
The Study.
simple but elegant. In the bookcase there are many bound and stitched books. Among his various books you can see many works w^ritten by Svredish, French and Russian authors and poets. Most volumes are on law, as my father is a lawyer. The writing table is covered with green cloth and provided with all the necessary writing materials (stationery): two inkstands, the one full of black ink and the other full of red ink, a blotter, a
My
father's
study
is
ruler,
blotting-paper,
a letter-weigher.
On
writing-paper, penholders, pencils and a little table stands a typewriter.
46
Lesson
9.
Nowadays
Here is the use of typewriters is much spread. the copying-press. The safe is in the corner; it is made all of steel. My father preserves in it all sorts of bills, money and the family jewels.
Ninth Lesson.
The gender
I.
of substantives.
Masculine.
Masculine are:
a) All appellations of
men
and
male animals.
months,
Ex.: mdlare, painter; bonde, countryman; tupp, cock.
b) forests.
The names
Ex.:
of the seasons,
days and
sommar, summer; lordag,
in:
Saturday.
c)
1.
The nouns ending
Ex.:
-ad and -nad,
mdnad, month;
skillnad, difference.
2.
-ande (names of persons). Ex.: handlande, merchant.
Ex.: Idrare, teacher.
3. -are.
4.
-dom.
Ex.: barndom, childhood.
-e
5.
(Plural -ar).
Ex.: gosse, boy.
6.
-el
(Plural -ar), Ex.: axel^ axe.
7.
-er
(Plural -ar or
Ex.: seger, victory.
-er),
8.
-ing (concrete nouns).
Ex.:
taming,
die.
9.
-ling.
Ex. frdmlingj stranger.
:
10. -lek. Ex.: kdrlek, love.
11. 'ndr. Ex.: konstndr,
artist.
12. -skap (Plural -er). Ex.: egenskap, property.
The gender of
substantives.
47
Except:
1.
The
titles
ending in -hud
and -rad which are
neuter.
Ex.: sdndebud, ambassador; statsrdd, minister.
2.
3.
4.
hdrad, district; altare, altar; ankare, anchor, are also neuter. The words: fjdder, feather; -fidder^ elder; lever liver; adevj vein; ndver, birch-bark, are feminine. The nouns in -sel are also feminine.
^
The words:
II.
Feminine.
Feminine are:
a) All female Ex. flicka,
:
names and appellations:
girl
;
hona, hen.
Swedish rivers and the names b) of trees and the nouns in -and and -ang which modify the final vowel in the plural.
The names
of
Ex.: bjork, birch-tree; hand, hand.
c)
1.
The substantives
in
:
-a (Plural -or),
Ex.: skola, school; piga, maid.
2.
-an (abstract nouns).
Ex.: borjan, beginning.
-st
3.
-d,
-t^
Ex.:
4.
-else.
(mostly abstract). mdngd, great deal of; avsikt,
intention; konst, art.
Ex.: varelse, being.
5. -het
(mostly abstract).
Ex.: sannolikhet, likelihood.
6.
'ing (abstract
-sel
nouns) and -ning.
Ex.: handling, act, action; aktning, esteem.
7.
(mostly abstract).
Ex.: horsel, hearing.
-ik^
8.
-^,
-ion
and -ur (foreign words).
temperatur,
tem-
Ex.:
teori,
theory; fabrik, factory, perature; mission, mission.
Except:
1.
The words:
tree
;
blast,
brand, fire; pil, willow; apel^ applegale (strong wind) jdst^ yeast tingest^
; ;
48
Lesson
9.
pastry; strirkelse, starch; gaol; hackelse, hacked straw, and vdxt, plant, are masculine.
thing;
^ors^, thirst; bakelse,
hdktelse^
2.
sto,
The words: fruntimmer^ mare land, country
;
;
lady;
vide,
kvinnfolk,
women;
;
water-willow
fdng-
ghost; stdngsel, enclosure, paddock; tdckelse, covering; betsel, bridle; harhari, barbarity; baroni, barony; kompani, company; geni, genius, are neuter.
else,
prison;
spokelse,
III.
Neuter.
Neuter are:
a) The names of towns, countries, the letters of the alphabet and generally the words used substantively; such as ett ja, a «yes»:
Ex.: Frankrike, France;
ett b,
a b.
b)
1.
The nouns
in:
-a (Plural -n)
and nouns
in -a
derived from Greek
and Latin.
2.
Ex.: oga, eye; drama, drama. -an (concrete nouns).
Ex.
3.
:
lakan, sheet.
-ande and -ende (abstract nouns). Ex.: anforande, conduct; avseende, connection.
-e
4.
(Plural -n).
Ex.: spdnne, buckle.
5.
-el
and
Ex.
:
-er
(unchanged in the
plural).
galler, railing.
6.
-m.
Ex.: tryckeri, printing-house.
-on. Ex.: smultron, strawberry.
7.
8.
-skap (unchanged in the plural). Ex.: herrskap, master and mistress of
a house.
9.
-urn, -eum and -ium (derived from Latin). Ex. faktum, fact museum, museum studium, study.
:
;
;
Except:
The words: morgon, morning, and which are masculine.
afton, evening,
The gender
of substantives.
49
Words.
nordens
[nco'r-
[in] of the
gudfruktig [gm'd- pious
fruk'tig] tyckte sig [tyk'td' thought
si!g]
drommar
North ddn's] kvinnoi^[kvin'cor'] women [dro- dreams
visions
Idt
uppteckna [UH had
written
syner [s^'nar'] angels dnglar [eiflar^] Kristus [kris'tus''] Christ
rykte [ryk'td']
up'tek^na]
uppenbarat[up'dn- revealed
ba'rat]
renown,repute
spred sig [spread spread
sUg]
dlderdom
[ol'ddr- old age
Rom
dcom^]
[rojhn]
[po'vd7i']
vida omkring
all
around
Rome
the pope
festivities
[vi'da''
omkriy^
[se'dar- hereafter
settled
pdven
begav sig [hdgatv repaired
sitg]
hogtidligheter
[h dgti'dlighe^tdr]
sedermera
monastery nuns
of
iiunnekloster
[nun'dklDs'tdr]
me'ra] bosatt [bco'saf]
slutligen
ligdn^]
[sluc't-
kloster [khsttdr]
monastery
died at the age
at last
avled
70^
[a'vle^d]
dr gammal[otr gam'ar]
pa
of 70 deti tiden [po! at that time
vallfdrdade fm'rdadd
[val'-
went on a pilgrimage
ddrefter[dEtTeftdr\ afterwards
den! ti'ddn^] den heliga [deni
he'lig'a]
the holy
forklaradfor hel- canonised gon [fcerkla'rad^
for!
hel'gon'].
sam,tala[sam'ta^la] to converse
Reading Exercise
Den heliga
17.
Birgitta.
Pa den tiden levde en av Nordens markvardigaste kvinnor, den heliga Birgitta. Hon var mycket gudfruktig. I drommar och syner tyckte hon sig samtala med Kristus och anglarna och lat uppteckna vad de uppenbarat for henne. Hennes rykte spred sig vida omkring. Pa sin alderdom begav hon sig till Rom, dar hon sedermera var bosatt och slutigen vallfardade hon anda till Jerusalem. Hon avled 70 ar gammal i Rom Nagon tid darefter blev hon av paven under stora hogtidligheter forklarad for helgon. Hon grundlade i Vadstena ett nunnekloster, som blev det mest beromda kloster i hela Norden.
Conversation.
Vad vet Ni {what do you know) om den heliga Birgitta? Var hon gudfruktig? Med vem tyckte hon sig samtala i drommar och syner? Vad lat hon uppteckna?
Var hennes rykte stort?
Vid vilken alder avled hon?
Av vem
^
blev hon forklarad for helgon? Var grundlade hon ett kloster?
sjuttio
=
70.
a
Elementary Swedish Grammar,
50
Lesson
9.
W ords.
the dining
matsalen[ma'tsa^Idiil
napkins
servetter
t'dr]
room
apartment
[sa^rve-
rum (neut.) \rumf] ifamiljens [famil'J
ifrukostera
we breakfasti
.
\
members
[fruk'ostetra]
tili
of
jdn's]
the family
]medlemmar
I
welunch[eon]/^ ]ata tillfrukost
[me'd^[e-ta'
—
]
lem^ar]
we drink
[mo'lti^-
vi
dricka
drik'a^]
[vzV
meals
mdltider
ddr] [the] breakfast/ri^^'os^en
k'ostdn'']
[fru-
tea coffee
te [tef]
[the]
luncheon andra frukosten
[airdra'
—
cakes sandwiches
cold
kakor {ka'kojr''] smorgdsar
[sm(Er'gosar'-'\
kaffe [kafd^]
]
[the]
dinner
middags mdltiden
[mid'ags ddn]
vio^lti-
meat
[the]
supper
kvdllsvarden
[kvel'svaUddn] valnotstrd [va'lnot'stre]
red wine white wine assemble
kallmat [kal' ma't] rodvin [ro'dvi'n]
vitt
vin
[vW
viin]
forsamla
sam'la^]
sig [for-
walnuttree
table cloth
square
to take
is laid
fyrkantigt
kan''tigt]
[fy'r-
bord-duk dm^k]
[hco'rd-
intaga [inta'ga']
ar
dukad
[aetr
linen the maid dishes
plates
linne [/m"9']
dui'kad']
lays the cloth
pigan
fat
[pi'gan']
[tal'ri-
dukar bordet [dm'dar' bco'rddf]
[fa.'t]
tallrikar
kar']
she puts at 8 o'clock
Idgger [Ug'dr^] klockan 8^
[khk'an^]
glasses wine bottles
decanters
glas [glais] vinhuteljer [vi'nhmtEVj] vattenkaraffiner
[vat'9nkaraf'indr]
inthemorningpa morgonen [movgon'dn] in the evening_p« aftonen
[aj^to-ndti^]
knives
forks
spoons
knivar gafflar skedar
p.
m.
eat
e.m.{eftermiddag)
[ef'tdr' mid'ag']
we
vi dta
[vii
£'ta%
Translation Exercise 18. The Dining Room.
The dining-room is an apartment in which all the members of the family assemble to take their meals: breakfast, A square table of walnuttree luncheon, tea and dinner. stands in the middle of the dining room with twelve chairs around. The table is laid wdth a white table cloth made of very fine linen. When the maid lays the cloth she puts on the table dishes, plates, glasses, wine bottles, decanters, kniWe breakfast at 8 o'clock ves, forks, spoons and napkins. in the morning and lunch a 1 p. m. At 5 o'clock we drink In the tea or coffee and eat some cakes or sandwiches. evening we eat cold meat and drink red or white wine.
dtta.
51
Tenth Lesson. Remarks on the nouns.
I.
Gender of compound nouns.
Compound nouns are generally of the same § 1. gender as the last component.
Ex.: husdgare (m) [from hus (n) and agave (m)]. Tiusfru (f) [from hus (n) and fru (f)].
posthus
II.
(n) [from
post
(f)
and hus
(n)].
Formation of female appellations.
§
2.
The female
titles),
to
the
appellations
appellations are formed by adding of male individuals -inna (female
-erska (profession),
-a,
animals and
-ska^
-iska
(names of peoples), -fru and -hustru (profession).
greve, count (earl) furste, prince
hertig, duke
grevinna, countess furstinna, princess
hertiginna, duchess
varg, he-wolf
lejon, lion
varginna, she-wolf
lejoninna, lioness
dsna, ass kock, cook
slaktare, butcher
tysk,
dsninna, she-ass kokerska, cook slaktarhustru (fru),
wife
butcher's
German
svensk, Swede spanior, Spaniard
tyska, German (lady) woman svenska, Swedish (lady) woman spaniorska, Spanish (lady) wo-
man
kines, Chinese kinesiska, Chinese (lady) woman. Note. Names of peoples ending in imam) change this syllable into -ska. Ex.: Norronan, Norwegian; Norska, Norwegian (lady)
woman.
§
3.
Special feminine appellations.
moder, mother
dotter, daughter syster, sister flicka, girl fru, lady
fader, father
son, son
broder, brother gosse, boy herr, gentleman
farbror^, uncle
morbror'^, uncle
faster^, aunt moster^, aunt
man, man
systerson^, nephew
kvinna, woman
syster dotter^, niece brorsdotter^, niece.
brorson^, nephew
^
By
sister's side.
^ the father's side. By the mother's side. * By the brother's side.
—
—
—
^
By
the
4*
52
Lesson
10.
III.
Double gender.
Double plural.
§ 4.
The following nouns have a double gender
Masculine.
Neuter,
hdl, funeral-pile
fjdll, scale
hdl^
les
and
meaning:
hdlar, trunks
lofty
hdl, trunk
funeral-pi-
fjdll^loity mowii' fjall[ar\,
tain
fjdll^ scales
mountains
grund, motive
lock, curl, lock
grunder, motives
grund, shoal
lock, lid
grund, shoals
ZocA:, lids
lockar, locks
curls,
Feminine,
not, walnut rev, fishing-line
Neuter.
fishing-
notter, walnuts
revar,
lines.
not, cattle rev, reef
not, cattle rev, reefs.
Masculine,
bal, ball
baler, balls bank, sandbank bankar, sand-
bal, bale
5<2Z«r, bales
bank, bank
6ors,Exchange
(building) ^«??^, time
banker,
banks
bors, purse
^a72.gr,
banks borsar, purses
path
mask, worm
torsk, cod-fish
vals, cylinder
gdngar, paths maskar, worms
^or.s•^*a7',
borser, Exchange (buildings) gdnger, times
mask, mask
^orsZ:, thrush
masker, masks
(no plural)
cod-fis-
hes
valsar, ders
cylin-
vals, waltz
valser, waltzes,
Feminine,
bok, book
wo^, drag-net
bocker, books
notar, drag-nets vdgar, scales
&o^',
??of,
beech-tree
bokar,
trees
beech-
note
r%,
scales
v«^, wave
noter, notes vdgor, waves.
>Vor(ls.
fisket [fis'kdt^]
[the]
fishery,
stdllningar
[stel'-
stands nets
•
fishing
Bohusldn
htasle'n]
[bo)'-
Bohusliin
shires
niyar'] ndteu [nctdn^] storfiske [stoj'rjislco]
great fishery
ling
landskapen
Uan'dska'pdn]
fiskamci
kama']
gdn]
\fis'-
the fishers
Idnga [loya^] veckor [vek'cor^]
torsk [tortsk]
weeks
cod
fiskldgen [Jls'kU- fishing places
hdlleflun dralhel'd- halibut
byar
jord
\by'ar'']
villages
clifi"s
kusfen
Jdippor [klip'ojr^] trdd [tretd]
[jco.'ud]
trees
flun''dra] [kus'tdn^] shore sillfiske [sil'Jis^k9\ herring-fishery sillen [sil'dn'] herri»g
land,earth,soil
invid [invHd]
on
Eemarks on
rikt [riktt]
rich,
the nouns.
53
naked barren
arable
abundant
nakna
[na'kna^]
[oj'd-
utomor dentil gt
[la'tomod'denHlikt]
extraordinarily
odlingsbar
liy'sbar]
ndsfan liksom
I
almost [nes'taii^] like [li'ksom''] aUmdnhet [iV al- generally
torka [torka'] far a [fa'ra']
overallt[0'V9rart] everywhere to dry
to
go
men'he^t]
vdstra [ves'tra'] sodra [so dra'] mest [mes.'t]
western southern
somUga[sDm'Uga'] some borta {bod'ta'] away
fdnga
olika
[foya']
to catch
most
idkas [idkas']
[oj'lika']
. . .
liggande[Ug'andd^] lying, situated vid [vi!d] on, near
oft a [of'ta^]
da']
often
da ...an [etn
they give themselves to various etn\ now ... now
inklamdalinkUm' - compressed
bland
[blan.'d\
givande [ji'vanda'] productive forsvunnenlfcers- disappeared.
vun'dn^]
amongst
Reading Exercise
Fisket
i
19.
Sverige. I Bohuslan, liksom i allmanhet i vastra och sodra landskapen, bo fiskarna mest i fiskelagen. Dessa aro byar, liggande vid stranden, ofta inklamda bland nakna klippor utan Overallt ser man stallningar trad och utan odlingsbar jord. sommaren fara somfor naten eller att torka fisk pa.
Om
pa sa kallat storfiske, ofta langt ut^) at Nordsjon; de ligga da borta i flera veckor och fanga torsk, langa helgeliga
fiundra
o.
s.
v.
=
(och sa vidare).^)
Sillfisket
Om
vintern idkas invid
kusten
har under olika tider varit olika rikt; an har det varit utomordentligt givande, an har sillen under manga ar varit nastan forsvunnen.
ett rikt sillfiske.
Conversation.
I vilket
Ian bo de fiesta fiskarna?
Var ligga fiskelagena?
om sommaren? Vad for fiskar fangar man i Nordsjon? Nar idkas sillfisket? Har sillfisket alltid lika givande?
Vart fara fiskarna
Words.
[the]
domestic husdjuren animals jm'rdn]
[hm's-
the hound
jakthunden
hun'ddu] hun'ddn]
[jak't-
the dog friend the bitch
hunden
Uiun'ddn]
the shepherd's/ar^wncZe/*
[fo'r-
van [v€.'n] hyndan Uiywdan']
dog
the hunter the game
jdgaren
[je'garan']
[vil'd-
hu7idar [hun'dar^] dogs the watch-dog gdrdvaren [go.cdva'rdn]
^
villebrddet
bro'ddt]
the flock
hjorden [jcoUddn]
2
far away. Idngt ut and so forth etc.
=
=
54
the horses
Lesson
11,
hdstarna
na']
[hes'tar-
the mar( stona [stoj'na'^ the ass dsnan [o-sna^] [oin the meadow p« cincjen [jpot
£7)'9n'']
the she-ass the cat
dsninnan
7iin'an'']
\os-
katten
ycat'dii^]
tuppen
na']
honorna
kon
figg
[tup'dn'] [ho'nojv-
folet [f0'l9f]
[kco'ii]
mjolk [mjol'k]
bg^
[;fo'rdf]
[uli]
fdret
ull
oxen [ojk'sdii^] vagnen [vay'iidn^] plogen [plco'gdn']
tjuren [cm'rdn'] kalven (kal'vdn''] geten [je'tdn]
The
auxiliary verbs.
55
Infinitive.
JETava,
Participle present.
to have.
Supine.
haft, had.
havande, having.
Indicative.
Sul)junctive.
Present.
jag har du har han har
VI
S.
jag (have)
or
md
hava
du (have) or Tnd hava han (have) or md hava
(ha)
P. vi (have) or 1 (haven) or de (have) or
>M
hava
I haven
(han) de hava (ha)
md hava man hava md hava
S
Imperfect.
jag hade du hade han hade P. vi hade I haden de hade
S.
jag (hade) or skulle hava du (hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P. vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle hava
S.
OS
bO
Perfect.
S.
P.
jag har haft du har haft ha7i har haft vi hava haft I haven haft
de hava haft
S.
jag (have)
or
md md
du (have) or md hava haft han (have) or md hava haft
(have) or
or or
hava haft
P. vi
I (haven)
de (have)
man hava
hava haft
haft hava haft
^
O
e8'
md
Pluperfect,
jag hade haft du hade haft han hade haft P. vi hade haft I haden haft de hade haft
S.
3
S,
jag (hade)
or skulle^
hava haft
haft haft haft haft haft
du
(hade) or skulle hava han (hade) ov skulle hava vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) ov skullen hava de (hade) or skullen hava
S.
Future. jag skall hava
Conditional.
S.
P.
du skall hava han skall hava vi skola hava I skolen hava de skola hava
Future past.
jag skulle hava du skulle hava
1—1
*^
P. vi skulle
hava hava I skullen hava de skulle hava
skulle
han
2-£^
Conditional past.
S.
S.
jag skall hava haft du skall hava haft
han skall hava haft P. vi skola hava haft
J«
P.
I
skolen hava haft de skola hava haft
ja^ skulle hava haft du skulle hava haft han skulle hava haft vi skulle hava haft I skullen hava haft de skulle hava haft
o a
Or matte.
56 Impcratiye.
Lesson
11.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Perf.
Int.
hav, have (thou) Idt orri OSS hava (havom), let us have haven (haver), have (ye)
hava hava
or lia^ to have haft, to have had
to be about to
skola hava,
have.
it
instead of vi hava, I haven, de hava. Note 5. The periphrastic forms of the tenses of the subjunctive mood are more frequently used.
«ia^» /, is never written with a capital letter, unless occurs at the beginning of a sentence. Note 3. The pronoun I (ye, you) is written with a capital letter. Note 4. In general conversation vi ha, I han, de ha, are used
2.
Note Note
1.
The forms havom and haver
are antiquated.
Infinitive.
vara,
Participle present.
to be.
Supine.
varit, been.
varande, being.
Indicative.
Sul)jnnctive.
Present.
b.
P.
jag ar du ar han dr vi dro I dren de dro
S.
jag
du (vare) or md vara han (vare) or md vara
vi (vare) or
(vare) or
md
vara
P.
md
I
(var en) or
de (vare) vr
vara vara md vara
mdn
S.
jag var du var han var
voro
1 voren
P. vi
de voro
Imperject. S. jag vore or skulle vara du vore or skulle vara han vore or skulle vara P. vi vore or skulle vara I voren or skullen vara de vore or skulle vara
Perfect.
S_
"
S.
jag har varit du har varit han har varit P. vi hava varit I haven varit de hava varit
S.
jag (have) or md hava varit du (have) or md hava varit han (have) or md hava varit P. vi (have) or md hava varit I (haven) or mdn hava varit de (have) or md hava varit
s s
S.jag hade varit
du hade varit han hade varit
P.ti
hade varit
varit
^
I haden
^
de hade darit
Pluperfect. S.jag (hade) or skulle^ hava du (hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P.ri (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle hava
varit varit varit varit varit varit
rt
e3
Or matte.
The
Future.
auxiliary verbs.
57
58
Lesson
11.
forrddiskt [fcere!- treacherously
diskt]
kdnde [gen'dd^
oemotstdndlig
felt
irresistible
hortford
[hoji't-
taken away
during heard
over
[ox em ojtston'dlig] forklddd [fo'r- disguised
under [un!ddr] horde [h(£\idd']
tola
om [ta'la' om'} talk(ing)
intended
kUd'] trdffade \tref'add^] met,
came
across
dmnade [em'nadd^]
foretaga [fo'rdta^ga]
redan
[re'dan']
already
undertak(ing)
smog
si-g]
sig
[smo^g slipped.
Reading Exercise
21.
Gustay Yasas nngdom. Gustav Eriksson Vasa foddes i Uppland pa garden Lindholmen, troligen ar 1497. Hans fader var radsherre och en av Sturarnas trognaste anhangare. Sasom yngling kom Gustav till Sten Stares hov. Han kampade tappert i striderna mot Kung Kristian och i slaget vid Brannkyrka bar han den svenska fanan. Kort darpa blev han av den trolose Kristian forradiskt gripen och bortford till Danmark. Under sin fangenskap horde han danskarna tala om det stora krigstag de amnade foretaga mot Sverige. Gustav kande da en oemotstandlig langtan att fa komma hem och kampa for faderneslandet. Forkladd flydde han fran Danmark till Lybeck och traffade dar en skeppare, som forde honom over till Sverige om varen 1520. Da voro danskarna redan i besittning av storre delen av landet. Pa ensliga vagar smog han sig fran det ena stallet till det andra och kom slutligen till en av sin faders gar dar, Ravsnas i Sodermanland.
Conversation.
Var foddes Gustav Vasa? Vem var bans fader? Mot vem kampade han? Av vem blev han forradiskt gripen? Vad horde han under sin fangenskap danskarna Huruledes flydde han till Lybeck? Vem traffade han i denna stad? Nar aterkom han till Sverige?
Words.
kitchen-gar-
tala
om?
\
kokstrddgdrd
[gok'strwD^jid]
vegetables
gronsaker [gro'nsa'kdr]
den
wall the gardener
vdgg [vegf] trddgdrdsmdstaren [frrgojd-
radishes
spinage
love-apples'
rddisor [re'di^sojr] spenat [spena.'t] kdrleksdpplen
[ga?'rlefcsep^h7i]
seeds
fron
mes'tard] [fro^n]
asparagus
sparris [spar
The
tomatoes
adjective.
59
spaden
hackan
[spa'ddn^] [hak'an^]
rdfsan [ref'san^] omgiven [om'ji''vd7i\
sdtt
[sott]
seg
[seig]
mjuk
mogen
[mjuifk]
hdlsosam [heVsMsamy\
[moj'gdn^] flytta Cflyt'a'] det dr tid [deit etr
ti'd]
utrotar
tar].
[m'tr cot-
Translation Exercise 22.
The kitchen-garden.
Behind our house we have a large kitchen-garden. It is surrounded by a high wall. The gardener has sowed many seeds. We shall have plenty of vegetables in spring and summer radishes, spinage, love-apples, asparagus, onions, salad, carrots, beans, cauliflowers, parsley and sorrel. These
:
love-apples are red; they are ripe. In spring horse radishes are tough. Asparagus are soft and wholesome vegetables. It is time to transplant cabbages. The gardener roots up the weeds in the boarders. The gardener's tools are: the spade, the hoe and the rake.
60
Lesson 12.
A.
Indefinite Form.
§ 2. The indefinite or strong declension has three different forms: a)
A common
alteration.
in the singular
form for the masculine and feminine whereby the adjective requires no
b)
particular form for the neuter in the singular, the inflection of which is -t. common form for the three genders in the c) plural, the inflection of which is -a.
A
A
Note.
of -a.
Participles in
-ad and superlatives
in -ast take -e instead
Examples.
Masculine. Sing, en god gosse
Plur.
Feminine.
en god fiicka
ett
Neuter.
gott
ham
goda
Note
gossar.
goda
adjectives
fiickor.
goda ham.
1.
The
that end in an accented vowel double
-t in
the neuter.
Ex.: grd^ grdtt; hid, hldtt; ny, nytt. Those ending in -en (unaccented) drop the -n before 2. taking the neuter inflection -t. Ex.: mogen^ Tnoget; trogen, troget.
Note
Note 3. The adjectives in remain unchanged in the neuter,
Ex.: fast; stolt; trott
-t
preceded by a consonant or in
-tt
etc.
Note
4.
Those ending in
-al,
-I,
in the plural the vowel preceding
-en, -el, -n, -r.
-er (unaccented) drop
Ex.:
gammal, gamla; tapper, tappra. mogen, mogna; ddel, ddla.
as well
Note 5. Those ending in -d preceded by a consonant, as participles in -ad change -d in -t in the neuter.
Ex.: hlind
neuter:
» »
hlint
mild aktad
Note
-tt in
6.
milt
aktat.
in -d preceded
Those ending
by a vowel change d
in
fhe neuter.
Ex.: god, neuter: gott.
B.
3.
Definite Form.
weak declension has for the § three genders and both numbers the same inflection -a. When the adjectives are declined according § 4. to this form they are generally preceded by the InThe
definite or
dependent definite article
(fristaende artikel):
The
adjective.
61
den for the masculine and feminine in the singular. » » neuter in the singular. det » » three genders in the plural. de
Here it must be observed that the qualified noun has the terminal definite article although the adjective is preceded by the independent definite article, excepted in some cases which will be treated in the Lesson on the Pronouns.
Examples.
Singular.
Plural,
den goda (e) gossen den goda flickan
det
goda
harnet.
de de de
goda gossarne goda fiickorna goda barnen.
NB.
Note 2 and 4 apply also
to the adjectives declined after
the definite form.
§ 5. In the masculine singular the inflection -e It should always be used instead of -a: also used.
a)
is
of
In exclamations and in solemn apostrophes. Ex.: gode Gud! svenske man! b) When the adjective is not followed by a noun or when it is used after a proper noun as a surname. Ex.: den gode, the good (man or woman) Karl den Store, Charles the Great. NB. Participles in -ad and superlatives in -ast take -e instead -a, as when declined according to the indefinite form.
C.
6.
Use
of the
modes of
inflections.
§ adjectives should be declined according to the strong declension when used:
1.
The
Without
Ex.
:
article or predicatively.
;
gott vin, good wine
vinet dr gott, the wine
is
good.
2.
With the indefinite
Ex.: en
article.
god man, a good man. en god flicka, a good girl. ett gott ham, a good child. (goda filckor) (good girls).
3.
With the indefinite pronouns.
Ex.: varje tapper soldat, every brave soldier.
4.
With the interrogative pronouns.
Ex.: vilket sott sockerf
§
weak
The adjectives are declined according to the declension when used:
7.
62
Lesson
12.
1.
Before a noun with the
ticle. Ex.:
terminal definite
ar-
NB.
2.
franska sprdket, the French language. In this case the adjective is generally preceded by the
article (see B. § 4).
independent definite
After a noun in the genitive case.
Ex. faderns stora egendoinar, the father's large estates. After the personal, possessive, relative and demonstrative pronouns. Ex.: jag olyckliga mdnniska! min gode van!
:
3.
Remarks.
a)
Some
adjectives are indeclinable, such as:
in
ode, waste; gdngse, usual; hra, good etc. etc.
b)
all
These adjectives have the same termination
they take an
:
cases;
Ex.
s
in the
genitive
when used
as
but:
substantives.
den dygdiges olycka, the virtuous (man's) misfortune. den dygdige mannens olycka, the virtuous man's
misfortune.
Words.
gruvan [grrn'ran^] the mine maimer [maltmdr]
dmnen
[em'ndn'']
inre [in.^rd] herget [hserjtdt]
meter [mettdr]
gruvor [grui'vcor^']
at alia sidor
al'd^ si'dojr'']
[^oit
:
gdngar
[goyar'']
[ne'd-
rum
[rumf\
nedgdngen
goy'dn]
oppning
[op'niy']
brunn
stegar
[brunf]
[ste'gar^]
korgar [kor'jar^] tunnor [tun'ojr^] pd dagen [po!
da'gdn^]
lampor [lam'pojr^]
bloss [blosf]
upplyste
lys^td]
[up'-
nyttiga [nyt'iga^]
The
adjective.
63
Reading Exercise 23.
Grruyan.
For
mider Dessa
hel
att
jordens inre
sig djupt ner i berget jorden, stundom flera hundra meter. Sa far man gruvor. utvidgas at alia sidor^ sa att de slutligen besta av en
komma at maimer och har man fatt spranga
andra nyttiga amnen
i
mangd gangar och rum. Dar nere kunna ofta flera hundra manniskor arbeta. Nedgangen till en gruva utgor vanligen blott en smal oppning, som ser ut som en brunn man stiger ner pa branta stegar eller hissas utfor i korgar eller tunnor. I sjalva gruvan skuUe vara kolmorkt aven pa dagen, om man ej upplyste den med lampor eller bloss.
;
Conversation.
gora for att komma at maimer jordens inre? Varav bestar en gruva? Huru manga manniskor kunna arbeta i en gruva ? Huru ser nedgangen till en gruva ut?
Vad har man
fatt
i
Hur ypplyses gruvoma?
Words.
the earth
jorden [jutrddn]
ett
a ball
Mot
[eti klojtt]
the Isthmus the bays the peninsula
ndset Ine'sdt]
havsvikama
[hav'svi'karna]
the universe vdldsalUet[vse'dds-
aUdt]
the equator
line
halvon
[hal'vo^n]
ekvatorn
[ekva'-
round
rund
[rwitd]
moves
hemisphere
quarters
surface
linje [Unijd] [linih Hot [Jial'vJialvklot
infinite
fictitious
ror sig [rd!r siig] odndlig \oj'En^dlig\
finger ad[Ji7)jeiraa\
lik(a) [li'ka^^
kWt]
fjdrdedelar[fjss'jiddde'lar]
similar divides
yta [yta']
southern northern
flat
delar [de'lar^] sydlig [sydligl nordlig [noj'MUg^]
slat
[sh.^t]
oceaner[Q)' seaindr] the m2im-\2inAfastland€t [fas-tlan'ddt] the continents kontinenterna
[kon'tinen'tdrna']
tracts of land
oceans
wide
spitting fire
vidstrdckt
strek^t]
[vi'd-
eldsprutande [el'dsprm'tande]
landstrdckor
[lan'dstrEk^ojr] Idgland [lo'glan'd]
leads in the year
for
dr
plains,
low-
[/o.V] or pd .. . talet [otr or pot tatldt]
land streams
volcano
strommar
m'ar*^]
by the French av fransmdnnen
[stro-
[a.'vfran'smin^dn]
in the
Alps
pd Alperna
al'p9rna']
[po.'
vulkan [vulka'n]
the summits
fna^]
[top'ar-
.chain of moun- bergskedja[bser'jstams ge'dja]
strait
topparna
hojder
rocky
heights capes
klippig [klip'ig']
[hojtddr]
[ud'ar^].
sund
vdg
[sun'd]
way
[v€!g]
uddar
64
Lesson 13.
Translation Exercise 24.
The earth.
The earth is round like a ball; it moves in the infinite The equator is a fictitious line, that divides the universe. earth into two similar hemispheres. Three quarters of the surface of the earth are covered by seas and deep oceans. The main-land is divided into two continents: the old and
new continents. On the main-land are high mountains, pieces of land, which are called plains, deep and vdde A mountain valleys (through) in which great rivers flow. that spits fire is called a volcano. A chain of mountains consists of several mountains. A strait is a way that leads from one sea into another sea. The Isthmus of Suez was cut by the French in the year 1870. Glaciers are heights covered with ice. There are many glaciers in the Alps. The summits of the highest mountains are covered with eternal snow. The sea-shores consist of steep capes, deep bays and rocky
the
flat
peninsulas.
Thirteenth Lesson.
The adjective
(continued).
II.
Degrees of comparison.
comparison
of Swedish adjectives is the comparative and the
§
1.
The
aifected
by two degrees:
A.
superlative.
Formation of the comparative.
into three
§ 2. classes
:
The comparatives may be divided
a) The comparative which expresses a superior degree and which is formed in the regular way, that is, by adding -are to the positive.
Ex.: rik, rich; rikare, richer.
The comparative which expresses an equal dewhich is formed by the words: lika or likasa and gree
b)
placed before the positive.
Ex.: lika rik as poor
. .
.
as rich ....
.
.
lika or likasa fattig
.
.
.
.
The
adjective (continued),
65
c) The comparative which expresses an inferior degree and which is formed by the words: mindre or icke (lika) sd placed before the positive. icke (lika) sd rik not so rich Ex. mindre rik NB. «Thaii» is translated by an. «As» is translated by som.
:
. .
.,
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ex.
:
Han
He
He
B.
is
Han
is
dr rikare an min fader. richer than my father. dr icke sd stor som jag.
not so strong as I (am).
§ 3.
Formation of the superlative. The superlative may be: attributive,
predi-
cative or absolute.
a)
by adding the syllable
when
superlative attributive is regularly formed -ast to the positive and is used followed by a noun (which may be understood).
Ex.
:
The
Bosen dr den vackraste hlomman
.
.
.
The rose is the prettiest flower Jag dr den yngste (sonen).
I
.
.
.
am
the youngest (son).
in
is
b) The superlative predicative is formed same manner as the superlative attributive, but used after the verb «mm» as predicate and variable.
the
only is in-
Ex.
:
Dessa blommor dro vackrast. These flowers are (the) prettiest
(in
German:
am
c)
jc^onften).
The superlative absolute, that
is
is
without
comparison
formed by placing such words asi mycket,
before the positive.
hogst, alldeles, ganska,
Ex.: mycket god, very good; hogst angendm, most agreeable; alldeles bid, quite blue.
Remarks.
1. The adjectives ending in -al, -el, -en, -er (unaccented) drop the vowel preceding I, n and r in the formation of the comparative and superlative.
Ex.: mogen, ripe; mognare, riper; mognast, (the) ripest.
2. Polysyllabic adjectives in -ad, -e, -se, -es, -isk and the polysyllabic participles form their comparative by
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
g
66
Lesson 13.
placing the adverb mera and their superlative b}' placing the adverb mest before the positive. Ex. krigisk, warlike mera krigisk ; mest krigisk.
:
;
3.
rative the positive.
Ex,
:
The adjectives ending in -a form their compaand superlative by adding only -re and -st to
stilla,
still
;
stillare ; stillast.
4. Notice the following adjectives which form their degrees of comparison like those in -a.
Positive.
The
adjective (continued).
67
Ex.: den rikaste fursten den vackraste fiickan det flitigaste barnet
de rikaste furstarne de vackraste flickorna de flitigaste barnen.
b)
The
Ex.
:
superlative predicative remains Dessa blommor dro vackrast.
is
unchanged.
c)
The superlative absolute
Singular.
declined like the
Plural.
indefinite form.
Ex.: fursten dr ntycket rik fiickan dr mycket vacker
barnet dr mycket sndllt.
E.
furstarne dro mycket rika flickorna dro mycket vackra barnen dro mycket sndlla.
§
6.
Irregular comparisons.
Comparative.
Superlative.
Positive.
liten (sing.),
mindre, smaller » » smd (plur.), smdrre, ddlig, elak (ond), bad sdmre, vdrre, worse
small
gammal,
fa,
old
bra, god, good
dldre, older bdttre, better
minst, smallest » smdrst, sdmst, vdrst, worst didst, oldest bdst, best minst, least mest, most
fldsta,
est.
few
fdrre, less
mi/cfcen (sing.), much
mera, more
flera
manga (plur.), many
ndra
near.
—
mesta
—
ndrmare, nearer.
ndst, ndrmast, near-
Words.
blodbad
ba'd\
\bloj'd-
slaughter
till
doden
[ti'l
dei- to death
soldiers
ddn]
mdnnen
svek
stdt [stoif]
[sve.'k]
pomp
deceit
knektar
tar']
[knek'-
\mentm\ the men
(treachery) castle room, hall
ring
[riy!]
bodeln [boiddln]
ring the executio-
slott \sht:'\
ner
sal
[sa.'Z]
uppsyn
iron
[up'sy'ri] face,
mien,
svdrdet [svseirddt] the sword uppstdllda \up' posted
steVda}
[trco.^n]
look throne
beslut€t[bdslm.'t9t] the decision avsdttning [a*t*- deposition
sif'niT)]
vdntade \vvrvtdid^''\ was awaiting dodade^de'dadds'] were killed
tillsatte [til'sat'd]
instituated
domdes [dom'dds'] were condemcourt
(of Ju-
domstol [doj'mstco'U
ned
stice) [po.^
hy Hades
dds']
[hyl'a-
was sworn
allegiance
a forhc pd forhand
forhanid] de anklagade
kla^gadd\
beforehand
the accused
[a?i*
krontes [kron'tds^] was crowned inbjudit [hvbjm^- invited
dit]
ones
68
Lesson most eminent
13.
fomdmsta
n€m'sta\ visade sig
[fce'Ji-
forfoljt
\vi'-
showed
self
him-
fom
[fce'v-
persecuted
avsatt [a'vsaf^
matte straffas
samtyckte [sam'tyk'td]
nddig [no'dig^]
tankte
\t€7)'td^'\
clement
thought
distinguished
called together
should be punished consented
framstdende
[fram'sto'dndd]
uppkallade [up'karadd]
'it [de'lta^git] deliagit [c partaken befallde [bdfaT- commanded
dd']
samlades
'dds]
[sam'la'- assembled
std
till
rdtta [sto^ to sue at law
til! ret'a']
mork
[mcer!k] satte sig [sat'd']
gloomy
sat (upon)
avgjord [a'vjcor^d] decided fordes ut [fcR'ji- were led out
d9s' uc't]
framtrddde
[fram'tre'dd]
appeared
avrdttas[a'vr€t^as] be executed.
begdrde
[hdjseirdd]
demanded
Reading Exercise 25.
Stockholms blodbad.
hyllades Kristian II sasom Sveriges konung och kronStockholm med stor stat. Till hogtidlighetema hade han Han inbjudit de fornamsta mannen i riket och deras fruar. visade sig iiadig mot alia, men i sitt sinne tankte han pa svek. En dag i november 1520 blevo de mest framstaende svenskarna uppkallade till Stockholms slott. De samlades i en sal pa slottet. Konungen kom in med mork uppsyn och satte Infor honom framtradde nu Gustav Trolle sig pa sin tron. och begarde, att de, som forfoljt och avsatt honom, matte straffas. Konungen samtyckte hartill och befallde, att alia, som deltagit i beslutet om Gustav Trolles avsattning, skulle sta till ratta infor en domstol, som han tillsatte. Domen var pa forhand avgjord: de anklagade domdes till doden. Darpa fordes de ut till att avrattas. Pa Stortorget voro danska knektar uppstallda i en ring, och inom denna viintade bodeln med svardet. Nu dodades 82 av de fornamsta svenskarna.
tes
i
Nu
Conversation.
Vem
hyllades sasom Sveriges konung? Var krontes han? Vad skedde under dessa hogtidligheter? Vad vet Ni om detta blodbad?
Vilket ar agde det
rum?
Vad begarde Gustav Trolle? Vad befallde konungen?
tillsattes domstolen? vad domdes de anklagade? Hum manga av de fornamsta svenskarna dodades?
Av vem
Till
The
verb.
69
Words.
gold
silver
guld,
-et
[gul'd] -n
[pla'-
blast-furnace
steel
masugn,
suy^n]
-en [ma'-
silver, -vret[sil'vdr]
platinum, pla- platina,
tina
stdl, -et [stoH]
heavier than tyngre
an
[tgyrd'
metals
lead iron
metaller, -na [metal'dr]
en.']
precious
fusible
bly, -et [bly!]
dyrbar [dy'rba'r\ smdltbar [smel'tba'r]
jam,
-et
[jseUn]
[ko-
copper
mercury,
quick-silver the ore
iron-plate
tin
koppar, -en
p'ar']
smelts
easily
smdlter
[smel'tar''] latt [htt]
kvicksilver, -vret [kvik'sirvdr]
hard
ductile are dug out
hard
[hoidd]
malmen {maHmdn]
jdrnbleck,
tenn,
ten.']
tdnjbar [tsn'jba'r] graves ut [gre'vds'
m.'t]
-et
[jds'Miblsk^]
-et
smelted
or
smalt
[smelit]
[ten!
dipped is used
to solder
doppad
[dop'ad']
brukas [brm'kas']
loda [le'da'] (Mir rostigt
<
tin-plate
Ijusbleck, -et
blek']
[jiit's-
[bli.'r
cast-iron
gjutjdm,
-et [jut't-
rusts
ros'tig't]
mixture
coal
jeeUn] blandning,
-en
damp
brass
Iblan'dniy'] kol, -et \kotl\
[rostar [ros'tar'] fukt [fuktt] massing, -en[m€S'-
¥]'
Translation Exercise 26.
Metals.
Platina Gold, heavier than silver; it is the heaviest metal. Precious metals are not the most useful. Lead is more fusible than iron; it smelts very easily. Copper is not so heavy as quicksilver. Silver is harder than gold and more ductile than copper. The ore as well as most metals are dug out of the earth. Iron-plate dipped into smelted tin becomes Cast iron is a mixture of iron and coal. Tin tin-plate. is used to solder other metals. Iron rusts easily when exposed to damp weather. Cast iron flows out of blast-furBrass is not so hard as steel. naces.
silver
is
and platina are precious metals.
Fourteenth Lesson. The verb.
§ 1. The Swedish language has four conjugations which are distinguished by the termination of the
supine.
70
Lesson 14.
The termination of the supine
-at for
-t
is:
»
the P* conjugation. » » 2^^
» »
S'-^
'tt
-it
» »
»
4*^
»
The first three conjugations are called regular conjugations and the fourth irregular or strong conjugation.
§
2.
or
weak
First conjugation.
§
3.
The
-erttj
first
conjugation contains the verbs en-na, -ra, -ska, -sa
ding in
-iga^
-la,
and
-ta.
It takes:
-ade in the imperfect indicative. -ad in the past participle. -at in the supine.
§ 4.
Indicatiye.
Alska^
to love.
Active volee.
Sul)juiictive.
Present.
I
S.
loye
etc.
I
S.
love or
may
love
etc.
jag dlkaf"
du dlskar' han dlskar
P. vi
I
dlska dlsken
de dlska.
or dlska du dlske or dlska han dlske or dlska. P. vi dlske or tna dlska I dlsken or dlska dlska. de dlske or
jag dlske
md md md
man
md
Imperfect.
I
S.
loYed
etc.
jag dlskade du dlskade
S.
P. vi
han dlskade. dlskade I dlskaden
de dlskade.
P.
I loved or might love etc. jag dlskade or skulle or matte dlska du dlskade or skulle or matte dlska han dlskade or skulle or matte dlska. vi dlskade or skulle or matte dlska
I dlskaden de dlskade
Perfect.
or skullen or mdttefti dlska or skulle or matte dlska.
I
S.
P.
have loved etc. jag har dlskat du har dlskat han har dlskat. vi hava dlskat I haven dlskat de hava dlskat.
I
have
S.
or
may have loved
etc.
jag
P.
md hava dlskat du md hava dlskat han md hava dlskat. vi md hava dlskat
I man hava
de
dlskat
dlskat.
md hava
The
verb.
71
Pluperfect.
I
S.
had loved
etc.
I
S.
had
or
might have loved
or skulle
» > > » >
etc.
P.
jag hade alskat du hade alskat han hade alskat vi hade alskat I haden alskat de hade alskat.
Future.
I
S.
P.
jag hade du hade han hade vi hade I haden
de hade
or
»
skulle skulle skulle skullen skulle
> >
> >
matte matte matte matte mdtten matte
Conditional.
etc.
shall love
I
S.
should love
etc;
jag skall dlska
du skall dlska han skall dlska.
P. VI
skola dlska skolen dlska de skola dlska.
I
jag skulle dlska du skulle dlska han skulle dlska. P. vi skulle dlska I skullen dlska de skulle dlska.
Conditional past.
I shall
S.
Future past. have loved
etc.
I
S.
should have loved
etc.
jag skall hava dlskat du skall hava dlskat
jag skulle hava dlskat du skulle hava dlskat
P. vi skola
hava dlskat. hava dlskat I skolen hava dlskat de skola hava dlskat.
skall
han
han
P. vi skidle
hava dlskat. hava dlskat I skullen hava dlskat de skulle hava dlskat.
skulle
Imperative.
dlska,
love.
let
Infinitive.
Pres. Perf.
Int.
dlskom,
us love.
ye.
dlska, to love. hava dlskat, to have
skola dlska,
loved.
dlsken, love
to be about to love.
Participles.
Pres. Perf.
dlskande, loving. havande dlskat, having
dlskat,
loved.
loved.
Sup.
Passive voice.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
I
S.
I
am
loved
etc.
he or
may he loved
etc.
S.
jag dlskas du dlskas
han dlskas.
P. vi
dlskas
I dlskens
de dlskas.
jag dlskes or md dlskas du dlskes or md dlskas han dlskes or md dlskas. P. vi dlskes or md dlskas I dlskens or man dlskas de dlskes or md dlska.
72
Lesson 14.
Imperfect.
I
S.
was loved
etc. S,
jag dlskades du dlskades Tian dlskades.
P. vi
dlskades
P.
7 dlskadens
de dlskades.
I were or might be loved etc. jag dlskades or skulle or matte du dlskades or skulle or matte han dlskades or skulle or matte vi dlskades or skulle or T/ia^^e I dlskadens or skullen or mdtten de dlskades or sfcwZ/e or wdffe
Perfect.
have heen loved etc. S. Ja^ ^ar dlskats du har dlskats han har dlskats. P. vi hava dlskats I hava dlskats
de hava dlskats.
I
have
S.
or
may have heen
loved,
jag
ma
hava dlskats
The
verb.
73
been loved.
Supine: (ilskats
Note.
=
passive voice is also formed by the auxiliary verbs <hlivai> and ^vara^ and the participle perfect past.
The
jag Mir (dr) dlskad etc., I am loved. jag blev (var) dlskad etc., I was loved.
Irregular verbs of the
Infinitive.
I.
Conjugation.
Imperfect.
hette
Ind. Present,
Sing.
Plur.
Supine.
hetat
heta
to
be
named
heter
heta
kunna
leva veta
vilja
to be able to live
to
kan
level"
kunna
leva veta
vilja
kunde
levde
visste
ville
kunnat
levat vetat
velat.
know
vet
vill
will
Words.
utlopp [m'tlop^]
mouth
salt-sea saltsjo [sal'tfo^] holmar [hol'mar^^ islets halvdar\hal'v0ar^\ peninsulas
around kring [kriy.'] utgores av \m't- are formed out
jo'rds
a.'v']
of
skilda [fil'da^]
separated
filled
sund, vikar
pi.
[sunJd']
straits
uppfyllda [up'
up
[vi'kar^]
JyMa]
lummiga[lum'iga'] bushy
sjdlv [fsl'v]
itself
ldvskog[l0'vskoj'g^ foliage dungar [du7far'] clumps soder [so.'ddr] south malmenlmal'mdnl the suburb djurgdrden [jui'r- the zoological
ddrigenom
[d€.'ri-
thereby
divided
goUddn]
garden
the ghost parliament-
je'n'om] delat [de'laf] at soder [o.'t
se.'-
to the south to the north in the west in the east
anden
[an'dd'n]
riksdag shuset
[rik'sda'gshm'
S'dt]
house
sluice vessel
slussen [slus.'dn] the fartyget [fa'rty'- the
gdt]
ddr] at norr [o!t nor!] i vaster [tV ves.'tdr] i oster [i' os.'tdr'] oster om [os.'tdr
om.']
to the east of
strax
intill
quite near
allt
kunglig [kuy'lig'] royal ever since ifrdn [altt
ifroin]
begravna
[strakis intiH] [6a-
buried
gra'vna'] hredvid\hre'dvitd] close to
tvdrton^tvBBJi-tom''] vice versa vanligtvis [va'n- usually liktvi^s] beldgen [bdUigdn^ situate(d)
helgeands [hd'jd- of the Holy Ghost an'ds]
bygffd [byg;d]
built
ndmligen [nem'ligdn']
namely
new.
ny
[ny.']
Reading Exercise
27.
Stockholm. Stockholm ar en av de vackrast belagna stader i Europa. Hela trakten kring Malarens utlopp i ^Saltsjon" utgores av sma oar, holmar och halvoar, skilda av sund och vikar samt
74
Lesson 14.
uppfyllda av sma branta berg, skogar och lummiga lovskogsdungar. Sjalva Stockholm ligger pa flera holmar och halvoar och ar darigenom delat i flera delar: I mitten ligger „Staden'' pa en holme mellan „Norrstrom" och „Soderstr6m" at soder „Sodermalm'',atnorr „Norrmalm" samt ^Kmigsholmen" i vaster och „Ostermalm*^ i oster. Oster om „Staden" at ^Saltsjon" till ligga „Skeppsholmen*' och ^Djurgarden'^ „Staden'' ar Stockholm aldsta del. Har ar det „Kmigliga Slottet" och pa en liten holme strax intill ligger „Riddarholmskyrkan". dar konungarna allt ifran Gustav II ligga begravna. Pa en annan
;
holme, ,,Helgeandsholmen'', ligger det nya „Riksdagshuset". Bredvid ^Soderstrom" ar en sluss byggd for fartyg, som skola ga fran Malaren till ,,Saltsj6n'* eller tvartom; vattnet i Malaren star namligen vanligtvis hogre an i „Saltsjon''.
Conyersation.
Ar Stockholm en vacker stad?
Av vad
Pa vad
utgores trakten kring Malarens utlopp
ligger sjalva
i
Saltsjon ?
Stockholm? I hum manga delar ar Stockholm delat? Vilka aro Stockholms viktigaste byggnader? Vad ar byggt det bredvid Soderstrom?
Words,
buildings
hyggnader\hyg'nad^dr]
professors
Idrare
\l£'rard^\
merchant
lesson
kopman [gd'pman^]
lundervisning [uwj
head-master \iskol)fdrestdndare I [foTdston^dard]
dormitories
ddrvis^niy] [lektion [Ukfcotri]
sovsalar
lar]
[so'vsa'-
children
is
ham
\haiji7i\
conducted forvaltas
valtas]
[foR'r-
dining-rooms
infirmary
matsalar [ma'tsa^lar]
IS
composed bestdr av [bdsto'r
of
a.'v]
sjukrum
rum^]
[fuck[skco'l-
spacious
quiet
rymlig \rym'lig^^
stilla
\stil'a^'\
school-rooms
teachers
of
skolrum
rum']
scolded
grdlade
la^dd]
pa
\_gr€'-
languages drawing master rard\ writing master skrivldrare[skri'vU^rard]
singing
sprdkldrare[spro'kh^rard] ritldrare [ri'tU'''
was whisper- viskade [vis'ka'dd]
ing
industrious
polite
flitig [flitig'] hdvlig [ho'vlig']
indulgent
[soj}'-
skonsam
[skco'n-
sdngldrare
W'rard]
master
pupils
class
Idrjungar
juy^ar]
[Ise'r-
blames punishes
strict
rooms
klassrum
[klas'-
impartial
sam'] tadlar [tad'lar^^ straffar \^straf'ar^'\ Strang \str£y^ opartisk [oj'par^tisk].
The
verb.
75
Translation Exercise 28.
The School.
one of the finest buildings in the town. The school is It is conducted by a very learned director. composed of three spacious dormitories, two dining-rooms, an infirmary, four class-rooms. We have three teachers of (for) modern languages, a Latin and Greek master, a drawing master, a singing master, a writing master and two other teachers. Pupils must be quiet in the class-room. Our teachers are very strict but impartial. Are all present to-day? No, four pupils are absent they must be ill. Our director scolded the merchant's son because he was always whispering during
Our school
is
;
parents
Industrious and polite children are loved by their Is your master indulgent? Yes, he blames us often but punishes us very seldom.
the lesson.
and masters.
Fifteenth Lesson.
Second conjugation.
belonging- to the second conju§ 1. into two classes: are divided gation a) To the first class belong all verbs the root of which ends in -k, -p, -s, -t, and contains one of the
The verbs
weak vowels
-te
't
:
a, y, o,
e,
i.
These verbs take:
in the imperfect indicative. past participle. -t in the supine. To the second class belong all verbs the root
in the
b) of
which does not end
a, y,
o,
in -k, -p,
«,
i.
-s,
-t,
but contains one
of the vowels:
-de in the
imperfect indicative.
-d in the past participle. -t in the supine.
Kopa,
to buy. Active voice.
Indicative. Present.
Boja,
to bend.
Passive voice.
S.
jag
du han
76
Lesson 15.
Imperfect.
S.
jag
\
S.
jag
du > han J
P. vi
kopte.
bojde.
du > han J
P. vi
I
koptes.
koptes.
hojdes. hojdes.
kopte.
bojde.
I
de
kopten.
kopte.
hojden.
bojde.
I
de
koptens.
koptes.
bojdens.
hojdes.
Note. The compound tenses of the Indicative and the Subjunctive etc. are conjugated with the same auxiliary verbs as the verb: dlska, dlskas.
The
verb.
77
78
Lesson
15.
Words.
uppfarten
fa^rtdn]
\up'the ascent
lifts
dngslupar
Im'par]
[^oy's-
steam-launch
slopes ,
hissar
[his'ar''^
stupar
[^stui'par^']
sinks
jamvdgar [jx'dn- railways
ve'gar]
down
Idtta {let'a^^ facilitate s. k. sd kalladid) so called
tunnlar [tun'lar'''] tunnels promenadplatser walking
[prco'mdna'dplafsdr]
=
place
[so.'kal'add']
finnas
(the)
[jin'as^^
are found, there are
kungstrddgdrden
[kuystrEgo'rddn]
King's
garden (the) Hopgarhumlegdrden den \hum'ldgo'rddn\ operahus [oj'pdra- opera house
underground [un'ddrjojUdisk] innehdller [ind'containSjholds
historisk \histcjtTisk'\
underjordisk
historical
hm^s]
nationalmuseum
[nat'fojna'lmiase^urri]
national
mu-
tvdrsover
[tvsej,'-
through
seum
artistic(al)
se'vdr] bekant [bdkanti]
known
leads
also
konstsam lingar
[kon'stsam^liyar]
leder [le'ddr^]
collections
ock
lokf]
sandds [san'do^s] sand
bergds [bxr'jo^s] ridge
seger
kdr\
[se.'gdr]
ridge
talrik [ta'lri^k]
numerous
visited
besokas [bdso'kas^] are
victory
facto-
bekvdmt [bdkv£7n!t]
comfortably
fabriker
[fabrit- works,
ries
avdelning [a'vde%
division
park
[paM^k]
stockholmare
[stok'hormard]
park Stockholmers
Jiotta [Jlot'^'} forlustelsestdlle [fcerlus'tdlsdsterd]
slot'n]
navy
pleasure
ground
pleasure
lustsloiten [lus't- the
omgivningar[om'- environs
jivniy^ar]
castles
spdrvagnar[spo'r- tram-cars.
vay^nar]
Beading Exercise 29.
Stockholm.
„Sodermalm« stupar brant
dit
at sjon.
har
man
tva
s.
k.
hissar.
For att latta uppfarten For jarnvagarna finnas tva
langa underjordiska vagar, s. k. tunnlar. A ,,Norrmalm,. ligga Stockholms tva fSmamsta promenadplaster, ^Kungstradgarden'' och ^Humlegarden'', samt Operahuset och Nationalmuseum, som innehaller statens historiska och konstamlingar. Tvarsover „Norrmalm*' gar en sandas, „Brunkebergsasen**, bekant genom Sten Stures seger over danskarna; genom denna as leder ock en tunnel. Pa ,.Kungsholmen'* finnas stora fabriker. Vid „Skeppsholmen" ligger en avdelning av svenska flottan. Djurgarden ar en vacker park med talrika sommarbostader; den ar stockholmarnas forniimsta forlustelsestalle. Mycket besCkas ocksa de i Stockholms niirhet liggande kungliga lustslotten ^Haga**, ^Ulriksdal" och j,Drottningholm".
The
verb.
79
Mellan Stockholms olika delar avensom till dess omgivningar kommer man latt och beqvamt med sparvagnar och angslupar.
Conyersation.
ar brantast? Var ligga Stockholms tva fornamsta promenadplaster ? Vad kallas de? Var ligger en avdelning av svenska flottan? Vilka aro stockholmarnas fornamsta forlustelsestallen ?
Vilken
malm
Words.
the tTa.desm3inhandlanden[han'dlan'ddn] business, pi. affdrer [afsridr]
creditors
fordringsdgare
Ifoj'rdriyse'gard]
debitors
gdldendrer
ne'rdr]
[jel'dd-
goods
profit
var or gods
^
[va'-
r(j)T\ gcot^s]
manager
bills
disponent
nenit]
[dis'pco-
vinst
[vin.'st]
tradesmen
the merchant
clerks
handlanden\han'dlan'ddn]
vdxlar
[vek'slar^]
receipts
[co'p-
kvitton [kvit'ojn^]
kopmannen
tojrisitdr]
man'dn] kontorister [kon'-
commercial code
losses
handelsbalk [han'ddlsbal'k]
forluster
lus'tdr]
[foRV[6a-
book-keeper
cashier
traveller
office
hokhdllare \ha)'khoVard] kassor [kaso.'r] [handels]resande
[re'san'dd]
balance-sheet balanskonto
lay'skon^toj]
assets
(tillgdngar) aktiva ak[til'goy^ar,
tiv!a]
kontor
tco'.r]
(neut.) [kon-
liabilities
(skulder), passiva [skul'ddr, pasivia]
merchandise
customers
orders
I
handelsvaror
[han'ddlsva'rcor] kunder [kun'ddr^]
does
buys
sells
gor [joir] koper [p0-»ar']
forsdljer [fcersel'jdr']
luppdrag
(neut.)
[up'dra^g] bestdllning[bdst€l'-
employs
sends out
my']
order-book
invoices
^bok orderl
bco'k]
\D'j,ddr
sysselsdtter [sgs'dlsd'dr] utsdnder [m'tsen'ddr]
imports
exports enter
fakturor
tm'rojr']
infor [in'fqr'] utfor [m* ftfor'] inskriva [in'skri^
va]
correspon-
brewdxUng \bre'vvek'sUy]
dence
agents
make
attend
out
utstdller
rdv]
[uctste[bdsoe'r-
ombud, agenter
[om' bm'd,ag€n.'tdr]
besorja
Ja']
cash-book
invoice-book
kassabok
bco'k]
[kas'a-
fakturbok
tm'rboj'k]
[fak[la'gdr[hui'-
keeps pays
receives
for
[for^]
\up'bser''\
betalar [bdta'lar']
uppbdr
stock-book
ledger
lagerbok
boj'k]
signs
is
undertecknar [wvddrtek'nar]
Jiuvudbok vudbo/k]
bound
dr tvungen
tvuy'dn'']
[fer'
80
take stock
ascertain
Lesson 16.
inventera
tetra]
[in'ven-
in compliance
z
with to
properly
regularly
enlighet med hV 'nligh&t meid]
[ve'-
utrbna [m'tre'na]
overskrida [0'vdrskri'da]
hilligt [bil'ig^t]
vederborligen
ddrbce'rligdn
go beyond
cheap
dear
dyrt
.
.
[dyji't]
. .
yearly
now an ... an [sn! enf] therefore ddrfor [dser'fc&r] now
.
easy
or
regelmdssigt [regdlmesHgt] drligen [o'rligdn'] latt [Ut^
eller [elidr]
Translation Exercise 30.
Commerce.
The tradesman does business; he buys goods and sells them again with a profit. Tradesmen buy now cheap now dear. The merchant employs several clerks, a book-keeper
and a cashier in his office; he sends out travellers to every part of the world to sell and buy goods; he therefore imports and exports all kinds of merchandise. The clerks enter
the travellers' or customers' orders in the order-book, make out invoices and attend to the correspondence with the The book-keeper keeps the agents, travellers or customers. cash-book, the ledger, the invoice book and the stock-book. The cashier pays the merchant's creditors and receives The manager signs the letmoney from his debitors. In compliance with the ters, invoices, bills and receipts.
commercial Code in France every merchant is boimd keep books properly and regularly and take stock every year that he may ascertain his losses or profits. The balance sheet shows whether the assets go beyond the liabilities. It is then easy for the merchant to ascertain his
to
profits.
Sixteenth Lesson.
Third conjugation.
§ 1. To this conjugation belong monosyllabic verbs and a few others
ie,
all
:
the following
to
ske, to
bo, to
show happen
dwell
sno, to twist tro, to believe
varsko, to
sy, to
warn
bero, to depend glo, to gape
sew
gnOf to rub
gro, to shoot forth sko, to shoe
bry, to trouble, to bother trd, to long for
ro, to
fly,
row
to flee
The
gry, to dawn sky, to shun spy, to spit, to vomit md, to be, to feel forma, to be able
verb.
81
sd,
to
sow
forebrd, to reproach fid, to skin feM, to strike forsmd, to disdain
spa, to foretell, to predict dtrd, to long for.
nd, to reach to take after
J
brd[s],
I
to resemble
2.
These verbs take:
'dde in the imperfect indicative. -dd in the past participle. -tt in the supine.
Tro,
Active voice.
Indicative.
to believe.
Passive voice.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Subjunctive.
S.
jag
S.
du
Tian P. VI
tror.
tro.
md md
md
jag
tro}
tro. tro. tro.
du han
P. vi
tros.
md md
md
tros.^
tros.
I
de
iron.
tro.
man
I
de
trons.
tros.
mdn
tros. tros. tros.
Imperfekt.
S.
jag
i
S.
jag
du
han
P. vi
)
trodde.
trodde.
trodde.^
du
han
P. vi
troddes,
troddes.^
)
trodde.
I
de
trodden, trodde,
trodden. trodde,
I
de
troddes. troddes. troddens. troddens. troddes. troddes.
Note. The compound tenses are conjugated in the as the verb: dlska, cilskas (page 70).
same manner
Imperative.
tro P. tron.
S. S. tros.
P. trons.
Infinitive.
tro.
tros.
Participle.
troende.
trodd.
^ The simple form of the subjunctive is antiquated and consequently no longer used. ^ The periphrastic forms are like those of the verb dlska, dlskas. Elementary Swedish Grammar. g
82
Lesson 16.
Supine,
trott.
trotts.
Note. The 1st person plural of the imperative mood is formed with the auxiliary verb ^Idta^ and the personal pronoun oss.
Ex.: Idtom oss tro,
let
us believe.
Irregular Verbs of the III. Conjugation.
Indicative.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Sing.
Plur.
Imp,
Sing.
Plur.
Supine.
dott
Participle,
do
to die
dor
do
dog
jick
dogo
jingo
dod
(adj.)
-et
fd
r
se
^
to get to go to
fdr gdr
lev
fd ga
le
gick
log
gingo
logo
fdtt gdtt
lett
(und) fdngen, gdngen, -et
laugh
to see
std to stand sld to beat
ser stdr sldr
se std sld
sag stod
slog
sdgo stodo
10
sett
sedd
(ut)
sett
stdtt
stdnden,
-et.
-et
slagit
slagen,
Words,
kyrkosocknar
[ccer'ksok'nar]
parishes
naturshdnhet
tm'rfonhe't]
[na- beauty of nature
hatften [heltftdn] the half avsatser [a'vsaf"-. shelves
Sdr]
ndra
[ne'ra']
near
trappsteg [trap'ste'g]
stairs
brett [bretf] wide, broad omfatta [oirvfafa] to comprise, to cover
jdmn
stone
[jemtn]
flat
stenart [ste'na'ut] species of
hoja sig [hoja' si'g] to rise liknande [li'kresembling
nan^dd]
tredje [tre'djd^]
third
sandsten [san'dste^n]
sandstone
alunskiffer
[a'lunfif'dr]
alumish slate
lime stone
trap^ firwood
hard [hoUd]
ak^tig]
hard
svartaktig \svax't- blackish
kalksten [kal'kste^n]
ddr uppe
up' 9^
[dstr
up there
to
trapp [trapf] barrskog [bar'skco'g]
vdxa
odlad
[vek'sa^]
[boR'.idig'']
grow
,
,
b ordig
fertile
hygd [bygtd] kyrka [fcer'Ara'] herrgdrd [hsergo^jid]
country church
[co'dlad'^]
tilled
culti-
vated
stdtlig
ligt]
[sto'tlig^'\
manor house
the view the plain surface
splendid
infinitely
odndligt [wend^skull [skul']
utsikten [m'tsik
tdn]
sake
travellers.
sldtten [sUttdn] yta [yta^]
resande [re'san'dd]
its
* an igneous rock (a variety of dolerite or basalt presenting a stair-like aspect.
named from
The
verb.
Reading Exercise
31.
KinuekuUe. Det markvardigaste av Vastgotabergen ar KinnekuUe. Det ligger invid Vanern/) ar nara 300 m. hogt, 14 km. langt och nara halften sa brett. Det omfattar tre hela kyrksocknar samt delar av fern andra. Det bildar icke en jamn sluttning,
utan hojer sig i avsatser, liknande stora trappsteg. Varje avsats bestar av en sarskild stenart den lagsta av sandsten, den andra av alunskiffer, den tredje av kalksten. Toppen innehaller en hard svartaktig bergart, som kallas trapp. Dar uppe vaxer barrskog; bergets ovriga delar utgora en bordig och val odlad bygd, med kyrkor och statliga herrgardar. Utsikten over bergets lagre delar samt over hela Vastgotaslatten och Vanerns vida yta ar oandligt vacker, och KinnekuUe besokes for sin naturskonhets skull mycket av resande.
:
Conversation.
Vilket ar det markvardigaste av Vastgotabergen? Vid vilken sjo ligger KinnekuUe? Hurudan ar dess sluttning? Varav besta dess avsatser? Ar utsikten over bergets lagre delar vacker?
For vad besokes KinnekuUe? Av vilken bergart bestar toppen?
Words.
the seasons drstidema[o'rstrof the year ddrna\ the trees trdden [trcddn^] the weather vddret [vetdrdt] this year i dr [it otr]
fruit
temperature
temjperatur
psratut^r]
[tem.[bloj-
blossoms
favourable
is
blommor
m'cor^]
gynnsam
sam']
[jyn'-
frukt [frukU]
nature natur(en) [natmtr] the crop, the skdrden[J CR'rd9n^] harvest
commenced borjas [bcer'jas'] intet under
[in'tef untddr]
wonder
under \un!d9r]
tdr]
no wonder
foga underligt
[frffs,' un'ddrligH] ej att undra
bathing places badorter[ba-dco^rthe leaves the days
pd
bladen
[bla'ddn*]
[€j.'
at'
un'dra' pof\
dagama
man
na^]
I
[da'gar-
hot
it is
people
in wet ther
[mant]
getting cold
het [he!t] det blir kallt
vdtvdder
[vo'tvs'ddr]
dark
early
mork
[kalit]
[mortk]
wea
vid
'
tidigt
(pd dagen)
ruskvdder
[rus'kvE^ddr]
[ti'dig't]
Strang,
short best
hdrd
the sick climate
desjuka[de!furka^]
[streyt hoird]
klimat
matt\
(neut.) \kli-
kort bast
[kco!rt]
[besit]
^
a famous lake in Sweden.
6*
84
Lesson
17.
dogdays
rdtmdnad
(sing.)
seems
begin
to fall
is
[ro'tmo'nad] there will be det shall finnas
[skali Jin'as']
to smile
synes \sy'n9s^] borja [bcer'ja^] falla ned [fal'a'
netd]
[nalkas'']
smdle
everything
to revive
[smo'le'] allting, allt [al'tiy'
altt]
coming on nalkas
to catch cold
to recover
forkyla sig
[foer-
leva
upp
igen
i'jdn']
[leva''
up!
gyla' sitg] tillfriskna [tilfris^kna].
Translation Exercise 32.
The seasons of the years.
Spring is the season that I like best. Trees are white If the weather is favourable this year, with (av) blossoms. All nature smiles and everythere will be plenty of fruit. thing seems to revive. We have had a warm summer; the No wonder that it is so harvest has already commenced. hot we are in (pa) the dog days. During the whole summer we dwell in bathing-places. In autumn it is not so hot as
—
—
;
— —
Leaves begin to fall; days become shorter. summer. In the morning it is getting cold winter is coming on. Winter is very cold in Sweden. People catch cold very easily in wet weather. The sick must spend winter in a warm climate In the month of December it is dark early. to recover. How can people be fond of winter! The days are so short and the temperature is so low.
in
;
—
—
—
Seventeenth Lesson.
Fourth conjugation.
Strong verbs.
§
1.
The strong verbs are characterized by vowelin the
changes of their root
§
a)
2.
Imperfect Indicative.
They The first group contains the verbs
are divided into three chief groups:
the root of
which undergoes but one vowel-change in the singular and in the plural of the Imperfect Indicative.
According to the change of the different rootvowels the verbs belonging to the first group may be
divided into 9 classes.
2nd
86
Lesson
17.
Olbservation.
It results from the above that the verbs belonging to the first group are characterized:
1.
by a simple change of the root- vowel in the Imperfect Indicative;
2.
by the preservation of the root-vowel
Supine
;
in
the
whereas those belonging to the second group are characterized
:
1.
by a double change of the root-vowel
perfect Indicative;
in the
Im-
2.
by the vowel in the Supine and Past Participle which is always u.
c) The third group contains all the irregular verbs belonging to the 4 conjugations. The irregular tenses will be given in the text as they occur or in the vo-
cabulary.
§ 3. Besides the different changes undergone by their root- vowels, the strong verbs are also characterized
by the following terminations:
-en in the
-it
Past Participle.
Supine.
»
»
§ 4.
Gripa,
to seize
The
verb.
87
Imperfect.
S.
jag
S.
jag
du han
P. vi
grep.
band.
du han
P. vi
greps.
bands.
I
de
grepo. grepen. grepo.
bundo. bunden. bundo.
I
de
grepos. grepens. grepos.
bundos. bundens. bundos.
Subjunctive.
Present.
S.
jag
S.
jag
du han
P. vi
gripe.
binde.
binde.^
du han
P. vi
gripes.
gripes.^
bindes.
bindes.^
gripe.^
I
de
gripen.
gripe.
binden.
binde.
I
de
gripens.
gripes.
bindens.
bindes.
Imperfect.
S.
jag
)
S.
jag
)
du han
P. vi
[
)
grepe.^
bunde. bunde. bunden. bunde.
du han
P. vi
[
I
grepes.^
bundes.^
grepe.
grepes.
I
de
grepen.
grepe.
I
de
grepens.
grepes.
bundes. bundens. bundes.
Imperatiye.
S.
grip.
bind.
S. grips.
binds.
P.
gripom.
gripen.
bindom.
binden.
P.
gripoms.
gripens.
bindoms.
bindens.
Inflnitiye,
gripa,
binda.
Participle.
gripas.
hindas.
gripande. bindande.
Supine.
gripit.
gripen.
bunden.
bundit.
gripits.
bundits.
^
The compound forms
are conjugated after <^alska» page 70.
88
Lesson 17.
vis^t^^^t^^^^^
a
^^
-"^
s -^
.-ts
'Sj-^
ill ill
IIP! i*iri'l-ili:&il i Nl
-"^ .-s
.-t-
s
--^
:t:j
-to
.-t^
vS -1
-'^s
t^-:ts ,^
.•*>i
"^
."tS
."^
S i
"<
.-t^
I U^~r
Wliiiiffliiiiijiife
ifiitti-PliiillHiiliilli! ^ '^^-^'?i,'^<«2, ^^ ^ ^
^o ^5'^o ^o ro ro
'ts
'^
Qi
.<
,^
;:s ;;5-:2
o
5^!^o§^
The
verb.
89
«:5>i
^
S-
^^
c5
''.*
'-
'•'-
<=^
c/j
'^^oS,g. cc "^ so CO
?~
p
i:
^
^
s
S>
g ^
i:
g ^'^
?^-g 53,1
g^^ ^M
II ill
°
g
«o «c
CO
cc
cc
90
Lesson 17.
Words,
anfallet [an'fal'dt] the attack framgdng [fram'- success gonv']
utstd [m'tsto']
dterse
[o'tdrse^']
to
undergo
to see again
first
fienden [Ji'dnddn^] the enemy
forsta [/cers^a'] skedde [fed'd^]
vek
[ve.'Jc]
took place
truppema
p'drna']
[tru- the troops
gave way
got
to
oordning
niv\
[oj'o^Jid-
disorder
rdkade [ro'ka^dd] passa pd [pas' a'
anfalla [an'faVa'\
watch
skarorna
corna^]
[ska'r- the bands
to attack
kulregnet \km'l- the shower of
rty'dt]
hdstbdr
bo'r]
[hes't-
the bullets stretcher
bar [6o.V]
(borne by a horse) stretcher, bar-
overwhelm man'a] soon snart [snaji^t] spridde [sprid'd^] spread Idt [UH] caused, let to shoot to sonderskjuta
[o'vdr- to
overmanna
row
undkomma
kom'a]
[dra'ga^^
moda
pieces [sdn'ddrfm'ta] [un'd- to escape
to
[me'da^]
difficulty,
dterstoden
sto/ddn]
trouble \o'tdr- the rest
draga (undan)
with draw
medfora [me'dfo'ra]
to bring along
Turkiet \turkiidt Turkey
turkisk
[tur'ikisk' turkish
ndrbeldgna
bdl€g''na]
[ne'r- neighbouring
to
omrdde \om'ro^dd
territory
befdlhavare \bd- chief commander ftlha'vard] fdlttdg [fd-tto'g] campaign disaster olycka [oxlyk^a^
sdra
[so'ra^^
wound
utmatiad [uct mafad]
exhausted
to to
formd
rddda,
[/cermo/]
sig.
I
'
fdngama
[fov'arna']
the prisoners
be able run away
one's
self
to save
lidanden
[li'dan^- sufferings
[red'a^']
ddn] dterstd [o'tdrsto^] to remain
modlos [moj'dWs] disheartened giva sig fdngen, to surrender
[ji'va''
ddribland
lan'd]
[de.'Hb-
among
si'gfoydn^]
fd
[foi]
(one's self) few, a few.
Eeading Exercise 33.
Slaget Tid PoltaYa.
Det forsta anfallet skedde med framgang, och fienden Men da rakade de svenska trupperna i oordning; ryssarna passade p§, och anfollo dem samt overmannade snart de spridda svenska skarorna. Konungen lat fora sig omkring i det varsta kulregnet liggande pa en hastbar; men baren blev sonderskjuten och konungen undkom med moda pa sin hast. Aterstoden av haren drog sig, medforande konungen, undan till den niirbeiagna floden Dnjepr, som har bildade gransen mellan Ryssland och Turkiet. Sarad och utmattad formaddes konungen att med n&gra hundra man radda sig over floden in pa turkiskt omrade. I den aterstaende svenska
vek.
The
liaren
verb.
91
voro befalhavarna och en del av trupperna modlosa och haren, som nu bestod av omkring 14,000 man, daribland 5,000 sjuka och sarade, gav sig fangen at Ryssarna. De svenska fangarna fingo i Ryssland utsta Endast fa av dem atersago faderneslandet. ja lidanden.
efter falttagets olyckor,
Conversation,
Skedde det forsta
i
anfallet vid Poltava
med framgang?
Vad gjorde Ryssarna, da de svenska trupperna rakade
oordning?
Hur fordes konungen omkring? Huru manga man blevo sjuka och sarade?
Vid vilken flod gav sig den svenska haren fangen at
Ryssarna?
Words.
the visit at the door
besoket [bdso'kdt]
to
to
knock
knacka
[knak'a^]
pa dorren
do&r.'dn]
[po
[vi'd
who?
vem?
[vem!]
by the
side
fire-
vid
harden
be pleased glddja sig [glsd'ja''] ever since alt sedan [se'dan'']
to greet
hsedtddn]
a cup
I
en kopp [kopt^
hope
jag
hoppas
[ho!
p-as']
take a seat, please!
to
I
hdlsa [hel'sa^] ivar so god och tag \vair so plats
gojtd
1
y
oktatg
good bye!
farvdl (sd Idnge)
how
are you ?
huru
[farve'l so Uy'd'] star det till [hm'rm' stoir det tilf]
be
will
you
[mo!] Ni [viU nit\ itack! \takt]
vill
ma
plates]
from
sit
me
jag tackar
(I)
\_jatg
frdn mig
rnitg']
[fro'n
neid]
thank you<
tak'ar']
^
tackar sd mycket
{^siti
sitt
ned
\\tak'ar^ so my'kdt']
to call for
long
no
to stay to to
Idnge {ley'd'-'] nej [nejf]
/comma
itn]
i
in \kom'a'
stanna
[stan'a^]
to-day
I
hear
(erfara [erfa'ra'] ^fd veta [fo ve'ta^]
am
sorry
det
dag [^ datg] gor mig ont
[det
conif].
jotr
mitg
do
gora
[jo'ra^]
Translation Exercise 34.
The
Visit.
knocks at the door? Go and see who it is and It is Mr. Holm, the teacher of modern open the door. I am very pleased to see you. How are you? languages. It is an age since I saw you Take a seat, please! Sit on this chair by the fire-side; it is so cold. I am very Will you not take a cup well, but I have been very ill. of tea? I have No, thank you; I cannot stay longer. only called to hear how you are. I have much to do and
Who
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
92
Lesson
18.
I
must go back to the country to day. Another time I will stay longer with you. I am sorry that you cannot stay longer I hope to see you again soon. I thank you for your visit. Good bye! Greet your father from me.
>.
jag
du han
x^uxiliary verbs.
93
§
4.
To these should be added the
maste and fa.
3.
following
kunna,
viljay
kunnaf
to be able.
Imperfect.
Present.
S.
jag
du han
kan.
§5.
§6.
§7.
94
Lesson 18.
ldgland[lo'gldn'd] lowland with regard tx) till [me^d hen'sy^n tilf] fjdlhnark \_fjd'- mountainous land mdr'k] tdthet [ts'he't] density
med hdnsyn
glest [gles't] befolkad [bdfolkad'] hogldnta [ho'glen^ta]
thinly
peopled
upper
nordlig [noj'rdlig^] northern
tat
[te.'t]
inhyggare [in'by- inhabitants
g'ard]
dense
l>el>ygyci
[bdbyya^]
to inhabit,
to
folkslag [fol'ksla^g]
race
look [m'tse^dndd] sprdk [spro'k] language on both sides pa orase sidor om'sd' si'[poi
dco'v]
utseende
people tdtare bebyggt more densely \tE'ta^rd bebyg!t] peopled sdrskilt [sas'rjil^t] particularly '
vars
tola
[vaj.^s]
of which,
[to'la^']
besldktad
.
\bd-
(whose) to bear akin
to resemble.
bade
.
.
och
as well ... as
[bo'dd' okr\
shk'tad'] likna [lik'na^^
sydlig [sydlig^]
southern
Reading Exercise 35.
Sveriges folk.
I jamforelse sydligare lander ar Sverige glest befolkat. I synnerhet galler detta om de hoglanta trakterna och allra mest om de nordliga skogs-och fjallmarkerna. Tatare bebyggt ar laglandet, sarskilt de sydliga slattlanden, till exempel Skane, vars sodra och vastra delar med hansyn till folktathet tala jamforelse med de battre befolkade trakterna i Europa. De fiesta av Sveriges inbyggare aro till nationen svenskar. I nagra trakter bo finnar och lappar, som aro beslaktade folkslag; de likna
I
Sverige bo over 5 miljoner manniskor.
med
varandra bade
finska gransen, pa omse sidor
till
till
utseende och sprak.
Finnarna bo nara
men nagra aven i de stora skogar, som ligga om Dalarna. Lapparna bo i fjalltrakterna ner
Conversation,
Harjedalen.
Hum
manga manniskor bo
i
Sverige?
Ar Sverige sMedes
tatt eller glest befolkat?
Vilken provins ar folkrikast? Vad kallas Sveriges inbyggare? Vad vet Ni om Finnarna och Lapparna? I vilka trakter bo dessa bada folkslag?
Words
post postcard
post [pos/^l brevkort [bre'vkcou^t]
envelope
kuvert [kmvcM't]
stamp
universal postal
frimdrke
mser^ka]
\_fri'-
telegraph telegraf\te'ldgraif] postal order post anvisning
union
vdrldspostforening \vssr ds pos'tfo^reniy]
[pos'tanvis^niy]
The numerals.
postman
letter
95
hrevhdrare [hre'vbe^rard] brev [breiv]
non-postpaid ofrankerad [oj'fraifkerad]
to deliver
avldmna [a'vhm^na] senast [se'nas't]
double
postage
dubbelporto
b'dlpojCtoj]
[dulatest
abroad
wire,telegram
utomlands [m'tomlan'ds]
to register
rekommendera
[re'komendetra]
telegramm
graTnf]
[te'ld-
words
figures
electric
ord [io!dd] tal \tail\
elektrisk
trisk]
[eleki-
post office
postkontor
kon^cor]
[pos't-
value
ters to
vdrde
[vse'rdd'']
invention
to despatch
uppfinning
finHy]
\up'-
printed mat- trycksaker
sa''kdr]
\tryk'-
avsdnda
da].
[a'vsen''-
send
skicka
[^fik'a^^
to belong
tillhora [tiVho^ra]
Translation Exercise 36.
Post and telegraph.
letter-paper and envelopes, if you wish Will you give me two penny your brother. stamps, and a post card. With postal orders one can send money to all the countries, that belong to the universal postal union. The postman has delivered me a non-postpaid letter; I therefore had to pay double postage. The postage of letters This wire was despatfor abroad is two pence half-penny. ched at nine o'clock; I should have received it at twelve Go to the post office and have these letters o'clock latest. registered. On registered letters (containing) enclosing banknotes, the actual value should be written in words and figures on the envelope. The electric telegraph is one of the most remarkable inventions of modem times. The post-man delivers letters, news-papers and printed matters twice a day. I have not been able to buy I had this letter registered.
You must buy
to
to
write
stamps, for the post
office
was
shut.
Mneteenth Lesson.
The numerals.
I.
Cardinal numbers (Grundtal).
f),
§
1.
en {m and
tvd,
tu,
ett (n)
one
fern, five
tvdnne, two tre, trenne, three fyra, four
sex, six
sju,
seven
dtta. eight
96
nio, nine
Lesson
19.
trettio,
thirty
Ho, ten
elva, eleven
tolf,
fyrtio, forty
twelve
femtio, fifty sextio, sixty
sjuttio,
dttio,
tretton, thirteen fjorton, fourteen femton, fifteen
seventy
sexton, sixteen
sjutton, seventeen
aderton, eighteen nitton, nineteen
tjugu, tw^enty
2.
eighty nittio, ninty hundra, a hundred tusen, a thousand en miljon, a million en biljon, a billion
noil,
nought.
In compound numbers between § units are added as in English.
Ex.
3.
:
20—100
the
femtio
fern,
fifty-five.
the hundreds and in the thousands the § smaller number is placed before as in English. Ex. tre hundra, three hundred. fyra tusen, four thousand.
In
:
§ 4. Tvenne designates two persons or things belonging together and is used instead of tva. Hundra and tusen may be used as nouns § 5. and are neuter.
Ex.:
ett
hundra,
ett tusen.
§ 6.
2
-|-
Note the following expressions:
gor
is
i
2
= 4 that
tvd och (plus) tvd
=2 2X2 = 4* 2 4 = 2 4 2 = 2
2
: :
» » *
»
fyra. lika tned minskat wied tvd \ dr (etc.), tvd. f fyra tvd ifrdn fyra \ j blir tvd. tvd gdnger tvd gor (etc.) fyra. tvd i fyra gor (etc.) tvd.
j )
dr
i
»
fyra genom tvd gor
(etc.)
tvd I
^**
|f ^"/^^^^
«In the year» is translated by the § 7. (year) placed before the numeral. Ex.: In the year 1830: dr 1830.
II.
word a
Ordinal numbers (Ordningstal).
fjdrde, fourth
§
8.
forste, -a, first
andre,
-a,
second
femte, fifth
sjdtte, sixth
tredje, third
The numerals.
sjunde, seventh dttonde, eighth
fjortonde, fourteenth
97
tjugonde, twentieth
trettionde, thirtieth
nionde, ninth tionde, tenth elffe, eleventh
tolfte,
fyrtionde, fortieth
twelfth.
trettonde, thirtheenth
femtionde etc., fiftieth hundrade, hundredth tusende, thousandth.
number
compound ordinal numbers the greater placed before the smaller number, which takes the termination of ordinal numbers as in English.
§
9.
In
is
Ex.
:
fyrtiosjunde, 4:7th (and not fyrtionde sjunde).
III. Collective
numbers
ett
(Samlingstal).
§ 10.
ett
ett
par, a pair (couple) dussin, a dozen
a score en gross, a gross.
tjog,
IV. Fractional
§ 11.
numbers
(Deltal).
The
fractional
numbers are formed
in
Swe-
dish by adding
the particle -del (part) to the ordinal
numbers.
Ex.
:
en tredjedel, a third.
tvd tredjedelar,
two
thirds.
V. Proportional numbers.
§
12.
The proportional numbers are formed by
-dubbel or -faldig to the cardinal
adding the particles: numbers.
Ex.: tvddubbel or tvdfaldig, twofold. treduhhel or trefaldig, threefold.
The hours of the § 13. in the following way: pressed
Hvad dr klockan? What
Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan
day and night are exis it?
time (o'clock)
dr ett, tvd, sex. It is one, two, six o'clock. dr half tvd, It is half past one. dr ire kvart pd (till) fern. It is a quarter to five. dr en kvart over tre I ^^ .^ ^ -i^^^^^ t^^^^^ ar en kvart pa fyra ) dr 5, 10 minuter over tvd. It is 5.10 m. past two. It is (wants) (dr) fattas 5, 10 minuter i sex. 5.10 m. to six. Huru dags? At what time?
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
7
98
The numerals.
to celebrate
p.
jira [^'ra']
last
m.
(in the
pa eftermiddagen
ef'tdvmid^a[_po gdri] avresa [a'vre'sa]
this
forliden ddn]
day week
i
[fcerli^-
afternoon)
to set to miss
dag am
dtta da-
gar till [i datg om
ot'a, da'gar'' tiV]
[se-'n]
[i
komma for
till
sent
late this
sen
[kom'a' for
[nes.t]
morning
i
morgan
on']
mor'-
senit til]
next
ndst
to leave
was born
foddes
[fod'ds^]
o'clock
avgd [a'vgoi] klockan [khk'an'].
Translation Exercise 38.
Age.
you? I am twelve years old. My brother Next month my father will be forty-four. Last is twenty. week my mother was thirty years old. She does not look so old. The teacher is a man of fifty years (of age). Is he so old? Your grand father will soon be eighty years old. When was your sister born? She It is a great (hog) age. was born on the 17^^ of January 1899. This day week we
old are
will celebrate
How
my
elder brother's birth- day.
The Hour.
What
It
is
o'clock is it?
it
not very late;
is
Can you tell me what o'clock it is? only two o'clock p. m. At what
time will you come to me to-night? I will await you until To morrow I will set out for London and as nine o'clock. the train leaves at nine o'clock, I will be at the station at a quarter to nine, not to miss the train.
Words.
rdknesdtt [re'kud- rule
SEf]
multiplikator
multiplier
de fyra rdknesdtten [de fyra'
the four rules
[murtiplika'tor'] faktor [jakitor] factor dividend dividend [di'vi-
addition
[adHt-
addition
dentd] division [di'vi-
division
fojin] term [tasrim]
term
kvot
total
fcoin]
[kvco't]
quotient
to
is
summa
[sum'a']
^
sum,
sammanldgga
[sam'anh'g^a] kallas [kal'as']
put
gether
to-
suhstraktion
subtraction
minuend
[sub'strakfojtn] [mi'nuienid] subtrahend [suh'rest
(are) called
to add [adefra] uppkomma [up'- to result
addera
kom^a]
trah£n.'d] rest [rssH]
sammanldggande
[sam'anhg^andd] subtrahera [sub*- to subtract
trahe'ra]
skillnad \jil'nad'] difference
multiplikand multiplicand [muVtip likanJd]
forra
[/cer-a']
(the) former
7*
100
Lesson
(the) latter
to multiply
19.
senare [se'nard']
utvisa [m'tvi^sa]
to
show
multipUcera
[multiplise.'ra]
produkt
[^proj-
product
to divide
gemensam[^jeme'n- common
multiplikation multiplication [murtipUkafoj^n]
duktt] dividera [di'videtra']
divisor \divi'sor^^ divisor storlek lstoj'rle%] quantity.
Reading Exercise 39.
De fyra raknesatten.
Addition.
Att sammanlagga tal kallas aven att addera
tal,
som adderas, kallas termer, och det uppkommer genom deras sammanlaggande, summa.
dem.
Talen,
kallas
storre
som
Subtraktion. Att draga ett mindre tal fran ett storre, aven att subtrahera det forra fran det senare. Det
o
kallas minuend, det mindre subtrahend. stoden kallas, rest eller skillnad.
talet
Ater-
Multiplikation. Att multiplicera ett tal med ett annat ar att taga det forra sa manga ganger, som det senare utvisar. Det forra talet kallas multiplikand, det senare multiplikator bada tva med ett gemensamt namn, faktorer. Det tal, som uppkommer genom multiplikation kallas produkt.
:
Division. Att dividera vill saga att dela ett tal i sa lika stora delar, som ett annat tal innehaller enheter. Det forra talet kallas dividend, det senare divisor. Det tal, som visar storleken av var och en av de delar, i vilka dividenden blivit delad, kallas kvot.
manga
Conyersation.
Vad gor 8 till 10? Vad gor 3 fran 15? Vad gor 5 ganger 9? Huru manga ganger innehalles 4
Words.
time
tid [ti'd]
i
12?
October
oktober \okt(oibdr\
January February
januariljan'uicu'ri]
November
December
ordinary
november [ncovem'bdr]
februari
bruiairi]
[/e'-
december
bdr]
[desem.^-
March
April
mars maj
[maM's]
april lapriit]
[maji] juni [jmtni]
vanlig [va'nlig^^
May
June
July
Monday
Tuesday
mdndag \montdag\
tisdag [tiisda'g^
juli {jiatli}
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday Saturday
onsdag
\(l)insdag^^
August September
augusti \a(^gustti^ September [septem:bdr^
torsdag [tMUsda'g]
fredag tfreidag]
lordag ilo^trdag]
The pronouns.
Sunday
leap year
101
sondag [son'dag]
skottdr
[skot'or'']
\ti'md^'\
\
name
minute second
namn
{namtrt]
hour
timme
I
minut \minmtt] sekund [sekunid].
Translation Exercise 40.
Time.
There are four seasons of the year. These are: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Spring begins on the 21st March, Summer on the 22^^ of June, Autumn on the 22^^ September and winter on the 21st of December. An ordinary year has three hundred and sixty five days and a leap year three hundred and sixty six days. A month is the twelfth part of a year. The twelve months are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December. The first, third, fifth, seventh, eighth, tenth and twelfth months have thirty one days, the second, twenty ei^t in an ordinary year and twenty nine in a leap-year, the fourth, the sixth, the ninth and the eleventh months have thirty days. A month has four weeks and a week seven days. The names of the days are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. A week is the fourth part of a month and a day the seventh part of a week. A day has twenty four hours, an hour sixty minutes and a minute sixty second.
:
:
—
Twentieth Lesson.
The pronouns.
There are in Swedish 7 kinds of pronouns § 1. the personal, possessive, demontrative, determinative, relative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns.
:
A, Personal
§
2.
(Personliga).
First person.
(Masc,
fern,
and
N.
neut.)
Singular.
N. G. D. A.
jag,
I
Plural.
min, av mig, my (of me) (at) mig, to me, me mig, me.
we G. vdr, av
vi,
oss, our (of us)
D. (at) oss, to us, us A. oss, us.
102
Lesson 20.
§
3.
Second person.
(Masc,
fern,
and
N.
neut.)
Singular.
N. du, thou
G. din, av dig, thy (of thee) D. (at) dig, to thee, thee A. dig, thee.
Plural.
I
(Ni)y you.
G. Eder (Er,avEr),Yom of you. D. (at) Eder, Er, to you, you A. Eder, Er, you.
§ 4.
Masculine.
Third person.
Feminine.
N. han, he G. hans, av honom, his (of him) D. (at) honom, to him, him A. honom, him.
N. hon, she G. hennes, av henne, her, of her D. (at) henne, to her, her A. henne, her.
Neuter.
Common
gender.
N. den, he, she G. dess, his, her D. (at) den, to him, to her A. den, him, her.
N. det, it G. dess (av det), D. (at) det, to it A. det, it.
its
(of it)
Plural
for all genders.
N. de, they G. deras (av dem), their (of them) D. (at) dem, to them, them A. dem, them.
In conversation «2V"u is used instead of «I> and ansNote. wers to the English polite form «you>. «M> is also commonly used in narratives, novels etc. but it is not generally accepted as a mode The title or name of the individual addressed is of social address. more frequently used with the third person of the verb.
Ex.:
Huru mar grevenf How are you. Count? Har doktom varit i Paris? Have you
Paris, doctor?
been in
Du
like
Ar fru Smith sjukf Are you ill, Mrs. used between intimate friends, German ,,bu" and French «tu».
is
//'
Smith? relatives,
§
5.
I.
B. Possessive (Agande).
Adjectival possessive pronouns.
My.
Singular. Masc. and fern. N. min, my G. min, of my (my) D. (at) min, to my,
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
N. mitt,
my
G. mitt, of my (my) D. (at) mitt, to my,
N. miiia, my G. mina, of my (my) D. (at) mina, to my,
my
A. min, my.
my
A. mitt, my.
my
A. mina, my.
The pronouns.
10^
§6.
Singular.
Masc. and fem.
Our.
Plural
Neuter.
for all gender.
N. far, our G. vdr, of our (our) D. (at) vdr, to our,
our
A. vdr, our.
N. vdrt, our G. vdrt, of our (our) D. (dt) vdrt, to our, our A. vdrt, our.
N. vdra, our G. vdra, of our (our) D. (dt) vdra, to our,
our
A. vdra, our.
§7.
Singular.
Masc. and fem.
Thy.
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
N. c?m, thy
G. cZm, of thy, (thy) D. din, to thy, thy
N. <ZzY^, thy G. ditt, of thy (thy) D. (dt) ditt, to thy,
thy
A. din, thy.
A.
ditt, thy.
N. dina, thy. G. cZma, of thy (thy) D. fa^:; cZwa, to thy, thy A. dina, thy.
§8.
Singular.
Masc. and fem. N. eder (er), your G. eder[s] (er([s]),
of your, (your)
Your.
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
N. edert G. edert D. (dt)
(ert), your. (ert),
of
N. edra (era), your G. edra, of your,
(your)
your, (your)
D.
("d^j
ec?er fer), to
edert
(ert),
D.
your, your A. eder (er), your.
to your,
your
A. edert
(ert), your.
edra, to your, your A. edra, your.
("a^J
§9.
His.
Her.
N. hennes, her G. hennes, of
(her) D. Ta^j hennes, her, her A. hennes, her.
her,
to
Its.
N. G.
c?ess, its
c?ess,
N. hans, his
G. /iaw5, of his (his)
of
its
(its)
D.
C«<t)
^a?is, to his,
his.
D. fd^j dess,
its
to
its,
his
A. hans,
A. dess,
its.
§ 10.
N.
Their.
c^eras, their
G. c?eras, of their, their D. (a^) deras, to their, their A. deras, their.
104
Lesson 20.
§ 11.
Reflexive possessive pronouns.
Plural
Neuter.
for all genders.
fern.
Singular.
Masc. and
N. sin,
G. sin,
its
his, her, its
N.
G.
sitt, his,
her, its
N. sina,
their
his, her, its,
of his,
sin,
to
her,
his,
sitt, his, her, its
G. sina, of his, her,
its,
their
his,
D.
(at)
D. (at) A.
her, its
sitt, her, its
to
his,
D. (at) sina, to
her,
its,
their
A. sin,
his, her, its.
sitt,
his, her, its.
A. sina,
their.
his, her, its,
§ 12. Sin^ sitt, sina are used in a subjective reflective sense, that is when they refer to the subject of the sentence, whilst hans, hennes, dess and deras are used objectively, that is when they do not refer to the
subject of the sentence.
Ex.:
Han
He
(gossen) dlskar sin broder (syster). (the boy) loves his brother (sister).
(flickan) dlskar sin broder (syster). girl) loves her brother (sister).
Hon
She (the
Det (bamet) dlskar
It (the child) loves its
sin broder (syster). brother (sister).
sitt
Han
He
(fadern) dlskar
barn.
(the father) loves his child.
Hon
(modern) dlskar sitt bam. She (the mother) loves her child. Det (fruntimret) dlskar sitt bam. She (the wife) loves her child.
De
(gossarne, Jlickorna, barnen) dlska sina broder. They (the boys, the girls, the children) love their brothers. Gossens fader soker hans bok (gossens bok). The boy's father is looking for his book (the boy's book). Flickans moder soker hennes bok (flickans bok). The girl's mother is looking for her book (the girl's book). Bamets broder soker hans bok (barnets bok). The child's brother is looking for its book (the child's
book).
De (gossames
They
fdder, jlickomas modrar, broder) soka deras bok.
barnens
(the boys' fathers, the girls' mothers, the children's brethren) are looking for their book.
II.
Absolute possessive pronouns.
These pronouns have the same forms as § 13. the adjectival possessive pronouns and are declined in the same manner.
Tue pronouns.
Singular. Neuter. Masc. and fem.
Plural.
105
min,
din,
sin,
mitt, mine ditt, thine
sitt, his, her, its
mina, mine
dina, thine
sina, his, hers,
its
sina agree in gender and number with the possessed object whereas: is used when the object is possessed by a masc. noun. hans
sitt,
vdr, eder, er, Note. Sin,
vdrt, ours edert, ert, yours.
vara, ours.
edra
(era), yours.
hennes
dess
deras
»>:»»>» >>»»»» »»»»»»
C.
>
»
»
»» »> >»
fem.
neut.
» » »
plural
§ 14.
Demonstrative (Utmdrkande). I. Conjunctive (Forenade).
Singular.
Masc.
N. cZew or denne, G. (dens) dess or denne,
Fem.
Neut.
den
or denna, dess or denna,
(at)
det or c?ef^<2, this dess or detta, of this,
this
(at) det or c?e^^a, to this, this
D.
(at)
den
or denne,
den
or
or
denna,
A. den or denne,
den
denna,
det or c^e^^a, this.
PZwraZ
.
(for the 3 genders).
N. G. D. A.
de or dessa, these cZeras or dessa, of these, these. (at) dem or dessa, to these, these. cZem or dessa, these.
Note. In conversation «this» is expressed by den liar, det Jidr by den ddr, det ddr, the following substantive taking the terminal definite article.
and
«that2>
Ex.: den hdr gossen, this boy. det ddr barnet, that child.
II.
Absolute
(sjdlfstdndiga).
The absolute demonstrative pronouns have the same forms as the conjunctive ones and are declined in the same manner but take an s in the genitive,
whereas the conjunctive pronouns remain unchanged, the following noun only taking an s.
Ex.:
Denne
(conj.)
mans sjukdom dr
is
farlig.
This man's disease
dangerous.
Se hdr dessa
omf Jag
(conj.) tvd rosor! vilken tycker Ni bdttre tycker bdttre om dennas (abs.) fdrg men
jag tycker mycket
om
dennas
(abs.) doft.
106
Lesson 20.
See these two roses!
colour
(very)
which do you prefer?
but
I
of
this
one,
like
the
I prefer the smell of that one
much.
Words.
environment, surroundings intryck \in'try^k'\ impression ndrvaro \n8srpresence
[om'ji'vniT)]
omgivning
vdrme
[vser'md']
warmth
exterior yttre Yyttvd] kdnnbar l^en'bar] sensible
ddrstddes
[de'r-
there
stingy
va^roj]
mdtta
\mot'a^'\
measure,
mo-
sU^dds] mg:\ njugg [njugt]
deration
hdrdsint irdsir
id-
rough
tender
friendly
avbrott [a'vbrof] interruption
overgdng [0V9r-
transition
dm
sin't]
[oTw/]
\ven'lig^'\ {has-tig^']
Nordbo[nco'udbco^] Northerner alternativ [artdr- alternative
vdnlig hasiig
sudden
to
forbereda [fo'rbdre^da] _ fysisk [jy!sisk]
prepare
natHv] kold [gdltd']
hetta yhet'a^^
cold
heat
coolness to refresh
moralisk
lisk]
[M
physical
[mojra.'-
moral
alternately
svalka [sval'ka^^
uppfriska
jris^ka]
[up'\bil'-
skiftevis [fif'tdvi's]
bildande
formative
to lack, to be
ndrande
ran'dd]
[ns'-
nourishing
dan''dd\ sakna [sa*A;na']
mognande
[moj'ynan^dd]
maturing.
lacking
Reading Exercise
Nordens natur.
41.
Den yttre omgivningens maktiga intryck gor i norden sin narvaro latt kannbar. Naturen ar darstades Strang, ofta
njugg och hardsint.
Den kan ocksa vara om och
vanlig,
men
ar det da vanligen utan m^tta. Det hastiga avbrottet av vinter och var, host och vinter, genom ingen overgang forberedd, utan liksom smygande sig fram, ar just en bild av vad nordbon ar i sitt inre. I den fysiska som moraliska
varlden harska skiftesvis dessa alternativ av kold och hetta; det som ligger daremellan, den uppriskande svalkan, den det ar vad som saknas. narande, bildande mognande v^rmen
—
Conversation.
Hurudan ar naturen
i
norden?
Kan den ocks^ vara mild?
Hurudan ar Overgangen till de 4 arstiderna? Vad liknar nordbon i sitt inre? Vad saknas i norden?
The pronouns.
107
Words.
bird
swallow
stork bird of pas- jiyttfdgel [flyt'sage fo'g9n ndktergal \n£k'tdrnightingale
fagel [foigdl] svala [sva'la'^ stork [stoxiU]
thrush field-mouse
siskin
trast [trasit]
dkerrdtta
[o'kdr-
gronsiska
sis'ka]
[gro'n-
cuckoo
pheasant
singing-bird
cage titmouse nest robin
ga'n bur [bm!r]
gok [i0-A:] fasan [fasa.^n]
sdngfdgel
fo'g9l]
[soif-
mes
[me's]
[fo'gdlbco^]
fdgelho
magpie
quail net
skata [ska'ta^]
vaktel [vak'tdV^
rotgel [rojtigel]
\ug'la^^ steglitsa [ste'glitsa] feathers (plu- fjddrar [fje'drar']
owl
uggla
gold-finch
ndt \nett\ fiyga [flyg'a^']
i
yesterday
to sing to chirp
twitter)
(to
gdr
\i
go'r]
[Juv'a,']
sjunga
mage)
female
partridge
lark
kvittra [kvit'ra^^
hona [hco'na'-] rapphona [rap'ho^na]
ugly
to destroy to build
to shoot
ful IfmtT] [stdira\ forstora [foer-
Idrka
\lseji'ka^^
bygga
[byg'a']
huntingsman jagTYidstare
[jeg'mes'tard]
snipe
to chatter
sndppa
l^snep'a^']
skjuta [/m'^a'] iprata [pra'ta^] [snattra [snat'ra^
Translation Exercise 42.
Birds.
Swallows and storks are birds of passage; they fly to Do you see this countries, when it becomes cold. nightingale? I caught it yesterday; it sings the whole day in its cage. The young tit-mice are chirping in their nest. The robin is a pretty little bird. These ugly birds are owls; however they are very useful, because they destroy field-mice. Your gold-finches and siskins are very beautiful; where did you buy them? Their feathers please me very much. The cuckoo does not build any nest; its female lays her egg in
warmer
My pheasants are greater than partridges have you shot? I did not shoot them; I caught them with nets. Larks are the first singing birds in Spring. When a man talks too much, it is said of him, that he « chatters like a mag-pie ». The sportsman has shot twelve larks, six quails and so many thrushes.
the nests of other birds.
yours.
How many
108
Twenty-first Lesson.
The pronouns.
(Continued).
D. Relative pronouns
§
1.
(relativt
pronomen).
The
relative pronouns are:
vilken
(masc. and fem.), who, that; vilket (neut.), which, that; vilka, who, which, that (for the three genders).
det,
S,
dem
^^^' ^^^^^^
\
^^^^•
vad, which.
Singular.
Masc. and fem.
N. vilken, who, that G. vilkens, whose, that
1).
Neuter.
(at) vilken, to
whom,
that.
that
A. vilken,
whom,
N. vilket, which, that G. vilkets, of which, that D. (at) vilket, to which, that A. vilket, which, that.
Plural
(for the three genders).
N. G. D. A.
vilka,
who, which, that
vilkas, whose, of which, that (at) vilka, to whom, to which, that
vilka,
whom, which,
indeclinable
that.
and may be used for all Like the English relative pronoun «that», <^som-» genders. is never governed by a preposition. Ex.; 1. Mannen, som (vilken) star pa hryggan dr min
Note
1.
Som
is
fader.
2.
The man, who stands on the Gif mig kdppen med vilken
bridge, is
("not
my
father.
^som») du
slog
min hund.
3.
Jag kdnner
the stick with which you hit my dog. ej till flickan som Ni talar om. I do not know the girl that you are speaking of.
Give
me
the relative pronoun is in the objective the preposition connected with the pronoun is placed at the end of the sentence, the relative pronoun may be left out, as in English.
Note
2.
When
case or
when
The pronouns
Ex.
(continued).
109
:
Det vin, jag kopte dr icke goU. I bought is not good. Ben flickan jag talade om dr
The wine
gift
s.
(i.
s.
of:
om
vilken).
The
Note
3.
girl I
spoke of
is
married
(i.
of: of
whom).
Instead of the genitive, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas, vars (antiquated genitive of var) is often used. Ex.
:
Define konung, vars dygder man prisar sd mycket This king, whose virtues are praised so much
.
.
.
.
.
.
Note 4. The antecedent of a relative sentence generally drops the terminal article when the independent article is placed before it.
Ex.
:
De darner (damerna) som du
icke.
I
talar om, kdnner jag
of.
do not
know
the ladies you are speaking
are not very much used and are Note 5. Den, det, always used in the dative and accusative case.
dem
Ex.
:
De booker, dem jag kopte dro for min moder. The books that (which) I bought are for my mother.
E, Interrogative pronouns (interrogativt pronomen),
§
1.
2.
The interrogative pronouns are: vem? who? which is always used substantively » » > » » vad? what?
2.
and occurs only
3.
in the singular.
vilken? (m. and f.) who? vilket? (n.) sing, vilka? for the three genders
what? In the
4.
(what?) in the plur. and adjectively and is declined as the relative pronouns: vilken, vilket, vilka^ page 108. vilkendera? (m. a. f.) vilketdera? (n.) which of the two (these)?
vad for en? (m. of?
a. f.)
who? which? can be used substantively
5.
vad for
ett? (n.)
which kind
6.
hurudan ? (m. a. f.) hurudant ? (n.) hurudana ? plural for the 3 genders is always used adjectively and
means how
7.
is?
who? is obsolete or poetical language.
ho?
and only used
in biblical
110
Lesson
21.
§ 3.
vem? who? vad?
which?
Singular. N. vem? who? N. vad? what? G. vems? whose? G. vars? of what? D. fdfj vem? to whom? D. faf) vad? to what?
A.
vew? whom?
Ex.:
A.
star
vad? what?
Vem
Who
framfor huset? stands before the house?
At vem giver du applet? To whom do you give the apple? Vad Jiar Ni sett? Intet.
—
What have you seen? Vilka hooker har han
Which
§ 4.
—
Nothing.
last? books (has he) did he read?
mination
Vilkendera is declined like vilken, the ter-dera remaining unchanged except in the genitive which admits of an «s».
Vilkendera af dessa
(tvd)
Idrjungar dr sjuk?
is ill?
Which of these (two) pupils Vad for fdglar dro dessa?
What
§
5.
(sort)
kind of birds are they?
Vem
is used for persons, vad for things. Vilken is used for persons and things.
F. Indefinite prononns (Obestdmda
1.
pronomen),
man, one, they, we, you (or passive voice). -ensj Dat. and Ace. -en.
nagoUf nagot, nagra^ any, some, somebody.
Gen.
2.
3.
4.
annan^ annatj andra(e)y other.
var och en
(ett) ;
en
(ett)
var(t), all
and every one,
each, every.
5.
6.
varje (indeclinable).
vem
heist;
vad
heist;
vilken
som
heist j
whoever,
whatever.
7.
bada and bagge^ both.
allj
alltj
8.
9.
alia, all.
hel, helt, hela,
whole, entire.
10.
mangen, manget, manga.,
many
a.
The pronouns
11. somliga^ some. 12. flere or flera, several.
(continued).
Ill
NB.
The
indefinite
pronouns admit of an «s» in the genitive
like the substantive.
G. Correlative pronouns. Declension.
Singular.
Masc. and
N.
G. D. A.
fern.
Neuter.
den, he, she dens, of him, of her (at) den, to him, to her den, him, her.
N. G. D. A.
det,
of ^he one (at) det, to it, to the one det, it, the one.
— —
it,
the one
(for
Plural both numbers).
N. de, they G. deras, of them
D. (at) dem, to A. dem, them.
them
Observations.
a) This
pronoun
is
almost always immediately
follo-
wed by
Ex.
:
the relative pronoun ^som^. Den, som fruktar Gud, dr sail. He who fears God is happy. De, som dro rika, dro icke alltid de lyckligaste. They who are rich are not always the happiest.
b) It may also be used with a noun and then it becomes a determinative pronoun and drops the «s»
in the genitive case. Ex.: Den som, fruktar Gud dr sail. The man who fears God is happy.
man
Den mans dygder som
The
virtues of the
.
.
.
man who
.
.
.
c) In the dative and accusative cases «dem» changes into «de'» when followed by a substantive. Ex. Gud dlskar de man, som dro dygdiga.
:
God
loves the men,
who
are virtuous.
112
The deponent
meat
thirst
verbs.
113
tillsdtta [til'sst'a] drickbar \drik'-
mat
torst
[matt]
[toejitsti
to prepare
drinkable
Rhine-wine
eatable rancid
to
renskt vin {rsniskt
vitn\
ba'r]
sour
indigestible
I
dthar [e'tha^r] hdrsken [hed'skdn']
hdrskna[h€x'skna']
become
am
thirsty
sur [smtr] osmdltbar [co'smeVtbar] jag dr torstig [jaig
setr tcex'stig']
rancid to harvest
to please
skorda
falla
i
[/(B'dda^]
to
quench
I
sldcka
[shk'a''
smaken
smaJkdn]
to use
[fal'a'' i
' j
nourishing
behaga [bdha'ga^] ndrande [n€'ra7i'd9]
bruka [brw/ka^] hava for sed [ha'va'' for setd].
Translation Exercise 44.
Food.
Who
become
has sold you this butter?
it is
not eatable;
it
has
The wine that I have harvested in my vineyards pleases my customers. Brandy is distilled from wine. What meat do you prefer? I prefer beef to veal. What did
rancid.
you eat at luncheon? My luncheon usually consists of roast ham, eggs and a piece of cheese. In Germany they drink beer, wine and other beverages. Fresh eggs are nouAt breakfast we drink coffee with milk, chocolate rishing. or tea and we eat sandwiches. The salad is prepared with salt, pepper, oil and vinegar. This wine is not drinkable; it has become sour. Ham, sausage, and bacon are indigestible meat. I am thirsty; I will drink a little wine with water to quench my thirst. Eat this cake and drink a cup of tea. What sort of wine are you fond of? I am very fond of Rhine wine. After each meal my father used to drink a small glass of brandy and to smoke a cigar.
beef,
Twenty-second Lesson. The deponent verbs.
§1. A deponent verb is a verb, which is conjugated in the passive form whilst having an active meaning.
Note
the supine.
1.
The deponent verbs form
their
compound
tenses with
Note
the
«,9»
2.
when
The present participle of the deponent verbs retains alone and drops it when followed by a noun.
g
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
lU
§ 2.
Lesson 22.
The
four Swedish
conjugations contain de:
ponent verbs, of which the principal are
yst Conjugation, andas, to breathe. dagas, to dawn. hoppas, to hope.
2Qd Conjugation (cont^).
rddas,
to be afraid.
svettas, to sweat.
tdras, to weep.
vistas, to stay, to sojourn. avundas, to envy.
to be ashamed. synas^ to appear. tyckas, to seem. vdmjas, to be disgusted.
skdmmas,
2/vas, to boast.
5rd
hrn<i ^^^^
Coujugation.
2nd Conjugation.
*® ressemble. \ \ to take after.
behovas, to want. dvaljas, to dwell.
^th
Conjugation,
is.
minnas,
to recollect.
bitas, to bite, ^/in-s (^(C?e;fj, there
Pronominal verbs.
The conjugation of the pronominal verbs is § 3. formed with the help of the personal pronouns which are placed after the verb; the auxiliary verb is «hava».
Example. Beklaga sig, to complain.
Indicatiye.
Present.
Perfect,
I
Jag beklagar mig, du beklagar dig,
plainest.
complain. thou com-
jag
liar beklagat
du har
hast
mig, I have beklagat dig, thou
•73
han hon
det
vi
)
\
)
he beklagar sig, she
it
i
complains.
det
vi
«'»'
\
« a
it
I
beklaga oss, we beklagen eder, you de beklaga sig, they
/
complain.
hava beklagat
we
oss,
>
)
/ haven
they
beklagat eder, have
sig,
S o o
and so
forth.
you de hava beklagat
Words,
samtid [sam'ti^d] (contemporaneous) epoch; age
drottning \drot'niy']
queen
diadem
[di'ads.'m]
diadem
sceptre
election,
fomtidlfco'mti^d] antiquity
eftervdrld [ef'tdr- posterity vseUd] tanke {taij'kd^^ thought metal metall [metalt] sldkt [slekit^ generation storhet [stco'rhe^t] grandeur
spira [spi'ra^'] val [vaU]
choice
krona [krco'na'] fdrddmjukelse drag [drdtg^^
nedstiga\nedstVga]
crown
humiliation
feature
to
descend
The deponent
kejserlig [cej'Sdr- imperial
verbs.
115
to revolve, roll
rulla {rul'a^^
to
%']
enda
fullkomna
only [eWfZa'l (ful'- to achieve
satisfied, con-
senaste [se'nas'td] future
to explain tyda \ty da^'\ de dodlige [do'd- the mortals
lig'd]
kom'na] nojd [noj.'d]
tent,
pleased
nedldgga
leg^a]
[ne'd-
to
depose
umgds
ypperst
[um'go^s]
[yp.'djisfi
. . .
to
be enviro-
ned
prime
,
oinsom
omsom now
.
.
now
[om'som']
drva [asr'va'] to inherit vdrdig [vee'Mig^] worthy tilldga [til'leg'' d] to add the Most High den Hogste
\hdktst9^'\
stdmpla [stem'pW]
oforgdnglig
\a)-foRrJE7flig^
to coin
teckna sig [tek'na']
imperishable
to depict one's self
behova [bdhova^]
to need.
Reading Exercise 45.
Kristina.
Ej nojd att
Varje hennes tanke blir en bild, som, stamplad i en oforganglig metall, ruUar kring varlden och for de senaste slakter tyder hennes sjals storhet. Utan rike vill hon vara drottning; utan diadem den yppersta bland dodlige. Sedan hon nedlagt en arvd spira, vill hon genom val finnas vardig en annan; och hon nedsteg ifran tronen, da hon till den kungliga icke kunde lagga en kejserlig krona. I sjalva sin forodmjukelse infor den Hogste andas hon blott sin egen storhet. «Du har gjort mig sa stor» sager hon till Gud; «att om du givit mig hela jordens rike, skulle du ej fornojt mitt hjarta.» I detta enda drag tecknar hon sig sjalf sa talande, att jag till fuUkomnandet av hennes bild ej behover tillagga flera.
i
hon omsom
umgas med sin samtids yppersta forntiden, omsom i eftervarlden.
snillen, lever
Conversation.
Nojde
sig Kristina
med
att
umgas med
sin
samtids
yppersta snillen? Vilken var hennes livliga onskan? Varfor nedsteg hon ifran tronen? Vad sade hon till Gud? Vad bemarker detta sty ekes forfattar e angaende Kristinas
bild?
Words.
soul
116
Lesson 22.
rich
healthy
frisk
\^frisik}
amusement
play sadness
discourage-
forlustelse
lus'tdlsd^]
(foer'-
only
rik [ri'k] endast, hlott \m'-
das%
wise
careless to die
to
blot']
lek
[le.'k]
vis [vi's]
sorgsenhet [sorsenhe^t]
sorglos [sor'jle's]
do
[de!]
[to'la^]
modloshet
loshe^t]
[mcj'd[foert-
bear
tdla
ment
despair
(to
gay
to care for
munter {munitdv]
glad
[glcu'd]
fortvivlan
vi'vlan']
a)
hekymra
Qymtra
m'an'dd]
sig
siig]
[6a-
have
(hava) lust
[lus!t]
mind
pleasure
frdmmande
fomojelse
nojtdlsd]
[fri-
[f(£r-
strange
unsettled
to grieve to discourage to
to
joy
action
glddje [gle'djd^] handlinglhan'dliy']
obekant [co'bdkan't] fordnderlig [foersn'ddrlig']
conduct
to encourage
to regret to
uppforande
foran^dd]
[up'-
bedrova [bddro'va] modfdlla [moj'dfd'a]
gov a modigljo'ra^
moj'dig^] dngra [oyra^]
gladden
uppmuntra
\up'-
something wish
continually
ndgot {no'gof] onska [^on'ska^]
stdndigt[st£n'dig't]
do (a action)
mun'tra] bad begd [bdgo!]
tadelvdrd
vse^jid'].
blamable
[ta'ddl-
weak
poor
svag
[si'a!g]
fattig Ifat'ig']
Translation Exercise 46.
The sonl and
its faculties.
Man has always something to hope for and to wish. There are people who continually complain of their lot; the weak would like to become powerful; the poor envy the rich; the wise man only knows how to bear pains, troubles and cares, for hope never dies in his heart. The child is careless; when healthy it is always gay and lively; it does not care for the future; it thinks but of plays and amusements. Sadness, discouragement and despair are strange to it. When it Our impressions are cries it often has a mind to laugh. unsettled; the least pain, the least care grieve and discourage us, whereas the least pleasure and the least joy gladden and encourage us. When we have done a bad action, we are ashamed of ourselves and we regret our blamable conduct.
117
Twenty-third Lesson. The impersonal verbs,
The impersonal verbs are so called because § 1. they are conjugated only in the third person of the
singular.
Example. Hagla, to hail.
IndicatiYe.
Present.
Imperfect.
(is
Det haglar,
it
hails
hailing).
Det haglade,
ling).
it
hailed (was hai-
Perfect.
Pluperfect.
has hailed
Det har haglat,
it
Det hade haglat,
(it
it
had hailed
,
(has been hailing).
had been
hailing).
Future
Det shall hagla,
will
I.
it
will hail
(it
Future II. Det skall hava haglat,
have hailed
hailing).
(it
it
will
be hailing).
will
have been
Conditional.
Present.
Past. would hail
Det skulle hagla,
(it
it
Det skulle hava haglat,
have hailed
hailing.
(it
would be
hailing).
it would would have been
Subjunctiye.
Present.
Imperfect.
hail
(it
Det md hagla, it may may be hailing).
Perfect.
Det skulle (matte) hagla, it might
hail
(it
might be
hailing).
Pluperfect.
Det
hava haglat, it may have hailed (it may have been
hailing).
md
Det skulle (mdtte) hava
might have hailed have been hailing).
it
haglat,
(it
might
Infinitive.
(att)
hagla,
to hail.
Participle.
Present.
Past,
hailing).
haglande, hailing (being
havande haglat, having
(having been hailing).
hailed
The
det det det det
chief Swedish impersonal verbs are:
det toar, it thaws. det dskar, it thunders. det haglar, it hails. det dngrar (mig), I repent.
regnar, it rains. snoar, it snows.
hlixtrar, it lightens. finns, there is.
118
Lesson 23.
I.
Interrogative conjugation.
The interrogative conjugation
cir
§ in English.
2.
is
formed as
Ex.:
jagf am I? voro vi? were we? dr bamet sjuktf is the child ill?
II.
Negative conjugation.
differs alto-
§
3.
The Swedish negative conjugation
gether from the English one; the negative particle is icke (ej, inte) and it is placed after the verb in simple tenses and between the auxiliary and the verb in compound tenses, the English negative forms «do not» and <^did noi» should therefore never be translated literally.
Ex.: vi tola icke, we do not speak (we speak not). vi hava icke talat, we have not spoken. vi skola icke tola, we shall not speak.
Note. In subordinate phrases the negative particle should be placed before the subject and the verb.
Ex.: jag sade
I told
honom, att jag icke kunde gd pa teatem. him (that) I could not go to the theatre.
III.
Interrogative^negative conjugation.
4.
In interrogative-negative sentences the negaalways stands after the subject whether it is a noun or a pronoun. Ex. Skall jag icke se dig i dag f
§
tion
:
Har
I not see you to-day? barnet icke varit sjuktf Has not the child been ill?
Shall
Words.
vdrldshistoria
history of the [vai'ddshistco^ria] world remembrance minne [min'd'] virtue dygd [dyg!d]
foremdl
mo^l]
[fo'rd-
object,
life
aim
levnad [le'vnad^] verksamhet
[vasjb'ksamheH]
activity
statsman man']
egenskap
[stat's-
statesman
hero
quality
rdddning[r€d"niy^] salvation
hjcilte [jel'td^]
dager [daJodr]
light
[e'gdn-
kunskap
ska^p]
{kun'-
science
social order
ska^p] personlighet[paer- personality
soj'nlighe^t]
samhdltsordning
[sam'helsoUdniy]
sdtt
\_S€t''\
way
great deed
drhundrade
[o'r-
century
hragd [bragdi]
hund'dradd]
The impersonal
verbs.
119
mod
courage [moxd] slaveri [^sla'vdri^ slavery
fdre7ia [fore'na^] to unite ovanlig [M'va^n- unusual
bildning
[bil'd-
culture
%]
dyrhar
\dyr'ha^T\^ dear
spiritual andlig ~Mg [an'dJZt^'] [a vdrldslig [v^'j^ds- temporal
tillvaro \til'va^Ta)\ presence to leave efterldmna
[^Ef'tdvUmfna]
dterkalla
kaVai]
[o'tdv-
to recall
hdrlig
[h^'rlig'']
splendid
final.
slutlig [slm'tlig^]
private
ensldld [e'nfiVdl^
Reading Exercise 47.
(xustav Adolf.
Fa manniskor hava i varldshistorien efterlaranat ett sadant namn som Gustav Adolf ett namn som aterkallar minnet
;
icke blott av alia den enskilda manniskans dygder, utan ock av snillets, statsmannens och hjaltens darmed icke alltid forenade egenskaper. Redan denna, lika ovanliga som alskvarda personlighet. skuUe gora honom dyrbar for varje hjarta; men annu mera har ban blivit det genom sattet varpa dessa egenskaper anvandes, genom den bragd, vilken blev slutliga foremalet for hans levnads verksamhet, namligen Europas Den harliga raddning fran andligt och varldsligt slaveri.
dager af samhallsordning, kunskap och bildning, som under dessa tvanne sista arhundraden gjutit sig over och ifran det nordliga Europa, har for sin tillvaro att tacka Gustav Adolfs mod och Gustav Adolfs svard.
Conversation.
Vilket namn har Gustav Adolf efterlamnat historien ? Vilka dygdep aterkalla hans namn? Vad gjorde honom sa alskad? Vilket var hans livsmal? Hurudant var Europa vid Gustav Adolfs tid?
i
varlds
Vad har Europa Gustav Adolf
Words.
weather
att tacka for?
120
Lesson 24.
to
to hail
to
pour
to clear to shine
to
up
Mama
dska
hagla [ha'gla'] osa ned [0'sa' ne.'d]
[kla'rna^]
seem
to destroy
to
synas [s^'nas'] forstora {foRrstotra] fiora [ho'ra^]
skina [/rna']
[os'ka^^
hear
thunder
bad
this
ddlig [do'Iig']
to lighten to freeze
blixtra \blik'stra'] frysa [frysa']
morning
i
morse
[moji'Sd^']
dark
to skate to
dka skridsko [o'ka''
skrUdskco] toa [if0*a']
thaw
[mcer!k] overcast betdckt, mulen \hdtekit, mm'ldn"]. (Contin. Page 123)
:
mork
Translation Exercise 48.
The weather.
What
it
has
is
sort of weather have we to-day ? It is snowed and hailed this morning; now^
bad weather
it
;
is
pouring.
dark weather. The sky is overcast, but it will soon The sun will soon shine and we shall have a It is very sultry It lightens it will soon thunder. and large rain drops are falling. It has lightened and thundered the whole night the weather was stormy. The streets were muddy and now it is slippery, for it has frozen very hard. The pond is frozen; we can skate on it. Now^ it is snowing and to-morrow at sunrise it will thaw the weather seems to become milder. It has hailed very hard; the harvest is almost destroyed. Do you hear it thunder? a storm is raging on the sea.
It
clear up. nice day.
;
;
;
Twenty-fourth Lesson.
Compound
verbs.
§ 1. Compound verbs, that is verbs composed of a root- verb and a prefix which may be a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a preposition are divided into inseparable and separable verbs.
A. Inseparable verbs.
Verbs beginning § 2. prefixes are inseparable:
anJ
with one of the following
sam-,
be-f
hi-,
ent-j
er-j for-j gen-, hdr-, miss-,
um-, und-, van-, reder-.
Ex.
:
vi forstd, we understand. jag erbjuder, I offer.
Compound
verbs.
121
B.
or an
Separable verbs.
are separable.
Most of the compound verbs composed of a n o u n
adjective
Ex.:
The separable
Domaren
Verbs
prefix is placed after the verb. tog del av brevet. The judge took cognizance of the letter.
§
4.
compounded with an adverb or a
generally
preposition
figurative
Ex.
:
are
inseparable
in the
translate.
I
in
the
meaning and separable
jag oversdtter (ins.), I jag sdtter over (sep.),
proper meaning.
overstep.
Note. It is difficult to give absolute rules on the composition of the verbs belonging to this class; they can only be learned by
practice.
Some
avhdnda^
anklaga,
to spoliate to accuse to dispossess
inseparable verbs.
nedgora,
to
overwhelm
tillhedja, to worship
frdnkdnna,
underldta,
fdregiva, to pretend inverka, to influence innebdra, to imply (infer.) tnotvdgay to counterbalance
to help from dkalla, to invoke dterspegla, to reflect back overgiva, to leave, to surrender.
Some
av-dela, to share frdn-taga, to carry
separable verbs.
ned-hugga,
pd-kldda,
(ejmot-taga, to receive to hurl down till-blanda, to bland
to dress over-ldsa, to read through.
away
hddan-jara,
to decease
in-packa, to pack up inne-stdnga, to shut in
:
Note. Some compound verbs composed of an adjective or a noun remain inseparable these are very few and will be better learned by practice. Ex.: Hvem hushdllar for honomf Who keeps his household?
Words.
kallelse [kal'dlsd^'] vocation strength, kraft [krafit^
befriare
fritard]
[
bd-
liberator
power
Ijus \_jmts] light frihet [/rr^e'^] liberty forsvarare [/ce^s- defender
tar [fo.V] skote [fo'td^]
ojffra
tear
bosom
to offer
[ofra']
egen [e'gdn'] framstd [fram'sto']
own
to to
come
fulfil,
forth
to
vdrv
[vseriv]
Mod
mission, task
\blojid^
fro [/V0/]
blood seed
fullborda
b(o''jida\
\_ful'-
achieve
krans \kranis\
crown
besegla [bdse'gW] to seal
122
Lesson 24.
noble
to
ddel
l^etddT]
skon [fe'n]
utfora vdga \vo'ga^'\ knytas \kny'tas^'\
protestantisk
beautiful \m'tfd^ra\ to accomplish
to venture
fukta {^fuk'ta^^ tacksam [tak'sam'']
akta [ak'ta^^ uppfostra [up'fajs'tra]
bedew
thankful
to regard to bring bless.
upon up
to be knotted
protestant
vdlsigna [velsiy.^na] to
[prco'testanftisk]
Reading Exercise 49.
Gustay Adolf.
Han var den, som inom eget brost kande kallelsen och kraften att framsta som Ijusets och frihetens forsvarare och han fullbordade detta heliga varv och beseglade det med sitt Vad stort, adelt och skont dessa landers hjaltar eget blod.
;
och snillen hava utfort, bildat och tankt, lag redan som fro den enda hjaltetanken att for Ijusets seger vaga bade sig sjalv och sitt folk och detta fro har efter bans dod utvecklat sig i eviga bragder i statens likasom i snillets varv, vilkas skonaste blommor ma knytas till en krans at befriarens minne, en krans, fuktad av hela det protestantiska Europas tacksamma tarar men mest av det folk, som aktades vardigt att i sitt skote uppfostra denne hjalte, att med honom offra sitt blod i den heliga striden, att med honom ga i valsignat minne till den senaste eftervarld.
i
;
;
Conversation.
Vilken kallelse kande Gustav Adolf inom sig? Vilka voro foljdema av bans regering? Som vad kan Gustav Adolf betraktas?
Words.
clothes
kldder \kletddr]
klddsel [kled^sdl]
overroc]4^0'vdrrok^] skrdddare [skrsd'ard']
stocking
strumpa
[stru7n'pa^'\
clothing overcoat
tailor
sock
linen necktie
halv strumpa
[hal'vstrum'pa] linne \lin'd^'\
trousers
byxor
vdst
,
benkldder
be'n-
[byk'sayr',
IcW'ddr]
waistcoat
Slipper
{vesif]
halsduk [hal'sdm'k] pair of braces hdngslen [heyishn] shoe maker skomakare [skco'ma'kard] sko [skcof]
stdvel [st0tv9l]
toffel [tofidl]
morning gown morgonrook
{mor'onrok'-^
shoe boot
half boot
chambermaid kamTnarjungjru
hat
felt hat straw hat
halvstovel [hal'vsto'vdl]
[karrfarjuy^frm] hatt \hat\
peasant
collar
fiUhatt [fil-thaf] halmhatt [hal'mhae]
cuff
bonde [bojn'dd^] krage Ikra'gd] manschett [man-
Adverbs.
123
shirt
slcjorta
skd']
{^foj'jiia^']
muddy
slippery
smutsig [smut'sig^]
slipprig [sUp'rig']
glove
fur
tight skilful
handske [han'dpals [peHs] trdng [troyf]
skicklig [jik'lig'] kvav (kva!v]
very hard
mild
is
raging
mycket StarJet [myk'df star'kt] mild [mil'd] rasar [ra'sar^].
Page 127)
sultry
stormy
stormig [stor'mig^]
(Contin.:
Translation Exercise 50.
Clothing.
have had warm clothes made. This overcoat is too I can hardly button it. He has tried on his tight for me new coat it suits him very well, as it was made by a skilful tailor. The trousers are too wide; the waistcoat is fashionable I will wear it with much pleasure. You see me with my slippers and morning gown, because I must keep my room. Has the chamber maid brushed my hat? Which hat? The felt hat. In winter we wear woollen stockings and in summer cotton socks. Take off your old coat and put on a new one. Dress quickly, for we are going to take a walk this morning. Have you folded up my linen ? Where did you buy these silk neckties? They are very elegant. This pair of braces is worn out you should buy a new pair. The shoe-maker makes shoes, boots and half boots. Peasants
; ;
We
—
;
;
The collars are too tight for usually wear wooden shoes. these shirts the cuffs old-fashioned and the gloves too dark. I will not have them. You must beat the fur; it is so Put on your woollen stockings because it is very cold dusty
; !
to-day.
Twenty-fifth Lesson. Adverbs.
§ 1. Swedish adverbs are derived from adjectives Swedish adjectives may become adverbs by placing them in the neuter.
;
all
Ex.: Jiovlig, polite; hovligt, poHtely. trogen, faithful; troget, faithfully.
§ 2.
Some adverbs end in -igen. Ex.: trolig, probable; troligen, probably.
The word «ja» answers to a question ex§ 3. pressed affirmatively and « Jo » to a question expressed
negatively.
124
Lesson 25.
Ex.:
Vill du dricka ett glas vin? Ja. Will you drink a glass of wine? Yes, I will. Vill du icke dricka ett glas vin? Jo. Will you not drink a glass of wine? Yes (certainly).
Degrees of comparison.
§
4.
Adverbs form
their
degrees of comparison
;
like the adjectives.
Ex.: hovligt, politely; 7^oi;%are, more politely
hovligast,
most
politely.
Note. The «^» in the positive form does not occur in the comparative and superlative forms.
Irregular adverbs.
hra, vdl, (good, well)
Adverbs.
125
ndstan^ almost, nearly
126
Lesson 25.
han kallade sin ogonsten, som han med sa mycken anstrangning forsvarade mot Wallensteins hotande svard: Niirnberg, som hade den hugnaden, att det var en av dess invanare, den unge Leubelfingen, vilken likasom ett ombud av stadens tacksamhet foljde konungen anda in uti dodsstunden; Niirnatt uppresa sin valgorares bildstod, fastan inre forandringar och yttre tvang sedermera hindrade verkstalligheten. En Gustav Adolfs ridknekt valtrade pa Liitzens fait en stor sten till det stalle, der det konungsliga liket blev
berg beslot
Stenen bar sedan bibehallit sin plats jamte nammet Schwedenstein, samt blivit omgiven av planterade trad och besokt av en var, som kommit till dessa nejder.
funnet.
Conversation.
Var Gustav Adolf alskad av tyskarne? Hum kallas rummet, som flackades av bans blod? Vilken stad beslot att resa bans bildstod? Vilken ung man foljde konungen anda in i dodsstunden? Varfor bar Niirnberg beslutit att uppresa bans bildstod ? Vad star pa det stalle, dar Gustav Adolfs lik blev funnet? Vad kallas denna sten?
Words.
The
British
Adverbs.
oldfashioned
127 wear on
gammalmodig
[gam'almoj'dig]
to
bdra
[bas'ra^]
[be'ra'']
dusty
to
dammig
. .
[dam'ig^]
[lo'ti^t
to put
have
Idtit
gora
taga pa sig poi si'g]
[ta'ga^
made
to button to try
to suit
jo'ra^]
to dress to
kndppa igen
{knep'a'
zjVtz.']
take
a
kldda sig \klE'da^'\ taga sig en pro-
walk
to fold
to
on
forsoka, prova
[fcersetka, proj'va^]
up
menad [proj'mdnaid] Idgga tillhopa
[leg'a' tiUhoj'pa^],
anstd, passa
[a7i'sto\ pas'a^l
buy
kopa
piska
to brush
to take off
borsta [bod'sta^] avtaga [a'vta'ga]
to beat
[ge'pa^] {^pis'ka^\
Translation Exercise 52.
The State and (xovernment.
British Empire is the greatest in the world. It comprises the United Kingdom (England, Scotland and Ireland which form the British Isles) India and many other countries and Colonies in the five parts of the world. It is
The
governed by a king. The legislative power is exercised by House of Lords and the House of Commons. At the opening of the first sitting the king delivers a speech, which is called the throne speech. In England Monarchy is hereditary the Salic law is not applied in this country, for wives may reign. England has had many celebrated queens. Queen Victoria's reign was one of the longest and most glorious during the last century. This great queen was beloved by all her subjects, respected and admired by all civilized peoples and very often received by all the Sovereigns of Europe. England may be proud of Queen Victoria whose remembrance will be imperishable.
the
;
Twenty-sixth Lesson.
List of the principal prepositions.
av^ of
bakom, behind
efter, after
enligt, according
emot, towards emellan, between
igenom, through innan, before inom, in, within med, with medelst, by means of
oaktadt, in spite of
framfor,
hos, at ibland,
.
before
.
omkring, about
pa, on rorande, concerning
sedan, since
frdn, from
.'s
among
128
Lesson
26.
under, under, during utan^ without
uti, in
at, to
anskont, notwithstanding
over, over.
utom, out
Words.
polhojd
[poj'l-
latitude
bergstrakt
idrak''t]
[bserj'-
mountainous
region
to stretch
hofd
olikhet
oj'likhe't] diversity
strdcka ut
[^strek'a^ vjuit]
Skdne
^sko'n9^]
[luf't-
Scania
climate
luftstreck
strek^]
gent emot [je^nt
emco't]
just opposite
kastanje[kastaniJ9\ chest nut(tree) mullbdrstrdd mulberry-tree
\imul'h£jLstre''^^
mild [miUd] dkta [ek'ta^]
mild
real, very, ge-
nuine
[frco'das'] to thrive ovre [o^vrd] upper frodig [froj'dig^] luxuriant to be precious brddmogna
rag \rotg'\ rye-(seed) seed sdde [^SE'dd^^ 'mark [Lap Lappland Lapp
frodas
kom
fara
Tnajb^k^
\kojijin\
corn
risk,
[bro'dmoj'gna] danger
[/a'ra']
[bserj'-
frysa hort
[fry'sa'' bo'r't]
to freeze
hdrgning
niy']
harvest, crop
naturlig \natmtr- natural
condition
heskajfenhet
{hdskafidnhe't]
%]
betydlig \bdty'd- fimportant
lig^^
^Istring sformdg a ^Toductiweness
[al'striysfcer-
motas
lower
[me'tas']
[considerable to meet with
mo''ga]
verklig [vser'klig'] real
nedre [ne'drd]
nordisk [nojUdisk] northern.
Reading Exercise 53.
Sveriges natur.
Ett land som utstracker sig under sa olika polhojder, maste inoni sig visa manga olikheter. Skane gor till utseende och luftstreck en overgang till det gent emot liggande nedre Akta Tyskland, men har annu mildare vintrar an detta. kastanjen, mullharstradet, ehuru blott planterat, frodas i Skane. Husdjuren aro storre och frodigare. Ragsiidet behover blott halvfemte manad att mogna, ej langre, an i Tyskland och ovre Italien, da det daremot i Lappmarkerna (dar endast kornet bradmognar) behover halvannan sommar dartill,
med
fara att innan bargningen bortfrysa.
hastigare forandring i naturlig beskaffenhet och alstringsformaga finnes ej i Sverige, iin emellan Skane och Smaland. Detta kommer av det senares betydliga hojd over havet, som gor den smalandska bergstrakten nilstan till ett Norrland mitt i Gota rike. Den fran soder resande motes forst hiir av verklig nordisk natur.
En
Adverbs.
129
Conversation.
Vad ar Skane? Aro vintrarne i Skane mildare an
Vilka trad vaxa
i
i Tyskland? denna provins? Hum manga manader behover ragen for att mogna? Ar det stor skillnad mellan naturen i Skane och Smaland? Vad kommer detta av?
Words,
constitution
statsforfattning
[sta'tsfoRvfat^nixi]
length
langd
[Isy.'d]
councilors of statsrddsherre
state
[sta'tsrad'sh^rd]
steam ship dnghdt {oyhoH^ national edu- folkundervisning cation [fol'kunddrvi'sniy]
to
the execution lagarnes utforande of laws [la'gamd^s m'tfceran'-dd]
fleet
comply
villfara [vil'fa'ra]
[6a/aZ*a']
to
command hefalla
borgare
vdlja
kingdom
citizen
k(on)ungarike
[ko'nuyari'kd]
[bor'jar9^]
[je*-
fiotta
{flot'a''^
army
the Swedish
diet
hdr
\hetr]
den svenska
riks-
to
choose
[vel'ja']
dag en
[svsn'ska'
to carry out
genomfora
nomfo^ra] ansvarig for
\^an' sva''rig']
rik'sda'gdn]
chambers
diet-bill
kammare[kam'ar9'] riksdag sordning
responsible
for
to
the First
Forsta Kamm aren
Ifcer'sta'^
[rik'sdagso^rdniy]
be bound to forpliktad till [fcerplrktad'] to count anse for [an'se'']
to
to
Chamber
the Second
kam'a-
improve
read
forbdttra
bet'ra]
[foer-
rd^n]
Andra Kammaren
[an'dra^
Chamber
military service under the
—
.
]
to write
to respect to admire
Idsa [le'sa'] skriva [skri'va']
militdrtjdnst \mi'lite'rgen'st]
hogakta[h0'g ak^ta]
beundra
dra']
[bdun'-
under
.
.
s reto receive to
reign
gering
rdje!ri7)]
[uniddr
mottaga[mojt'aga^] be proud of vara stolt over
[stoltt]
reforms
railways
fdrhdttringar
[fcerbet'riy^ar] jdrnvdgar [jx'xnvs'gar]
imperishable oforgdnglig
[co'fcerjey'lig].
Translation Exercise 54.
The Grovernment of Sweden.
governed by a king. The king should comply with the
is
Sweden
of
It is
Constitution.
an old monarchy. The Coun-
cillors
state
are responsible for the
execution of laws.
The king commands the fleet and army. The Swedish Diet consists in two chambers. According to the Diet-bill of 1866 the first Chamber is composed of the richest and most learned men of the kingdom the second Chamber, of citizens chosen
;
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
9
130
Lesson 27.
In Sweden all citizens are bound Under the reign of Oscar II many remilitary service. forms were carried out in Sweden. Railways were stretched out and their length is now over 10 000 kilometers. The
from among the people.
to
fleet numbers over 1200 steam ships. National education was much improved and the number af those who cannot read nor write is less in Sweden than in any other
Swedish
country.
Twenty-seventh Lesson.
List of the principal conjunctions.
anting en
att, that
. .
.
eller, either ... or
men, but
ndmligen, namely och, and
ocksd, also if, whether sdledes, thus
(viz.)
hade
.
.
.
och, both
.
.
.
and
dock, though da, as, when ehuru, although eljest, otherwise
eller, or
om,
ty, for
an
as, since, for
emedan,
Jivarfore, why likvdl, nevertheless
... an, sometimes times dndd, however.
.
.
.
some-
Words.
bevis
\^b9vi!s]
proof
kalkgrund
grun'd^
\kal'k- calcareous soil
skdrgard {fas'r- archipelago goUd] skdrgdrds natur archipelagic
knappast
p'ast'l
[kna-
scarcely
[—s natm'r]
sin like [si'n
nature
ovan
orolig likvdl
\o'va^n'\
[cj'rco'lig^
above
lonely,isolated
li'kd^] its like
enstaka [ensta'-ka]
[lik've'l]
bok [bojfk] lund [lun^d]
bolja [bol'ja^]
beech
grove, thicket
unsettled
equally
wave
fecundity
bordighet
dighett]
[bce'r-
bdda [bo'da'] utmdrkt [m't7nser^kt]
i
both remarkable
vattenomrdde [va- basin fdnom'rodd] sddesbygd [se'dds- cornfield
byg'd]
anseende
till
H
with regard to
an'sedn^do til]
hlandning [blan'd- miscellany
niy']
around mellerst [mel'dJLst] most central dessutom [dss'ui^- moreover
kring [kriy!]
torn]
bergsrorelse
[basr'jro'rdlsd]
mining
in-
gynna
[jyn'a']
[ve'l
to favour
dustry
lycklig [lyk'lig^]
happy, lucky
beneficial
rto astonish
forening [fo'rd- union
niy'] inflytelse [in'fly'tdlsd]
vdlgorande
influence
jo'randd] forvdna [foer
vo-'na]
bergig [bserjig']
mountainous
\to wonder vdxtlighet [vek'st- vegetation
lig^het]
vildhet \vildheH'\ wildness
Adverbs.
131
Reading Exercise 55.
SYeriges natur.
Foljer man fran Skane ostra kusten, sa visar sig i Blekinge det vackraste beviset pa Ostersjons mildare skargardsnatur och fran Karlskrona till Kalmar en strand, som pa sina stallen Ovan Kalmar vaxer i skonhet knappast har sin like i norden. smarre lundar och enstaka trad ga dock ej bokskogen mera
:
hogre. Vatterns
klara, men oroliga boljor skilja Vaster- och Ostergotland, tvenne av Sveriges fruktbaraste landskap, bada I anlikval utmarkta genom stora skillnader i bordighet. seende till sjalva landets bildning hor Vastergotland till Vanerns, Ostergotland till Vatterns vattenomrade. Kring sjoarne Hjalmaren och Malaren ar det mellersta
Sveriges storsta slattland
rorelse.
med harliga sadesbygder, dessutom gynnade genom en lycklig blandning av akerbruk och bergsDessas forening har strackt sin valgorande inflytelse
till
Varmland och Dalarne, utan att likval i dessa bada bergiga landskaps ovre delar hava kunnat besegra naturens borjande vildhet. Likval narer annu kalkgrunden kring sjon
aven
Siljan
(t.
ex.
i
Rattvik) en vaxtlighet,
som
forvanar.
Conversation.
Vilken natur har Blekinge? Ar stranden fran Karlskrona
till
Kalmar skon?
Vilka aro Sveriges fruktbaraste landskap? Vilka aro Sveriges storsta sjoar?
Words.
great powers stormakter
[stco'r-
at the
head
i
spetsen for
[spet'sdn]
[re'jd
makHdr]
cavalry
kavalleri,
rytteri
regiment
regemente
\ksLvaVdritj ryt'd-
captam
infantry
fotfolk,
infanteri
in'-
lieutenant
[fco'tfol^k,
fantdri^l
artilleri {^ctr'tihrii'] artillery horse-soldier ryttare [ryfard^] foot-soldier fotsoldat [fco't-
sergeant corporal cornet
garrison
menttd] kapten [kaptetn] lojtnant [loftnan't sergeant [s^rfanH korpral [korpra'l kornett \kornEti']
garnison
sajfTi]
[gar'ni-
soldaH]
victory seger [se!gdr] field-marshal fdltmarskalk
volunteer
recruit
frivillig [fri'vilHg] rekryt [rdkrytt]
\krig' sfoRrkMrirj]
declaration of krigsforklaring
troops
discipline
[fd'tmarfark] trupp [trup'] discipUn [di'siplUn]
overste [o'vdrstd^l^
war
capture of the m^«^<2?2c?e (av en place plats) \intagandd\
dragoon
cuirass
dragon
\draga)tn^^
colonel
kyrass {kyrasi^
132
Lesson
28.
hjdlm Yjdim'] svdrd [sv^.^rd] gun gevdr [JdVEtr] cartridge-box patrorikok [pair congo'k]
helmet sword
lance
pistol to exercise
to to
laiis [lan^s]
pistol [pistojH] utova [m'te'va]
arm
equip
vdpna
utrusta
Xvsp'na^"] \m^trus^ta^^
haversack
to
mat-tornister
\ma't-tornisHdr\
to fear
to
disarm
keep
underhdlla ddrhoVa]
\un'-
to bear
strict
frukta [fruk'ta^\ avvdpna [a'vep^na] hdra [&£'ra']
strdng
[streif);']
to fight to win to stand
kdmpa
vinna
[cem'pa^]
[vin'a']
obligatory
ohligatorisk
gatojirisk]
{ph'li-
std [sto']
compulsory
[foers-
tvingande
[tviyan'dd].
to defend
forsvara
va'ra]
Translation Exercise 56.
Army.
All great powers of Europe keep an army. An army consists in cavalry, infantry and artillery. The horse-soldiers and foot-soldiers fought bravely and won the victory. The field marshal commands the troops. In the German army The Colonel stands at the head of discipline is very strict. his regiment. Under the colonel stand the captain, the lieutenant, the sergeant and the corporal. Military Service is not The Comet defended bravely the obligatory in England. colours of the garrison. The volunteers and recruits will soon be exercised, equipped and armed, because a declaration of war is feared. After the capture of the place, the garrison was disarmed. Dragoons wear a cuirass and a helmet they defend themselves with the sword, lance or pistol. Footsoldiers bear a gun, a cartridge-box and a haversack. Officers
—
;
bear a sword.
Twenty-eighth Lesson.
List of the principal interjections.
ack!
alas!
ajf ay! o dear!
anfdicta! plague! gtid nd's! alas!
fy! fie! hva! hva sa!
hey!
st! hush! tag mot! look here! hvadan! what!
hm!
tro
I
ha! ha!
say! ah!
it!
topp! agreed!
lappri! nonsense!
mig! depend upon
min sann!
really! faith!
usch! oh!
Adverbs.
133
Words.
hem
\hemf\
134
135
Twenty-ninth Lesson. The construction of sentences. I. Order of the words.
A. Place of the subject.
§
a)
1.
The subject
is
generally placed:
Before the verb in affirmative and negative senEx.
:
tences.
jag laser
^
I
read
;
fadern sjong
icke, the father did
not sing.
b) After the verb in negative and interrogativenegative sentences. Ex.: Laser barnetf Does the child read? or is the child
..reading?
Alskar du icke din moderf
Do you
Note.
not like your mother?
When
word
«
manner
Ex.:
Hon
the interrogative is made with the help of the or «Jw» the subject should precede the verb. Mdnne de voro trottaf were" they tired?
dr ju nojdf she
is
Exceptions.
§
a)
1.
2.
The subject
is
placed after the verb:
When
:
the sentence begins with.
the object. Ex. Det huset har min fader kopt.
My
2.
father has bought this house has bought).
(this
house
my
father
an adverb or an adverbial expression or a conjunction.
Ex.:
Nu
are going to bed. I gar voro vi pa landet. Yesterday we were in the country.
Now we
skola vi gd
till
sdngs.
3.
an attributive adjective.
Ex.
:
Mdktig dr Gud! God
is
powerful! (powerful
is
is
God!)
b) When the principal phrase preceded by a subordinate sentence. Ex.: Om han vore rik, skulle han gora mycket gott. If he was (were) rich he would do much good.
c)
In exclamations. Ex.: Leve drottningen!
the queen for ever!
136
Lesson 29.
B. Place of the objective case. § 3. a) The indirect objective case when used without any preposition precedes the direct objective
case.
Ex.:
Ldraren gav Idrjungen en hok.
The teacher gave the boy a book.
b)
When
Ex.:
the
indirect
objective case
is
preceded
by a preposition the direct objective case should immediately be placed after the verb.
Ldraren gav en hok
in
at Idrjungen.
to the boy.
The teacher gave a book
c)
Like
a noun is the noun.
Ex.
:
English the indirect objective case of placed in the genitive case and precedes
Min fader s
11.
hus,
my
father's house.
Order of clauses.
which bears the prinbe placed at the be-
§ 4. a) Generally the clause cipal part in the sentence should
ginning of the sentence.
Ex.
:
Om
de icke dro skyldiga, skola de frikdnnas.
should be acquitted.
If they are not guilty they
b) The relative pronouns, the adverbs, conjunctions generally follow the nouns to which they refer. Ex.: Drdngen pa vilkens (vars) trohet jag rdknade har stuUt pengar frdn mig. The servant on whose faithfulness I relied has stolen money from me.
When a subordinate sentence precedes the prinsentence, both are generally united by the conjunction ^Sa» which is not rendered in English. Ex.: Ndr hamet fick se sin moder, sd borjade det att le.
c)
cipal
When
the child saw
its
mother,
it
began
to
smile.
Words.
godhet
{^gojtdhet']
kindness
serving spirit
ro
tjdnsteande
[gen'stdan'dd]
rest, repose [me'dlem^] member vdrldsliv [vse'jids- world's life
[rojf]
medlem
li'v]
frid \_fri'd^ peace trevnad [tre'vnad^] comfort
rot \ro)it^ leende Ue'dn^dd]
root
naturliv [natrn'r- natural
life
im
gubbe
[gub'd^]
smile old man
gudsjruktan
\_gut'sfrukHan\
fear of
God
The
tapperhet
[tap.'dv-
construction of sentences.
137
to shoot earnest to bless
to
bravery
|
gro
{gra)f\
[aZ* va'r-
forhdllande /Ae^]j circumstance
[^foRrhol'cin^dd]
allvarlig
condition
to call forth
bitter
%]
viga
n/juta
[vrga^'l
\njwi'ta''']
framkalla
[^frara'kaV'a]
enjoy
hitter \hitt9r\
fdrkvdva [foerkV£.'va]
to
choke up
Umiv] Jiembygd [hem
Ijuv
hyg'd;\
delightful native land.
Reading Exercise 59.
Hemmet.
och ordning, dessa himmelns tjansteandar pa jorden, framkalla overallt samma frid och samma trevnad. Ingen bitter rot far vaxa dar den vill gro, uppkommer alltid ett leende eller en tar, och i dessa ett ord av karlek att forkvava den. Karleken vakar over barnets vagga over gubbens ro, over var medlems val och trevnad for att vara hem. lycklig gar manniskan ur varldslivet Det star i livet sasom ett gronskande trad, vaxande allt hogre upp mot himmeln. Norden ar kail och allvarlig. Konsterna aga ej dar sin hembygd blommornas tid ar kort. Vill du se deras jord, se Italien, se Frankrike vill du se hemmets och familjens vigda jord, se Sverige se overallt bland fjallen och skogarna, dessa stilla gardar, der manniskan njuter ett foradlat naturliv, dar i skotet av heliga och Ijuva forhallanden utvecklas svenskarnes nationaldygder gudsfruktan och
;
Godhet
,
—
;
;
;
!
:
tapperhet.
Conversation.
Vad framkallar friden och trevnaden Hur forkvaves varje bitter rot?
i
hemmet?
Vilka aro karlekens forrattningar bland familjens med-
lemmar? Vad liknar hemmet? Vad motsvarar nordens hem
i
de sydliga landerna?
Var utvecklas och vilka aro svenskarnes nationaldygder?
Words.
fatherland
native
fddemesland
[frddmdslan'd] fosterland
[fcos'tarlaa^d]
glory patriotism
dra
[s'ra']
fosterlandskdrlek
[fcos'tdrlandsgse'rlek]
country
sacrifice
uppoffring
[up-ofriy']
sentiment
love
kdnsla karlek
[(gen'sla'''\
[f^rZe'fc]
[til'ji'-
native land
fosterjord
[fco'stdrjcoUd]
attachment
tillgivenhet
Vdnhet]
138
Lesson 29.
fidelity
troliet \tra)thet]
to protect
skydda Uyd'a'] "
i
devotion
hdngivenhet \h€'ngi'vdnhet]
on
the
war
bt [kri'gskrigsfoi
establish-
civil
danger duty
fara
[fa'ra']
ment
to contribute
medhorgerlig plikt
[me'dbor'jdrlig
plik't]
hidraga [bi'dra'ga]
prosperity
to require to prevail to unite to threaten
framgdng [fram'fordra [fco'rdra'] rdda [ro'cZa'] forena [/ore/na]
hota
resa
[hoj'ta''']
social duty
samhdlsplikt
[sam'helsvUk't]
to love dlska {el'ska^'] on the peace, pa fredsfot
establish-
[fred'sfoj^t]
to travel
to stay
[re'sa^]
[start' a'].
ment
stanna
Translation Exercise 60.
Fatherland.
ought to love, protect and defend our native country. our duty in time of peace to contribute to its prosperity and in time of war to defend it even at the sacrifice of our A brave soldier ought to fight and die for his native life. land when the glory of the nation requires such a sacrifice. Patriotism prevails in the hearts of all good citizens all are united in the same sentiment of love and attachment to defend their country when danger threatens it. Fidelity, love and devotion to fatherland are the principal civil and social duties. When we travel or stay in a foreign Country we are always thinking of our native land. Let us love our native country, because nothing is more beautiful and more worthy of our love^ than fatherland.
It is
;
We
139
Readings,
1.
En
frukost pa Medelhavet.
i
En hostdag ar 1869 hollo tvenne ekipager vid hamnen Marseille just dar de stora angbatarne ligga som i alia riktningar ploja Medelhavet. Ur det forsta stego en herre och en dam, bagge unga, med tre sma barn. Det var synbarligen «wne famille tres-distinguee» och de som akte i andra vagnen
,
tycktes tillhora uppvaktningen. Det var D.D. K.K. H.H. hertigen och hertiginnan av Ostergotland, som med sina barn skuUe resa till Nizza, for att dar tillbringa vintermanaderna.
Klockan var sex pa aftonen, den timman da, enligt annons, angbaten skuUe avga men ingen rok ur angskorstenen rojde, att man annu eldat pa, och vid sidan av angbaten lag en koldragare, som lastade in kol pa den forra. Den som ar van vid vara ordentliga angbatsturer forvanas over oordningen soderut, och man kan darfor ej undra pa, att de nyss
;
anlanda passagerarne syntes missnojda. «Nar avgar fartyget?» fragade en av prinsens uppvaktning kaptenen. «Nar vi fatt kolforradet ombord», svarade denne tvart. «Och nar sker det?» «Det vet jag icke.» «Det drojer kanske en hel timma?» «Det kan droja tva.»
«Tva? Omojligt!» «M kan hava ratt, det ser omojligt
tenen;
«slippa vi
ut»,
medgav kapanmarkte den
med
tre eller fyra
i
dag, ar det mer, an
jag vagar hoppas.» »Men det var
annonserat klockan sex»,
uppvaktande forargad. Kaptenen smalog medlidsamt och vande ryggen till. «Men det ar hoga personer ombord», anmarkte den
uppvaktande.
svar.
Kaptenen smalog, men bevardigade honom ej med nagot Ombord ar skepparen ensam konung, om ocksa alia Europas suveraner vore tillstades. Till nagon ursakt for angbatskonungen i fraga ma namnas, att den bat, han forde, mera var avsedd for gods an for
folk,
och gods ar en
talig
och tystlaten passagerare.
Emeller-
140
Readings.
sin hytt Men besvarligt klattrande over tunnor och balar. hertigen foredrog att vistas pa dack, avvaktande med latt begriplig otalighet stunden for avresan, vilken lange lat vanta
efter
ett
tid
hade H.K.H. hertiginnan med sina sma funnit
pa sig. Klockan var 11, nar angbaten stotte fran land. Natten var kolmork, men havsvinden vanlig och mild. Trots morkret trodde sig prinsen igenkanna nagra av de ogn.pper, mellan vilka angbaten gled fram, och han betraktade dem med den djupa rorelse, ett poetiskt sinne erfar, nar det aterfinner stallen, som det i yngre dagar skadat. Prinsen hade namligen en gang som yngling, och da i egenskap av lojtnant pa ett svenskt orlogsfartyg, gjort en resa over Medelhavet. Men sjon suger och Medelhavet icke minst. Fram emot
sig prinsen hungrig. Men ingen restauration Fartyg, som endast gora nattresor, aro beraknade for sovande, icke for atande. Prinsen gav sig i sam-
morgonen kande
fanns ombord.
kaptenen, men huruvida han da avkastade anony«Vill Ni och Ert sallskap halla till ej bekant. godo med vad jag har att bjuda pa», sade kaptenen, «sa ar Ni hjartligen valkommen. Min frukost vantar redan ». Prinsen tackade forbindligt och intradde med sin kavaljer i kaptenens hytt, dar en frukost serverades, som visst icke var att forakta. Men det drojde icke lange forran en fjarde person visade sig i samma hytt. Det var en lang ung man, sotig och flottig fran hjassa till fot, men som icke desto mindre belt obesvarat tog plats bland de andra vid bordet och del-
sprak
med
miteten
ar
tog
med
«For
Ni en ypperlig franska», yttrade kaptenen till prinsen. «Vem har sagt Er, att jag ar rysk amiral ?» fragade prinsen; «jag har den aran vara svensk amiral och ar fullkomligt belaten darmed. Men att jag talar franska ar mindre underligt, nar jag i min slakt haft icke mindre an tva franska
marskalker.> «Tva franska marskalker», upprepade kaptenen med en viss andakt, «och vilka aro de?» «Eugene och Bemadotte!» svarade prinsen. «Bernadotte!» upprepade anyo kaptenen och gjorde stora ogon, dem han oupphorligen flyttade mellan prinsen och maskinisten, vilken sednare ocksa fick stora ogon. «0m Ni ar en Bernadotte», tertog kaptenen, «sa kan jag har p^ stallet presentera for Er en nara slakting, Monsieur De la Graise, maskinist pa min bat och sonson av en syster till marskalk Bernadotte.*
frisk aptit i frukosten. att vara rysk amiral, talar
De
mycket
i
bagge sysslingarnes ogon mottes.
ett
!
Det kan ligga
odets lotter
sadant dar omsesidigt betraktande. Huru olika Fr^n samma vra kommer man, den ene till en
Readings.
141
Det kan osa lika furstekrona, den andre till en angpanna. hett fran bagge och bagge kuna hava sitt stora ansvar for sig men i forhallande till fursten, blir val anda maskinisten en underordnad person, han ma befinna sig over eller under dack. Prinsen rackte likval vanligt den sotige och flottige franden sin hand, och som denne var en bildad img man, uppstod snart emellan dem ett livligt och underhallande samtal, som for det mesta rorde sig kring familjegrenar sa i norr som soder. Alia med namnet Bernadotte tillhora dock Namnet Bernadotte i sodra Frandrike ar lika ej samma att.
;
vanligt,
som namnen Bergstrom och Stromberg hos
tillfallet
oss.
Huru-
omsesidiga slaktbesok utlovades, kanner jag dock icke. Men frukosten om skeppsbord ar alDen unge maskinisten avlagsnade sig snart drig langvarig. och halade sig ater ned i maskinrummet. Prinsen fortfor att promenera pa dack, betraktande den av eldgnistor paljetterade stenkolsroken, som virvlade ur skorstenen. Han syntes tankfull. Kanske tankte han pa sin frande, som djupt darnere
vida
vid
nagra
stektes for det
gemensamma basta. Mahanda tankte han ocksa pa huru den, som av odet ar bestamd att foresta det stora maskineri, som kallas staten och
varav an fleras val och liv bero, jamval ofta nog far stekas vid sakta eld och mera an en gang torka sin panna.
August Blanche.
2.
Slaget vid Narva.
Karl den tolvte tog vid femton ars alder riket i arv efter En lang foljd av fredliga ar och en kraftfuU sin fader. styrelse hade da bragt Sverige till en valmaga, som det under hela arhundradet forut hade saknat, och utsikterna for framtiden voro lovande. Men det spordes snart, att den unge konungen tankte mera pa lekar och nojen, an pa allvarliga varv. Dock voro lekarne sadana, som tydde pa nagot ovanligt. Det var hans lust att pa en yster hast flyga fram over de farligaste stigar och forgaves sokte da hans faders gamle tjanare varna honom. Jakten var ock ett av den unge kung Karls huvudnojen; men det djur, som isynnerhet jagades av honom, var bjornen, och de vapen, som da anvandes, voro icke skjutvapen, utan hogafflar och pakar Da Sveriges grannar horde, att pa den svenska tronen satt en yngling, som endast roade sig, trodde de ratta tidpunkten var inne att utfora de fientliga planer, som de lange nart. I Ryssland harskade da en kraftfull furste, Tsar Peter, som gjort till sin uppgift att hoja sitt rike till en stormakt i Europa. Till det andamalet ville han berova Sverige dess be;
142
Readings.
vid Ostersjon, och i den atgarden liksom i varje annat Sveriges forsvagande voro Danmarks och Polens konungar av hjartat villige att deltaga. Sa borjade de tre makterna nastan pa en gang och utan skymt av rattvisa ett anfall
sittningar
mot
Sverige. Just nar konung Karl nojen vid Kungsor, kom
som
bast var sysselsatt med sina underrattelse om Danmarks och
Polens fredsbrott. Detta slog honom med harm och forvaning. «Det forundrar mig», sade han, «att mina grannar vilja hava Ma sa vara! Gud hjalper oss val; vi hava en rattkrig. fardig sak. Jag vill forst avgora saken med den ene sedan fa vi nog tala med den andre.» Nu var det slut med nojena. Som en blixt stod Karl med sin krigshar pa Seland och foreskrev danske konungen en forodmjukande fred, och da han strax darefter fick underrattelse om Tsar Peters forraderi gick det lost emot Ryssland. Vid landstigningen pa Seland hade Karl, sages det, hort «Vad ar det?» sporde i luften ett underligt vinande Ijud. han. «Kulorna, Eders Majestat», svarade en gammal krigare. «Na val», sade Karl, « detta skall hadanefter bliva min musik.» Och sa blev det ock, ty fran den stunden var hans liv en oavbruten kedja av strider under mer an aderton ar. Tsar Peter
;
hade,
upprepade forsakringar om vanskap, gjort ett anfall. Med en ringa har seglade da forradiskt och hastigt konung Karl over till Ostersjolandskapen. Det gallde att nu forst undsatta Narva, som av Tsaren belagrades. I november manad ryckte Karl med sina fataliga trupper fran Pernau, dar han landstigit, till Narvas undsattning. Det vat ett forfarligt tag, som prcivade bade mod och krafter, ty i vinterkold och snoyra maste haren genomtaga ett alldeles ode och forharjat land, dar han pa sex dagars tid knappt fann ett spar av manniskor och dar han led brist pa allt. Och nar han antligen stod nara vid malet, sag han framfor sig den ryska harens sextio atta tusen krigare. Vid underrattelsen om svenska harens ankomst lamnade dock Tsar Peter befalet over de ryska trupperna at hertigen av Croi och begav sig sjalv pa vagen inat sitt eget rike. Karl daremot uppstallde sjalf sin har och beslot att angripa fienden och med inom hans egna forkansningar. Det var ej tid till att langre droja, ty noden hotade den svenska haren. Ryska forskansningarna strackte sig kring Narva i en lang halvkrets, med flyglarne stodda mot Narvaflodens strand. Svenska haren var for svag att angripa mer an ett par niirbelagna punkter. Dessa utsagos nara mitten av ryska linien. Ett par raketer skuUe vara tecknet, klockslaget tu-tiden, och orden «med Gudshjalp* losen. Nu flogo de tva raketerna i luften, och under faltropet: «Med Guds hjaip!» drog den lilla
trots
Readings.
143
svenska haren framat. Konungen i sin enkla blaa rock befann sig ytterst pa vanstra flygeln, och honom foljde narmast bans drabanter, en utvald trupp av ett hundra femtio man, som anfordes av Arvid Horn. Nagot till hoger om konungen gick Magnus Stenbock med dalkarlarne ocb sa bela den
ovriga haren.
I
detsamma svenskarne ryckte fram, uppstod en
haftig
blast, som drev framfor sig ett tjockt, men enstaka moln med ett sa tatt snoglopp, att ryssarne, som hade detsamma mitt i ogonen, icke kunde se trettio till fyrtio steg framfor sig.
Nagra svenska generaler
«Nej», skada darav.»
gatt
forbi.
ville uppskjuta anfallet till ovadret sade konungen, «vi hava mera gagn an
Ryssarne, som trott, att Karl dragit sig tillbaka, och som sedermera forblindades av det starka snogloppet, anade ocksa ingenting, forran svenskarne voro pa blott femtio stegs avstand fran vallarne. Da forsvann aven till alias forundran snomolnet med ens, och vid det ater frambrytande solskenet stortade svenskarne mot forskansningen. Gravarna fylldes av medforda risknippor, och vallarne bestegos. Ryska linjen brots och kastades at sidorna. Detta var gjort inom en fjardedels timma, och genom den tillvagabragta oppningen sprangde svenska rytteriet fram att understodja fotfolket.
I borjan sokte val ryssarne forsvara sig; men bestortningen over svenskarnes underbart hastiga anfall och deras utomordentliga mod spred sig allt, mer, och snart sprungo de som skramda far om varandra. Manga sokte pa sidan om svenskarne fly undan till skogs. Men da motte dem Karl sjalv i spetsen for drabanter och dragoner och jagade dem
tillbaka in
I
i
trangseln.
oordning stortade nu ryssarnes hogra flygel ner emot bron over Narva. Den brast, och tre tusen ryssar, sages det, funno sin grav i boljorna. Storsta delen maste saledes stanna vid stranden mellan floden och svenskarne. De ryska gardesregementena, som voro mer ovade och krigsvana, hejdade for en stund det svenska anfallet, och generalema gjorde allt for att ordna den ovriga massan. Men da borjade med ens ropas, att olyckan komme fran de forradiska tyskarne och fran andra utlanningar, som Tsaren dragit over sina landsman, och i fortvivlan borjade ryssarne nedhugga allt vad tyskt var, utan att akta nagot befal. Hertigens av Croi eget liv hotades. Da besloto han och tvenne av bans generaler samt nagra andra utlanningar att som fangar lamna sig i svenskarnes hand hellre an vara utsatta for ryssarnes raseri. Med adjutanter och betjaning sprangde de over till svenska sidan och stotte dar pa Magnus Stenbock,. at vilken de gavo sig till fanga.
vild
144
Readings.
Nu
slag.
intraffade
De
emellertid den haftigaste striden i detta vid stranden instangda ryssarne uppforde i hast av
trossvagnar och vad de fingo fatt en forskansning, och borjade de ihardigt forsvara sig. Svenskarne hade storsta delen bortskjutit de tjugufyra skott, varje soldat till medfort, och uppsokte nu nya ur doda Senders patronkok. Ett stort antal ryssar stupade, ock likval ville de aterstaende
liarifran
annu icke giva sig. For att fiendernas vanstra
hogra
till
flygel ej skulle komma den hjalp lat Karl erovra ett stort ryskt batteri, som lag pa en hojd mitt emellan bada flyglarne, varigenom han avskar dem fran varandra. Da forlorade ryssarnes hogra flygel modet och skickade ett par officerare att begara forskoning. Nu inbrot morket och blev sa tjockt, att striden ej langre kunde fortsattas, utan konungen lat giva tecken till dess upphorande. En var sokte nu vila, bast han kunde,
ingen fick avlagsna sig. Karl gick med annu genomvata klader till en vakteld, som gardessoldaterna uppgjort, och lade sig dar pa en kappa, som man utbredt over marken. Med huvudet i knaet pa en bland bussarne, tog han en kort och behovlig vila. Snart kommo tvanne af ryssarnes anforare for att underhandla. De anmaldes for Karl, dar denne lag vid vaktelden. Overenskommelsen uppgjordes snart. Ryssarne, utan kanne-
men
dom av verkliga forhallandet, tyckte sig ej nog fort kunna komma undan; svenskarne med kannedom av samma forhallande, tyckte sig ej snart nog kunna bliva av med dem. Man uppgjorde, att generalerna och overbefalet skulle stanna
som
krigsfangar. Kanoner, fanor, standar m. m. borde ock kvarlamnas, men alia trupperna genast over den snart upplagade bron taga hem igen med bibehallna vapen. Svenskarne hastade att laga bron i ordning, och redan klockan fyra foljande morgon, langt innan dagsljuset hunnit visa verkliga belagenheten, tagade fiendens hogra flygel over bron, och var och en skyndade till sitt hem igen. Ryssarnes vanstra flygel hade stridit med storre framgang. Men under natten kom bud, att hogra flygeln dagtingat, varigenom den befalhavande generalen pa vanstra flygeln fann sig tvungen att gora detsamma. Overbefalet Underhandlingen harom oppnades genast. skulle bliva krigsfangar men den ovriga skaran finge avtaga dock skulle alia lamna sina vapen. Det var ett markvardigt skadespel att foljande formiddag se tio eller tolv tusen man, bland vilka manga voro val vapnade, stracka gevar for knappt sex tusen svenskar, bland vilka manga voro uttrottade och sjuka efter den foregaende « Bland mina sex hundra dalkarlar*, skrisvara medfarten.
;
;
Readings.
145
ett
ver Magnus Stenbock,
«hade ingen
se
Men ban bad dem
stalldes
ut.
i
likval
modiga
ut.
en lang rad pa ett led for att huvud vandrade i en lang stracka ryssarne forbi svenskarne ocb nedlade infor konung Karl sina fanor och vapen. Det varade lange, innan alia hunnit forbi; men sa stor var skramseln bos ryssarne, att vid bron trangdes manga hundra i vattnet och drunknade. Sa slot Karls forsta falttag mot ryssarne. Efter denna forsta seger fattade Karl for dem ett djupt forakt och ansag dem foga farliga. Darfor lamnade ban dem ock snart och
enda skott kvar». Svenskarne upptaga sig nagorlunda
Med
blottade
tagade att straffa den polske konungen,
som
infallit
i
Livland.
3.
Karl von Linne.
bora utlanningar tala om vart fadernesland, dess natur och folk, dess samhallsskick och historia, kunna vi ofta ej annat an pa det bogsta forvana oss over den okunnigbet ocb de oriktiga forestallningar, som de i dessa avseenden lagga i dagen. Aven bildade framlingar gora sig bar vid ej sallan skyldiga till stora misstag, ocb manga av de verkligt store
Da
vi
man, som Sverige frambragt, aro for dem antingen till namnet okanda, eller ock anses de ej sallan bava tillhort nagot
annat folk. Det finnes dock ett svenskt namn, vilket for ingen bildad person inom hela varlden torde vara obekant, och vilket darfor mycket bidragit att gora Sverige kant ocb aktat i frammande land. Det namnet ar Linn6, och det namnet namnes med vordnad och beundran over hela jordklotet, var Da bor ock varje svensk heist bildade manniskor finnas. kanna detta namn ocb veta, vem den man var, som gjort det sa ryktbart. I en av sodra Smalands vackraste trakter ligger, ej langt ifran Skanes grans, Stenbrobults socken. Komministersbostallet inom denna socken beter Rasbult, och bar, i en ringa och oansenlig koja, foddes den 23 maj 1707 en gosse, som i dopet erboU namnet Karl. Fadern, en fattig komminister vid namn Nicolaus Linnaeus, vilken sedermera blev kyrkoherde i forsamlingen, var en stor alskare av blommor och anlade en for den tiden vacker tradgard, i vilken den lille gossen redan ifran sina spadaste ar inbamtade en livlik karlek for blomstervarlden en karlek, som sedan forskaffade honom plats bland varldens namnkunnigaste man, men tillika tillskyndade honom mangen sorglig och bitter stund. Detta fick ban redan som skolgosse erfara. Hos den unge Karl Linnaeus var bagen for naturens studium sa stor, att densamma bos honom borttog all lust for lasandet av de gamla
—
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
IQ
146
Readings.
latinska och grekiska forfattarne, vilka studerades i skolorna. Med desto storre iver sokte han daremot att lasa i naturens stora bok, i vilken han ansag sig inhamta kimskap om Skaparens allmakt, vishet och godhet. Da han till foljd harav
visade sig sasom en haglos och ingaluuda flitig larjunge i de iimnen, som i skolan foredrogos, och da dessutom naturvetenskaperna den tiden voro ringa aktade, sa var det ej underligt, om hans larare i Vexio skola ansago honom sasom oduglig Ocksa tillradde de hans fader att satta honora i att studera. skraddare- eller snickare-lara, pa det att han atminstone pa nagot satt skulle i en framtid kunna fortjana sitt uppehalle. Med biodande hjarta beslot aven fadern att lyda detta rad, och blott en tillfallighet gjorde, att gossen pa inradan av en doktor Rothman fick kvarstanna i skolan, varest han dock f*>rtfarande gjorde endast obetydliga framsteg. Darfor, da han lamnade Vexio gymnasium for att sasom student i Lund i'ortsatta sina studier, medforde han dit ett ingalunda vackert avgangsbetyg, i det att hans larare forklarade, att «ungdomen liknas vid sma trad i en tradskola, dar det i skolorna kan under tiden, fastan sallan, hander, att unga trad icke arta sig val, utan pa allt satt likna vilda stammar, ehuru man pa dem anvandt den allra storsta flit; bliva dessa sedermera omflyttade i annan jordman, kan det handa, att de forandra
I
och bliva skona trad, som giva behaglig frukt. denna avsikt och ingen annan avsandes till akademien denne yngling (Karl Linnaeus), som kanske dar kan komma pa ett stalle, som kan vara gynnsamt for hans forkovran i kunskaper». Med ingalunda glatt mod begav han sig med ett sadant vitsord till Lund, varest han genast vid sin ankomst traffades av en ny motgang. Vid inresan i staden horde han namsin daliga art
ligen klockorna ringa till begravning, och till svar pa sin lorfragan, vem den avlidne vore, erhoU han den upplysningen, att det var en hans slakting, hos vilken han hoppats finna
skydd och hjalp. Den fattige, av alia forbisedde 3'nglingen hade mahanda varit nodsakad att snart lamna Lund, sa vida
en lycklig tillfallighet gjort hans synnerliga flit bekant for en doktor vid namn Stobseus, vilken snart fattade sadant behag for honom, att han ej blott lat honom fritt begagna sin stora boksamling, utan aven upptog honom i sitt hus och till och med lovade gora honom till sin arvinge. Emellertid var Lund ej en lamplig plats for att inhamta kunskaper i de amnen, som Linnaeus mest alskade. En sadan var daremot Upsala, varest den beromde Olof Rudbeck meddelade undervisning i naturens kunskap. Da Linnaeus dessutom, for att skaffa sig sin utkomst, hade beslutit att bliva lakare, var det for honom av stor vikt, att de baste lararne i medicinen funnos i Upsala. Han beslot darfor att lamna
ej
Readings.
147
Lund, varover hans valgorare Stobseus hogeligen fortornades. Det var om hosten 1728 han kom till Upsala. Har fick han dock snart kampa mot den storsta nod och de svaraste bekymmer. Den lilla penningsumma, som hans foraldrar kunnat lamna honom, var snart fortard, och da det den tiden ansags
vara nastan foraktligt att studera lakarevetenskapen, sokte han forgaves att erhalla nagot understod for sina studiers fortsattande. Noden gick sa langt att han med papper maste omlinda sina frusna fotter, pa det att de ej skuUe sticka fram ur de trasiga skodonen. Utan mat, klader eller penningar hade han knappast nagot annat beslut att fatta an att saga farval at Upsala och pa samma gang at studierna. Nu besannades dock ordspraket, att da noden ar storst, ar ock hjalpen narmast. Innan han lamnade Upsala, ville han namligen annu en gang besoka den botaniska tradgarden, varest han njutit sa m3'cken gladje vid betraktandet av en
mangd
sadan,
utlandska,
for
honom
ej
forut
frammande
orter.
En
stod dar nyss utslagen. I gladjen over den samma glomde han nastan sin sorgliga belagenhet och undersokte vaxtens delar med storsta noggranndet var ju ocksa, som han trodde, sista gangen ett het, sadant noje var honom beskart. Till sist ville han avbryta
forr
som han
skadat,
—
blomman
at
for att medfora henne sasom ett minne fran lyckligare dagar, da han annu vagade hoppas pa en framtid, agnad
naturvetenskaperna. Da hordes plotsligen en barsk stamma, som hejdade hans Da Linnaeus vande sig om, sag han framfor sig en hand. vordig prastman, doktor Olof Celsius den aldre, vilken efter nagra fragor snart uppskattade Linnaei stora insikter, och da han sjalv var sysselsatt med utarbetandet av ett verk om de i bibeln omtalade vaxterna och dartill ansag sig kunna fa god
hjalp av Linnaeus, sa upptog han honom i sitt hus, sa att den fattige studenten snart med gladje sag sig kunna fortsatta sina
studier.
Detta kan man saga vara en av vandpunkterna i Linnes underbara ungdomsliv. Genom Celsius blev han namligen bekant med den ryktbare professor Rudbeck, vilken ej allenast tog honom till sina barns larare, utan ock skaffade honom forordnande att, ehuru han blott var en ung student, under JRudbecks sjukdom undervisa de ovriga studenterna i ortkunsett uppdrag, som han med allmant kapen eller botaniken, bifall fuilgjorde, an da till dess en aldre universitetslarare aterkommit fran en utlandsk resa och da overtog denna underLyckan, som en tid gynnat Linnaeus, borjade nu visning. ater att vara honom ogunstig, varfor han beslot att for nagon tid lamna Upsala. Pa sin valgorare Rudbecks tillstyrkan foretog han darfor 1732 en vidlyftig och ofta livsfarlig
—
10*
148
Readings.
fard till Lappland, vilket land da var sa gott som alldeles obekant, och varest han hade ett rikt tillfalle att gora nya iakttagelser rorande detta egendomliga lands invanare, djur Med alia de dyrbara vaxter och ovriga naturforhallanden. samlingar, som han dar sammanbragt, vande han visserligen tillbaka till Upsala, naen snart finna vi honom ater i Dalarne, dels undervisaude i naturalhistorien (i synnerhet laran om stenarterna), dels undersokande detta landskaps naturalster. Har forlovade han sig med Sara Elisabet Moreea, dotter av stadslakaren i Falun. Annu hade Linnaeus ej blivit medicine doktor, och for detta mals vinnande ansag han det vara bast att begiva sig till Holland, i vilket land pa den tiden ej blott lakarevetenskapen, utan aven botaniken stod i storsta utveckling. Har vann han aven snart ej blott doktorsvardigheten, utan aven vad mera var allmant erkannande och anseende. En mangd arbeten, som han har lat trycka, vackte det storsta uppseende, sa att gamla hogt aktade vetenskapsman tavlade
—
med varandra
kande
i att visa honom sin vanskap, samt oppet erden unge svenskens larjungar; rika man tavlade att forstracka honom medel och gora bans vistande i Holland behagligt samt bekostade bans resor till England och Frank-
sig vara
olika land Frankrike, Holland, England, Tyskrike; kommo frikostiga anbud, om han ville nedland, Spanien satta sig darstades och undervisa ungdomen vid darvarande universitet. Men Linnseus var svensk och alskade for mycket sitt fadernesland for att lockas av frammande guld; han 1am-
Mn
—
—
nade
alia
franvaro
ara vid
till sitt
dessa lysande utsikter och atervande efter tre ars fadernesland och sin vantande brud.
i
Att en person, som
sin
frammande land vunnit
mottagas, sasom val kunnat vanta,
sa
stor
hemkomst
skulle
armar, hade man Utomlands overallt firad, blev dock ingalunda handelsen. han hemma sa forbisedd, att han knappast kunde livnara sig. Molnen skingrade sig dock efter nagon tid, och efter att f5rst hava fatt anseende sasom Stockholms skickligaste lakare, utnamndes han 1741 till professor i Upsala, vilken befattning han sedan innehade anda till sin dod den 10 januari 1778. Under hela denna tid var bans rykte i standigt stigande, och talrika voro de erkannanden harav, som kommo honom till Sa, erholl han titel av arkiater, utnamndes till riddare del. av nordstjarneorden (vilket den tiden ansags siisom en lika ovanlig som stor utmarkelse) samt adlades, varvid han antog namnet von Linn6. Sa stor var den glans, som var fast vid detta namn, att bans ende son f5re faderns dod utnamdes till Vi hava nu i storsta korthet bans blivande eftertradare. redogjort for bans levnadslopp, men det ^terstar att antyda,
med oppna
man sager, men sa blev
Readings.
149
vari det stora,
sa
som han iitrattat, bestar, och varfor ban blivit beromd bade inom och utom Sverige. Skada vi omkring oss, finna vi jorden kladd av trad och
andra vaxter av otaliga slag, vilka i skilda trakter av jorden aro hogst olika. Man kan med trygghet pasta, att pa jordklotet nu finnas mycket mer an bundra tusen olika arter. Manga av dessa tjana manniskan till foda, klader, lakemedel, och till andra nyttiga andamal, under det andra aro skadliga eller rent av giftiga. En noggrann kannedom av sadana vaxter ar for manniskan nodvandig; men ej blott dessa bor hon soka lara sig kanna, utan aven alia, som likna dessa och med vilka de kunna forvaxlas. Ja, varje annan vaxt, stor eller liten, ar val fortjant av manniskans uppmarksamhet, ty intet ar onodigtvis skapat; och darfor ma icke manniskan i sin kortsynthet anse sig for hog att betrakta och beundra det, som den allsmaktige skaparen ej ansett sig for stor och
hog
att
frambringa.
Kannedomen av vaxtvarlden bor darfor anses s^som mycket viktig for manniskan, men denna kannedom ar ock forenad med ej ringa svarigheter. Detta var i synnerhet forhallandet fore Linnes tid. Under manga arhundraden hade man visserligen forut gjort en mangd iakttagelser angaende vaxterna; men liksom anvandandet av husgeradssakerna inom ett hushall bleve svart eller omojligt, om de kastades i en hog om varandra, pa samma satt voro de om vaxterna gjorda iakttagelserna sa gott som oanvandbara, emedan ingen formatt att ordna de samma. Detta gjorde Linne. Han uppstallde nagra enkla, lattfattliga grander, efter vilka ett sadant ordnande kunde ske, och salunda erholl vaxtkunskapen genom honom en fast grund, pa vilken han ordnade alia de forr
gjorda iakttagelserna dessutom okade han dem med en mangd nya och hogst viktiga, av honom sjalv gjorda upptackter. Harigenom erholl Linn6 namnet «botanisternas konung», vilket namn han an i dag utan motsagelse uppbar. Det var dock ej blott at denna vetenskap, som han agnade sin rastlosa flit och sitt genomtrangande snille, utan det samma galler i nastan lika hog grad laran om djuren eller zoologien, ty ocksa denna borjar fran bans upptradande en ny tidrakning.
;
Aven
laran om stenriket, liksom ock medicinen, ronte ett valgorande inflytande av Linnes ordnande ande. For att sprida kannedom om sina nya asikter och iakttagelser, mj\ste Linne naturligtvis upptrada sasom forfattare, och fa manniskor torde hava skrivit sa manga och dartill Sakert ar, att en person, som sa utmarkta bocker som han. blott ager Linn6s alia arbeten, m;\ste anses hava en ratt stor boksamling, och dessa bocker aro daruti olika flertalet av bocker, vilka snart forlora sitt varde och glommas, att de
150
Readings.
halla,
tvartom fortfarande hogt skattas for allt det utmarkta de inneliksom i allt manskligt — nagra fel aven om i dem och oriktigheter hava insmugit sig. I dessa Linnes talrika arbeten finnas alia da for tiden kanda naturforemal namngivna, beskrivna och pa sadant satt ordnade, att en var latteligen kan med tillhjalp av dessa skrifter bestamma de naturforemal, som ban antraffar. Men darjamte sokte Linne att pa allt satt utreda och sprida kannedom om de sarskilda naturalstrens forekomst, levnadssatt, nytta ocli anvandande m. m., utan vilket allt naturvetenskaperna skulle hava nedsjunkit blott till en namnkunskap. Otaliga aro de nya upptackter och iakttagelser, som finnas nedlagda i dessa arbeten, och ej mindre viktiga aro bans vederlaggningar av en mangd oriktiga och vidskepliga forestallningar, som forut varit allmant gangse. Hartill fordrades Sa t. ex ej blott kunskaper, utan aven mangen gang mod. svavade till och med Linnes liv i fara, da ban i Hamburg visade, att en dar forvarad «flygande drake med sju huvud», som blivit said for en summa av tio tusen mark, ej var annat an bedrageri, och att dylika djur ej finnas till 1 naturen, utan
—
i enfaldiga personers inbillning. Stor var utan tvivel Linne genom sina talrika verk, men ej mindre storartad var bans verksamhet sasom larare. Ingen professor vid vara hogskolor bar haft sa manga och sa hangivna ahorare. Att kallas «Linnes larjunge* ansags for en aretitel, och derfor skyndade ej blott studenterna till bans forelasningar, utan en mangd av rikets fornamsta man infunno
blott
aven for att atnjuta bans undervisning. Ja, till och med danskar, tyskar, engelsman. schweizare, fransman, ryssar, islandingar och amerikanare infunno sig for att av homom bora tolkas naturens under sa, som endast han forstod det.
sig
till
Outtrottlig var aven lararen. Fran tidigt pa morgonen sent pj\ aftonen i fullt arbete, meddelade han ej blott pa forelasningssalen eller i botaniska tradgarden sin undervisning, utan ofta vandrade han ut i fria naturen for att lara sina talrika, vetgiriga larjungar att sjalva undersoka och utforska na-
turens hemligheter. Till ett antal av ett par hundra vandrade de ut tidigt pft morgonen, och efter en flitigt anvand dag int&gade de sent pa aftonen i Upsala, foljande under pukors och valthorns klang sin alskade larare till bans bostad. Och barunder vaxte aven de forut ringaktade naturvetenskapernas anseende sa. att de da av alia vordades nastan mer an nagon
annan vetenskap. Sa satt Liun6 som en vetenskapernas konung i Upsala. och bans blomsterspiras makt strackte sig over hela den bildade varlden. Jordens maktige furstar och furstinnor ansago det som en ara att sta i beroring med honom, och fran alia
Readings.
151
hitll insandes till honom skatter av naturalster for att bestammas och beskrivas. Sjalv utsande ban till varldens avlagsnaste trakter larjungar for att darifran hemfora dittills okanda
naturalster; manga bland dem folio val under sina resor offer for sjukdomar, modor och forsakelser, men sa stor var den
hag,
som Linne maktade ingiva alia, att standigt nya unga erbjodo sig till nya farliga farder. Varpa berodde nu denna ofantliga makt, som Linne utovade pa alia sina samtida, hoga och laga? Utan tvivel ar hon att soka i den snillrikhet, vanned han forstod att tyda naturens dunkla gator, och den glodande karleg, varmed han omfattade allt i naturen. Men i den i ej ringa grad torde hon val vara att soka aven odmjukhet, varmed han bar sin iycka. Val ar det sant, att
man
han ofta nastan barnsligt gladde
som kommo honom
de hedersbetygelser, han harleda sig Tvartom att i sina skrifter satta sig sjalv i forsta rummet. andas de alia den djupaste vordnad, den oinskranktaste undergivenhet for naturens herre; overallt soker han blott framvisa Guds godhet och allvishet. Da han gjort nagon viktig och storartad upptackt, forhaver han sig icke darover, utan utbristor i glad odmjukhet: «Jag sag skuggan av Herren, den allsmaktige, svava forbi, och jag hapnade av vordnad och beundran». Hans valsprak, som han bokstavligen alltid hade for ogonen, inristat ovanfor sin dorr, lydde sa; «Lev rattAr det underligt, om en sadan man radig, Gud ser dig»^ vinner sin samtids beundran och karlek? Hundra ar aro snart forflutna, sedan Gustaf den tredje infor rikets stander klagade over den oersattliga forlust: som Sverige genom Linnes bortgang lidit, och mycket har sedan dess forandrats. Men det, som ej forandrats, ar den beundran, som av hela den bildade varlden agnas Sveriges storste vetenskapsman, Karl von Linne. Arligen fira naturens vanner i vitt skilda land arsdagen av bans fodelse, och otaliga aro de, som med odmjukt sinne stannat vid bans grav i Upsala domkyrka eller intratt i bans enkla boning pa Hammarby, nu tyst och undangomd, men for hundra ar sedan det stalle, varifran vetenskapens sol klart stralade over hela jorden. I vara barrskogars djupaste skugga doljer sig en liten vaxt, som fr^n en krypande stjalk hojer sina Ijusroda, klocklika blommor. Kar for alia ar denna blomma, Linnoea borealis, ty hon bar Linnes namn. Standigt friska och gronskande aro hennes blad, enkla och ansprakslosa hennes blommor, men dock tjusar hon alia och fyller den omgivande nejden vitt och brett med en mild vallukt. Hari kunde man se en bild av Th. Fries. Linne sjalv och bans ara.
sig at
till
del,
men
aldrig lat
^
Innocue
vivito,
numen
adest.
Poems,
Vagen.
Mitt liv ar en vag, Som rores en tid I svallande tag, Vid vindarnas strid.
Nar lugn blir pa hav, Och vinden ar tyst, Da somnar hon av Vid stranden hon kysst.
Hon
Till ro
lagger sig ner i det bla.
Hon synes ej mer; Men fins dar anda.
Af varldshavet ju En droppe hon ar, Och solen annu
Kan
spegla sig dar.
K. A. Nikander.
V&rylsa.
Nu
Da
D^
ar den Ijuvliga varens tid, grcinskas pa marken. Och luften flaktar sa varm och blid,
allt vill
Och ronnen blommar
gullstankt
fjaril
i
i parken, rosen gungar,
Och svanen simmar med Pa morkbla \kg.
sina ungar
Poems.
153
Pa fastet solen i hogan^ loft Den hela dag nu sitter, Och dricker daggvin och rosendoft, Och lyss pa faglarnas kvitter. Den glada goken fran lindens krona Sitt kiinda kuku pa nytt hors tona
I
gronan^ skog.
sig ror
Hvad lustigt liv, som i allt Och med zephirer blandas!
Vart lov kan tala, sjalf klippan hor Och blomsterkullarna andasDar grater kalian, dar suckar hacken, Dar sjunger vagen, dar spelar backen
Sin polska upp.
Kom min
Och
folj
mig ut
herdinna, rack mig din hand, i det grona!
Med hundratusende blomsterband
Och kransar skall jag dig krona. Och om du sedan en kyss mig unnar.
For barg och dalar jag hogt forkunnar: 'Nu ar det var.
C.
F, Dalgren.
Tradgardsflickan.
Blomman
ar
min van
an,
Svek mig aldrig Oskuld bor i hennes oga.
Blommor tusen slag, Nya med hvar dag
Dricka Ijus utur det hoga. » Som en aldre syster vardar jag dem omt, Solen glommer \dem,» men jag dem aldrig glomt.
Blomman
ar
min van,
I
Svek mig aldrig an, Oskuld bor i hennes oga.
Lilla
blomma
bla!
Larkan
pa, slar de Ijuva slagen. Lilla blomma rod!
Vakna upp! hor
Ar du redan dod?
obsolete form of the dative case.
154
Poems.
Det for
bitti
ar pa dagen.
An
star solen vanlig over dal och sjo, Lat den forst ga ner, och sedan kan du do. Lilla blomma bla!
Larkan
Vakna upp hor pa, slar de Ijuva slagen.
Sjalv en
blomma jag Vissnar ock en dag. Det gar mig, som eder andra. Varens dar forga,
Kort Lat OSS alska Svarta natten Glada lat oss
Sjalv
ar m,in ocksa. da varandra.
mulen kommer med
sin blund,
blomma an en liten stund en blomma jag
W.
Vissnar ock en dag Det gar mig, som eder andra.
C.
BUttiger.
Flyttfaglarna.
Sa hett skiner solen pa Nilvagen ner, Och palmerna ge ingen skngga mer.
Da
Och
griper oss langtan taget forsamlas.
till
fadernejorden,
Mot norden! mot norden!
Och djupt under fottren vi se som en grav Den gronskande jorden, det blanande hav, Dar oron och stormen var dag sig fornyar.
Men
Och Dar Dar Dar
vi fara fria
med himmelens
skyar.
hogt mellan fjiillen dar ligger en ang; nedslar var skara, der redes var silng. lagga i iigg under kyliga polen, klacka vi ut dem vid midnattssolen.
Ej jagaren hinner var fredliga dal, Dar halla guldvingade iilvor sin bal.
GrOnmantlade skogsfnm spatserar
i i
kvallen,
fjiillen.
Och dvargarne hamra
sitt gull in
Men
ater
pa bargen star Vindsvales son
Och skakar de snoiga vingar med dan, Och hararna vitna, och ronndrufvan gloder, Och taget forsamlas. Mot soder! mot soder!
Poems.
155
Till
Till
gronskande angar, till Ijummande vag, skuggande palmer star ater var hag. Dar vila vi ut fran den luftiga farden.
Dar langta
vi ater till nordliga varlden.
E. Tegner.
Martyrerne.
(Extract.)
Flavins.
Skon ar
du, nar
du beder.
Stralar glansa
Da i Som
I
ditt oga,
och
ditt anlete
skimrar
att bedja.
liljans
krona,
som en marmorbild
tempelsalen.
Lar ock mig
Perpetua.
Jag kan det ej. Det ord som skapte hjartat, Kan ensam lara hjartat bonens ord. Sa ogat ej av egen kraft kan se, Om dagen ej dess spada drag bestralar.
Ett underverk nodvandigt ar, Skall tala med sin Gud, och
om
stoftet
blott,
Anden
Den rena duva, som med silvervingar, Milt svavar over tidens mulna flod,
Lar vara brost den helga suckens genljud.
Kom
hit emellertid.
Jag
vill
dig visa,
Hur du till bonens nad skall dig bereda. Nar till ditt upphof med din kanslas offer Du amnar framga, tankarna da ropa
Fran varje jordiskt foremal tillbaka; Knapp sedan handerna, till vittnesbord Att dina sinnen du for varlden sluter; Boj sedan knan; for hela varldens Herre
Boj dina knan.
Blott till det laga sankes Det hoga neder. Bonens himlastege Star djupt i odmjukhetens blomsterdal.
Stagnelius.
Ur
«
„rritjofs Saga".
!
«Den
kvinna, kvinna forsta tanke,
»
nu Frithjof sade.
hade,
som Loke
Det var en logn, och han sande den I kvinnoskepnad till jordens man. En blaogd logn, som med falska tarar
Alltjemt oss tjusar, alltjamt oss darar, Hogbarmad logn med sin rosenkind,
Med dygd av
varis och tro av vind,
156
Poems.
I hjartat flarden
och sveket viska,
Och mened dansar pa lappar friska. Och dock, hur var hon mitt hjarta kar, Hur kar hon var mig, hur kar hon ar!
Jag kan Att hon
ej
i
—
minnas sa langt
leken
ej
tillbaka,
var min maka. Jag minns ej bragd, som jag tankt uppa, Dar hon ej tanktes som pris ocksa. Som stammar, vuxna fran rot tillsamman, Slar Tor den ena med himla-flamman, Den andra vissnar; men lofvas en, Den andra klader i gront var gren; Sa var yar gladje, var sorg gemensam; Jag ar ej van att mig tanka ensam. Nu ar jag ensam. ...»
E. Tegner.
Appendix.
1.
Viirldsalltet.
The universe.
vattnet, the water on, the island havet, the sea ^/ow, the lake an, the river bdcken, the brook dammen, the pond dalen, the valley.
himmeln, the sky vdrlden, the world solen, the sun Ijuset, the light mdnen, the moon tjdman, the star jorden, the earth luften, the air
2.
Landet.
The country.
arrendegdrden, the farm trddgdrden, the garden kvarnen, the mill
bonden, the peasant
fdltet, the field dngen, the meadow 62/v^, the village hyddan, the cottage trakfen, the country skogen, the forest veden, the wood sldtten, the plain vinbdrget, the vineyard busken, the bush vdgen, the road landsvdgen, the highroad
spannmdl, corn
rdgen, the rye kornet, the barley t;e^eif, the wheat
halmen, the straw
skorden, the harvest ^06^, the hay plogen, the plough ladan, the barn grdset, the grass. Trees, fruits and flowers. boken, the beech
fir-tree
3.
Trad, frukter och hlommor.
dppeltrddet, the apple-tree dpplet, the apple
granen, the
pdrontrddet, the pear-tree pdronet, the pear
jikontrddet, the fig-tree fikonet, the fig valnotstrddet, the walnut-tree valnoten, the walnut korsbdrstrddet, the cherry-tree korsbdret, the cherry plommontrddet, the plum-tree plommonet, the plum smuUronet, the strawberry vinbdret, the currant hallonet, the raspberry
ektrddetj the oak-tree poppeln, the poplar rosen, the rose liljan, the lily
the vinterlofkojan tulpanen, the tulip. nejUkan, the pink
,
stockgilly-
[flower
violblomman, the
violet
the pansy fdrgdtmigejen, the forget-me-not
styfmorsblomman,
bldklinten, the corn-flower getbladet, the honey-suckle vintergronan, the periwinkle
158
4.
Appendix.
Fyrfotadjur.
hasten, the horse dsnan, the ass 0X671., the ox kalven, the calf fdret, the sheep lammet, the lamb geten, the goat svinet, the pig lejonet, the lion bjomen, the bear raven, the fox vargen, the wolf tigern, the tiger kamelen, the camel elefanten, the elephant
5,
Quadrupeds. hunden, the dog
hJ or ten, the stag rddjuret, the rose gemsen, the chamois haven, the hare
kaninen, the rabbit ekorren, the squirrel
katten, the cat rattan, the rat
musen, the mouse mullvaden, the mole
renen, the reindeer.
Faglar.
Birds.
vakteln, the quail sndppan, the snipe
omen, the eagle tuppen, the cock honset, the fowl rt^^e^, the egg kycklingen, the chicken pdfdgeln, the peacock gdsen, the goose ankan, the duck svanen, the swan dufvan, the pigeon storken, the stork ugglan, the owl papegojan, the parrot
0.
rapphonan,
the partridge
Idrkan, the lark
koltrasten, the black-bird trasten, the thrush ndktergalen, the nightingale sparven, the sparrow siskan, the siskin kanariefdgeln, the kanary-bird svalan, the swallow mesen, the titmouse goken, the cuckoo.
Fiskar, Insekter.
Fishes, insects.
the toad the lobster
torsken, the cod-fish gdddan, the pike laxen, the salmon
«Zew, the eel karpen, the carp sillen, the herring
paddan,
grodan, the frog
hummern,
masken, the worm
larven, the caterpillar fjdriln, the butterfly ollonhorren, the may-bug wyran, the ant
sutaren,
1
,,
^
.
,^
,
forellen, the trout ostronet, the oyster musslan, the shell, muscle
spindeln, the spider
flugan, the
fly
6ie^, the bee
krdftan, the cray-tish
snigeln, the snail ormen, the snake
7.
getingen, the wasp odlan, the lizard.
Staden.
The towu.
tornet, the tower klockstapeln, the steeple
byggningen, the building kyrkan, the church huset, the house
domkyrkan,
the cathedral
Appendix.
159
tuUhuset, the custom-house sjukhuset, the hospital borseyi, the exchange
teatern, the theatre hotellet, the hotel
slottet, the castle
vdggen, the wall fdstningen, the fortress
platsen, the place, square
target, the market 6 oc^eTi, the shop gatan, the street pldstret, the pavement.
vdrdshuset, the inn posthuset, the post-office
kafeet, the coflfee-house
8.
Huset.
The house.
^a^'ei^, the ceiling golvet, the floor klockan, the bell spisen, the chimney koket, the kitchen kdllaren, the cellar
the door Z<2,9e^, the lock nyckeln, the key trappan, the staircase rummet, the room
dorren,
7nottagningsrummet, the parlour sofrummet, the bed-room fonstret, the window fonsterluckan, the shutter
9.
spannmdlsboden,tloLe
loft
granary
hrunnen, the well vindskupan, the garret.
Furniture.
vaxljuset, the wax-candle talgl'juset, the tallow-candle
Mobler.
bordet, the table
stolen, the chair soffan, the sofa spegeln, the looking-glass skdpet, the wardrobe dragkistan, the chest of drawers taflan, the picture vdgguret, the time-piece sdngen, the bed huvudkudden, the pillow lakanet, the sheet madrassen, the mattress sdngtdcket, the blanket mattan, the carpet Ijusstaken, the candlestick
Ijussaxen, the snuffers skeden, the spoon
gaffeln, the fork kniven, the knife koppen, the cup tallriken, the plate bordduken, the table-cloth handduken, the towel servetten, the napkin, serviette forhdnget, the curtain flaskan, the bottle glaset, the glass korgen, the basket.
10.
Kladning.
Clothing.
hatten, the hat (bonnet) mossan, the cap bonjouren, the frock-coat fracken, the tail-coat jackan, the jacket kdpan, the cowl nattrocken, the dressinggown vdsten, the waist-coat
tovlorna, the slippers skjortan, the shirt forklddet, the apron ndsduken, the kandkerchief halsduken, the neck handkerchief
kravatten, the cravat
benkldder, 7. .-^^ byxor,
1
? J
^ trowsers ^ ^^^„ the
.
,i
handskarne, the gloves fickuret, the watch bandet, the ribbon slojan, the veil
spatserkdppen, the walking-stick paraplyn(et) the umbrella parasollen, the parasol
,
strumpan,
the stocking
sA:on, the shoe
stoveln, the boot
160
Appendix.
orringen, the ear-ring
pungen, the purse
ringen, the ring
11,
glasogonen, the spectacles.
Kroppen.
The body.
halsen, the neck skuldran, the shoulder
mdnniskan,
(the)
man
kuvudet, the head
the brain hdret, the hair pannan, the forehead ansiktet, the face ogat, the eye ndsan, the nose ora^, the ear kinden, the cheek
hjdman,
ryggen^ the back
brostet, the breast (chest)
lungan, the lung
hjdrtat, the heart
the stomach the arm handen, the hand fingret (fingern)^ the finger nageln, the nail ftene^, the leg kndet, the knee foten, the foot i(«?2, the toe strupen, the throat.
magen, armen^
^nunnen, the mouth
Idppen, the lip tanden, the tooth tungan, the tongue
hakan, the chin skdgget, the beard
12.
Mat och dryck.
Eating and drinking.
kdlen, the cabbage potatisar, potatoes
frukost, breakfast
middag, dinner
kvdllsvarden, supper ftroc?, bread
wJoZ, meal, flour soppan, the soup
the vegetables
moroten, the carrot
drier, peas
honor, beans
fronsakerna, 0^^, meat
s^e/b,
kakan, the cake frukten, the fruit smor, butter
os^en, the cheese t-me^, the wine 67e^, the beer vatinet, the water kaffet, the coifee. ^ee^, the tea mjolken, the milk chokladen, the chocolate honingen, the honey timjan, the thyme korveln, the chervil persiljan, the parsley syran, the sorrel.
roast-meat
oxkott, beef fdrkott, mutton kalvkott, veal fldsk, pork
skinkan, (the)
ham
fisken, the fish saladen^ the salad senapen, the mustard oljan, the oil dttikan, the vinegar saltet, the salt pepparen, the pepper
VOCABULARY.
Explanation
of the signs and abbreviations used
in
the Vocabulary.
declensions of substantives are designated by the numbers 1., 2., 3., 4. and 5. followed by the terminal definite article in the singular and the flexion of the indefinite form in the plural. Ex. fana, 1. -n, -or flag (the flag, flags).
five
:
The
=
The
figures
I.,
four
II.,
conjugations III. and IV.
of verbs are
designated by the
Roman
The sign © placed after the Roman figures means that the verb belongs to the third group of the strong verbs and is quite irregular. The sign -1~ means that the noun has no plural. The sign means, that the plural is similar to the singular. adv. adverb, conj. adj. adjective, conjunction, prep.
preposition, past part.
= =
pres.
=
=
present,
s,
imp.
past participle,
=
imperfect, singular, pi.
=
=
=
sup.
=
— =
supine,
plural.
Swedish-English.
A
Ackja,
1.
allvarlig, adj.
\^al'va^rlig'], serious,
-an, -or [ak'ja^], ^ack[ade'ra], to addition -er {ad'itfojtri],
adder a,
I.
addition,
addition
3. -en,
solemn, grave alpstav, 2. -en, -ar [alpsta'v], alpenstock [duce alster, 5. alstret [^alistdr'], pro-n [aV1. alstringsformdga,
[a'cfZa'J, to aftonvard, 3. -en,
adla,
I.
ennoble
-er
[af'ton-
s^n7;s/cermo'^a],productiveness alunskiffer, 2. -n, —ffrar [a'lunfif'dr], aluminous slate
va'rd], afternoon meal akta, I. [ak'ta'], to esteem, to consider, to regard upon (as) agg, 5. -ef, [a,gf], spite, resent-
amerikanare, 5. -n, katnard], American
amiral,
admiral
I.
—
[am'm-
—
3.
-en,
-er
[am'iraH],
ment
aldrig, adv.
\^al'drig^'\,
never
ana, [a'na'], to have a presentiment of, to surmise
all, adj. [alf\, all
anbud,
andakt,
andas,
alia, adj. (pi.) [aZ'a'], all alldeles, adv. [^al'de'lds], quite allenast, adv. [^ale'nasH'], only,
5. -et, 3. -en,
— [an'bm'd'],
-er
offer
[^anda¥t],
solely
devotion(s) I. [an'das'], to breathe ande [a], 2. -en, -ar [an'dd'],
spirit,
allmakt, 3. -en, -\- {aVmak't], omnipotence allmdn, adj. [^aVmen'''], general allmdnhet, 3. -en, -f- [^aVmenheH'],
mind
andlig, adj. [an'dlig'], spiritual anfall, 5. -et, [an'/aZ'], onset,
attack
—
commonness;
generally
i
—,
in
general,
anfalla, IV.
{^an'faV'a'],
to attack to
anfora,
II.
[anfoe^ra],
lead,
allra
[al'ra'],
by
adj.
far (before a su[al' smek'tig'],
to
command
5. -n,
perlative)
anforare,
— [arr/ce'rara],
allsmaktig, omnipotent
leader, conductor
alltjdmt, adv. [al'tjemH'], ever
(so).
angripa, IV. [an'gri'pa], to attack angdende, prep, [an'go^dndd], concerning, regarding
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
11
162
Vocabulary.
5.
anhdngare,
partisan
-?i,
— \sLn'h€ifard\ +
arm,
art,
cies
2. -en,
-ar \artra\, arm
-er \^atdt\, kind, spe[a'dta^],
to
3. -en,
I.
anklaga,
I.
ankomst,
arrival
3. -en,
[an'kla'ga], to accuse [an'kom'st],
arta,
^si^J
assume
inheri-
anlete, 4.
-^,
anldgga,
II.
O
-n [an'le'td], face [^an'leg^a^ to put
to arrive
,
a certain quality ary, 5. -et (arven)
tance
\_ariv],
on, to establish
arvinge,
att
to
2. -n,
-ar
[ar'vir/d'], heir
anldnda,
11. [an'Zfn'cZa],
anmdla,
nqunce
II.
[aTi'm^'Za]
anob-
av
(before \aiv] [pi^v)], of
5.
-e^,
[a^.H, to
an
infinitive)
avhrott,
II. [ari*7W«r'fca], to
—
[^a'vhrot^ in-
anmdrka,
serve
terruption avhryta, IV. [a*i;6r2/'fa], to inter-
annan,
annat(n),
andra
(pi.)
rupt
[an'an', an'at', au'dra'], other annons, 3. -ew, -er [a?zo7?.'s], ad-
avdelning,
2.
-e?i,
-ar
[avc^e'Zoff
vertisement
m'l/], division [a'vgo'], to avgd. III.
©
annonsera,
vertise
I.
[an'o2;se.Va], to ad-
avgdngshetyg,
5. e^,
go — [a'vgoys-
[an'ony'anonymitet, 3. -e/i, miYe/f], anonymousness
+
"bdty^g^ testimonial
avgora,
avkasta,
II.
O
[a'vjo^ra'], to settle,
to decide
I. [a'^Aras'^a], to throw off avlida, IV. [a•^'Z^'(ZaJ, to decease avliden, adj. [a"i;Zi'cZ9/i], deceased avldgsen, adj. \^a'vlek^sdn\, distant, remote
anse.
III.
O
[ari'se'], to
look upon,
to consider
anseende,
4. -^, -\- [an'se^dndd], till, consideration, regard; i in consideration of
—
ansikte, 4.
-t,
-n [^an'sikHd], face,
avldgsna,
I.
[a'vUk'sna],
to
re-
countenance
move
avresa, avresa,
ture
II.
1.
ansiktsfdrg, 3. -en, -er [an'sikts/«r'j], complexion ansprdkslos, adj. [a?i-sproA:sZ0's], modest, moderate anstrdngning, 2. -eri, -ar [an'streyHy], effort
[a'vre^sa], to depart n.-or [a'vre'sa], depar-
ansvar,
5. -ef,
+ [an"s?;aV],
avrdtta, I. [a*?;r£f a], to execute avsats, 3. -eTi, -er [a'vsafs], layer, bed [view
arse,
III.
res-
O
4.
[a'vse'],
-f,
-ri
to
have in
ponsibility
avseende,
[awstJaW^'], res-
[a'vse'dndd],
ansvarig,
ponsible
adj.
antingen, conj. [an'^i^^'^n], either antrdffa, 1. [an-^r£/'a],.to meet antyda, II. [an'Z^/'cZa], to point
out
respect, regard avsikt, 3. -en, -er [a'vsik't], intention avskdra,\Y. [a'vfse^ra], to cut off
avstdnd,
distance
5.
-ef,
—
[a*i;sfor?/cZl,
anvdnda, II. [awvewcZa], to use anvdndande, 4. -^, -j- [an'ven'anvdndning,
dandd], use, application 2. -en, -ar [an'vfn'cZ-
avsomna,
sleep
I.
[av's^m^na], to go to
[a'vsoi'cZa], to send
avsdnda,
off,
II.
to
forward
II.
nixi\, use, application apostel, 2. -n (apostlar) [apos.^tdl], apostle a/?^iY, 3. -en, 4- [aptUt], appetite arheta, I. [aroe'^aj, to work arhete, 4. -^, -n [ar'^e'^af, work arkiater, 2. -n ("ifrjar [ar7«a.'^ar],
avsdtta, pose
O
[a't'Sf^'a],
te
de-
avkasta,
off
I.
[a'i^/cas'^a],
2.
to
throw
avsdttning,
-en,
-ar
[a't?5£^*-
n%], deposition
avtdga, I. [a'v^o'^a], to retreat avvakta, I. [a't'-ya/c'^a], to await
physician
Swedish-English.
163
had, 5. hagare,
-et,
5. -n,
— \hatd\ bath — \ha'gard^'\, baker
B
begdra,
behag,
II.
[69j«/ra],
to
desire,
to require
5.
-et,
—
[bdha'g],
plea-
bakom,
prep, [bakom'], behind
sure, ease, comfort
bal, 2, -en, -ar \ha:T\, ball bal, 3. -en, -er [6a/Z], bale balsamering, 2. -en, -ar [bal-
behaglig, adj. [bdha'glig],
fortable
com-
behova,
II.
[6a^0.'t*a], to
need
sa'meriyli,
embalming
bamburor, 5. -et, ro^r], bamboo
bana,
path,
1.
—
[bam'bmroad,
behovlig, adj. \bdh0tvlig'], necessary, needful
-n,
-or [6«'na'],
way
5. -et,
band,
—
bekant, adj. [ftaA^an/f], known, acquainted bekosta, I. [69A:os.'^a], to defray
[6an/d],
1)
band
;
bekvdm,
adj.
[69A;z;£.'m],
commo-
2) ribbon; 3) volume adj. [barba'risk], barbarisk,
dious, convenient, comfortable bekvdmlig, adj. [6aA:?;f.Wz^], con-
barbarous, barbary
barn,
5.
et,
—
venient,
filial,
commodious
[baUn], child
[fta'^nsZz^^'],
bekymmer,
barnslig, adj.
childlike
barrskog,
fir-forest
2. -en,
-ar [ftar'sArw^^],
5. -(Vje^, [^99^m!dr}, sorrow, care beldgen, adj. [^^Z^.'^an], situated beldgenhet, 3. -en, -er [bdle'gdn-
—
he't}, situation
barsk,
adj. [ftaj^'sA:], rough,
-e^,
rude
bat-
beldgga,
II.
O
[ftaZe^.^a],
to over-
batteri, 3. tery
-er [bate.'r{],
lay, to cover
bebygga,
on,
till,
II.
[&962/^'a'],
to build to
to cover with buildings, to cultivate
5. -n,
bebyggare,
inhabitant
— \b^byg'ar^'^'\,
to
beldgra, I. [bdU.'gra], to besiege 6en, 5. -e^, [6e.^n], leg, bone bereda, II. [6are.^(Za], to prepare berg, 5. -e^, [ba3r!j], mountain bergart, 3. -en, -er [6«r-Ja'^^],
—
—
rock, veinstone,
gangue
bedja, IV. to pray bedrift, 3.
feat,
\be'dja^\
-en,
3. -e^,
beg,
bergig, adj. tainous
[bxr'jig'],
3. -en,
moun{bser'js-
-er
Ibddriff],
bergstrakt,
trak't],
-er
deed
-er [bddre'gd-
mountainous
3.
tract, hilly
bedrageri,
ri.% deceit befalla, II. [6a/a?'a'], to to order
country bergsrorelse,
roe'rdlsd]
-n,
-r
[6^r-js-
command,
befattning,
2.
-en,
-ar [6a/af-
m??'], occupation, pursuit
hejinna, IV., sz^ [&a^na'], to be found, [to do, to be] befolka, I. \b9foVka^'\, to people befriare, 5. -n, Ibdfri'ard'],
—
bergds, 2. -en, -ar [bser'jo^s], mountain-ridge bero, III. [6arw.'], to depend (upon) beromd, adj. [bdrom^d], renowned berora, II. [6ardVra], to touch berova, I. [6ar0/ija], to bereave beroring, 3. -en, -ar [bdrce'riy],
contact
liberator
befdl,
5. -e^,
—
O
[bdfe'l],
-n,
befdlhavare,
Aa'?;ara],
5.
—command [69/fZofficer
besanna,
I.
[basan^a], to confirm,
to affirm
commanding
begiva, IV.
begrava, bury begravning,
nf??'],
[SajziJa'], to repair II. (IV.) [bdgra'va'], to
2. -en,
besegla, I. [6ase.'igrZa], to seal besegra, 1. [69se.*i^raj, to vanquish besittning, 2, -en, -ar [6asiY/nz7/], possession
-ar [&a^ra*v-
beskaffenhet,
3.
-en,
-{-
[bd-
burial
begripkg, adj. [ft^^W-pZi^'J, conceivable, comprehensible
skaf!dnhe't] , nature , quality, condition [scribe IV. beskriva, [bdskri^va], to de-
ll*
164
Vocabulary.
to
beskdra, IV. \hdfseira\,
bestow
upon
5. -et
besluty hesluta, I. heslaktad, adj. \hdslekttad\ kindred hestiga, IV. \hestitga], to ascend,
to climb, to
[bdslid't], decision [hdslvitta\ to decide
—
bland, prep. [&Zan.'cZ], among blanda, I. [6Zan*c?a'], to mixt, to blend blandning, 2. -e?i, -ar [blan'd7117)% mixture
blid, adj.
6Zzi;a,
feZias^,
[ftZiVcZ],
soft
IV. \bli'va^\ to become
2.
mount
-en,
-ar
[6ZiA:.'sf],
flash
bestrdla, I. [bdstroHa], to irradiate bestd, III. [bdstot], to consist
O
(of lightning)
blod,
5.
-ef,
-j-e^,
\blojid'],
adj. [69S^fm.'c?], definite bestdmma, H. [69S^f7?2.'a], to de-
bestdmd,
blodbad,
5.
—
blood
[6/a;'6?6a'6?],
massacre, slaughter
termine, to define
blomma,
blomster,
flower
I.
[6Z<i;Wa'], flower
-e^,
besvdrlig, adj. [6asr^.'r%], trou-
5.
—
[6Zo«//s^ar],
blesome
besok, 5. -e^, [ftasa'/c], visit besoka, II. [6as0.^A:a], to visit bete, 4. -#, -n [be'td'], pasture
-ew, -f- [bdgenHy], waiting, service, attendance betrakta, I. [fta^ra/c'^a], to con-
—
blomsterband,
stdrban''d\
5. -e^,
—
[6Zom'-
blomsterdal,
2.
-en,
-ar [blom'-
betjdning,
2.
stdrda^l], flowery dale
blomsterkulle, 2. -n, -ar [blomstdrkuVd], flowery hill
sider
blomster spira,
(4. -^, -|-),
I.
-n, -or
\bhm'-
betraktande
[bdtrak!-
tandd], consideration betraktelse, 3. -n, -r [bdtrakUdlsd], observation
stdrspi'ra], flowery sceptre bloss, 5. -et, [bios!'], torch blott, adv. [blot'], only, simply
—
blottad, adj. [6ZD^'ac?*], bare
betydlig, tant
adj. \b9tyidlig\
impor-
blund,
bldna,
blue
3.
-e7z,
-f-
[6Zi/n.'c?],
wink
bid, adj. [5Zo.'], blue
beundra, I. [bdun!dra], to admire beundran, 1. [69i^n.'(^raw],
—+
,
1.
[6Z0W3'], to blue, to turn[blo'sa'], to
-671,
admiration
bevis, 5. -e^ [SatiVs], proof bevdrdiga, I. [bevse.'rdiga], think worthy of
tain, to
bldsa,
to
II.
6Z«s^, 3.
-\-
blow [bhsU], wind
bibehdlla, IV. [6r&a7ioZ'a], to re-
keep on
{biblay) \bi':bdl\ bible
bldogd, adj. [ftZoo^^cZ], blue-eyed bldnka, II. [ftZf??'^^^*^']? to twinkle bloda, II. [ftZof'tZa], to bleed blodande, adj. [ftZo'cZan'c^^], bleeding
60, III. [6w/], to dwell
bibel, 2.
-?i
bidraga, lY.lbi'dra'ga], to contribute
bifall, 5.
&i7c?,
-e^, -j- [fti'/aZ'],
3.
-en,
-er
approval [bWd], image,
to
bok, 2. -en, -ar [bcoik'], beech 60A:, 3. -en (backer) [bcoik], book
boksamling,
2.
-en,
-ar
[Z)(^cA:-
picture bilda, I.
[bilda%
form
bildad, adj. [ftz'/'^^ac/^], educated bildande, part. [6i7'da?2'c?9], formative, civilizing
-en, -ar [6i7"d'«i2;'], bildning, formation, education bildstod \bildstoj^d\, statue biskop, 2. -en, -ar [ftis'/coj?'], bishop
2.
sam^liy], library (books of a..) bokstauligen, adv. [bojksta'vligdn], literally
boning,
bard, board; borgare,
5.
2.
-en,
-ar
[ft^^'m?;'],
dwelling
om
5.
-e^,
—
-n,
[Z>w.W],
,
[am.']
— on board — [bor'jar9^\
to
table,
burgher, citizen
borra,
I.
bitter, adj.
[6iY.'9?'],
bitter
bort, adv.
freeze
[bor'a'], to bore [Z>o.i^.'Zl, away, off
bjorn, 2. -en, -ar [ft/ce.'^n], bear blad, 5. -ef, [blaid], leaf
—
bortfrysa,
IV. [boji'tfrg^sa],
up
Swedish-English.
II. [bo.t'tfoh'a], to
165
break in
to
bortfora,
lead
bryta in [bryta'
m.'], to
away
bortgdng,
departure,
2. -en,
+ decease
brddmogna
\bod'tgo7)'\
[bro'dmco^gna],
ripen early brost, 5. -et^
(belly)
bortskjuta, IV. [bod-ffm'ta], to shoot away, to put-off borttaga, IV. \boji'tta'ga\ to take
\brds'.t\ breast 6wA:, 2. -en, -ar [bm'Jc], stomach
—
buss,
2. -en,
-ar
\busf\,
fellow
away
bosatt,
settled
adj.
3.
soldier
[6&>-saf],
-en,
residing,
boskap,
cattle
+
by, 2. -n, -ar [%'], village bygd, 3. -e/i, -er [byg!d], country
[&<^"s^«'p],
%^^«5,
II.
[byg'a'],
to
build,
to
cultivate
3. -en,
boskapsskotsel,
+
[bco's-
kapsfot'sdl], cattle breeding bostad, 3. -en (—stdder) [bco's^acZ'], habitation 4. -n [fttcCsff'Za], -f, bostalle,
byxa, 1. -n, -or \byk'sa'\ trousers bdda, adj. [6o*c^a'], both bade [bo-da^], both 6«Z, 3. -en, -f [&o/Z], trunk
bar,
2.
2.
-e?2,
-ar
[fto.'r],
barrow
dwelling place bosdtta, II. [6c(;,S£f a], to settle
O
-en, -ar [bekt], brook bar a, IV. [dtfe'ra'], to bear
back,
botanik, 3. -en, -4- [6w^'ani'A:], botany botanisk, adj. \b(jotainisk'\, botanic(al)
bdrgning,
2. -en, -ar [&«r;;m7;'], harvest, salvage 66'<ieZ, 2. -r (bodlar) {betddl],
executioner
botanist, 3. -en, -er [ftw^'amV^], botanist botten, 2. bottnen, bottnar [bo^.'an],
&Qya, bolja,
II. 1.
\bdj'a^\ to bend
-n, -or [6oZ:yV]
wave
soil,
ground
[brag'd], feat,
3. -en, borda, 1. -n
bon,
-er [bon], prayer
-or [6oe'^c?a'], burden
[6ce*^^i^'],
fertile,
bra, adv.
ftra^ftZ,
[Jra.^], well
bordig,
fruitful
adj.
3.
3. -en, -er
deed brant, brant, brasa,
bdrdighet,
adj. [&ran/^], steeply
3.
1.
-en, -er [6ran.'f], steep -n, -or [6rasa'], fire
[ftre-'cT],
-en, he't], fruitfulness I ftorja, [boe'rja^],
+
to
[bce'ddigbegin,
to
commence
borjan, 1, -|- \b(B'rjan''\ at the beginning
(in)
bred, adj.
wide, broad
to
breda, 11. [6re'^a'], to widen, spread out bredvid, prep. \bredviid\ by bringa, IV. [6rJ7;*a'], to bring brinna, IV. [6rma'J, to burn
C
civiliserad,
civilized
adj.,
[si'vilise^rad],
brinnande
burning
Z)ris^,
[6nn*an'c?a],
-er [brisH],
ardent,
3.
-en,
want,
2.
lack
brista, IV., bro, 2. -n, -ar [brcof], bridge broder, 3. -n (broder) \brcj'ddr% brother brud, 2. -en, -ar [ftrm.'c?], bride
p
-e?i, -ar [c?a/^], day dag, dager, 2. -n (dagrar) \datgdr\
wf
[6ns*i^a'], to burst
day-light
c?<3^^^,
2.
-en, -}- [c?a^.^,
-ef,
bruklig,
usual il
adj.
[5rm'A:%'], used,
-ar
[ftrwn.'],
daggvin, 5. winy dew
dag si' dagsljus,
2. -en,
5.
-e^,
dew — \dag'vi^n\ — \dag'sjuL^s\
to capi-
brunn,
&r?/^a
well
off
bryta, IV. ay
[ftri/'^a*], to
break
day light dagtinga, 1
tulate
.
\dagti'r)''a\
/ram
[bryta''
framt\
to
break forth
dal,
2.
-en,
-ar [dail]
valley, vale
166
Vocabulary.
-ar [dalkar^l],
dalkarl, 2. -m, Dalecarlian
dam,
3.
-m, -er [da'm], lady
2. -en,
damm,
-ar [cZam-], pond,
dricka, IV. [c?nA:a'], to drink driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^], drift driva, IV. [(iri'ya'], to drive droppe, 2. -n, -ar [cZrop'a'], drop drottning, 2. -en, -ar [cZro^'m'T;'],
dansa, I. \dan'sa^\ to dance dansk, adj. [dan'sk], Danish, Dane decimal, adj. [de'simaH], decimal decimalsystem. 5 -et, -[~ [^esima'lsyste'm.], decimal system del, 2. -e?2, -ar [deH], part, portion c?eZa, I. [de'la^], to divide deltaga, IV. [iie'Z^a'^a], to take a share (part.) dessutom, adv. [cZ^szi^fom], besides
destillera,
I.
queen
drunkna,
drowned
droja, II. be long
I.
[<i^rw2?*/!:?ia'],
to
be
to
[fZroj'a'],
to delay,
2. -men, -mar \drdm!:\ dream duva, 1. -n, -or \dvi'va''\ pigeon dunge, 2. -n, -ar [duy'd'], thicket dunkel, adj. {durjikdV] dark,
drom,
,
[c?es'^z7e.Va], to distill
gloomy, dingy dvdrg, 2. -en, -ar
[cZi^c^r/;],
dwarf
diadem, 5. diadem
(3.), -et,
-er [di'ads^m],
dygd,
dJ^ZzA:,
3. -en, -er [dyg.'d], virtue
adj.
dividend, 3. -en, -er [di'vidsn'd], dividend dividera, \di'videira'\, divide division, 3. -eri, -er [cZ{'viya>/?i], division [visor divisor, 3. '-?i, -er \divi'sor^\ diI.
[^'Zz'^], like, similar
dyr, adj.
[cZ^Z-'r],
dear
dyrbar,
cZa,
adj. [t^^'r^aV], dear
adv. [do'], then cZan, 5. -et, -f" [^^-^^1^ roaring
cZara, I. [cZo'ra'], befool
to infatuate, to
c?/wp, adj. [im.'jp], deep, (profound)
djupsinnig, profound
djur,
5. -e^,
adj.
[jmpsin'igl,
animal
5. -et, [dek'], deck ddrefter, adv. [cZ^.'rf/rar], there-
ddck,
—
—
after
[jtnir],
djurgdrd,
2. -en,
-ar [jm'rgo^jid],
ddrfor, adv. [<Z«r.^cer], therefore ddrihland, adv. [d^.'riblan'd],
zoological garden
doktor, 3.-71, -er[(Zoyfc/^Qr], doctor doktorsvdrdigket, 3. -e?2, -|- [cZ^A:*torsvas'rdighet], doctorate cZow, 2. -en, -ar [^<i>.'m], judgment, sentence dam, 3. -en, -er [dom% dome,
among
ddrigenom,
thereby
adv.
\dsetrije'nom\
ddmere,
there
adv. [dsetmerd],
down
ddrpd, adv. [d«.'rpo], there upon
ddrstddes, 2A^\d,setrsted9s'\, there ddrtill, adv. [cl^.'r^i'Z], thereto ddruppe, adv.[cZ«.Vwjp'a], up there cZo, IV. [(?0.^, to die
^ocZ, adj.
cZocZ,
[cZ0.'cZ],
cupola
domkyrka,
domstol,
dap,
1. -n-or[c?om*pGer'A:a], cathedral, minster
2. -en, -ar [<Z6;*ws^6;'Z], tribunal, court
dead
[cZe.'cZ],
5. -e^,
3.
—
2. -en,
I.
-ar
death
[c?&;/^],
baptism,
cZocZa,
r^0*cZa'], to kill
3.
christening
dodlig, adj. [do'dlig'], mortal
-en,
drahant,
satellite
-er
[dfra6an/^],
dodsstund,
s^wn'cZ],
-en,
-er
[docZ'.s-
\dratg\ feature draga, IV. \dra'ga^\ to draw dragare, 5. -n, [dra'gard% draught animal, beast of burden dragon, 3. -en, -er [dragojin], dragoon -ar 2. drake, -n, [c^ra'/ca'],
<^ra/7, 5. -et,
—
hour of death
[d?aZ'./a'],
dolja,
II.
II.
to conceal to
—
doma,
dopa,
dorr,
<ic>^;,
[(iom'a'], to judge, condemn, to sentence
II.
[dopa^
-ar
to baptize, to
christen
2. -en,
[dfajr.'],
door
dragon, (paper-)kite
adj. [dotv],
deaf
Swedish-English.
167
efter, adv. [ef'tdr^ after
efterldmna [ef'tdrUm'na], to leave
behind
eftertrddare,
«/]fermWcZ,
5. -n, ^r^'cZara], successor
—
3. -er [/a&nVfc], -en, manufacture, works fa(de)r, 3. -n, fader [/acZar'],
fahrik,
[Ef.tdv-
father
faktor,
3. -ti,
-er [/afc.'for], factor
2.-672, -|-[^/*^9^''v«^*^,
posterity, future
e^en, adj. [e'^an'], own egendomlig, adj. \e'gdndojmHig], peculiar
folia, IV. [/aZ'a'], to fall falsk, adj. [/aZ.'sA:], false familj, 3. -eTi, -er [/amiZ/;], family fana, 1. -w, -or [/a'Tia'], flag,
colours /a?'^, 1- -n, -or [fa'ra% danger fara, IV. [fa'ra'], to go, to drive
egenskap,
3. -e/i, -er [e'^snsAra'p],
property, quality
ekipage, 5. -t, (r) [ek'ipaJf], equipage 3. ekvator, -n, -er [ekva'tor'], equator eldgnista, 1. -n, -or [eZ'cZ^nw'^a], spark eZcZ2^, adj. [el'dig^ fiery, ardent stdder {^eVdeldstad, 3. -ew,
—
farhro(de)r
farfa(de)r,
,
3.
-n,
—broder
[faribrojr], uncle
3. -n, —fader [far!/a^], grandfather farfordldrar [far.fcerel'drar], grandparents farlig, adj. [/(^'rZz^'], dangerous
—
sta'd], fire place
eZeA;^or, elector
3.
-n,
-er
leUk'tor^X
[fairy
elf,
2. -n, —modrar farrao(de)r yjartma)r\ grandmother
eller, conj. lEV.9r\ or
cZi;a,
1. -n,
fartyg,p.-et,
/^J-^'^^Z
„
— ifa-rty'g\ vessel
[/a'ryfZ],
^ tj firm, solid
-or faZmj [£Zi;a],
mterj.
good
ewieZZan, prep. [em^Z'an'], between emellertid, adv. [smtZV^zV^Z], ho-
"y®
j.
r/*
^t
vever enda, adj.
e7i(Z«.9Z,
/asZer,
[en'cZa'],
/*^«^» adj. [/a^.Z], 2. -n (fastrar)
[fasttdr\
,
alone, one
,
adv.
[e/i'cZas'Z]
only,
simply enfaldig, adj. [enfal'dig], simple
enhet,
-er [en.'^eZ], unity mkel, adj. [e?;/A:aZ], simple, single enligt, prep. [e'wZi^r'Z], according
3.
-e72,
fastland, 5. -et, (—lander) [fas land], continent
^ ^V?*
,
.
,
,
,..
,r^
./
t-
fastdn,
fatta,
I.
conj. [/as'Zm^], although [/aZ'a'j, to seize, to com-
prehend
fattig, adj. [/aZ'i^'], poor
to adj. [e'nsam'], sole, alone enskild, adj. [e'ri/zZ'cZ], private
fattigdom,
poverty
5. fel, fault
'i.-en, -\-
[fal'igdcom%
mistake,
ensam,
-eZ,
—
[/e/Z],
cnsZz^, adj. [e'wsZ/^' J, lonely, alone enstaka, adj. [e'nsta'ka], isolated,
solitary
fiende,
3. -n, -r
[fl'dndd^ enemy
hostile,
erbjuda, IV. [e'rZym'da], to offer erfara, IV. [e*r/aVa], to learn, to hear
e>^hdlla, IV. [e*rA£>Z'a], to receive
fientlig, adj. [Jien'tlig], inimical
^n,
adj. [fi'n'}, fine
finger,
2. -n, (—gret, —grar) [A'^^J? finger
erA:a7iwawcZe,4:.-Z,-7i[e-r^m'ancZa],
acknowledgment
erovra, I. [e'ro'vra], to conquer, to overpower
evig, adj. [e'vig^], eternal
^/iwa, IV. [Jin-a'], to find ^nnas, IV. [fn-as'l to be (found)
fira,
I.
[T^'^a'],
to
celebrate,
to
solemnize
exempel, 5. example
-eZ,
—
fsk,
[ffcs^m.'paZ],
fiskare,
fisher
2. -en, 5.
-ar [fs!k], fish
-w,
—
[^s'fcara'J,
168
Vocabulary.
5.
fiske,
-t,
-n [jis'kd], fishing,
-t,
fot, 3. -en, (fotter) [fojtt],
^fishery
jiskldge,
fjdll, 5.
fotfolk,
4.
5.
-et,
-
foot
\_fojttMkl
-n
[Jis'kh'gd'],
infantry
fisher village
-et,
—
frambringa,ll. 0[fram'briy'a],
[/jsl'],
mountain
to bring forth, to
yjdUmark,d.-en,-er[fJ€l'mar'k], mountainous soil
fjdrdedel,
c?e'Z],
framgd,
III.
©
produce
to
[fram'go%
2. -en,
-ar [fjce'rdd-
fourth
advance, to step along framgdng, 2. -en, -ar [fram-goy% success
flera [fle'ra'], several
flertal, 5. -et, jority
—
framkalla,
maframsteg,
[fle'rta^T]
I. [fram'kal^a\ to call forth, to cause, to occasion
5. -et,
— [fram'ste'g],
[fram'sto'\
to
flicka,
flit,
1. -n,
[3.] -en,
+
-or [Jiik'a^], girl
[fli't],
progress
diligence,
framstd,
appear
III.
O
application
flitig, adj. [fli'tig'], diligent
flod, 3. -e?i, -er [.)?<y.'6?], river flotta, 1. -n, -or [flot-a'], fleet flottig, adj. {^flot'ig'X fatty, " greasy "
j^2/j
III.
[.^2/-'Jj
to flee
framstdende,Sidj.[fram-sto^dndr)], eminent, leading framstdllU, II. [/ram's^^/'a], to expose, to represent framtid, 3. -en, -er [fram'ti^d],
future
fiyga, IV. [flyga'l to fly ^2/^eZ, 2. -71 (flyglar) iflg'gdl'], wing, aisle ^2/^(2, IV. [^i/-^a'], to flow
flytta,
1.
framtrdda,
appear
II.
[fram'tre'da], to
[/r•am•^;^'sa j forth
,
framvisa,
evince, to
I.
to
[j?2/^*a'],
to
remove, to
show
wander
flyttfdgel, 2. -n (—glar) [flytfo^gdl], bird of passage flyttning, 2. -en, -ar [flyt'niy^],
Frankrike
franska,
1. -n,
[fraykri''kd], France [fran-ska'],
wandering
fldcka,
fidkta,
to
I.
Ifls'ka'],
to
to
blot,
to
stain, to spot
I.
lfre.'d], peace fredlig, adj. [fre'dlig'], peaceful 5. fredshrott, [/rec^'sftrof], breach of the peace
French fred. 3. -en, -er
+
—
\^flek'ta%
breathe,
blow (gently)
3.
^*rrf,
-en,
/oZA:, 5. -eZ,
+ —
3.
-e^,
[flseUd], vanity
-en,
[foUk], people
-er
[/bZ'A:-
fri, adj. [/nV], free frid, 3. -n, {friid'\, peace, [calm] frihet, 3. -en, -er [/nV^e^], liberty
—
folkmdngd,
folkslag,
nation
5.
/WA:os%,
frodas,
adj.
[/rrA:os'%j, liberal
m£2?*^], population
—
frisk, adj. [/nVA:], fresh, healthy
[fol'ksWg],
fritt, adv. [/rzY.^], freely 1. [/rc<>'c?a5'], thrive
adj.
[/rfo^'tZz^J,
prolific,
fordra,
I.
[/oj'rcZra'], to
demand,
frodig,
to claim
luxuriant
-er [/<wrnZrc?],
[/(W'^^/a'ra],
to
fomtid,
fortfara,
3. -en,
antiquity, past
/rw, 2. -n, -ar [friat'], wife frukt, 3. -en, -er [/rwA:/Z], fruit
IV.
frukthar,
frukttrdd,
fruit-tree
adj. [/rwA:"^6a'r], fruit5. -e^,
continue
ful, fertile
fortfarande, adv. {fco'jitfaWandd\, continually, continuedly
— [/rw^"^^r£'],
fortsdtta,
II.
O
[foj'jitsefa],
to
frukttrddgdrd,2.-en,-ar[fruk'ttre'^goM], orchard
continue, to pursue
fortsdttande[foj'd,ts£t^andd],continuation
frysa, IV.
[frt/'sa*], to freeze
frysa
2.
fortsdttning,
sef'ni'ij],
-en,
-ar
[fcj'jut-
continuation
bort, IV. [frysa'' bod't], to freeze away frdga, 1 . -n, -or [fro'ga''], question
Swedish-English.
to
169
frdga,
I.
[/ro'^aj,
ask,
to
fdltrop,
parole
^
5.
-et,
question
frdn, prep, [froin], from [/ro'7ii;a'rwJ, frdnvaro, 1. -n,
+
5. fdlttdg campaign
-e^,
— —
[fEl'trcxj'-p],
[/f^'^^o'^],
absence
/arc^,
2. -en,
3. -en,
-er [fasUd], journey,
frdmling,
-ar [frem'tiy^],
ride, drive
(foreigner) stranger
fdste, 4.
-t,
-n, [fes'td],
firmament
frammande,
frdnde,
/ro,
adj.
[frem'andd],
strange, foreign 3. -ew, -er [fren'd9^'\, re•^^''^ / .. 4. -(e)t,
I.
foda, foda,
to,
1. -n, -\II.
[fo'da^], food [/0*c?a'], to give birth
to be born
n ^ -n r^ [froil seed /wA:^, adj. [/?/A:.'^], damp, moist
fulda,
[/i^A:-^a'],
^
to
wet,
to
moisten
/wZZ, adj.
/o^eZse, 3. -tz, [/^-f^aZsa'], birth y^^^ ifo'Q^'l little foija^ n, [/oZ'/a'], to follow foljande, adj. [fol'jandd'l folio-
+
[fuHlMl
I.
wing
foijd,
3. -en,
-er,
fullborda,
[/wZ-6co»-^c?a], to terminate, to achieve, to accomII.
[fdmi
result
y^v^^ n.
[/ce-ra'], to conduct, to
^?5''^ fullgora,
7-
TT
^ O
^-
r^
7
-c
7
-,
.
lead /^'^^ bort[fce'ra' boMt], lo lead
[/wZ'jo'ra],
to
1
away
/oV«wi^i>[/os-ra'w2)/], toleadup fdra over [fce-ra' o.'vdr], to lead over
/6Vafcj5, 5.
-ej^,
^m^^ fullkomlig,
complete
adj.
I.
r^7
<7-
[ful-Jcom'hgl
to
fullkomna,
[fuVkom'na],
perfect, to accomplish
+
Ifmrakit], con-
fullstdndig, adj. [ful'sten'dig], perfect, complete furste, 2. -n, -ar [/w.i*sf9'], prince furstekrona, 1. -n, -or [/w.x*s^a/([:rcc»'wa], princely crown
tempt forakta, I. [/cera/c/fa]., to despise foraktlig, adj. [fcerakUlig], disdainful
forarga, I. forbereda,
[foerar^ja],
II.
to
anger
to
i
[/cer6are.''c?a],
,.
furstinna,
princess
1. -n,
-or [fuj^stin- a'l
forbindhg,
obliging
fill
^..P^^.P^f.
r^
i.-
^^7-
adj.
[fcerbin^dhg],
to
to
furstUg, 3idi.[fud'sUig% princely
/2/ZZa, II. [/|//-a'], to
/^ra
[/^/'ra'J, four
/a
fgsisk, adj. [fy!sisk], physical [/o/], few
III. [f(B'rbise'l overlook, to omit I. [fcerblin!da], forblinda, dazzle
forbise.
O
fd. III. O [/o/], to get, may fdgel, 2. -tz, -ar [fo!gdl], bird
fordjupning,
fdnga, I. [/b??'a*], to catch fdnge, 2. -n, -ar \_foj)'d^'\, prisoner fdngenskap, 3. -eri, [/oT^'an-
2. -eri, -ar [foerjmipniy], deepning, cavity, hollow
+
foredraga, IV.
prefer
[/ce'rad^ra'^a], to
s^a'p], captivity
/«r,
5.
-et,
-
foregdende,
adj. [/ce'rajgo'anc^^],
/aZaZz^, adj. portant
[fotrl sheep [fo'ta'ligl unim[/f*-
forekomst,
...P^f^dent
3. -en, /r^m'sZ], occurence 3. -en, Us^nir)], lecture
5.
-ei^,
+
[/os'ra-
fddernesjord,
2. -en, -ar ddrndsjco'jLd], native soil
foreldsning,
-ar [/ce'ra-
fddernesland,
/aZ^, 5.
-e^,
5. -eZ, [/f*^9^ndslan^d], native land (country)
+
foremdl,
— [fce'rdmo'l],
to unite
[/cere.':
—
object, subject
fdltherre,
general
2. -n,
[/H'Z], field -ar ifel'thxr'd],
forena, I. [/cere/na], forening, 2. -en, -ar union
170
Vocabulary.
III.
forestd,
[fce'rdsto^],
to
to
fornya,
I.
[fcemy.'a], to renew
govern, to
manage
[jce'rdstel^a], to represent,
forndm,
uished
to
adj. [foeme'Tn], disting-
forestdlla, II. place before, introduce
forndm st, adj.
distinguished
[fcerne.'mst], most
forestdllning, 2. -en, -ar [foR'r9image, performance, sterniy'], representation notion foretaga, II. [/ce'rafa'^a], to undertake forfatta, I. [fcerfaHa], to compose forfattare, 5. -n, [/cer/a^/ara], author IV. forjiyta, [foerflytta], to flow
forndja,
II.
forordande,
[foerndj.'a], to satisfy 4. 4, -f [/cer^j'^-
—
dan'd9], recommendation 4. +, -|- [fcero'ddnan^dd], order forra [fceva^], former forre [/osr'a'], fonner
forordnande,
forraderi,
treason
3. -e^,
-er [/cert'^eW.^,
forrddisk,
torous
adj. [/ce?'f/dzsA:], trai-
away forfrdga,
quire
I.
[f(Krfra!ga], to in1.
forrdn,
forfrdgan,
— +
,
forsakelse,
[foerfro'-
conj. [/osr^/n], before 3. -ti, -r \f(Brsa.^kdlsd],
2.
-e?i,
self denial
^aTi], inquiry, question forgd^ III. [/cer^o.'], to pass, to slip away, to disappear, to
forsamling,
elapse
[/osr[cure /orsA;a^<2, I. [/cersAra/'a], to proforskansning, 2. -en, -ar [fcer-
-ar
samUiy], meeting
forgdves [fcergs.^vds], in vain forhand, (pd) [ foerhantd], beforehand
forhdllande,
4. -^,
-n [foerhDl'an-
skanisniy], intrenchment 2. -en, -f- [foersko'm'l;], exemption, forbearance forskriva, IV. [/o2rsA:riVt;a], to
forskoning,
dd], circumstance
prescribe
forhdva,
[foRrhefva], to boast, to brag, to be proud of forhdrja, I. [fcerhe.'rja'], to deII.
forsld,
III.
forstrdcka,
II.
[/cersZo.'], to suffice \^f(Brstrikta\ to
vastate, to ravage
forklara,
plain;
—
I.
[/cer/i:Za.'ra],
to ex-
advance, to stretch forstd, III» [/cersto.*], to understand
ndgon for
IfoRrkUidaX
(helig) [guise
helgon [no'gon'
nonize
he'lig^], to ca-
forsvar,
fdrsvaga,l.[f(Brsva!ga],tOYfeaiken 5. -et, -\- [/cersva.V], defense
forkldda, forkovra,
II.
I.
to dis-
[/cerA:o/i;raj, to im1.
prove, to perfect
forkovran,
ko^vrari],
—
,
-|-
[fcer•
improvement
forkola,
stifle
I.
forkvdva,
forlora, forlust,
loss
I.
[foerko.'la^, to charr to il. [foerkv£.^va\,
to lose [fcerlco'ra'j, -en, -er [/asrZi/s/^],
5. -n, [fcersva^rard], defender IV. forsvinna, [foersvin'a], to disappear forsdkring, 2. -en, -ar [fcerseikriy], insurance, assurance /orfj^'na, I. [/cer^f.'na], to deserve fortjdnt, adj. [fcergen't], deserved
forsvarare,
—
fortvivlan,
Za7i],
1.
— +
,
[foertvitvto
3.
despair
II.
fortdra,
[/cer^«.'ra],
con-
forlustelsestdlle, 1. -if, -n [/cerlusitdlsd], pleasure ground formiddag, 2. -en, -ar [foermid'da'g], morning, forenoon fbrmd, III. F/cerma.'], to be able
sume
fortoma,
fend
I.
[/cer^ce.Vna], to ofI.
forundra
to
sig,
1.
[/cBrw7i/c?ra],
wonder
fdrnitftig,&ai.[foemuf.'tig},Te&sonable
forundran,
dran], wonder,
— + [foenin'astonishment
,
Swedish-English.
to
171
forvdna(s),
astonish
I.
[fcervo.'na],
giftig, adj. {jif'tig^\ poisonous giva, IV. [^ji'va^\ to give
-ar [fcervo'forvaningj niy], astonishment
2. -en,
givande,
forvdxla,
mistake
I.
{^fc&rvEkisW]
,
to
adj. [jrvan'dd], fertile, productive ^;w^a, IV. \^jui'ta% to pour (forth)
foradla, 1. [foRre'd'la], to ennoble foranderlig, adj. [fcereniddrlig], unsettled, changeable
glans, dour
glas,
2. -en, -j- [^Zan.^s], splen-
fordldrar,
parents
pi.
[
/cereZ/^rar],
5. -e^, [^^a-'s], glass gles, adj. [gle!s~\, thin ^ZicZa, IV. [^Zi'^a'], to glide, slide
—
to
to
to I. [foeren^dra], change, to alter fordndring, 1. -en, -ar [/cerenidrirj], change, reform
fordndra,
^ZtWa
/ram
[gli'da' framf],
glide
forodmjuka,
to
I.
[fce'rodmjm'ka],
humble forodmjukelse, 3. -w, -r [/ce'rddmjmtkdlsd\ humiliation foroka, I. [/(}sr'0.'A:a], to increase, to augment forokning, 2. -en, -ar [fcere'kniy], increase, augmentation
ri
glddja, II. O [^ZfcZ'ja'j, to rejoice, to be glad glddje, 3. -n, [gUd'jd^], joy gloda, II. [^Z0'cZa'i, to make red to hot, glow
+
glodande, wing
adj. \^gl0-dan^dd\,
II.
glo-
glomma,
god, adj. godhet,
[^to».*cZ],
3.
[^Zom'a'], to forget good, kind -en, [^6;/(Z^ef],
+
goodness, kindness
godhjdrtad,
goodhearted
adj.
[^(y*<Zj^./-'^acZ],
gaffel,
2.
-w,
(gafjiar) [gaf'dl],
godo
^ods,
gosse,
(till)
[gco'doj^], in favour
fork
5.
-et,
—
[gojt!s],
goods
^a^n,
5. -et, -\- [gay.^n], profit
gammal,
ganska,
entirely
adj. [^am'aZ'], old adv. [^an*sA:a'], quite,
grad,
2. -n, -ar [^os"a'], boy 3. -en, -er [^ra/d], grade
gram, 5. gramme
granne,
hour
-me^,
—
[^raw/],
gardesregemente,
4. -^, -n \^ga'jiddsre^jdinenHd], regiment of life-
2.-n,
-ar[gran'd% neigh5.
guards gata, 1. -n, -or [^a'^a'], street
grannland,
-et,
(—Idnder)
gemensam,
mutual
adj.
[jame/nsam],
[^ran'/an'tZ], neighbouring country grav, 2. -en, -ar [^graiv], grave
general, 3. -en, -er [je'ndrail], general genius, -ien, -ier [jeinius], genius genljud, 5. -et, [je-nljm^d], echo
—
grekisk, adj. [^re.'A:isA;], greek ^ren, 2. -en, -ar [gre!n], branch gripa, IV. [grrpa^], to seize gro. III. \_gra)t'], to shoot forth [^rwn.'cZ], ground grund, 5. -eZ,
—
genom, prep. [je/nD/n], through genomtrdnga, II. [je'nomtrey^a],
to penetrate
grund,
tive,
3. -en,
-er [^ri^n/cZ],
mo-
reason
II.
grundldgga,
to
O
[^rwn'cZZf^'a],
genomtdga,
genomvdt,
through
[j'e'nom^o'^a], to traverse, to go through, to cross
I.
found
-or [^rm'va'], mine IV. [^ro'^a'], to cry, to
1. -n,
gruva,
grata,
adj. [,;e"n3mz;o.'^],
wet
gentemot
gevdr,
rifle
[je'ntemco^t], in front of
5.
-et,
opposite,
weep grdns,
tier,
3.
-en, -er
I.
[^r^s],
to
fron-
—
boundary, limit
[^r£^n"sa'],
{^jdv€tr\
gun,
grdnsa,
(on) to
border
be bounded by
172
Vocabulary.
grdnmqiitlad
[gro'nman^tlad],
harm,
2.
-en,
covered with a green mantle gronskande, adj. \^grdn'skan^dd], green gubbe, 2, -n, -ar [gub'9^], old
+
[^ar.'w],
dis-
pleasure
harmoni, 3. harmony
hast,
-ctz,
-er \har'mojni:\
man
gud, 2. -en, -ar [gm!d], God gudfruktig, adj. Igm'dfruk'tig],
pious
2. -en, -\- \hastt\ hast hasta, I. [^asta'], to hasten hastig, adj. [/^as'^i^'j, sudden ^ay, 5. -et, [ha'v], sea
—
gudsfruktan,
1.
—
,
havsvind,
-|~
2. -en, -ctr [Aa"?;si-z/i'<f],
[gut's-
sea-breeze
fruk'tan], fear of God (of the Lord)
gul, adj. [gm.'l], yellow
hedersbetygelse,
ddrsbdty'gdlsd],
3.
-n,
marks
-r [^eof honour
guld, 5. -et, [gul-d], gold guldvingade, adj. [gul'dviy^ad], with golden wings adj. gullstdnkt [^wZ*s^f?y'A:^],
,
+
hedning, 2. -en, -ar [he'dniy'], heathen hejda, I. [hej'da^ to hold back hel, adj. [^e.'Z], whole
helgedom., 2. -en, -ar[hel'gddcom% sanctuary helgeflundra, 1. -n, -or [hel'gdflun'dra], halibut helgon, 5. -et, \hd'gon% saint helig, adj. [^e'%'J, saint, holy hem, 5. -we^, [hemf], home hemfbra, II.[^ew/ce'ra], to bring
yellow stained
gunga, gynna,
I.
[^W7?*a'],
adj.
to
swing
favour
fa-
I.
[j'^/wa'], to
gynnsam,
vourable
[ji'^/n'saTw'],
^«,
III.
[gof], to go;
;
—
[upi] till, out
— upp — up to — ut [mtt],
-ar [goy^], passage,
— —
gang,
2. -en,
home hemkomst,
hemlighet,
3.
-e)i,
+
[^e^'"
way
-ar [goUd], farm gdta, 1. -w, -or [go'ta^], riddle ^az;a, 1. -ri, -or [go'va^], gift, donation [to be worth gdlla, II. [jfZ'a'], to be in force, gdngse, adj. YJeysd''], usual
2. -en,
Ar^wsif], return
3.
1 -en, -er [ffoy!], [goy-], time
(home)
-er [hem'lig-
gang, gdrd,
3.
-en,
he't], secret
hemma,
hemvist,
herre,
adv. [Aem'a'],
5.
-e^,
—
home
[Aem'i'z.s-'^],
dwelling, domicile
2. -n,
-ar [A^r'a'], gentle2.
man
hei'regdrd,
hertig,
-en,
gdrna,
adv. [j^'^na'l. willingly
-ar
^oA:, 2. -en, -ar [^joiTc], cuckoo gomma, II. [jom'a'], to hide
[hssr'd-
go\id\ manor, mansion
2. -en,
^ora,
II.
[jce'ra'],
to
do to
-ar [^^r'fz^'], duke
make
H
{^haik\ notch chin ^aZa, I. [Aa'Za'], to haul halv, adj. [AaZ.'v], half halvo, 2. -71, -ar* [hal'vo^], peninsula hals, 2. -en, -ar [haHs], neck hamn, 2. -en, -ar [Aam//i], port,
hak,
5. -e^,
1.
—
^aA:a,
[Aa*A:a'],
hertiginna, 1. -n, -or [hser'tigin'a'], duchess hes, adv. [^e/s], hoarse het, adj. [Ae/^], hot to be called /ie^a, II. [Ae'^a'],
(named)
heita,
1.
-n, -|- [Ae^'a'],
heat
himmel, 2. (himmeln or himmlen, himlar) \him'dl^\ heaven
hindra,
I.
[^m'(?ra'], to prevent,
to, to
harbour
hand, 3. -ew, (hdnder) [han'd], hand handling, 2. -ew, -ar [han'dliy^],
action, deed, act
impede hinna, IV. [^m'a'l, to get fram {^framt\ reach;
to hinder, to
—
to at-
tain
hiss, 2. -en, -ar [7«V], lift hissa, 1. [/its"a'], to lift
Swedish-English.
173
himlajiamma,
l.-n, -or[him'la-
flam''a], fire of
heaven
himlastege^ 2. -n, -ar [him'laste'gd], heavenly ladder
historia,
history
3. -ien, -ier [histoj!ria],
AarcZ, adj. [hod'd], hard hdftig, adj. [hsf'tig], violent AaZ/f, 3. -en, -er [heW], half hdmta, I. [y^fm'Za*], to fetch;
m —
[
—
m],
3.
bring
in,
go and fetch, to to take in
to
-n,
historisk, adj. [histoj.'risk], historic(al) hjord, 2. -en,
hdndelse,
-r
[A^^i.cZaZsa],
occurence, event
-ar [jcoUd], herd,
[jel'p], help
[y'fZ'^a'],
hdngiven,
adj.
3.
[Afn'jz'z;an],
-f-
de-
flock
voted (sunendered)
2. -en, -\-
hjalp,
hdnsyn,
nished
-en,
[A£?i*52/'n],
hjdlte, 2. -n, -ar
hjdrta,
4. -^,
-n
[j^j.'ta''],
hero heart
hearty,
respect (in this) hdpna, I. [hep'na^],
to
be asto-
hjdrtlig, adj. heartily
[jasj.-tlig'],
-or [i^sa'], crown (of the head) holme, 2. -?i, -ar [/ioZ'???a'], islet
hjdssa,
1.
-72,
hdr, 2. -en, -ar [A^.'r], army hdr, adv. [A^.'r], here
hdrlig,
adj.
I.
[A^'rZz^'],
magnifi-
cent, splendid
heap [hop'], hope Aopp, 5. -et, hoppa, I. [^op'a*], to leap, to skip hoppas, 1. [Aopas'], to hope
/lopa,
I.
[hco'pa'], to
—
hdrska,
hdst,
[Aars/ca'],
to rule, to
dominate
hdstbdr,
litter,
2. -en, -ar [AesfZ], horse 2. -en, -ar [Afs*^5oV],
hota, I. [^oj'^a'], to threaten hov, 2. -en, -ar [^&>/y], hoof hov, 5. -ef, [ho.'v], court
barrow
—
ho,
5.
-(^e)^,
+
[ho!],
hay
Ao^, adj.
[AoZ/gr],
high
hugnad,
3. -en, -er [^w?;"7iacZ'], satisfaction, consolation 2. -en,
hogldnd, adj. [Ao'^Z^ti'cZ], highland hogskola, 1. -n, -or [ho'gskoj'la],
highschool hogtidlighet, 3. -e?i, -er [Ao'A;tidlighet], festivity hdja, II. [Aot;"*a'], to raise hdjd, 3. -en, -er [AojVcZ], height Aora, II. \hoR'ra^\ to hear horsel, 3. -n, -j- [Acer'saZ], hearing Aos^, 2. -en, -ar [liosit], autumn hostdag, 2. -en, -ar [hds'tda'g],
humlegdrd,
go'.id],
-ar {hum'h-
hopgarden
-en, -ar \]iuntd\ adj. [^w?;'ri^'],
5.
hund,
Alts,
5.
2.
hungrig,
-e^,
husdjur,
— —
dog hungry house [hmtii], [Am*sjm.V], do-
mestic animal
husgerddssaker, pi. [hui'sjdro'dssa'kdr\ utensils hushdll [hm'shoV], housekeeping huvud, 5. -e^, [hui'vu'd], head huvudsaklig, adj. [huivudsa'k-
—
autumnal day
hovding,
2.
-en,
-ar
[A0'a;(^i2?'],
chieftain
%ZZa, %ZZa,
[%Z'a'], shelf [%/•«'], to do homage, to swear allegiance
I.
lig], chiefly 1. -n, -or
I
hylsa,
A.?/sa,
1.
II.
-n,
-or \hyl'sa''\ husk
\hy'sa'], to preserve, to
iakttagelse, observation ihland, adv.
z^A:a;
1.
3.
n. r. [raA:to*^aZs9],
[zftZan/cZ],
among
to to re-
entertain
hytt, 3. -e?z, -er \hyt^, cabin /la^, 2. -en, -|- \hotg\ mind, spirit
[icZ'A^a'],
to
exercise,
carry on
igenkdnna,
II. [ijen'gen^a'],
hdglos, adj. [/io'^/e's], lazy,
dolent hdl, 5. -e^,
hdll, 5.
-et,
in-
—
cognize, to know again ihdrdig, adv. [i'hmr'-dig],
per-
hdlla, IV.
[^c>Z"a'],
hdr,
5. -e^,
— —
[y^o.7],
hole
severing
[hoU], side
to
inhillning [in'bWniy], fancy, imagination
hold
[ho.'r], hair
inhjuda, lY. [in'bjm^da],
to invite
174
Vocabulary.
3. -en, -er meridicu'n], meridian
inhryta^ IV. [in'hryHa], to break
in
jordmeridian,
[jV^>'.i<Z-
inbyggare^
5. -n,
— [in'hyg^ard],
jordmdn,
ground
3. -en, -er [jco'jidmo^n],
inhabitant, dweller
indela, I, [mtZe'Za], to divide infalla, IV. [m'^aZ'a], to invade infinna, IV. [m'Jfn'na], to appear infiytande, 4. -^, -j- [in'fly^tandd], influence
infiytelse,
3. -r^,
just, adv. [^its/Z], just
-r [in'fly^tdlsd],
influence
ingen, adj. [iy'dn^], nobody ingenting^ pTon.liy'dntiy^ nothing irihdmta, I. [in'hem'ta], to bring
in
jdgare, 5. -n, [jtgard'], hunter, sportsman jdmforelse, 3. -n, -r[J£m'fd'ralsd], comparison jdmn, adj. [jtm/n], even jdmte, prep, [i^m-ifa'], with jdrnvdg, 2. -en, -ar [y^'u-nt'c'^],
jo/iceZ,
—
railway (railroad) 2. -n, (joklar)
glacier
[jo'kdr],
[in'dha^va], to possess innehdlla, IV. [m'^T^oZ^a], lo contain
innehava
K
/caA:a, 1. -n,
/caZ/c, 2. -en, kalk, 2. -en,
innesluta, [m'asZm'Za], comprise, to include inom, prep, [m'om'], within
IV.
to
+ -ar
-or [ka'ka^], cake [kal'k], quick-lime
[^'aZ/A:],
cup,
inre, adv. [m*ra'], interior inrista, I. [mrzs'^a], to engrave
chalice
inrddan,
1.
—
,
-f"
[iw^o'San],
advice insikt, 3. -ew, -er [in'sikH'], notion,
5. -et, \kaVkgrun'd], calcareous soil kalksten, 3. -en, -ar [kal'kste^n^^
kalkgrund,
lime-stone
—
idea
kail, adj. {kalf], cold
to creep
to lock
/caZZa, 1. \kaVa'\, to call [upf], to call up
;
insmyga, IV. [in'smy'ga],
in
—upp
vo-
instdnga,
II.
[m'sZ^^^'a],
kallelse, 3. -n, -r [/caZ'aZsa'j,
cation, calling, appeal
(up), in intryck, 5. -e^,
+
[in'tryk'], im-
kanon,
.
3.
-en, -er [A:anco»/n], can-
pression
non, gun
intrdda,
II.
[tw^rf'^Za], to
come
in
intrdffa, I. [m'Zr^/'^a], to meet intdga, I. [m'Zo'^a], to march in is, 2. -en, -ar [iVs], ice ismassa, 1. -72, -or [i'smas'a], mass of ice
kappa,
tain
kanske, adv. [kan'fd% perhaps 1. -n, -or [kap'a^], mantle
kapten,
I.
3. -en,
-er
[A:a_pZe.^n],
cap-
islanding,
Icelander
iver, 3. -n,
2. -en,
-ar
[rsZe/i'cZzT/],
kasta, kastanj, 3. chestnut
kavaljer,
cavalier
A:ecZja,
1.
[kas'ta^], to
throw
[Ara^Zan.ji'],
-en,
-er
+
3.
-en, -er [A:ai;'a^e.V],
[^Vi'^?'],
zeal
-n,
-or [ge'dja'],
kejserlig, perial
A:Za<7a,
adj.
[^fi's^rZigr'],
chain im-
A:m(Z, 3. -en, -er [fiTj/dT], cheek I. [kla'ga'], to complain
[ArZa^//],
jaga,
jcuct,
I.
[./a'^a'], to
hunt
[jakif],
A:Zan^, 2. -en, -j-
sound
cliff,
3.
-en,
-er
hunt,
hunting
jorcZ, 2. -en, -ar [jcoUd], earth
klar, adj. [A:Za.V], clear klippa. 1. -n, -or [^•Z^pa'], crag
jordisk, adj. [jw.'^disA:], earthy jordklot, 6. -e^, [ja>*^dA:Za>'f], globe
—
klocka, klockslag,
1 .-n,-or[A:ZQA:'a'],
5. -eZ,
—
clock,bell
[A:Zo/c'sZa'^J,
stroke of the clock
Swedish-English.
bell-
175
klocklik,
adj.
5.
[klok'lik%
shaped
kloster,
tdr],
(klostret),
—
[klos.^-
monastery
3. -en, -j[ko'dtsynHJiet], shortsightedness kraft, 2. -en, -er [kraf!t], power, strength
kortsynthet,
kldcka, II. [klsk-a'], to blow forth kldda, II. [ZcZf'cZa'i, to dress kldder, 3. (pi.) [A:Zf/c?ar], clothes
kraftfull, adj. [kraf'tful% powerful
kldmma,
II.
squeeze in, kldttra, I. [fcZf^'ra'], to climb 2. -en, -ar [klo'v], hoof A:Zoi7, (claw) knapp, 2, -ew, -ar [knap.^], button knapp, adj. [A:nap/], scarce
m- [A:Zfm'a'], to hem in
to
krans, 2. wreath
-en, -ar [A:ra7z.'s], crown,
krets, 2. -en, -ar [kret's], circle krig, 5. -e^, [kri.'g], war krigare, 5. -n, [kri'gard^], warrior
—
2.
—
krigsfdnge,
-en,
-ar [krig's-
J^2?'9], prisoner of
war
krigshdr,2. -en, -ar[krig'shw'r],
knappast
barely
\knap'asH\
scarcely,
army
krigstdg,
5.
-e^,
—
[krik'sto^g],
ac-
knekt, 2. -e^i, -ar \knekit], soldier kniv, 2. -en, -ar \knitv\, knife knyta, IV. [/^n^/'^a'], to lie, to knot knd, 4. -t, -n \knst\ knee koja, 1. -n, -or [ZcaJ'a'], hut kndppa, II. [/cn^p'a'], to button
military expedition
krigsvan, customed
adj. [Zcn^'.sfa'rz], to war
kring, prep. [jfcnV], around kristen, adj. [A^Ws'^an'], christian
koldragare,
[ko'ldra^^araj, collier (coalheaver) 5. kolforrdd, -et, \ko'lfcero''d\ stock of coal
-n,
5.
—
kristendom,
2. -en,
+
[A;ns'fari-
—
dcom^], Christianity Kristus \kristus''\, Christ
kolmbrk,
dark
fco?^,
2.
adj. \ko'lm(e,Uk'\, pitch
krona, 1. -n, -or [A:rr^na'], crown kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop'], body krypa, IV. [A^r^-pa*], to creep krypande, adj. [kry'pan^de], creeping, reptile
-en, -ar
[fc^Z.'^],
frock
komma, IV. [A:am'a'], to come; upp [up.'], to come up
—
komminister,
nisitdr'],
2.
-en, -ar [A:3m'24.
-^,
krona, II. [/t'r0'na'], to crown kubera, I. [kmbe'ra], to cube Z^i/A:w (interj.) [A:w/cw'], cuckoo
/mZa, 1. -n, A:w/Ze, 2. -n, kulregn, 5.
-or \km'la'\ ball -ar {kuVd^], hill
-ef,
curate
komministerhostdlle,
-n
{kom'inis'tdrhaj'sUld], rectory konst, 3. -en, -er [A;on.'s^], art konstndr, 3. -en, -er[kon'stn%'r],
artist
+
[A;wZ*rf?;'n],
shower of balls kung, 2. -en, -ar [A:w?;.'], king kunglig, adj. [A:w7;*Zta'], royal
konstsamling,
art
2. -en, -ar [A:on*s^ sam'tiy], collection of works of
kunna, I. kunskap,
kusin,
sin
3.
O
[A;wn'a'J, to be able
3. -en,
-er [kun'ska^p],
knowledge
2.
konung,
king
-en, adj.
-ar
[A:o'nw2;'],
-en, -er [A:msiVn], con-en, -er [A^z^s/^], coast
I.
konung slig,
royal
[ko'nuy^sUg],
[Aror.^],
kust,
3.
kvadrera,
-en,
-e^,
[ A:z;acZre.Va ]
,
to
korg,
2. 5.
-ar
kom,
corn
—
basket
barley
[A:3r',s-
square
[kcoirn],
-n,
kvarldmna,
leave over
I.
[kva'rUm^na], to
korsfarare,
5.
—
kvinna,
A:?;o^,
1.
-n,
-^,
/a'rara], crusader Acor^, adj. [koUt], short korthet, 3. -en, -|- [Acau^^e'^J, shortness
kvitto, 4.
-or [)fct;m'a'], wife -n [A:v2^*^'], receipt
3. -en, -er [A:«;t6>.^^], quotient ArvaZZ, 2. -en, -ar [A:?;fZ.'], evening
kylig, adj. [gylig], cool
176
Vocabulary.
kyrka, 1. -n, -or [goeska']^ church kyrkoherde, 2. -n, -ar [gcBji'kcohe'jidd], vicar
ledig, adj. [Ze'dfi^'], vacant,
open
leende,
ZeA:,
2,
I.
-n [le'dn'dd], smile -en, -ar [le'k], play-game
4.
-^,
-knen, -ar [goeu,-kojsok^dn], parish kdta, 1. -n, -or [ko'ta'], Lapponian tent kdlla, 1. -n -or [gd'a*"}, source
kyrko socken,
2.
ZeA;a,
[Ze"A:a'],
to play
leva, II. [Ze'va'], to live lever, 2. -n, -ar [lek'dr], liver
levnad,
3.
-en, -^ [Ze'rnacZ'], life
5. -e^,
levnadslopp,
— [le'vnads-
kdmpa,
I.
[gem'pa^],
to struggle,
lop^], course of life (career)
to fight
kdnd, adj. [gsn^d], known kdnna, II. [^^wa'], to know, to feel kdnnbar, adj. [gen-ba^r], sensible
levnadssdtt, 5. [Ze*?;na6Zss£Z'], customs, ways and customs lida, IV. \lida'''\, to suffer
4. -?z -^, [ZrcZan'^Za], suffering, suffrance to lie IV. ligga, [Z2^*a'],
—
lidande,
kdnnedom,
2. -en, -\-
[gen'ddojm'],
knowledge
kdnsel, 3. -?z, -1- \_Q€nis9l\^ feeling kdnselverktyg, 5. -et, {(gon'sdlvse'rktyg], organ of (feeling) touch kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla'], feeling kdr, adj. [geir], dear
—
Ilk,
5.
-eZ,
—
[ZiVA:],
dead body,
corpse
Zi/c,
adj.
I.
\liik'\,
like
kdrlek,
^'d7,
2.
3. -e/i, -f- [grrle^k], love
-en, -ar [co^l], keel
A:o76Z, 3. -en, [gol'd], cold A'ora, II. [fo'ra'], to drive
+
resemble liknande, adj. [ZrA:nan'(Za], resembling liksom, conj. [Z^•^•s^?n'], as, as if likvdl, adv. [ZrA^vf'Z], however ZmtZ, 1. -en, -ar [Zm'cZa'], lime-tree,
likna,
[Zi'A:na'], to
korsbdr,
cherry
5.
-e^,
—
linden-tree
linje, 3. -n, -r [Zm.^'9], line
liten, adj. [ZrZan'], small little livsfarlig, adj. [Zrtvs/a'rZz^], dan-
[pcer's&^V],
gerous
livlig, adj.
[ZrvZi^'],
lively, alive
laga, I. [Za'^a'], to get ready, to prepare
livndra, II. [Zrt-n^^'ra], to to nourish
Ijud, 5.
-eZ,
feed,
laga
i
ordning
\la.ga''
it
o'jid-
nir)^\ to put in order
^/ws, 5. -eZ,
— —
[jm.'d],
sound
light
[,/m/s], light
lampa,
1. -n, -or \lam"pa^\ lamp land, 5. -et {lander) \lanict\, land, country
Ijusrod, rosy
adj.
[jm*sr0'<Z],
landskap,
5. -e^
— \lan'dska^p],
[Za^i'cZ-
landscape landstiga, IV. land
Ijuv, adj. [jn^'v], charming, sweet locka, I. [Z^^"a'J, to entice (away), to seduce
lott,
3.
I.
[lan'dsW'ga^,
to
-en, -er
[ZoZ.'],
lot,
fate
lova,
sing
[Zo'ra], to
promise
landstigning, 2. -en, -ar sW-gniij], landing
lovande, adj. [Zovan'cZa], promiluft, 3. -en,
landstdlle, 4. -^, -ti [Za/i'cZs^fZ'a], country-house lapp, 2, -en, -ar [lapf], Lapp lappuiark, 3. -en, -er [Zap 'mar' A;],
luftstreck,
5. -eZ,
+ —
[Zw/'Z], air
[luft'strek''],
lufttom, adj.
void
[Zi^jf^ZZwrn'],
vacuumair-tight,
Lapland
Za.s^a,
[
—
I.
[Zas'^a'], to
in],
latinsk, adj.
ZecZ,
5. -et,
load; — —[laWnsk], limb
in
[le!d],
—
in
lufttdt, adj. [Zw/'ZZf'Z],
hermetical
latin
lugn, adj.
to
leda, II. lead
[Ze'cZa'],
to conduct,
[Zw^^-^n], rest, quietness lukt, 3. -en, -er \luktt], smell f-erj [ZwA:Zluktorgan, 5. -eZ, (?r^a'n], smelling
—
Swedish-English.
177
to facilitate
lummig,
adj.
[lum'ig'],
thick,
Idtta,
I.
[Ist-a'],
tufted, bushy, thick-spreading
lund, 2. -en, -ar [lun^d\, grove lunga, 1. -w, or [Zt^?/a'], lung
Zws^, 3. -en,
latteligen, adv. [Ut'dUgdn], easily Idtffattlig, adj. [Utfaflig], easily understood, easily sible
lustslott,
5.
pleasure castle luck Igcka, 1. -n, [^^^'^'l?
lycklig, adj. [lyklig'], lucky
+ — +
-e^,
[Zi^s.'^],
mind
comprehenonion
[Zws'^sZo^'],
lok,
2.
loseii.
Zoy, 5.
Zoi;as,
—+ —
-e?z,
,
-ar
[/0.'A:],
[lo'san],
[Z0.'?;],
watch-word
leaf
-e^,
I.
[Z0-vas'], to leaf, to cover
2.
-eri,
lyda,
II.
[Z2/'<^3'],
to
obey
with leaves
lyfta^ II. [lyf'ta% te raise Zi/sa, II. [Z2/*6'a'], to light;
[wp.*],
— upp
[lo'g-
lovskog,
leafy
-ar [Zo-vsfc<w'^],
wood
to light
up
bright
lysande, adj.
[Zt/'san'cZa],
„
maka,
makt,
malm.,
I.
Z«^, adj. [loig\ low
Idgland,
Zan'cZ],
5.
-e^,
(—dnder)
long
[Zqt^'s'],
-n,
-or [ma'ita'], wife
-er [ma,k!t], power -er [mal'm], ore
lowland
[Zo2?.'j,
Zaw^, adj.
3. -e?i, 3. -e/i,
2. -ew,
Idnga,
Za?2^s
1.
-ti,
-or
cod-fish
malm,
wan,
3.
[loy's'],
along slow
[ZoT^'va'ri^], long-
ar [maZ.'m], suburb (mannen, man) [man^],
-ew,
Idngsam,
adj. [Z£»7;'saw'],
man
mark,
3.
Idngvarig, adj.
-er
3.
\marik\
soil,
lasting Za^a, IV. [lo'ta'],
ground
to
let (to
have
with an infinitive) Idgga, II. [Ug'a'], to lay Idkare, 5. -n, [Zf/car^'], phy-
-er marmorhild, morhiVd'], marble statue
-en.
[mav-
—
marskalk,
marshal
2. -en,
-ar [marfaUk],
sician
Idkarevetenskap,
3. -en,
-er
[Zf'-
mask, mask,
2.
-en, -ar [mas.^k],
worm
kardve'tdnska^p], medicine
Idkemedel, 5. -e^, [Z^'Arame'cZaZ], medicament, remedy
—
3. -e72. -er [was.'^A:], mask maskineri, 3. -e^, -er [ma/'manV],
Idmna, kvar
I.
[lemna^
to leave;
—
machinery maskinist, 3. -en, -er
machinist
[maf'inis.^t],
[kva'r],
to leave
behind
proper,
Idmplig,
adj. [Um'plig'],
convenient
Idngdmdtt, 5. -e^, long measure
—
massa, 1. -n, -or [mas'a'], heaj), man, block mat, 3. -en, -1- [ma't], food
me<^,
2.
[ZfT^'^^mo^'],
-en,
-ar [we/cZ], runner
(of a sledge)
Idnge, adv. [Z£?/'a'], long Idngs, see: Zan^s [^^??'^J? along
Idngtan, 1. [leytan^ long, longing Zopp, 2. -en, -ar [Zrp.'], lip Idra, 1. -n, -or [Ix'ra], doctrine,
,
—+ —
meddela, I. [me'cZcZe'Za], to inform, to communicate; undervisning [un'ddrvi'sniy'], to teach Medelhavet [me'ddlha'-vdt], the Mediterranean Sea medfora, 11. [me'cZ/o'ra], to bring
—
apprenticeship Idrare, 5. -n, [Ise'rard^ teacher lard, adj. [Z^u^/(i], learned
(take) with
medgiva, IV.
[me'cZji't*^], to agree,
Idrjunge,
Idrka,
Zasa,
1.
2.
-n,
-ar
[Z«"rjw7;'a],
pupil, scholar
-n, -or
[Ise'rka'], lark
II.
acknowledge medicin, 3. -en, [me'cZzst/n], medicine
to admit, to
+
Idsande, ding
[Zrsa'J, to read 4. -^, -J- [Zf'san'da], rea-
medlem, member medlidsam,
2.
-men, -7nar [me'cZZem^], (of a society)
adj.
[me'cZZzcZ'sam],
compassionate
easy
mellerst, adj. [m^'Z/arsZ], middle
ZaZf, adj. [Uti],
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
12
178
Vocabulary.
men, conj. \metn\, but mened, 3. -en, -er [me'ne^d],
oath, perjury
multipUcera,
false
to multiply
I.
[rtiuVtipliseira\
-en, -er
muUipUkand,
3.
[muV[muV-
metall,
'6.
-en, -er \metali\, metal
[me''4dr], metre meter, -n, midnatt, 3. -en, -\- [mi'dnaf], midnight midnattssol, 2. -en [-ar] [mi'dnatsco^l], midnightsun mild, adj. \miV.d\ mild
—
tiplikantd], multiplicand multiplikation, 3. -en, -er
stiplikafoj!n], multiplicsition; tahell, 3. -en, -er [ta'hel% multiplication table multiplikator, 3. -n, -er [mid'-
—
tiplika'tDr% multiplier
miljon,
million
3.
-en,
-er
[mU'joj'n],
minnas, II. [wnVas'], to recall, to remember minne, 4. -^, -n \min'd'-'\, remembrance
munter, adj. [munitdr], gay musik, 3. -en, -j- [muisi'k], music myteri, 3. -ef, -er [m^'^arz.'], mutiny
mdhdnda,
haps maZ, 5.
-ef,
adv. [mo'Jien''da\, per-
minst, adj. [mm.^s^], (the) least minst, adv. [mm/s^], at least minuend, 3. -e^i, -er [mi'nmenid],
man, 3. mdnad,
month
tw^z^^,
—
,
—
3.
[wo.^Z], aim, goal -er [mo.'/i], measure -er [mo'/iacZ'j, -e/i,
missnojd,
satisfied
adj.
5.
[mzs'Tzoj'cZ],
dis-
5.
-et,
—
\mott],
measure
to
misstag, mistake
-e^,
—
mdtta,
\mis'ta''g],
1.
-n,
-f-
[mo^'a'j,
to
be
able (may)
mdkta,
-j-
I.
[??2eZc*fa'J,
be
able
mitt, 3. -en, centre
\mitr\,
middle,
(can)
mod, 5. -et, [mco.'d], courage moder, 2. -?2 (modrar) [mco'ddr^],
mother
—
mdktig,
mdngd,
tity
adj. [mek'tig'"'], powerful 3. -en, -er [mey'd], quan1.
mdnniska,
adj. [m(>j*4/"£Z'<^],
dis-
-?2,
-or [mHi'i/a'], hu-
modfdlld,
man
mdnsklig,
adj.
heartened, discouraged
modig, adj. [mccCcZi^'], courageous modlos, adj. [mw&'s]. dish eartened
man
[m€n'sklig%
mdrkvdrdig,
remarkable
3id].
[mssrkvser^dig],
mogna,
I.
[m<z»-^na'], to ripen
[mo/.^7i], cloud moln, 5. -e^, moralisk, adj. [m<z>r<2.7isA:], moral morfader, 2. [w(wr'/a'c?ar], grand
—
moda, 1. -7^, -or [wioc^a'], trouble morda, I. [mceu^a'], to murder
mor/c, adj. [mcer/A:], dark
marker,
5.
-e^,
-f-
[mcer.'^-arj,
father^
obscurity, darkness
2. -en,
moster,2.-n,-ar\mojsttdr\2i\mi^
motgdng,
adversity
+
morkbld,
blue
adj. [7wcer•^'6/o'],
II.
dark
\m(x)'tgo7)''\
mbta(s),
adj.
[w0*^a'(s')],
to
meet
motsvarande,
[mw^sv«'jr
ra?i6Z9], corresponding motsdgelse, 3. -n, -r [mw tsf '^aZse],
contradiction
nagel,
to
re-
2.
-n,
-ar
[7ia.'^9r|,
nail
mottaga, IV. [mwf^a'^a],
ceive
naken,
adj.
[n<2*/:b>n'],
mulen, adj. [mm'ldn% gloomy mullhdrstrdd, 5. -e^,
overcast,
—
[mwZ*-
name namn, 5. -ef, [namJn^, namngiva, IV. [nawryi'i^a], to name namnkunnig, adj. [nam'wArwn'i^],
famous
—
naked
6«rs^r£*], mulberry-tree
^
by the mother's
side.
Swedish-English.
-en, -er [nam'nkun^skap], nation, 3. -en, -er [natf(o!n], na-
179
namnkunskap, 3.
tion
nationalmuseum,
national
8.
(—museet),
[nor'a% north -ar [nco.'s], nose, snout nu, adv. i e^^ nw [nmf\, in a twinkling nunna. 1. -n, -or [ni^n'a], nun
norra,
adj.
nos,
2. -en,
i-museer) [natfcona'lmmse^um],
museum
-or
[nat're^sa],
nunnekloster, 5. -e^ khs''tdr\ nunnery
—
[nwn'a-
nattresa, 1. -n, night journey
natur, 3. -en, -er [natm'r], nature [natui'rnaturalster, 5. -et, als'tdr], natural product 5. -et, [natm'rnaturforemdl, fo'rdmol], being, body 4. -t, -n [nanaturforhdllande,
— —
ny, adj. [n^/.'], new nyhet, 3. -en, -er [nyihef], news ?i2/ss, adv. [n?/s/j, recently nytta, 1. -n, -4- {nyt'a''], utility, use nyttig, adj. [nyt'ig''], useful na, interj. [no.'], well! nd. III. [no/], to reach, to attain
tui'rfcerhorande], natural condition
ndd, 3. nddig,
-en,
^
[^o/c?], grace,
mercy
adj.
[no'cZi^'J,
merciful,
clement
naturlig, adj. [natuc'rlig], natural naturliv, 5. -et, -\- [natwi'rli''v\,
natural
life
3. -en, -er [natm'rfo'-nhet], natural beauty naturvetenskap, 3. -en, -er[na-
naturskonhet,
ndgorlunda, adv. [no'^orZwn'tZa], somewhat ndmligen, adv. [n£m'%an'J, namely
ndmna,
nar«,
rish
II.
[n^m'na'], to
name
nou-
II. [nse'ra''],
to feed, to
tWj'rveHdnskap, natural science
nedanfor, prep, [ne'dan^for], below, beyond nedgdng, 2. -en, -ar [ne'dgoy^ descent [down nedhugga, IV. [ne'dhug^a], to fell II. O [ne'dleg''a], to nedlagga,
put down nedre, adj. [netdrd], under
ndrheldgen, ndrvaro,
presence
1.
adj.
-n,
[n«r6aZ^^an'],
neighbouring
3.
+
[nas'rva^rcj],
-n, -or [ni'sa^], nose ndsa, ndstan, adv. [n^stan'J, nearly na^, 5. -e^, \nEtt], net
—
nedsjunka, IV. [ne'dfuy^ka],
sink
to
[nit^, nice nocZ, 3. -en, -\- [notd], need,
na^i^, adj.
down
nodsaka,
1.
[no'cZsa'A^a],
to
want com-
nedsld, iV. [we*c?sZo'], to cast down nedstiga, IV. [ne'dsti'ga], to descend
nejc?, 3. -en, -er [nej.'d],
pel, to necessitate
nodvdndig,
adj.
[no'cZvfn'cZi^].
country
njugg,
adj.
[njug!],
avaricious,
eager, niggardly njuta, IV. [njui'ta% to enjoy noggrann,2idj [ti W^raTi'], accurate
.
necessary nojd, adj. [nojVd], pleased, satisfied noje, 4. -^, -n {noj'd''], pleasure not, 3. -en (nbtter) [noit], nut
noggrannhet,
het],
3. -en, -j-
[nco'gran'-
accuracy
3.
-eri,
nomad,
nomad
-er
[ncoma'd],
oansenlig, adj. [wansen'Zz^], unimportant
7iord, 2. -en,
[nojUd], north nordbo, 2.- fejn, -(a)r[noj-j.dbco% northerner
7iorcZisA:,adj .[n<z».Uc?zsA:], north[erly]
+
oanvdndhar,
inapplicable
adj. [6(;*an?;£n'c?5ar].
adj. [(Wai?6rm'^9n], unintermitting o6eA;an^,adj. [(^•6aA;an'^], unknown
oavbruten,
]S/ordsjdn [na)'d,df0^n], the North
obesvdrad,
free,
adj.
[fccSast'^'racZ],
Sea
unconstrained
un-
Nordstjdrneorden [noj'xdfmrndD^rddn], orden of the polar star
obetydlig, adj. [co'bdtyd^lig], important
12^
180
Vocabulary.
3. -en,
ocean,
-er [co'sda'n], ocean
operahus,
ore?,
5.
5. -e^,
—
[oj'pdrahco^s],
ock, conj.
[okfj, also
opera house
-e^,
oeksd, conj. [ok'so], also, likewise odla, I. [w<^/3'], to till, to cultivate
—
[^^/^tZ],
word
odlingshar,
arable
adj.
[M'dliifshar],
unfit,
[oxdrn'tlig], orderly (properly) ordna, I. [oVKi/ia'], to set in or-
ordentlig,
adj.
der
adj.
oduglig,
[oj'dmg^lig],
ordnande,
4.
-^,
-tz
[o"u,cZnan'cZ9],
useless, unsuitable oemotstdndlig , adj.
[o^'emoj"^ ston^dlig], irresistible
arrangement, organisation ordning, 2. -e?i, -ar [o'rdniy^
order, arrangement
oersdttlig, adj. [w^rs^-^'/t^], irreparable, not to be replaced ofantlig, adj. [oj'fan'tlig], enor-
ordsprdk,
organ,
5. -ef,
— [<i>V(Zspro'A:],
proverb, saying
5. -e^ [orga.'n], organ oriktig, adj. [wriZc'^], incorrect oriktighet, 3. -e?z, -er [oj'rik^tighet], incorrectness
mous, huge
[5>/'ar], sacrifice offer, 5. -ef, officerare [ofisetrard], officer sacrifice Oj^?^a, I. [of'ra^], to
—
o/i(a, adv.
[of'ta'''],
often
oforgdnglig,
perishable
[cj'fcerjey'lig],
imun-
ogunstig,
adj.
[orgun^stig],
[oj'roj'], agitation oro, 3. -91, orolig, adj. [6;-r6;'Zi^], agitated, unsettled orsak, 3. -en, -er [6;*rsa'A:], cause osa, I. [co'sa'], to smell
+
favourable
oinskrdnkt, adj.
unlimited
[wiwsA:r£??7t'^],
otalig, adj. [<w'?^a7z^], innumerable otdlighet, 3. -e?i, -f- [<^*to7f^i^e^],
okunnigliet, 3. -e?i, het], ignorance
+ [co'kunHgunknown
impatience
oM^, adj. \o)'t£''t\, not tight oupphorlig, adj. [<:j*Mj)Ace'r%],
continual
outtrottlig,Si,d]. [co'iatrofUg'], in-
okdnd,
adj. [^^'f^n'cZ],
olik(a), adj. [<z>'/z'/[;a], unlike olikhet, 3. -ew, -er [tocZfMe^],
difi'erence
defatigable
olycka,
1.
-w, -or
[<^>-Z2/A:'a],
mis-
ovan, adv. prep. [6f;*ra'w], above ovanfor, prep, [coi.yan'/cer], above
oval, adj.
[(i;?;a/Z],
fortune
ombud,
0. -et,
—
oval
[om'6m'c?], deto
puty, messenger omfatta, I. [am'/a^'a],
com-
prehend, to comprise
ovanlig, adj. [66»'i;«'nZz^], extra[der storm ordinary thun\(xJ'vi-''ddr'\, evader, 5. -eZ, odndlig, adj. [wfn'dZi^], infinite
—
omflytta,
nij)},
I.
omgivning,
[om'flyt^a], to remove 2. -en, -ar [om'ji'v[om*ji't*a],
environs
to
omgiva, IV.
sur-
round, to encircle
omkring, adv. [om'Arn'T;'], around omrdde, 4. -^, -ti [om'ro'da], district, domain
omtala,
sible
I.
paljett, 3. -ew, -er [paZJeZ/], tinsel paljetterad, adj. [ paljete'rad^], tinselled paZm, 3. -en, -er [paZ/m], palm
panna,
head
1.
-n,
-or [pa'na*], fore-
[om'te'Za], to report
[ct>'7no[/Zz^],
papper,
5.
-e^,
—
6.
[per [pa'par'], pa
omojlig, adj.
2.
impos-
onkel, -n, -ar [oyikdl], uncle onodigtvis, adv. [toi'Tie'di^^m],
unnecessarily
_parA:, 3. -en, -er [pax'Ac], passa, I. [pas'a'], to suit; [po], to pay attention
park
— pd
^
passagerare,
-n,
—
[^Jas'a-
fe'rard], passenger
-f- [oj-oj.dni'o^],
oordning,
disorder
2.
-e?i,
patronkok,
5.
-eZ,
—
[patroj'n-
ge^k], cartridge-box
Swedish-English.
181
penning sunima, 1. -tz, -or Yjpsn'iysum^a], sum (of money)
person,
3.
raseri,
3.
-ei(,
-J- [ra'sdrii],
mad-
ness, fury
-en,
3.
-er
-en,
[psersoj^n^
-er
person personlighet,
rastlos, adj. [ras'ZZo's], restless rec?a, II. [re'da^], to prepare
[pser-
redan, adv. [re'dan'], already
sco'nlighe't], personality piano, 4. -t, -n [piahico], piano-
redogora,
to report
II.
©
[^^e'cZiyjce'ra],
plan, plan,
5. -et, 3. -en,
—
[cross bar
[pla!7i'], plain, flat
regel,, 2.
-?i,
-ar
[re'g9l%
bolt,
-er
{plain'],
plan,
design plats, 3. -en, -er {platts], place plocka, I. [plok'a,'], to gather
re^eZ, 3. -n, -er [re'igr^Z'j, rule regent, 3. -en, -er [reji'fn.'f], regent religion, 3. -en, -er [re'Z2^i(^».'n],
religion
ploja,
II.
[j9?cy'a'], to
plotslig, adj.
plough [pZofsZ/o'], sudden
poetic(al)
poetisk, adj.
[p6o>e.^^^s/c],
ren, 2. -en, -ar [re/n], reindeer ren, adj. [re/n], pure, clear rent av [reint aiv\, candidly
polhojd,
latitude
3.
-en, -er
[porlhoj'd],
renlav,
lichen
2.
-en,
-ar
[re'?iZa'i?],
polsk, adj. [pqZ.^sZc], Polish polska, 1. -7i, -or [?)DZ'sA:a'], polka predika, I. [^^ra^zVAra], to preach pressa, I. [pre^s'a'], to press; samman [sam'an"'], to compress prins, 2. -e/i, -ar [_prm/s], prince
resa, 1. -n, -or [re'sa'], journey,
travel
—
resa,
resande,
rest,
3.
II. [re"sa'], to travel, to raise 5. -n, [re'san'cZa],
—
traveller
-en,
-er [resif],
3.
rest re-
produkt,
3.
-erz,
-er [projdukit], -er {prco'md-
produce, product
maining restauration,
-en -er [r^-s'Zo-
promenad,
S. -en,
natd], walk, walking
promenadplafs,
3. -en, -er
[proj'
ra/c'j.^n], restaurant riddare, 5. -n, [rid'ard']. knight ridknekt, 2. -en, -ar [ri'dknek''t],
—
mdua'dplafs], walking place
protestantisk, adj. [prco'testan.'tisk], protestant
groom
(soldier)
7Hk, adj. [riik], rich nA;e, 4. -t, n. [rrZ:a'], realm
pryda, II. {pryta^], to adorn prdstman, -nen, -man [pres'tman'], priest
rikedom,
2. -en, -ar [rr^'acZ^f^m'], riches, wealth
prova,
I.
[pro'va^
-71,
to test
[rik'sdagsriksdagshus, 5. -e^ hm's], Swedish parliament
—
puka, 1. drum
punkt,
pasta.
-or [jjm'A:^'], kettle-
riktning,
direction
2. -en,
-ar [rik'tniy'],
[W?;.'],
-er [pwT^/A:^], point [po's^o'], to maintain, to assert
3. -e?z, III.
2.
ring,
2. -en,
I.
-ar
ring
ringa. II. ringakta,
[n*?;-a'],
to ring [ri7;'a/c'Za], to disdain,
-en, -ar [po'va'], pope pals, 2. -en, -ar [p^Z.'s], fur
pave,
to despise
pdronformig,
pdrontrd,
pear wood
adj.
[p^'ron/br'-
rinna, IV. risknippa,
fagot
[n'n'a'], to flow
1. -n,
-or [ri's/cjzip'a],
mz^], pear shaped
4. -eZ,
5.
-n [pse'rontre^],
-ef,
WsZa,
I.
in
pdrontrdd,
^rf'],
—
[p^'ron-
pear tree
rest ro, 2. -n, [rco*.'], roa, I. [rjwa'], to amuse rock, 2. -en, -ar [rok!], dress-coat
+
[ris'ta^], to
engrave
ropa,
ros,
I.
[rcocpa'], to call
1. -en,
-or
[rojis], rose
R
racZ, 3. -en, -er \ra^d], line,
rosenkind, 3.-en,-er [rco'Sdncin'd], rosy- cheek
rank
raket,
3.
-en, -er [raA:e.^^], rocket
rosendoft, 3. -en, -er [rorsdndofH], perfume of roses
182
Vocabulary.
[rojtt], root lrul-a^\ to roll 5. -met, [rwm/], room,
I.
rot, 3.
en (rotter)
S
saga,
sak,
1. -n,
rulla,
rtira,
—
space
-or [sa'ga^], legend, cause
\ryk'a% rycka, rygg, 2. -en, -ar [ryg!], back
rykte,
4. -^,
II.
to pull, to tear
tale, fable 3. -en, -er \sa!k], thing,
I.
-n \ryk'td''\ reputation,
5. -e^,
sakna,
renown rymdmdtt,
[sa'kna^], be in need of
to
miss, to
— [r^m'd^wo^'],
fly
cubic measure
sakta, adj. [sak'ta^], soft, slow saZ, 2. -en, -ar [.9a.7], hall, room, saloon
saltsjo [sal'tfo^^, saltsea samhdlle, 4. -t, -n [sam'hel^d],
society
rymma,
II.
[ryma'], to
[rys'lan^d], Russia rytteri, 3. -ef, -er [ryt'drit], cavalry rdd, 5. -e^, \rotd\, counsel advice
Eyssland
—
samhdllsordning,
2.
-en,-{-[sam'-
rddsherre,
councillor
2. -n,
-ar [rod'shse'rd],
rye
hdso'rdniy], social order samhdllsskick, 5. -et, -\- [sam'-
rag,
2. -en,
I.
+
[ro.^.^],
rdka,
rdcka,
[ro'A^a'], to get, to prove,
II.
h£lsfik% social condition samla, I. [sawZa'], to collect,
assemble
to
to turn out
\r£k'a^\ to pass, to give
I.
reach,
to
samling,
2.
-e/i,
-ar [samdiij^,
adj.
collection
rddda,
liver
\r£d'a%
2. -en,
to save, to de-
sammanhdngande,
her)''aiidd\,
[sam'an-
continuous, connected,
II.
rdddning,
-ar \rEd'ni7)^\ salvation, deliverance rdkneord, 5. -et, {rek'ndOjUd],
coherent
sammanldgga,
Ug'a], to place
O
O
to
[sam'antogether
—
(to put),
numeral rdknesdtt,
rule
(adjective)
5. -et,
— [rsk'ndsd'],
[r^:^/],
sammansdtta,
sefa],
to construct
II.
[samancombine,
to compose,
5. -et,
rdtt, 3. -en [+], -er
right,
samsprdk,
— [sam' spo^k],
law
rdtt, adj.
[r^if'],
conversation
right (righteous)
[r^^'a'], to
rdtta, std
till
rdtta
be
samt, conj. [sam.'^], (with) and samtala, I. [sam'^a'Za], to converse
sued at law rdttfar dig, adj.
righteous, just
\ret'fse^rdig\
samtid,
age
3. -en, -er [sam'ti^d],
the
we
live
in
(our
contem-
rdttrddig, adj. {rEt'ro^dig}, right, honest
rdttvisa,
1. -?2
up-
poraries)
+
[vet'vi'sa], justice
rod, adj. [roid], red
rdja, II. reveal
[roiy'a'],
to disclose,
to
rok,
2. -en,
II.
rona,
row?!, 2. T07^a, II. [rcB'ra'], to
-ar [re^k], smoke experience -en, -ar [ron!], roan-tree
[reiia.'], to
samtida, adj. [sam'ti'da], contemporaneous sandhed, 2. -en, -ar [san'dhe'd], sandy heath sandsten, 2. -en, -ar [san'dste'n], sand stone sandds, 2. -en, -ar [san'd'o's], sand ridge
sann, adj. [san'], true schweizare, 5. -n, [fv€J'sa'rd%
move,
to con-
cern
—
rorande [rceran^dd], concerning
rorelse, 3. -n, -r
[?'oe'raZ.99'],
Swiss
se. III
mo-
O
[se.'\,
[.se.^],
to see
vement, motion
se ut
to look
sedan, adv. [se'dan% since sedermera, adv. [se'^armeVa],
since, afterwards
Swedish-English.
seger, 2. -n, -ar [setgdr\ victory segla, I. \se'gla% to sail sen, adj. \^sein\ late serrera, 1. [sasrveira], to serve sic?a, 1. -71, -or [srdd% side
si7Z, 2.
183
IV.
juta,
—
[/^a•^a'],
to
shoot;
hort [holW], to shoot away sonder [sdntd9r\ to off;
—
shoot to pieces
-en,
4.
-ar
-t,
[silf],
herring:
[sil'Jis^k9],
skjutvapen, 5. -et, [fm'tva^pdn], fire arm skodon, pi. [sA:6;"d^Qn'], shoes
sA;o^, 2. forest
-e?!,
—
sillfiske,
-n
-ar
[skco.'g],
wood,
herring-fishery silver, 5. -et, -|- [siltvdr], silver silvervinge, 2. -ew, -ar [s^7'v^r?;%'a]. silver- wing
simma,
I.
[sm"a'], to
-^,
swim
3. -eri, -er [skorgsmar^k], woodland skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la'"'], school skolgosse, 2. -??., -ar [sA^f^'Z^Qs'a],
skogsmark,
[sm'9'], sense sitta, IV. [sz^'a'], to sit
.9m?ze, 4.
-7z
pupil, scholar
sA:o^^, 5. -ef,
—
[sA:£>^/],
shoot
sjukdom,
disease
2. -en,
-ar [/m*A:6?&;m'],
to
skrapa, I. (avj
[s/cra'pa'], to scrape
sjunka,
ned [neid\, to sink down sjdl, 2, -672, -ar \fetT\, soul s?o, 2. -n, -ar [fhf]. sea skada, 1. -w, -or [.9A;a*6?a'], damage, injury skada, I. [sZ^a'c?a'],
to
—
IV.
[/w?;*A:a'],
sink;
skrift, 3. -en, -er [skrifH], handwriting
skrdddare,
tailor
5. -n,
II.
—
[sA^r^c^'ara'],
skrdmma,
[sA^'/'^m'a']
,
to
damage
frighten, to startle skrdmsel, 3. -n, -}- [skremtsdl], fright
skadlig, adj. [.sA:a-^%'], injurious, prejudicial, pernicious skaffa, I. [skaf'a!''], to procure
skugga, 1. -n, -or [sA:w^'a'], shade skuggig, adj. [sZcw^'i^^'], shady skiddra, 1. -n, -or [sA:itZ't?ra'],
shoulder
sA:wZZ,
.
.
.
skaka, I. skapa, I. skapare,
creator
.9A:a^f, 3.
[sA:a'A:a'], to
shake
[sZca'^a'], to create
5.
-?i,
—
/or
sake
5.
.
.
.
skull [skult],
for
[s^'a•par^'],
skydd,
-en, -er [skat!], tax, duty,
-et,
—
[/^/c?'],
shelter,
guilty,
rate,
impost
I.
]^
refuge skyldig,
obliged,
adj.
[fyl'dig'l
[y^m."^^],
skat' 81% to tax .9A^e, III. [j'ef\, to happen, to occur, to take place skepp, 5. -et, [fepi], ship
skatta,
bound
-ar
sky7nt,
2. -en,
shimmer
—
skeppare,
shipper
5.
-ti,
—
skynda, I. [/2/^*c?a'] to hasten skada, I. [sA:o'cZa'], to look at
skddespel,
5. -ef,
[fep'ard^],
—
[s/tJo*c?aspa'Z],
sight, spectacle
skeppsbord
board
[fep-sb(o-j,d\,
ship-
skick, 5, -ef, [/lA:.'], condition skicka, I. [/zVt^'a'], to send skicklig, adj. [fik'lig'-], clever, convenient, suitable adv. skiftesvis, [/^/'•^^,9v^'s], alternately, reciprocally skilja, II. [ /z7:;a'], to separate skillnad, 3. -en, -er [/z7??ac?'], difference
—
Skdne [sA^o'na'], Scania skdgg, 5. -ef, [A^-'], beard skdrgdrd, 2. -en, -ar [fx'rgo''rd\
—
archipelago (near the sea side)
skon, adj. [fo'n], pretty skonhet, 3. -en, -er [/o'n^e'f], beauty
skote, 4. -f, -n [fo'td''], bosom slag, 5. -et, [sla'g], battle, spe-
—
cies
slaveri, 3.
-et,
-\- [sla^vdri!],
sla-
skimra,
skingra,
skinn,
I.
I.
[/?m"ra'], to twinkle [y^2?ra'], to disperse,
very slippa, IV. [sZzp'a'], to escape, to
get
to scatter
5. -e^,
—
away
[/m.'J, hide
slott, 5. -et,
—
[slotr\,
castle
184
Vocabulary.
a few,
2. -en, -ar [slus^], sluice slut, 5. -et, [slm!t], end sluta, I. [slm'ta^, to finish, to end
sluss,
—
somliga, pron.
[si?7n'Zz^a'],
some souimar,2.-en (somrar) [som:ar%
sluta, IV. [slm'ta^], to lock slutlig, adj. [s/m'fZ(^'], final slufligen, 3idY.[sluL'tkgdn% finally slutta, I. \^sluta'\ to slope
summer sommarhostad,
2.
-e??.
(bostdder)
[som'arbco'stad], sonson, 3. -en (.
so'nj,
summer house
.
.
soner) [so^n-
sluttning,
slope
sZa, III.
2. -e?^,
-ar [sZw^'ni?;],
grandson
O — ut [udt],
[slo!], to beat, to
throw; to strike out, to beat
sldde, 2.-71, -ar. [sh'dd^], sledge, sleigh sldkt, 3. -en, -er [sUJdt], race, fa-
sorg, 3. -eri, -er [sar.^*], sorrow sorglig, adj. [sor*J%'], sorrowful so^i^, adj. [stoi'^i^'], sooty sova, IV. [so'z;a'], to sleep
sovande,
mily
sldkte, 4. -t, generation
-n Yslek'td^l, race,
adj. [so*7;a7i'cZa], sleeping spegla, I. [spe'^Za'], to reflect I. spela, [spe'Za^], to play spets, 2. -n, -ar [spe/^s], point,
top,
head
1. -n,
sldkting,
lative
2. -en,
-ar
[^sUk'tiif)'''],
re-
spira,
-or [spi'ra^], sceptre
sZaY^, 3. -en, -er [sUtt], plain sldttland, 5. -e^ f. . . lander)
.
sprida, IV. [^spri'da'''], to spread springa, IV. [spr^'a'], to run springhrunn, 2. -e?!, -ar [s^jW?;"6rwn'], fountain
\sl€t'la!'nd], plain smak, 2. -e?i, -f- [sma/A;J, taste
sprdk,
sprdnga, up
s^ar,
5.
5.
-e^,
—
[spro'k],
to
smaka,
I.
[sma'fca'], to taste
[s77ia.'Z],
language, tongue
II.
.9ma?, adj.
to slink
narrow
[sprey'a'],
blow
trace,
smygain, IV. [sm^/'^a'], to smuggle,
smd,
adj. [smof\, small, little smale. III, [swo'Ze'], to smile
-e^,
—
[s^o.V],
O
smdvdxt,
sized
adj. [smo'vfA^'s^],
under-
way-road spdrvagn, 2. -en, -ar [spo'rvay^n], tramcar
track,
spdd,
adj. [spe'd],
tender, gentle
smdlta, II. [smf/'^a'J, to melt; hort [hortt], to melt away snickare, 5. -w, [sm/c*a?"a'],
—
—
spdnna, II. [spen'a\ to bend spdnne, IV. [sp£?i*9'], buckle spdnning, 2. -en, -ar [spr?i'%],
tension
joiner
snille, 4.
-^,
-n
{snil'9''],
genius
sporja,
s^ac?,
3.
II.
O
[s^^cer'ja']
,
to
snillrikhet, 3. -e?i -\-[snil'rik''het], ingenuity sno, 2. -n, -\- [snof], snow
question
-en
5.
(stdder)
[sta:d],
town
snoglopp,
snowdrift
5.
-e^
-f
[s^0'^Zoi3'],
snogrdns,
limit of
2. -en, -er
[sno'^ren's],
stadsldkare, -n, [stad'sUkard'], town physician s^am, 2. -men, -war [.9fam/],
stem, race
—
snow
snomassa, 1. -n, -or [sno'mas'a], mass of snow snomoln, 5. -e^, [sn0moZ'n], cloud of snow
standar,
standard
5.
-e^,
—
[s^ancZa.V],
stay, to to re-
—
stanna, remain
I.
;
to — kvar \kva^r\
[s^an'a'],
[^starik],
3.
snoyra, storm socken,
sol, 2.
1.
-n, -f- [s7i0*2/'ra],
snow-
main
stark, adj.
strong
stat, 3. -en, er [s^a/^], state
2. -en,
-ar
[soAr/an], parish,
district
-e?i,
-ar [sojU], sun
solsken, shine
5. -et,
—
-nen (-mdn) [sta'tsstatsmann, Tnan'], statesman
sun{steig^\ steg steg, 5. -e^, s^e^e, 2. -n, -ar [s^e'^a'], ladder
[sco'lfe^n[,
—
Swedish -English.
steka, II. [ste'ka^'], to roast steUf 2. -eiif -ar [ste-^n], stone stenart, 3. -en, -er [ste'naUt], species (kind) of stone
185
I. [sZm'pa'], to fall styrelse, 3. -n, -r [s^^/'^^Zsa'j, administration, government
stupa,
stenkol,
stenrike,
5. -et,
— [stenko^T],
coal,
sZ^/v, adj. std, III.
[s^2/'^])
stiff
; ;
O
[.9Zo.'], to stand jtof],
— ut
pit-coal
4. -n [ste'nri^kd], -t, mineral kingdom sticka, IV. [^stik'af], to stick, to
[iM-t], to stand (out) stdt, 2. -en, -f- \^stoit\
pomp
stdtlig, adj. [sZoZ'Zigf'], pompous stddse, adv. [sZf "cZsa'], steadily, conftdlla,
ifantly II.
sting, to prick stig, 2. -en, -ar [stiig'], path stiga, IV. \^sti'g^a\, to mounj^o
[sZfZ'a'],
to place;
—
ascend, to put up (at hotrfsetc.)
stilla, adj. [sfrZa'J, quiet, peaceful
?/pp [wp^J, to set up, to erect stdlle, 4. -t, -n [stel a'], place, spot stdllning, 2. -en, -ar [s^fZ*?z%*],
position
stjalk, 2. -e/i, -ar ifeltlc], stalk stjdrt, 2. -ew, -ar [/^x^^], tail
stockholmare, 5. -??, hol'mard], Stockholmer
—
[s^r^Zc"-
stoft, 5. -e^, [stofH], dust s^oZ, 2. -en, -ar [stojU], chair .9^0 Z^, adj. [stol't], proud
.92^or,
+
-or [sZfm'a'], voice [sZfm'pZa*], to stamp stdnder, pi. [sZ£n.'Sar], states general
stdmma,
1. -n,
I.
stdmpla,
adj. [sZoj.V], great adj.
[sZtocra'^tZacZJ,
storartad,
stdndig, adj. [s^an'cZz^^], constant stora, II. [sZo'ra'], to trouble stora, I. [sZo'ra'], to prop stdta, II. [sZ0*^3'], to push, to
hurt, to thrust
grand, magnificent storhet, 3. -e/i, -er [stco'rhe't], grandeur, greatness storlek, 2. -en, -ar [stco'rle*k],
size
subtrahend,
hen.'d],
3. -en, -er
I.
[sub'tra-
subtrahera,
subtract
[sub'trahe!ra], to
[si<Z>'-
storm, 2. -e?z, -ar [sfor.'m], storm stormakt, 3. -e?2, -er [sZ^'rmaA:^], great power
3. -en, strdnder [strantd], shore, strand strax, adv. [s^ra/t'.'s], presently sZrzcZ, 2. -en, -er [stri'd], strife,
subtraktion,
3. -en, -er trakfco.'n^, subtraction
straffa, strand,
I.
[sZra/'a'], to
punish
suck, 2. -en, -ar [sukf], sigh sw^a, IV. [sm'ga% to suck
summa,
sund, 5. suverdn,
1. -n,
-or [si/m'a^],
sum
swn«i, adj. [sun^d], healthy
-et,
—
[sun.'d], strait
dispute strida, II. [sZrrcZa'], to fight, to quarrel, to dispute stripig, adj. [strfpig'], shaggy strdla, I. [stro'la^], to beam
-er [sm?;ar£/n], sovereign svag, adj. [sva.^^], feeble weak svan, 2. -en, -ar [sva/n], swan svart, adj. [sva.^.'^^], black
3.
-en,
svartaktig,
blackish
st-eA^,
adj.
[s?;au-'ZaA:'Zz^],
strdcka, II. [sZrfZ:a'], to stretch ut [mtf], to stretch out strdnga, I. [sZr£:7;'a*], to string student, 3. -en, -er [sZmcZfn/Z],
—
;
5.
-ef,
-|- [s?;e/A:],
deceit
svenska, 1. -n, Swedish lady
-or
[si'fn'sA:^*],
student
[sZmcZe.Va], to study studie, 3. -n, -r [stmtdid], study
Sverige
I.
{sv$Rrt{i)jd\,
Sweden
studera,
studium, 3. studiet, studier [stm^dium], study stund, 3. -en, -er [sZwn/cZ], moment stundom, adv. [j^^wn'cZo^n'j, sometimes
svika, IV. [svi'ka'], to deceive svdr, adj. [svo.V], difficult, heavy svdrighet, 3. -en, -er [sz;o*W^^e'Z],
difficulty
svdrd, svdva,
5.
I.
-eZ,
—
[svse^id'],
sword
[st'f.-ya'J,
to hover
sydlig, adj. [s^'<:Z%'], southern S2/n, 3. -en, -er \^sytn\ view, sight
186
Vocabulary.
IV. \ta'ga% to take; hort \hodit\ away fatt
synas, II. {sy'nas% to seem, to appear synharligen, adv. [synbarligdn^],
visibly
taga,
\_fati\
—
—
;
—
—
—
catch,
to seize;
in
i
synnerhet,
synnerhet
\_syn'9r-
he't], especially, principally
synnerlig, adj. [^syn'drlig*\ especial
\taik\ roof speech tala, I. \ta'la'\ to speak, to talk talande, adj. [ta'lan^dd], exprestak,
tal, 5. -et,
\tatT\,
\ini], to 5. -et,
— —
take in
syskon, pi. and sisters
sysselsdtta,
\^sys'kon^'\,
brothers
sive
taZriA:, adj.
II.
O
\^sys'dls£t'a], to
be occupied
syssling, 2. -n, -ar [sys'liif], son of cousin-german
syster,
2. -n,
\talri^k\ numerous tand, 3. -en, tdnder [tantd], tooth tanke, 2. -en, -ar [tay'kd*], thought tankfull, adj [taykful^ thought.
ful
-ar
[^sya'tdr^],
sister
sdlunda
Yso'lunda^], so
sdngldrare, 5. -n, singing master
— [soy'Wrard],
tapper, adj. [tapidr], brave tapperhet, 3. -en, -\- [tap'drhe't], bravery
tecken,
5.
I.
-eZ,
—
[fe/u^n], sign
tile
sdra, I. [so'ra^], to wound sdde, 4. -^, -n Ise'dd'], seed sdker, adj. [s£~/A:ar], certain, sure 5a^a, II. [sE'ga,% to say sdllan, adv. [sfZ'ari'], seldom
sdllskap,
5.
-ef,
teckna,
[ZeA^'na'], to sign
^e^eZ, 5. -e^,
—
2.
[te.'g9l],
Zerm,
ZzcZz^,
3.
-en, -er [txrtm],
term
Zid, 3. -en, -er [ZzVcZ], time adj. \ti'dig^, early
company sdndebud,
5. -e^,
— —
[sfZ'sfca'p],
tidrdkning,
nf?;], till och
-en,
ar
[Zi'cZr^'A;-
era
[sf?2*(^a&m'6?],
med
\tili
messenger sdnda, II. [s^n'^a*], to send smi^, 2. -671, -ar [se??.'], bed sdnka, II. [s£?;"A;a*], to sink
sdrskild, adj.
different
[,9^'r/VZ'cZ],
tillhaka,
adv.
[ZzZ"6a^A:a],
okt me'd], even back,
ago
{tiVhriifa'], to tillhringa, II. bring; to spend, to pass (of time)
tillfdlle,
4. -t,
O
various,
diffe-
-n [til'fsVd],
oc-
sdrskilt, rently
sdtt, 5.
adv.
[5«'r/VZ'^],
-eif,
—
[s£-f.'],
way
sdtta, II. [sf:^"3'], to set; [m!t], to set out, to expose
—
cassion, opportunity tiUfdllighet, 3. -en, -er [tiVfeVighet], casuality
ut
tillgodo,
hdlla
med ndgot
till-
soder,
3.
soder southward sodra, adj. [so'cZra'], southern
soka,
II.
-n, -\- [so.'ddr], south ut, adv. [soiddr ui't],
godo
be content with, to be put up with
[til'goj'doj], to
out [up;]f sot, adj. [soH], sweet
—
[s0A:a'], to seek
;
— upp u
tillgdnglig, adj. [til'j€y'lig'\, accessible, susceptible [tiVjeVp'], tillhjdlp, 2. -en, help, cooperation
+
tillhora, II. [til'ho'ra'], to belong tillika \til'li*ka'\, at once, conjointly
tack, 2. -en,
+
3.
tacka,
I.
[ZaA:'3*],
[tak^], thank(s) to thank
tillrdda, II. [Zi7'ro*(Za], to advise, to counsel
tillskynda,
I.
[Zz'Zy^n'cZa]
,
to
tacksam, adj. [^aAr'sam'], thankful tacksamhet, 3. -en, -|- [tak'saTnh&t], thankfulness
cause, to occasion
tillstyrkan, 1. kan], advice
tillstddes
[(to
— +
, ,
[til'styu*-
tacksdgeUe,
-n, -r [tak'se^gdl-
[til'ste'dds]
present
Sd], thank(s)
be) inj
Swedish-English.
187
tillvaro,
3.
-n,
-f-
{til'va^rcJ],
presence
tillvdga, adv. (to bring) tillagg, 5. -et, tillagga, II.
\til'VE^gd\,
about
trdng, adj. [troT)!:], narrow trdd, 5. -et, [tr€!:\ tree trddgdrd, 2. -eri, -ar [^r^'^o'u-c?],
—
— {tiVUg^ addition
[tiVleg^a], to
garden trddskola,
1. -?2,
-or
[^r^-'s/cct^'Za],
add
timma,
titel,
2.
2.
-n, -ar [tim'a,^ hour -en, -ar [tit!dl], title
[fitfsa'], to
tree-nursery trdffa, I. [^r£/*a*], to meet
trdng a,
throng
II.
[Zr£7;'a'],
to press, to
tjock, adj. [gok!], thick
;^y?/sa,
I.
charm
ijdna, I. [^^'na'], to serve -ijdnare, 5. -n, IgCnard*], servant
tjdnst, 3.
-e?2,
trdng set, crowd
trotta,
I.
3.
-n,
-\-
[treyisdl],
[ZroZ"a'], to tire, to ex-
haust
-er
[c£n.''s^],
service
tjdnste ande, 2. -?i^ -ar [gen'stdan'dd], ministering spirit tolka, 1. [tol'ka'], to explain, to
interpret
tu [tia!], two tunga, 1. -ti, -or [ifw?;'a*], tongue tunna, 1. -ri, -or [tun' a'], tun tunnel, 2. -n, tunnlar [tundli],
tunnel
tona, topp,
I. [^Co>"7i3'],
to sound, to tone
[topi],
2.
-en,
-ar
top
Turkiet
[tur'ki'df],
[^t;z?;"a*],
Turkey
to
toppmossa,
torka, torsk,
I.
1. -n,
-or [fj)p"m0s'a],
to dry
tvinga, IV.
pecked (night)-cap
[^D.fyfca'],
tvivel, 5. -ef,
—
[tvitvaT],
compel doubt
2.
-en, -ar [tojJsk], cod
tvdng, -et, -fcompulsion
[^vo??.'],
constraint,
country trapp, 2. -ew, -ar [^rap.'^J, trap trappa, 1. -n, -or [^rap'a'], staircase
^raA^f, 3. -e?i, -er [fraL'^],
^-yar, adj. [tvseir], blunt,
hasty
tvdrtom. adv. [^v^^TZom*], on the
contrary
ty, conj.
[Z2//],
trappsteg,
stair
5.
-e^,
—
for,
as
[trap'ste'g],
tycka,
II.
[si'g],
3.
[%A:'a'], to like to think;
— om
;
— sig
[omi],
to
trasig, adj. [^ra'si^'j, shabby
trevnad,
-en,
5.
+
to like, to
be fond of
to
\tre'vnad%
tyda,
II.
[ty'da'].
point,
comfort, wellbeing
trevdningshus,
high trippa,
-et,
—
signify
\tre'-
i:oni7)shm's], house three stories
I. [trip'a*],
tysk, adj.
[Z^/s.Vt:],
German
Trjskland [tys'klan^d], Germany
tyst, adj. [tys.'t], still tystldten, adj. [tys'tlo^tdn],
taci-
to trip, to trot
tro, 3. -n, -|- [^rw;], faith tro, III. [frw.^], to believe
turn
trogen, adj.
[^roj'^9?i'], faithful
trolig, adj. [^r&;*Z{^'], probable trolos, adj. [^rc^^'Zo's], faithless ifroTi, 3. -en, -er \trojin\, throne trossvagn, 2. -en, -ar [tros'vay'n],
[Zo.^^], train ^%, 5. -eZ, Z%a, I. [to'ga^], to march,
—
to go
tdga,
[to'ga'], fibre ifaZa, II. [ZoZa'], to stand, to bear,
1.
-71,
-or
to support
tdlig, adv. [to'lig% patient tar, 2. -en, -ar [to.'r], tear tdcka, II. [ffA;"a'j, to cover
luggage-waggon, convay
trupp,
tryck, sion
3.
5.
-en, -er \trupt]. troop
-e^,
—
\tryki],
impres-
tdcke, 4.
^aZZ,
5.
-^,
trycka, II. [iryka% to punt, to press trygg, adj. [tryg!], sure, secure
tryggJiet, 3. -eri, -f- [tryg'he't], surety, security 2. -en, -ar [tro'd], thread ^r<|d^,
-eZ,
tdnka,
tic(al)
II.
[tsUt], tent [Zf??"^^*]; to think
—
-?2
[t€k'd% cover
ZaZ, .adj.
[teU],
-e>i,
close,
[ZfZ/ie^Z],
hermeclose-
tdthet, 3.
+
ness
188
Vocabulary.
to emulate,
tdvla,
torriy
I.
\t£v'ln*\
to
contend
2.
II.
universitet, 3. -eri, -er [rn'mvaersit9't], university
-men, -mar
\tdint],
rein
universitetsldrare
,
5.
-??,
—
tora,
O
[^ce'ra'J,
may,
(shall)
[m'niv8ersitd'tsWrard\ university teacher, professor
unge,
2. -n,
U
umgds,
quent,
to hide
III,
upp och ned
and down uppdrag, 5.
-ar [uy'd^l, young one [up! ot ne:d\, up
-et,
—
[up'dia^g],
li-
[um'go^s], to freto have intercourse with
II.
O
mission, task
uppehdlle,4. -t,-\-]up9-h£rc)],
velihood, living
midangomma,
under,
vel,
5. -et,
[un'danjom'a],
[un'ddr], mar-
uppenbara,
I.
[up'dnba^ra],
to
—
wonder
2. -en,
under avdelning,
underbar,
derful
adj.
-ar [un'-
manifest, to reveal uppfart, 3. -en, -er ascension, ascent
[up'fa\(f],
ddra'vdelnii)], subdivision
[unddrba^i^], won3. -en,
-\-
I. \up'fms^trH\, to bring np, to educate uppfriska, I. [up'fris^ka], to refresh, to revive
uppfostra,
undergivenhet,
[un'-
uppfylla,
II.
[up'fgl'a], to
lill
up
ddrji'vdnhet], resignation
uppfora,
uppfftfi^
II.
[w^'/ora], to erect,
underhandla,
to negotiate
I.
\un'd9rhan'dla].
2. -e?2,
to establish
underhandling,
-ar
[wrz'-
uppgora,
range
3. -en, -er [up'jif't], task II. [up'jce'ra], to ar-
O
ddrhan^dliij], negociation
underjordisk,
disic],
adj.
[?/?i'c?arjf6;'u--
upphora,
II.
[Kip*^03Va[, to cease
[wp*Z?/"sa'J, to light
subterranean
[^f7^•c?9rZ^^'],
underlig, adj.
won-
upplysa, II. upplysning,
niij],
drous, strange
2. -en, -ar [up'lys'information, explanation
underordna,
underrdttelse,
rfif'aZsa],
I.
[un'ddro^rdna],
-r [t^n*c?9r-
to subordinate
3. -n,
uppmana, I. [wp'ma'na], to exhort [wp uppmdrksamhet, 2. -en,
+
mag'rksamhet], attention, attentiveness
news
5.
-e^,
under stud,
te
—
[i^n'cZar-
sto^d], support
upprepa, uppvesa,
I.
[upre^pa], to repeat
[ttjp're'saj, to erect 4. -^, -j- [itp'^e'^Jicfe],
II.
understodja,
support
II.
[unddrsto^dja],
[un'ddrso^ka], to
uppseende,
stir; sensation;
II.
supervision
undersoka,
examine undervisa,
teach
uppskatta,
I.
[w^*sA:a^'a], to value,
to appreciate
I.
[wwcZarvz'sa]
2. -ew,
,
to
uppskjuta,
postpone
IV.
[wp*/m'^aj,
to
undervisning,
+
[w7i'c?ar-
uppstd,
III.
O
II.
[lip-s^o'j, to
stand
to
vis'nii)], tuition
up, to arise
undkomma,
escape
IV. [wn'cZArom'a], to
uppstdlla,
O
[up'stel'a],
undra, I. [wwdfra'], to wonder undsdtta, II. O [wn*^.9£^'a],
relieve (a garrison)
to
undsdttning,
712*2;],
2. -en,
-ar [wwcZsfi'-
relieving
?/n^, adj. [uv'l young ungdom, 2. -ew, [w2;*t?<^m'],
+
draw up, to range [up'sy^n], look, uppsgn, 3. -en, mien upptaga, IV. [wp'^a'^a], to take up upvteckna, I. [wp'^eA^'na], to write down, to record upptrddande, 4. -t, -f- [w^j'frf^-
+
youth
dandd], appearance
Jwedish-English.
-er [up'tsk't],
189
upptackt,
discovery
3.
-en;
utsikt, 3,
-e/i,
uppvakta, I. [up'vak'ta], to wait uppvaktning, 2. -en, -ar [up'vak^tnirj], attendance, waiting
i^^sZa, III. to bloom, to
O
-er [m'tsik^t], view [m'tslo% to blow,
open
utsdnda,
out
II.
[urtsen^da], to send
ursprungligen, adv. [ucrspruifursdkt,
ligan], originally 3. -en, -er [ui'rsek'-t], excuse, apology
4.
utsdfta, II. [m'fsf^'a], to expose uttrdtta, II. [m'^ro^'a], to tire out
utarhetande, -t, -\- [ui'tar'betandd], working out II. uthreda, [m'thre''da\, to spread utbrista, IV. [m'tbris'ta], to break
out
utvald, chosen utveckla,
adj.
I.
mtva'ld],
select,
utforska,
I.
[ut'tfor^ska], to search
utfoT, adv. prep. [iu,':tfcer], down utfora, II. [m'j^/ceVa], to execute,
to carry out
develop utveckling, 2. -en, -ar [m'ifveA:'Z%], development utvidga, I. [m'ifufcZ'^aJ, to expand, to enlarge, to extend utvisa, I. [m'^fz'sa], to turn out, to expel; to show, to decide
[m'^veAr'Za], to
utgora,
11.
m'J^jce'ra], to
make
vacker, adj.
[vak.'dr], pretty
-{-
up, to amount, to constitute
utgoras, av
sist
[uL'tjoe,'ras\
to con-
vadmal,
vagga,
i;a^?z,
of
3.
-en, coarse stuff
1.
[va'd'ma''T\,
-\- [m'tkom''st\ income, (getting out) 5. -et utlopp, {m'tlop''], mouth, estuary I. utlova, [m'tlo''va], to promise utldnning, 2. -n, -ar [la'tlenHy],
utkomst,
-en
—
2.
-n, -or {vaga^^ cradle -en, -ar [z;a?;.'n], carriage
vaksam,
vakteld,
adj. [?;<2'/csam*],
2.
awake
-en,
-ar
[?;aA:'^eZ'cZ],
foreigner
watch-fire val, 5. -eif, [va/ZJ, choice, election vail, 2. -en, -ar [val% wall
—
utldndsk, adj. [m'tUn'dsk], foreign utmatta, I. [vi'tTnafa], to weary, to wear out, to exhaust
vallfdrda, I. [i;aZ*/«^£^<^a], to make a pilgrimage valsprdk, 5. -ef, [i^a'Zspro'A;],
—
—
utmdrka,
tinguish
II.
\uftmser^ka\, to dis3. -n,
device
utmdrkelse,
-r [la'tmasr^-
valthorn, 5. -e^, French-horn
van, adj.
[i;ain],
1.
[val'thcjUn],
kdlsd]. distinction
accustomed
utndmna,
abroad
II.
[ui'tnem'na], to apadv.
vandra,
[van'dra% wander
point, to nominate
utomlands,
[uiHomlands],
vanlig, adj. [va'nlig'], usual vanligen, adv. [^>a•nZ^^^n'], usually vanligtvis, adv. [ya'nZz^^vi's],
usually
[?;a.'p9n], weapon vapen, 5. -e^, rara, 1. -n, -or [t;a"ra*], goods
utomordentlig
,
adj.
[m'tomorfit
dsnHlig], extraordinary utreda, 11. [mtre^da], to
to clear
—
out;
up
[if^'^rf^'aj,
-?^,
utrdtta,
I.
to
perform
t;ara, I. [va'ra"], to last f A y vardagsgdst [vardagsjes^t],
utsaga,
1.
-or [ui'tsa^ga], destatement,
to look, to
claration,
assertion,
[ut'tse^],
-/i
deposition utse, III.
O
4.
every day's guest (h^)varest, adv. [?;a'rfs'^], where f^V^-an^enom,adv.[z;a.Vije'nom],
whereby
(h^)vass, adj. [vas/], sharp
appear utseende,
-^,
[m'tse'dndd],
appearance, look
^)
varna, I. [fa't/na'], to warn vatten [vaitdn\ water
old orthography
190
Vocabulary.
I. [z;ir'r/a*], to [visa''], to show;
vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a^], week vederldggning, 2. -en, -ar {veddvUg^nirj], refutation
(h^)virvla,
t'lsa,
I.
whirl — /ra?n
wis-
verk, 5. -et, [vsertk], work verka, I. \vserka^]y to work verklig, adj. \vserklig^\ real, virtual
—
3.
Yframf\, show, to exhibit
vishet, 3. -en,
-|- [vrs^e'if],
dom
viss, adj. [vzs.^], certain, sure
visserligen,
-en,
-|-
adv.
[i?zs*9rZi'^an],
verksamhet,
[vser'k-
samhe't], activity verkstdllighet, 3. -en, -j- [^?cer•A:steVighet], effect ve^a, I. [?;eta'], to know vetenskap, 3. -ew, -er [ve'tdnska'p], science
surely vistas, I.
[-yzs'^as*],
vetenskapsman
ence, scholar
,
3.
-nen,
-man
of sci-
vitsord, 5. -ef, testimony vittnesbord, 5. -e^, bce'rd], witness vrida, IV. [vri'da'], wrest
vrd,
—
to sojourn
[viY'sC'>»W],
—
to
[vit'ndstwist,
to
[ve'tdnskapsman*],
man
2. -n, -r [uro/],
corner
vuxen,
vdga,
vdr,
vetgirig, adj. [ve'tji'rig], desirous of learning vida, adv. [vida'], wide
adj. [t*itZj'sa?i'], grown (up) I. [vo'^a'J, to dare
2.
-en,
I.
-ar [vo.VJ, spring
to nurse, to
vdrda,
[uo'^c^a'],
vidga,
sive
I.
[i;rc?^a*], to
extend
take care of
vdris, 2. -en, -ar [vo'ris], nal ice
ver-
vidiyftig, adj. [z;r^/?;/'%], exten-
vidskeplig, adj. [vrdjep'lig], superstitious fi^, 2. -en, -ar [i^zVA:], bay z;zA;f, 3. -en, -er lvik.'t], weight
vdrvisa, 1. -n, -or legend of Spring
II.
[yo'rvisa],
viktmdtt, 5. -et, weight measure
viktig,
adj.
—
awake vdcka, {vek'a% vdg, 2. -en, -ar [c£tg\ way
to
\viktmot%
weigthy,
[vik'tig^'],
important
(h^)vila, I. \vi'la^\ to rest 3. vildhet, -en, -f[vil'dheH],
va^a; II. [r£^"^a'], to weigh vdgg, 2. -en, -ar \veg:], wall vdgra, I. [t;r^ra'], to refuse vdlgorande, adj. [r^Z'^ceVancZa],
beneficial
vdlgorare,
5. -n,
—
[ffZ'Jce'rara],
wildness
benefactor
3. -en, -e?' [z;27'c:?war'A:],
vildmark,
viYZa,
1.
vdlkommen,
welcome
3.
adj.
[y£Z'A;o?>?/c>nJ,
wild country
-n,
or \vil'a% cottage
villig, adj. \vil'ig^\ willing
(h^)vina, IV. [vi'na'\ to whistle t'lnd', 2. -en, -ar [i;m/dl], wind iringe, 2. -en, -ar [z/Zj?'^'], wing vinna, IV. [vm'a^]. win
-en, vdllukt, [^;^/•/M^*^], pleasing odour vdlsignelse, 3. -n, -r [vfZsiV^/sa], blessing vdltra, I. [-ufZ'^ra^], to roll (out) vdn, 3. -nen, -ner [vent], friend
-er
vinnande, winning
4. -^,
-f-
[?;m'an'^9],
vdnda,
apply
II.
[vrn't^a*],
3.
to turn, to
vinst, 3. -en, -er [vinist], profit
vdndpunkt,
-en,
-er
[vm'c^-
vinterbostad, 3. -en, -stdder \vin'tdrbco'stad], winter-house
vinterkold, 3. -en, coVd], wintercold
punk^t], turning point
+
Vdnern
[ve'ndd'n], the
2.
Vaner
[tm'^ar-
vdnlig, adj. [i;£n"%'], friendly
vdnskap,
vdnta,
J.
-en, -|- [ven's/ta'p],
to await,
to
vintermdnad,
3. -en, -er [vin'tdr-
friendship
[v£?i"^a'J,
mo'nad], winter-month vippa, J. [vip'a'], to wag
old orthography
expect, to wait for
Swedish-English.
to
191
vapna,
I.
[v€]p'na'']y
arm
dngpanna,
sten], flue
1.
-n,
-or [oypan^ajf
vdrd, adj. [vas'dd], worth vdrde, 4, -t, -n {^cse'ddd^ value vcirdig, adj. [vx'j^dig'], worthy
i;arr, 5. -et,
steam-boiler
dngskorsten,
2. -en,
-ar [oyskor'-
—
[v%r'v], mission,
dngslup,
2.
-en,
-ar [oy'slm^p],
year
cen-
task
vdrld, 2. -eTz, -ar [vw!rd], world vdrldshistoria, '6.-ien,-ier\vse\idshistcoWia], history of the world
vdrldslig, adj. [vce'j.dslig'], ternporal vdrldsliv, 5. -ef, ["y^'-t^sZz'y],
steam-sloop ar, 5. -et,
—
[o.'r],
drhundrade [o'rhun^dradd],
+
temporal
life
vdster, 3. -n, -|- [v£s/^ar], west Vdttern [vsHdrn], the Vatter -yacca, II. [vek'sa \, to grow t/aaj^, 3. -en, -er [vektst], plant vdxtlighet, 3. -e?i, -|- [vek'stlig^het], vegetation
tury drligen, adv. [otZi^^ti'], yearly drsdag, 2. -e?z, -ar [o'rsda'^], anniversary dsikt, 3. -e?2, -er [o'sikH'\, opinion dterfinna, IV. [o*^9r/i7i'a], to find
again dterkalla,
I.
[otarZcaZ'aJ, to recall
fo'^arX'^^m'a],
[o'tdrse'],
dterkomma, IV.
return, to
to
come back
dterse,
111.
O
O
to
see
vdxtvdrld, 2.-en, -ar [vsk'stvae'^td], world of plants
vorda,
I.
vordnad,
[vce'd,da], to venerate 3. -ew -j- [voe'j.dnad%
veneration
Y
yngling,
2. -ew,
again dterstod, 3. -en, -er [o'tdrstco^d], remaining, rest dterstd, III. [o"i(ars^o'], to remain, to be left dtertaga, IV. [o'tdTta''ga\ to retake
dtertvdnda,
-ar
[^/wZi?;*],
II.
[o'tdTven''da'\,
to
youth
return, to
come back
-e?i,
?/pper%,
adj. [2/p'ar%'], excellent
dtgdrd,
3.
-er
[o'tj%'jid\y
ypperst, adj. [^p/^rs^J, extreme yppig, adj. [2/i>^^'], luxuriant
2/s^er, adj.
[g/s.'^ar],
measure, step
dtminstone,
at least
adv.
[o'ifmm'sfowa],
fierce,
yta,
1.
ytmdtt,
-n, 5. -e^,
-or
— [y'tmof],
[y'ta'"'],
wild surface
dtnjuta, IV. [o'tnjm'ta], to enjoy
square
measure
ytterst, adj.
[^/if.'ars^],
utmost
ddel, adj.
A
a^a, dgg,
noble [£'ga% to possess, to 5. -ei^, [eg^], egg o^Tia, I. [syna'], to devote
[^/dJaZJ,
yttra,
I.
[2/^*ra'],
to utter
yttre, adj.
[^/^.'ra],
exterior
II.
—
own
2
d, 2.
-71,
-ar
5.
[of],
-?2,
dhorare,
dka,
II.
—
small river
[o'^o'rara],
genuine dlska, I. [£^Z'5A;a'], to love — [fZ's/cara'], lover dlskare, 5. -rz,
aA;te, adj. [ek'ta],
auditor, listener
[o'A:a'], to drive
dlksvdrd,
dkerbruk, husbandry dlderdom, 2.
age
5. -ef,
+ [o'kdrbrm'k],
[oZcZ'ard^wm'],
[o?;*6o'^],
dmna,
dmne,
I.
4.
adj. [fZ'sArv^'rcZ], lovely [fw'na'J, to intend -?i [em'nd'] , stuif, -^,
material
-e/i, -[-
dnda, 2. -w, -ar [m'c?a'], end dnda, adv. [fri'cZa*], to, up to,
dnghdt,
boat
2. -n,
-ar
3.
steam-
dndamdl,
object
5.
-ef,
—
till
[£7^'cZamo'Z],
dngbdtstur,
-eri,
-er [oy'bot-
stm^r], short voyage on a steam boat
dndligen, adv. [£?^•(ZZ^^'9?^], at last ari^, 2. -en, -ar [eij'], meadow dngel, 2. -n, -ar [ey'dl], angel
192
5.
Vocabulary.
dppeltrdd,
apple-tree
-et,
—
[£p'9ltre%
omsom,
nately
adv.
[om'som'],
alter-
ara,
1.
-n, -t [^'ra'],
honour
dretitel, 2. -n, title of honour
-ar [^'rdtit'dl],
aria,
1. II.
-n,
-or
[%rla%
wagtail
drva,
[^r'va%
to inherit
dta, IV. [s'W], to eat
dtt, 3. -en, -er
[et!],
oppen, adj. [op'an'], open oppna, I. [op'Tza'], to open oppning, 2. -en, -ar [op'wi?;'], opening [ce'rZo^sorlogsfartyg, 5. -e^, fa^rtyg], man-of-war
—
race, family
or^, 3. -en, -er
os^er, 3. -n,
+
[oRjitt],
[os-'^^rj,
herb, plant eastern
o, 2.
-92,
-ar
[0.'],
isle,
island
ode, 4. -t, -n [0'dd^], lot, destiny ode, adj. [e'c^^'j, desert, waste, desolate
Osifersjon[o6'tar/0'n],theBalticSea ova, I. [0''ya'], to exercise ovad, adj. [0''yac?'], exercised overavdelning, 2. -en, -ar [o'vdra'vdehiiy], over subdivision
overallt,
[o'dmjm'k], humble -eri, [o'dmjm'het], humbleness oga, 4. -t (ogon) \o'ga'], eye ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar [0*^D7is^e'?i],
odmjuk,
adj.
adv.
[o'vdrart],
every-
odm-jukhet,
3.
+
where
overbefdl,
5. -e^,
— [o'vdrbdfe^T],
-?i,
supreme command overenskommelse, 3.
overgdng,
transition
2.
-r [0'ver-
eye-ball, apple of the eye ogrupp, 3. -en, -er [o'grup''],
dnskom''9ls9], accord
-en, -ar [0*'y9r^o?;'],
I.
archipelage
oka,
om,
I. [o'ka^], to increase adj. [o7?2/], tender
overmanna,
overcome
[o'Vdrman^a],
to
omsesidig,
adj. [omsdsi^dig],
mu-
tual, reciprocal
overtaga, IV. [0*var^a'^a], to overtake, to take possession.
English-Swedish.
apple-tree, dppeltrdd,
[ep'eltrs*]
5.
-et,
—
action, handling, [han'dliy*]
to admire,
abroad, uioralands [m'tomlan^ds], -ar 2. -en,
afternoon,
age,
beundra, I. [ftawn/cZra] eftermiddag, 2. -en, -ar Uftdrmida'g] ^
to apply, anvdnda, II. {an'vimida] April, april [aprilt] arm, arm, 2. -en, -ar [ar/m] arm-chair, Idnstol, 2. -en, -ar
to
alder, 2. -n (dldrar) {oV.ddr] [om*agent, omhud, 5. -e^,
—
arm, vdpna, I. [vfpna*] [va^^pdn] arm, vapen, 5. -e^, army, Aar, 2. -en, -ar [has^r]
—
artillery, artilleri, 3. -et, -er [ar'-
air,
Zw/i(,
3. -en,
take
alive,
air,
+ hdmta
tildrH]
[Zw/'Y];
to
as, conj., sd,
frisk
luft
to
ascertain,
likasd [so/] utrona, taga reda
2.
[hxmta* frisik
Iv/f.'t]
pa
assets,
ass,
[ui'tro'na]
levande, vid liv [le'van' dd\
_ asparagus, 5P' sparris,
-en,
-ar
Alp, alp, 3. -en, -er [aZ/p] always, adv., alltid, stddse [al'ti^d]
[spar'is^]
aktiva [aktiiva]
1.
among,
prep.,
ibland [iblan!d]
animal, djur, 5. -et, apartment, rum, 5. -met,
—
dsna,
-n,
— [rum.']
[JKi^ir]
she-ass,
dsninna,
-or [^'sna'j: 1. -n, -or [os-
—
nm'a']
English-Swedish.
3.
193
attachment,
tillgivenhet,
II.
-en,
blast-furnace,
masugn,
2. -en,
-ar
-\- [tiljiv9nhe't\
to attend, folja,
attic,
vindskammare,
augusti
[fol'ja^] 2. -n,
-rar
or
[ma-sup'n] blind, adj. blind [bUn.^d] bloom, hlomma, 1. -n, -or
m'a']
{hloj-
[vin'dskam'ard]
August,
[acogustti\
blossom,
hlomma,
1. -n,
-or [hlco-
[ogusiti\
m"a*] (hlomster b.)
U
back, rvgg, 2. -e?i, -ar [r:?/^.'] bacon, Jtdsk, 5. -et, [fles'k] to bake, baka, I. [ba'ka"]
body, kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop!] book, SoA:, 3. -en, booker [boj.'k] boot, stovel, 2. -n, -ar [ste/u^Z]
—
bound,
adj.
fbrpliktad
[fcer-
plikttad]
braces, hdngslen, pi. [^£7;/sZ97i[
ball,
— kula, [km'la']
bassdng,
1. -ti,
.
-or, klot, 5. -e^,
brandy, konjak, brdnnvin, [kon'jak, brm'vi'n]
brass,
-et,
—
the Baltic Sea Ostersjon [os'tdr-
/0'n]
basing skdl,
2.
breakfast,
-en,
massing, 2. -en, -f- [mf.9*z??'] frukost, 2. -en, -ar
-ar [sko'l],
[5as£2/.'J
-t,
[frukos*t]
3. -en,
-er
bathing-place, badstdlle, 4.
[fta'Ss^f^'d]
-n
breast, &rosZ, 5. -et, [hrosit] to breathe, andas, I. [an'cZas'J
—
bay, havsvik,
^J^'^']
2.
-en,
-ar
[Tia'vs-
British, adj. britisk [britHsk] to brush, borsta, I. [6or*s^a'] to build, bygga, II. [&2/^'a']
bean, bona, 1. -n, -or [JonaH to bear, fordraga, IV. [/cer-
building,
byggnad,
3.
-en,
-er
draiga]
beard, skdgg, 5. -eZ, [/^^-'J beautiful, skon, fager [fetn] 2. -ar bed, sang, -en, [sf?;.']
—
[62/^nacZ'J bull, ^jwr, 2. -en, -ar [^m.V] but, conj. men {menf\
butter, smor, 5. -et, [smotr'] to button, kndppa, II. [fcn^p'a'J to buy, kopa, 11. [go'pa']
—
bed-room, sovrum, 5. -Tne^, [so'vrum'] beef, oxkott, 5. -e^, [oA:'fdY'] to begin, borja, I. [6cer'ja*j
—
—
C
cabbage, kdl,
calf, A:aZi;,
2,
behind, prep.,
bakom, bakpd
[ba-en, -}" [^o/Z]
komt]
being, varelse, 3. -n, -r [va'ralsd*] to belong, tillhora, II. [^I'Z'Ao'raJ beloved, dlskad, omtyckt [el'skad^, om'tyk't]
best, adv.,
cake, A:aA;a, 1.
to call,
-?z,
2. -en,
I.
kalla,
besoka,
bast
[bss.'t]
for
cape,
-et,
11., [bdseika], att trdffa [tref'a*]
komma
-en,
-or [ka'ka^] -ar [kaHv] for \kal'a%
—
between, prep., emellan [omd'an^] beyond, prep, utover [mte'vdr]
bill (of
udde,
—
2.
-ar,
kap,
5.
[ud'd', ka.'p]
exchange), vdxel,
2.
-n -ar
[veJdsdl]
2. -n, -ar [/o/^aZ] ; ~ of passage, jiy\ttfdgel, 2. •n, n, -ar [flyt'fo^gdl] \jlytfo'gdl\ bit, bit, 2. -en, -ar [biW] ]
bird,
—
fdgel,
captain, kapten, 3. -en, -er [kapZe/n] care, omsorg, 3. -en, er [om'sar^j]
'_
bitch,
hynda,
1.
-n -or {Jiyn'da^^
1.
sorglbs [sor'^lo's] , carpet, , matta, 1. -n, -or [mat'a*'\ . carriage, vagn, 2. -en, -ar [t;a?;/nj [varjt carrot morot, 3. -n, -rotter [mo)'careless, adj.,
, ,
black-board, svart tavla, -or [srar/Z Za't^Za]
-n,
rw'Z]
to carry,
genomfora,
II.
[je'nom5.
-eZ,
blamable,
adj.
tadelvdrd
I.
[ta'ddl-
fb'ra]
cartridge-box,
vee'rd] to blame, tadla,
[ta'dla']
—
patronkok,
I3
[patrco'ng0*k]
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
194
Vocabulary.
cash-book,
kassabok,
3.
-en,
coal, kol, 5. -e^,
—
[koil\
-backer [kas'abco'k] cashier, kassor, 3. -en, -er [kasd!r]
cast-iron,
cock, ^wp^, 2. -en, -ar \tupi] code, lagbok, 3. -en, -booker
gjutjdrn,
5.
-et,
+
[la'gbo/k]
coffee, A^a^e, 5.
[jm'tjas^rn] cat, katt, 3. -en, -er [kat]
to csitch, fatta,
I.
;
collar,
krage,
cold, [fat a'] forkyla, IL, sig [fcergyUa] cauliflower, blomkdl, 2. -en, -|3. -et,
—
colonel,
std']
-f, [A:a/-a'] 2. -n, -ar [A;ra"^9'J overste, 2. -n, -ar [o'vdr-
—
colony,
V'Dnit'\
koloni,
5. -e^,
3. -en,
-er
\kd-
\bla)m'ko^l] cavalry, rrjtteri,
colt,
fhl,
—
[/0.'q
-er
[ry-
to
tdrif\ ceiling, tak, 5. -et,
—
(i ett
rum)
command, befalla, II. [fta/a/'a] to commence, borja, I. [6cer*Ja*J House of Commons, Underhus(et)
[un'ddrhia's(dt)] competitor, medtdvlare, 5. -n, [me'dtevla'rd]
;
[tatk]
chain, kedja, 1. -n, -or [ge'dja'], of mountains, bdrgskedja,
—
1.
chair,
-n, -or [bserjsge'dja] stol, 2. -en, -ar
2. -en,
[stco.'l],
Idrostol,
-ar[l3R'rcostoyi\
2. -en,
compliance, samtycke, 5. -^, [sam'tyk'd] in compliance with, i enlighet med [i' e'nlighe't
we.'d]
to
— —
chamber,
kammare,
-mrar
ftyk'a]
[kam'ard']
chamber-maid, kammarjungfru, 2. -n, -r [kam'arjuy'frm\ chandelier, Ijuskrona, 1. -n, -or
[jm'skroj'na]
to chatter,
comply, samtycka, II. [sam'to comprise, innefatta, I. [ma/a^'a]
compulsory, tvingande, [tviij' ande', tvoys-^
to
tvdngsI.
prata,
I.
[pra'ta*]
conduct,
-yaZ/^aj
forvalta,
[/cer-
cheap, adj. adv., billig(t) [biVikH] cheek, kind, 3. -en, -er [gintd] cheese, ost, 2. -en, -ar [(x)stt\
cherry-tree,
chieftain,
to consist, bestd. III.
korsbdrstrdd, 5. -et,
2.
—
[bdsto:] constitution, statsforfattning, 2. -en, -ar [statsfoRrfat'niij]
O
[gcerbertrs']
hovding,
-en,
-ar
[ho'odiy']
chin, haka, 1. -ri, -or [ha'ka*] to chirp, kvittra, I. [&i;iY'ra']
continent, fastland, 5. -et, -lander [fas'tlan'd], kontinent, 3. -en, -er [A:on'^m£n.'q continually, oupphorligt [oj'upto
chocolate,
choklad,
3.
-en,
-|-
hoe'rlig] contribute,
bidraga, IV. [6rfp'ar^]
-f- [^•32. -e?i,
dra'ga\
to choose, va(/a, II.
citizen,
O
-n,
[vd'ja^]
borgare,
5.
—
copper,
[^Qr*-
koppar, 2. -en, copy-book, skrivbok,
-booker
[skri'vboj'k']
jara'] class-room,
to clear,
klassrum, [klasrum']
5.
-me^,
—
corner, horn, 5. -e^, [hoRUn] cornet, kornett, 3. -en, -er [/cornf^.']
—
3.
klarna, I. [A:?a'rna'] clerk, kontorist, 3. -en, -e>" [A:an'climate, klimat,
5. -e^,
corporal,
korpral,
-en,
-er
2.
—
;
[A:.^rpra.7]
[A:Zz-
correspondence,
councillor,
brevvdxling,
2. -?i,
cloth, tyg, 5. -et'
the
ka',
—
—
I.,
-en, -j" [bre'v-vek'sliy]
[ty^g]
to lay
rddsherre,
-ar
,
duka,
bordet [dm'-
b(oUd9t]
3.
clothes, kldder, pi. [kUfddr] clothing, kldder, pi. klddsel,
-n,
+
[rod'sha2r'd] to count, rdkna, II. [rf'A-na^ 5. lander /an^i, country, -et, [lanJdl ; in the country, pa lan-
\kUdtsdT\
det [poi laniddt]
English-Swedish.
3.
195
cousin,
sitn]
kusin,
3.
-en,
-er
\kui-
dining-room, [?na'fsa7]
dinner,
d.^a^]
mat sal,
2.
2.
-en, -ar
cow, ko,
vi'va] creditor,
-n, -r [kco!]
1. -n,
middag,
-en, -ar [wz-
cow-slip, gullviva,
or[gul'-en,
borgendr,
3.
-er
to dip, doppa, I. [dfap'a'J director, direktor, 3. -e7i,
-er
[bovjdnas^r] crop, skord, 2. -en, -ar [fodtdd]
to cross,
[dirsktce^r]
to disarm,
avvdpna,
I.
korsa, I., -dver\kor'Sct'] cuckoo, gok, 2. -en, -ar [je'k] cuff, manschett, 3. -en, -er [mankyrass,
3. -en,
discipline,
disciplin,
[a'v-vfp'na] 3. -e?z, -er
3. -en,
[cZzs'zpZzVn]
discouragement, modloshet,
-f-
fetf] cuirass,
[mofdlosheH]
-er \ky-
rasi]
cup, kopjp, 2. -en, -ar [kopf] customer, kund, 3. -en, -er [kunid]
[/«-'^] dish, /a^, 5. -eif, to divide, dela, I. [d^e'Za*] to do, gora, II. [ia?-ra*]
—
O
dog, hund, 2. -en, -ar [hun!d] anidomestic, adj.^ws- [hm's]; [hm'smal, husdjur, 5. -et,
—
—
jm'r]
damage, skada, 1. -n, -or [ska'da^ damp, adj. fuktig [fuk'tig*]
dark, adj. mork [mcej.'k'] danger, fara, 1. -n, -or [fa'ra'] day, dag, 2. -en, -ar [da.^g]
deaf, adj. cZov [<^0/v] dear, adj., dyr, dyrhar [dy.'r,
door, dorr,
to
2. -en,
-ar
[(^cer.^
—
;
knock at the door, knacka pa dorren [knak'a' poi do&rtdn] dormitory, sovrum, 5. -met
[so'vrum*^^ double, adj.,
gojin]
—
dubbel
[dub.'dl]
dyr-er
-er
dragoon, dragon,
3. -en,
-er [dra5.
ha^r] debitor,
gdldendr,
3.
-en,
-en,
drawing-master, ritldrare,
[jel'ddnseW] decanter, karaffin,
[kar'afitn]
—
-n,
[ri'tU^rard]
3.
drawing-room, formak, 5. -et, [fo'rma^k]] salong, 3. -en, -er
[sahyf]
to dress,
drift,
—
December, december [ddsem'bdr] declaration, forklaring, 2. -en, -ar
[fcerkla.'riy]
to
deep, adj. defend, va!ra]
djup
[jui'p]
I.
kldda, II. sig [kle'da'] driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^] to drink, dricka, IV. [c?r/A:'a']
drinkable, adj., drickbar [drik'ba'r] ductile, adv. [uttdnjelig, tdnjbar
[mt-teij'jdlig\ ten'jba'r] dusty, adj. dammig [dam'ig'] duty, plikt, 8. -en, -er [pZiA;.'^] to dwell, vistas, I. &o, III. [vis'tas']
forsvara,
I.
[foersI.
to deliver, befria,
overldmna,
[&a/nVa] desk, pulpet, 3. -en, -er [pulpe't] despair, fortvivla, 1. -ti, -f- [/cerifto
despatch,
avsdnda,
II.
11.
[a'l;-
to destroy,
forstora,
tillintet-
gora,
II.
O
dwelling-place, hemvist, 5. [he'mvis't]
-et,
—
[/ce.xsfce'ra]
-e?i,
devotion, hdngivenhet, 3.
[AfTi'iz-yariAe'^]
+
earth,
E
each, varje [var'jd'] ear, ora, 4. -t oron [o'ra^] early, adj. adv., tidig(t) [ti'dig^t]
dewdrop, daggdroppe,
[c^a^'tZr^p'a] to die, do, III.
diet,
[^Ze.'J
2.
-w, -<2r
jor^,
2.
-en,
2.
-ar [jojUd]
riksdag,
2.
-en,
-«r [rik's-
Easter,
pdsk,
-en, -ar [pos.7»:]
da'g]
to dig,
to eat, dta, IV. [6*^a']
grdva,
II.
[^r^'ua*]
eatable, adj.,
dtbar
[e'tba'r]
13*
196
Vocabulary.
2.
education, underinsning , -\- [un'ddrvis^niij]
egg, cigg, 5.
electric, adj.,
-et,
-en,
fear,
fruktan,
1.
—
2.
,
-\-
[fruk'-
—
[egt]
tan^] feather,
fjdder,
-7i,
-drar
elektrisk [elEkHrisk] empire, rike, 4. -t, -n [rrkd^] to employ, sysselsdtta; II.
O
[fje'ddr] February, 3bruary, februari [fe'bruia^ri]
feeling, kdnsel, 3. -n, -t [genisdl]: kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla*]
felthat, filthatt,
2.
[sys'dlsefa]
to encourage,
uppmuntra,
I.
[up'1.
-en, -ar [fiV-
mun'tra]
encouragement,
that']
—
uppmuntran,
female, hona,
fertile,
1.
-n, -or [hco'na*]
I
~\~
[up' mun^ trail]
frukthar, h ordig [fruk'fadj.,
English, adj., engelsk [e7)tdlsk'\\ the (language), engelska (sprdket) [eyidlska] to enjoy, njuta, IV. [njm-ta*]
—
ba^r]
fictitious,
finger ad
[fi'yjet-
rad]
trohet, 3. -en, -\- [trcoihet] field-marshal , fdltmarskalk , 2.
fidelity,
to enter,
intrdda,
II.
[in'tre'da\
envelope, omslag,
5. -et,
sla'g] (kuvert b.) equator, ekvator, 3. -n,
tor'] to equip,
— [om'+ [ekva'-
field-mouse,
[fel'tmarfaVk] dkerrdtta, 1. -n -or [o'kdrrofa]
-en, -ar
utrusta, I. [t^^trws'^a] European, adj., europeisk [mt'rojpeHsk]
evergreen, adj., alltid
to fight, kdmpa, I. [gem'pa^] figure, bild, 3. -en, -er \hil.d]
finger, finger, 2. -n,
fire-side,
-grar [fiy'dr]
-ar [ha3!d,d] : vid brasan,
grbnskande
allt
[al'tiy',
hard,
2. -en,
[gron'skan'dd]
everything,
al't]
by the
fire-side,
allting,
vid den husliga harden [vi!d
brasan*]
execution,
dd],
utforande [la'tfo'ranlagligt utfdrdande [lu'tI.,
fleet,
flotta,
1.
flock,
hjord,
2.
-n -or [flot'a*] -en, -ar [juUd^
fse'rdandd]
to exercise, ova,
flood, fiod, 3. -en, -er [flcoid]
utova,
II.,
I.
[e'va',
vi'to'va]
to export,
I.
golv, 5. -et, [gol^v] blomstertradgdrd, flower-garden, -floor,
.
—
utfora,
exporter a,
en, -ar [blcom'stertregoUd]
to fly, . fiyga, . ga, IV. ifilyga'] [fllyga^] to fold, Idgga tillhopa [leg' a*] illhopa \l
[lutfo'ra, ek'sporteira\
eye, oga, 4. 4, ogon [o'ga', egon'] eye-ball, ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar
[0gonste'n\
eye-tooth,
food, foda, 1. -n, -\- [fo'da^ footsoldier, fotsoldat, 3. -en, -er
[foj'tsolda't]
footstool,
ogontand, der [o'gontan'd]
3. -en,
-tdn-
pall,
2. -en,
1.
forehead,
n'a']
panna,
-n,
2.
-ar [pal'] -or [pa-en,
form,
face, anlete, 4. -t,
skolbdnk,
-ar
faculty,
formdga,
(pi.
-n [an'le'td] 1. -n, -{- ^fcer-
[skoj Iberfk]
to freeze,
frysa, IV. [fry'sa^
mo!ga]
formogenheter)
French,
adj.,
fransk
[fran,'sk]
to fall, falla, IV. [fala'] far, by far, aZZra (before a superlative) [al'ra']
fresh, adj., jfrisk [frisisk]
Friday, fredag, da'g]
2. -en,
-ar [fre-
fashionable, adj., nymodig \ny'moj'dig], modern fatherland, fddemesland, 5. -et,
-\-
friend, van, 3. -en, -ner [vehi] ramfor [fram'front, in of,
—
f
fo'r]
fruit,
[fE'denidslan^d]
adj.,
favourable,
gynnsam
[jyn'-
fruit-tree,
frukt, 3. -en, -er [frukit] frukttrdd, 5. -et,
—
sam']
[fimk-ttre*]
English-Swedish,
2.
197
fur,
pals,
-en, -ar [pelts]
hair,
H
hdr,
5. -et,
fusible, adj.,
smdltbar [smeltba'r]
—
[hotr]
ham, skinka, 1. -n, -or [fiyka'' hand, hand, 1. -en hdnder[han^d'
game, vildt, vUlebrdd,
viltt]
5.
et,
—
-ar
to hang, tapets'^a,d. [tap'etsetra' hard, adj. [hdrd [hotjid]
garden,
trddgdrd,
2.
-en,
harvest, skord, 2. -en, -ar [foetjid] to harvest, skorda, I. [foR'dda^] hat, halt, 2. -en, -ar [hatt]
[tre'go'dd]
gardener, trddgdrdsmdstare, b.-n, [trs'goxdsmes'tard] garrison, garnison, 3. -en, -er
—
haversack, mat-tornister, 2. -n, -rar [mat-tornis'tdr] head, huvud, 5. -et, \hm'vm*d]
—
i
;
at
the
head
of,
spetsen for
5.
[gar'niscotn] gay, adj., munter [munitdr] German, adj., tysk, tyska \tysik,
tys'ka^] glad, adj.,
to gladden,
[spettsdn]
headmaster, forestdndare, [fo'rdston'dard]
—
-n,
glad [glatd] glddja [ghd'ja']
glass, glas, 5. -et, to glide, glida, IV.
—
healthy, adj., frisk [fristk] to hear, hora, II. [hora*] hearing, horsel, 3. -n, -f- [hortsdl]
[glats] [glrda']
2.
glory, dra,
1.
-n, -\-[ce'ra]
glove,
handske,
-n,
-ar
[Iian'dskd'] to go, gd. III. [got] gold, guld, 5. -et, -{- [gultd]
O
heart, hjdrta, 4. [j^r'ta^] heavy, ^i^np, st?ar [fw??/, svotr] height, hojd, 3. -ew, -er [hojtd] helmet, hjdlm, 2. -en, -ar [jeltm]
hemisphere, halvklot,
-or
5.
-et,
—
goldfinch, steglitsa, 1. -n, [ste'glifsa] goldfish, guldfisk, 2. -en,
[hal'vkWt] hen, hona, 1.
-w,
-or [7i0"na*]
-ar
[guldjis'k]
good-bye,
rajetra]
interj.,
farvdl [farveil]
I.
hereditary, adj., arv- [artv-] hill, kulle, 2. -n, -ar \kul'd*] hoarse, adj., lies \hets] hoe, hacka, 1. -n, -or [hak'a']
to govern, styra, regera^
[sty'ra^
holiday, ferier, pi. [fetridr] hope, hopp, 5. -e^, [^op/J
to hope,
—
government, sty r else, regering [styrdlsd', rdje'riy']
hoppas,
I.
[y^^p'as'J
grammar-school, Idrdomsskola, 1. -n, -or [Ise'rdcomsskoj^la] grand-daughter, dotterdotter [dogrand-father, far-far , [fcirfar^, mojr'far']
horse, hdst, 2. -cti, -ar [hestt] horse-radish, pepparrot, 3. -e?2, -rotter [pep'arrco't] horse-soldier, ryttare, 5. -n, [ryhot, Ae^ [hett] ft'ard']
—
morfar
hound, hund,
2. -en,
-ar [huntd]
grand-mother,
grand-son,
farmor
,
mormor
sondotter
hour, timme, 2. -n, -ar [tim'9'] huge, adj., ofantUg [cjfanHUg]
[far.'mcor, mcortrriMr]
huntsman, ja^are, 5.-7z,
— [je'gard^]
sonson,
[so'nso'n, so'ndot'dr]
to greet, hdlsa, I. [helsa'] to grieve, smdrta, I., sorja,
I
II.
[smer'ta'] ground-floor,
vo'nir)]',
to illustrate,
upplysa,
adj.,
11.
[up'ly'-
jordvdning
on the , pd nedre hotten [pot netdrd hottdn] gun, gevdr, 5. -et, [jevsetr]
—
—
[joj'dd-
sa]
imperishable,
to import,
I.
oforgdnglig
importera,
[ojfoerjsiflig]
infora,
II.,
[m/oVa]
198
Vocabulary.
learned, Idrd [IseUd] Idmna, I. [lem'na*] ledger, huvudhok, 3. -en, -backer
to leave,
to
improve, fovhdttraj
I.
[/osr-
indigested, adj. indulgent, adj.,
osmdlt [M'smeVt]
skonsam
[skco'n-
sam']
industrious, adj. flitig [Jii'tig*] infantry, infanteri, fotfolk \in'fantdri.', foj'tfol'k] infinite, odndlig [M'en^dlig'] infirmary, sjukhus, 5. -et,
[jiufviadbolc] ben, 5. -et, \bein^ legislative, adj., lagstiftande [la'gstiftandd] legislative power , lagstiftande
leg,
—
{fwi'khia^s] inkstand, bldckhom,
5.
-et,
— —
makt [— maktt^
lenght, Idngd,
letter,
3.
-et,
-en, -er [liif.d]
brev,
5.
—
1.
\bretv]
[bhk
hoj'jin]
skulder, pi. [skul.'ddr] lieutenant, lojtnant [Idj'tnan't]
liability,
invention,
iron,
uppfinning,
5. -et,
2. -en,
-ar
[upfiniy']
jdrn,
—
[gt]
to lighten, blixtra, to lighten, Idtta, 1,,
gora
[blik'stra'] I attar e
[jseUn]
2.
[ht'a', jo'ra* let'ara'']
iron-plate,
jdrnpldt,
-en,
-ar
Ijxdjiplo't]
island, o, 2. -n, -ar
isle,
[0.']
like, adj., lik, lika [li.% li'ka'] limb, lem, 2. -men, -mar [lem']
0,
2.
-n,
-ar
liver, lever, 2.
long, adj.,
&^
-??,
levrar [le'var]
-ar [^^r-'a*]
-ew,
[lov-]
January, januari [jan'uiatri\
joy, glddje, 3. -n,
lord, herre, 2. -n,
loss,
-{ [gUdjd']
forlust,
3.
-er
[/cer-
July, juli [jmili]
June, juni [juiini]
loud, adj., Ijudlig [jm'dlig]
to love, dlska,
1.
[£Z"5A:a*]
K
to keep,
love kdrlek, 2. -e?2, -|" [^^'^'^e'^*] love-apple, kdrleksdpple, 4. -^, -ti
{cdB'rleksep^ld] (tomat,
2>.)
holla, IV. \hol'a% underhdlla, IV. [un'ddrhol'a]
-et,
kind, slag, 5. -er [sla!g]
—
lowland,
Idgland,
3.
-et,
-lander
2. -en,
,
sort, 3. -en,
4.
-t,
\lo'glan*cl]
kingdom,
kungarike,
-n
2.
luncheon, andra frukost, -ar [an'dra' fruk'osH']
[kuy'ari'kd] kitchen-garden, kokstrddgdrd,
-ar [gok'stregoUd] knife, kniv, 2. -en, -ar [kni'v] to knock, knacka [knak'a*]
-en,
M
main land, fastland, 3. -et, -lander [fastlan^d] man, mdnniska, 1. -n, -or [men'ifa']
man-of-war,
lake, sjd, 2. -w, -ar [/of] lance, Za?is, 2. -en, -ar [lan!s]
—
orlogsfartyg,
3.
5. -et,
[oi-rlogsfa'rtgg]
-er?,
landscape, landskap, 5. -et, \lan'dska^p'\ language, sprdk, 5. -et, [spro^k]
—
manager, disponent,
-er
—
map, karta, 1. -n, -or [fcavfa'] March, mars, [mar's]
mare,
sifo,
lark,
Idrka,
latest, adj.,
1. -n, -or [Iser'ka'] senast [se'nas't]
-ef,
4.
-e^,
-ti
[sff(>/]
lead, ftZy,
leaf,
5.
Zov, 5. -e^,
+ —
master, mdstare,
tard*]
5.
-w,
—
[?7?fS'-
[W-]
[lo^v]
leap-year, skottdr, 5. -et, o'r]
— [skot'-
May, ma; [wi^y-l meadow, dng, 2.
meal, mdltid,
-en,
-ar
[ey.']
3. -en,
-er [mo'lti'd]
English-Swedish.
5. -et,
199
meat, Wtt,
—
2.
[Qoti]
napkin, servett, 3. -en, -er
vett]
[sser-
member, medlem, [me'dhm^]
-men, -mar
mercantile fleet, handelsfiotta, 1. -n, -or [han'ddlsflot'a] merchandise, handelsvaror , pi. [han'ddlsva'rojr] merchant, Tcdpman,^d. -nen, -man
native country, fosterland, 5. -et, -\- [fcos'tdrlan'd] nature, natur, 3. -en, -\- [natmtr] navigation, sjofart, 3. -en, -\- [fo'-
faUt]
navy, fiotta,
1.
-an, -or Yflot'a^'\
-t,
[gop'man*] mercury, Tcvicksilver,
[kviTc'sU'vdr]
5.
-et,
+
[me
necktie, slips, 3. -en, -er [sliyts]
nest, ndste, 4.
net, ndt, 5. -et,
—-n
{n£S'td*'\
[neif]
metal, metall, [taV
3.
-en,
-er
of, middle, mitt [miti] in the mitt i [miti it] mild, adj., mild [milid] military, militdr-, Tcrigs- [mifi;
—
night, natt, 3. -en, natter \natt^ nightingale, ndktergal, 2. -en, -ar
[nek'tdrga^l] no, nej (icke) \nejt^ noise, Ijud, 5. -et,
-et,
—
,
larm,
5.
-f-
Ijmtd, lartm]
t€'r-f Tcrik's-]
milk, mjolk, 2. -en, -\- [mjoltk] mind, tanke, 2. -n, -ar, lust, 3.
-en, -jto
northern, adj., nordlig [noj'rdlig^^ nose, ndsa, 1. -n, -or [ns'sa^] nourishing, adj. ndrande \nBe'-
[tayW]
to,
randd']
have a mind
hava
-en,
lust att
[ha'va^ lus.'t att]
minute,
to
minute,
3.
er [mi-
nmtt] miss (thre train), Icomma, IV., for sent till [kom'a' foe.'r senit
tilf]
November, november [ncovsmtbdr] and then, now, adv. nu [nmt] da och da [dot okt dot] nowadays, nu for tiden [nmt
;
—
foetr titddn]
mixture,
hlandning,
adj.,
2.
-en,
-ar
obligatory,
adj.
obligatorisk,
[blan'dnip']
modern,
dig]
nymodig [nymo/-
Monday, mdndag, 2. -en, -ar [montdag] monkey, apa, 1. -n, -or [a'pa']
month,
nad^]
tvdngs- [ob'ligatcjtrisk\ tvoys-] [vse'jidsocean, vdrldshav, 5. -et, ha^v], ocean, 3. -en, -er [oj'sdatn] October, oktober [oktojtbdr] oil, olja, 1. -n, -or [ol'ja^]
—
old, adj.
gammal
adj.
[gam'aV^
mdnad,
3.
-en, -er [mo'-
oldfashioned,
gammalmodig
[gam'almco'digl
onion, lok, 2. -en, -ar [lotk]
;
morning, 7norgon, 2. -en, morgnar [mor'on] this morning, i morse [moMSd'] morning-gown, morgonrock, 2. -en, -ar [mor'onrok'] mother, moder, 2. -n, -modrar
[moj'ddr']
opening, oppning, 2. -en, -ar [dp niy^] orchard, frukttrddgdrd, 2. -en,
order,
-ar [fruk'tregoUd] ordning, 2. -en,
mountain, berg,
mouth, [munt]
to
mun,
5. -et, [basdtj] 2. -nen, -nar
I.
—
niy^],
uppdrag,
dra^g],
[o'jud5. -et, [up'bestdllning, 2. -en, -ar
3.
+ —
[bdstsl'niT)']
move, flytta,
adj.,
[flyt'a']
orderbook, orderbok, -boker [o'rddrbco^k']
ore,
-en,
muddy,
smutsig [smut'sig']
malm,
organ, verktyg, 5.
nail,
3. -en, -er organ, 5. -et,
-et,
—
— [mdtalt] [orgatn],
[v^rkty'g]
2.
overcast, adj. betdckt [bdtektt]
nagel,
2.
-n, -lar [natgdl]
5.
-et,
name,
namii,
—
overcoat,
overrock,
-en,
-ar
[namtn]
[0V9rro¥]
200
Vocabulary.
to plough, ploja, II. [pZo/'s'] plumage, fjddrar, pi. [fj£-drar^
owl, uggla, 1. -n, -or \ug-U^] ox, oxe, 2. -n, -ar [cotsd^]
to
pl)^,
Tcryssa,
1.
[krys'a']
p
M. (latin: post meridiem), eftermiddag [eftd^wiida'g'] pain, smdrta, 1. -w, -or [sm^.fP.
fa^]
^
polite, adj.
hovlig [he'vlig-]
2. -ew,
-e??,
poor, adj. fattig [fat'ig']
port,
/lamn,
-ar
[7ia??L-n]
-er [pos.'t] post-card, hrevkort, 5. -ef r6re*vpost, posf, 3.
Tco/jit]
painter,
lard']
mdlare,
5.
-w,
—
[mo'-
paper, papper, 5. -ef, parents, fordldrar,
— [_29apar']
pi.
postman, brevbdrare, [bre'vb^^rard] post-office, postkontor,
5. -n,
5. -ef,
— —
[fcerel^-
drar]
park, park, 3. -e/i, -er [_par/fc] parsley, persilja, 1. -w, [p^^-
+
sif.^'a]
partridge,
patriotism,
rapphona,
1.
-?2,
-or
3.
[pos'tkontco'r] post-paid, frankerad [frayke^rad] post-paper, postpapper, 5. -ef, -j[po5"fj3ap'ar] postage, porto, 4. -f, -ti [por'fw*] postage-stamp, frimdrke, 4. -f, -ti
[fri'mseju^kd]
postal, post- [postt] to pour, osa (ned) {osa' ne.'d]
[rap'/iO^Tia]
fosterlandskdrlek,
-en, -\- [fces'tdrlandsgse'rlek] to pay, betala, I. [bdta'la']
peace-establishment,
fredsfot,
3.
-en, -f- [fre'dsfco't] pear, ydron, 5. -ef, [p^Tori'] peasant, bonde, 3. -w, bonder
—
[bco'ndd'] pen-knife, pennkniv,
power, makt, 3. -e?i, -er [wafc.4]; the great Powers, stormakterna \stoj-rma¥t\ powerful, adj. mdktig \m£ktig^ precious, adj. dyrbar [dy'rba'r] to prepare, bereda II. [Z>9?'e.'(^a]
to prevail, rdda. III. [ro'cZa'] to print, trycka, II. [fr^fca']
2.
-ew,
-ar
-or
[pm'fcm'v] pencil, blyertspenna, [bly'dMspm'a]
1.
w,
professor, professor, [projfes'or^]
profit
3.
-/i,
-er
peninsula, halvo, 2. -n, -ar [haVro'J people, folk, 5. -et, -man \foltk'\ pepper, peppar, 2. en, -\~ [pe-
and
loss,
vinst och forlust
[vintst oki fcerlusU]
par']
pheasant, fasan, sa!n]
3. -en,
framstdende adj. prominent, [fram'sto'dndd] properly, adv. vederborligen {ve'ddrboe'rligdn]
prosperity,
to protect,
-er
[fa-
vdlgdng
skydda,
[ve'lgoy']
1.
piano-forte, piano, 4. -f, -n [_p^Vnco] picture, mdlning, 2. -en, -ar
[/yd
a']
[mol'niy']
piece, sty eke, 4.
pistol, pistol,
-f,
-n [styk'9']
-er [pistcoU] -ar [faZnfc']
I.
proud, adj. stolt [stol't] to punish, straffa, I. [straf'a:] pupil, Idrjunge, 2. -n, -ar [Ix'rjuy'e]
3. -ew,
plate, tallrik, 2. -e?i,
platina, platinum,
-|-
platina,
I.
-n,
Q
quail, vaktel, 2. -n,
[pla'tina'] to play, Zefca II., speZa
[le'ka\
-ar
[vafc'faf']
speZa^]
pleasant, adj. behaglig [hdhaiglig] to please, behaga I. [fta/io-'^a] pleased, adj. beldten, nojd \bdloitdn] pleasure, noje, 4. -f, -w [noj'd']
quarter, fjdrdedel, 2. -e7z, -ar [fjx'rddde'l] to quench, sldcka, II. [sZffc'a'J quick-silver, kvicksilver, 5. -ef,
—
[kvik'sil'vdr] quiet, adj. sfi7/a [sfi'/a^j
English-Swedish.
201
R
radish, rddisa,
1. -n,
rosy, adj., rosig, [rco'sig*]
-or
\re'di''-
round, adj.,
Russia,
rund
[run'd]
[rys'lan^d]
sa\
to rage,
Ryssland
rasa,
rail-way,
[ra'sa,^] jdrnvdg, 2. -en,
I.
-ar
rust, rost, 3. -en, -J- [rostt'\ rusty, adj., [r»s*%']
ros%
[j£e'j,nv£^g'\
rain-drop, regndroppe, 2. -n, -ar
\rey ndrop^d]
rake, rdfsa, 1. -n, or [ref-sa^] rancid, adj. hdrsken \J^8eJ:sk^n'^'] reading-book, ldseboTc,2.-n, -bocker
sacrifice,
uppoffring,
2.
-en,
-ar
[Itsdho/lcl reasonable, fornuftig [fcernuf.tig^
receipt, Tcvitto, 4. -t, -n \hvit'a)^)^ to receive, (ejmottaga, IV. [mco't-
[up'ofriy'] sadness, sorgsenhet, Sdnhe^t] sailer, seglare, 4. -n,
sailor,
3.
-en [sor'j[se'^Zara']
—
sjoman,
3.
-nen,
-man
ta^ga]
to recover,
recruit,
ffriskna']
tillfriskna, rekryt, 3. -en,
2.
I.
[/0"man'] salic, adj., salisk
salt,
[sa:tlisk]
[til'-
saZ^, 3. -et, -er [saltt]
-er
-en,
[rd-
krytt] reform, forhdttring,
-ar
[re'I.
sandwich, dubbdlsmorgds, 2. -en, -ar [smor'go's] Saturday, lordag, 2. -en, -ar
[lce.'rdag]
[foerbd^riy] regiment, regemente,
4. -t,
-n
jdmenitd]
to
register,
scarcely, adv., knappt [knap't] school, skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la']
rekommendera,
I.
[re'komendeira'] to regret, beklaga,
regular, adj.
[bdklatga]
[re'gdlI.
regelmdssig
I.,
mssHg]
to reign,
r eg era,
hdrska,
-ar
[rdjetra, hse'dska^]
schoolmaster, skolmdstare, 5. -n, [skoj'lmes'tard] school-room, skolrum, 5. -met, [skoj'lrum^] to scold, grata, I. [^rrZa'] to scrape, skrapa, I. [sA^ra'jpa'] [Ao/y] ; on the sea, Aav, 5. -e^,
—
—
—
reign, regering, 2. -en,
[rdje.'-
sea,
vid havet [vi'd
ha.'vdt]
riy];
under the reign of, under ...s regering [un'ddr' ... —]
framstdlla,
II.
to represent, forestdlla, II. [fo'rd-
stsVa],
[fram'I.
season, drstid, 3. -en, -er [o^•s^^'c?] to seat, sdtta, II. s«^ [sf^'a']; take a seat! sitt nedf [sit! netd] second, sekund, 3. -en, -er [se-
O
steVa]
to require,
to respect,
A:wn.'c?]
begdra,
II.,
fordra,
seed, fro, 4. -e^, -n [/r0/]
to seem,
[69J«.V3, foj'rdra^]
synas,
II.,
tyckas,
II.
hogakta,
I.
[hogak'ta]
[an'sto sell, 5a^;a, II. [sel'ja'] to send, sdnda, II. [srn'cZa'] out,
;
responsible, adj., va^rig]
to revive,
ansvarig
I.
—
rich
adj.,
kvickna, W/c [nVA;]
[A:!;{A:*wa']
utsdnda,
II.
[m*^s£?i'<^a]
ripe, adj.,
river,
mogen
[morgdn^']
sense, sinne, 4. -t, -n [sin'd'] sentiment, kdnsla, 1. -n, -or
[^fn*s?a']
a, 2. -w, -ar, ^ocZ, 3. -en, -er [jiojtd] roast-beef, oxstek, 2. -en, -ar [cok'ste^k] robin, rotgel, 2. -w, -^Zar [rot'gdr] rocky, adj., klippig [klip'ig^']
September,
bdr] sergeant,
September [septemi3.
sergeant,
-en,
-er
[s^er/an.^^]
room, rwm,
root, rof, 3. to root out,
5.
-we^, [rumt] -en, -rotter [rojtt]
—
service, tjdnst, 3. -en, -er [g£n.'st] to set, saY^a, II. [set'a'j
O
rose, ros,
1.
utrota, I. [la'trco^ta] -en, -or [r(i>/s]
several, Jlere [fle'rd'] severe, adj., strdng, hard [strey!
hoUd\
13**
202
Vocabularj^
sovereign, suverdn, 3. -en, -er [smv'drstn'] to sow, sd, III. [so.' J spacious, adj. rymlig [rym'lig^] spade, spader, 1. -n, [spatddr] to speak, tala, I. [ta'la^] , speech, tal, 5. -et, talformd-
shady, adj. skuggig \skug'ig^] sharp, adj. vass [vast] sheep, far, 5. -et, \foir\ to shine, skina, IV. [fi'na'^ shirt, skjorta, 1. -n, -or [fco'dta^]
—
—
shoe, sko,
3.
-n, -r [skojt]
shoemaker, skomakare, 5. -n, [skoj'ma'kard] to shoot, skjuta, IV. [fui'ta,^]
short, adj. sick, adj.
sick,
—
—
ga, ga];
1.
-n, -\- [tail, ta'lfczrmo^-
speech
5.
from
-et,
kort [kD!d,tli the sjuk [fmfk]', de sjuka [det fm'ka']
—
trontal,
—
the
throne,
(ett)
II.
[troj'nta^l];
to deliver a speech,
hdlla
tal [hoVa^]
to
sight, syn, 3. -en, -er [sy!n]
sign, tecken, 5. -et,
—
spend (time), tillhringa,
[tiVhrirj^a]
O
[tektdn]
silk, silke, 1. -f, -n [sil'kd^] silver, silver, 5. -et, -{- [sil'vdr]
similar, adj. dylik [dylik'] since, conj. sedan [se'dan'] since, allt sedan [altt
—
;
ever
spina ge, spenat, 3. -en, -\- [spdnaii] spoon, sked, 2. -en, -ar \fetd'\ square, adj. fyrkantig [fyr'kan^tig]
]
sjunga, IV. [fur)' a'] singing-bird, sdngfdget, 2. -en,-ar
to sing,
square measure, ytmdtt,
[ytmot^']
5. -eZ,
—
[sov'fo'gdl]
stamp, frimdrke, 4.
-t,
-n [fri'-
singing-master, sdngldrare, 5. -n,
—
[so'0'l9e''rard\
siskin,
sister,
gronsiska,
2,
1.
-n,
-or
[sys'-
to stand, std. III. [stot] state, stat, 3. -en, -er [sZa/Z] station,
[gre'nsis'ka] syster,
hangdrd,
stanna,
I.
2.
-en,
-ar
-n,
-ar
[&a'n^o'.7.cZJ
tdr']
to stay,
to sit, stYifa, IV. [sit'a^] skate, skridsko, 1. -w, -r [skrid's-
steamer, dngare,
1.
[sZan'a'J -n, [^?;'a-
—
ko/]
skilful, skicklig, adj. [fik'lig'] sky, himmel, 2. -n, -ar [him'dV]
steel, .sZaZ, 5. -eZ, -j- [sZo/Z] still, adj. sZt'ZZa [sZz'Z'a'J
to smell, lukta, I. [Z^6^'•^a*] smell, ZwA:^, 3. -en, -f- [Zwfc/^] to smelt, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'^a']
stock, forrdd, 5. -eZ, [/cero.'cZ] ; to take stock, inventera, I. [m'i;fnZe.Va]
—
stockbook,
stocking,
smdle, snipe, beckasin,
to smile,
III.
[smo'Ze/] 3. -en, -er [&f-
O
lagerbok, -hooker [la'gdrho/k^
3.
-e?i,
strumpa,
1.
-n,
-or
[strum'pa^]
snout, nos, 2. -en, -ar [nco>/s] snow, sno, 2. -n, [sn0/] sock, halvstrumpa, 1. -n, -or
+
stomach, mage, 2. -n, ar [ma'g'd'stork, stork, 2. -en, -ar [sZox'/c^ storm, storm, 2. -en, -ar [sZor.W
stormy, adj. stormig [sZor'Tnza'J story, herdttelse, 3. -n, -r [Z>9rettdlsd]
strait, ,9wncZ, 5.
-cZ,
[hal'vstru7n^pa]
sofa,
soft,
so#a, 1. -n, -or [sofa^] adj. miw/c [mjiaik]
syra,
adj.
1.
to solder, ZocZa, II. [lo'da']
sorrel,
-n,
—
-or
-or [syra'^
sorry,
I
sorgsen [sor\jsdn^]; sorry, tZeZ gor mig ant [det: joe!r miig ojntt]
straw-hat, halmhatt, [y^aZ'wAaZ']
2.
[suntd] -en, -ar
[.^co».'cZ]
am
stream,
street,
./ZocZ,
3.
1.
-en, -er
-n,
gata,
[aa'Zri'j
soul, sjdl, 2. -en, -ar [felt] sour, adj. sur [svitr]
strict, adj.
strdng
[strey.]
-n,
study,
southern, adj. sydlig [sy'dlig^]
siuderkammare, 2. -kamrar [stut'ddrkarn'ard]
Swedish-English.
203
subject,
under sate,
5. -et,
I.,
2.
-n,
-ar
tight, adj.
fran^
\un'ddrsoHd\
sugar, socker,
to
suit,
-{-
time, tidpunkt,
[^ro??'] 3. -e?i, -er [ti'd-
[sok!9r}
III.
puy^kt]
tin,
fe?27i,
passa,
an'sto']
anstd,
o.
-et,
-|-
[^en/]
5.
-ef,
[pas'a,',
tin-plate,
2. -en,
jdrnbleck,
—
sultry, adj.
kvav [kva'v]
[j«*./-ri6Zeit']
summer, sommar,
[som'rar^]
-somrar
summit, topp, 2. -en, -ar [top.^] Sunday, sondag, 2. -en, -ar [son'-
tit-mouse, mes, 2. -en, -ar [we/s ] to-day, I dag [i! datg] tongue, tunga, 1. -n, -or [two'a^
sprdk,
tdta'l]
tool,
5. -et,
—
[sprotk]
-et,
dag]
sunrise,
tonnage, Idstetal,
5.
soluppgdng,
2.
-en,
-\-
[soj'lup^gorj]
redskap,
5.
-et,
— — [red's-
\l€s'-
supper, kvdllsvard, 3. -e7i, -er [kvEl'sva'dd] surface, yta, 1. -n, -or [y'ta'] to surround, omgiva, IV. [om'ji'va]
ka^p] tooth, tand,
3. -en,
-tdnder[tan!d]
swallow, svala, 1. -n, or [sva'la^] Swede, svensk, 2. -en, -ar[sven.^sk] Swedish, adj. svensk [svm^sk] to swim, simma, I. [sim'a,^]
torpedo-boat, minbdt, 2. -en, -ar [mi'nbo^f] tough, adj., se^ [se.'^] town, stad, 3. -en, -stdder [staid]
tract, strdckq, 1. -n, -or tradesman, liandlande,
[s!(reA:*a^] 5. -n,
—
sword, svcird,
5.
-et,
—
[svaUd]
[^an'6?/an'c?9] train, ^a^, 5. -e^ [^o/^]
transatlantic,
adj.
transatlantisk
I.
[tran'satlanttisk] to transplant, forflytta,
table,
[/cer-
bord,
5. -et,
—
^2/^.^a]
table-cloth,
tailor,
bordduk,
2.
[bojUd] -en, -ar
travel, resa, 1. -n,
traveller,
resande,
5.
-e^,
-or [re'sa'j 5. -n, [re'-
—
[b(o\iddui'k]
skrdddare,
5. -n,
— [skre[s??^«.^A:]
san^dd] tree, ^ra5,
tributary,
—
[tre!]
d'avd^] to take, taga, IV. [fa'^a']
taste,
tea,
sma^,
3.
2.
-en,
+
biflod, 3. -en, -er [bi'flco'd] troop, trupp, 3. -en, -er [^rt/p.'j
adj. (river),
te,
-ef,
-er
[fe.']
trouble,
bekymmer,
5.
-et,
—
Idra, II. [Z^'ra^] teacher, Idrare, b.-n, [Ise'rarQ^I 2. -en, -er telegraph, telegraf,
to teach,
—
[bdgymidr]
trunk, 6dZ, 2. -en, -ar [6o.7] to try, forsoka, II. [/cers6VZ:a] tulip, tulpan, 3. -e?i, -er [^wi'_pa/n]
[te'ldgraif] to tell, berdtta,
I.,
saga,
II. [&9-
Tuesday, tisdag,
temperature, vdrmegrad,
-er [v^-rmdgra^d]
to thank, tocA^a, I. [tak'a^] to thaw, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'ifa']
3.
-e/i,
2. -en,
-ar
[^zV.s--
dag]
U
ugly, adj. ful [fm'l] uncle, onkel, 2. -n, -ar \pykdV],
to unite,
therefore,
ddrfor [dmrfdir]
2.
-e?i,
thirst, ^ors^,
+
[^cex^s^]
thirsty, adj. torstig [toex'stig^'\ to threaten, hota, I. [^<y'^a']
thrush, trast, 2. -eTz, -ar [^i^as/^] to thunder, dska, I. [os"A:a']
Thursday,
[toMi
torsdag,
2.
-en,
-ar
farbror, morbror [far'bro/r] forena, I. [fcere.'na] United Kingdom, Storbritannien och Irland
universal, adj.
allmdn
[^al'ms^n]
204
Vocabulary.
universe, vdrldsallt, 5. -et, [va^'ddsaVt] unsettled, adj. orolig [o)'roj''lig\ to use, bruka, I. [brui'ka^]
—
water, vatten,
water-lily,
5.
-et,
—
1.
[i-at:dn\
ndckros,
-en,
-or
[nek'rco^s]
watch-dog, gdrdvard, 2. -en, -ar [go'rdva^xd] to wear, bdra, IV. [&«•?'«']; out, slita, IV. w^ [sU'ta^ m!t]
weather, vdder,
—
value, vdrde, 4. -t, -n [v^'ddd^] vase, vas, 3. -en, -er [^vcu's] veal, kalvkott, 5. -et, [kal'v-
—
Wednesday, onsdag,
5. -et, -}- [vi'ddr] 2. -en, -ar
got']
vegetables,
gronsaker,
b.-et,
2.
pi.
[gro'n-
sa'kdr]
vessel,
weed, ogrds, 5. -e^, -|- [^j'^rs's] week, vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a'] wet weather, vdtvdder, ruskvd[?;o'^t'f^c:?arJ der, 5. -ef, wide, adj. vid [vi!d] window, fonster, 5. -et, [fon:-
fartyg,
—[fa'rty'g]
-ar [setgdv]
—
victory, seger,
ba^rtj]
-n,
vineyard, vinberg,
vinegar, dttika,
violet,
1.
5. -et,
—
[vi'n-
—
-n, -\- [etika'^]
1.
violblomma,
-n,
-or
stdr] wine, vin, 3. -e^, -er [vi!n] wine-bottle, vinbutelj, 3. -en, -er
[vi'ojlblojm'a], viol, 3. -en, -er
besok, 5. -et, to visit, besoka, II.
visit,
—
[vi'nbm'telj]
wire,
[bsso^kl
telegram,
5.
-me^,
—
[^e'-
[&as0.^A;a]
volcano, vulkan, 3. -ew, -er [vwZ-
ka!n]
volunteer, friviUig [fri'vilHg]
Z^^raw.'] wise, adj. vis [viis] to wish, onska, I. [on'sfca']
[w??.'c?9r] wonder, under, 5. -ef, to wonder, undra, 1. [wn'c?ra'] 2. wool, ull, -671, [uU]
—
waist-coat, vast, 2. -en, -ar [v€sH] walk, promenad. 3. -en, -er [prco'mdnaJd]; to take a walk,
woollen, ylle-, ull- [yl'd-, ul'-] [coUd] word, ord. 5. -e^, writing-master, skrivldrare, 5.-n,
+ —
—
[skri'vU^rard']
taga sig en
wall,
promenad
3.
[ta'ga'
vdgg,
2.
-en, -ar [vegf] -en,
walnut,
valnot,
-notter
[va'lno't]
year, dr, 5. -et, yesterday, i gar
—
[tV
[o!r]
gotr]
Printed by
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Educational Works and Class-Books
^^s
Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer FOR THE STUDY OP MODERN LANGUAGES.
PUBLISHED BY JuLIUS GrOOS, HeIDELBERG.
«With each newly-learnt language one wins a new soul.* Charles V. «At the end of the 19'^ century the world is ruled by the interest for trade and traffic; it breaks through the barriers which separate the peoples and ties up new relations between the nations.* William II.
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