01 January 2005

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p . 52

features

Vol. 61 No. 1

11

HAMS ROUGH IT IN STYL E AT a UARTZFEST: January's weeio; in the sun
fOf' hams and AVers
By Gordon West, WB6NDA

24

RESUL1S OF THE 2004 CO WW WPX SSB CONTEST
By Steve Merchant, K6AW

26

co REVIEWS: The GAP OSP "'Hear It~ Speaker and Inline Module
By

Gordon West, WB6NQA

30

MY FATHER, HAM RADIO, AN D ME: The ham radio connection eerween
generations
By Peler Brandenberg. K2MM T

32

ANNOUNCING : 2005 nominations open for the CO Amateur Radio
Hall 01 Fame

36

ANNOUNCING : The 2005

44

WORLD OF IDEAS : A remote-linked HF station concept
By Dave /ngram. K4TWJ

56

ANTENNAS : What happens to your signal whe n an eleme nt breaks?

co WN RnY WPX ccotest
p. 22

By Kent Bn'rain, WASVJ B

60
62

MATH' S NOTES : Reflect io ns

68

HOW IT WO RKS: A behind -lhe-dial look at rece ivers
By Dave Ingram. K4TWJ

93

60 GREAT THINGS ABOUT HAM RADIO

By Irwin Matti. WA2NDM

MAGIC IN THE SKY : Amateur radio was calling me back
By Gue st Columnis t Sean Barnes, N3JO

departments
16
38

WASHINGTON READOUT: FCC approves rules

tor BPL details

the Report & Order

By Frederic*. O. Mai3 . W5YI

from

BEGINNER'S CORNER : Useless and needless lesting on the repeater

By Wayne Yoshida, KH6 WZ

52

PUBLIC SERVICE: Field Day is not enough

72

WHArS NEW: New products tor the New Year!

By Bob Josuweit, WA3PZO

p.t t

By Karl T. ThurbfK. Jr.• W8FX

80

VHF PLUS : Record·setllng aurora

86

OX: ·Peculiar" conditions on HF and VHF

90

AWARDS: USA-Q&A; W5UGO. USA-eA A" Counties . 1103

By Joe Lynch, N6CL
By carl Smith. N4AA
By Ted Melinosky. KI BV

94
96

CONTESTING : Measuring COfltesting's gray line

By John

Dorr. KJ AR

PROPAGATION : PropHET iOnospheric and propagation probe; Short-Skip
Charts tor January & February 2005
By Tomas Hood, NWlUS

4
6
8
112
114

HAM RADIO NEWS
ZERO B IAS
ANNOUNCEM ENTS
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Ham s, Rose Parade, Part Way s

40·M eter Expansion Begins in Europe

For the first time in four decad es, amateur radio will
not be providing communications for the annual Tour-

The expansion of the 40-meter ham band in Europe
from 7.1 to 7.2 MHz has begun, as administrations have
started phasing in a shift of broadcasters out of the band
segment that is supposed to be completed by 2009. The
changes are a result of an agreement at the 2003 World
Radiocommunication Conference to try to reduce interference between broadcasters and amateurs at 7 MHz.
According to the ARRL Letter, hams in Switzerland will
get access to the 7.1-7.2 segment as of January 1,2005.
On October 31the segment was opened on a secondary,
non-interference basis to amateurs in the United King dom. They join hams in Croatia. Iceland, Ireland.
Norway, San Marino, and Serbta-Monteneqro as the only
Europeans with access to the broader 40-meter band.
The 7.2-7.3 MHz segment remains a ham band only in
North and South America.

nament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California. The
New Year's Day fixture has used amateur radio voice
communications since the mid-1 960s and amateur te levision since 1968, according 10 Newslme. Reports of a
dispute between parade officials and members of the
Tournament of Roses Radio Associat ion were initially
published in the Pasadena Star newspaper. Apparently,
the disagreement involved the planned use of Nextel

phones by parade officials. Nexte! is a corporate sponsor of the eve nt. It was unclear at press time whether
Nextel, parade management, or the hams themselves

were responsible for the dispute that led to the breakup
of the 40-year informal association between the parade
and ham radio.

~

E
o

s:

DXers Head to Court Over
Navassa and Desecheo
A federal court battle is looming over the refusal by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to permit amateur
radio operations from Navassa (KP1) and Desecheo
(KP5) islands. According to The Daily OX. a group of
DXers led by Brad Farrell, MAT, has been working for
over two years through FWS administrative channels to
overturn the 10-year-old ban . The administrative appeals
have apparently been exhausted and K4AT has gone to
federal court, seeking judicial review of the FWS action.
He says there are many inconsistenciesbetween the FWS
policies and its own actions.The l one Star OX Association
is collecting tax-deductible donations to help defray legal
expenses. Donations from individuals or clubs should be
marked ' Navassa-Desecheo Project" and mailed to the
l one Star OX Association, clo Jim Bass, K5KOI , 2709
Monarch Dr.• Arlington , TX 76006. More information is
available online at <http://www.dxer.org>.

Computer Glitch Stops License Processing
The FCC was forced to stop issuing amateur licenses
for about five days in early November as a result of problems caused by a software upgrade and aggravated by
initial attempts to fix things. The AAAl letter reported
that a software upgrade erroneously caused all applications submitted by Volunteer Examiner Coordinators to
be "flagged" for processing by hand. and that an attempt
to fix that problem caused the computer system to start
issuing out-of-sequence callsigns. such as 2x3 calls with
wa prefixes. About 130 of these erroneous calls were
issued, then cancelled and replaced by correct sequential callsigns. The bugs were fixed and the computer system was back online as of November 10.

ARRL Tries to Influence
BPL Industry Standards
The ARRL is taking an active role in the group developing technical standards for BPL, attempting to work
with the industry on designing systems to minimize harmful interference on amateur frequencies, In Octobe, the
ARRL's Ed Hare, Wl RFI , made a presentation to the
IEEE Broadband over Power Une Study Group. In addition, according to the ARRL Letter, AARL Chief Technology Officer Paul Rinaldo,W4RI, has addressed meetings of the Power Line Communications Association and
the BPl Task Force of the National Association of Regulatory Utilities Commissioners.
4 • CO • January 2005

W1 BKR Elected to Broadcasting
and Cable Hall of Fame
Bill Baker, W1 BKR, Chief Executive of New York
Public Television, was inducted into the Broadcasting
and Cable Hall of Fame in November, according to
"Shoptalk," a TV industry newsletter. The Hall of Fame
was established 14 years ago by Broadcasting and
Cable magazine to honor pioneers or innovators in the
fields of radio, television, cable, and satellite broadcasting. New York Public Television is the parent of WNETI
Thirteen in New York City and WLlW21 on Long Island.
Baker has been there since 1987.
Baker previously was President of Westingho use
Television. where he oversaw the launh of five cable networks, including the Disney Channel and the Discovery
Channel. He is also an active ham.

Ham Fined fo r CB Violations
A Washington State ham has been fined $10,000 by
the FCC for repeatedly operating a CB transmitter that
was not FCC certi fied, and for running an illegal linear
amplifier as well. According to FCC documents, Robert
Spiry , KDHRB, of Tacoma, Washington. told the Commission that he'd gotten an amateur license, stopped
operating CB, and removed his CB antenna, and claimed
he couldn't afford the $1 0,000 fine imposed. However, the
FCC said Spiry did not submit the necessary financial data
for considering fine reductions. and therefore it was
assessing the full $1 0,000 penalty as originally proposed.
In Ohio. a CB store known as the CB Shop was fined
for illegally selling CB linear amplifiers. According to the
FCC, the store's owner did not respond to a Notice of
Apparent Liability issued last May, so it was assessing
the originally proposed fine of $7,000.

FCC Keeps After 10·Meter Truckers
Three trucking companies have been issued warnings
by the FCC about unlicensed operation after their drivers were monitored making transmissions on 28.085
MHz in the 1a-meter ham band. All of the trucks were in
North Carolina when they were monitored. The companies were told to warn their drivers that they could face
heavy fines and confiscation of their equipment if the illegal transmissions continued.
Additional and updated news is available on the Ham Radio
News page of the CO website at <:http://www.cq-amateurreaio.com». For breaking news stories. p lus info on additional items of interest, sign up for CO 's free online newsletter service. Just click on ·CO Newslefter · on the home page of our
website.

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On Turning 60 .•.
appy birthday 10 us. With this issue, CO magazine is 60 years old, beginning its 61 st year,
actua lly. For me, it's a triple anniversary. This
issue also marks ten years since my first direct involvement with the production of this magazine. Yes, I'd written a few articles for CO in the 19805 and had worked
for CO Communications since 1992, but it wasn't untn
I look on the job of coordinating the 50th anniversary,
including the 72-page special anniversary insert, thai
my job responsibilities directly involved this magazine
itself. Actually, the CQSOth anniversary insert was my
introduction to magazine journalism, since until then,
I'd worked only in radio and television.
Thi s is also my fifth anniversary as Editor of Co. Yes,
my name was on the masthead as Editor as of the
November 1999 issue, and I wrote the November and
December editorials, but the truth is that the November
and December issues were largely put together by
Managing Editor Gail Schieber, K2RED (then
KC2DHK), and Publisher Dick Ross, K2MGA. while I
tried to get my footing and wrap things up with the initial version of CO VHF. I've always considered the
January 2000 issue to be "my" first issue.
It's kind of a natural inclination when writing on a significant anniversary to look back at other milestones
along the way. One of the first places I looked was this
column in the January 1995 issue, as my predecessor, Alan Dcrhofter. K2EEK, looked back over 50 years
of COS past. What he saw was a two-stranded continuum-twinlead, if you'd like-the technical side of
CO, featuring a half century of reporting on advances
in technology, and the people side of CO, featuring
writing by some of the best and the brightest people
our hobby has to offer. Among them were some of his
personal ham radio heroes (a topic K1AAwrote about
last year), especially those with whom he'd had the
privilege to work with personally. For Alan, those
heroes included people such as McMurdo Silver-.
name I recall as an old-time radio manufacturer, but
whom he remembered as a person, writing in COand
other electronics magazines - as well as others such
as Frank Jones, W6AJF, and Bill Scherer, W2AEF.
Often, you recognize people as heroes only in retrospect since, as Alan warned,
...at the time I had the privilege to meet and know some of
these people, they just struck me as quirky and as playing
with a few cards less than a lull deck. I knew they were bright
and innovative, but to what extent or how unique they were
(and some still are) took a bit oftime to sink in ... For 50 years,
CO has consistently offered the one intangible quality 0 1amateur radio that originally drew me to the hobby. Each editor in
turn offered each succeeding generation of amateurs a new
or continued series of heroes and legends to look up to and
admire. Yes, some did have feet ofclay and were a bit quirky,
but they all had the power to inspire us 10 be and do better
with our amateur radio lives.

H

In looking back at that 50th anniversary issue, I see
some names who at that point were just peop le I
worked with, but whom I now recognize as ham radio
heroes, for me if not for my generat ion of hams. These
people include Bill Orr, W6SAI (SK) ; Don Stoner,
W6TNS (SK) , George Jacobs, W3ASK; l ew McCoy,
W1lCP (SK); Owen Garriott, W5LFl, and of course,
Alan himself.
°a_mail:

6 .

co •

January 2005

<w2vu@cq~amat8ur·radio. com>

A couple of months ago, we moved our offices from
one floor to another in the same building. After I packed
up everything in my (and Alan's) old office and moved
it out, and after the movers ca me in and removed the
furniture, I went up to do a final check and saw something on the floor, behind where my desk had been. It
was a photo, one I'd never seen before, of Alan and
me, sitting in the parking lot outside the CO offices next
to the ICOM ' Funmobtle," which was paying us a visit.
Where the photo came from , I have no idea. Where it
was for all these years, I have no idea. Why it showed
up now ... well, I can only speculate. But if nothing else,
it was a reminder of the continuity that has gone with
occupying the Ed itor's chair at CO over the past 60
years. I am the magazine's 11 th editor. I've had the
privilege of knowing and/or talking with five of my ten
predecessors, particularly in the process of preparing
the 50th anniversary issue, and while we all may have
had different styles and different interests, we all have
shared the common goals of trying to bring the best
writers and the best writing to the amateur radio community. and at trying to promote the advancement and
share the fun and excitement at amateur radio.
On that note, I'd like to close with two more quotes,
one from the very first issue of CO back in January
1945--0ur guiding light and mission statement for the
past 60 years-and the second from K2EEK in his 50th
anniversary editorial in 1995:
From the January 1945 issue:
This, then, is the raison (1"elre lor CO-a magazine lor the
radio amateur, wilh a particular invitalion 10 the newcomer. It
should not, however, be inferred that we shall confine ourselves to the ABC's 01 ham radio. We visualize COas a magazine thai will stick with Ihe ham long after the parts of hislirst
rig are dust-laden in the junk-boX, and as a monthly refresher course lor the old timer. While placing some emphasis on
the elementary, we are still under obligalion to carry through
wilh articles on modern techniques and apparatus. Similarly,
we shall tonow up tradition (with which every ham must be
familiar) with all the vital news of amateur radio today and
tomorrow.
From the January 1995 issue :
When you consider all 01 the firsts in technology that CO
has published, it isn't too hard to understand why we have
been in existence for 50 years. CO has always fostered new
ideas andprovided a hcmebase for creativepeople who each
editor felt were heroes in some respect. II you put thai much
tale nt together, you're bound to come up with lois of good
ideas that motivate other people.

I hope that we have continued to motivate you and
your fellow hams and that we will be able to continue
doing so for at least another 60 years. And while we're
not making the big deal of our 60th anniversary that
we did a t our 50th, we've still got some special features and activities in store. The biggest is the "CO
Gang" operating event that runs from January 1 to
March 1-the first 60 days of 2005 (see details in last
month's issue and on our website)-and the special
operation of CO ciubstation WW2CQ. In addition, over
the course of the year, we're planning some special
articles looking back in time-plus we've got some
things on the drawing board to help keep ham radio
fun and exciting well into the future. It's what we've
always been about.
Happy New Year and I'll look for you on the air.
73, W2VU
VisIt Our Web Site

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Ham Radio University 2005 - The 2005 Ham Radio University
and AARl New York City/long Island Sectio n Convention will be
held on January 9 at Briarcliffe College. Bethpage. l ong Island , New
York.. HRU;s a day of education abo ut amateur radio. There will be
many special foru ms geared to the new ham as well as the experienced amateur radio operator . In addition , tables w ill be set up by
area organizations and clubs. plus the Red Cro ss, Salvation A rmy,
Natio nal Weather Service, and others will be there to answer questions. There will be an HF special event station. a VE session. and
the keynote speaker will be Riley Hollingsworth of the FCC
Enforcement Bureau . For more information, go to <http://www. hud·
so n.arrl .org/nlilhru2005 .htm>; or e-mail : <N2GA@ arrl.org>.
Skyvlew Radio Society Anniversary - The Skyview Radio
Society, K3MJW. is celebratying its 45th ann iversary in 2005. The
club is located in Westmorland County, Pennsylvania and is active
in Field Day, the Pennsylvania OSO Party , and VHF and other con tests. For details. go to : «www.skyvtewrado.net».
• The following namtests, etc., are scheduled for January:
Jan . 8 , West Allis RAC HamfestiSwapfest , Waukesha County
Expo Center Forum, Waukesha, Wiscon sin . Contact Phil Gural ,
W9 NAW. 414-425·3649 ,orvisit: <www. warac.org>. (Exams at AMF
Waukesha lanes , across from Expo)
Ja n. 8 , Southwest Florida Hamfest & Computer Show, Araba
S hrine A uditorium , Fort Myers. Florida. Contact Earl Spence r,
K4FQU , e-mail : <[email protected] m>, phone 239-332· 1503, fax 239·
334-9362. (Talk-in 146 .880)
Ja n. 15, Colorado WlnterFest 2005 Swapmeet, McMillen
Building . l oveland , Colorado. Contact W illis Whatley, WA 5VA l ,
970-407·6599. (Talk·in 145 .1151-oflset 100 Hz CrCSS). 146.520
simplex; exams 10 AM)
Ja n. 15, Northwest Missouri Winter Hamfest, Ramada Inn. St.
Joseph, Missouri. Contact Neal & Ca rlene Makawski, WB OHNO/
KAOIKS, e-mail: <[email protected]>; p hone 8 16·279-3406 .
{Talk-in 146.85 , 444 .925 ; exams)
Jan . 16, Hazel Park ARC uamtest, Hazel Park High School ,
Hazel Park, Michigan. Contact Phil, M 8 KR, e-mail: <AA8KR@
arrt.net». or 248·64 1-9723; <www. qsl.nellw8hp>. (Talk-in 146.640
[1 00 Hz Pl J)
Jan. 23 . Wheaton Community RA Midwinter Hamfest ,
Pheasant Run MegaCenter , St. Charles , Illinois . E-mail: <info@
wheatonhamtest.orq»: telephone 630-604 -0t57; <http://www.
wheetonhamtest.orq» . (Talk-in t45 .390; exams)
Jan. 23 , Tusco ARC Hamfest, 965 North Wooste r Ave ., Strasburg , Oh io . Contact Gary G reen , K8WFN , e-mail : <k8wf n@
tusco.net». phone 740-922-4454. (Talk-in 146.730)
Jan . 29 . lockport ARA Hamteet. South l ockpo rt Firehall ,
lockport. New York. Contact Duane Robinson, W2DlR, e-mail:
<w2dl r@ arrl.net>, phone 716-79 1-4096; <http Jl1ara .hamgate.net> .
(Talk-in 146.820 [107.2 Pl J)

" Welco me Back, W9CW "
Don Allen, W9CW, Named Advertising Manager
of CO and CO VHF
CO Communications
President Dick Ross.
K2MGA, has announced
the appointment 0 1 Don
Allen, W9CW. as
Advertising Manager of
CO and CO VHF magazines. Don will succeed
Arnie Sposato. N2100.
who is relocating to the
west coast. Arnie will
continue to be Ad
Manager lor Popular
Communications.
Don is no stranger to
CO Communications or to the amateur radio industry. He was
Advertising Manager 01 Popular Communications and
Communica tions Quarterly from t 989 to 2001 and also worked as
Sales and Marketing Manager for HAL Communications. Don will be
responsible lor CO advertising as of the February 2005 issue and for
CO VHF as of the Winter 2005 issue.
Outgoing CO Advertising Manager Arnie Sposato, N2100 (left), greets
his successor, Don Allen, W9CW.

EDITORIAL STAFf
Rich ard S. Moseson, W2VU, Editor
Gall M. Schieber, K2REO, Managing Editor

CON1ll1BUnNG EDITORS
George Jacobs, W3ASK, Contributing Ed. Emeritus
Kent Britain , WA5VJB, Antennas
Arnie Cora. C0 2KK, AI-Large
Joh n Dorr, K1AR , Contesting
Toma s Hood. NW7US, Propagation
Dave Ing ram, K4TWJ . Specalloterasts & OAP
Bob Josuwelt, WAJPZO, Public Service
Joe Lyn ch , N6CL, VHF
Frederick O. Maia, W5Yl , FCC Correspondent
Irwin Math , WA2NDM, Math·s Notes
Ted Mellnosk y, K 1BV, Awards & USA·CA
Ken Neubeck, WB2AMU, AI·Large
Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR , Moblle/Aadio Magic
Don Rotolo, N21RZ, Digital
Carl Smith, N4AA, OX
Karl T. Thurber, Jr., W8FX, Whal 's New
Joe Veras, K9OCO, Radio Classics
Gordon West, WB6NOA. At·Large
Wayne Yoshida , KH6WZ, Beginners

AWAIlD MANAGEMENT
Floyd Gerald, N5FG, WAZ Award
Norman Koch, WN5N. WPX Award
Ted Melinosk y, K 1BV, USA·CA Award
OX Award
Billy Williams. N4UF,

ca

CONTEST MANAGEMENT
Robert Co x, KJEST, WoN OX Contest Director
John Lindholm, W1XX, VHF Contesl Director
Steve Merchant, K6AW, WPX Contest Director
David L. Thompson. K4JRB, 160M Contest Oir.
Glenn Vinson. W60TC, AnY Contest Director

BUSINESS STAFF
Richard A. Ross, K2MGA, Publisher
Arnie Sposato, N2100, Advertising Manager
Nicole Pollina, Sales Assistant
Sal Del Grosso, ccoecnec
Ann Marie DeMeo, Accounting Department

CIRCULATION STAFF
Catheri ne Ross, Circulation Manager
Meli ssa Gilligan, Operations Manager
Cheryl DllolllruO, Customer Service Manager
Bonnie Perez, CustOmef Service

PIlODucnON STAFF
Eliza beth Ryan, Art Director
Barballl McGowan, Associate Art Director
Dorothy Kehrwleder, Production Manager
Emily l eary, Assistant Production MgrJWebmasler
Nicole Pollina, AdvertisingIProduction
Hal Keith, Illustrator
larry Mulvehill, WB 2ZPI, start Photographer
Joe Ver••, K9OCO, Special Projects Photographer
Doug a.lIey, K8FO. Website Administrator

A publica /ion 0 /

D

CO Communications, Inc.
25 Newbridge Road
Hicksville, NY 11801 USA.

Offices : 25 Newbridg& Rd.. Hid<svihtt. NY 11801. Telep/>orIe
~1&-68 1-2922 ; Fax 51&-681-2926, E ·ma~ , cq@cq-ama18"'·
radio.com. Web sillt' www cq--amaIWf-<adio.com . co (ISSN
0007-893X) Is published monthly by co Communicabonll. Inc.
Pefiodical post"ll" paid at HicbviHe. NY 1 1801 and add1ional
ceces. SvbscripIion prices {AI in us. dollars}: Dom6s1ic-or>ll
vea. $3 1.95. two years $57.95. ""ee years $83.95 ;
CanadaiMe.ioo-onEI yea.$«,95. twoyB&l"S$lI3.95. """ years
$122.95 : Foreign Aj. Posl-or>11 year $56 ,95. two years $107.95.
lh'ee ylW$ $1 !)8.95. U.S, Govem..-.1 AQencies : Su~ions
10 CO a'e a\lajlabIB to agenc:iEts of \tie Unitad Stales 00"""'..-.1 including military M<Vices. only on a cesh WlIh order basis
RequllSls 10< quotalions. bO:is. conl.aclS. e tc.. WlH be refused
and wiH not: be .eturned or JlfOOI'SS'ld, EntIre contBfl1s copy.
righted by CO Communicalions . Inc. 2004, CO do<ts not
assume respons.ibilily lot unsoriciled manu SCtiplS. Allow IIi.
w&&ks!Of change 01 address,

Printed in the U.S.A.
Postmasl....: Plaase &«ld change 01 address 10:
CO Amal"'" Radio. 25 Ne wbtidoe Rd " HickM le , NY 11801

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Every Janua ry, over a thousand hams travel to Quartzite, Arizona, for a week in
the sun. They're all "RVers"- people who travel and sometimes live in big
recreational vehicles . The gathering is actually much bigger, including hundreds
of thousands of non-hams, but the ham s have their own activities in a sub-event
called Quartzfest.

Hams Rough it in St~le
at Quartzfest
BY GORDON WEST,' WB6NOA

Q

uartzite, in western Arizona, is
20 miles east at the Colorado
River on Interstate 10. It has

been a rock-hound's paradi se since the
early sixties, an d lately has become the

Mecca to well over a million visitors
each year who converge on this small
to wn in a wave of recreational vehicles
d uring Ja nuary and Februa ry.
Start off with 2000 vendors of fossils ,

rocks.gems, and minerals in outside displays. Now add eight major gem and
mineral shows , and add to it the 21-year
annual running of the Quartzite Sports

Vacation & RV Show. Next add over
1000 ha m radio operators with their big
and small RVs showing up at the same
time as the RV show , and then top it off
with a pe rsonal ham radio welcome from
Quartzite Mayor Verlyn M ic he l, W7BU E
(photo A) , and his wife, Sue, KC7 POP.
Ham g roups can be found every where. Ham s who belong to the G ood
Sam g roup set up in their tr aditional spot
righ t in the thick of the outdoor m ineral
d isplays. FM CA (Fa mily Motor Coach
A ssociatio n) hams had their own spot
among quarter-mill io n-dollar motorcoaches, a nd other ham groups like
"Escapees" were peppered thro ughout
the hund reds of square miles of desert
RV parki ng spots, charging their batteries from the sun d urin g the day and
becoming 100% self-sufficient in whatever type of RV or trailer they ca me in.
The largest collection of ham opera tors in one spot calls them sel ves
"Oua rtzfest, " parking their over 125
·CQ Contributing Editor, 2414 College Dr.,
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
e-meu: <[email protected]>

www.cq-amateur-rad lo.com

Photo A- Quartzite, Arizona Mayor
Verlyn Michel, known as ~Mayor Mike ~
to the 1-milfion -plus RVers who visit the
region each winter, is known to hams
as W7BUE! (All p hotos by the author)
coaches, rigs, campers, cars, trailers,
and motorcoac hes five miles down the
road at a turnoff simply called "Mile 99 . ~
J ust look for the antennas! T his year, as
well as m any years in the past, the ham
hosts we re Harvey and Margie, K5WM
and AB5Z X.
~As you know, Ouartzfest is a simple ,
little, info rmal, week-long campout in
the d esert," com ments Harvey, adding ,
~W e started inviti ng our friends out in
1997 , and it seems mo re want to come
each year. We had 100 rigs last Jan uary ." Harv ey a nd his wi fe , M argi e ,
would be our master of ceremonies for

a week-long sched ule of ham radio
events , including :
Sunday: Campfire g et-together and
introductio ns
Monday: Seminars and show-an d tell (photo B), all about Air Ma illWinlink
by N4SVO (s ee "W inlink and Airmail : A
Closer Look," fo r an introduction to this
method of send ing an d rece iving personal e-mail via HF a mate ur radio).
Midday , ladies' welcome by Ma rg ie ,
AB5ZX. Fou r PM ham rad io show-andtell , with bo nfire into the evening .
Tuesday : Sem inars on noise elimination , BPL, and suppressing transmit
interfe rence to ve hicle electronics , by
Gordo, W B6NOA. Afternoon and evening get-togethers, inc lud ing hobo stew
by Bob, N4YW R, and Nan, K0 4MZI.
Wed nesday: VE test sessio ns by
Bob, K9WMP . a nd La ur a , K9 BZY.
Ma ny inform al afternoon show-and-tell
sess io ns aboard multiple ham radio
equipped motorhomes (photo C ). Emphasis on Air Ma illWinlink .
Thursday : Full morning of antenna
show-and-tell. Learn how other hams
harn ess the su n for energy and use
satellite antenna actuators to rai se their
panels and deploy their m onster 20-foot
RV antennas (photo 0 ). WA7 HRA conducts the individual vehicle tours with
p le nty of technica l discussions on
grounds and rad iation patt erns .
Friday: "l-hunt morning , hosted by
Jo hn, AE 7P , and his wife . Pre-hunt
show- and-tell of antennas, RF sniffers ,
and HT T-hunt techniques with body
sh ielding . M id-m orning , 4-w heeling
caravan over the mountain s an d down
to the river, and back again . (G ordo
goes o ut in his dune buggy, and while

January 2005 •

ca •

11

Photo B- Quartzfest, a week-long gathering of hams among the annual visitors
to Quartzite, includes morning and afternoon seminars that regularly draw 100
or more avid listeners.
prowling for gold nuggets , nearly steps
on a coiled rattlesnake sunning itself on
a rock .)
Saturday: Hams from all of the other
gatherings descend on the Mile 99
Ouartzfest to take part in the daybreak,
tailgate yard sale (photo E). This event
gets bigger every year, and hams such
as Don Wilson , N9ZGE, and his wife ,
Linda, KB90lC, drive halfway across
the state to attend and help out , as they

did throughout the week-long activities.
Sat urday afternoon, show-end -tell of
good bargains we found and great deals
we had passed on to othe r hams.
Satu rday night, farewell bonfire and
cookout.

Formula for Success
The success of Ouartzfest may be just
the atmosphere of the event. Everyone

Photo C- Comparing antenna systems is a favorite activity
at Quartzfest, including scheduled show-and-teJl sessions
describing different setups.
12 • CO • January 2005

is on their own, with no hook-ups other
than one ham who had a com plete-rooking hook-up outside of his motorhome--electrical box, sewer line, and a
water spigot. Of course, it was a tonguein-cheek setup that had unsuspecting
hams looking around to see where their
de sert hook-up was located !
"Everyone brings firewood for the
community fire," comments Harvey. ~At
the cam pfire, bring your spou se and lots
of tall tales," he adds. He points out that
there are regular morning donut runs
into town just 5 miles up the road, and
every few days someone with a big pickup truck offers to do a trash run back
into town to keep our BlM (Bureau of
l and Management) free camping
grounds clean and tidy.
~ We hope everyone this year will
come up with new ideas and continue
an evolving and ever-fresh approach to
the activities at our campouts ." continues Harvey, K5l JM, who can be
reached for comments and suggestions
at <[email protected]> .
"But the star attractions to this weeklong event are not necessarily the specific seminars, but rather all of the individuals with so much ta lent that
Ouartzfest brings to ham radio and ham
radio operating," adds Harvey, mentioning that one of this year's drop-in guests

Photo D- Show-and-teIJsessions included one on ways of
using satelfite TV antenna actuators to raise and lower ham
antennas and solar panels, used to recharge RVl camper
po wer systems.
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was one of the fathers of digital radio,
Mike Lamb, K7 ML, founder of AEA.

WinlinkiAir Mail a Big Topic
Mike's attendance at the Monday mo rn ing seminar on Air MaillWinlink e-mail
on ham frequencies sparked a big d iscussion on the gradual migratio n away
fro m PA CTOR I to the m ore robust
PACTO R II and III modes . Steve
W ate rman , K4CJX , presented a ta lking
paper to the g roup di scussing the system-wide PACTO R I use amounting to
less than 7 percent of all Wi nlink traffic.
Steve points out that PACTO R I users
may generate more than 35 percent of
all airtime, and that it would take 80 minutes to pass an 80 ,000-byte file using
PAC TOR I, while the same file transmitted using the PACT OR II p rotoco l
takes approximately 18 minutes, and
less than 7 m inutes using PACTOR III.
Howeve r, m an y of the Quartzfest
W inlink operators indicated it was not
time just now to toss ou t your older
PACTOR I equipment. In fact, many of
the operators were co ntinuing to support PACTOR I operation, and applauded those PACTOR I PM BO s (Personal
Mail Box Operators) who will continue
to offer their specific stations for passing this slower traff ic .
Winlink now supports 4 800 users ,
and with a push for the use of Win link
2000 as a tool for e mergency preparedness, the growth is going to con tinue at an ever-increasing pace.
"If in the future we fin d more suitable
protocol, PACTOR Will may ma ke way
for even newer techno logy-that is, up
to the marketplace. W inlink wi ll con tinue to adapt ou r user population with
such enabling technolog ies when they
arrive on the ma rketplace ," co mments
Waterman , K4 CJ X.
W inlink shares spectrum with many
other amateur activities, and they want
to make it as efficient and unobtrusive
as possible .
"Let's leave as small a footprint as we
can ." adds Waterman .
"l ess scanning and faster protoco ls
are both importan t ways to achieve that .
The developers of W inlink 2000 are
com mitted to this process," ad ds
Waterman, with two people attend ing
Quartzfest who have ai ded the Winlink
d eve lo pment-Tem p , W4 HZV , and
Tad. WA2FQO.

Sharing Technology
T hroug hout the week, all of the RV ham
operato rs were doing somethi ng to
demo new and excitin g technolog y in
their RVs. I saw a terrific APRS (Auto14 • CO • January 2005

Photo E- Saturday morning at Quartzfest includes a ham radio "yard sale, .. which
looks suspiciously like a flea market. Since the event is held on federal land, only
personal safes are permitted and commercial activity is prohibited.
matic Position Report ing System) tracker from Havacomm, developed by Dick
Jernigan , W7DX J . The device combines a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver and tiny Trak 3 co nverter
into a single package that gathers GPS
data and converts it to pack ets of postlion information (see <h ttp ://www.
havacomm.co m» .
Ron Nilson, KD6LA, was showing off
his homebrew ground stands for any
type of HF mobile antenna (photo F).
Just screw in the ground-plane components, screw you r favorite mobile antenna into the 3/8 x 24 threads , ad d
coax, an d your ground plane is sufficient down to 40 meters. T he stand's

eig ht legs also serve as a counterpo ise
fo r a vertical antenna. "Water the base
and you can easily get 75 meters, too,"
adds Ron «rndn1@verizon .net» .
While there were some co mmercial
vendors with their own pe rson al motorhomes attending the week-long event,
there was absolutely no commercialism
by these avid RVers . ("Mile 99" is on
Bl M property and commercial exhibitions are strictly prohibited.) For examp ie , attending this year's Ouartzfest
we re Pat Ma rcy, W 7P Z, of IC OM
America , and Leo n Hum me l, N7 IXX,
of Ha m Rad io Outlet in Portla nd ,
Oregon . T hey were the re simply to
enjoy the event a nd a nswe r general

Wlnllnk and Airmail: A Closer Look
Atthe recent Quartzite ham radio gathering, the capability of sending and receiving free
e-mails over the ham radio Winlink system was jUdged one of the greatest technological
advances in ham radio communication lor both AVers and sailors. The Air Mail program
is written by Jim Corenman, KE6 AK.
"Sending digital communications over amateur radio is nothing new, but recent
advances in technology and software have made it easier than ever before lor mobile
hams to stay in touch via ham radio," commented Coren man. "All that is needed is some
method to get messages to a fixed station, and from there to the internet. Thanks to the
efforts of hundreds 01 dedicated system operator hams. and expert software developers,
the pieces are in place," he added, suggesting that all hams should look at <httpJIwww.
airmaiI2000.com/pprimer.htm>.
Air Mail is a 32-bit program that runs under a variety of Windows programs. Many
modems support PACTOA, including:
Kantronics KAM+ and KAM-98
AEA PK232. PK900, DSP1232 . and 2232
MFJ 1276 and 12788
Hal DXP-38
PTe Pactor modem
Thanks to the many Quartzite hams for their input, and next year at Quartzlest 2005 we
may offer a full day 01 Air Mail PACTOA discussions and instruction.

Visit Our Web Site

-

----- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Photo F- Ron Nilson, KD6LA , shows off his "Oct-a-Pod"
ground-plane base sys tem for fixed use of mobife HF
antennas. The eigh t legs also serve as radials and create a
counterpoise.
questions abo ut products in the ir area of expe rtise , but not
to sell anything .

Planning for 2005
The big que stion for Ouartztest 2005 is exactly how organized the ev ent may want to get. It was pointed out that any
one person doing the major organizing of suc h an event could
end up with not only the credit for everything that went well,
but also the respon sibility of anything that might go wrong . I
don't th ink any single ham would want to take on this pctential Hability. Is there a ha m radio club wit h ARRL insurance
that migh t want to help sponsor Qu artzfest '05, allowing
Harvey and Margie to more structure the daily events and
develop back-to-beck semi nars throu gho ut the day ?
Quartzfe st could easil y turn into a fabu lou s week-long amateur radio RV show-and-te ll by expe rts w ho literally live every
day with their mobile ham radio setups.
The Saturday swapmeet alone could be well publicized and
draw hams from hundreds of miles away , just like the thousands of rock hounds who come down and mak e t heir
exchanges in the field. Take a look at the website and see for
yourself all that Quartzite has to offer when it comes to handson ham radio education for next year! (go to: <http://
members.cox.netlazharvey/quartzfestlquartzfest.htm» .
Ouartztest '05 could qu adruple RV attendance at Mile 99
with plenty of room out in the high desert to enjoy a week of
ham radio learning at its best!
•

_

.cq-amateur-rad lo.com

January 2005 • CO • 15

FCC Approves Rules for BPL
Details from the Report & Order
.....could conceivably offer these services to virtu~We recognize the concerns of authorized radio
ally every element of the broadband market. includservice users in both the private andgovernmentsec- ing residential. institutional. and commercial users.~
tors for the need to ensure that radio frequency (RF) The FCC also said it believed that BPL could "...proenergy from BPL signals on power lines does not vide a means to expedite the availability of broadcause harmful interference to licensed radio serband Internet service to consumers and business
vices. The record and our investigations indicate that
in rural and other underserved areas:
BPL network systems can generally be configured
In deciding the BPL issue. the Commission
andmanaged to minimize and/oreliminate this harmworked closely with NTIA and the final rules incorful interference potential...
FCC in ET Dcx:k.et 04-37 porate many of its recommendations. The FCC
said that the NTIA's response was particularly
helpful in suggesting ways that would lead to an
he FCC's a6-page Report and Order adopt- orderly and timely deployment of BPL devices in
ing new rules providing for the widespread a manner that reduces harmful interference to
deployment of Broadband over Power Lines licensed radio services. According to the FCC. the
(otherwise known as BPL) was released just after new BPL rules embody:
1. new operational requirements to promote
our December issue went to press. Here are the
details of the FCC's ruling. as well as some back- avoidance and resolution of harmful interference;
2_ new administrative requirements to aid in
ground on the proceeding and why amateur radio
identifying BPL installations; and
operators are concerned.
3. specific measurement guidelines and cernfiBPL is a technology that allows high-speed
Internet access using the largely untapped com- cation requirements to ensure accurate and
munications capabilities of the nation's power grid. repeatable evaluations of BPL emissions and all
The FCC, a big supporter of the technology. said other carrier current systems.
"We believe these actions will promote the
BPL •...offers the potential lor the establishment of
a significant new medium for extending broadband development of BPL systems by removing reguaccess to American homes and businesses [since] latory uncertainties for BPL operators and equippower lines reach...every community and geo- ment manufacturers while ensuring that licensed
graphic area.... ~ The Commission also believes that radio services are protected from harmful interBPL .....could serve to introduce additional compe- ference." the FCC said in the Report and Order.
The BPL proceeding has been put on the supertition to existing cable, OSLoand other broadband
fast track. The FCC issued a Notice of Inquiry on
services," thereby driving down prices.
Last yea r. the National Telecommunications BPL technologies in April 2003 and followed it up
and Information Administration (NTIA) studied with a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM)
both BPL operating characteristics and interfer- just a few months later. In late October. the
ence risks to radio reception in the immediate Commission went to the final Report and Order
vicinity of overhead power lines. NTrA. a part 01 stage...six months, start to finish. for a process that
the Commerce Deptartment. is the White House's normally takes about two years.
advisor on telecommunications and spectrum
management issues (see ewww.ntia.doc.gov»). What Did the Comments Say?
One 01its responsibilities includes advancing the The FCC said in the NPAM that it wanted public
so-called Information Superhighway.
input on what the Part 15 radiation limits and meaThe NTIA's findings. published in an April 2004 surement procedures for BPL systems should be
report. made specific policy recommendations to and how best to protect existing authorized serthe FCC to encourage the rapid introduction 01 vices. The Commission also suggested a dataBPL while protecting licensed radio services from base of BPL locations.
harmful interference. NTIA's conclusion was that
The comments began pouring in last spring. and
the potential public benefits of BPL warrant accep- by summer over a thousand were received. As a
tance of a small and manageable degree of inter- group. ham operators by far submitted the most
ference. NTrA focused on the need for rules that comments.
address both interference concernsand BPL operNot unexpectedly. comments from parties with
ational requirements. Joining the BPL bandwag- a business interest in broadband service overon. it urged the Commission to promptly adopt whelmingly supported the deployment of BPL.
effective new technical and operating rules that They included communications. manufacturing.
would .....contribute significantly toward fulfillment government, broadband service providers, rural
of the President's vision for universal affordable telecommunications providers. public salety
broadband Internet access.~
providers. local municipalities. BPL equipment
The FCC agreed. "This newtechnology offers the manufacturers. consumer electronics manufacpotential to give rise to a major new medium for turers. home security monitoring services. and
broadband service delivery," it said, adding that the electric power utility companies.
widespread nature of the electric power network
AT&T Corp. said that BPL •...can bring an end to
the broadband duopoly of cable modem and DSL
· ' 020 Byron Lane, Arlington. TX 76012
service ." The Consumer Electronics Association
e-mail: <[email protected]>

T

c
s:
en

o
3

16 • CO .. Janua ry 2005

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What Is this Proceeding About?
And how does it impact amateur radio?
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) is a new type of "carrier curIn-House BPL systems use the 11a-volt power wiring within a
rent" system that uses electric power lines to carry communica- building to transfer information between computers and between
tions by coupling very-low-power RF signals onto the AC (alter- other home electronic devices, eliminating the need to install new
nating current) electric wiring. These systems operate on an wires between devices.
unlicensed. non-inter1erence basis under Part 15 of the FCC's rules
Access BPL systems typically use the meclum-vottaqe exterior
and must accept any interference that they receive.
power hnes (carrying between 1,000 and 40 ,000 volts) as a transUntil recently thesedevices operated on frequencies below 2 MHz mission medium to bring the high-speed Internet and other broadwith very limited communications capability. Campuscarrier current band services to neighborhood users.
radio systems have been operating for over 50 years in the United
Tests have shown that Access BPL can be an effective means
States et many universities as unlicensed broadcast radio stations for "last-mile" delivery of broadband services and may be a comin the AM Broadcast band.
petitive alternative to digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem
In the last few years, howeve r, the availability of faster digital
services, and other high-speed Internet access technologies.
processing and sophisticated modulation schemes have allowed
Ham operatorsare primarily concerned about Access BPL since
carrier current devices that can overcome the inherent noise and overhead power lines are unshielded and can serve as radiating
impedance mismatch of power lines.
antennas. This signal leakage can become harmful interterence if
These new designs have led to the development of Broadband not carefully managed. That is, radio systems using the same freover Power Line (BPL) systems that use spread spectrum and other quency bands as those on which local Access BPL signals are
modulation schemes to effectively counter the noise in theline. The transmi tted could possibly receive harmful interference if adequate
consumer simply plugs a small power-line modem into an electri- safeguards are not in place.
cal outlet to receive a broadband connection from the BPL service
Most BPL systems operate in the range from 2 MHz to 50 MHz,
provider.
with very low-power signals that are spread over a broad range
BPL systems provide high-speed digital communications capa- of frequencies. These frequencies are also used by many licensed
bilities by coupling RF energy onto either the power lines inside a radio services (including amateur radio) and must be protected
building (called "In- House BPL~) or onto the medium-voltage power from harmful interference under the Commission's Part 15 rules
delivery lines ("Access BP L~) .
for unlicensed devices.
(CEA) believes that •...BP L will advance co nsumer use of
new technologies and prod ucts such as home networks.
Incumbent spectrum users were not so supportive , however. They expressed concern that the potential benefits of BPl
would come at the cost of new interference to existing licensed
radio services . Among these were public safety, ambulance,
road service, and other assistance parties. They wanted their
frequencies in the HF (2- 7 MHz), low VHF (30-50 MHz), and
VHF (72- 76 MHz) bands protected from harmful interference.
Aeronautical and maritime radio interests said the sa me
thing ... that BPl should not be permitted to operat e in the
frequ ency bands that are used by the aeronautical and maritime rad io users. Shortw ave listeners wa nted international
broadcasting services in the 5.9- 26.1 MHz frequency ran ge
protected.
Bell South Corp. and Verizon Communications feared that
BPl co uld cause harmful interference with telephone network
and DSl services, because power lines are parallel to unshielded telephone wires. CBers were concerned that BPL could
cause harmful interference to the 27-MHz Citizens Band.
T V broadca sters urged that the FCC limit BPl to freq uencies below 50 MH z and avoid operations in the low VHF TV
band . The National Acade my of Sciences wanted radi o
astronomy allocation s in the HF and low VHF regions protected ...and on and on . like prison s, nobody wanted BP l "in
their back yard."

Hams Echo ARRL Comments
Ham s were particularly opposed to allowing the operation of
BPL. More than 1500 submitted informa l comments via the
FCC's Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS). Their statements generally reflected the position of the American Rad io
Relay l eagu e.
In summa ry, the position of the amateur radio community
and the ARRl was: (1) B PL should not be authorized at this
time , (2) if the FCC does proceed with BP L rules, any use of
amateur rad io allocations should be precluded , (3) rad iated
emission rules that are sufficient to predictabl y protect mob ile
radio stations from interterence should be adopted, and (4 )
18 • CO • January 2005

the FCC shou ld requ ire Access BPL ope rato rs to implement
spec ific interference mitigation measures. The l eag ue also
requested that the BPL matter be pl aced on -hold for o ne year
•...in o rder to work out appropriate interference avoidance
and reso lution standards ."

Interference " Not a Problem,"
Says Utility Companies
BPl system proponents and several electric utility services
countered the interference claims with argu ments that BP L
systems are designed to avoid interference to radio services
and that BP L ope rators have been wi lling to work with public safety and other radio service users to prevent or e liminate interfe rence. They say their experience in trials shows
little record of interlerence and that the few co mplaints 01
interfe rence they d id receive were resolved.
For example, one power utility company, PP L T elco m. stated that it had received only four complaints of "suspected"
interference in nearly 30 months of BPl operation, all from
amateur radio operators who were located a few hundred feet
or less from BPl devices. Another power company, Progress
Energy, similarly said that in its most recent tests ~ ...no BPL
site had any signal levels above S-Oin any amateur band with
a single exception in one subdivisio n at approximat ely 25
meters from the extractor and that the level of emissions at
that site would cause no interference unless an amateur were
located practically on top of the BPL extractor."

The Envelope Please •.. The FCC Decision
After considering all of the co mments , researc h, analyses,
and practical experience, the FC C sa id it co ntinues to believe
that the interference concerns of licen sed rad io users can be
adequately addressed. That position was not unexpected .
"Access BPL systems will be able to operate successfully on
an unlicensed , non-harmful interference basis under the Part
15 model." FCC flatly ruled. •...(W)e find that the harmful interference potential from Access BPl systems operating in compliance with the existing Part 15 emission limits for ca rrier current systems is low in connection with the additi onal rules we

vrsn Our Web Site

I

are adopting. ...(and) we observe that the
potential lor any harmful interference is
limited to area s within a short distance of
the power lines used by this technology.~
The Commission disagreed with the
ARRL's position that there is no reason
to act now. The agency's position is that
BPL offers •...an important opportunity
for establishing a new med ium for highspeed Internet access and for introducing new competition in the broadband
market:
The FCC said the rules it adopted are
more than sufficient to protect licensed
services from harmful inte rference.
~Wh i le some cases of harmful inte rference may be possible from Access BPL
emissions at levels up to the Part 151im its. we agree with NTIA that the benefits of Access BPL service warrant
acceptance of a small and manageable
degree of interference risk.~
The Commission believes that ·additicnal regulatory measures" can be
imple mented in cases where interference occurs or impacts critical services.
The se additional measures will generally require BPL operators to reduce emissions or avoid operation on certain frequencies in order to protect licensed
services, to use equipment that can alter
its operation by changing operating frequencie s to eliminate interference, to
make available information that will
assist the public in identifying locations
where BPL operations are present. and
to provide notice to radio users before
beginning local BPL operations.
"In th is way, the new rules provide
effective means for preventing any
inte rfe rence and will ensure that any
instances of interference that may occur
can be quickly identified and resolved.
We emphasize that Access BPL system s will continue to be treated as unlicensed Part 15 devices and as such will
be subject to the conditions that they not
cause harmful interference and that
they cease operation if they do cause
such interference, as required by our
rule s: the FCC restated in the Report
and Order.
Except for a few speci fic frequencies
that are reserved for internat ional aeronautical sa fety operat ions, the FCC
decl ined to e xclude BPL operations
from frequencies used by any specific
service including the Amateur Rad io
Service. "Rather. we bel ieve requiring
BPL equipment to have the capability to
avoid any locally used frequency is the
mo st effect ive approach to ensuring
that harmful inte rference to licensed
operat ions is avoided."
The Part 15 rules were amended, but
with minimum changes ...intended to
facilit ate the earty deployment of BP L
_

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20 . CO • J anuary 2005

technology while protecting licensed
users of the spectrum. "The benefits and
advantages of BPL are just beginn ing to
be recognized," FCC Chairman Michael
Powell said. "That is why it is important
for regulators to exercise restraint and
avoid heavy-handed regulations ... We
must allow the marketplace to develop
the full potential of this technology."

gency response, and other frequencies
that provide important safety and
research services.."
The excluded frequency bands
amount only to a total of 1731 kHz, or
2% of the spectrum within the 1.7-80
MHz band. Also established are "exclusion zones" in locations close to sensitive operations, such as Coast Guard or
radio astronomy stations.
"Fer all other radio communication
The New Rul es:
operations not addressed in these spe1. Define Access BPLin Section 15.3
cial provisions, radio operators have the
as: ~A carrier current system installed opportunity to inform local BPL operaand operated on an electric utility service tors of the pertinent details of their operas an unintentional radiator that sends ations and BPL operators have the
radio frequency energy on frequencies opportun ity to apply that information as
between 1.705 MHz and 80 MHz over appropriate to prevent interfe rence,"
medium-voltage lines or low-voltage the FCC said.
lines to provide broadband communica"We do not see a need to establish
tions and is located on the supply side Access BPL-free zones around airof the utility service's points of intercon- ports, military bases, hospitals, police
nection with customer premises."
stations, and fire stations.:" And no
2. Maintain the existing Part 15 amateur radio bands were among those
emi ssion limits for carrier current excluded from BPL operation. ~We do
systems for Access BPL. "We contin- not find that amateur radio frequencies
ue to believe that it is appropriate to warrant the special protection afforded
apply the existing Part 15radiated emis- frequencies reserved for international
sion limits to Access BPL systems," the aeronautical and maritime safety operFCC said. "We are not persuaded by the ations," the FCC said, noting that, "...in
arguments of AR RL and others repre- many instances amateur frequencies
senting licensed spectrum users that are used for routine communications
the current emission limits are insuffi- and hobby activities."
cient to limit the general interference
5. Adopt requirements th at BPL
potential of these systems."
systems incorporate a "deactivati on
3. Requirethat Access BPL devices capability" if they are found to cause
employ " adapti ve interference mltt- harmful interference to licensed radio
galion techn iques" to remotely reduce services. "Our approach is to provide
power and adjust operating frequencies: Access BPL equipment manufacturers
"(In) most cases the level of emissions and operators with flexibility to design
from Access BPL systems will be at or and implement a broad range of prodclose to the noise floor at distances ucts and system designs to meet particbeyond a hundred meters of an installed ular service and operational needs while
power line. We recognizethat some radio ensuring that systems have the capabiloperations in the bands being used for ities to make operational changes to
Access BPL, such as those of amateur avoid any interference that may arise.
radio licensees, may occur at distances
"Parties who believe they are experisufficiently close to power lines as to encing interference from an unlicensed
make harmful interference a possibility.
device are first expected to bring the
"We believe that those situations can matter to the attention of the operator of
be addressed through interference the unlicensed device. If that action
avoidance techniqu es by the Access does not resolve the interference, the
BPL provider such as frequency band party may then seek intervention by the
selection, notching, or judicious device Commission.
placement. In addition, because power
"The Commission will instruct the
lines inherently can radiate significant BPL operator to take immediate remenoise emissions, good engineering dial actions, such as 'notching' or avoidpractice is to locate sensitive receiver ing specific frequencies, or ceasing
antennas as far as practicable from operations." BPL providers must have
power lines." Notches are requ ired to be the capability to remotely adjust or shut
at least 20 dB below the applicable Part down any unit. FCC-ordered shut down
15 limits on HF and at least 10 dB below will be the last resort if other mitigation
on VHF.
techniques are ineffective in resolving
4. Exclude certain public satet y tre- the interference.
6. Requirethat Access BPL system
quency band s from BPL operation
including ~ ...national defense, maritime operators provide info rma1ion on th e
distress and safety, aeronautical navi- areas where th eir syste ms are ingation and communications, emer- stalled and other technical parameters
Visit Ou r Web Site

," ,

in a central data base that would be
accessible by the public.
An industry-operated, publicly-ac cessible d atab ase ensu res that the
locat ion of Acce ss BPL systems and
th eir operat ing characteristics can be
id entified if ha rmfu l interfe rence occu rs.
This database, which mu st be established within six mo nth s, wi ll facilitate
the activation of interfere nce mitigation
and avoidance measure s. Th e intermation mu st incl ude th e name of the
BPL provider, locatio n (zip codes) of the
installation , the type of equipment used,
th e frequ ency bands used, and propo sed date of ope ratio n. According to
the Report and Orde r:
"Anyone e xperiencing inte rference
could qu ery the database wh ich wou ld
return general information on dep loy ed
BPL systems and direct the complainant to a single poi nt-of-contact
name and ph on e numbe r at the BP L
ope rato r's co mpa ny.
~W e e xpect Access BPL operato rs to
take eve ry co mplaint of interferen ce
se riously and to d iagnose the possible
cause of in te rference qu ickly . At th e
same time, we ex pect the co mplainant
to have first take n reasonable steps to
confirm that interfe rence rathe r than a
receiver system malfunction is occurring and , to the ex tent practicable, to
de termine that th e inte rfe rence so urce
is located o utside the co mpl aina nt's
premises. We ex pect both parties to
coo pe rate to d etermin e a mu tua lly
acceptable sched ule to d iag nose a nd
resolve the interference co mplaint...."
7. Adopt specific measurement
guidelines for both Access BPL and
other carrier current s yst e ms to
e nsure that radio frequency (RF) mea s ureme nts are made in a consiste nt
manner a nd provid e for repeatable
re su lts in determining rule co mpliance.
B. Require Access BPLequipmentto
be certified (rather than " verif ied " -a
less stringent equipment approval
process) by the manufacturer. Initially,
however, the BPL certificatio n process
will be performed by the Commission.
~We conclu de that the Certification procedu re is appropriate for this new technology to allow us to maintain oversight
until add itiona l operational experience is
obtained from its wide deployment."
The new Subpart ~G" rules applying to
Access BPL take effect 30 days afte r
appearing in the Federal Register. That
means the new rules shoul d be effective
about December 15. 2004. All Access
BPL device s that are manufactured, impo rted , marketed , or installed on or after
18 months from that date mu st co mply
with the new req uirements, including
certificatio n of the equipme nt
73, Fred , W5YI
www.cq-amateur-radi o .com

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lcpberd enthusiosts and multimulti contest stotion operotors ploce incredibledemonds on theil
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contest stations moyhove os monyos six full-legol-limit transmitters operating simultoneously,
with antennas locatedvery dose ta each other. If undesired out-of-bondsignals saturate the first
mixer sloge, the receiverwill beuseless lor weak-signal OXingor contesting. Evenareceiverwith
o+40dBmThirdIlrder lntercept (1011 con be overboded mderthese extreme condinons!
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tunes the Dig~Sel praselertor outomatically so that its response peak is always centeredon your
aperoting frequency. The following
DIGI-SEL CharltCterls llcs In l he 14M H z boInd
diogfllm shows the octuol measured . _ _A w... -lll.. ._B_- - . """" .....' response of the Oig~Sel trocking
t.lARKER
14 100t.lHz
preselector whenthe IU800isreceiving _ 14 '6t.lHz
In the
20 meIer SSB bond
~ \(l4.l60MHz). Notice thot the
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preselector suppresses signals on 40
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~ 1,
meters (lMHz) by 35dB ond signals on
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v
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absolute maximum immunity fromstrong-signaloverloadand forabsolute minimum distortion by
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oleoM·

Janua ry 2005 • CO • 21

Results of the 2004 CQ
WW WPX SSB Contest
BY STEVE MERCHANT,' K6AW
onditions were not the greatest for the

C

46th running of the CO WPX SSB

Contest. However, despite much muttaring and grumbling about decl ining propagalion conditions. participation was equal to

the prior year. and seven new world and connnentat record s were set.

OX
From Cape Verd e, D4B took the top Single
Op All Band (SOAB) spot. AI, 4l5A, paid no
attention 10 the poor conditions and set vet
another world record with 25.955,444
points, surpassing his nearest competitor by
over eig ht million points . Al also set another
continental record for Africa. Second place
wentto Didier, FY5FY, loliowed by 9Y4ZC .
operated by Jarostav. OM3TZZ . Fourth
place honors went to CT9A, operated by
Jusai-Pekka. OH6RX. and in fifth position
was P40Y, operated by Andy , AE6Y . Sixth
place went to Daniel at FMfT93M , and in seventh place was low power entry P40A (operated by John, KK9A). Eig hth place was
occ upied by VC3 E (Ron, VE3AT oo): John,
VE3EJ , was number nine ; and WK4 R (operated by Bill, K4XS) completed the top ten .
The t o-meter category was again dom inated by South American stations as l U1 HF,
l 0 2F (l U1FAM op), and LU4FM (l U4FPZ)
took the lirst three spots, respectively . Fourth
place went 10 NP3X , and low power entry
l U3HIP rounded out the top five. On 15
meters it was PX5E (Sergio , PPSJR) by over
two million points over ED8EW (operated by
Oll i, OHOXX), whil e PJ2T operated by Marty,
W1 MD, look third place.lT1F (l W9EOC op)
was in fourt h place and Mike, KH6ND, took
fifth. Twenty meters was dominated by
4l6AM, followed by 9A8A in second , and
IU9S (Giuseppe , IT9Bl B op) moved up to
third place . VK1AA14 wa s fourth and lV5E
(PP5KE op) was filth . On 40 meters AN8A H
(Pekka , OH1RY op) won, edging out YTOA
(YU1EU op) who was second and T99W in
t hird place . Fourth was SN7Q and T90A
(YT6A op) took filth place. Eighty meters saw
S02R (SP2FAX op) setting a new Europe
record for the band over second-place Tine,
S50 A. 9A80AAA (9A5K op) was right behind
in third , l X71 (l X2AJ op) wa s fourt h, and
YU7AV took filth place . Top band was won
by S57 M, followed by OZ1HXO second ,
HA8BE Ihird,lY2BW fourth, and a low power
fifth place score from l Y5A (l Y2PAJ op.)
World low power SOAB hon ors aga in
went to Joh n, KK9A operating P40A, who
dominated the catego ry. Second place went
to ZX2B (PY2MNl op), and third was CS6T
(CT1 1l T op). Moving up to fourth place was
l V7H (l U7HF op), 4l2M was fifth , NF4A
' e-msn: <k6aw@ cq wp x.com>

22 • CO • January 200 5

D4B (A I, 4LSA op) was top SOAB high
power and set a new world record.

was in sixth place, HK3JJH seventh, LYON
(LU2Nl op) eig hth, VP8DGA (GOWJN op) in
ninth place , and UA4FER tent h.
Cesar , lU3HIP, won the low power 10meter category by a slight margin , followed
by PY2SBY in second place and PU2WDX
th ird. l T7Y (l U7YZ op) was fourth and
lU6HPF was fifth . On 15 meters low power
AN8AG took first place , followed by KP4AH
in second and l 37M (Z32 PT op) th ird .
AM7FTR was fourth and filth place went to
FM5FJ . The 20-meter low power category
was a close race: HC t AJO edged his second-place rival, AK2P (KC2 l l M op), by less
than 100k points. Third place went to 9A7D
(9A3HX op) and fourth was SP3Sl0.
YUOHST (YT1BX op) was in fifth place . The
an-meter low power winner was NT1 E
(K3BU op) , with T94DO second and YR5A
(Y05TE op) third. HA6Nl took fourth place
and 113l was filth . Eighty meters was won by
9A7DM, with SP4Z0 in second and S09UM
third. OM7AB took fou rth place and S52W
was fift h. The challenging ten-meter low
power category was won by l Y5A (l Y2PAJ
op), with SP6LUV in second . Ol3SK was
third, VE3MGY fourt h, and fifth was 9A3R E.
The T ribanderlSingle-Element category
remains very popular. Emily at P43E wa s
first, 9M2RPN (GM4YXI op) was second,
and V0 1AU was third . Low power entrant
ZX2B (PY2MNL op) took fourth place and
9J2KC (J L1NKC op) was fifth . ZP 1C
(l P5AZL op) took sixth place, AY8A
(LU8ADX op) was in seventh place , HG8R
was number eight, KG6DX nine, and PY7ZY
was number ten. The t o-meter winner in the
TS category was W7UP F, with K80 Z in sec ond place. K81A moved up to first on 15
meters, followed by JA1 BPA in secon d and
KBOEN E in th ird place . Twenty meters was
won by G3PJV, with PC2T in second and
W4l C in third. Forty meters was taken by
OE5CWL. On 80 meters EU t AZ won, with
PAOMIR seco nd. Top band TS honors went
to OZ3 SK, with N0 80X second.

The 2004 Rookie category winner was a
low power entry from CS6T (operated by
CT1 1LT) with just under 5 million points, followed by KG4NEP, and W1AJTNE3 in third
place . U0 6P (UN7PBY) took fourth and
YT1 LT's low power entry won him filt h place.
EC8ABT was the Band Restricted category winner.
Sing le Op Assisted was won by C4M
(RW30 C op), followed closely by PS2T
(Oms, PY5EG op), PJ4P (DF7ZS), RG9A
(UA9AM op), and l U t NDC. The to-meter
Assisted winner wa s PPSJD (low power),
with K04MR second. On 15 meters LS70
(l U7DW op) won , foll owed by JI30PA,
9At P « 9A6NDX op) , and O MOM (O M7ZZ
op ). On 20 meters first-place OE6Z turned
in a very nice score, followed by YT7A
(YU7G MN op). The au-meter top spot in
SOI A) Assisted went to 4N600A (YZ t ZV
op), with low power SV5RDS (SV5 DKL op)
in second place . Low power entrant S06A
(SP6IHE op) won 160.
The top ORP spot went to YT7TY, followed by UA38L in second place . Chas ,
K3WW, was third, with LU1 VK fourt h and
N81E filth. LW3DX was the top 10-meter op ,
EA8TX was the winner on 15 meters,
AW9AB won 20 meters , ES6PZ wa s the 40
meter champio n, and ES8SW won 80
meters. YU1 RA took the Top band ho nors .

USA
The top three spots in SOAB USA were hotly
contested this year. Bill , K4XS, took first
place as WK4R, followed very closely by frequent winner Bob, K02M , and KN10X
(K4ZW op) , with only a bit over 5,000 points
separating the second- and third -place winners. The West Coast was well repre sented
by Dan , N6MJ, wh o operated W6KP as

Ghis, ONSN T, one of the ops at A6 1AJ,
the top world Multi-Operator. Two Trans mitter station.

Vis it Our Web Site

KM7W for a nice fourth-place finish . KC3 R
(LZ4AX op) wa s fifth , with K7RL sixth and
Georg e, K5TR, again making the top ten in
seventh place . WB 9Z was eigh th, NZ80
(W8MJ op) was ninth, and low po wer entrant
NF4A look the te nth spot.
NA4W was the 1O-meter champ , followed
by W7EB. Bob , N4BP, was th ird as NU4BP,
and low power entrants K90M and W7UPF
took fourth and fift h place, res pectively. O n
15 meters John, N3HBX, moved up to number one. Second place went to K9ES , followed by K7R I and K5Z0 . W6AFA wa s fifth.
Twenty meters w as won by low power
entrant AK2P (KC2LLM opt, with WOAIH
(K9MU op) in second place. W 5 FO w as
th ird ; Joe, WA7A R (W7 FP op) fou rth ; and
low power entry W91GJ fifth. On 40 meters
Brad , K7ZS D, again was the clear winner,
with NT1E (K3BU) in second and W8JWN
third . l ow po wer entries by KU6T for fourth
and NR8 U for fifth completed this band . The
80 -meter wi nner was a repeat performance
by AA 1BU w ith a big lead ove r seco nd-place
KEl Y. W3BG N was third , w ith NE5D (K5 RX
op) fou rth and NT6K fifth. On 160 meters
Leo , AA4MM , moved up to number one, w ith
ND 8DX second , low po we r K4WI th ird, and
KOCS fourth.
NF4 A captured the US SOAB low power
title, followed by Bill, AC0W, in second , w ith
WB8TlI thi rd , Tom, N6N F, fourth, and N4lG
fifth. K90 M was the 10-meter w inner, with
W 7UPF second and KaOZ third . Fifteen
meters was aga in w on by KalA, with Dick,
W7ZA, ag ain second as WZ7ZR, a nd
W4SVO th ird. A K2P (KC2l LM op) was the
top 20 -meter low power entry , follow ed by
W91GJ and W PX reg ular Ken , K6H NZ . Forty
mete rs w as wo n by NT1 E (K3BU ooj. with
Paul, KU6T , again in second place. K4WI
again won 160 meters in this catego ry.
NF4A w on the US TIS category, follow ed
by KG1 E in second place . Jo nathon,
W 1C U, repeated last year and came in in
thi rd place, N2GC w as fourth , and Dick,
W6TK , repeated as fifth. NF4A and WBaTlI
were th e top two low power winners in TIS
ca tegory, followed by Paul, WN6K , W 7UPF,
and K80Z. KG4NEP handily w on the
Rook ie top spot, w ith W5TIX in second
place and N4GAN in thi rd.
Single O p Assisted top honors w ent to
W 2AE , w ith second place going to W1US
(K 1LZ op). W0 8CC (Steve, N8BJO op) was
thi rd this time, followed by N0 2 A and Glenn,
W OGJ . K04MA had the top 1 a-meter score ,
as did K7ZS o n 15 meters and W8 1HBB
(W4W A) on 20 (low powe r).
T he USA OA P w inner s were Chas ,
K3WW, in first place, with N81E second , followed by WA 0VBW, KA1 ST , and KB0YH .
Single band wi nners were W60U (W 80 ZA
op) on 10 meters, WB7A CV/2 on 15 , and
W6YJ o n 20 .

Multl-Ops
The Multi-Single category was won this time
by VP51 V, operated by K5CM, N5KW, and
W5AO . W P2Z, operated by K9TM, KBCC,
and WZ8P , came in second . CWOB w as third
and UA9AYA was fourth. IR4T moved up to
fifth place, with OM7M in sixth. AZ90 Z0 was
www.cq-amateur-rad lo.com

seventh, T07Twas eighth, l U2FA ninth , and
LY9Y finished in the tenth spot.
This year W4PA won the top USA multisin gle award w ith ops K0 EJ , KD 4 HIK,
K4JNY, K4RO , and W4 PA. Second place
went to KODU with ops K0 DU, NOZA . KOCl,
WA4H ND, and KCODKX . Th ird place was
cla imed by NN4N , staffed by G M3P OI ,
MMOEAX, and N4TD. Fourth place went to
AJ9C and in fifth place was NW1 E.
In the Multi-Two category the competition
between first- and second- place entra nts
was ferocious , with A6 1AJ (A6 1AJ , K2GM ,
N2AA , ON5NT , S53A, and SM7PKK) setting a new Asia M2 record and narrowly
defeating COOK (CT3BD, CT3 DL, CT3 DZ ,
CT3EE, CT3 EN, CT3 HK, CT3 IA, CT310 ,
CT3KU, and CT3 KY). ZW 5B set a new
South America record and wa s operated by
PY2 KC , PY1NX, PY l KX, PY5 KD, and
PY5CC . A U1A set a new Europe M2 reco rd
for fourth place, and KM4M took fifth.
The US M2 winner wa s KM4M, setnnq a
new USA M2 record w ith ops K4JA, AJ3M ,
K9GY, KD4D, NW4V, AA3CO , W3BP, and
WK4Y . Second place ho nors went to W X5S,
with K6UFO, K6IF, W6RO, WX5S , N7MH,
KT6YL, KG6D , and W6lD operating from
W6YX. Th ird place went to WA3Z , w it h
WE3C in fourth and NM50 fifth .
First-place wo rld Multi -Multi went to
YW4M , operated by YV4BOU, YV5AMH,
YV5EED, YV510J, YV5 LMW , YV5 l MX,
YV5M HX, YV5M SG , YV5NWG , YV50 HW,
YY5 A FD, YV5CO A , and YY5HBO. In second place was 3B9C (ops DK7YV, EI5DI,
F5VHN , G3BJ , G3RAU , G3SED , G3Xn ,
G4 IUF, G4 KIU, G4TSH, GU4YOX,
J H4A HF, K3N A, KF7E, and N7COO ). The
third-place spot went to OT4A, operated by
YV4 BOU , YV 5AMH, YV 5EE D, YV510J ,
YV5l MW, YV5LMX, YV5 MHX, YV5M SG ,
YV5NWG , YV50 HW, YY5AFD, YV5COA ,
and YY5HBO . Fourth place w as w on by
UP5G and N041 was fifth.
N0 41 (N0 4 1, WI 4 R, K4P K, W4DD, K9JS ,
OH7KD, K4BAI , W B4S0 , N4E VR, WW4lL,
K4ZJ , KT4 ZB, KU8E , and W4BD cps) took
first place US Multi-M ult i w ith a substantial
margin over second-place NX5M , ope rated by NX5M , N5XJ , W5SB, KK5l 0 , W 5PF,
N 1lN, KE 4NT, KM5ET, KA5BKG, K5NZ ,
W 5MN , W5MJ , N5XT, KG5U , K5GN ,
NT5T U, KC5YKX, and N5XZ . Third place
went to NRGO , w ith WX3 B fourth an d
NE 1C fifth .

The Rest of the Story
l og submissions were about on a par with
2003. Most logs were sent in Cabrillo format,
which is the default requirement. We con tinue to ref ine our log preparation instructio ns on the W PX contest website (http://
www .cqwpx .co m) so contestants will not
have difficulties submining their log s. Please
do not rely on your logging program to get
the Cabrillo header filled out correctly , especially if you are entering one of the categories
that requires a Categ ory Overlay line in the
header. If you make any changes to your
Cabrillo file , please use a simple text editor,
not a word processor . There are two significant log submission changes for next

Dima , UA3AG W, participated in the contest
on 40 meters.
year . See the 2005 rules or t he w ebsite for
more info rma tion.
Special thanks go to the many operators
who travel to remote locations all over the
world so the rest of us have interesting and
exciting prefixes to work. Also , w e thank the
many operato rs who arrange for special prefixes solely for use in this contest.
Thanks to WT41 for his log-checking software , and to EA3DU and O H5DX for help
handling logs from their respective countries. Many thanks also to members of the
CO WW Co ntest Committee for helping with
various log -handli ng issues in local lan gu ages. Thanks as well to N5KO and his
robots ;they are a huge help in the log-checking process.
We are checking se rial numbers . If we
receive a log w ithout sent or received serial
numbers it will reclassified as a check log. If
you encounter problems with serial numbers
in your log , please take up the matter w ith
your logging program author. W ith close to
5,000 logs to process each year it's impossible for us to fix everyo ne's log .
Biggest tha nks go to SIeve
NBBJQ .
He has been tireless and is always ready to
step in to help with the contest.
The 2005 WP X
Contest will be held
on March 26 and 27. Please plan to participate. Rules ca n be found on both the CQ
magazine site (www.cq-amateur-radio.com)
and the WPX web site (www.cqw px.com).
Also please submit all logs e-maned logs in
the Cab rillo form at. Send SSB logs to
<ssb@ cqwpx.com:> ,orsnail-maillogs toCO
WP X Co ntest, 25 Newb ndqe Road ,
Hicksville, NY 11801.
See you in the 2005 contest.
73 , Steve , K6 AW
(Continued on page 102)

Bona.

sse

Expanded Results
The list of multi statio n operators and
expanded QRM can be found on the CO website, «www.cq -arnateur-raorc.ccm». in the
contests section under "Expanded Results
2004 CO WW WPX SSB Contest:

January 2005 • CO • 23

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If you have an older rig without digital signal processing (OSP), or a
limited range of OSP options, consider two OSP solutions from GAP
Antenna Products: the "Hear It" line of OSP speaker and inline module.
Contributing Editor WB6NOA has our review.

CQ Reviews:

The GAP DSP "Hear It" Speaker
. and Inline Module
BY GORDON W EST,' W B6NO A

AP Antenna Products is well-known for its major-size,
vertical HF antennas, such as the Challenger. Eagle,
Voyager. and an antenna J happen to own , the Titan
OX . These exceptional antennas have been nicknamed 'the
ultimate verticals,~ and the dramatic increase in receive capabilities they provide has led GAP to introduce two digital signal process ing (DSP) noise-elimination ' black boxes" (literally) which we recently tested: the "Hear It" speaker and inline
module. Designed by and imported from BHI in England,
each product incorporates some exclusive GAP engineering
that perfectly suits each DSP box to literally anytype of receiver, including my Kenwood TS-570, which already has two
levels of audio DSP built in. The multi-level GAP DSP units
offered more variations in specific DSP levels.
Digital signal processing subtracts unwanted noise that
routinely surrounds incoming high-frequency signals. First
the analog audio is conve rted into digital logic. Then the DSP
chips magically enhance the desired voice syllables and data
signals while subtracting the rush of high-frequency noise
that is riding along with the desired modulation you are
attempting to decode in your brain or via computer. The DSP
circuit is actually a powerful computer that has been preset
to lower that high-frequency noise floor.
However, the DSP circuits are not completely magic; for
mobile applications you should do everything you can to minimize ignition static as well as other vehicle noise that may
creep in with the desired high-frequency signal. For maritimemobile operation, DSP noise-canceling circuits work well, but
only after you have shut down the Morse-Code-sounding
Danfoss refrigeration system controller, as well as inverters
and battery chargers. DSP noise-elimination circuits work
best on atmospheric noise, not with mobile noise associated with your vehicle or boat. It's the same thing with home
installations : The frying-eggs power-line noise and pending
heterodynes of BPL won't magically disappear with even the
best digital signal processing circuit, whether in the audio

G

"Co Contributing Editor, 2414 College Dr., Costa Mesa, CA 92626
a-mail: <wb6noa@cq-ama leur-radio.com>

26 • CO • January 2005

Photo A- The "Hear It"speaker from GAP Antenna Products
includes a built-in digital signal processing (DSP) fifter and
audio amplifier.
chain or down in the intermediate-frequency (IF) stage of your
modern HF transceiver. Certainly, IF DSP noise elimination
has advantages over audio DSP circuits, but as you will
see from our tests, the GAP audio DSP black boxes worked
very well!

" Hear It" Speaker
This GAP "black box" builds everything into a common rectangular external speaker box. The DSP circuitry and builtin audio amplifier require 12 volts from a common 2.1-mm
power connector , center-pin positive and fused. Typical
power consumption is a half amp. You must have 12 volts
feeding the box for the built-in quality speaker to work, and
be careful when you plug in the power cord. If you have the
speaker grounded to the top of your transceiver, plugging in
a "hot" power connector requires precise alignment so you
don't accidentally touch the center of the connector to the
grounded metal nut surrounding the jack. Plug the cord into
the speaker first, and then into the 12-volt source! You will

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be greet ed with a red indicator ligh t that
shows th e GAP "Hear W speaker is
powered up.
GAP also supplies the 3.5-mm mon o
jumper plug cable that goes between
the radio speaker output and the speaker inp ut. The supplied cord is nearly 7
feet long , so you should have plenty to
reach between the speaker and your
high-frequency rig. Of course , the "Hear
W speaker w ill work wit h any type at
receiver , including scanner, sho rtwave,
multi-mode VHF/ UHF satellite , and
even a common CB radio.
The Hear-It speaker with DSP noise
elimi nation offers you eight discrete levels of DSP, set by a group of DIP switch es on the bac k (see photo B). It co mes
from the factory p reset to level 6, a moderate amount of DSP noise elimi nation
that ten ds to make voice signals sound
a bit rollin g an d metallic, as would an y
DSP noise-elimination syste m set to
above-medium level. Level 6 wo uld be
good for pulling out a digital signal such
as PSK31 or CW from a high atmospheric noise level on 80 mete rs. But for
working voice on 20 meters or 15
meters, level 4 sounds much better .
For initial adjustment of the DSP
speaker, sta rt out at level 1 (the minimum level) w ith the DIP switch es on the
rear all in the "on" position . Run your
radio volume at normal level for a normal sound out of the speake r, and then
switch the top DSP switch to "en. ~ Now
adjust the se nsitivity control (marked
"v olume") to about three-quarters full,
wh ich is a counter-clockwise turn of the
little pot on the top at the speake r.
Next tune into a weak transm itting
station on HF and listen to the difterence
in background noise as you turn noise
cancellation off and on. Even level 1
sho uld give you some relief tram the
atmospheric noise that rides along with
the d esired signal. Level 4 provided
remarkable noise suppression, without
making the
signa l sound hollow
and brassy. Level 6 is good for CW and
data modes, while levels 7 and 8 offer
about 20 dB of noise elimination but are
really too much tor most DSP work. We
found the best se ttings for our needs to
be between levels 4 and 6.
If the speake r is going to be installed
in your mobile unit, you probably will not
need to do any more adjustment at the
DS P levels after you have found the
level that's best fo r you. However, if you
really like to play arou nd with DSP levels, the archaic DIP-switc h tec hnique
for level changes is cumberso me. It
rem inds me of the old days of CTCSS
tone selection on the back of my HT. I
would have preferred a rotary switc h.

sse

www.cq-a mateur-radio.com

However, since mobile installation of
this speake r is most typ ical , you probably only nee d to work the switches once
or twice.

" Hear II" Inllne Module
Here is where the GAP "Hear It" inline
module (pho to C) comes into play - the
same DSP chip-engine on the inside , but

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specifically designed to drive your existjng mobile or base speaker system. The
"Hear lt" module runs with the com mon
t z -volt plug, center-tip positive. It has a
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won't need to wo rry about accidentally
blowing a fuse if you should fumble the
power-plug connection .
Unplug your speaker from your main
HF transceiver, and plug a patch cable

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1 8 S hee ha n A v e n ue, N or w al k , C T 0 6 85 4 ( 203) 853 80 8 0
January 2005 . CO • 27

from the transceiver's speaker jack into
the audio inp ut jack on th e "Hear It"
inline modu le (see photo 0 for cable
connections), Use the selector switch to
select speaker output audio. There's
also a po sition for line input for specific
base -station application s. Your speaker plug, which you just removed from
the radio, now plug s into the audio output jack. As soon as you turn on you r
rig , you will hear audio that is bypassed
direct to the speake r. DC power is not
required at this point.
Now adjust radio volume to normal,
and set both the input level and the output level on the GAP module to about
mid-scale. Turn your radio volume down,
turn on the GAP's power switch, and
adjust both input and output volume levels to your normal levels . Double-check
that you are not lighting the red LED for
input level, which indicates you are overdriving the input by turn ing up the volume too high on your transceiver.
Next tune in a noisy station , adjust the
DS? filter level to 4, and then turn on
the noise -cancellation switch. It takes
about 3 seconds for the unit to electronically identify the target signal,
ded uce the constan t atmospheric
noise , and subtract it from the audio output stage. Once this is done, adjust the
OS? level for your preferred amount of
noise reduction.
During our tests , we tuned around
an d fou nd an extremely weak signal
coming in at a level 5 on the GA? OS?
in-line module. Wh en we switched out
the OS? noise -cancellation circuit , we
couldn't believe our ears ; that weak little signal completely disappeared into
the hash. However, flip the circuit back
on, wai t a couple of seconds, and mag ically the GA ? noise -cancellation circuits pull the signal out of the noise and
reduce the noise dramatically. We were
impressed !
For home-station use, most hams will
regularly fiddle w ith the OS? levels.
Therefore, I wa s surprised to see that
the level control on the in-line module
is a tiny, hard -to-grasp finger control. I
would have figured it would have been
a natural-size knob like the input and
ou tput level controls. The input and output levels seldom change, so I would
hope GA? gets enough feedback that
it take s the a-level OS? control and
makes it a decent-size knob.

Photo B- DIP switches are used to control the DSP setting on the GA P "Heer W
speaker. Level 1 is minimum DSP, while le vel 8 is maximum.
ving the speaker, both of these units
have built-in amplifiers to dramatically
boost output volume . There is also a
nifty AGe (automatic gain control) built
in so that extremely strong signals won't
blast you out of the car, and extremely
weak signals clea ned up by the built-in
OS? circuitry are pulled up to a no rmal
volume level. All this takes place without your having to reach over and adjust
the volume control of the main rig.
While I have seen one other "black
box" speake r with built-in OS?, it only
offers two levels of OS? as opposed to
the GA? unit, wh ich oHers seven levels

of OS? plus an eighth position for amplifying the audio without adding OS? It's
the same thing for the in-hne moduleseven levels of adjustable OS? plus
amplified straight-throu gh audio.
The seven OS? level s are spaced
apart just far enough so that you won't
need to worry about any level in be tween a specific level. Also, the seven
levels are placed just right on the OS?
curve so that level 1 is minimum OS?,
with level 7 and a be ing about the maximum you would ever want. Aga in, 4 to
6 were my favorite levels for both voice
and data.

Overall Impressions
Other than that, bo th the little black bo x
speaker an d the in-lin e module from
GAP work ed well. If your present mobile
rig doesn 't have a lot of audio output dri28 •

ca •

January 2005

e-

Photo
The GA P ~Hear tt " in/ine module is intended to provide the same levels of DSP noise elimination for setups in which you don 't want to rep lace your
current speaker.

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If you wire the GAP speaker into your
vehicle, keep in mind thaI it will continue
to draw a half-amp even after you have
turned off your radio. The red indicator

See our WWPX RTIV Rules on
page 36.

light will remind you to disconnect the
fuse jf you plan to leave the vehicle for a

week or twowithout running it. Idon't rec-

Photo D- Audio inp ut and output
cables plug into the side of the "Heer
W module. There are audio-level and
line-level connections for both input

and output.
www.cq-amateur-radio.com

ommend unplugging the little plug on the
back of the "Hear It" speaker, because
you could accidentally short out the plug
when trying to reattach the cable without
actually eyeballing the connection for
proper alignment.
The GAP "Hear lr OSP noise-elim ination speaker is seen selling for $159 ,
a nd the G AP in-line module for DSP
noise elimination fo r $199 . For more
information and the full spec sheet, log
onto <http://www.gapantenna.com>. or
call 772-57 1-9922 . GA P is locat ed in
Fellsmere , Florida and is a regular
attendee at large hamfests, where company representatives set up their antennas and provide livedemos. Most important, they are available at every hamfest
they attend to spend time with us, the
prospective buyers of their products. I
always enjoy the GAP experience, and
they are just as fr ie ndly on their tele phone hel p line as they are in person.•

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Offl".:

January 2005 • CO • 29

Remember the movie Frequency, in which the main character uses ham
equipment to communicate with his deceased father? While QSOs with
the past remain in the realm of science-fiction (for now), amateur radio
still provides a connection between the author and his late father.

My Father, Ham Radio, and Me
BY PETER BRANDENBERG,. K2MMT

grew up in The Bronx in the 19405. My father's job kept
him travel ing throughout the co untry, always by train (in
those days, non -military air travel was a luxury few could
afford). My time with my father was limited to a weekend
every few months, when his schedule and budget allowed
him to come home. As a young boy, I didn't realize how angry
with him I was him for not being home like my friends' fathers.
He'd always take me to a baseball game when he came
home. but I wasn't much of a fan and it didn't do anything to
he lp our relationship.
When I was 10, he was based in Philadelphia, living in a
studio apartment. Once my mother and I took the train to visit
him. He took us to the Franklin Institute, a wonderful science
museum. That day was the best I ever had with my father,
because we did something I enjoyed. One exhibit at the
museum was about ham radio. I remember entering a room
filled with shiny radio equipment with blinking lights and jumping meters. The operator, who was on the air at the time,
allowed me to talk to the person he had contacted. I don't
think I said more than "Hello, my name is Peter" when a voice
boomed back, saying "hello" to me. I will always remember
that day.

I

A Passion for Ham Radio
From then on I had a passion for ham radio. I talked to my
teachers and went to the library to learn as much as I could
about becoming a ham. The test for a Novice license required
that I learn Morse code at 5 wpm and take a written exam on
FCC Regulations and basic radio technology. My father was
rarely at home and wasn't able to help me, but he'd often call
on the phone or send a post card from one of the interesting
places he was, and he encouraged me to pursue my interest
in radio. For my birthday he bought me my first receiver, a
National SW-54. From my bedroom I listened to police, airplanes, ship-to-shore, and hams around the world.
I studied hard for the Novice exam and listened to CW stations with my receiver. I finally was able to take the Novice
test, wh ich was given to me by someone I didn't know until
that day. His name was "Bing," W2CMM , and he lived only a
few blocks away. I remember the excitement when the mail
arrived with my license and my first call, KN2MMT. In those
days, the "N" meant I was a Novice and could only operate for
"71 Burr Farms Road, Mount Kisco, NY 10549
e-mail: <Peter@brandenberg. tv>
30 • CO • Janua ry 2005

The author as a teenager with his 6-meter AM rig. He
says it was a "teeny tiny rig Iput togetherusing my father 's
first 'portable' AM radio (tubes but sma/! Motorola) and
a 6-meter trensvetter. " adding, "It doesn 't look too hamradioish, does it?" (Photos courtesy of the author)

one year unless I was able to get my General, which I did in
about six months.
I built my first transmitter, a Heathkit AT-1. I remember
coming home from school and making my first contact. It was
with Lou, W2IVG , who lived only a few miles away. Lou invited me to see his station. When t arrived at his house, I was
surprised 10 find that he was blind. He lived with his wife and
his seeing-eye dog, Lassie. Lou became my mentor, someone I could call with questions about our shared hobby.
One day Lou called to ask me for a favor. He had just
designed and built a 2-meter AM transmitter and receiver, and
he explained to me that the designing, drilling, wiring, and soldering were the easy part, but without sight he couldn't plug
its miniature tubes into their tiny sockets. He needed my eyes.
I was only 12, but my mother allowed me to take the subway
to visit my grandparents, and now my new friend Lou. When
I arrived, it took only a minute for me to plug in the dozen tittle tubes, but I felt it was incredible that a man who cou ld not

Vis it Our Web Site

d idn 't. However. when they were young

they honored me by allowing me to
come to their schools to sha re my inter-

est in ham radio with their friends. I used
to bring a mobile whip or MFJ loop that

I set up either on the roof or out the
dassroom window. I remember the kids

The author today on the beach at
AmaganseN, New York , where he says
he 's spent many happy hours hamming
with his QRP rig.

see w as able to design and bu ild such a
com plicated e lectronic device. W e
turned it on and immediately had contacts with ot her hams in the area . That
w as 50 years ago .

A Lifetime of Friendships
My dear friend Lou died many years
ago , but my interest in ha m radio has
helped me develop many wonderful
friendships, both nearby and across the
g lobe. In the m id-1980s I had a heart
attack and my second heart surgery .
While recuperating at home, I had a
aSOwith Jeff, ZS6AWX, in Klarksdorp,
South Afr ica. We had a 101 in common ,
so we arranged a sked the follow ing
weekend , Thereafte r he and I continued our scheduled weekend contacts
for seven years, until he and his w ife
(Z S6AW Y) lett South Africa . They
moved to Melbourne , Australia, where
one of their sons lived. They settled into
a small condo, and he no longer could
have a beam and had no place to use
his rig . We still speak on the phone and
com municate vi a e- mail.
The re lationship we developed was
very special, and through it we got to
know a great deal about one another
and each oth er's families. They have
visited and stayed with us when they
come to see their other two children,
w ho live with their families in Atlanta
and Boca Raton.
My w ife Barbara and I have two wonderful daughters and recently became
grandparents . As my daug hters grew
up , I remembered my distant relationship w ith m y father an d those baseball
games. I would have been thrilled if my
da ug hters shared my hobby, bu t they

www.cq..amateur-radio.com

loving the experience. and on a few
occasions I was lucky enough to have
some enjoyable contacts. even w ith
some OX. I don 't th ink my daughters
know how much those school visits
meant to me, and although my hobby
wasn 't their choice , I always took interest in their activities . I enjoyed every
school play, dance recital. sports activity, and concert ... the events my father
never shared with me.
Looking back, however, I realize that
my father did something just as important fo r me: He introduced me to the lifelong adventure of ha m radio and supported my inte rest. In that way, he gave

me-and continues to give me- many
great memories.
Recently, my w ife and I moved to a
condo. It meant g iving up my tower,
beams , and kilowatt. However, I've
deve loped a new, more exciting w ay to
enjoy ham radio. Earlier this year I bu ilt
an Elecraft KX l QRP rig . It fits in my
hand and has more bells and w histles
than the radios that used to fill my bedroom when I was a child . It ru ns only 3
watts, a fraction of the 1,000 w atts I
used to run, but I'm still having a ball
with it, making co ntacts all over Ihe
world . I recently co mpleted my latest
project. bu ilding a SOO-milliwatt RockMite for 20 meters.
I continue to make new friend s wh ile
enjoying the challenge of using the CW
I learned a half century ago , and now I
ca n do it w ith tar less power and
extremely small antennas ,
Thanks , Dad .
•

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for the HEAVY DUTY HA

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~ISA J

J anuary 2005 • CO • 31

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for the CQ Amateur Radio
Hall of Fame

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Wayne Carroll, W4MPY
P.O. Box 73
Monetta. SC 29105·0073
Phone or FAX (803) 685-7117
URL:httpJIwww.qslman.com
Email: [email protected]

mateur radio operato rs have
been responsible fo r many adva nces in communications technology, and entire industries have been
built on the foundation of amateur radio
ex perimentation and activi ty . In an
effort to recognize outstandi ng am a teurs and their achievements, and help
the public appreciate the far-reaching
and lo ng -stan di ng val ue of amateur
radio in our society, w e have established th e CO Amateur Radio Hall of
Fame. Nom inations for the 2005 "class"
are now open . Members of the 2004
"class" were announced last May and
appeared in the July issue of Co.
The CO Am ateur Rad io Hall of Fame
honors those whose technical or other
accomplishments have helped propel
amateur rad io forward, o r whose
achievements in oth er areas of life have
helped improve ham rad io's reputation
simply throug h associatio n. Nominees
for the CO Am ateur Radio Hall of Fame
will be judged on the basis of qualifying
in one of two broad areas: those indi vid uals- whether licensed amateurs or
not-who have made significant contributions to the amateur rad io hobby; and
those rad io amateu rs wh o have made
sig nifica nt contributions to society in
genera l. Nominees must have made
significant contributio ns of nationwide
or worldwide impact.

A

Nomination Period
Closes March 31

~

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....·...j(MpMnlt nnM.com

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32 • ca • January 2005

Ttl" (772 )511·'1922

Between now and March 3 1, 2005, w e
will be accepting nom inations fo r the
2005 "cla ss" of the Amateur Radio Hall
of Fame . Nom inatio ns received after
that date will be considered for future
selection. You may eith er use the form
on the following page or on our website,
or si mply write us a letter stating your
candidate's name, where to contact
him/her if still liv ing , for wh ich category
you are nom inating him/her, and a brief
one- to two-paragraph description of

CQ OX and Contest
Halls of Fame
Nominations are also open for the CO
OX Hall of Fame and the CO Contest
Hall of Fame , which recogn ize those
amateurs who have mad e major contributions to OXing and contesting, respectively. The activi ties and accomplishments that quality one for membe rship in
these elite groups involve considerable
personal sacrifice and can usua lly be
described by the phrase "above and
beyond the call of duty."
Nominations for the Contest and OX
Halls of Fame are made by contesting
o r OX clubs or national organizations,
and must be submitted by March 1 of
each year to be considered. A maximum
of two (2) people may be inducted into
each hall offame each year. Nominations
for the CO Contest and OX Halls of
Fame should be direct ed to Bob Cox,
K3EST, cia CO Communications Jnc., 25
Newbridge Ad., Hicksville, NY 11 80 t ; or
via e-mail to <[email protected]>.

this person's accomplishments. Please
include your name and contact information as well . E-mail to <hall-oftarnergcq-ameteur-racno.coms or mail
to CO Amateur Radio Hall of Fame, 25
Newbridge Ad ., Hicksville, NY 11801 .lf
you feel so meone has earned thi s
recogn ition , please submit a nomination . Please don 't assume that someone else will nom inate the person you
may have in mind .
We'll be making up our own candidate list at the same time , and will
an nounce this year's selections at the
Dayton Ha mve ntio n in May 2005 .
Please help us recognize th ese "ham
rad io heroes" whose co ntributions have
helped shape our ho bby, our nation, or
our wo rld .
(Official no mination form is on page
34.)

F a"' ( 772) 5 1 1_99~~

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CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame Nomination Form
Th e purpose of the CQ Amateur Radio 1101/ of Fame is to recognize individuals who have
made significant contributions to the amateur radio hobby. andlor radio amateurs who
have made significant contributions to society at large,
arne of Person

orn inated:

_

Callsign (if li censed amateur/if multiple callsigns, list most recent):

If your nomin ee is still living and you know how to COf/tuc! himlher. please slIpply 'he fo llowing
COII/m '( trf onnation:

Mailing address:
C ity:

_

State/Provo

Z ip/Postal Code:

_

Country :

_

Phone : _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ Fax:

E-mai l add ress:

_
@

_

Please write a brief (v ile to 1\\'0 paragraph) description of 'his person 's uccomplishmentslachievemcnts
ami whv you feel he/she should he elected 10 the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame (if you need more
room please attach a separate piece ofpaper):

No mina tor Informat iun
(This is onlyfor the p"rpose ofcontacting you in rase ofquestions, und will l lOt he puhlishrd.}:

Your name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mailing address:
City:

_

Callsig n:

Stare/Prov.

Zip/Postal Code:

Country : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Phone: _

E-mail addre ss:

34 • co • January 2005

_

_

Fax:
@

_

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Announcing:

The 2005 CQ World-Wide
RTTY WPX Contest
February 12-13,2005
Starts: 0000 GMT Saturday Ends : 2400 GMT Sunday
Logs are du e no later t han March 11 , 2005
I. Period of O peration: Single Operator stations may operate only
30 hOurs 01the 48-hOur contest periOd. Off time periods must be a minimum of 60 minutes in leng th and must be clearly marxed on the
Summary Sheet. Multi.()pefator stations may operale the entire 48-hour
contest period.
II. Objectiv e : The oo,ect of the contest is tor amateurs around the world
using AnY 10 contact as many amateurs in other parts 01 the wor1d as
possible d uring the contest period.
III. Band s : The 3 .5 . 7, 14, 21, arc 28 MHz: bands may be used. No
1.8 MHz or WARe bands. Observance 01e stablis hed band plan s Is

strongly encouraged.
IV. Terms 01 Competition (l or all categories): All entrants must
operate within the limits ol lheir crcseo category when perform ing any

activity that could impact thei r submitted score. Transmitters and
receivers must be located within a SOO-meter d iameter circle or within
the property limits al tha station licensee, whichever is greater. A ll antennas must be physically connected by wires to the tran smitters and
receivers used by the entrant. All high pcwercatecores must not exceed
1500 watts total ou tput power on any band . Only the entrant's callsign
may be used to a id the entrant's score. AnY (8 audot) mode ooly. No
unattended operation o r contacts thro ug h gateways or digipeaters are
permitted.
Any lorm ot OX ale rting a ssista nce is permitted in All categories.
V. Categories :
1. Single Operator (Sing le Band a nd A U Band)
(a ) Single Operator stations are tho se al which o ne pe rson pertorm s
a ll 01the operating, logging , and spoiling function s. Only on e transmitted signal is all owed at any time.
(b ) low Po w e r; Same as 1(a) ex cept that (i) o utput power is 150
watts or less and (ii) only All Ba nd entrants may enter the l ow Power
category. Stations in th is category compete w ith other l ow Power stations only.
(c ) Ro o k ie : A n entrant in th is catego ry shall, at the time 01 the con test , have been lice nsed as a radio amateur lo r three years o r less. II
you are e ntering this category , please indicate it on your Summary
Sheet.
2. Multl.Qperator ( A ll Band operation only)
(a ) Sin gle-T ra n s m itt er : Only one transmilled signal at any time.
limited to 6 band Cha nges in any dock hour (0 through 59 minutes). For
ex ample . a change Irom 20 meters to 40 meters and the n back to 20
meters constitutes two band changes. Viol ation of the 6-band change
rule w ill result in reclassification to the Multi-Multi category.
(b ) MulU-Two: A maximum 01two transmitted sig nals are allowed as
long as each transmitter is on a differe nt band . Each of the two tra nsmitters is limited to 6 band changes in any ckx:k hour (0 through 59 minutes). For example, a Change lrom 20 meters 10 40 meters a nd then
back to 20 meters constitutes two band changes. Viol ation of the 6-band
change rule will result in reclaSSification of the entry to the Multi-M ulti
category. Each transmitter must keep a ch ronological log containing its
own serial numbers and unique transmitter idenlifier (0 or 1 in the Cabrillo
tormat).
(C) Multi· Transmitter; No limit to transmitters, but only one signal
and running statIOn allOwed per band.
3. SWL : SWLs are required to log the callsigns of both the heard and
correspondent statco. Scores are based only upon the heard station.
using the same rules as transmitting stetoos. Correspondent callsigns
may not appear lTlOfe than three times per band in your log.

36 •

CO

• J anuary 2005

Vl. Ex change : RS(T) report plus a progressive contact three-diglt serial number starting with 001 tor the first contact. (Continue to tour digrts
if past 999.) Your log M UST show the correct serer number sent and
receveo for each contact.
VII . seria l Numbers and Identification of 'rranemntere : Single
Operator log entries must contain a progressive rnree- (or lour-) digrt
serial number sequence starting wrth 001 for the first contact. Multi-Two
log entries must follow the same serial number scheme tor each transmitter separately , and identity the transmitter (0 or 1) that makes each
050, Muhi·Transmitl er (Multi-Muhi) log entries must follow the same
serial scheme as Single Operator log entries. but use separate serial
numbers lor each band.
VIII . oso Points:
1. Contacts between stations on d iff ere nt continents are worth three
(3) points on 28. 2 1, and 14 MHz and six (6 ) points on 7 and 3 .5 MHz.
2. Contacts between stations on the same continent but in differe nt
countries, and contacts w ith maritime mobile stations. are worth two (2)
points on 28, 21. and 14 MHz and four (4) points on 7 and 3 .5 MHz.
3 . Contacts between stanons in the same country are worth one (1)
point on 28. 21. and 14 MHz, and two (2 ) points on 7 and 3.5 MHz.
IX. Multiplier: The multiplier is the number of 'vaud " prefixes worked.
A prefix is counted only once regardless of the number of times the same
prefix is worked.
1. A prefix is the iettermume rar combination which form s the lirst part
of the amateur ca ll. Example s: N8 , W8 , ABa, Dl5, DJ 2. HG 1, W0 200,
WF96. 3 0 AO. GB75 , ZS66, U3 , etc. A ny difference in the nu mbering .
lette ring. or order of sa me shall constitute a separate prefix. A slation
ope rating from a OXCC country different from that ind icated by its ca llsig n is req uired to sig n portable. The portable p refix mu st be an aut horized prefix o/ the country/call area 0/ operation, In c ases 0/ p:lrtable
ope ration the portable d esignator wili lhen become the prefix . Example:
AB5KO operating fro m Wake Island wo uld s ign ABSKO/K H9 or
ABSKO/NH9 . Am erican OX (Kl 7, KH6 . KP2. KH3 . etc.) operating witnin the 48 stales must sign w ith a lull designator 01 their choice. KH6XXX
operating Iro m Ohio must use an authorized prefix for the U .S . 8th district (W8. K8 , etc.). Uniled States portable stations are not permitted to
select a portable prefix de signation. Fo r example. W S7 1!2 is permilted ,
but W S7l!WY2 or WS7l!KZ2 is not. Portable designators without numbers will be assigned a zero (0) alter the second lette r 01 the p:lrtable
designalor to form a prelix . Example: N8 BJO/PA would become PAIl
All cans w ithout nu mbers will be assigned a zero (0) after the first two
letters to form the prefix. Example: XEFTJW wo uld count as XE D.
Maritime mobile, mobile , lA, IE. /J, !P. o r interim license dass identifiers
do not count as prefixes.
2. Special event, commemorative. and other unique prefi x stations
are eocouraged to partieipate. Prelixes must be aSSigned by the licensing authOnty oltha country at operation.
X. SCoring :
1. Single Operator: (a) All Band score _ total O SC points from all
bands multIplied by the number 01 different prefixes worked (prelixes
are counted ooly once). (b) Single Band score _ totat 0 $0 points on
the band multiplied by the number of d ifferent prefixes worked.
2. Muhi Operator: Scoring is ee same as Single Operator. All Band .
3. A station may be worKed once on each band for aso poim oeor.
XI. Award s : First-place certificates wi ll be awarded in each category listed under Section V in every participating country and in each can
area 01 the United States, Canada, Australia . and Japan. An scores will

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be published. To be eligi ble lor an award a
Single Operator station must operate at least
12 hou rs . Multi-operator stations must operate
a minimum of 24 hours. A single-band log is eligible for a single-ba nd award onl y. (Singleband entrants who also operate on other bands
are encouraged to submit their logs to aid in
the log-chec king process. Note: l og s containing more than one band will be judged as allband entries unless they are submitted in
Cabrillo format and the single band ent ry is
specified in the Cabrillo header.) All certificates
and plaques will be issued to the licensee of
the station used. To the extent sponsors er winne rs purchase plaques through the Contest
Director. plaq ues will be awarded in the following geographical areas for each of the categories listed in Rule V: World, North America,
USA, Canada, Sou th America, Africa, Europe,
Asia. and OCeania.
XII. Inst ru ct ion s tor Preparation of logs :
1. We want yo ur electronic log . It s hould
be subm itt ed In Cabrillo lormat via e-m ail to
<wp xrtty@ kkn.n el>.Log s must be submitted
no later than March 11. 2005. In the " Subject:"
line of your e-mail message please Include
your callsign. l og s should be sent as an email attachment, not in the text of the e-mail .
and the filename for the log should be yourcall.log. Receipt o f all a-matted logs will be con firmed via return e-mail. To view a sample
Cabrillo OSO template for this contest, go to
<www.kkn.netl-treyfcabrillo/ wpx -rtty. txt>.
2. Entries from Multi·Two and Multi-Multi sta tions must be merged into a single cboronological log. In the case of Multi-Two stations,
the log must also indicate clearly which station
(shown as 0 or 1 in column 81 01 the Cabrillo
log) made each con tact.
3. If the Cabrillo format is unavailable. con tact the Log Checker, Joe Wittm er, K9SZ , at
<[email protected]:>.
Oth er questions pertaining to the CO WPX
Any Contest may be sent to the WPX AnY
Con test Director , Glenn Vinson, W60TC, 488
Locust Street, #401, San Francisco, CA 94118
USA, e-mail: <[email protected]>.
4 . If you must submit a disk or paper log ,
send it to CO AnY W PX Contest, 25 New·
bridge Road. Hicksville, NY 11801 USA. However, all logs con taining more than 100 OSOs
and which were ge nerated using a computer
program must be submitted via e-mail or on a
3.5-inch floppy disk. Log and summary sheets
are available for download on the CO website,
ewww.cq-emateur-reecccn». or with SASE
from CO at the address listed above.
XIV. Disqual ification : Violation of amateur
radio regulations in the count ry or the contestant, or the rules 0 1 the contest, unspcrtsmanlike conduct, taking credit for e xcessive duplicate contacts, unverifiable OSOs or multipliers
will be deemed sulficient cause for disqualification. An entrant whose log is deemed by the
WPX Any Contest Committee to contain a
large num ber o f discrepancies may be disqualified as a participant operator or st ation for
a period 0 1 one year. If within a five -year period the operator is disqua lified a seco nd time,
he or she will be ineligible for any CO co ntest
awards for three years.
XV. Deadline : All entries must be submitted
NO LATER than March 11 , 200 5. E-mail logs
are su bject to the same deadline. Logs postmarked after the deadline may be listed in the
results but will be ineligible for any awards.

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. - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -~

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was puttering in my workshop while waiting for
the weekly RACES net to start at 1915 local
time. The radio was quietly ready in standby
mode (recei ve). I was enjoying the sol itude after
a long, hard day at the office . Then, it started.

I

Kerchunk, beep . .. Kerchunk., beep.

I sighed. knowing that the pattern would begin.
It was 1900 or so, just before the start of the net.
Kerchunk beep.

The unidentified "test- or "kerchunk" of the
repeater (the squelch-tail and usually a courtesy
tone) is usually not intentionally meant to be malicious or bad ; some people think this is the way to
see if their radio or the repealer is working .
It is not.
This unidentified "testinq" of the rig or the
repeater is against FCC Rule 97.119 on station
identification. Perhaps even more important, it is
more irritating than watching TV without being in
control of the remote. You are helpless to change
the situation, and you are forced to listen to what
is very much like a form of torture .
As with any form of communication, including
you r operations on the local repeater, we must
always ask ourselves the veryfirst question before
keying the microphone: ~What is the reason for
this transmission?" In other words. we should always think before we speak.
What has changed since the last time you used
your radio? If you are using a hand-held radio
(~ H T," or "handle-talkie"), and you are able to
"make it" into the repeater, then there is no reason to test your radio, right? If you are in your car
and are using a higher powered mobile rig. the
same idea applies-you already know that your
rig works, so do not test it. Plus, it's not even a
reliable test. You r signal may be strong enough to
key up the repeater but not to provide reliable communications through the repeater.
What about the repeater? Has it moved? Has
something changed on the repeater? Repeater
systems are usually complex machines (see
photo) that are designed to enhance or improve
communications. They are not designed to make
things worse, so why should you test the repeater
10 see if its performance has changed for the
worse, not the better?
Sometimes kechunking occurs unintentionally.
For example, radios without alphanumeric displays sometimes create confusion as 10 what
repeater the radio is tuned to. In other words.
sometimes the dial frequency is not enough.
Rather than wait for the repeater identifier to come
on, or having another station come on frequency,
·'6428 Camino Canada Lane. Huntington Beach. CA
92649
e-meu: <[email protected]>

38 • co • January 2005

A repeater is a complex, rugged radio machine
usually located in a remote location such as a
mountaintop or a skyscraper roof. It is desig ned
to boost the effectiveness o f radio signals and
is expensive to build and maintain. Treat the
machine with the care it deserves, and do not
abuse it. (Photo by Tim Sawyer, WD6A WP)

some people will kerchunk the repeater and listen
to the courtesy tone or force the repeater to identify. This is not a good practice.
Another occasion for the kerchunk is when propagation conditions enhance (in this case. cornpncate?) reception ot tarther than normal signals that
can falsely key the repeater. Another nearby radio
system can also cause unintentional interference,
resulting in kerchunking. Sometimes this can be
cured by installing 'tone access' on the repeater.
Tone access is also referred to as "Pl, or subtone. It is a subaudible tone that is transmitted with
your voice and "opens" the repeater. One purpose
of a sub-tone is to make a repeater ' pnvatev-ctt tat
is, that the tone is a secret and those who do not
belong cannot access the repeater. In most cases
outside southern California, however, the subtone is used to help prevent interference.
A quick check via telephone or e-mail with the
repeater technical committee or personnel will
probably provide you with an explanation of what
is going on with the system.
Notice that I suggest that a conversation like
this should not take place on the radio. The reason for this is simple: If the interference is intenW

Visit Our Web Sile

Ten Commandments of
Repeater Operating Techniques
The following comes from the website of the Clark County Amat eur Rad io Club in
Vancouver, Washington < http://WWW. pacifier.co ml~ aiaweb/R ptO pe r. ht m >:
1. FIND a repe ater using a repeater directory. Avoid "kerchunking ."
2. LISTEN : Familiarize yourself w ith its operating procedures.
3. TRANSMIT: ~( you r calls ig n) Monitoring" is all that needed to attract somecne's attention. Don't call CO on repeaters.
4 . To JOIN a conversation in progress, transmit your callsi gn between tran smissions .
Don't use ' break" unless ir s an emergency. (This may vary in different areas. Listen to
your local repeaters to learn what the convention is in your area. However, "break ·break ~
is nearly universally reserved for emergencies.---ed.)
5. BE COURT EO US: Ackn owledge any statio n w ish ing to use the repeater. Invite him
or her to joi n in or make a short call to another station that may be monitoring the frequency.
6. PAUSE between transmissions to allow others to join in. Wait for the courtesy "Beep."
7. BREVITY: Keep transmissions short. Th is permits more people to use the repeater.
8. Always IDENT IFY at end of each series of transmissions or every 10 minutes . You
do not need to tran smit an y other statio n's cailsig n. Just yours.
9. Use S IM PLEX whenever possible. Adhere to the band plan .
10 . SU PPORT your local repeater groups.

tional , the c ulprit will have the satisfaction of knowing that his efforts to bother people and ruin everyone 's day are
working. Continuou sly and intentionally kerchunking the repe ater is a form of
jamming the repeater , just like any malicious and unwanted garbage.
Jammers an d people wh o pe rfo rm
malicious interference are people who
crave attention. There are many solutions to a jamming or malicious interference problem , some good , so me
bad , an d some illegal. Let's co ncentrate on the be st solution to the prob lem, which is both very easy and very
hard to do at the same time : You should
d o noth ing.
Do not co mment on the interference
or noise. Do not yell at the operator who
kerchunks the repeater. Just ignore it.
If it is accidental , then c hances are good
that it will not happen again.
If it continues, and you are able to
positively identify who the kerchun ker
is, calmly explain to him or her (again ,
off the air) that this is a very bad thing
to do. Teach the offending person that
kerchunk ing creates needless wear
and tear on the repeater system and is
extremely irritating to eve ryon e listening. Sometimes a little bit of knowledge
ca n go a long way, and the person stops
because he or she has learned that it is
wrong to kerchu nk the repeater.
However, if it keeps up afte r the
teaching session, the most likely result
will be that no one wi ll talk to that person on the radio, effectively silencing
the kerchunker. This is "soft" punishment for bad behavior. However, if the
person is new to ham radio , co ntinue to
teach him or he r that this is poor p racwww.cq-amateur-radio.com

tice and that kerchunking the machine
is not acceptable.

Politically Correct Ways
to Test Stuff
Now we have to figure ou t a politically
co rrect way to test our VHF/UHF rig and
avoid interference or kerchunking the
repeater. This is not that hard to do , and
there are at least two ways to test your
rig. The first way to test your gear does
not require any test equipment or fancy
accesso ries . All you have to do is use
your radio no rmally! Just get on the
radio and talk to someone. Remember
the FCC rules on identification (once
every ten minutes during a contact , and
at the end of each contact). If you have
a second radio, suc h as an HT in the
house or a mobile radio installed in your
vehicle , you should be able to hear your

conversation with the other person. If no
one is around to talk with you , short test
transmission s are okay, but be sure to
id entify and state that you are testing.
The second way is to perform your
testing with what the FCC ca lls "qcod
eng ineering p ractice." Use a dummy
load and a power meter. These tw o
items should be part of any ham station
anyway. Make sure the dummy load
and the meter are rated for your transmitting gear for both power and fre quency. See 'That Brand New Rig" in
"Beginner's Corner" for July 2003 for
guidelines on simple power measurements. See "Is it Really Broken ?" in the
Marc h 2003 issue for very simple radio
checks you can do as well.
For a lot of folks, however, testing a
radio on a bench with test instruments
is not as much fun as operating the
equipment. Thus, don't be afraid to use
your radio, but at the same time do not
pick up any bad operating habi ts that
may give you the reputation of having
"radio halitosis."

References
The Old Post Amateur Radio Society
(O PARS) has a nice section on repeater
operations: ehnp.swseoc.trood.co rrv
repeaterquidelines.htm».
The San Diego Repeater Associa tion : <http://www .wb6wlv.com/ind ex.
htm».
The TEARA (Triangle East Amateu r
Radio Association) in Wendell , NC has
a very good page called "Your First
Tran smission": <http J/www. ipass. neV
tearazbbe.htmb- .
Fo r repeater owners, the Two-Meter
Area Spectrum Man ag ement Asso ciation (TASMA) in Orange , C A has
some good technical advice : <http://
www.tasma.orqe-.

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January 2005 • CO • 39

Reader Survey
January 2005
We'd like to know more about you- about who you are, where you live, what kind(s)
of work you do , and of course, w hat kinds 01amateur rad io act ivities you enjoy. Why?
To help us serve you better.
Each time we run one of these surveys, weu as k a l ew different questio ns and ask
you to indicate you r answers by circling numbers on the Survey Card and returning it to
us. As a bit of an incentive, we'll pick one respo ndent eac h month and g ive that person
a complimentary one-year subscription (or subscriptio n extension) to Co.
This month, as we celebrate ou r 60th anniversary in print. we 'd like you each to look
into your crystal ball and tell us w hat yo u see in ham radio's future .
Please an swer by circling the ap p rop riate numbers on the reply card.

What You've Told Us...
The September 2004 survey was a
repeat of the September 2001 surveyabout your Morse code usage-to see how
things have changed in the past three
years . Short answer: not much .
We again had a huge response, and 80%

1. Do you feel amateur radio will stilt exist 60 years from now, in 20651
yes
No
Unsure
2. Do you feel amateur radio will still exist 30 years from now, in 20351
y es
No
Unsure

1
2
3

4

5
6

of you still regard your code skills as att east
intermediate . wit h 18% rating yourselves as

experts (down from 20% in 2001 ), 33%
advanced (up from 32%), and 29% intermediate (vs. 30% in 2001). Interestingly,
17% of you rated yourselves as CW beginners , up significantly from 11% three years
ago . And the number w ho don 't know code
at all wa s 4% , a d rop from 6% in 200 1.
Regarding your level of CW activi ty, 14%
of you say yo u ope rate CW exclusively
(same as 200 1), w hile 27% use code most
of the time (down from 32%), 18% about
half the time (up from 17% three years ago),
14% once in a while (vs. 13%), 10% rare ly
(vs. 11 % ), and 16% never (up from 14%).
What yo u do on CW also hasn 't changed
much since 2001, w ith HF DXing being the
prime activity (39% most of the time, vs.
34% in '0 1: 22% some of the tim e, vs . 23% ),
followed by rag -chew ing (3 1% mostl25%
some , vs. 32%/23% ), co ntesting (27%
most , 23% some , vs. 2 10/0120% ), none
(18% mostl13% some vs. 150/011 7% in
2001 ). other (6% most, 9% some, vs.
5"/0/8%), and traffic-handling (3% most, 5%
so me , vs. 4<>/0/6% ).
Enjoyment of the mode continues to be
majo rity's prime reason for operating CW
(53% in 2004 vs. 55% in 200 1), followed by
code 's ability togetthrough in marginal conditions (20% vs . 22% ), don't operate CW
(17% vs. 15% ), its simplicity and efficiency
(13% vs. 15%), better behavior among CW
ops ( 12% vs. 11%), and ot her (8% ,
unchanged ).
Finally. the number of you who would have
learned the code if it was not a licensing or
upgrading req uirement d ropped slightly,
from 54% in 200 1 to 51 % in 2004. The number who said no went up by the same
amount, to 29% from 26% , and 14% (vs.
13%) said they don 't know, while 3% (vs. 4%
in '0 1) have not learned Morse code.
This month's free subscriptio n w inner is
David Wiesen , K2VX, of Resto n, Virginia.

3. IF a mateur radio c eases to exist in the next 3Q-60 years, what do
yo u think will most likely be p rimarily responsible (c h oose one)?
l ack 01interes t
l oss of frequencies to co mmercial interes ts
Interference Irom co mpeting spectrum uses , such as Broadband
over Power lines
Governmen t shutdown for security or other reason s
Somethin g as yet unforeseen
Don't know
I am certain amateur radio will co ntinue to exist

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

4. Assum ing a mate ur radio DOES st il l exist 30 years from now...
a. .•.d o y o u th ink there will st ill be a code requ irement f or any c lass
of license in 2035?
y es
No
Unsure
b. ...d o you think Morse code will c o ntin ue to be u sed on the ai r
in 20351
Yes, by a significant number of hams
Yes, but by very few hams
No
Unsure
c .... do you think that today's major analog voice modes , s uc h as
SSB and FM , will s till be in use in 2035?
Yes, by a significant number of hams
Yes. but by very few hams
No
Unsure
d . ...do you think that the majority of a mateur c o m m u nicat io ns
will be digita l (incl ud ing digital voice) in 2035 7
Yes
No
Unsure
e . ••.do yo u think that t he HF band s will st ili be used by a s ignificant
number of hams in 203 51
ye s
No
Unsure
1. ... do yo u think that a s ig nifica nt number of ha ms will h ave
migrated to dig ital networks on the m ic row ave ba nd s In 20351
Yes
No
Unsure

14
15
16

17
18
19
20

21
22
23
24

25
26
27

.28
.29
30

31
32
33

Thank you very much for you r replies. We'll be back w ith more questions next month.

40 .

CO • Ja nuary 2005

Vis it Our Web Site

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A Remote-Linked HF Station Concept

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isualize the following peek into the future ,
friends. The year is 2010, and after numer-

ou s disruptions to commercial, military, and

amateur communications alike, Broadband over

Power Lines (BPL) has been declared unfit for internet access at any level. Another and even more
challenging obstacle, however, slowly has been
gaining momentum and now threatens our exis-

tence: Home Owner Association-imposed CC&Rs.
Indeed, special groups are now conducting weekly search-and-report investigations to expose tenants who do not abide by the rules. We heard tales
of a leading DXer living in a heavily restricted subdivision, and we are visiting him to learn his secrets
for continuing ham rad io enjoyment.
As we approach the area, we notice there are
no overhead power lines, no tall trees, no visible
outdoor wires or cables-and all of the dwellings
look similar. Convinced we are at an incorrect
address, we hesitantly ring the doorbell. DX Dan
answers and welcomes us in. We tip-toe through
the living room to the den, and the marvelous
sounds of a big-time 2D-meter DX pile-up fill the
room (which, incidentally, has been soundproofed
with cork walls, like a recording studio). Dan invites
us to give the DX station a call.
"How can the foreign station possibly hear us?"
we ask. "The rig is probably running QRP to an
attic-mounted dipole, riqht?"
"Not realty" says Dan. "Here-c-l will switch on the
big KW amplifier and swing the beam right toward
him. You can't miss."
What? We did not hear a linear amplifier fire up.
There is not even an amplifier in the room (only a

\

3

04941 Scenic View Drive. Birmingham, AL 352 10
e-mail: <[email protected]>

small transceiver) and there definitely isn't a beam
or tower outside.
"Go ahead, work him ," encourages Dan, so we
call and receive an immediate reply with an impressive 5 by 9 plus-plus report. "Tune the band
and work another one," says Dan, "and check out
17 meters, too. It has been hot lately.n
Whoa. Nellie. Wait a minute. What's happening
here? We are apparently operating a dream station- a super stealth setup military and paramilitary groups could truly use to advantage-but we
only see a small transceiver and an interface box.
Dan walks us to a nearby window and explains
his setup: "Use these binoculars and notice the big
beam towering above the trees on that distant
mountaintop. Now notice the small 10-GHz
Gunnptexer and tiny dish in my den window. All
the RF equipment is at that remote site; the IF, AF,
tuning, and signal-processing sections are here in
my transceiver; and the full 1.8- to 3D-MHz range
plus all control signals are relayed-both waysvia the 1D-G Hz link. J can get on any HF band any time I desire with a great signal and super-clear
reception. The remote link can even be used while
mobiling in the general neighborhood."
Farfetched? Not at all. In fact, several amateurs
have already pioneered first generations of th is system with remote HF base setups, and all the items
to develop a full 3D-MHz wide remote RF-to-IF link
are readily available at the present time. This concept is also quite attractive in military and param ilitary applications lor stealth Command , Communications, and Control Intelligence (C31) centers.
Think about that-a full communications center can
be located 20, 3D, or 50 miles from its apparent location. Once again, radio amateurs can turn lemons
into lemonade while pioneering new frontiers.
Doesn't that make you proud to be a ham?

S......UR

Fig. 1- Outline of
a s trictly "bare
bores: remote
base setup for
around-home
use. The HF
transceiver is
tuned/set to a
desired frequency
and then
accessed with a
full-duplex
2mflOcmFM
talkie as
discussed in
the text.

44 • c o

0

Jan uary 2005

HF transceiver set
for VOX operation

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Fig. 2- Block diagram of an unmodified Elecraft KX1 transceiver. which we wilf break apart for remote operation. The KXI
is a 40- and 20-meter transceiver (with 30 meters optional), but here we are considering only one band for simplicity.

New ideas and technologies typically
start with simple and easy-to-copy concepts, then increase in complexity as
they are understood and implemented.
Bearing that thought in mind, let's consider how we get from point A to points

B, C, and D, so to speak. You may need
to read the following discussion once to
get the full picture and again for a better
understanding. Remember, too, this is a
conceptlplan that you can experiment
with and expand to your heart's content.

A First-Generation System
The general outline of a simple singleband, single-frequency HF remote base

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system is illustrated in fig. 1. Yes, you
may have heard some creative-minded
amateurs using setups like this on 20
meters inthe past. Here, the in-shack HF
transceiver is manually tuned to a
desired frequency and then accessed
from around the house or the backyard
patio with a full-duplex, dual-band, FM
handheld transceiver. There are some
restrictions on using 2 meters and 70 cm
in remote setups." but here both (FM)
rigs operate at less than 1/2 watt and use
tiny antennas to limit range to less than
a quarter mile. Fu ll-duplex operation
also allows theowner to remotelykey the
HF rig's VOX or PTT at any time, plus a
DTMF decoder can be added to disable

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46 • CO • January 2005

the 2m/70cm rig at any time desired.
Notice the (almost) plug-in convenience
here, friends. Everything connects via
microphone and speaker sockets, and
VOX handles TIR switching. Now let's
raise the bar a notch.

A Second-Generation System
The next step up is a single band and
frequency-tunable remote base setup
as illustrated in fig . 3. A little Elecratt
KX1 is used in this example (and its
unmodified block diagram is shown in
fig. 2 for introductory purposes). The
KX1 has been separated between its
RF and IF/audio/control sections and
"reconnected" via a wide-band 1.2-GHz
remote link. Several different types of
transceivers could have been used in
this example; I chose the KX1 because
it is a popular kit, it is easy to build, and
its block diagram is easy to understand.
The remote link could be via 1.2,2.3, or
10 GHz; I chose 1.2,GHz for economy .
Simply explained , the (unmodified)
KX1works asfollows: During receive.the
microprocessor control unit (MCU)
directs the VFO to output an 11 .913- to
12.413-M Hz signal for mixing with
incoming signals between 7.000 and
7.500 MHz to produce an IF output of
4.91 3 MHz. That signal is then crystal filtered, product detected, amplified, and
output to an earphone or speaker. During
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Front panel controls,

KX·l

detector

tuning

Fig. 3- Block diagram of the eecren KX1 transceiver shown in fig. 2,
but separated into two units for remote operation via a 1.2-GHz link as
discussed in the text.

BFO
4.913.5MHz
HOMEIBASE SITE

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linear amp, tuner, rotor,
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Fig. 4- Outline of a multiband HF transceiver that has been separated and reconnected (remoted) via a to-6Hz /ink. The
transceiver's RF section or "front end: plus a mating linear amplifier and beam antenna are located atop a mountain, while
IF and control sections are in a home several miles away.
transmit,the MCU directs the VFO to shift
frequency and output a 7.000- to 7.300 MHz signal for driving the buffer, driver,
and power-amplifier stages.
Now look at fig . 3 and notice how the
KX l has been split, and 1.2-GHz trans miners an d receivers plus remote-link
transmit amplifiers and low-noise receive amplifiers have been added for
the remote link. On receive, incoming
signals are bandpass-filtered, so only
7.0- to 7.S-MHz ran ge signals pass to
the remote link amp an d 1.2-GHz transmitter (point A). The 1.2-GHz-relayed
signal is then boosted by an LNA and
applied to the KXl 's "front end " mixer ,
where it beats with the VFO's 11 .9- to
12.4-MHz signal to produce the 4 .9 13MHz IF (point B). On trans mit, the
transmit amp boosts the VFO's output
for driving the 1.2-GHz transmitter
(po int C) . An LNA at the remote site
retrieves the 7-MHz signal , which dri 48 ..

co ..

January 2005

ves transmit stages (po int D). TIR
switching is han dled at the remote site .
It is simply a transistor that senses RF
ene rgy an d shunts the receiver's input
to ground. Retuned ATV -type l .2-GHz
gear was used in the link , because it
ex hibits good frequency stability and a
wide bandwidth with flat freque ncy
response (over 500 kHz). A nu mber of
refinements can be added to this basic
system, but our magazine space is limited an d there are more design evctutiona awai ting study. Moving on now...

A Third-Generation System
Let's now ju mp several steps forward
and ta ke a look at an all -band and fre quency-tunable remote base setup like
that used by OX Dan in the introductory part of this co lumn (fig. 4). Here the
' trent end" or RF sections of a deluxe
HF tran sceiver plus a high-power linear
amplifier, multiband beam, tower, rotor ,

and fail-safe control systems all are
located remotely and "reconnected" via
a 2.3-GHz or 1O-GHz link. Choice of link
frequency, incidentally , is a subject in
its own right and exten ds well beyond
this column's space. A 10-GHz Gunnplexer can pass a very wide bandwid th,
for example, and open th e door to a
complete "any frequ ency at any instant"
HF remote setup. One Gunnple xer in a
linked se tup can also be frequency-offset from the othe r to yield an output on
any desired IF rang e between 100 kH z
and 30 MHz. Visu alize the possibilities
there. They are awesome! Now follow
our strea mlined description in fig. 4.
Starting at the remote site 's antenna ,
incoming signals pass through the linear amplifier and auto matic antenna
tuner an d ar rive at the tran sceiver's
"trent end." The signals go through TIR
circuitry and a se lected bandpass filter
(point A). Preselected signals are then
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amplified, up-con verted to a first IF of
73 MHz (point B). further amplified for
application to the Gu nnplexer, and
transmitted to the homelbase remote
site. The 73· MHz signal is superimposed on the transmitted 10-GHz siqna1. The receiver frequency is offset
from the transmitted frequency by 73
MHz .There the incoming 73·MHz signal is low noise am plified (point C), filtered. and converted to a second IF of
approximately 8 MHz (po int D). The signal is then further ampl ified, crystal filte red, and/or DSP enhanced. detected,
amplified , and audio reproduced.
Band se lection and frequency tuning
normally are accomplished in a transceiver's "front end ," so here the related
first local oscillator (plus bandpass filters
for 1.8 to 30 MHz) are included at the
remote site . Voltages for selected filters
and tuning the first LO between 74.8 and
103 MHz are supe rimposed on the base_

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Speaker

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to-remote site signal (whic h also conveys HF transmissions lro m the base to
remote site). These control sig nals also
include T/R switching, rotor position ing,
AFC voltage lor stabilizing the Gunnplexers. and on/off pulses lor hard-discon necting antenna and power line s.

On transm it, all audio and to ne-to-n s
processing and co nversio n , inc lud ing
sideband filtering and up-co nvert ing the
resultant signal to 73 MHz, is handled
at the base section (point E). Th e 73MH z signal is then transmitted over the
microwave link, down-conv erted to a

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-

ha m-ba nd signal (poi nt F), filtered , RF

amplified to a DX-worthy level, and
transmitted toward distant areas.
Earlier in thi s discussion I mentioned
a ' remote setup" co nverte r for use with
existing HF transceivers. The concept

here is similar to a remote-located
transverter connected to a homelbase
transceiver via a microwave fink (fig. 5).
The remote unit's circu itry consists of a

reed-relay or PIN-diode T/R switch.
broadband receive filter, and RF preamp (section ·Al; transmit filter, driver
and power amplifier stages (section
MS·); plus link amplifie rs for boosting levels and required co ntrol/switching logic.

Inclusion of a linear amplifier, beam

•

'-i

~j
" 0

-

antenna. hard-disconnect antenna, and
power relays. etc ., is optional. The associated homelbase converter unit connects to an unmodified HF transceiver
via its antenna and external amplifier or
accessory sockets . This unit may consist of a low-noise receive amp, transmit RF attenuato r (to reduce the HF rig's
output and avoid overdriving the
microwave transmitter), a T/R switch
encoder, and AFC (for frequency-stabilizing the remote link). Th is arrangement, incidentally, is easily duplicated
or "re-enqineered" and assembled your
way with read ily available parts. Remember that my designs are starting
points to kindle your own thoug hts.

Conclusion
Attempting to squeeze aU the fin e
details of new ideas in limited column
space obviously is impossible. Also, as
with my discussion of wireless highspeed e -mail and internet links in my
1985 Microwave Handbook (page 126),
or warn ings of an AI Qaida terrorist
attack on New York City or D.C. in my
1996 Survival Communications Guide
(pages 8 and 22 ), I probably am ahead
of my time. However , by bringing these
thoughts to light now, maybe it will inspire interest in future developments. I
am also receptive to working with progressive-minded co mpan ies in making
this vision a reality. Any takers?
73, Dave. K4TWJ
Note
1. While auxiliary operation--what you
would use for any 01 the remote-control
setups described here-is not currently
permitted on 2 meters, the FCC has proposed changing that rule to allow it. The
proposal is part of the "ommbus" rulemaking proceeding awaiting Commission
action. It is possible that a decision will be
out by the time you read this.

50 . CO • Jan uary 2005

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Other tuners fear it.
Smarluners'· are bum to last. Rugged constructioo, superior quality compooents and stale of the art engineering are what
keep Smartuners ahead of the competition. You can use them in the most demanding installations. But they're not ail brawn.
The brain of the Smartuner is the microprocessor, which tunes automatically (in 10ms from mel11Ofy) with up to hail a million
precision matches. They _
with any antenna and any radio in ranges Irom 1.8-60 MHz and 1-500 Watts. The Smartuner is
the original and stiil the number one choice of hams around the gIobe.'WliY choose brain or brawn? You can have both!

Stop tuning, start talking.

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1

Field Day is Not Enough

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t's the beginning of a new year. If you're in an
area where it's cold outside, you may have
some time to sit and catch up on some of your
favorite reading, including Co. As you look back
on your ham radio activity, you might think that you
got your training in emergency communications.
After all, you have checked into the local dub net,
helped out at a walk-a-then last spring, and participated in Field Day.

I

The Fourth Weekend of June
It's one of the standard catch phrases tor Field
Day: "always the fourth weekend of June." Can
anyone wait that long to brush up on his or her
emergency communications skills? At first glance.
you might think so. After all. your Field Day group
raises antennas, sets up radios. gets a generator
going,cooks at least three meals, makes Field Day
contacts, passes messages, uses alternate forms
of power. and deals with both the public and the
news med ia.
In simple terms. Field Day is a communications
test, a leaming experience, a contest. and a social
event. Field Day is fun/You can do what you enjoy
doing. You can operate HF. CW. digital modes. and
VHF and above. More than likely you'll stay with
what you are comfortable with. If band conditions
are really bad , you can sit back, tell a few stories,
and not have to worry about making any contacts.
In a real emergency, however, you won't have
the luxury of relying on a group of people to do
what they know how to do best. You may be
responsible for the entire operation at your site.
You know you are under pressure and facing a
deadline to get a station up and running as quickly as possible.

Not a Cloud ...
Wouldn't it be a benefit if every disaster occurred
under a sunny sky with a cool breeze blowing and
a nice tent from which to operate? Well, it doesn't
take much to realize that we can't be that lucky.
Disasters come in all shapes and sizes. They vary
in magnitude, needs, and duration. There may be
some advance notice, as in the case of a hurricane, or there may be no notice, as in the case of
an explosion. Even the location of the disaster
could alter your response to the emergency.
Suppose your antenna expert all of a sudden found
his home underwater and he was unable to assist
with communications? Would you be able to step
in and fill the void? Take a look at your community and see what type of disasters could happen,
and possibly ask what would happen if a disaster
happened at your place, or at the home of the club
public-service director, the county radio officer, or
the emergency coordinator? Who would pick up
·0'0 CO magazine
e-mail: <[email protected]>

52 • CO • January 2005

Would you be able to operate an APRS station at
a disaster site? (Photo courtesy Jim Gerhart,
WA3DIT)

their responsibilities? Would you be ready to fill in?
Is Field Day really enough training?

Resources Stretched Thin
Not all disasters are over within a short period of
time. Many aren't even finished in a day. During
Hurricane Charley in Highland County, Florida
hams had to work in 24-hour shifts. They were
required to cover shelters days before the tnrrrlcane hit and were still on duty long after the hurricane had left. For the six days after the hurricane,
hams assisted with cleanup operations in t z-tour
shifts. If that wasn't bad enough, Hurricane
Frances arrived five days later, requiring operators to work 36-48-hour shifts and additional t 2hour shifts during the cleanup. Meanwhile, they
wondered what was going on at their own homes.

Need to Know
Because of the hurricanes, for two months hams
were responsible for net and resource management, keeping equipment working and making sure
all positions were filled when needed. In addition,
they had to support multiple agencies, worry about
their homes and families, and staying healthy.
Unfamiliar pieces of radio equipment were either
brought into the disaster area or left by another
volunteer. This presented many challenges to
those arriving on location, as they knew they had
to figure out how to use the equipment. Others had
to be involved with the vehicle , power, and antenna setups.

Emcomm Is More
Than Operating a Radio
Besides knowing how to operate a radio, put up
antennas, and supply power to the radios, emergency communication providers are being asked
to know about the Incident Comman d System,
weather terminology, mapping techniques, GPS
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navigation systems, damage assessment, and much more.
W e also need to know how to take care of ourselves and look
ou t for one another. During hurricane relief efforts reports
surfaced of broken bones, dehydration, and heat stroke . The
key is to remember to take care of yourself so that you don't
become one of the casualties. Since September 11 th our
vocabulary has changed . There is a need to keep up with the
latest in emergency management.

the eye wall and pass that info to the pub lic as the storm
crossed the area." A Salva tion Army Major in charge of a
base camp in Tampa. Florida said . ~ I don't know what we'd
do without you guys.~ All of the praise also comes with a
sense of caution from Dale Hatfield. WOIFO, former FCC
Director of Engineering and Tech nolog y. He said, ~ I would
urge you to continue shifting towards more spectrally efficient
communications techniques, especially digital techniques."

Understanding the Problem

More Requests for Hams

It seems that with every critique of a disaster similar communications problems are reported . This includes radio sys tems failing or being overloaded with traffic. During the hurricanes, many first responders were unable to communicate
with one another because their radios were on different frequencies. Cell phones didn't work, and in many cases the
responders didn't use the same terminology. Secretary of
Homeland Security Tom Ridge summed up what was needed now. He said, ' You have to do something. You can't wait
until you have it all ... Our goal is to achieve seamless protection, a nation knit tightly together by shared vigilance.
readiness. and communication ." Ham rad io is and can be
part of the solution.

Agencies and groups are seeing the need to embrace ama teur radio emergency communications. In Florida we saw animal shelters request amateur radio communication links. One
surprise came from Palm Beach. In an article on home owner
associations. the Palm Beach Post reported, ' That's why
groups, who once devoted hours to debating what color
cabanas they should buy for their pool decks. are now discussing purchasing generators and high-tech radio systems.
They are making lists of ham radio operators. nurses, and
health professionals in the ir neighborhoods ...• For anyone
involved with antenna restrictions, this should come as good
news. Ron Castleman. CEO for the Homeland Security
Department's Emergency Preparedness and Response
Directorate, told a crowd, When something adverse does happen, they 're the first to keep the information flowing, often without electricity:

Are Hams Stili Needed?
Just ask anyone in a number of agencies. Max Mayfield.
Director of the National Hurricane Center. said. "Ham radio
operators remain a cri tical component." Dennis Decker with
the Melbo urne. Florida office of the National Weather Service
said , -vcu helped us verify the severity of the winds around

Telling Our Story
-Amateur radio's been in the shadows for 75 years: said
ARRL President Jim Haynie, W5JBP. ~We always did our

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January 2005 • CO • 53

called "Contact!" Also within the ARRL Field O rganization are
a section Public Information Coordinator and local Public
Information Officers. These people can be a g reat resource .
If you still have a question. drop us a line.

Interagency Train ing

Charles Martin. KB3CO. helps coordinate activities from a
field command post in suburban Philade lphia. (Photo courN30MA)
tesy Andy

snecaor.

thi ng and then went home; we are own worst publicists." Most
clubs wi ll write a story about the event for the ir club newsletter. they may post a story on the clu b web site. and they give
the event and the participants high marks at a dub meeting .
We are not tell ing our com munities, our served agencies. and
o ur friends and co-workers.
There are several possible stories in which the community and local newspapers most likely would be interested.
Some examples include a ham completing a course or tra ining program. a local club assisting with a rurvwalk-a-thcn or
a parade. a local ARES/RACES group participating in a drill
or being activated by the National Weat her Service for a
Skywarn event. Maybe even your monitoring events in anoth er section or area of the country would be an interesting story.
In effect. you might be sta nding by to oHer assistance.

A News Perspective
Understanding how a news reporter looks at an event will
help you get some news coverage of your own. Let's take a
look at a hurricane hitting Florida.
The big national story is that Florida is being hit by a hurricane. The story may even be Floridians prepare for third
hurricane in as many weeks. In Florida the perspective is
local hams providing emergency communicatio ns. If the
storm is on track to hit other states, then the local story is
hams preparing for hurricane duty.
If you are tot ally out of the storm's path, there are still some
possibilities for local news coverage . T hese mig ht include
local hams monitoring communications from a d isaster area.
There may be other ham radio operators traveling to the disaster a rea to help , or they may be assisting from home. There
are also other stories to report on , including local ham s supporting a local agency in their mission or local hams training
just in case a disaster happens in their area .

While most eyes were focusing on the president ial election
in November. public-safety prof essional s and volunteers
were planning a major disaster-preparedness drill in suburban Philadelphia . Representative s from several hospitals ,
fire companies. search-and-rescue units. the Pennsylvania
Emergency Management Agency, and members of the PA
National Guard didn't have to go far to find a scenario that
would serve as a good exercise . They just took it out of the
newspapers.
Late season Hurricane Larry sliced its way across the mid Atlantic region and hit Montgomery County. Phone service was
devastated . With over seven inches of rain, streams and rivers
overflowed their ban ks. wiping out dozens of homes. Two
small tornadoes hit, serious injuries mounted , and area hos pitals were overwhelmed with dozens of people hit hard by
nature's worst. Cell phones we re rendered useless as power
failures rolled throughout the region. Communications systems we re overwhelmed. Montgomery RACE S/ARES
responded to hospitals within the county and set up communications posts to relay critical hospital information.
After four hours with no power. cellular systems began to
fail and backup power to repeat ers fa iled . All amateur
repeaters in Montgomery County were either destroyed or
we re non-operational d ue to lack of power. The National
Guard was called in and set up a command post at a local
park along with PA Army MARS. RACE S/ARES , and the
fire/police units. Montgomery County RACE S/ARES implemented a sim plex-mode plan for communications. In addi tion, an HF station was established.
While many residents were enjoyi ng a nice day in the park.
Steve Pearl, N3LJZ, said that for the professionals and vol unteers involved in the drill it might as well have been the
"real thing.~

How to Get Started?
Most hams would agree that their work is often ignored by
the press. More accurately , we're not out there telling our
story as well as we shou ld be. Some might say that they know
more about putting rad ios together than putting words in the
right order. There are several sources of help available. First
take a look at the ARR L Public Rel ations we b pages at
<www.arrl.org/pio>. There is information on how to be a public-information officer and some sample press releases. In
addition, there is the mo nt hly public-relations newsletter
54 • CQ • January 2005

Amy Brady (not related to Chris. N3CB) at the microphone
making a contact with Chuck Kimball. NONHJ. Caitlin Brady ,
W3CJB. Chris 's daughter. is at the far le ft in the photograph.
Presently, Caitlin is the only licensed ham in the school and
has heldher tidet for two years. (Photo courtesy Chris. N3CB)
VIsit Our Web Site

Reversible Beverage
Syste mRBS·1P

Public Service
Through Education
Students at the Epiphany of Our Lord
School in Plymouth Meeting in suburban Philade lphia we re all eyes and ears

as Chris Brady, N3CB, brought the world
to the classroom. Brady said, "The
demonstration was awesome!" He also
said that in lour classes he didn't see
one lace that wasn 't interested . Brady
spoke for about 20 minutes, then went
to the mobile rig lor some pre-arranged

contacts via IAl P. -I had Australians
lined up for the first two classes," said
Brady. "and then we moved on to Chuck
Kimball. NONHJ. at Palmer Station,
Antarctica, for the remaining two. We
also spoke to stations on the Outer
Banks and in British Columbia."
"I think the kids saw some benefit in
being able to communicate with each
other between homes or while on vacation, ~ said Brady. "Obviously. the few
OX contacts were an eye-opener!"
"I set up my dual-band mobile rig
using a mag-mount to reach the IALP
node at my home. I had the FT-920 H F
rig connected to a 40 -meter Hamstick
on my car in the parking lot and passed
around a VX·5A HT:
Brady sai d one of his bullet-points
was that if there was sufficient interest,
he would be happy to instruct a
T echnic ian -leve l class in the near
future . The ir sc ie nce teacher. Kristen
Albone , offe red all of her science classes that d ay for the ham rad io demon stratio n . If there is continued interest,
Kristen witt also attempt to pass her
Tech nic ian license so that she can act
as a mod erator for a pote ntial club station . T he re is obvio us benefit to adding
a mateur rad io to the cu rricul um , if even
as a recess/lunch-ti me hobby .

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Another Month . . .
This month we took a look at the need
for emergency communication training
on a reg ular basis. As hams in Florida
fo und out, they could be called to p rov ide a public se rvice and yet have to
worry about their own fam ilies and
homes . We also look a look at news
reporting during a d isaster and how to
use the news to formulate a drill. Finally.
we mentioned how public service invalves education. It's never too early to
get more people into the hobby as more
groups look to ham radio for emergency
com munications.
Do you have a sto ry to tell of amateur
radio servi ng in the public interest?
Drop us a note. Until next time ...
73, Bob, WA3PZO

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Wounded Wings:

What Happens to
Your Signal when an Element Breaks?

would like 10 thank Ron, one of our readers. for
suggesting this month's topic : What happens to
the pattern of a Vagi when an element breaks
off? If you 've had antennas in the air, you most
likely have lost an eleme nt (see photo A). Birds,
ice. wind, storms, loose hardware. or just fatigue.
and you find an element in the yard or hear a loud
noise as it hits the roof. How many dB have you
lost? I decided to do some objective testing on my
antenna range .
For these tests I lock an t t-element Vagi design
I had for ATV (amateur television) work and made
an antenna with removable elements (photo B).

I

Now I could measure gain off the front, gain or lack
of it off the back, and return loss (I'll cover return
loss vs. $WR in the next column). I then could start
taking off elements or replace one with a hatl element, simulating what happens when only half an
element breaks off.

Half Gone vs. All Gone
Often just one side of a Vagi element breaks off ,
so I did some quick tests of half an ele ment vs. just
taking off the whole element. There was not much
differenee---perhaps 1/20th of a decibel (d B).
Thus, if the reflector, or one of the early directors,
falls off , the antenna loses abou t 2 dB of gai n. If
only hall of the reflector or director faUs off, then
ir s only a 1.95-dB loss in gain. The same was true
for the pattern . This antenna pattern had over 30
dB tront-to-back ratio , and with half or all of the
reuector gone, the front-to-beck was only 13 dB.
{We usually would specify a Vagi's pattern as both
a forward gain and a Iront-to-back ratio, but this
time it made more sense just to measure the gain

Photo B- Test Yagi with half of the second director miss ing. See Table I for measured changes in
gain and S WR with half or all of the various elements removed.

---or lack tnerect-c-m straight d Bs.) See Table I lor
measured results.
Field experience suggests that the more tig htly
tuned high-performance Vagis would detune more
than my low-Q Cheap Vagis. That sounds like a
good topic for a future column. Also , limiting the
study to 3- or a-element Vagis might have some
good benefits as well. However, I think those projects will have to wait for much better weather.

Conclusions
Driv en Element: If any part of the d riven element
tans off. you're pretty much talking on an air-cooled
dummy load ! Gee, what did you expect?

~1626

Vineyard, Grand Prairie, TX 75052
e-mail: <wa5vjb@cq -amateur-radio.com>

Photo A- A lobotomized 6-meter beam. Notice the
m issing front element. (Photo courtesy KDCO)
56 •

co •

January 2005

Photo C- A nother vie w of the test Yagi with half
an element missing. Tes ts showed that los ing half
an element was basically just as bad as losing a
whole element.
Yisll Our Web Site

Another Fun Vagi
Here is another fun antenna that showed up for me to measure at the Central States VHF Society anten na contest last
summer. VE3SMA had built this 36-element Vagi for 2.3 GHz by
using hot-melt glue and Styrofoam ! For a variety of reasons this
antenna didn't work well , but the construction method is valid.

The hot -melt glue and Styrofoam load down the elements by
about 200 MH z, so design a 2.3-GHz Vagi and then d esign a
2.5-GHz Vagi . Using the element lengths calculated for 2.5 GHz
and the spacings calculated for 2.3 GHz shou ld be a good starting point.

Photo ~ Yes, folks, that's actually an antenna! The 2.3-GHz elements were hot-glued to a boom made from a block of Styrofoam.
While this particular an tenna did not perform well on the test
range, the basic design concep t is valid.

Photo E- Close-up of the Styrofoam Vagi elements. Since the
Styrofoam detunes the antenna by 200 MHz (!), you should cut
the elements for 2.5 GHz but use 2.3-GHz spacing between
them (See text for details.)

SWR: This was pretty consistent for
all the Yag is I played with on the antenna range, and several of the compute r
simulations. The SWR went from flat to
about 2 to 1 when measured near the
antenna, no matter wh ich element fell
off. Therefore, SWR goes up a bit, but
most rigs w ill still drive the ante nna,
especi ally if there is a modest length
of coax and its associated loss.
However, the increased SWR can have
an effect on ...
Gain: Th ere are two factors that
redu ce gain. The first is SWR. When an
ele men t falls off, the impedance of the
dr iven element changes . Th is imped-

ance change means some of the RF
power is reflected back down the coax.
This lost power effectively reduces the
gain of the Vagi. On the antenna range
I coul d only measure tot al loss , but
NEG simulations put this loss in the .3
to .5 dB range.
Thanks again to Ron for suggesting
this month's topic. Some of the best topics tor columns come fro m you , our
readers, so keep those ideas coming.
Remem ber , anything in the air works
better that the world's greatest antenna
design still on the ground, so when the
we ather gets better, get some aluminum in the air!
73, Kent, WA5VJ8

The Yaesu FT-857D is the world's smallest
HFN HF/UHF multimode amateur transceivercovering 160m to70cm with l 00W00
HF. Now with 60 meters and DSP2 built-in.

Basel in e Ant enna
Gai n Front (dBi)
13.8
Results with va ri ous elements removed
Element
Gain Front (dBI)
1/2 Reflector
12.1
Reflector
12.2
Driven Element
dead !
1/2 Director 1
12.3
Director 1
12.3
1/2 Director 2
12.5
Director 2
12.5
Director 3
12.9
Director 4
12.7
Director 5
13.2
Director 6
13.1
Director 7
13.0
Director 8
13.1
Director 9
12.9

Gain Rear (dBi)

-17
Gain Rear (d BI)

-.5
-1

-5
-5
-4

-3

SW R
1.9
1.9

1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6

-2

2.0
2.2

-4
+1
-1
-1
-4

1.9

o

Table I- Antenna-range results.

www.cq-amateur-radio.com

SWR
< 1.1

2.0
2.0
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January 2005 . CO • 57

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efore starting 2005. I would like to wish a very

that more young people could be made aware of
happy and healthy New Year 10 all of my the joy of truly creating something on their own.
During those "formative- years I had a close
readers. As I have said tor the past 30+ years,
I sincerely hope that this will be the year when all 01 friend who had similar interests. He lived across
your hopes and dreams are realized. Since I often the street on the fifth floor of another apartment
reflect on the past and the future at the beg inning building, and his bedroom window faced mine (on
of a new year,l would like to pass along a few per- the sixth floor of our building). We longed to have
sonal comments and observations this month.
a way to commun icate privately with one another.
Due to many reports concerning the gradual loss Since you could not simply go to the local departof the U.S.'s leadership role in technology to vari- ment store and buy a couple of FRS radios, we had
ous foreign nations, I have become co ncerned to figure out away. Blinking flashlights using Morse
about where we really are going with regard to moti- code was the first attempt (which did work pretty
vating OUf technically oriented youngsters. My con- well), but it was deemed too cumbersome, since
clusions have led me to believe that many such even 5 words per minute was difficult for teen-agers
children of today are underprivileged (to some (we had just reached the age of 13 at the time) on
degree) compared to the way I grew up.
a regular basis.
In my day we didn't have television or computThe answer came when we acquired two old teleers, so we had to make do with our imaginations. phones. These were nothing like the clever devices
We didn't have complex devices such as celt of today, but were actually neat-looking, black canphones, Palm Pilots, FRS (Family Radio Service) dle stick phone s. manufactured by the Kellogg
radios, and the like. Whatever we wanted we had company, that someone had thrown out (I wish I
to build from scratch and we then had to experi- still had them , as they are probably worth a small
ment, debug, and tinker until the device worked the fortune today). The circuit for these was so simple
way we wanted it to. I believe that TV, video games, (and included on a neatly folded circuit diagram
and the like (when indulged in to an extreme) have within the base of each phone) that even we could
a destructive effect on young people, since in real- understand it. There was no dial, only a carbon
ity, all one really does is observe or directly react microphone, an earphone, a hook switch, and a
by pushing buttons. However, if you read a book, couple of small compone nts that were unrecogbuild something, or even just listen to a radio, your nizable. Connecting both phones in series with two
imagination is working. Possibly this is part of the NO. 6 dry cells allowed clear, loud communication.
reason why the motivation and excitement that I This was our answer! Now the problem was to get
felt as a young person is not as prevalent in the the two conductors required across a city street.
youth of today . Too much is done for them (accordIn my day there were numerous old radios that
ing to someone else's idea of what is supposed to were being discarded and replaced by the new sobe interesting), and they simply become specta- called "S-lube AC/D C Specials." Most of these contors, not a truly creative participants.
sisted of only the chassis, since the cabinets, which
When I first became interested in electronics (at in many cases were really fine furn iture, were then
an early age), it was because my father brought converted into bookshelves, liquo r cabinets, dinhome a crystal set (with a real galena crystal in a ing room servers, and the like. The speakers, of
lead holder, not an encased-in-glass pre-adjusted course, were discarded along with the rest of the
diode). Then the two of us climbed onto the roof of "innards." From this '[unkbox of the street" we
the six-story apartment building to put upan anten- acquired a large dynamic speaker with a broken
na. Just getting the lead-in wire down to our sixth paper cone. Taking it apart (everything was
floor apartment from the roof was an adventure in screwed or bolted together in those days, so disitself (for a 12 year old), but we did. The best part, assembly was relatively simple), we wound up with
however, was putting on the earphones and pok- a neat coil of at least 1/4 mile of No. 28 ename led
ing the eat's whisker around on the surface of the wire. Dropping the entire spool from my sixth floor
crystal. searching for a sensitive spot. To this day, window to my friend waiting at street level (with a
I still remember the thrill of hearing the local sta- pillow to catch the spool) while the wire unwound
tion ' boominq in- when we found it. Today I do not was simple. Walking across the street letting out
know what exists that is similar, and I certainly do more wire was also no problem, and when he let
not think that surfing the web or defeating aliens in a rope down to me from his fifth floor window. I tied
a video game has the same lasting impact.
the coil 01 wire to the rope and he carefully pulled
Don't get me wrong. I am not against advances it up. We then repeated the entire proce ss in
in technology-far from it. In fact, I love what we reverse for the other conductor.
are achieving. It's just that I wish there was a way
When all finally was hooked up, the thin wires
were virtually invisible from the street and we had
a neat two-way communications link that. believe
it or not, worked for more than two years. It was
"clo CO magazine

B

60 . CO • J anuary 2005

Vlsl1Our Web Sit e

not high technology b y any sta ndard , but we d id it ourselves
and it worked perfectly !
I would love to hear fro m readers , or their offspring for that
matter, who have done so mething similar today.
This is my point. Expe riences such as the te lephone and
crystal sets that I had as a you ngster all were based on what
my friends or I could come up w ith from the limited resources
at our disposal. T here w as no RadioShack on every corner.
Even th e famous Heat hkit Compan y products were a little
too ex pensive for a budd ing teenager. T he only components
w e co uld find w ere from th e street source I previ ou sly mentioned or from New York City's Canal/Co rtlan d Street "Radio
How ," where the electro nic remnants of World W ar II were
d isplayed on the sidewalks for less than 10 cents on the dolla r. T he results are sti ll clea rly etched in my mind almost a
half-century later.
W hen I finally got my amateur rad io license , I still d id not
have the budget to purc hase th e commercially manufactured
equipment that w as slow ly becom ing available. A secondhand Hallicrafters 8 -85 was the best I could do. Fortunately ,
the old RCA 630 TV chassis and its cousins had now become
th e predominant item in the "junkbox of th e street," and the
power tra nsfo rmer, 5U4 rectifier, and 68G6 horizonta l sweep
tube o nly had to be re-arranged to build a w orkable tran smitter. When this co llection of "junk" allowed actual worldw ide contacts to be made th e gratification w as beyond be lief.
I hope by this time you are gett ing my point. Nothing w as
served to us on a silver platter, but w hatever w e "cooked up"
tasted w onderfu l.
W hen I first started writing "Math's Notes, ~ there were many
readers who wrote to me describing their projects and asking numerous techn ical questions. In fact, there was a point

in time, in the late 1970s , when I could not even get on the
air without so meone recogni zing my call an d bombarding me
with qu est ion s . It seemed that a lmost everyon e was building
so methi ng . Today too much of that has d isappeared . I do get
many letters from readers, but not m uch from true, dyed-inthe-wool home -brewers or e xperimente rs . I believe that this
has to change if our country intends to ma inta in its leadership ro le in technology. W e have to so mehow encourage ou r
youth to experiment, or at th e very least build someth ing , so
they get a personal, hands-on ex perience of w hat technology is all about!
1don't have the answers, but I do know the feel ing one gets
w hen someth ing one bu ilds from sc ratch finally works . I do
know the difference between w orking someone thousan ds of
miles away w ith a collection of scavenged parts on a wood
base co mpared to doing it with a nice $2000+ factory-built
transceiver that has been professionally tested , aligned , and
then simply plug ged in b y the user like a toaster. The only challen ge here , unfortunate ly, is determining what knob to tu rn and
when.
If w e can so mehow rekindle the spirit of the "old d ays." it
mig ht actu ally go a long way tow ard creatin g th e w orld of the
future that I always th ought the 2 1st century would be . The
job of the Eimers of today is not o nly to help newcomers to
amateur radio , but in many cases it is also to mak e them
aware of the possibilities that exist throug h amateur radio and
tech nology that could indeed change their entire lives .
Thanks for your time . I w ou ld love to hear your com ments
on all of th is, an d I prom ise that next month w e w ill get back
to "normal" (whatever that is !).
73 , Irwin, WA2NDM

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January 2005 • CO • 61

Amateur Radio Was Calling Me Back
By Sean Barnes,'" N3JQ

Q)

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Guest Columnist
"Magic in the Sky w columnist Jeff Reinhardt,
AA6JR, was cavorting around Europe (reportedly visiting with Prot. Emil Heisseluft at the Lauton
Institute) when he was supposed to be writing his
column. In Jeff's absence, we've invited Sean
Barnes. N3JO, a physics teacher at Trinity High
School in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, to share his
story of how the magic of ham radio wouldn 'f leave
him alone, and as a result, nearly 150 of his students have nowjoined the ranks of amateur radio
operators.
- W2VU
n November 9, 2004 Trinity High School
(N3THS) added 65 more licensed Technician class operators to the 21 licensees
already residing at the Camp Hill, Pennsylvania

O

high school. Four physics classes , totaling 65 students, spent the first marking period learning electromag netism via amateu r radio, and then took
an d passed thei r license exams. This bri ngs the
Trinity High School license count for the past three

'4 1 S . Pin Oak Dr., Boiling Springs. PA 17007
e-mail: <[email protected]>

years to 146 (28 in the 2002103 school year, 53 in
2003/04 , and 65 more [so far] in 2004/05) . Another
13 students expect to take the Technician test the
ne xt time it is offered by the VE team from the
Harri sburg Radio Am ateur Club.
I'm in my fifth year of teaching at Trinity HS. I
worked from 1983 to 2000 in electrical engineering at companies such as Link Flight Simulation,
Gene ral Electric, Lockheed -Martin, and Raytheon.
My interest in electrical en gineering all came from
my expe rience in th e 8th grade , whe n I wa s
licensed as WN3WUZ. In the 1990s, w hite contin uing to work in engi nee ring, I returned to school
part-time to pursue my masters degree in physics.
This allowed me to tea ch, whereby I came to Trin ity
HS in 2000.

" Hands-On" Physics
We have three levels of physics classes at Trinity :
General, Acad emic and Honors. I te ach the
Gene ral and Academ ic levels , as well as Honors
Algebra 2. After two years of teaching traditionalstyle p hysics, I want ed a mor e "hand s-on" approach with my General Physics stud ents , and I
had my radio interest piqu ed by an astronomy club
I sta rted at sch ool. We inquired about making a

The 65 newly -licensed hams in Sean Barnes ' physics classes a t Trinity Hig h School in Camp Hill, Pennsy lvania.

62 • CO ' January 2005

VisIt Our Web Site

radio tele scope while attending a telescope viewing session set up for Trinity
at the Astronomical Society of
Harrisburg (ASH). ASH Vice President,
Dick Goodman, WA3USG, told me
about a radio telescope design he had
made. I had also talked to a radio telescope design enginee r at the National
Radio Astronomy Observatory headquarters at the University of Virginia
while refereeing wat er polo there in the
spring of 2002. It appeared that amateur radio was calling me back.
I convinced myself to return to amateur
radio and use it as a tool to teach my
General-Physics class for the following
school year, 2002103. But how? It was
then the summer of 2002, and the school
year was starting in just a couple of
months. I researched the ARRL and
found about "The Big Project." the
League's amateur radio in education program. I was still unlicensed, but joined
the AAA L. I called concerning getting
funding, and was told that my application
would need to go through an approval
process that would take longer than the
60 days remaining before school started.
However, I also found out about a large
amateur radio club called the Harrisburg
Radio Amateur Club , which meets just 5
miles away from Trinity High SChool. I
attended a meeting in August, just 20
days prior to school starting. I was
hooked , and more important, so was
HAAC president Pete de Volpi, K3PD.
Pete invited me over to his house and
shack. He gave me some starter material and a set of test question s to study.

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I called the AA RL and ordered a set of
Now You're Talking books for my single General-Physics class at Trinity. I
wa s going to leave my other two
Academic-Physics classes alone for
thi s 'rial year.· I had just picked up an
AP Calculus 2 course to teach as well,
giving me four sepa rate lessons to plan
per day. I wanted to carefully control this
trial with amateur radio. Heck , I wasn't
even licensed yet myself!
Pete asked the HA AC to loan me a
few pieces of equipment to allow students to listen to amateur radio at the

school. We set up a shack in a dusty but
spacious storage area behind the
physics room . I ta ught right from the
Now You 're Talking textbook using a
downloaded set of FCC questions ported into Ex ce~ to generate randomized
tests. I took the test (along with two girls
in my class) about 30 days earlier than
most of my class, getting my Technician
license. Lenore Brown got KB31UP . I
got KB3IUQ, and Meg McCorm ick got
KB3IU A. Lenore we nt on to become
president of our school club, and Meg
got a raise at the Harrisburg radio sta -

Vofunteer Examiners from the Harrisburg Radio Amateur Club administer the Technician exam at Trinity High School on
November 9, 2004. All 65 students who took. the test passed.

_

.cq-amateur-rad lo.com

January 2005 • CO • 63

tion, wh ere she worked part-time. as
soon as she told them about her license.
My students all took the test right at
Trinity HS. The Volun teer Exam iner
(VE) team associated with HAAC, led
by George Burkett , N3YB , graciously
agreed to come to Trin ity to administer
a test session in December. Pete de
Volpi showed up for the test sessio n
with a Chri stmas present for the school :
a Hammarlund HQ -120 receiver that he
had recently purchased and restored to
excellent working condition. We tuned
in stations immediately .
Not all the students passed that day.
Those who failed returned to the HRAC
Saturday test site a month later, where
the majority finally passed. Twenty-lour
amateur radio licenses were ultimately
garnered : 21 students; myself (now vanity callsign N3JQ); the father of one of
the students (getting back-to-beck call signs with his daughter in class-Uz and
Bill Moser, KB3IYZ and KB31ZA, respectively); and ARGoT, the Amateur Radio
Club of Trin ity High Schoo l, N3THS. an
ARR L-affiliated club. We started a
monthly meeting of our school ham club,
through which four more non-physics
underclassmen were also licensed.

ReqUired Contacts
Once licensed , I required each 01the students to make 30 contacts , with a minimum alone made on the Trinity ham
shack equipment. and at least 10 with
stations outside North America. Some
students didn't have a single study-hall.
and limited equipment kept me from having an entire class dedicated to contact
time, so I also required the students to
download Echo ti nk ' and make contacts
from their computers if they didn't have
enough radio time. It was a great success . I made them verify their contacts
by having the contacted person send an
e-mail to me. the teacher. There was

about a 20% non-return rate on the emails, so I gave a · 100 ~ to any student
getting 30 contacts and 20 e-mailsTo
further evaluate the contact, I had the
students ask a list of basic questions
(OTH, rigs at home, years as a ham) 01
whomever they contacted.
This success propelled me to get my
General Class license two months later,
my Extra Class license two months after
that. and my VE certificate a few months
after that. My background in electrical
engineering and physics helped greatIy. My old Novice license grandlathered
me out of the code test requirement.
although I had myself back up to 10
words per minute (wpm) with some
tapes I had.

Expanding the Program
I felt confident enough to add amateur
radio to my two Academic-Physics
classes for the 2003/04 school year. I
became more efficient with th is group
and had them ready lor the license
exam by early November. On November 17. 2003, we had another 49 students licensed at Trinity HS between
the single General-Physics class and
two Academic-Physics classes . Four
additional students were licensed
through ARCoT club meetings. A couple of months later, live of my students
also took the General Class Element 3
test and passed it, but they did not take
the Element 1 Morse Code test. Regardless, I gave them extra credit for
passing any additional eleme nt.
I did the same thing with Echolfnk
again, although the receipt of roughly
t 500 a-mans was a bit of a challenge
for me to manage. I kept separate e-lit·
ing cabinets for each student and posted results as they arrived. Again, great
succ ess, wit h very positive Echoti nk
replies. I continued through the yea r to
give extra credit for every Trinity ham
shack real-radio contact that they made

-one free extra-credit point per contact. up to a limit of 25. Every contacton-ai r or on Echolink-had a form paper with stan dard questions I asked
the students 10 ask. This helped them
as an ice-breaker and led to some great
contacts . Students came to me each
day and told me o f another new and
posi tive experience through Echolink.
Echolink has been a fantastic toot,
None of the kids I've taught had an amateur radio licensed relat ive at home
when they enrolled in my physics class.
So no one had any equipment at home,
but they all had compute rs and internet
access. I was worried that they would
take too strongly to the internet and not
enjoy the fun of a real radio contact, but
instead I found the students still loved
the feeling of a real microphone connected to a radio. A few students have
even purchased their own equi pment.
(I need to look into getting together a
package deal for new licensees, something like a dual-band HT with a magmount antenna, at a good starter price.)
Each year I have taught Morse code
lor a week. This represents about three
total hours of code instruction . The stu dents learn it enough to identify all the
characters for a matching written test.
but I leave it to them to continue to learn
the code to be te st-level proficient . I
have raised my offer of extra credit for
passing the code this year. We'lI see if
this gets more response.
At the end of the 2002103 school year
I prepared a presentation for the Central
Pennsylvania chapter of the Amer ican
Association of Physics Teachers, which
I delivered at Buckn ell University last
March. About 30 physics teachers from
throughout ce ntral Pennsylvania, including both high school teachers and
college professors, attended the session. Although not at my meeting. Nobel
Prize winner Leon Lederman ( 1988.
muon neutrino) was at the conference .

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ca •

J anuary 2005

Visit Our Web Site

He is the leading advocate in the United
States for ' Physics First," a concept of

teaching basic physics in 9th grade.
before biology or chemistry.2 I met
Lederman after his particle physics presentation and attended a dinner with
him . When I talked briefly with Dr. Lederman after his lecture, ltold him how I've
added amateur radio to my curriculum ,

andcould see using ham radio as a great
way toleachthe9thgrade"Physics First"
students. He encouraged me to continue my pursuits in th is direction.

More Magic
I've had the pleasure of guest speakers

coming in trom the local amateur radio
community . many of whom I met on the

air. Jon Kahn. N3AJB, let us borrow his
Heathkit 58·101 and showed us some

early 2-meter contacts. Tom Miller.
KB3CVO, from the South Mountain
Repeater Association. showed us
SSTV (slow -scan TV). Dave Hoffman,
N3PRO, show ed the cl ass how 10 use
the Central Pennsylvania Repeater
Association repeater for an IRLp3 connection. Bob Marzan, W 3PT. came in
and did an analysis of our shack for aiding in an tenna design. Bob also helped
me get hooked on contesting , as I
helped at his shack working 100+ contacts for the W 3UU HRAC station, which
was the bonus-point station for this past
year's Pennsylvania aso Pa rty. Kurt
W ann, K4ITO , came to class to tell students where amateu r radio mig ht lead
them in a career. Kurt worked for IBM
and has gone to schools to give
Eng ineering W eek talks about careers.
He nicely tied amat eu r rad io into his discussion. John Jam inet , W3HMS, was
sc heduled to come in during late November to talk to my class about Amateur TV and satellites.
W e have a tig ht budget at T rinity , so

Gdth .g St ..rtr J 'n Elrctnmln i s a
----, grea t intro into the
fundamentals. Learn
basic co m ponen ts,
diodes and transistors; explore digital
and analog 10 .
Assembly ti ps and
_ _.L:.-J 100 pro jects you can
build. Great experimen ts dem onstrate how electrici ty works. Full of
science fair ideas! GSTD $17.95

gi fts from Pet e de Vo lpi 4 and ot her
hams have be en mosl welcome. Pete
donated an H F rig , a 2-mete r mobile
radio , two HTs, lots of antenna wire,
coax. insulators , a t o-meter magmount mobile antenna, a year's worth
of CO and OST, miscellaneous tubes,
relays, crystals, and his recent copies
of the ARRL Handbook and Antenna
Book. A z -ejement HF antenna followed
in the spring. Our T rinily HS shack is
truly "The Shack that Pete Built. ~ Pete
also encouraged donations Irom other
hams, includi ng an HT from Jeff Kisner,
W3JWK, and a 2-meter mobile radio
from Mary Crider, WA3HU P.
All this equipment went into the newly
refurbished ham shack at Trinity . The
physics room and ham shack underwent an entire remodeling just prior to
the 2003104 school year, thanks to a
grant from the W hitaker Foundatio n and
Fred and Kathy A lba. This had been a
planned remodeling lor the physics
room and lab and fortuitously benefited
the ham radio club.
The shack is a littl e bit of a wreck during the first marking period , since I keep
a lot of the equipment out on the
teacher's front table . I use it daily in lectures. It is great having all of this actual
equipment to immediately show the students first -hand as they learn about it.
However , the shack remains open all
school year for any licensed student to
use anytime . Stu dents may use it before
school . during study halls, at lunch, or
afte r school. Equipment may be signed
ou t overnight.

Teaching Tools
I integrate amateu r radio into seven different labs during the first marking period. No .1 is on co mpass heading and
vector addition. NO. 2 is wave fund amentals with a Slin ky. NO. 3 is wave

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NO. 6 is se ries and parallel ci rcuits . And
No . 7 is build ing a 2-meter wi re dipole
antenna , w ith low est SW R at 146.0
MHz . The students definitely like the
antenna lab, because we do some sol dering and building. T he initial cut of the
antenna at 468/ 146 .0 yields an antenna with which I immediately make a contact on a local repeater. The students
are im pressed, to say the least. I d id
receive an amplifier lab through an
A RRL-sponsored gift. I am sti ll working
on its integratio n into the curriculum.
I'd like to thank the designers of two
great study-tool websites . Sample test s
at <http://www.q rz.com> are fantastic.
Two weeks prior to the FCC test I ha ve
the students turn in daily tests taken
from home on the QRZ site. I simply
have them print the last page of the test .
showi ng their score. I ask that they get
a 60+% for the first five daily tests, and
74+ % tor the final five. I give them 10
points for each test turned in. as long as
they exceeded the m inimum percentages just stated.
T he other site is Ham Acade my at
< hnp :llwww.a hOa .o rg >. T his free tool
lets you do drill s on isolated chapters
and/or sub-chapte rs . This is a great site
to use weekly as the students study fo r
the tests I g ive them . I give test s after
chapters 1. 2/3, 4/5, 6. 7, 8a, 8b, 9, and
10 in Now You're Talking, 5th edition .
Basically, once we've covered enough
text to cover 50+ questions worth of
material, I give them a 50-quest ion random test on the material just covered . I
also give a halfway exam when we've
covered 250 + of th e 511 total question
pool for th e Techn ician license. These
50 -q ue stion tests usually take about 20
mi nutes , allowing rnethe remaining ha lf
of th e class tim e to cover new mat erial .

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January 2005 •

ca .

65

I have the entire course prepared as
a set of Power Point® slides. On the
slides where a statement is written that
directly pertains to a test question, I have
the test question number listed in parentheses on the slide. One day I might link
the actual test question to the parenthencat test-quesuon number to pull the
test question up immediately with the
slide. This is just a thought for now.
I also have a SmartBoard up front in
my classroom. It is a touch-sensitive 4 xS
toot board onto which I project the computer image. I can touch the screen just
like my hand is a mouse. I can pick up
"pens" and write on the board electronically, to circle key items, etc. I can strnply have a blank computer display on the
screen and use the empty board for
doing all my writing. Erasing is done by
a simple touch at the board - no dust!
I ordered a total of 40 General Class
study books from the ARR L for the students who wish to work toward Element
3. I give strong extra credit for passing
this element. and even more extra cred it for passing the 5 wpm code test. I hope
to get some past the Element 1 this year,
since I want to be competitive in the
School Club Roundup and need students with their HF privileges, which (for
now, at least) is General class and
above. Additional extra credit can be
achieved by participating in the SChool
Club Roundup, going to local amateur
radio club meetings, participating in public-service events using amateur radio,
or making additional radio contacts.

Gelling Parents on Board
At Back-to-School Night I meet with all
of my student's parents for about 12
minutes. I explain my curriculum to
them and show them our equipment. I
referen ce VolP articles from Money
Magazine, etc., to show them how
Echofink has been on this cutting edge.

Looking Ahead in

I had a parent come up to me this past
October and ask it he could take my
class! I also make a quick contact, usually Australia (about as far away as you
can get) on Echolink. My random contact with New Zealand this past year
was with a guy who already knew me!
He recalled my students' project on
Echolink from the previous year. I could
not have planned his accidental comments better. He was looking torward to
contacting more students this year. I
told him how my students like the
English-speaking countries such as
Australia. New Zealand, and England
... but I like to be daring and try countries I have to look up on a map!
Teaching amateur radio at the beginning of the school year allows me to get
the students to use their licenses on the
equipment at school. I feel responsible
for them as their Elmer. I want them to
get off to a good start and have me available to answer any ot their questions. At
the end of the school year. I have my
graduating students research the college
or university that they are going to attend
and find its amateur radio d ub. For those
seeking other endeavors, I simply have
them research an amateur radio club in
the city where they will be living after
graduation. I want to be sure that I'm tuming them over to another Elmer.
I also encourage the students to apply
for some of the many scholarships listed through the ARRL. Hopefully, one of
my students will get one. We have an
assembly at the end of the school year
to honor the scholastic achievements of
our students. I hope to have one of my
students gain a scholarship and go torward forrecognilion. I'd then like to have
all those in the school body who have
their amateur licenses stand up. With
600 students in grades 9-12, we'll see
almost 100 of them stand up in the auditorium at the end of this school year,
That should look impressive. One in six

IKU

Here's a look at articles we're working on for upcoming issues 01 CO:
• "Still Chasing the Invisible Wave: by RV31Z
• "A Mobile Mount for the SG·2020," by AD5X
• "Morse Code the Old Way," by WA8SME
• "HF Meteor Scatter," by VE3ACK
Do you have a ham radio story to tell? See our writers' qurdelines on the CO
website at <hnpJ/WWw.cq-amateur-radio.com/guide.html:>

66 • CO • January 2005

students at Trinity HS will have an amateur radio license. Awesome!

Growing Popularity
Well, word on the street at Trinity concerning physics with amateur radio must
be good. For the current school year I
had to drop teaching my two Honors
Algebra 2 classes, because enrollment
in Academic Physics increased by 48% !
My additional 24 students enrolled this
year pushed me to add two more physics
classes to teach. I now have one General
class of nine students, and four
Academic classes, totaling 65 more, It
was this entire group of 65 AcademicPhysics students who passed their tests
on November 9th. The General-Physics
class will take it a little later.
Their culmination project of 30 contacts really pulls it all together. The students are a little skeptical at first, with
these random conversations with people
they don't know. However, they quickly
come to realize the "family"that our amateur radio community really is. The students are at a very competitive age in
their lives, when they are seeking out
who they are and competing lor scholarships and college entrance, Amateur
radio is such a refreshing academic
course, because every licensed amateur
radio operator, in every country, seems
willing to help the students ... adding
tremendously to the ~ M ag ic in the Air."
Notes
1. Echolink is a system using the internet to
link amateur radio repeaters and operators
around the world. licensed hams may
access it over the air via linked repeaters or
directly from their sound-card equipped
computers. For details, see N2IRZ's Digital
column in last month's issue ot CO, December 2004, p. 40.
2. ·Physics Firsr isa concept that physics
should be a mandatory 9th-grade class,
since it is the basis tor all science. Just take
out some 01 the strong math in current
physics courses and teach it conceptuallyto
9th graders. Then allow them to then take
"Physics U· their senior year, just as Biology
II and/or Chemistry II dasses are given now.
This Physics \I would bathestrong-math-oriented physics. The new approach to teaching science has been adopted in more than
250 schools around the country. including
San Diego and Chicago. For more intormanon. see the Physics First homepage at
<httpJl members.aol.COmlphysicslirst/:>.
3. IRLP is the Internet Repeater Linking
Project, another Voice over Internet Protocol
(VoIP) system that links repeaters via the
internet. User access to IAlP is by radio only.
4. CO thanks Pete deVolpi, K3PD, for
bringing Sean's story to our attention and
helping bring all the pieces together.
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CIRCLE 134 ON RE,*,DER SERVICE CARD

A Behind-the-Dial Look
at Receivers

M

adem receivers are
a mazi ng examples of

electronic technol ogy. They pull signals out of

3
o

s:

thin air , minimize noise pick·
up . filter out interference . and
give us the ability to communicate over very long dis-

tances. What is inside the
ca binet of these receivers or

transceivers and what features or circuit designs help

I

I
I

I

SIGNAl.
ACQUISll10H

AND

SB.EC11ON

I
I

I

AUOIO

DE1EC11OH

I

REPRODUCTION

!

II

I

I

I

I

~

l

L

I

SIGNAl.

:
I
I

I

I

•

I

A
'-'1 H Z
phones

I
I

I
I
I

I
I

J

them to work so effectively?

That is the topic of this
F/(/. 1- A./though shy in signal amplification abilities, the classic CI)'Smont h's column, and it
tal set stIlI serves as a VIable example of the basic requirements for
promises to be a most
reception ,!f radio signals. It performs signal in tercep tion and selection.
enlightening discussion you
detection, and reproduction of the transmitted intelligence.
surely w ill lind useful for
many years hence . I also
welcome your input on related areas you would time after Flemming and DeForest invented the
like to see further explained or clarified along the

way. Let's start when radio was young and work
our way forward from that point.

Early Receivers
The fir st type of equipme nt used for wirele ss
co mmunication was a spark-gap transmitter and a
simple crystal -set receiver. One of the most
notabl e examples of spark -gap rig use is linked to
the sinking of the Titanic in 191 2. Rad io opera tors
throughout the eastern U.S. co pied the big ship's
famed S.O .S. on th eir homebrew crystal -set
rece ivers-a remarkable feat, and one which also
ushe red in what we know today as the era of rad io
co mmunications .
Signals from a spark-qap transmitter produced
damped wave s which , simi lar to lightning, covered
a rather large part of the LF and HF spectrum. As
a.result, o peratio n of spark tra nsmitters is now prohibited (super QRM generators they are indeed !).
~ry stal sets, however, are still popular hcmebrew
Item s among electronic enthusiasts of all ages .
That is one reason why annually I strive to feature
the little gems in our "W orld of Ideas" column .
Studying crystal-set circuitry is also great for visualizing the basic requirements for receiving radio
signals. Fig . 1 illustrates that fact. The crystal set's
a ntenna, ground , a nd input tuned circu it perform
sig nal acquisition and selection; the crystal or
d iod e and RF bypass capacitor performs signal
detection ; and the earphone performs audio reproduction. A crystal set does not have an RF
a mplifier section. but its tuned circuit's resonant
rise at a selected frequency helps here by boosting one signa l more than others .
Crystal sets so rt of faded into the shadows of

d iode and triode electron valves, or vacuum tubes
as they are affectionately called in the U.S. (our
British friends still calf them valves). Soon thereafter, Major H. C. Arm strong developed the clas sic regenerative detector-type receive r, such as
that illustrated in fig . 2. In ma ny ways this receiv·
er resembles a glorified crysta l set and represents
the ne xt step up in techno log y. Signal reception is
again accomplished by the input tuned circuit with
the valve's-err . .. tube '5-9rid circuit perfo rming
d iod e d etection while its plate ci rcuit perfo rm s
a mplification . The (tube's) output sig na l is al so fed
back to the input circui t, increasing receiver gain
o r sensitiv ity, Setting the rege neration control on
the threshold of feedbac k ca uses the circuit to
oscillate when receiving a signal, and the resultant
beat note permits copy of CW (or SSB) sig nals.
Regenerative-type rece ivers were q uite popular
for several years (and still are today) . They are
quite sensitive and they also make neat, easybrew fun projects , but they lack the high se lectivity often desired fo r single signal receptio n on
today's busy bands.
Following several varieties of "regens,~ tuned RF
receivers such as the one shown "'block-diagram
style- in fig. 3 moved into the limelight. The theory
supporting this concept was also understandable.
Every RF stage helps improve a receiver's sensitivity. and every tuned circu it used in those stages
helped to improve its se lectivity. Multiple RF stages
thus offered double rewards. The drawback was
obtaining too much gain and getting the stages
tuned without oscil1ating--a rather tedious process.
Then a revolutionary new idea of heterodyning and
frequency converting--a concept known as the
superheterodyne receNer-came on the scene.

Evolution 01 the Superhet
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e-mail: [email protected]>

68 • c o

.. January 2005

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Fig. 2- The regenerative receiver gained widespread popularity after vacuum
tubes came on the scene, and this design by Maj or H. C. Armstrong was one of
the most popular for several years. It was (and still is!) capable of receiving weak
signals from thousands of miles away.

flcanon , a local oscillator and mixer, plus
two or more stages of IF amplification
prior to detection-the superheterodyne

concept. The basic form of "superhet" is
called single conversion, as illustrated in
fig. 4. Here signals arriving at the anten-

na are boosted in level by the RF amplifier and applied as one of two inputs to
the mixer. A second (beat frequency)

signal is generated by the local oscillator and applied as a second input to the
mixer to yield a resultant IF signal at a
set frequency. This change of frequencies is why the receiver is called single
conversion. If the frequencies were
changed two times, it would be double
conversion. If the frequencies were
changed three times, it would be triple
conversion. The IFsignal plus a BFO signal a couple of hundred Hertz above or
below it are then mixed in the product
detector, converting a CW or SSB signal
to an audio signal that is then amplified
and applied to the speaker. Fancy frills
such as filters, AGC loops, a noise
blanker, etc., were omitted from our
description for simplicity. Otherwise, it is

RF
amplifier

RF
amplifier

1--1

RF
amplifi9f

similar to a modern radio. Now let's add
some typical operating frequencies to
fig. 4 for clarity.
Assuming 40-meter reception, bandpass filters "before" and/or "after" the
AF amplifier ensure signals in the
approximate range of 7.0 to 7.3 MHz are
boosted and directed to the mixer. The
local oscillator then tunes 7.455 to
7.755 MHz and the mixer outputs the
sum, difference, and the two original
frequencies (plus an image frequency
we will discuss later). Assuming the
receiver is tuned to 7.100 MHz, those
four frequencies will be 14.655, .455,
7. 100, and 7.555 MHz plus the image
frequency of 8.010 MHz. The IF's input
and output circuits are tuned to 455 kHz
(approximately) and the product detector's output is approximately 300 to 3000
Hz, depending on IF-stage bandwidth.
The resu ltant audio signal is then amplified, possibly DSP (digital signal processing) enhanced, and then applied to
the speaker for us to hear.
The ever-continuing quest for greater
selectivity or "single signal reception"

1--1

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... Fig. 4- Block diagram of a typical
single-conversion receiver with an IF of
455 kHz. Here inco ming signals are
preselected by approximate frequency
range, RF-amplified, and mixed with a
local oscillator signal to produce an IF
signa'. That signal, in turn, is hetero dyned with a beat-oscillator signal to
produce audio which is amplified and
applied to a speaker.

prompted development of double,
triple , and even quadruple conversion
concepts, plus crystal and mechanical
filters as used in modern receivers and
transceivers.
Let's look at each of these designs,
beginning with double conversion and
using fig. 5 asan example . Here, incom ing signals are filtered according to a
desired band or frequency range and
preampli fied or direct-fed to the first
mixer according to the operator's activation of a front-panel bu tton . Simul taneously, a frequency-selecting localosci llator signal, which you set w ith the
main tuning knob (and which is removed from the incoming freq uency by
the amounVfrequency of the first IF), is
also directed to the mixer. The mixer's
sum, difference, image , and two origi·
nat frequencies are then output and narrowed down to one signal by the first
IF's tuned circui ts and filter (s), amplified , and passed to the second mixer. A
set-frequency or heterodyne-osci llator
signal is also fed to the second mixer,
resultin g in a lower frequency second
IF, or double conversion (so named
because the original received frequency has been converted twice in frequency). The second mixer's output is
then narrowed and shaped to pass a
CW, SS B, or AM signal according to its
crystal or mec hanical filter 's width ,
amplified , and passed to the product
detector. A beat frequency is also fed to
the product detector, producing an
audio output signal which is then amplified and applied to the speaker.
Once again let's add some approximate but typical operating frequencies
for clarity. Let's again assume 40-meter
reception, but th is time with a tuned-in
frequency of 7.200 MHz, a first IF of 8.00
MHz, and a second IF of 455 kHz. The
RF amplifier is untuned and broadbanded , so it passes the full 7.0· to 7.3·
MHz range as defined by its bandpass
filter. The main tuning (which controls
the local oscillator's frequency) is set to
produce a signal on 15.2 MHz, so 15.2
7.2 _ 8.0 MHz first IF. Heterodyning
70 • CO • January 2005

8.455 MHz with 8.000 MH z then produces a 455 kHz second IF, and beating 455 kHz ± 1500 Hz with 455 kHz produces audio in the approximate 300- to
3000-Hz range . Understand that we
used rounded-off frequencies of 8 MHz
and 455 kHz in the previous example,
and while exact frequencies vary
among transceivers, th e overall conversion concept is similar.
Earlier I mentioned im age frequencies. These are defined as potential
interference spots that are two times the
first IF plus the incoming frequency. As
an example, 2 x 8.0 :: 16 + 7.200, or
23.200 MHz. If you are listening on 7.2
MHz and a nearby station is transmitting on 23.2 MHz, your receiver can be
' blocked" or desensed by image reception. The second IF is isolated from the
RF input, incidentally, so a pote nti al
image on (9 10 kHz + 7.200 MH z) 8.1 10
MHz is not a significant problem .
As the number of stations and services using our HF spectrum increased ,
the need for higher selectivity and
image rejection also increased. Triple
and quad ruple conversion plus up conversion and DSP address these needs.
The operational concept of tri ple conversion is similar to double conversion
except an additional oscillator, mixer,
and IF section (operating at a different
set of frequencies) are added uin front
of" the first mixer and IF section. Assuming up conversion and again using
approximate or "rounded otr frequencies for discussion, the added local
osci llator would tune 70.550 to 100.00
MHz to mix with 550 kHz to 30 MHz and
produ ce a first IF of 70 MHz. Image frequencies would then be between 140.5
and 170 MHz, and ' trent end" HF bandpass filter s would reject frequencies
about 30 MH z to eli minate images.
Ceramic filters included in the 70-MHz
IF plus multipole crystal or mechanical
filters in the (again approximate) 8-MHz
and 455-kHz IFs would furthe r enhance
selectivity.
Quadruple conversion works in basically the same way except a fourth oscillator, mixer, and IF section are added
between the 455-kHz IF and the product
detector. The added section functions at
a quite low Intermediate frequency, usually between 30 and 40 kHz. Most IFlevel DSP syste ms wo rk at this level.
Their performance is usually better than
audio level or external DSP. but not as
good as second or third IF-level DSP.
That is because it is difficult to correct
overload and blocking from strong signals that have already ' blown past" IF filters and acted on a rece iver's AGC
(automatic gain control) circuit.
Visi t Our Web Site

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Explaining how AG e loops (plus
"clocked date" in IF-level DSP) work is
yet another topic that must wait until
another time for discu ssion. Right now,
we have reached the closing wire and
must bow out for another month. More

=
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•

details on several of the previously high·
lighted areas such as RF amplifiers. IF
stages, filters. etc., will be covered in
future columns. Remember that this
month's column was only a tamilianzing overview. Walch for the next part in
this series in two months. and be sure
to enjoy some good en-the-air O SOs
every day.
73 , Dave, K4TWJ

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...-- Fig. ~ Block diagram of a doubleconversion receiver with panel-selectable RF amplifier for varying "'ront
end~ sensitivity plus crystal filters for
enhancing selectivity. A triple-conversion receiver is similar except it has an
additional LO mixer and IF amplifier
"before ~ the first mixer. A quadrupleconversion receiver adds another LO.
mixer. and IF amplifier "after" the second IF amplifier. (Discussion in text.)

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New Products for the New Year!

'">co

A

ve ry happy. prosperous , and healthy New
Year to all our readers. far and wide! That
having been said, let's dig right in.

This monthwe'll focus on some noteworthy ham-

shack accessories, antennas and antenna accesso ries . software. books, and other items of interest to you as we enter the promising new year.

Accessories for the Radio Shack
Classy New Products from The Vibroplex Com-

pany. Over the years, the Vibrople

name has

come to represent the best at the telegraphic. and

later amateur radio . industries. vibroprex celebrated the 1DOth anniversary of the patent for the L.."":
Original Bug . registered on Aug ust 9. 1904, with
the 100th Annive rsa ry Special Ed itio n Bug (photo Photo A- VibropleX®celebrated the tOOth anniver·
A). (See the article "Centennial 01 the -Bug: by sary of the patent for the Original Bug with the
Mitch Mitchell. W40A, in the August 2004 issue of refease of the tOOth Anniversary Special Edition
CO.) The black. powder-coaled base duplicates Bug. The bfack powder-coated base dupfica tes the
the smooth but "weathered" look of the early cast smooth but ~eathered" look of the early cast
bases. (Photo courtesy Vibroplex)
bases. This early model features distinctive gold
pin striping and gold-leaf designs in each corner.
The current, bright-chrome. standard upper parts
perimented with different designs, materials, diare used with black finge r pieces.
The unique Vibroplex serial plate is engraved mensions, and adhesives. The FingerOimple
with "100th Anniversary, 1904- 2004" and special (photo Cl finally emerged.
The FingerDimple is a precision-machined . selfrun serial num bers. Suggested reta il price is
$199.95 . Also available is a new display case wi th stick attachment for you r tuning knob. It comes in
its exotic hardwood base, plexiglass cover, feet black and gray and blends well w ith factory knobs.
holes for most keys, and Vibroplex serial plate. Since its introduction, owners of Kenwood, Yaesu,
Optional matching serial number plates are avail- Elecraft, and other radios are enjoying the added
able . Suggested retail price is $1 29.95.
Vibroplex also has announced the new Chrome
Warrior (photo B). This deluxe version of the popular Code Warrior Jr. features a brushed chrome
base with polished brass upper parts and clear
paddles. The distinctive Vibroplex logo is engraved
on the top of the center block with the serial number engraved on the end of the block. Suggested
retail price is $139.95 . Available for both the new
Chrome Warrior and the Code Warrior Jr . are clea r,
pla stic dust covers and red conversion paddles
ergonomically designed to give the sending hand
more support. Cords are available separately.
Contact The Vibroplex Company. 11 Midtown
Park East, Mobile, AL 36606-4141 ( 1-800-8408873 ; e-mail : <[email protected]>; on the
web: <hnp:l/www.vibroplex.com» .
FingerDimpl e® Add·on Finger Device lor
Your Radios. Wayne Smith. K8FF. says he used
a Kenwood TS -850 for over ten years and had
always wanted a spinner or dimple to make rapid
Photo 8- Vibroplex also has announced the new
OSV easier. His Elecraft K2 needed one also. After
Chrome Warrior. This deluxe version of the Code
searching high and low for an attachment that
Warrior Jr. features a brushed-chrome base with
would suffice. he decided to make his own. He expolished brass upper parts and clear paddles. The
Vibroplex logo is engraved on the top of the cen·289 Poplar Drive. Miflbrook. AL 35054 -1 674
ter bfocJ< with the serial number engraved on the
e-mail: <[email protected]>
end of the block. (Photo courtesy Vibroplex)

72 • CO • January 2005

Visit OUr Web Site

1

e-

Photop
The Fing erDimple® is a precision add-on finger
device to make a rotary dial spin easier for a rapid QS Y. The
self-sticking dimples come in black and gray, and they blend
well with factory knobs. Here 's a Kenwood TS -85 0S with a
g ray FingerDimple ins talled. (Pho to courtesy Way ne
Smith, K8FF)

convenience of the FingerDimple. A simple addition that
takes seconds to install results in added operating convenience at a very reasonable cost -$6.00 U.S. postage included, c heck or money order, for a pack of two postpaid . Speci fy
your color choice: either both black or gray, or a mixed pack
of one each co lor.
For more information, contact W ayne Smith, K8FF, at
FingerDimple .com , 19121 Cascade Ct., Aurora, OH 44202
(440-439-8811; e-mail : <[email protected]>; on the
web: <http://WWw.FingerDimple.com>).
Special Note: Wayne also tells us that his FingerDimple
has received so me excellent reviews posted to the popular
eHam.net we bsite by users. You'll find the we bsite reviews
und er the ' Ham Shack Accessorie s" category of the site's
Product Reviews section. Point your browse r to <http ://
www.eham .net> .

Antennas and Antenna Accessories
Ne w ZM-1 Mobile Antenna Autotransfo rmer from
Martronlcs. According to Martronics proprietor Dave Martin,
WA6TYJ, the Martronics 2M -1 is a new spin on an old device
that's no longer available, on e wh ich he tells us was produced
by Atlas Radio man y years ag o. The unun (sometimes also
known as an uUNUW or ~ U N - U W) is unlike a balun in that
instead of transitioning from balanced line to unbalanced line,
it transitions from unbalanced to unbalanced co nditions and
is referenced to ground.
The 2M-1 Mobile Antenna Autotransformer (photo D), also
known as a "dual unun 50-ohm Z-match," is a device that
when used with your mobile center- or base-load ed antenna
from 80 to 12 meters will aid in matching you r transmitter to
the antenna. Dave says the probable result of using the 2 M1 will be higher efficiency than you would likely expe rience
than w hen simply attaching the coaxial cable to the base of
the antenna mount. The 2M-1 is installed near the antenna
mount, and the flange mount is att ached to a good ground
on the vehicle. Installation is co mpleted by using the supplied
banana plug, attac hing a wire from the antenna base to the
2M -1, and selecting the correct impedance marking on the
2M-1 tor the band in use. An additiona l connector for straightthrough co nnection without using the de vice is provided . (On
10 meters the antenna impedance is usually very c lose to
the impedance of the transmitter, so using the 2 M-1 on 10
meters is not necessary .)

www.cq -amaleur-radio.com

It's very important to install the unit to a good ground : The
2M-1 will not work properl y on a plastic car or boat without
provid ing a good ground. The unit also provides a DC ground
for your antenna, wh ich reduces static buildup .
For more information, co ntact Martronics , 4820 Deer Creek
Way , Paso Robles, CA 93 446 (1-805-239-1932; e-mail :
<[email protected]> ; on the web: -chttp v/martrcnics.
org» . Check out the Martronics website, which also includes
information on David's line of discon e antennas and antenna accessories.
Heavy Duty Fiberglas s Teles copic Pole s from The Mast
Company. Henry Pollock, K4TMC's The Mast Company has
announ ced new 32 Ft. Heavy Duty Fiberglass Telescopic
Poles, suitable for supporting vertical wire antennas and lightweig ht dipo le arrays. The dark-green poles (photo E) are
especially suitable for use in anten na -restricted neighbo rhoods where the green color will blend with ba ckg round veg etation . The poles are very strong, with a heavy-duty, stiff,
large-diameter (5/16 inch ) top section.
The 32-ft. poles are constructed of ten sections with wall
thickness of ' /16 inch , collapsing to 46 inc hes for easy storage and transportation; the outside diameter (0 0) of the
base section is 17/8 inc hes. Other telescopic pole sizes (19
to 28 tt.) also are available, and so me can be stacked to
reach over 40 ft.
Introductory pricing of the 32-ft . poles is $ 115, shipped anywhere in the co ntinental U.S., and inc luding appl ication notes.
You can extend the height of the poles to 38 ft. by stacking
one of the 10-ft. red poles ($ 15) over the top.
The co mpany continue s to offer its line of military-surplus
stackable alum inum mast sections, along with new accessories that make the installation process easier. For more
information, co ntact The Mast Compa ny, P.O. Box 1932,
Raleigh NC 27602 (e-mail: <[email protected]> ; on the web:
<http://www.TMastCo.com> ).
OX Engineering RRB-HO Remote Antenna Sw itching
System. The folks at DX Engineering b ill themselves as
"your source for complete antennas and professional-grade
antenna parts." Along this line, they recently de veloped the
handy RR8-HD Remote Antenna Switching System (photo
F), wh ich lets users se lect multiple port s for stackin g an d
pha sing applications.

Photo 0- The ZM-1 Mobile Antenna Autotra nsformer, when
used with your mobile center- or base-loaded antenna from
80 to 12 meters, will aid in matching your transmitter to the
antenna. See the column text for details. (Pho to courtesy
Martronics)

January 2005 .

CO • 73

------------------------------~ - - - - _ . -

L

.

Photo E- The Mast Company offers new 32 Ft. Heavy Duty

Fiberglass Telescopic Poles for supporting vertical wire
antennas and lightweight dipole etreys. The poles are suit·

able for use in restricted neighborhoods where the green
color will blend with background vegetation. (Photo courtesy
The Mast Co.)

Photo F- DX Engineering 's new RR8-HD Remote Antenna
Switching System features a plug-in control line connector
that eliminates the need to disassemble the unit on the tower.
The RRB-HD also offers built-in lightning protection. See the
column for more details. (Photo courtesy OX Engineen'ng)

OX Engineering's AAB·HD features a plug-in control line
connector that conveniently eliminates the need to disassemble the unit on the tower. Users can select a single port,
or multiple ports for antenna stacking and phasing appucations. They also can designate unused ports to be open or
grounded .
The RR8-HO oHers built-in lightning protection and unterminated port-to-port isolation more than 70 dB at 30 MHz,
said to be significantly better than the nearest competitor .
Rated at over 2 KW CCS RTTY, the unit features sealed 20amp relays, an aluminum enclosu re with stainless-steel hardware, and silver and Teflon® UHF connectors.
The RR8-HD allows the use of inexpensive control cable
and includes a 12-volt control console , the CC-S. The control console includes ther mal, autom atically resetting fuses
that never need to be replaced , adj us table LED br ightness,
and a solderless connecto r on th e back panel for easy
ins tallation and portability. The CC-8 is pow ered by 120 or
240 VAC with outputs of 12 V DC at 1.5 amp or 24 VDC at
0.75 amp. Th e price is $249 .95 for the pair (also available
separately) .
Con tact OX Engineering. P.O . Bo x 1491 . Akron, OH 44309
(telephone 1-600-777-0703 ; e-mail : <dxengineering@
dxenqineertnq .com»: and on the web: <http ://www.
dxenqineerinq.ccms).
Comet CMX· 1 Remote Cross Needle PWRNSWR
Meter. NCG Company , Inc.™ specializes in the export and
import of communications products and various specialty
items, not only for the amateur market, but also products for
land mobile and Wi -Fi use . NCG is the distributor for several Japanese-based product lines and companies, including
Comet, Maldol, Daiwa. and others.
A "back by popular demand- product is the Comet CMX-1
Remote Cross Needle PWRNSW R Meter (photo G).
According to NCG Company's Mick Stwertnik, KB6JVT, the
meter was available many years ago but sales were slow. so
it was discontinued . Right after Comet stopped production,
many HFt6-meter mobile radios were introduced. Recently,
NCG began getting requests for the CMX-l, so Comet started up the production line again to meet this demand.
74 • CO • January 2005

You can use the CMX-l as a bench or mobile meter. An
included 6-ft. cable separates the RF sensor and meter so
the illuminated, color meter face can be positioned anywhere
it is conveniently viewed. The cross-needle funct ion displays
forward power, reflected power, and VSWR simultaneously.
The CMX -1 display is extremely bright, and the meter can
be placed within easy view, making it safe to use while mobile.
The CMX·1 covers 1.8-60 MHz and has ranges of 30 watts,
300 watts , and 2 KW; input loss of less than 0.2 dB ; minimum power for SWR measurement of approximate ly 6 watts:
50-239 coax connectors ; and a lighted face. A 10-ft. optional cable extension is avai lable , making the total cable exte nsion almost 16 ft.
MSA P is $ 184.95: the units are avai lable at all Co me t
antenna dealers. For more information, contact NCG Co mpany, tnc., 1275 North Grove St., Anaheim , CA 92606-2114
(1 -600-962-26 11 : e-mail : esajesgcnatcc mmc rouo.ccn»: on
the web : <http://www.cometan tenna.com>).

Software and Computers
New EZNEC Versions from W7EL. EZNEC 4.0 and
EZNEC+ 4 .0 are powerful but easy-to- use prog rams for modeling and analyzing nearly any kind of antenna in its actual
operating envi ronment (see fig. 1). EZN EC plots azimuth and
elevation patterns; tells you gain, feedpoint impedance,
SWR, and current distribution; finds and reports beamwidth.
3-dB pattern points. FIB ratio. takeoff angle. and sidelcbe
characteristics; and more.
All information, including patterns, can be displayed on
screen or printed. Also, EZNEC is user-friendly, with its menu
struct ure. spreadsheet-like entry. and many shortcut fea ture s. You describe the antenna as a group of straight conductors, choosing the orientation,length, and diameter. You
add sources at the leedpoints and. if desired. transmission
lines, a realistic ground. and loads to simulate loading coils.
traps, or similar components. Using this description method.
you can quickly analyze Yagis. quads. phased arrays. lowers,loops--nearly any type of antenna or parasitic structure.
EZNEC features an innovative 3-0 pattern display that
Visit OUr Web Site

AOR U.S.A.. Inc.
20655 S. Western Ave., Suite 112, Torrance, CA 90S01 , USA

Tel: )10-787-8615 Fax; 310-787-8619

.,....,.. ,....

infoOaorusa .com httpJJwww.aorusa.com

Authority On Radio

s,w+ ' 4~.dIMft""'IIIla ••"'5""

Photo G- The Comet CMX-' Remote Cross Needle PWRNSWR Meter. offered
by NCG Company. canbeused as a bench or mobile meter. Thedisplay is extremely bright. and the unit can be placed within easy view, making it sale to use while
operating mobile. (Photo courtesy Ne G Company)
allows you to highlight any azimuth or
elevation "slice" and directly read the
gain at any angle with a fully positionable cursor, or immediately switch to a
2-D display lor more detail. It is easy to
use, while taking full advantage of the
powerful. versatile NEC-2 calculating
engine . EZN EC is menu driven; an
entries and changes are done directly
and quickly. Wire. source , load, transmission -tine, and ground entries are
done in a spreadsheet-like format.
Many shortcuts are built in, and other
features are included-loo many to
describe here.
EZNEC. is lor the advanced experimenter. It has the same friendly interface
as EZNEC, and lour additional features:
(1) 1500 segments vs. 500 for the standard program, allowing very com plex
ante nnas to be analyzed ; (2) circularpolarization tar-field analysis in addition
to the linear-polarization capability 01the
standard program ; (3) double-precision
calculating engine in addition to the standard mixed-precision engi ne ; and (4)
easy importation 01 wire coordinates
(GW hnes) from NEC-format files.
Both programs are available by direct
web download , or they may be ordered
on CD- RO M, either on the web or by
mail; check the website for pricing and
delivery options. Contact Roy Lewallen.
W7EL , P.O . Bo x 6658 , Beaverton. OR
97007 (503-646-2885: e-mail : <w7el@
eznec.com>: on the web : <http://www.
eznec.com» . The website offers a free
EZNEC 4.0 demo version; check it out!
New Awards Tracking Software
from N4YB. James L. Gatlin, N4YB,
developed an ambitious awards tracking
software package for the popular Japanese Century Cities (JCC) and Japanese Century Guns (JCG) awards. The
new program , dubbed "Awards JCC,
JCG- allows radio amateurs to keep
track of their contacts towards the Japan

78 .

CO • January 2005

Amateur Radio League (JARL) sponsored JCC and JCG awards. The program is written in Visual Basic and works
quite well in keeping database records
of the contacts lor these two awards.
You're able 10 view and print reports
on the various levels 01 the awards, as
well as keep a total check of worked and
confirmed contacts (at this time, the program does not provide for endorsements). Bands covered are the HF
bands plus 6 meters .
James says that , if there is sufficient
inte rest in making the program handle
all the various forms of these awards,
he w ill modify the prog ram late r to
include the areas of interest. When such

changes and other program updates
are made, they w ill be sent to registered
owners at no cost if their registration
date is less than a year old, and at only
a small charge for others.
The program cost is U.S. $10.00 plus
shipping ($3 inside the U.S. and $4 elsewhere). payment by check or money
order, with update policy as noted
above. James says the program will be
sent on CD packed in a case. sent by
regular mail unless there is a special
request for other shi pping methods. He
asks you to include you r e-mau address
(to receive program updates) and callsign (which is used within the program).
James expects that he will offer software for other awards in the future. For
more information, contact James L.
Gatlin , N4Y B, 10700 U _S _ Hwy_ 301
South, Benson. NC 27504 (9 19- 8943484 ; e-mail : <[email protected]).

From the Bookshelf
Cl assic WB511R An tenn a Book Newly
Reprinted. The late John M. Haerle,
WB5lfR, was highly respected for his
straightforward , on-the-mark approach
to antennas lor the amateur radio commun ity. Especially popular was his nononsense antenna book, The Easy
Way : HF Antenna Systems, first published in 1984 . Now , Worldradio Books
has reprinted John's timeless book as
a second edi tion.

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Fig. 1- EZNEC 4.0 and EZNEC+ 4.0 are full-fea tured, 32-bit WindoWS@) appIications--powerlul but vel)' easy-to-use programs for modeling and analyzing
nearly any kind of antenna. The two programs are similar. with EZNEC+4.0 offering added features . See the column for details_(Graphic from the WlEL website)

Visit OUr Web Site

The 96-page, large-format HF antenna compendium is said to be a learning
experience in itself, covering as it does
a wide variety of HF antenn a topics.
Major book sections include those on
antenna fundamentals ; basic antennas
(such as the dipole, Zepp, G5RV,
Windom , and coaxial dipole) ; some
"special" antennas (slopers, DDRRs,
Beverages, and folded unipcles): various beam antennas (incl uding the
W8JK , Vagi, and two-element quad);
and even specialized antennas and preamps for 160 meters.
TheWB511R book is priced at$ 12 plus
$2 slh. For more information, contact
Worldradio Books, P.O. Box 189490,
Sacramento, CA 958 18 (9 16-4573655; <httpl /www.wr6wr.com» .
NRC Antenna Referen ce Manual
Volume 3. Your column editor frequently is surprised by the number of
licensed radio amateu rs (including
myself) who also are listeners to DX
mediumwave (MW) broadcasts. Supporting these listeners is The National
Radio Club (NRC). Since 1933 an
association of MW listeners and radio
hobbyists, the club offers an online catalog of MW -related publications at
<http://www.nrcdxas.orq>.
One of NRC's premier publications is

the Antenna Reference Manual Volume
3, a comprehensive boo k about MW
receiving ante nnas, coordinated and
edited by Wayne Heinen, NOPaH .
Volume 3 contain s articles on experiments and test results conducted by
members over the past five years. A
variety of well-designed whip, loop, and
longwire receiving antennas are described in the book.
According to NRC Promotions Director John Bowker, WA2WEN, the 123page, large-format volume should be of
special interest to apartment dwellers
needing relief from electrical noise ,
while being restrained by rental
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neighbors. The well-organized Antenna Reference Manual Volume 3 is written in a tone designed to hold one 's
attention. The volume is $16.95 postpaid in the U.S. to nonmembers.
NRC also has announced The AM
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edited by Wayne Heinen, WOPOH, and
Joan Heinen, KBOYRX, contains 294
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The new book's cost is $25.95 postpaid
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payable to the National Radio Club , Inc.

Wrap-Up
That's all for this time , gang. Next time,
more "What's New." See you then.
Overheard: Are you a 't hinker" or a
"doer"? Guess you can be both. Just
remember that thought is a guide to
action, but not a substitute for it.
73, Karl, WBFX
Note : Listings in ~Wha t"s New" are not
p roduct revie ws and do not constitute a
product endorsement by CO or the column editor. Information in this column is
primarily pro vided by manufacturers/vendors and has not necessarily been independently verified. The purpose of this
column is to inform readers about new
p roducts in the marketplace. We encourage you to do additional research on products of interest to you.

~

mo.1er

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January 2005 • c a

• 79

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•,

Record-Setting Aurora

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~w
o-,

10

T

hose faithful VHF+ operators who happened

to be on the air on Sunday afternoon Novem-

ber 7th were treated to aurora on both 6 and
2 meters. What follow s are reports gleaned from
the W6YX VHF reflector, the ARRL Letter. and
reports sent directly to me.
Paul Ke lley, N1 BU G, reported the following via
the VHF Reflector:
What can I say except-Wow! Nothing gets me fired
up like a good aurora!
.,
.
My radio aurora report is below, and 115 not hing spe-

cial. But I gal my excitement from watching the space
weather data. This was one severe geomagnetic storm!
Solar wind shocks arrived at ACE near 7 Nov 0220 UT

Jan. 2
Jan. 3
Jan. 4
Jan. 9
Jan. 10
Jan . 10
J an. 16
J an. 17
Jan. 22-24
Jan. 23
Jan . 25
Jan. 30

VHF Plus C alendar
Moderate EME conditions .
l ast Q uarter Moon.
Quadran/ids Meteo r Showe r Peak.
Very poor EME conditio ns.
New Moon.
Moon Perigee .
Moderate EME conditio ns.
First Quarter Moon.
AA Al VHF Sweepstakes contest.
See tex t lor details.
Moon Apogee . Poor EME co ndi tio ns.
Full Moon.
Moderate EME co nditio ns.
- EME conditions courtesy W5LUU,

and 7 Nov 1020 UT, but did not spark a sl rong geomagnetic d isturbance. Magnet ic fields within these disturbances were fairly weak and mostly oriented northward. Around 1800 UT a much more impressive shock
arrived , Following this one the magnetic field became
very strong, exceeding 60 nT at times. Stro ng geomagnetic sto rmi ng commenced after 2000 UT, and became
very severe several hours later w hen Bz went ve ry
stron gly southward , For ma ny hours it ranged between
-40 and - 50 nT, at times peaking even more. This was
tru ly a rare storm.
Yet another d isturbance arrived shortl y after 0400 UT
November 8, this one with weaker magnetic component.
T his produced something th is observer has never seen
before : Inste ad of throwing the IMF vectors into a frenzy (as often happens in the initial hours afte r a shock
passage), the Bz remained stable and southwa rd, only
less stro ngly so.
Radio aurora was "O K~ to good during much of the
2030Z to 0700Z period. The aurora wa s still going strong
when I went to bed, but I just couldn't keep going any
lon ger. O nce again I believe I may have been a bit too
far north to take full advantage of it. I say this for several reasons. I was not hearing or working anything like
w hat those a bit farther south were. Signals were generally on the weak side and at l imes comple tely disappea red . When the far southern stations reported they had
lost the aurora, it got better here. And when the IMF Bz
co mponent finally eased up a bit (beca me less southward), the aurora intensified greatly for me.
T his w as not an event for long-distance contacts from
my ce ntral MaineJFN55 location. I struggled to work stations at 900 miles in this one ! Only once d id I hear the
"EN34 beaco n.' Terry , WOVB, and that was the most distan t station heard during the entire event. BUl l d id have
fun, concentrating on 222 and theref ore missing a lot of
potential contacts on 144 . A 144 MHz contact w~th K0SM,
FN1 3ed is worthy of note . Andy reports run ning a true
Q RP setup , but I wouldn't have known i~ he d idn't tell m~!
His sig nal was remarkably strong for his workl ~g conditio ns. This occurred we ll after the last shock arrival w hen
the aurora was retreating somewhat northward--and this
is when signals were best at my location.
The next day Paul re po rted the foll owing :
This event wa s perfect timing for me, The arrival of a
strong shock in the afternoon hours followed by southwa rd Bz ju st in time for the natu ral late afternoon peak
for auroral backscatter. Aurora came up fast , and suda-mail: [email protected]>

80 • CO

• January 2005

denly 2 meters filled with strong buzz signals. Worked
as far sou th as EM66 .
Then WB 2SIH asked me to QSY to 222 at the perfect
time! TNX ! Worked him, then K8WW EN81 , then VE 1M A
(on SSB!), then K4Al EM66 (new state!l! and. I think, my
best 222 aurora DX yet. at11 10 mites!). Wow. what fun!
I alternated back and forth between 2 and 222 for a
wh ile, working a few more on each band . W8GG EM88
on 2 meters was a nice one; from my perspective tha t's
a rare grid (it may even be a new one for me , but I'd have
to check).
It was to be short lived. however. Bz we nt very strong ly northward around 2030Z , and by 2 130 the aurora was
pretty much gone,
T he following is f ro m Dana Shtun , VE3DSS, a s
it appears in h is "S ix Metres a nd Down " c o lu m n in
t he January/February 2005 issue o f The Canadian
Amateur magazine :
Well the bands sprung open on aurora on Sunday
atternc on November 7, staying open until the wee hours
of the morning , and opened again on aurora on
November 9 and 10 ! Your editor got on and had a ton of
fun working 144 MHz aurora. as did numerous other
Canadians from coast to coast !
50 MHz: During the auroral openings of November
7-9, the guys at the lower latitudes we re having much
fun, w ith Hawaii being worked from F'cnda. and .n umerous co ntac ts into l U, CX , OA, FY from KH 6 stanons. In
Europe there we re reports of stron g N/S propagation w ith
5B4 Fl working into ST2 and elsewhere in Africa. So as
you can see, eve n w ithout the ,solar max, dist.u rba nces
can stimulate HF-like propaqanon at 50 MHz via TE and
E-skip propagation. 50 there really is no time when 6
meters is really truly ' dead"!
144 MHz: November 7 brought a huge auroral opening , and many Canadians got in on the action on 144
MH z. Checking the band at 2225 UT C found strong auroral signals from the east coast with N7BV.!1 poundin q in
at 20 over S9 in Toronto on 50 MHz ; qUick Q SOs WIth
K3KYA (FN24 ) and VE2XK (FN07); and we QSYed, to
144 MHz and found WOVB Terry in Minnesota pounding
in w ith his usual 60 over S9 signal! T his was followed by
K9EA EN 71 , NJOU (EN7 1), W 04Y (EM66), K4XA
(EM64) in Alabama!
Then throug h the D A M cam e a call from a K5! A quick
DAZ and K5SW Sam in Oklahoma (EM25) was ca lling
w ith a 55A report at 00 15 UTC. That Q50was the long est
lor me that night and the farthest south at 1600 km. The
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82 • CO • January 2005

next con tact was with W04V in Tennessee
(EM66), then N80B (EM63), KN4 SM
(FM16), N9XG (EN60). KOKP (EN36) in
Iowa, KOCJ (EN34 ), VE3CVG (FN25). N91W
(EN65), K8PT (EN66l, and K8GU N FM09 at
0249 UTC . Then the aurora started 10 fade,
as did your ed itor, SO I called it a night.
November 10 brought more aurora. with
N9XG (EN60) pounding in at 59A. W8AAX
(EN72) . N81R (EN71), KAOPQW {EN33l ,
WOI ? (ENS9 ), W9ZIH (ENS1), KOPB
(EM39) , K80M (EN42). and KODAS (EN42) .
who was the last contact of the evening at
0301 UTC. The following morning the aurora was still go ing , and VE3SPW Peter in
FN04 was worked, along with KO AWU (EN
37) at 121 4 UTC and KOKP in EN36 at 1220
UTC, Signals were stilt in and out during the
morning, but alas I had to head off to the
office. I spent considerable time looking for
W 1IPU7 in Wyoming ...but no tuck this lime.
The auroral openings continued on N0vember 11 , after another X-dass flare was
observed late on the 10th. VE2XK reported
K1SIX in FN43 pounding into FN07 around
015S UTC on the 12th. If you have never
heard an aurora signal you haven't lived !

Art Seto, K H6SX, reports on his weesite (hnp:llhome,hawa ii.rr.comlkh6sxl)
that on Novembe r 8 he com pleted the
first known aurora asOs in Hawaii wit h
the following stations on 6 meters via
AU/AU. AU/AU-E : K7J A, W6YM,
WA6KLK, JA2DDN, KE7V, JIWHZ.
JLl IHE, KG61, JR90PJ, K7CW, KE7V,
N7E PD, JG3LEB, JE4 WOK, KL7FZ,
W7EW, and K7AD.
Sam Whitley. K5SW, reported the
following on 2 meters: "At 2340 UTC it
happened for me , First signal was
W l IPI.J7, WY, DN62. By 2344 UTC I
had worked K2TXB, FM29. NJ, I proceeded to work EN 12 in IA. VE30SS.
FN03, ONT, EN33, and EN34 in MN ,
EN53 in WI , plus a lot of closer-in gr ids.
If the UT and 10 stations that showed
up later in opening had been there by
0000 UTe on 11/8 I feel I coul d have
wo rked them . The AU had al ready
pulled back north and I had no chance
lor them . The last signal was hea rd
abo ut 0330 UTC:
The following is from Tad Coo k ,
K7RA . via the ARRL Letter:
Chip Margelli, K7JA. sent an interesting
note concerning HF conditions at the end of
the ARRL November Sweepstakes (CW)
last weekend followed by a lot 01 excitement
on 6 meters. He said that some signals on
15 meters had a distinct auroral flutter, but
others were completely "utter-free and qUIte
loud. About 50 percent of the stations east
01 his southem California location had an
auroral characteristic. Here's the rest of his

acoount
-About 054 5 UTC November 8 (late
Sunday night in California), KH6SX report ed on the 50 MHz Propagation Logget" that
he was hearing the K6FV beacon on 6

meters. I quickly rotated my beam in his
direction, and with one call i had him in the
log . His signal was full 01 rapid aurora flut·
ter. which is astounding for a path 10 Hawaii!
"The opening the n moved westward. with
W6VM , WA6KLK, KGBI , and others in north ern California working him . It progressed to
the Northwest, where N7EPD. KE7V. K7SS,
and undoubtedly more logged him. Then farther west to KL7 FZ in BP51! And then
JA2DDN and a host 01 other JAs were
worked by KH6SX!
"From here in southern California, the signal characteristics suggest some odd auroral-E to AU link. It's hard to imagine a "normal- E opening with such a wide distribution,
and the westward progression suggests an
enhancement ahead of the heliopause. But
I think the book may need some rewriting on
this one, and the exact mechanics are a bit
of a mystery to me . I bet an inspection of the
solar wind velocity plots after 0500 UTC
would make interesting reading .
"No easterty propagation was observed.
to my knowledge, from southern California
prior to the KH6 event. If this really was an
aurora event worked from Hawaii. this may
be a 'first,' and KH6SX is to be congratulated for being so on the ban!"

Tad con tinues :
K7SS here in Seattle related moments of
sheer joy on 6 meters. ARRL Sales and
Marketing Manager Dennis Motsche nbacher, K7BV, in Con necticut bagged his
50th state on 50 MHz when he worked Kevin
Forster, NL7Z, in Wasilla , Alaska via aurora .

Dave Bernhardt. N7DB , reports the
following :
We ll, finally the shockwave that many 0 1
us were antici pating hit Sunday , I have been
on the air for many AU events ove r the years.
The Novembe r 7-8, 2004 AU was probably
distinguis hed by its le ngt h, First AU was
notice here at 2325 UTC and ran continuously on 2 meters until 032 1 UTC. Conditions fizzled some at that point. but came
back later with other interesting variations. 1
was not able to get on 6 to catch the fun
there. but I noted the transcontinental AU-E
arou nd 0500 UTC , plus the linkup that a
number of stations had to KH6SX later in the
evening. I have heard reports of some 222
and 432 AU activity, but not as strong as
some of the other historic big AU events.
After all , we are getting close to the end of
Cycle 23! Another interesting note was to
see the planetary K-index of 9 for three
straight reporting periods.
Here is what was worked on 2 meters plus
heard on 6 meters : W7IUV 55A 23442 :
K7XC 52A 00032 ; K7GS 56A 00 142 ;
WASKLK CM89 52A 00182; VE7DXG 57A
00482; N7EPD 55A 00542 ; N7SC CN82
55A 01002; WA7ADK DN31 53A 0 1022 ;
KU72 DN41 52A 01 032; K71CW DM26 52A
01132; W7G LF 55A 01202; W7MQV CN82
52A 01242; K7CW 55A 01352; W7V02 55A
0201Z ; WA7SKT 55A 02192; NT6K CN91
52A 0229Z; KB7DQH 53A 0240Z; AA7CQ
51A 0254Z; K6AAW CNBO 52A 03082;
WA6KLK again 55A 0315Z; VE 7DAV C070
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55A 0444Z ; WA7GSK DN 13 53A 0454Z ;
and W7 FKl 52A 0504Z . T hese con tacts
were made with a TS-700A + 60 W to an 11element up 17 feet. Other interesting signals
heard : 2M-KA7 BG R/b 5 1A (CN82) and
KJ6KOfb 52A (CM88) both at 0 127Z. I heard
W 11Pl at 0 144Z , but no con tact.
On 6 meters I heard the fo llow ing :
KA7BGRib (yes, the a-meter beacon) 41A,
K6FV/b 5 1A, NOUDfb 41 9, and WA7X!b41A
at 0 156Z . Heard the WA7X!b again at 0500
UTC, along with W0AMY (EN34) via AU-E.
Missed hearing the transcontinental AU -E
stations on 6, which happened rig ht about
this lime. W0RU (CN85) told me this morning that he worked into CT via the AU-E on
6. WA7GCS (CN85) wa s on when KH6SX
made it up into the PNW around 0600 UTC.

Jeff Klein, KHEO, reported the following : uWas on for awhile last night on
2-meter aurora. Most of my operating
wa s in bits and pieces between 2300Z
and 0200Z. Did check 222 but only
heard relatively local sigs. On 2 meters
worked as far south as AL and TN . To
the west worked MO, lA , and MN. Lots
of stuff in between with about 35 a sos
in all. Signals we re quite good with moderate activity.~
Pete Heins, N6ZE, reported the following fro m the cockpit of his commercial airliner wh ile flying on Sunday night:
"Huqe Visual Aurora (Northern Lights)
obs erved trom 37,000 ft . tro m over
Rockies (Denver, DM58) to New York
City, FN20. Continual displays from
heading 300 degrees to 060 degrees.
Occasional pulsing up to 50 degrees
above horizon.~

European 2·Meter
Fall Sporadic-E
On the heels of the North Ame rican
aurora propagation came hours of sporadic- E propagation across parts of
Europe. What tollows are reports from
the Udo Langenohl , DK5YA , website
(htt p ://www .vh fd x.de/e s_ su mm ary_
04_no vember_ 10.htm).
Udo comme nts: "November 1O? Are
you kidding ? No ! Yes, it' s true and
thanks to that huge geom agnetic disturban ce that lasted for several days.
Seems that the ionosphere wa s loaded
with electrons, causing a sudden and
extremely rare Novem ber 144 Es opening in the late afternoon today, wh ile
there was still aurora in the north, amazing. I was trying hard to find anything
like that happening before but I didn't.
Yes, we had several auroral E's before
in the north but never something like
that in the south. This was a sporadicE event, not aurcral-E"
From DH4FAJ , JN4gex : " On 1Oth of
November I listen wi th IC-821 on
144 .070 on aurora signals at 17.00
UTC. Then I turned on the FT-857d on
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Ja nuary 2005 • CO • 83

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144.300 to listen for some Au signals in
SSB. 17:20 some signal on 144.300
very loud. I couldn't believe that I am
hearing SV2DCD with 59+ . Two calls
and the aso is complete! Very su rprised about Es in November! 17 :20
SV2DCD KNOONF 1470.9Km."
From DF6NA, JN49xs : "17:15
SV3GKE KM08vf 59 59 ."
From Thomas, DFBKK , J030nv:
"17:03 SV3G KE KM08VF 59 59
18 18km; 17:15 SV2DCD KNOONF 59
59 1604km . At 17:00 . I thought I'm
dreaming. Listen once, listen twice. My
FT817 pick ed a SV callsign on 144.300.
First I answered on SV3GKE c a on ly
with 5 watts wh ile the PA was starting.
He answered after my first call, and after
that my 100 watts were ready. I turned
my Flexay agi FX224 but no more station s. Ot hers answered 'GKE' when
suddenly ' DC D' ca me up . He also
answered in the first time on my call. His
sigs faded, but it was no problems to
work him. That was all , but ve ry funny
and big surprise . My a TH is only 70 m
over ground plu s 12 m antenna height
for the 11 elem ents. Only the 144 .300
was used, so there was a double-pileup with the se two Greek stations it
so unds to me. Is the sporadic-Eseason
now closed? I'll listen to my radio."
From Dl1 GGT, JN5 Bao: "1707
SV3GKE KM08VF
59/59 ; 171 9
SV2DCD KNOONF 59/59 ; th ey have
been here 59 for half an hour with deep
a SB . Very nice Es in November."
From DL31AS, JN4gej : "17 14
SV2DCD 5359 KNOONF. Unbelievable,
sporadic-F after we have got the first
snow here ! I also heard a second station (SV3) from KM08 at the sa me time
on 144.300. Rig : IC -735/LT 2S with
BF981 , 20 watt and 10 ele. DK7ZB."
From DLBEBW, J031nf: "17 15
SV2DCD KNOONF 57 59 2 m. SSB 1630
km ; 17:22 SV3GKE KM08VF 55 59 2
m. SSB 1845 km."
From Tim, G4LOH, I070jc: "I missed
the Es here but looks like it didn 't reach
me anyway. The map clearly shows a
sporadic-E (Es) opening not auroral -E
(Au-E) (sometimes inco rrectly referred
to as au roral-E) . The 6/1 1/20 00 event
wh ich also happened in a big p roton
event aurora was also Es and not AuE. (I worked RA3AET at 250 0 km in this
ope ning and would love to claim it as a
record for Au -Ebut it was Es!) AuroralE so unds different and ha s a wide
reflection area , for instance. on 18/6/03
I worked TF/G 40DA from 1094
(1400km) he was 59 on s s e . He was
heard at exactly the same time in J033
and 10 80; the signal lasted over an hour
and did not have the rapid fad ing of Es."

From G4RGK,I091on: "At 1710 tuning around the band I found an LZ on
around 144.295 very weak couldn't fig ure out the call. Didn't hear any sign of
the SV's here in 1091. Seem to remember another Es opening October or
November, years ago straight after a big
aurora . Station : 17el, 8930 amp,
MGF1302 preamp."
From Reg, GBVHI, I092fm: "1 have
always said that Au will not stop Es and
I now think I am right. Many say there
will not be sporadic- E when we have an
Au ; maybe now they will have to think
again! I missed it here - QRl, hi."
From Ben, HB9SJV, JN36bk :
"LZ 1ZP KN22id 1650 QSO on 50 MHz;
1714 QSO on 144 MHz. 100W + l1 y
1000 m asl."
From Gaetano, IW2NOR, JN450n :
"Only two a sos via Es in midNovember wow ! 17.1 3 l Z l Z P 57/59
kn22id 1297 km : 17.15 LZ1GC 58/5 9
kn21 1400 km . Rig : Kenwood TS2000
+ 'enough power'; ant: 2X1 7 F9FT @
40mAGL."
From IBMPO, JN70fp : "17: 13Z heard
DJ5BV ca lling somebody on 144.300 via
Esfor less than one minute. To my experience this was genu ine sporadic- E and
not meteor scatter. Quite amazing th is
time of the year but the proton s co nnected with the big Au going on since
days up north evidently are the key to
this very unusual occurrence . Ju st too
bad I couldn't take advantage of it."
From Georg e, LZ1ZP, KN22id: "I
have never worked suc h late Es on 144
MHz ! Everything started here around
15.45 when I heard first signals on 50
MHz. Then, very quickly Eson 6 meters
covered huge area from 4 X to G. Some
stations were coming on 59 +60 dB and
some short distance con ta cts were
made with 9A (abt 700 km ). At 16.53 I
worked HB9SJV and discu ssed with
him (with a joke) about the possibility to
work on 144 MHz. Around 16.55 I
checked FM BC band . W hat a surp rise;
band was full w ith Italian stations up to
108 MHz. Even more it was a mixture
of sounds (one upo n another) like during fast rising MUF ! Then , 17.10
IW2 NOR heard him for the first time .
17.1 3 HB9 SJ V 59/59 JN36 ; 17.14
IW2NOR 59/57 JN45; 17.24 F1DLT
59/52 JN 27. That's it. Nice job at the
start of the wi nter! Rig here : 100W 11 ele.DJ9BV."
From Johannes , OE3JPC, JNB7ew :
"I remember a similar ope ning late in the
year some 3 or 4 years ago. While there
was aurora in northern Europe we made
lots of Es QSOs to central SM. At the
same time the re was some FAI when I
heard RX 1AS with typical FAHone."

8 0 0 - 2 4 4 · 4 56 7 • 402·346 ·4750

84 • CO • J a n ua ry 2005

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From Jus sl, OH5LK, KP30on : "l disagree with the statement that there has
never before been a similar sporadic- E
opening. O n 6th November 200 1 (or
was it 2000?) we had a 144 MH z sporadic-E opening in the evening. The
tone was typical Es and the signal
strength was typical Es (I worked for
e xample an LX station that was using a
ground plane). The reason why I can
distinguish it from an auroral-E opening
is that there was only a single reflection
point. Meaning that at the same time
that I was working into OL, a station 200
km east from me (St. Petersburg) was
working stations 200 km far away to the
we st, into PA. In an auroral-E opening
there is always a larger reflection area ,
meaning that by beam ing to slightly different direct ions I can work stations
from different geographical areas at any
given time.
"l feel sorry that many operators have
reported this 6th November opening as
an auroral -E opening. For example,
many OOX on auroral-E mode in various
lists have been made in a sporadic-E
opening on this opening on 6th November."
From Chris, PA2CHR , J022xa:

"1714 SV20 CO KMOONF 55 59 144.300;
1718 SV3GKE KM08VF 55 59 144.300.
Very unusual Es in November."
From PA30ZL, J021hm : ~ 17 . 1 9
SV2DCD 59/59 KNOONF ; very surprised to work Es in November ! Rig :
4x17-ele and 100W."
From PA3FPQ, J022 xe : u17:2 1
SV3GKE KMOBVF 59 bot h ways. Heard
SV2 0C D during heat up of the po we r
amp."
From Allard, PEl NWL, owner of OXRobot : "The Es opening we had yeste rday was ind eed surprising! Unfortu nately I had alrea dy disabled the
DXrobot Eswarn ing syste m for the winter per iod. Pity ."
From Leo, SV20CO , KNOOn':
' Thanks to ev eryone for the 35 unexpected EsOSOs during the 10-11-2004
spo rad ic-Eo The signals were very
strong from DL, PA. and ON. Although
I had a report from a G station, I didn't
work anyone. Also a couple of F sta tions call ed me but I did not work them.
My antennashere 2x l1 -el F9FT and PA
300W:

Current Contest
The ARR L VHF Sweepstakes is scheduled for the weekend of January 22-24.
Complete rules for the ARRL contests
can be found in the QS T issue the
month prior to the contest or the month
prior to the first weekend of contests
www.cq-emetecr-reerc.ccm

extending over tw o or three months.
Complete rules can also be found on the
League's URL: <http://www.arrl.org>.

Current Meteor Shower
January : The Quadrantids, or Quads,
is a brief but very active meteor shower . The expected peak is on 3 January.
The act ual peak can occur three hours
befo re or after the pred icted peak. The
best path s are north-south. Long-duration meteors can be e xpected about one
hour after the predicted peak.

For more information on the above
meteor showe r prediction, see Tomas
Hood, NW7US's "Propagation" column
elsewhere in this issue. Also visit the
International Meteor Organization's
website: <http://www.imo.net> .

And Finally .. .
I have used up my allo cated space for
th is column and then some. Thanks for
keeping me in the loop with your reports.
Until next month...
73 de Joe , N6CL

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Jan uary 2005 • CO • 85

"Peculiar" Conditions
on HF and VHF
et there be peace on earth and good will to
all men as we go into a new year. I trust that
everyone had a happy and safe holiday season and that now we can begin 2005 with hope
for a good year ahead.
We've had a good year for DXing and contesting. The recent CO WW DX SSB Contest was one
for the books. In spite of our position in the solar
cycle, we were blessed wit h outstanding conditions for the higher frequency bands. Those better than expected conditions allowed some rather
unbelievable scores in the contest. Unfortu nately,
those conditions didn't last nearly long enough , as
they changed dramatically just a week later at the
end of the ARAL Sweepstakes on CWo For days
we had extremely poor propagation. Some bands
were virtually "dead" and others exhibited "peculiar" conditions. Huge areas were treated to the
visual effects, with aurora displays being reported far south in the U.S. In my 50 years of ham
radio experience, I don't recall anything to compare with this period of time. The HF bands were
almost useless, but the "Maqic Band." 6 meters,
provided some interesting periods of activity.
Many stations in the U.S. were treated to an opening to Alaska, as well as other areas. Literally
dozens of reports of 6-meter activity outnumbered
HF spots on the packet cluster networks.
Things are slowly getting back to a more normal situation here in early November as I write this
and as we look forward to the ARRL Sweepstakes
on SSB following by the CO WW OX CW Contest
the end of this month. It's doubtful that we will
again see the great conditions we had for the CO
WW 88B Contest, but hopefully they will be at
least better than they were for that week or so earlier in November.

L

OX Special Events
HE3RSI. It's always interesting to hear about and
see antenna systems. On that note, I recently
received from Radio Switzerland International
(RSI) a notice of a special event activity in
Switzerland. For the month of November Swiss
hams operated from a station as HE3RSI. They
operated with 1 KW, but an ERP of nearly 100
KW. lncluded this month are a few pictures of the
antenna system as well as the transmitter used
by RSI. Yes, that name plate does say "500 KW . ~
I heard HE3RSI operating on 40-meter PSK the
weekend of November 13-14 and the signal was
well over S-g here in North Carolina. Iworked them
on 40 CW the next night and again the signal was
very strong.
·P.D. Box ox, Leicester, NC 28748-0249
e-mail: <[email protected]>

86 • c o

• January 2005

The antenna system used by the broadcast station
of Radio Switzerland International.

This is the transmitter used by RSI, and yes, that
nameplate does say 500 K W.

Here's a bit of info on their antenna: It was one
of the largest antennas in the world, with an average gain of 20 dB, 7-30 MHz. It was just over 200
feet high, weighing 135 tons (metric?), and was
fully ro ta table---in 15 minutes. Disassembly of the
station was to begin on December 6.
PC100H . Hopefully this issue of CO will reach
you in time for you to work PC1 00H. Hans,
PA1HR, says:
On 19th December 2004. it is exactly 100 years ago
that the Dutch Coastal Station PCH Scheveningen
Radio was founded. sufficient reason to organize an
event for radio amateurs all over the world! The 75th,
85t h. and 90th anniversaries and the closure of the station on 31st December 1998 were celebrated with the
opportunity to make radio contact with the coastal sta tion. Especially du ring the last days of operation , the
possibility to make cross-frequency con tact with PCH
on maritime frequencies caused tremendous and hourlong pile -ups.

Visit Our Web Site

5 Band WAZ
As of November 1. 2OCl4. 662 I ll tlonl have I ttl lned
the 200 zone level lAd 1414 slallo nl t" lVa analned
the 150 zone level.
_
reclpitonl s 015 Band WAZ with all 200 ec....
c onfl. med:

-

The lop conlMldefi lor 5 Band WAZ (zone. needed.
80 melar s)'
N4WW . t 99 (26)
W411 . 199 (26)
K7UR. 199 (341
WOPG I, 199 (26)
W2YY . 199 (26)
VE7AHA . 199 (341
lK8BOE . 199 (31)
J A.2IVK, 199 (34 on 4Om)
lK 1AOO, 199 (1 )
OF3CB,l99 (l )
GM3YOR.199 (3 1)
V01FB,199 (19 )
KZ4V. 199 (26.
W6D N, 199 (17)
W6SR, 199 (37)
W3NO. 199 (26)
HB9DOZ, 199 (31 )
RU3FM.I99 (1 )
HB9BGV, 199 (3 1j
N3UN,I99 ( 18)
OH2VZ, 199 (31 )
KSMC, 199 (22)
W1 JZ, 199 (24)
W1Fz, 199 (26)
SM7BIP, 199 (31 )
PY5EG, 199 (23)
SP50VP, 199(31 on 40)
WBAEF, 199 (40)
K8RR. 199 (26)
UUSJR,199 (4)
WaGF, 199 (22)
N4NX, 199 (26)

N4MM, 199 (26)
EA7GF,I99 (1 )
N4PO X. 199 (26)
Ol.2KO, 199 (31)
JASIU, 199 (2)
CT30L, 199 (26)
EASBCX, 198 (27 , 39)
G3KOB, 198 (1, 12)
KG9N. 198 ne. 22)
JA 10M,198 (2 .40)
9Ml,l98 (l , 16)
K5PC . 198 (18, 23)
K4CN , 198 (23, 26)
G3KMQ. 198 ( 1. 27)
N2QT . 198 (23 , 24)
OKI OWC, 198 (6, 31)
W4UM . 198 (1 8, 23)
U57MM,l 98 (2, 6)
K211<, 198 (23, 24)
K3JGJ. 198 (24, 26)
W4OC , 198 (24. 26)
N4XR , 198 (22, 27)
RU3DX, 198 (1 ,6)
N6H RI7, 198 (34, 37)
OE2lCM. 198 (1 . 31)
W7SX.I98 (18 . 23)
HA1RW, 198 (1 , 31)
WK3N . 198 (23 . 24)
HA9RT. 198 (1, 3 1)
mXY. 198 (22. 26)
KZ21 . 198 (24 , 26)

SSB
29 17
2918
3144
3 145

ECIARM
K F7RO

2919

29 20

CW

ot<5DBH
1Z3ETU

3146

WA.2BEV
,EA7HY
DS5KJR

CW : 35CI DS5KJR. 2050 VE6BF.
SSB, 400 EC IARM, 550 KF7RO, 750 IlilBNR, 950 EA7HY.
MlltED: 1850 WZ4P. 2200 vE66F.
10 Metar s: PP6CW, W900K
20 Metar s: RmRF
40 Melar s: mBOK
South A fflI'I1 ca : W980KL
Awa . d at b e-lienee Holder. : N4MM. w4CRW . KSUR.
K2VV. VE3XN, Ol.I MD. MCX. Ol.3RK. WB45LJ, OL7M .
ON4OX. 9A.2M, OK3EA. OK1MP, N4NO. ZL3GQ, W4BQY .
I{JJX. WA 1J MP K(}JN, WWO. KF20. W6CNL. WIJR. F9RM.
WSUR. CTl FL, WA4OMQ . W8ILC, VE7Df'. K9BG. WI CU.
G4BUE. N3EO, LU3Yl/W4, NN4Q. KA3A, VE7WJ, VE7IG.
N2AC. mNUF, N4NX. SM[JDJZ. DKSAD. WD9 I1C, W3ARK.
LA7JO. VK4SS. 18Y AK. SMOAJU, N5TV, W60Ul . AB[JP.
fI.l5WO.I2OMK , SM6CST. VE 1NG. l l JQJ, PY2DeU. HUllC.
KASW. K3UA, HAaXX . K7W . SM3EVA. K2SHZ. UP1BZZ.
EA7CH . K2POF , OJ4XA , IT9TOH, ONL·4003, WSAWT.
«eec . H89CSA. F68 VB. YU7SF. DF1SD, K7CU. 11PO.
K9lNJ, VB"TK. K90FR. 9A2NA, W4UW. NXElI , WB4RUA.
16ooE, Il EEW. IBRFD. I3CRW. VE3MC . NE4F. KC8PG,
F1HWB. ZPSJCY. KA5RNH. IV3PVO, CT1YH, ZS6EZ.
KC7EM. ¥U 1AB, W500D, IORIZ, 12I.1ClP. F6HMJ. H890DZ,
WlJULU. K9XR. JAElSU, I5ZJK . 12EOW, IK2MRl. KS4S,
KAlClV , KZ1R, CT4UW , KlJlf L. WT3W, IN3NJB. S5OA,
IK1GPG, M6WJ , W3AP. QE 1E!AN, miL, S53EO. Of7GK,

DXpeditions to Note

The following have qualified lor l he bas ic 5 Band
WAZ Aw ard: none
EndQBefTlt!1>t s:
KX2P ( 185 zones)
K2JG { 171 zones }

The WPX Program

5 MllKRN (170 zones)

"Plea.. nole: Cosl of the 5 Band WAZ Plaque I. $80
($100 11 11.....11 ahlpping la .eq..... ttodj .
RuNts and app/i<:ahDnS lot the WAZ. program may be cetained by sending a la.lI'l SAE WIth two units at postage 0.an add.esslabel and $1.00 to; WAZ. Award Manager, floyd
Gerald. N5fG , 17 G.-. Hollow Ad .. Woggins, MS 395 77.
The prt>09$Sing kl<Ilot the SElWAZ. award is $ 10.00 lot subscr'bers (please indude your mosl recen1 CQ maiMg label
Of a lXIJIII) and $1S,OO lor nonsubsa'ib&rs. An endorsemen1
ree ot $2.00 lot subscrit>efS and $5.00 lor nonsubsc:rit>efS
is charged lot aach additional 10 zones conrinned. Please
make all ched<s payable to f loyd Gerald. Applicants sendIng OSl cards 10 a CO cI>od<poini 0.- the Award Man8(l8<
must indude return postage, N5f G may also be raacl>od
via e-mail; <n5 fg@oQ·amatau...adio.com :>

As a final event, on 18th and 19th
Decem ber 2004, the 100th anniversary 01
the founding of PCH Scheveningen Rad io
will be co mmemorated with a special amateur rad io station. Th is time we will use the
callsign PC100H. Yo u are kindly invited to
make contact w ith PC 100H, which w ill be
act ive from Saturday 18th December 0700
UTC until Sunday 19th December 1900
UTe . Frequencies : CW 1.830 , 3.530 , 7.030 ,
10 .130 , 14.030 , 18.090, 2 1.030 , 28 .030 ;
SSB 1.850 , 3.650. 7.050 , 14 .250, 18.150,
21.250, 28 .250 , 144 .250 ; 10.145 arrv.
PSK3 1; and 145.250 MHz FM. For the actual sc hed ule , please refer to <www.
reme eus.nllpch/pc1 OOh.htm >. Further information can be obtained from <hans@
rerneeus.nb-.

www.cq-amate ur-radi o.com

Ascension ZOB and St. Helena Z07.
Mart in, G3ZAY, was visiting both
islands during the Christmas holiday
period. He shoul d have been on
Ascension December 21 -22 and again
will be there January 3-7 signing
ZD8ZA. He will be on St. Helena
December 24 to January 1 signing
ZD7ZA. Martin will operate mostly 88B,
but will do some CW as well. Activity on
80 meters will depend on the antenna
situation, and he probably will not be
able to operate 160. a SL requests
should go via his home call.
Pet er 1. 3Y0X will be the focus for

17PXV, SS7J, EABBM, OLl EV, KDDEO. KUlJA. DJIYH,
OE6CLO. VRZUW. 9A9R, UADFZ. DJ3JSW. HB9BIN, N 1KC.
SM5DAC. AW9SG. WA3GNW , SS1O. W4MS. 12EAY,
RAllfU, CT4NH. ac-rv. W9IAL. lY3BA. KINU, WHE ,
UA3AP . EASAT. OKl 0WC, KX1A, IZSBMA, W4BP, K4l0.
KlJKG. OL6ATI.I, VE9fX . DL2CHN, W2OO. AI61. AU30X,
WB9IHH. CTl EEN, G4PWA. OK I FEO, EUI TI.
160 Metar Endo.se menl : N4MM. W4CRW , KSUR. VE3XN.
OL3RK, OK1 M P, N4NO, W4BQY. W4VO. KF20. WSCNL.
W 1JR. W5UR , W8RSW. W8 Il C . G4BUE, LU3YWW4.
NN4Q. VE7WJ, VE7IG , W9NUf. N4NX. SMODJZ. DK3AD.
mARK. lA7JO . SMOAJU. NSTV, W60Ul . N4K E, 12UIY,
14E AT, VK9NS. DE ElOXM , UR 10 D, A89O. FM5WD .
SM6CST. 11JQJ. PY2DB U, HI 8LC. KASW, K3UA, K7U ,
SM3EVR, UP 1BZZ, K2POF , IT9TOH, N8JV. QNl.a003.
WSAWT, KBOO . F6eVe , YU7SF. OF1S0 . K7CU , IlPOR.
YBlJTK. K90fR. W4UW. NXlJl. WB4RUA, 11EEW, ZP 5JCY.
KASRNH , JV3PVD , CTl YH, ZS6EZ. YU1AB. lK4GM E,
WX3N . WBllOO, remz, 121.1ClP, F6HMJ, He9DZZ. K9XR.
J AlJSU, ISZJ K. 12EOW, KS4S, KASClV. KDlfl. WT3W,
IN3NJB. S50 A. IK1GPG, M6WJ, W3AP, S53EO. S57J .
OLl EY, KODEO, DJ 1YH, OE5Cl E. HB9BIN. N 1KC ,
SMSOAC. S51O, RAElfU, UAOf Z. CT4NH. W1 CU. ao-rv.
LV3BA. RW9SG. K1NU, W IlE. UA3 AP. DK I OWC . KX 1A,
IZSBAM. W4GP . Ol6ATM. W200. RU30X . W89IHH .
G4PWA, DKI FEO. EUHT, KUllA.
Complete fII\es and application lotms may be obtaIned by
sanding a bvl;i ooss-sl ze. seI1·addrllSS8d, stamped ...-.veiope
(Ior&ign statlons send e.l.a postilQEl d ai'mail desired) 10 "CO
WPX Awards.' P.O Bo. 593 . Clovis. NM 88 101 USA. Nore:
WPX WI ~ not aocepr preh. 8S!C811s wIIic/I />;Iva been COft'
Ium8d by compu!er"fJff"f'f8red aledronic means,

' PIetlH No~: As of February:NKU. '''' ~ o f ",. 160
mer. bar lor I, . A ward of E"cef~ Is no w $6.50.

DXers in the month of Jan uary, as the
team will activate this Most Needed one
for about two weeks. Operation is
expected to begin January 20, but that
is subject to the weathe r they may
encounter during the trip to the island .
This is a major Dxpediticn to a very
dangerous place by a dedicated team
of DXpeditioners. For full details on
the operation go to .c nttp s www .
peterone.ccm».
Andaman VU4 has been at or near
the top of the Most Wanted lists for
some time. By the time you read this an
operation may have taken place by
VU2RBI. I ca n only hope that it was
sometime in December. Bharathi (XYL)

THE ORIGINAL

www.benchef.com
IMIIll:[email protected]

TEL: 8 47-838-3 195 F AX : 8 47-838-3479
8 32 Anita S tre e t, Antioch , IL 6 0002

January 2005 • CO • 87

CO DX Honor Roll
The CO OX Honor Ro ll recognizes those OXers who have submitted prool 01cconrmenon with 275 or more ACTIVE countries. With lew exceptions , the ARR L
o xec Countries List is used as the country standard. The CO OX Award currently recog nizes 335 ccunmes. Honor Roll listing is auto matic when an application is
received and approved lor 275 Of more active countries. Deleted countries do not count and autotats are adjusted as deletions occur. To rem ain on the CO OX
Honor Roll . annual updates are required. All updates must be accompanied by an SASE if confirmation of total is required. The fee tOf endorseme nt suoers is $ 1.00
each plus SASE. Please make checks payable to the awards man ager. Billy F. Williams, All updat es shou ld be mailed to P.O. BoJ( 9673. Jacksonville. FL 32208.

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319
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309
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aes

W40B

was working with the National Institute of Amateur Radio of
India to try and put toqet her the permission and equipment
to make the trip to Andaman. If it didn't happen, at least the
door has been left slig htly open fo r an ope ration in the future.
I can say from m y work on The DX Magazine Most Wanted
Survey for several ye ars that Andaman is on the very short
list for most DXers around the world. The othe rs at the top of
th at Most Wanted list incl ude entities such as Lakshadweep
VU7 and Scarborough Reef BS7. Literally doz ens of DXers
need only one of the se three to have worked the m all.
Other Dxpecitio ns 10 rook forward to in early 2005 are
Somalia 60 in February and Kerguelen FT5X in March.
There is also an operation planned for Glorioso FR/G in
March. All of thi s in addition 10 all of the con tests we have to
look forward to in the next few months.

Reminiscing with an Old Friend
In my November colu mn I mentioned some of my ham activity as a teenager in Kansas City . One never knows what may

88 • c o

• Jan uary 2005

The QSL card for 601 Z, an operation by Baldur, DJ6Sf. and
Franz, DJ9ZB, in 1999. QSOs for this operation are now being
accepted for DXCC credit.

Visit Our Web Site

The WAZ Program
10 MeIer ew
190

.JABIVI

17 MeIer ew
S3,

N7WO

20 MeIer ew
UMAC

~

80 MeIer ew
63 ..... __ ....._.._..__ ...SMDBFJ

6 Meters
W3TC

67

All Band WAZ

SSB

~939

4940
494 1 ,

1T9VCE
DlJ 1UGZ
OU1IVT

4942
4943

A0601(
.wA7P.J

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8326

V09l.A

8330

8327
8328
8329

KB3C AB
NBWRL

833 1

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HL 11WD

8332

D$4DBF

'fl.2GOT

Allew
4-4 1
.JF1 EGO
4-42 ........•..•..•..•..•..•...N7YY
4-43
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4-44
4-45

JA7HAN
JA7GUT
.J15R PT

,,,.,,

~ 46

arrr

J<0DEO
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154

_.__ .DL9KA

CO OX Awards Program

8SB
24-48

WSGT

K90X R

CW
,WB7 AHT

SSB Endorsements
320 .......•..•..CT38Mi334
275
WSGT/276

28 MHz

WSGT

CW Endorsements
275

G3apX/284

150 " .._" W BlRHT/l 50

The basic award tel tor ~ to CO is 56. Flit non·
sul>saiOO<s. d is $12 . In or-d8r to qualily tor lhe redoced
subscrtlet 'lite . please oncIose 1"'" Iatesl CO ma;l;ng
label wnh \'OU' application. EnOOrsemenI stceers 11'&
$ 1.00 &ach plus SASE . Updales not invoIvino!tle is·
suance 01 a sticket .'" I"",. All updaleS and CllttllSflOll'
~ must indudo lin SASE , Rules and application
forms for the CO a x Awards may be found /Ifl lhe

_

,cq-a male ut·' adio.conl> websile.

Of

may be

ob1ained by l;lIndino a business' lIlza , seIl·addressed,
slllmped envelope to CO OX Awatds Ma rJag" t. Billy
Williams. N4 UF. 80. 9673. Jac:I<son\Iille. FL 32208
U.S. A. Currenfl y W& ,ecognize 335 act.... e counlrilllS.
Please malle all ched<s payable to !tie award """"'lI"L

www.cq-am ateur-radio .com

As I spen d more time on 17 and 12
meters these days, I hear many familiar callsi gns. Big-time DXers are spending more of their time on these bands
too as they build their band/m odes
totals for the AR RL's Challenge Award.
Competition at times is really serious ,
but it only adds to the fun of the chase.
Until next time, enjoy the chase and
remember-have fun!
73, Carl, N4AA

aSllnformation

EME

ree

1063

come of a casual comment. As a result
of my mentioning Kansas City, etc., I
received an e-mail from a read er who
thought it sounded very familiar. To

In Closing . ..

HL3GOB

Aulas and applica llOOS for !tie WAZ. prClQram ma y be cetained by sending alar"", SAE W1lh two unlls 01 pos1age Of
an addr ess labeI and $1.00 to : WAZ. Award Manage<. Floyd
Go<akl. NSfG . 17 Gn."n Hollow Rd" Wiggins. M S 395n.
The ptOOOSSing
tor all CO awards is $6,00 tor subsa'ib81'S (please indude \'OUr mosI ,ecent COmailing label Of a
copy) and $12,00 10, nonsubscribers, Please make all
dlecks JlIIyallle til Floyd Geraill. Applican ts sendino OSL
cards to • CO ched<poinl II' !tie AWll rd Manall"'" must
include return POSlage. N5FG ma y aisc be reached via ema~: <:n5to@cq·amateur·tadill.com>.

24-47

As this is written, we are praying that Ray,
G3NOMlHSiJZOZ, recovers from a heart
attack (November 11). As of November 14
he was in a coma at a Bangkok hospital.
Ray is well known in OX circles as the
International Vice President for the IARU
member - Radio Amateur Society of
Thailand (RAST) and the station manager
for the RAST club station, HS(JACIHS72B.

make a long story short, we got together on the phone a few weeks ago, and
it turns out that we did know one another way back then. We spent about two
hours on the phone getting re-acquainted and discussing ou r lives over the last
50 years. Mike, KOlOA , and I (as
WOYFT) remembered many old friends
in th e Ka nsas City area back then
(OXers and contesters), and I'm sure
we will stay in touch in the future.
Thanks, Mike, for sharing your memories of those days of our youth with me.

30 2AH via OL2AH
302EE via WMWTG
3D2KW via WA4WTG
3D20K via WA4WTG
3D2PX via AISP
3D2SS via WA4WTG
3D2TS via WA4WTG
3D2XA via WA4WTG
4S7CF via 4S7CF
5B/HA5RTIORP via HA6NL
SB/HA6Nl via HA6NL
5B/HA6PS via HA6PS
5B/HA6ZV via HAGZV
5B/HA7JJ S via HA7JJS
5B4WN via LaTW
5N44EAM via IK21QO
5T5DY via F6GDC
5X41KH9AE via W5WP
5X4CM via WSWP
5Z4YT1CS via YT1 CS
609JT via VA6JWT
9AfPA4JJ via PA4JJ
9AfPA9JJ via PA4JJ
9G5JH via PAOCJH
9G5ZS via ZS6EGB
9H3A P via OL1CW
9H31C via MSRIC
9l 1ADA via 9A3A
9N7BCC via OK7YY
9V1CW via PAOKHS
9Y4tDK1 MM via DK1 MM
9Y4tDl2CC via OL2CC
9Y4ZC via OK1 MM
A51F2VX via F90K
A5/F5lMJ via F90K
A5/F9D X via F90K
A51GClMX via F9DK
A52CDX via F90K
A61R via EA7FTR
AA4VtK P2 via LaTW
B1 Z via EA7FTR

B00K via BV4YB
C6ATP via OK1TD
C6AUR via W3MMM
C6AVV via K1JB
C6DX via W8QID
C930 via VK4VB
CN2KM via SM2EKM
CP6/K M00 via KMOO
CP6/N0AT via NOAT
CP6/N0STl via NOSTl
CP6iW00R via WOOR
CP6iW9ZR via WOZR
CP6CW via WOZR
CT/GW9VM U P via
GWOVMl
CT2Ca via LaTW
CU2fDF8XC via DF8XC
CU2lDH4JO via DH4JQ
CU2fDJ8VC via DJ8VC
CU2IDl1 EK via DL1EK
CU2fDl 1YFF via Dl l YFF
CU2fDl3PS via DL3PS
CU2IDl7AOS via Ol7AOS
DF2CK via l aTW
DF2LH via LaTW
DJ 9TP via l aTW
DJ4EY via LaTW
DJSJH via l aTW
DK5Wl via l aTW
Dl6GV via LaTW
Dl8PG via LaTW
DM2AWM/P via t erw
DT40 Yl via HL1 0YF
DU61Dl l PBC via OL1PBC
EA1RT via LaTW
EAGllYl OF via LY1 OF
EA8/DL2HBX via laTW
EA8ZS via OH1JT
EI310 via LaTW
EI9ES via LaTW
EP2FN via W2MS

ER10a via ER1OAF
ES6CO via LaTW
EX9A via UA30PX
FH/F6BEG via F6BEG
FKlIK6CAC via IK6CAC
FKlI V3FSG via IK3GES
FRIPA3Gl0lP via PA3GIO
FTl Zl via F2YT
FT5WG via FSBU
G3KWK via t orw
G3LPU via l aTW
G3SHF via LaTW
G3YYD via l aTW
G4DRS via LaTW
G4PDO via LaTW
G4PWA via LaTW
GB2Tl via GMOJHF
GB5HW via GOIYZ
GMDVIT via LaTW
GM4 DMZ via l aTW
GTCSTH via G4DIY
GW4MVA via l aTW
H8A via OL6MYL
HA31N1 BCl via N1 BCl
HB 01DL6KAC via Dl6KAC
HB9DTE via LaTW
HC2CC via LaTW
HK0TU via HK3SGP
HS8AC via E2 1EIC
16GAS via t orw
IICRAI via IKOZAA
119RAI via IKOZRR
IZ8ATP via l aTW
J79A via K7GK
(The table of OSL Managers is
courtesy of John Shelton. K IXN.
editor of "The Go List. " 106

Dogwood Dr.• Paris. TN 38242;
phone 731-641 ·4354: e-mail:
<go/ist@golist. fI9t> .)

January 2005 .

CO • 89

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very Happy New Year to all readers of this
column. May this be the year that you get
the

osts that finally complete the award

you've been working toward aU these years, or
the year you get that last county for USA-CA All
Counties. or both!

USA·CA Questions

a: I worked N4BAA in Virginia Beach. VA. His
aSL card says Virginia Beach City County. That
county is not listed as one of the 95 Virginia counties. Any map I can find has "Virginia Beach"
County. What does it count for?

A: The City of Virginia Beach is an -irceoenoent
City· in the state of Virginia. About 30 cities in the

state have this status. (Other Independent Cities
are Carson City, Nevada and Washington, D.C.)
USA-CA rules state that you may count any of the
counties that touch the border of the city one lime.
In the case of of Virginia Beach, Isle of Wight
County completely surrounds the city, so that contact will count as Isle of Wight. In the case of some
other Virginia cities. two or three counties touch
their borders, so the rules say you may count any
of them. but you can do this only one time per
independent city. That is, if you work another station located in that same city. you cannot choose
another needed county.
Q: I'm a new county hunter. When I apply for
the first award. do I have to submit OSL cards or
Mobile Reply Cards (MRCs)?
A: MRCs are the same as a SL cards, the only
exception being that they are designed to hold a
large number of contacts with the same station,
all in different counties. This has the good secondary effect of reducing postal costs. In fact, you
can submit a list of 100 or 200 counties, all from
the same station, in the form of a letter, and as
long as the a s o data is all there and it is signed
by the operator, it may be used as a OSL.
Note that you don't have to submit cards until
you complete all the counties and tell me that you
are ready to apply tor the highest level of the award.
At that time, I will give you a small list ot cards or
MRCs that I want you to submit along with your
application. USA-CA is a program of honor and
trust, and I hope it always remains this way.

OX Awards
Amateur Radio Federation of Salzburg Award
Series. While doing some internet research to
determine a changed address of an awards sponsor. I ran across the website run by Kurt
Wingelmayer, OE2KWN, who is the custodian of
the Amateur Radio Federation of Salzburg.
Austria. I was impressed by the obvious effort that

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The Amateur Radio Federation ofSalzburg, Austria
sponsors the ClownDoctors A ward. ClownDoctors
visit iIf children in hospitals, and any financial benefits are given to the group o f ClownDoctors in the
city of Spillal.

this group, the Salzburg Section of o e. V.S.V., has
done in designing an attractive awards series. While
the fees are a little high, they carefully explain that
all excess proceeds received will be used to support a number of charities dealing with ill children
and disabled persons.
Genera l Requirements : All bands and modes,
except as the rules specify. SWL okay. GCR list and
fee as specified In each set of ru les should be sent
to; Ing. Kurt Wingelmayer, OE2KWN, Franz-JosefStr. 15 Top 1, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria; e-mail:
<[email protected]>; <http:ltwww.oe20evsv.at> .
Clo wnDoctors Award. The clown doctors visit ill
children in hospitals and try to cheer them up. They
are specialty trained to work with children who have
cancer. Any financial benefits will be given to the
group of ClownDoctors in the Austrian city of Spinal.
The award Is available in four classes:
1. Shortwave-use any suffix letter from 36 difterent stations located in at least six DXCC countries to spell out -c iownn octors-aacnen ist die
beste Medizin" (translation:"Clown doctors--laughing is the best medicine"). All bands and modes.
2. VHFIUHF-use any suffix letter from 36 different stations to spell out -ciowntocicrs-aacten
ist die beste Medizin.
3. VHFIUHF-use any suffix letter from 24 different stations to spell out "lachen ist die best
Medizin.to

· ,2 Wells Woods Rd.• Columbia. CT 06237
e-mail: <k l [email protected]>
90 • co • January 2005

Visit Our Web Site

Cfiristian.'1Joppkr.'1Jipfom

----=-- te

The Christian Doppler Award
cosponsored by the Amateur Radio Federation of Salzburg and the Christian
Doppler Fund to commemorate the
important locations in the life of the
physician Doppler, who was born in
Salzburg, Austria.
4. VHF/UHF-use any suffix letter
from 12 different stations to spell out
"ClownDoetors.·
Fee is 15 Euros or $US15.
Christian Doppler Award. This award
is co-sponsored with the Christian
Doppler Fund to commemorate the
important locations in the life of the
physician Doppler, who was born in
Salzburg . Contacts on or atter 11 November 1953 ( 15Oth birthday of Doppler)
with eligible stations as shown below.
The following contacts are required :
three in the City of Salzburg. three in the
city of Unz, three in the city of Vienna,
one in the city of Prague, and one in the
city of Venice .
A contact w ith one of the below listed
stations may replace either a missing
station in Prague or Venice :
O E1XA- HQ station of De. V.S.V.
D El XEC-HQ station of Vie nna Military Section of Oe. V.S.V.

OEl XXK- HQ station of Ihe Austrian
Red Cross
OE2XAL- HO station of the Salzburg
Section of Oe. V.S. V.
OE2XEL-QE2 DX Group
O E2S-OE2 Contest Group
O E2XAM-Austrian Military Station
OE2
O E5XJM-HO station of Upper Austria Section of De. V.S.V.
OE5XLM ---HO station Upper Austria
Red Cross Unz
Send GCR list and fee of 10 Euros or
$US10.
Salzburg Award. Contacts with stations in SalZburg (O E2) aher 1 January
1996 are valid. OE2 stations need 50
points; other OEs need 40 ; EUs need
30; and all others 15.
Point values are as follows : FM '"' 1,
SSB = 2. CW = 3. RTTY/AMTORI
PACTOR = 4. ATV/FAXJSSTV . 5.
Contacts on 70 em as well as on the
official holiday (24 September) count
double. You need at least four different
ADLs from the following : ADL201
(mandatory). 202. 203. 204. 205. 206.
Any missing AD L may be replaced by
OE2XAL (Salzburg club station) ,
OE2XEL (OE2 DX Group). and OE2S
(O E2 contest group) . Fee for this award
is 10 Euros or $US 15.

U.S. Awards
VHF Century Grid Award. This award
honors those VHF en thusiasts who use
WSJT or other high -speed meteor-seatter propagation techn iques 10 work long
distance on 6 and 2 meters. It's defi nitely a tough specialty on the fro ntiers
of the OX field .
Based on the AARL's VUCC Award

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For the Salzburg Award contacts with
stations in Salzburg (OE2) after 1
January 1996 are valid.
format. the Century Grid Award is available to operators who work 100 different
grids on 50 and 144 MHz or 50 grids on
222 MHz using WSJT or other highspeed meteor-scatter techniques. All
contacts must have bee n made by meteor-scatter propagation . Endorsement
stickers are also available for additional
contacts in multiples of 50 above the initial 100 contacts. Cards are not required ;
the honor system applies . The award is
equally available to foreign operators
who meet these requirements. A log with
all pertinent QSO information and fee of
$US5 for U.S. and $US9 for OX appli -

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The VHF Century Grid Award is for those VHF enthusiasts
who use W$JT or other high -speed meteor-scatter propagation techniques to work long distance on 6 and 2 meters.

www.cq-amateur-radlo.com

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The Kings County Repeater Association sponsors the Five
Borough Award to promote awareness of the political subdivisions of New Yorl< City.

January 2005 .

CO • 91

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John M. Hoyt, WSUGD
USA·CA All Counties #1103
Th is time we hear from John, W5UGD, who was awarded USA·
CA All Cou nties # 11 03 on Septem ber 30 , 2004.
Hey, I did it! Now let me te ll you w hy ... My mom and dad were
avi d county hunters w hen I was gro win g up, and boy was it annoying 10 SlOP on county lines on every trip so they could "put out a

county." Now, 30 years later, I am grown up and I do the exact
same thing . In tact. most trips revolve arou nd w hat counties I can
put out!
I guess county hunting is special to me primarily because il is
something I share with my fathe r (Dick, WSAIn and my late mother, the original holder of W 5UGD. Mom (Violet "Suzie" Hoyt) died in

1997, and I applied to the FCC to get her callsign via the Vanity
licensing system. On November 12, 2001, after upgrading to General
class, I worked my first county. That contact was with my dad while
he was mobile in his home coun ty of Washington, AR. I was at home
in Anderson, SC using the TS-430 I had borrowed from him and a
short B&W whip antenna hanging out the window of the "shack."
Almost three years later and I have finished up the first time !
The real honor for me will not be the beautiful certificate from
CO magazine, but the fact that my certificate will hang side-by-side
with my mother's, and eventually with my dad 's.
Here are some interesting facts:
Most of the contacts were on 20 meters SSB via the County
Hunters Net. A large number of them were while I was mobile using
an ICOM 706 Mk2G and ATAS 100. The rest were made with a
very low G5RV antenna (18 ft. at the center). The secondary rig
was a TS-5700.
The MARAC chat room was a huge asset, as were the K31MC
Special Needs list and the many individuals who went out of their
way to put out the counties I needed.
Jerry , KAOLJD , put out the last coun ty for my "whole ball of
wax"-Franklin, NE. Thank you, Jerry!

W5UGO 's Favorite County Hunter Resources
Live county spots, as well as real-time chat with other county hunters, are available at ewww.suoerhosts.nermarac. htrnb-.
Almost every mobile running anywhere is ' s pot ted." Several
band s and modes are watched by this group.
W6RK has made a very nice web interface for live spots from
the chat channel and a search engine to find past spots from
the database of ov er 30,000 runs! <http://ch. w6rk.com>
K31 MC provides a website with forums, special needs,
wants, etc. Go to ewww.cquest.comzch».
KK7X 's «www.Ccuntvuunter.com» has forums and more.
MARAC offers the county hunter a lot, too. You can join by
going to: <www.marac.orq>.

canis should be sent to : T erry Ho sa ck, WA3LTB , 9852 M arti n
A v enue , Lake City, PA 164 2 3 (e -mail: <[email protected] .;on
the web: <http ://www.vkc.comlwa5uthl>).
Fiv e Borough Award . Ev eryon e should be able to locate
N ew York City on a map o f the United Stales, but not all re al·
ize that the c ity is divided into five borough s (Brooklyn ,
M an hattan, Queens , Sialen Island , and The B ro nx) , all of
which are separate c ou ntie s . T he Kings County Repeater
Asso c iation sponsors this award to promote awareness of
thes e political sub-divisions.
T he award is offered for tw o con tacts w ith each of the five
boroughs of Ne w York City , fo r a total o f ten con tacts. Mobile
and portable c onta ct s are not perm itted u n le ss the y are with

92 •

co •

January 2005

John Hoyt, W5UGD. USA-CA All Counties # 1103. September
30.2004.
I would also like to thank Jim, K2JGJKZ2P, for all the work he
does for us. It would have take n many years to finish up without
him there to assist. There are quite a few people whom I would
love to thank personally here, but space does not perm it it. Just
know, you are appreciated!
As I write this, it is almost time for me to load the car and head
olf to my third "3M," the MARAC South Eastern Mini Conve ntion,
where county hunters meet each year in Tennessee, At the last
3M someone asked me what my most memo rable county hunting
moment was, and without question it was when I was putting out
a county line and looked in the rear-view mirror to see an t a-wheerer coming up behind me with his trailer olf the road, sideways. J
guess you figured it out alread y ... He missed me, but I now hesitate to run interstate county lines. and when I do, I watch the rearview mirro r a ti ttle more closely, not that I could avoid the hit if I saw
it coming!
In case you are wondering, county hunting is not ali i do. Actually,
emergency communications holds the biggest interest for me. I am
the ARES Emergency Coordinator for Pickens County, SC and also
enjoy Sky Warn, fox hunting, APR S, PSK 31 . SSTV. satellites,
kit/project building, and participating in local clubs, especially the
Foothills Amateur Rad io Club (www.wt4f.org).
Thanks to all who helped me get USA·CA #1 103! This was a
hard goal to achieve, and though frustrating at time s, over all it has
been a very enjoyable experience. The second time around will be
easier, though . .. no more MRGs, no more postage, no more writing everything by hand since I switched to computer logging!
- 73. John. W5UGD

a Special Event station operating w ithin the con fines o f Ne w
York C ity. All b and s and m odes , includi ng PSK3 1. N o use o f
repe aters or packet allowed . P hotoc opie s o f I he cards should
be attached to your applica tion . Th e application is available
at <hnp :J/WWW. kc2ra.org /a ward.htm> . o r send an SASE to
the address shown be low . Send ap p lication a nd fee o f $ US5
to : KCR A Five Boroug h Award . Ed M adis on , W 2 S N , P.O.
Bo x 280285, Brooklyn , NY 112 2 8 -02 8 5 .
With the st art of a new year, it is also tim e to p ro m ote your
group or club 's award s p rogram . Send the info rm a tion to m e
and CO magazine wi ll provide the pub lic ity you ne e d .
7 3, T e d , K1 BV

Visit Our Web Sit e

60 Great Things
About Ham Radio
cas

n celebration of
60th anniversary in 2005 , we 've
come up w ith 60 great thing s about ham rad io, which we'll

I

bring you each month, five at a time. We're sure you'll have

more great things that we haven't thought of, so when we 're
all done, we 'd love to compare our list with yours, -W2VU
Let's get started ...
Ham radio works when nothing else does- This is
ewhat keeps us Min business." SO to spea k. The primary reason we still have frequencies and government agencies around the world go to the trouble of testing and licen sing us is ham radio's unparalleled ability to gel through when
nothing else will. Wh en disasters knock out or ove rload traditio nal communicatio ns systems , ham radio still works, still

1

gets the message o ut.
Being a ham makes you part of a worldwide
. c o m m u n ity- Your ham license is your membership
card to a unique worldwide fratern ity , No matter w here in the
world you are, if there's a ham nearby, you have a friend .
Unexpected band opening s- You read the c harts,
«you check the so lar flux, and you know that b y all

2

3

Oops, ..

Don't Forget!
Join in the CO Gang Activity
In honor of cas 60th anniversary this
year, we're sponsoring a special on-the-air
activity during the first 60 days of 2005,
from January 1 through March 1. Any ham
who's ever had any connection with CO
magazine, as a columnist, author, or even
subscriber , may sign "/60" after his or her
callsign during this period and everyone's
invited to contact enough "/60" stations to
qualify for the "CO Gang Award."
Plus, CO club station WW2CO will be on
the air from around the country, signing
"/6 1" for operation in the first call area , "/62 "
from the second call area, etc. We're ottering a special certificate lor co ntacting
WW2CO in all ten US call areas. See complete details on both the CO Gang Award
and the WW2CO operation in last month 's
issue of CO (December 2004, page 22),
or on our website at et rttpzzwww.cqamateur-radio.ccrr».
www.ce-emetecr-recrc.ccm

th

~l/l1iverStlf\
rig hts the band yo u' re on sho uld be dead as a doo rnail.
Bu t there it is, defy ing all log ic, a band o pe ni ng that lets you
make th e "Imposslbte" co ntact. And if you're lucky enough to
be there , make the contact, and get the aSL card , you get
bragging rights u ntil the ne xt unexpected band o pening
co mes along .
Working OX while mobile or h iking - Until recent. Iy, only a select few had this capability , but today it's
increasingly co mmo n. And w hat a thrill it is to be driving down
the road , or hiki ng o n a tra il, and talking to someo ne ha lfway
around the world . It's nearly as much fu n to be at th e othe r
end of such a contact.
Where else ca n you play w ith m eteors ?- T his is
«my son's favorite reason for becoming a ham (w hich
he hasn 't done yet !). But th ink abo ut it. What other hobby
g ives you the chance to use natura l ph enomena such as
meteors, the aurora , or the ionosphe re as part of your every day activities ?

4

5

W e'll be bac k ne xt month w ith another installment. ..

Mystery Ops Identified

When th e Novemb er
iss ue of CO went to
press, we didn 't have a
complete list of the ham
operators show n in our
photo from the National
Hurricane Center that
ended up on the cover.
At the time , we opted to
list no names rather than
a partial list. W e now
have the complete list.
Amateurs shown at
the Nation al Hurr icane
Center, WX4 NHC , are,
from left , John McH ugh,
K4AG ; Joanne c areens.
KG4GKU ; David Knight,
WN4F; Caesar Carban a, KG4BZA (O M of KG4GKU); and Julio Ripoll, WD4R. Tn x
to WD4R for the photo and the IDs.

apc Correction
In both our October and November issues , in listing the new members of the National
Conference of Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (NCVEC) Ouestion Pool Co mmittee
(Ope), we accidentally omitted the name of former OPC Chairman Scotty Neustadter,
W4WVV. He continues to serve as a member of the co mmittee. We apologize for the
omi ssion .

January 2005 • CO • 93

'"
«

Measuring Contesting's Gray Line

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Calendar of Events

January's Contest Tip
I have found beacons to be quite useful under socalled "dead band" conditions. Many times when beer-

ing nothing on 10 meters . for example, I'll tune 10 the
t o-meter beacon frequency (28. 200 MHz ) and listen
and lind thai many of them can be heard (even at low
power levels). You can lind out more information about
available beacon stations by visiting <www.ncx:b:f.org!
Beaconlintro.html>. Irs not a cure-all. just another 1001
in the toolbox. (Tnx to Bob, KIVU)

Dec. 18
Dec. 18
Dec. 18-19
Jan. 8-9
Jan. 8-9
Jan. 9
Jan. 9
Jan. 15-1 6
Jan. 15-16
Jan. 22-23

or the record, this is not a column devoted to
propagation. For that you need to turn a lew
pages and read what Tomas. NW7US. has to
say. When it co mes to a discussion about contesting's operalional gray line, there isa who le lot to talk
about. and this is the place we're going to do it .. .
and none of it has anything to do with the sun.
On the various Internet e-mail reflectors and
elsewhere over the past few weeks. there has
been endless dialog around one central theme :
How should we interpret and take action on the
gray areas of contest rules? Put another way, is
contesting like doing your taxes? Is there a certain
measure of interpretation that needs to take place
regarding the ru les that guide how you act when
things are not so black and white? Frankly, I've
been surprised by how many people have reacted
to the subject . In fact, so many of you became
engaged in the di scussion that it only seemed right
to put the subject on stage in this column .
Most of you have heard the old cliche that being
honest in life allows one to sleep soundly at night.
To set the record straight, we're not going to have
a discussion about the ethics of contest operators.
That subject will have to be reserved for another
day . T he issue at hand actually ha s nothing to do
with cheating per S8, but w ith the legitimate interpr etat ion of contest rules and how they get implemented in the heat of battle.
Over the years , contest adjudicators have done
a masterful job of def ining contest rules in a way
that leave little to the imagination . It's a good thing
that this is the case, as I don't think very many of
us are ready to hire a lawyer before submitting our
next contest scores. Of course , there have been a
number of mid -course corrections over the years,
many of which evolved with the advancement of
technology and other factors . I'm sure some of you
remember a famous addition to the CO 'NW ru les
that specifically precludes the use of non-amateur
rad io communications during a contest to solicit
OSOS. This was in response to a famous multi-op
entrant who used the telephone to arrange schedules and OSOS. wh ich at the time was not expressly prohibited . It's exactly situations such as this that
are in the spirit of what we w ill discuss this rnonm.
When it comes to staying on the proper side 01
contest rule interpretation, most of us subscribe to

F

"2 Mitchell Pond Road. Windham, NH 03087
e-mail: <K I [email protected]>

94 • CO • Ja nuary 2005

Jan. 22-24
Jan. 29-30
Jan. 29-30
Jan. 29-30

Feb.S
Feb. 6
Feb. 5-7
Feb. 12-13
Feb . ~27

Mar. 27-28

OK ox RnY Contest

RAC Winter contest
Stew

Perry Tcpcaro Challenge

ARRl RnY Roundup
North American CW
Party
NARU-Baltic Contest
Kicfs Day Contest
Hungarian OX Contest
North America n sse
Party
BARTG RnY Sprint
ARRl January VHF Sweepstakes
CO WW 160 Meter CW Contest
REF CW Contest
UBA SSB OX Contest
Minnesota
Party
North Amerlcan CW Sprint
Delaware
Party
CO WW RTTY WPX Contest
CO WW 160 Meter SSB Contest
CO WW WPX SSB Contest

osa

esa

esa
osa

what our "gut- tells us. In reality , it' s really not more
complicated than that. In a recent e-mail message
published by K5TR, George outlined several examples of where he does not cross the line, as follows:
• Making sxeds before the contest.
• Sending e-mail messages ·reminding- people
to work me in the contest.
• Warming up a frequency 30 minute s before the
contest. (I will get on and tune around a bit and work
some guys to find out if my station is still working .)
• Using other bands in the 1a-meter contest or
in a si ng le-band effort to find stations and move
them to the band I am on for the weekend .
• Using databa ses of past exchanges or callsigns
(e.g., super check-partial) .
• Using packet to fill up the band maps be fore
the conte st starts and then tu rning it off as the contest begi ns wh ile operating as a single operator,
• Running my amp w hen I am low power in an
effort to get to the 150- o r 200-watt limit.
• Havi ng my friends feed me callsigns that no
one else will work.
In addition to George's view of the world. there
are other factors to consider, especially as they
pertain to the single operator class , as follows :
• The legitimacy of having access to real-time
Internet -fed propagation data.
• Establishing instant-messaging connections
with other stations (not to obtain operating intelligence, but simply to chat).
• Utilizing a packet connection for the express
purpose of outbound spots only.
• Having access to logistic support during a contest , ranging from food being served for you to the
host operator fixing things on your behalf during
the contest (e.g .• equipment. antennas. comput-

ers. etc.].
As you quickly can see from the lists above.
there are no clear answers to managing these
issues (at least some of them). When considering K5TR's list. I personally agree that "spammioq"

Visit Our Web Site

the contest world with e-mails about side of the spirit of what was intended and
your pending operation is not in the spir- do they provide me with an unfair comit of the rules. That said, I'm not so sure petitive advantage? The other challenge
that establishing a run frequency before I would offer is for you not to fall into the
a contest begins is crossing any ethical trap of convincing yourself that because
lines. Nor do I agree that the use of you have big antennas, fast computers ,
super-check partial tools is violating and strong ergonomic station design you
any interpretation of the rules, provid- are entitled to other advantages as well.
ed you continue to actually copy and Reality teaches us that not all station
"enhancements" are created equal in the
log what you hear.
An interesting sidebar to this subject eyes of the adjudicators. Having the abilis the way the interpretation of contest ity to own the band edge for hours at a
ru les bleeds into some of the ugly habits time is not the same as asking a friend
that we now experience in modern con- to hold it for you while you take five mintesting. For example, using a check-par- utes to execute a "bio break." Being a
tial tool is not a rules violation, but it has system administrator for a packet node
fostered a shih trom good, old-fashioned is not the same as feeding yourself with
on-the-air data capture to dependency tons of internet-generated automated
on what the co mputer tells you. The information that you did not discover on
same problem exists for packet spotting. your own "single op" time.
I realize that in writingthis month's colLet's allow the tool to give us the answer
at the expense of getting it right our- umn I sound a bit like I'm lecturing. To
selves. In recent weeks I've even seen be honest, I've struggled with many of
some requests for an extension of call- these issues myself and wondered how
sign databases to also include contest to draw the line. The important th ing is
exchanges (such as for ARRL for all of us to consider them often and
Sweepstakes). If these behavioral be open-minded to other opinions. Peer
trends continue, one has to wonder why pressure is one of contesting's greatest
anyone would bother to operate a con- assets. If you feel comfortable shari ng
test anymore . Let's just let the comput- your rulemaking interpretations with the
ers duke it out and may the best network masses, then you're likely to be doing
win! The fact is, most of this nonsense the right thing. If public opinion says you
actually hurts your score by virtue of bad should change a particular behavior,
data. The old-fashioned tech nique of then do it! That's just one of many facactually copying stations "on the air" tors that make contest competitors into
great ones.
mercifully continues to prevail!
What do you think? Don't hesitate to
Given that so many of you have
already expressed opinions on this let me know.
month's subject demonstrates to me
that the desire to do the right thing is
what is really on most of you r minds. To Final Comments
a certain extent, too, there is a fair mea- I think it's safe to assume that I'll be getsure of polarization. The extreme right ting my share of e-mail responses to this
would suggest that a contest starts at month's topic. On the other hand,
OOOOZ and that's when the operator maybe you're all sick of the subject and
should sit down in the chair and begin want to move on. Whatever your rethe contest. There will be no pre-con- sponse, taking the occasional introtest tuning,checking propagation on the spective look at you r operating habits is
various bands, running strings of sta- a good thing and I encourage it.
tions, etc. In their minds, it's like startAgain, I have to apologize for delaying a running race without the custom- ing the CO Contest Survey results for
ary stretching of your leg muscles. The one more month. The good news is that
other extreme is endless pre-contest you have responded with new levels of
publicity (disguised under the auspices participation. The challenge is that you
of ensuring that everyone is aware of have deluged me with data at a time that
the "rare one" that's about to come on), is particularly crazy for me at work (yes,
pre-contest skeds, "thanks for calling there are things other than ham radio to
and please stay here for the next 20 keep us busy!). Thanks in advance for
minutes and work us in the contest," and allowing me one more monthon this one!
For now, be sure to enjoy the winter
on it goes.
At the end of the day, most of us know conditions on the low bands (with apolohow to do the right thing when figuring gies to the Southern Hemisphere).
out the limits of contest operating and the There are going to be some great
rules that guide us. It comes down to one DXpeditions and contests coming up
simple question that you need to ask over the next few weeks. See you on
yourself: Are the actions I'm taking out- the air for sure!
73, John, K1 AR
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PropNET; Good Conditions for '05

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Cond itions

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LAST-MINUTE FORECAST
Oay-lO-D8y Condilionl Eopecled IO'Janu.ry 2005

(Data is rounded to nearest whole number)

Sunspots

~atlon

Observed Month ly, October 2004: 48
Twelve-month smoothed, April 2004 : 46

Above Norm8l : 7·1" . 16-19,

10,7 em Flux
Observed Monthly, OCtobe r 2004: 106
Twelve-m onth smoothed, April 2004 : 11 2

Aplndex
Observed Mont hly, October 2004: 9
Twelve-m onth smoothed , April 2004: 16

A

n automated and well-organized beacon
effort has been developed on 10 meters and
above. Much like BeaconNET, which uses

additional HF bands, PropNET <htt p://propnet.
org/> gathers beacon data using computers and
helps not only in discovery of openings, but has
helped discover details about propagation modes.
PropN ET is a 1001, an ionospheric and propag ation probe , and not a su bstitute for bei ng a good
operator. It run s in the background on a computer
an d uses an idle rad io. W hen you see an opening ,
you can pick up the microphon e, or d ust off the key
or bug , and start making contacts.
PropNET uses AP RS technology via either PSK3 1, known as PropN ET"31 , or A X.25 (Packet) ,
known as PropNET.25. PropN ET .25 is no si mple
propagation beacon system . It is a full-function
transm it and receive network that not on ly uses the
concept of "diqipeatinq" to exte nd one's vision of
propagation conditions , but it is also capable of
keyboard -to -keyboard messaging once a path is
established.
The concept is simple . Participants embed their
6-cypher g rid locator in each transmissio n. W hen
another PropNE T participant decodes th at tran smission , a sy mbol is placed on the receiver's computer sc reen. This sy mbol corresponds to the
tra nsmitti ng station 's exact location on a map . If
the band is "open," a sy mbol appears. If it is not,
th en no symbol appears . This is much like A PRS,
but for pro pagation openings.
Pro pNET"31 does things much the sa me way,
but does not allow for digipeating . To joi n in , you
need a sta ndard PSK-3 1 sound-card audio connect ion between you r compute r and transceiver
(v isit -chttp v/www.packetradio.coms- for pl ans),
special PSK-3 1 "modemware." and then the software that co ntrols it all (see <http ://propnet.org/>
fo r software options) .
T his ad-hoc PS K-3 1 an d AX.25 network of propagation en thusiasts probe the ether for previously
un kno wn openings. Sometimes they stumble
across long forgotten or yet to be officially discovered phen omen a .
Compare the usef ul information that is conveyed
in a typical PropNET transmissio n w ith that of a

·P.o. Box 213, Brinnon. WA 98320-0213
e-mail: <cq [email protected]>

96 • CO • January 2005

lAde. .. ... .. ... ... ..

21-27
Hillh Nonnal: 15, 20
Low NorITl8l : 5-6
8&low Normal : 1, 28

Dl9Iurbed : 2-4. 29-31

'",

Eopeeled Sillnal QlJallly

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"'--[. c.llenI opening. Uc.plionally auong, a teady 8lIlnalalll'elll'" Iha n
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ss.

B Cood op&ning, modera tlly al,ong aill ...la va rying between 56 a nd 59,
w1lh Illtle lading or noi se.
e--Fal. op8nlng , alllll8la be_n mode<..a ly auong a nd _ ak, va rying
~ 53 a nd 56. w1lh ..,.,... lading and noi...
l)...4'ooropening, wilh _ k aill...la va rying b e _ 5 1and 53, ..lIh conalde rable fltding a nd noise.
E-No ope ning " .peeled.

HOW TO USE THIS FORECAST
, . Find "'" propIIglIl ion lAde. associated wllh I"" pa'lIcula ' pa lh op8n1"11 from lhe Propaga tion Cha rta a pJ>88,l ng on IhtI Iol10w lng pagea.
2. Wllh "'" P'OI"fPllorl IAdelf, U. . "'" a bove lAble 10 lind "'" upeeled
signa l qualify assocl8led wIttl lhe ""Ih op8nl"ll lor a ny lIiva n dBy 01IhtI
monlh. For " ..mpl8, a n opening . ho wn In 11M p,opagalion Charta wllh
a pt0fM'}8/jon Inde. of 3 will be fa i, 10 poor Ie-Oj on Jan. 151, poor (0)
on Jan. 2-4, and ' ai, 10 oood (C-B) on Ja n. 5-6, " Ic.

aso

CW beacon or a voice
that is in prog ress .
PropN ET is geometrically a more powerful tool
th an either of those methods of determ ining the
quality of an opening.
After some observation , a PropNET observer
should be able to determine if a 25-watt
Pro pN EP 31 catch is equivalent to a 1OO-watt SSB
"cpeninq" in a pa rticular d irection, at least for the
observer's latitude . By the same token , some folks
may w ish to use PropNET"3 1 as a ' wake-up
alarm." Even if the band can't propagate SSB (or
even CW ) at 100 w atts, kn owing that the band is
ope n for 25-watt PSK-3 1 gives them hope .
Incidentally, K1JT (of WSJT fame ) sa ys PS K-31
is only 3 dB less effe ct ive than his well-respected
system. Of course, 3 d B can be the differen ce between mak ing and not making a contact. This begs
an other questi on : W hat def ines a "band opening"?
A band can be "open" for a 1 KW station , w hile not
for a 1n.wan station.
T he Pro pN ET w ork is particu larly significan t
because it is the first generatio n of propagat ion
beacons for a mate ur radio's d igital millennium . No
oth er syste m comes cl ose to what Pro pN ET can
do. Folks just need to sta rt to think d ifferently about
propagation research.
to-meter Beacon s . There is an active g roup of
t o-meter "activists" who work hard to keep the 28to 29 -M Hz band alive, no matter what phase of the
solar cycle w e go through . This is a large g roup
know n as Ten-Ten Internatio nal < htt p://te nten.omc- and is mad e up of members from arou nd
th e world . Many members have been with the
group for many years and have seen at least one
complete solar cycle. Others are new an d are just
beg inning to discover the u nique challenges of
w orking 10 mete rs during the dec line of a solar
cycle.

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A screen capture of the PropNetPSK software running with
six concurrent channels. This shows how six different bea cons may be "cepturea' a t the same time on a 400-MHz
Pentium computer. /t shows the waterfall with a trace signa/ being decoded in one of the channels (channel 5, cotored p urple).
PropNET on 1a meters is a very useful tool for such a large group of avid
hams to take advantage of. If we could
drum up some more interest among 101Oers, especially as conditions become
more c hallenging , we might be able to
illustrate its value to individual operators.
So me of the PropNET participa nts
who have been active with a 1a-meter
beacon many tim es have witnessed
when 10 meters is ope n but nobody
knows. They then take advantage of
this by calling and contacting ope rators
in areas of the country that the PropNET
systems show to be active at the time,
often even when the DX Cluste rs or the
10-10 list isn't showin g any activity to or
from the area. I encourage anyone who
has fun operating 1a meters to power
up on PropN ET and set up your probes,
especially as the cycle wanes.

Speaking of P,opNET
and Research ...
Rich, WD 4RBX, is one of several people who are using PropNET to discover
new facets of propagation on 1a meters,
as well as on VHF. Rich is trying to see
if a meteor burn at 1 mete rs could propagate a PSK31 signal. He is looki ng for
amateurs who are in the right geographical areas to joi n the PropNET. He
plans to use the NA VSPASUR radar
along with PropN ET data to show the
meteor burn at 218 MHz and PropNET
station at 10 mete rs or above.
Another project WD4RBX is working
on with the team is seeing if it is possible for a radio wave to bounce off two
well -timed meteor burns. Ev Tupis.

a

98 • c o

• January 200 5

This view of MS-PSK software shows the stations that the
PSK-31 beacon software heard.

W2EV, explained that this prop agation
research (using a non-amateur transmitter , NAVSPASU R, as a signal
source) explores the several theories
going around about the ability to link two
we ll-placed meteor burns to allow for
multi -hop meteo r-scatter a s o s. To
date this is not a mode that has been
autho ritativ ely observed at amateu r
power levels on any band.
With that in mind, Rich stepped forward to attempt to document a doublehop meteor-scatte r (MS) ping using the
NAVSPASUR curtai n. His location is
almost pe rfect for such an attempt. If
Rich can document a ping from a 218MHz 1-megawatt NAVSPASUR station
that is farther than a single MS hop
away, then we at least can infer that the
mode is possible. The next question is
if the success (if/when it occurs) ca n be
dupl icated on 2 meters at amateur
power levels. If it ca n, then a bu nch of
th ings "change" in our und erstanding of
what we amateurs ca n do.
At one time, a group of PropNET participan ts-including Butc h Mason,
W6KAG, Ev, W2 EV, and otherse xplored the data gathered by the
PropNET softwa re running at Ric h's
station and compared it with the NAVSPASU R radar at Gila River, Arizona .
Ric h was sending Butch captu red
PropNET waterfall images. Rich
thought that they we re meteor reflections, but Butch kept aski ng, "Do you
realize the significance of what you
have ca ptured?" Butch and othe rs feel
that they may have captured images
that prove that LEO satellites drag ionization with them. Butch told Rich that

this was theorized back in the 1960s.
Rich plans to dig deeper into this soon .
The KF 6XAJW3NRG propagation
ex periments have resulted in almos t
four years of data on rather unique
paths that exist between these two sta tions. The effect was first noted in WW
II military research on propagation work
on the West Coast. The most recent article covering this work was published in
the TAPR/ARRL 2004 Digital Communication s Conference Proceedings.
N7YG and W3NRG have been experimenting with real-time text to speech
"translation" of PSK-31 data strings.
This work resulted from the community
of ham co ntacts assemb led by the
Beaco NET/P ropNET effort by Ev Tupis.
Where it relates to propagation is in the
fact that you ca n monitor DX activity on
the PSK-3 1 frequencies without having
to look at a co mpute r screen. That work
is documented on pages 48 and 49 of
the October 2004 issue of Co.
Another project of ex ploration is
Aircraft scatter , which will require a dedlcated 223-MHz or other VHF/U HF
PropNET station at the other end. Or,
how abo ut exp lor ing w hether a radio
signal on 10 meters, 2 meters, and higher is being bounced off satellite ionization and no one knows it? If enough people tak e a d edicated interest in
PropNET, we can find the answers to
this and many more questions.
If you are a VHF/UHF and above co ntester or maybe goi ng for some distance
record , you certa inly wou ld want to
know what types of propagation cou ld
exploited, especially so mething no one
has eve r tried to use. There might not

V isi t Ou r Web Site

be any othe r grou p better equipped than
PropN ET to find the answers.
Thanks to daily repo rting programs
au thored by N7YG and others, some of
the PropNET participants have 10meter coast-to-coast propagation
record s going back over four or five
years. This collection of important propagation data enables research of the
mode s and trends as we came off the
peak of the current solar Cycle 23.
To learn more about PropNET, and
to download the software and installa tion and configuration instructions, visit
ehttpzzhtraoto.org/p rc pn et-info. htmb-.
The official PropNET site is <http://
prcpnet.orqc-.

Good Conditions for 2005
Here is an overview of expected propagation conditions on each amateur band
between 6 and 160 meters for 2005.
6 Meters: About the only real action
on 6 meters will be during the summer
season's troposcatter and sporadic-E
activity. Aurora will playa minor role during spring and fall. Meteor-scatter propagation might offer an occasional peak
in activity , as well .
10 and 12 Meters : These bands will
be fair to poor, except during time s of
sporadic-F acti vity . Expect most OX
openings to be mostly on north and
south paths. Most of the time the solar
activity will not support propagation on
higher bands.
15 Meters: This band will be fair to
good , seeing wo rldwide openings during the daylight hours of all seasons.
Most openings , though, will be short,
except fo r the strong and frequent north!
south path openings.
17 Meters : This band should behave
much like 15 meters, but you will find it
open more often, with it remaining open
for OX an hour or two longer than 15.
20 Meters: This band is going to be
the main player during this year of moderate solar activity . Expect good conditions during the daylight hours, with
wo rldwide OX openings po ssible
throughout the year. OX conditions on
this band tend to peak for a few hou rs
after local sunrise and again during the
sunset pe riod . During the summer
expect thi s band to remai n open for OX
sev eral hours after local sunset, occasionally later into the night. In the winter months of 2005 some nighttime OX
openings are expected .
30 Meters: As Cycle 23 continues to
decli ne in activity, thi s band will offer
moderate opening s, especially a few
hours before sunset until a few hours
after sunrise. In 2005, 30 meters will be
an exciting band for those low-power
www.cq-a mateur-radio.com

digi tal signal s. W inter brings long er
nights, provid ing the right mix fo r exceptional worl dwide OX.
40,60,80, and 160 Meters: These
are nightti me OX bands. Great wo rld wide OX should continue on 40 mete rs
from about two hours before sunset to
approximately two hours after sunrise
during all seasons. Expect coast-to coast OX on 60 meters. OX openings
on 80 and 160 should peak during the
early spring , late fall, and winter
months. Expect somewhat stronger signals than those of last year.

January Propagation
It should be a toss-up between 15 and
17 meters for some great OX propagation open ings during the daylight hou rs.
These bands should open to most areas
of the world , often with very strong signals. Fifteen meters may have a slight
edge before noon , with 17 meters tak ing the lead after noon and becoming
the optimum OX band during the late
afternoon hours. Sho rt-skip openings
between distances of about 1200 and
2300 miles should be excellent during
the daylight hours. Excellent short-skip
openings are expected on 15 and 17
meters from shortly after sunrise
throug h the early evening hours for distances between 1000 and 2300 miles.
Twenty meters is expected to be a solid
band with excellent around -the-clock
openings for both OX and short-skip. OX
conditions should peak during a window
of an hour or so right after sunrise and
again during the late afternoon and early
evening hours. Short-skip openings
between approx imately 1300 and 2300
miles should be possible from just after
sunrise to as late as midnight. Shorter
distance openings should also be possible from mid-mominq to mid-afternoon .
The optimum band for OX con ditions
during the hours of darkness should be
40 meters. Expect openings to most
areas of the world from shortly before
sundown, throug h the hours of darkness, and until shortly after sun rise.
Signal levels may be exceptionally
strong at times. During the daylight
hours, sho rt-skip conditions should be
optimal for openings between approximately 100 and 600 miles. Skip will
lengthen during the late afternoon, and
by nightfall short-skip conditions should
be optimal for openings between 800
and 2300 miles.
Expect 60 meters to playa significant
role in nightly OX across the United
State s. With very low noise levels this
month , the weaker signals of 60 meters
will be easy to copy.
Because atmosphe ric noise level s

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CO •

99

Unexpected 2004 WW OX SSB Contest Conditions
The 2004 CO World-W ide OX SSB Contest weekend of October
30-31 started off with great con ditions. The few days leadi ng up to
the co ntest saw quiet to active geomagnetic conditi ons (with sing le-digit planetary A-index [Ap] readings), so the ionosphere was
mostly stable. What's more , the sun had decided to wake up a bit
and provide moderate activity. The week prior to the start of the
contest, we saw the 10 .7-c m solar ftux index stay between 140 and
129 , By the start of the co ntest, most of the HF contest bands were
usab le and co ntesta nts were excited by the opportun ity to experience g reat co ntest cond itions .
However, not more than a short while into the contest and the
geomagnet ic field became act ive, with planetary K-index (Kp) readings as high as 4 . This was due to the minor influence of a Sou thern
Hemisphere solar co ronal hole. This elevated the solar wind speed,
and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field 's orientatio n moved south ward , ca using the geomagnetic field to become unsettled to active.
Also , as the contest period sta rted, active sunspot region 69 1
developed new polarities that spawned three successi ve M-class
flares . Then, at 11 36 UTC, an X1 .3 flare erupted, peaking at 1146
UTC . A small enhancement of the proton flux was also observed in
GOES data. This flareup was totally unexpected by foreca sters
around the globe.
Geomagnetic act ivity tend s to cause a recombination of the ionos phere , much like what happens during the hou rs of darkness . This

will be at seasonally minimum levels in
the Northern Hemisph ere during January, the 80 - and t eo-meter ba nds
should also be hot. Expect some good
openings to many parts of the world on
80 meters during the hours of darkne ss
and the sunri se period. Short-skip openings between distances of 50 and 250
miles should be optimal on 80 meters
during the daylight hours. During the
later afternoon and early evening hours,
short-skip openings should increase to
between 250 and 1500 miles, and by
nightfall openings up to and beyond
2300 miles should be possible.
Expect some DX openings on the 160meter band during the hours of darkness, Openings towards Europe and the
east should peak at about midnight.
Openings towards the South Pacific and
in a generally southerly direction , as well
as openings into Asia and North Pacific,
may be possible just before daybreak.
Short-skip openings up to 1300 miles
should be possible during the hours of
darkness, and frequen tly the skip will
extend out as far as 2300 miles. During
the daylight hours intense ionospheric
absorption will severely limit openings,
although some may be possible at times
up to 150 miles or so.

VHF Conditions
Sporadic-E can occur during January ,
so be on the lookout. Very little auro ra
is likely to occur, however, so don't
expect auroral- E propagation .
The Ouadrantids meteor shower is
the major meteor shower for January
and it can appe ar any time during the
100 • CO • January 2005

lowers the frequencies that are refracted by the ionosphere over a
given path , by up to 30% during the stronger sto rms. The activity
on the first day of the contest depressed the usable frequencies on
some paths by about 10% to 15% under th at of nor mal co nditions
based on the flux level observed. This put so me brake s on low-frequency performance, and clipped the w ings of the higher band signals. OX cluster spotting on the low band s did not indicate as high
an activity level as was expected, although that could have been
due to the lack of reporting by co ntest statio ns. Nevertheless , the
geomagnetic co nditions and the series of flares d id not seem to
ca use too much of a degradation, at least from the perspective of
10-, 15-, and 20-meter OX spots shown on the ref lectors . On
Saturday, Pete, N4ZR, wrot e to me to report that "at this OTH, 10
meters is showin g 46 mults and 106 new stations spotted in the last
30 minutes. Not bad for this part of the cycle , I'd say."
By the second day the geomagnetic activity settled down nicely
and the higher bands really came alive. The highest Kp read ing during the last day of the contest was 3. With an increase in solar activity , even 10 meters was a major player in the 2004 WW 5 5B Contest.
The sorer-nux indices for the conte st weekend we re beller than
expected, with 136 for October 30 and 139 for October 3 1. Th is is
not much lower than the last few contest years. Sunspot co unts
were 153 and 163 for each day. The Apwas 17 o n the first day and
10 on the second day.

first week of January. This can sometimes be quite inten se, so it may be a
good idea to set up some 2- and a-meter
schedules . Morning meteor openings
may be the best bet during this month.
The hourly rate can be as high as 120
this year. View <http://www .imo.net!
calendar/caleb.htmb- for a complete
calendar of meteor showers in 2005.
Check out my CO VHF magazine
propagation column for an in-depth look
at propagati on on VHF and above.

Current Solar Cycle Progress
The Royal Observatory of Belgium re·
ports that the monthly mean observed
sunspot number for OCtober 2004 is 48,
up from September's 28 and August's
4 1. The lowest daily sunspot value during October wa s recorded on October
10, with a count of zero. The highest
daily sunspot count was 99 on October
24 . The 12-month ru nning smoothed
sunspot number centered on April 2004
is 46, a point under March. A smoothed
sunspot count of 25 is expected for
January 2005, give or take about 12
points.
The Dom inion Radio Astrop hy sical
Observatory at Penticton. BC, Canada,
reports a 10.7-cm observed monthly
mean solar flux of 106 for October 2004,
up three points from September. The
12-month smoothed 10.7-cm flux centered on April 2004 is 112, down from
March 's 115. The predicted smoothed
10.7-cm solar flux fo r January 2005 is
about 87, give or take about 16 points.
The observed monthly mean planetary A-index (Ap) for October 2004 is 9,

HOW TO USE THE SHORT-SKIP CHA RTS
1. In tho Short-SI<op Chart. lhe p'edocted tmllS of open.
ings can be found Ullder tho apptopriate distaroce column of
a j)arti<';Uar me te< band (10 through 160 meWs) as sflcr,m
in tho kill-hand column o f tho chart. For 1he Alasl<.a and Hawa;;
Charts lhe p'edicIed limes of opeoiIIgs are found under l he
appropnale mel.... band column [15 tflfougll 80 mel.....) lor a
particula, goographicai reg ",n of lhe conline nl al USA as
shown in lho left·hand column of lhll charts. An • indicall1S
lho besllime 10 lisl en lor 80 mel.... openings
2, The propagalion index is lho number lhal awears in (
) alte< 1he lime o f each p'lIdic1ed opening . On lhe Short-Skip
Chart . where lwO numerals are shown W11hin a single set of
paramt>oses . lhe 1i'51 apploos10 lho shor1er dlslance tor wt>ich
lho torecasl is made. and 1he eeecoe 10 ee greale< dislance ,
The index indicalllS lho number of daY" during lho month 00
wt>ich the opening is &'pec1ed 10 tak& pIac&. as f~lows :
(4) Opening should OCCUr on more tha n 22 days
(3) Opening shou ld occur betwwn 14 and 22 days
(2) Open'"O should occur be lWtHlrl 7 and 13 days
{I J OpenIng shou ld occur Of! ~ than 7 days
R&I&< 10 lho '1.IlSI M,nul& ForecaSl " al lhe bIlgIMing of
11>5 column tor tho ad",,1dalllS on which an opening wT1h a
spec;fic propoagation inde. is likel y 10 occur . and lho signal
quaiit,' \hat can bIl&'pec1ed.
3. TlfTlIls sflcr,m in lhe charts are in tho 24·hou, system .
where 00 is midnight 12 is noon ; 01 is 1 AM. 13 is 1 PM . etc.
On lho Short·Skip Chart 8P!"OI"iate statldardlime is used
allhe pa l h midpoint . For e.ample on a circuil bIltwwn
and Florida. lhe lime s/Iown would be EST. on a ci,cuit
OOlW8en New Vork and Te.as. lho lime al lho midpoOnt would
be CST. &IC. T imes shown in me Kawaii Chart a'& in HST .
TO converl l0 standard lime in ott- USA lime z<>rlM add 2
hou's in
PST lOIlII ; 3110urs in 1Il& M ST ZOflll: 4 hoors in
the CST zooe: and 5 hoo.Jrs in lho EST zone , Add 10 hoors
IOconvenfrom HSTIoGMT. Fore. ample. when ttis 12 noon
in Honolulu . il is 14 or 2 PM in Los AnQIlIes; 17 or 5 PM in
W ashlrgton, D.C.; arid 22 GMT. Time shown in 1he A lasl<a
Chart is given in G MT. To COIlV&rt 10 s randard lim& in ofher
areas ot 1he USA sub!rad8 IIours in lIle PST zooe; 7 hoo,s
iN !HE MST ZOf\II; 6 hours in !he CST ZOfIIl: and 5 hours in
the EST zooo. For e.ample. al 20 GMT tt is 15 Of 3 PM in
New Vork C'ly.
4. Th& Short·Sk ip Chart is based upon a l ron StM l ed
po_ of 75 watt s CW 0' 300 watts PEP 00 sideband; the
Alaska and H awaii Ch aMs are based upon a tran sm,ttef
power of 250 wallS C W or I kw P EP 00 sOdoband. A dipole
anlenna a quarter· wavelllngth
" round is assumed lOf
160 and 80 melalS. a """ ·wavlI a/:Io>IlI "round 00 40 arid 20
melers. and a wo val """'h above "round on 15 arid 1Cl maiers,
FOf each 10 dB \lSin a/:Io>Ie 1tIasa ref<lfencelovels, the fJfOfr
agatlOO;"oo. will eereeee by one ""'al: tor each 1Cl dB loss .
~ ..... lovffif by 000 ""'al .
S. Propagaboo da ta conl ai ned in l he chaMs has been p'e·
pa'ed from basic data published by ttlll InSlilute
TelllCOmmunicahon $cillflC&S or rne u.s. Qe;ll. 01
Comm&rce-. Boulder. Colorado 80302.

"""no

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Visit Our Web Site

,
I

CO Short-Skip Propagation Chart
January & February 2005
local Standard Time at Path
Mid-Point (24-Hour Time Syste m)

Western 12-1 5 (1)
06-07 ( I)
USA

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06-12 (31
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15-16 (1 1
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1)6.(17 (0-1)
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ALASKA
Openings Given In GMT.

..... ....." .....'" .....
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To:

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07·12(1)

ClO-02 {I }

03·10 (11
10-12 (2)
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0tI J60 meJlItS . . .-0 ~ IOOCQJI ciri'V1fION

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(Internet Connections)
E-Mail - [email protected] m

......... w.JASK

down a po int from September. The 12month smoothed Ap-index centered on
April 2004 is 16, about one po int down
from March. Expect the overall geomagnetic activity to be quiet to active
du ring most days in January, although
there is a possibility for a strong g eomagnetic storm . Refer to the lastMinute Forecast at the beginning of thi s
column for the outlook on what da ys this
might occur.
Please come and participate in my
online propagation discu ssion forum at
<hnp :llhfradio.orglforumsJ>. I've also
enhanced my Space W eather and
Radio Propagation center at <http://
prop.nfrado.orq s . so come take a look.
These resources may also be viewed
on a cell phone or othe r wireless device
that has WAPNYMl features by browsing to <http://wap.hfradio.org> .
Drop me an e-mail or sen d me a letter if you have qu estions or topics you
wou ld like to see me explore in this col umn.I'd also love to hear any feedb ack
you might have on what I have written.
Until next month . . ,
73, Tomas, NW7US/AAA0WA

SN Our c."log Spec:ilII, On Our Home ~

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February 5-6, 2005

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Openings Given In HST.
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16-11 (1 )
18' 19 (21
11-22 ('l
22-«' (3)
02~ (2)
~-($ (1 )

06-07 (II
07.(1$ (ll
08·10 (.l
10-1. (3)
1.·16 (' )
16-11(3)
1&-1 9 (2)
lHO (I)

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'9-20 (1 )

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22.(11

OH13(2)

03-0S (1)
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Dt-lails \ ia mail:

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W4WYR. 27KO

x.w. Jrd St. Miami, Fl. 33125

SO. FLORIDA SECTION CONVENTION
January 2005 _ CO • 101

..

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- - - - - --

-

-

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Results of the 2004 CQ WW WPX SSB' 'C
~o:n~le~s~I~(fi~':m:"~f'<:"~e~2~3~):::;;;;;;;;:;;;::;;;:~;;;::;;:;;;;:;;:;;;:=======~
CRM
r
TROPHY WINNERS AND DONORS

Nice pleasure wkg WPX trom 302 land before T33C
OXpedilion.... 3D2AY. 50 enjo yed at the WPX Test
because MNI stn OA V on 10m. The day withoul Test,
no one's around there. PSE on the air on 10m!! Am
J A's 3m Class licensed , only l OW output and using
Whip antenna up about 13mh, MNI TNX 4 UR works!
, .. 7K 2PB B. I enjoyed Ihis spfing CO WPX contest.
WPX is one of lhe "must" contests of the year. This
year I decided to lry 40m and use the 2x 3-el Yagis I
inslalled last year. The ccrdx were not the best with
heavy aurora on Saturday afternoon and night. I am
very pleased with the result but still waiting tor a WPX
SSB without aurora... , 7S2 E. All clubs in Zagreb can
use gASe prefi X plus own sullix bll the end of 2004.
celebrating 80 years of Radio Club Zagreb , lhe nrsr
radio clu b e stablished in this part of Europe . • •.
9ASBA , I was on larget to make more QSOs than last
year, butthen my voice went (old age and early spring
cold) and I was unable 10 continue. l lislened around
aner going aRT and there was plenty of activity. Never
mind, There is always next year to look forward to
(hope'ully). , , . 9H1DE , Last hour wa s HOTI .••
AB SXZ, Thank you everyone. All 160 contacts
broug ht me 30,171 pta and near clean sweep W# and
K#, missing W2 and W9 and Kl , K2, KB , K9. Hope to
clean sweep W. K, N next year hi hi! .•• AD7BK. Had
very loud line noise entire contest. . . . AE4 EC. OT4A
was onl y Six-band OSC! .. , AK1 W.
A big l ime 10 stay with a big friends . Propagalion
so poor and man y QRM because a weekend huge
storm (we were on red alarm). Thanks to everyone
who call us although we coo't hear u. Thanks. ...
AM5KB, Very bad conditions on 10m all Sunday, •. ,
AM7K J . Good conditions , but lack ot people ! ...
AN8AH , Special callsign Obtained lor Eleph anta
island: AS·169 'or the first lime participated in contest
from the iSland. Rig Ten-Tee Triton 540, lovely gill
from N7XM and WX 7M , Power ou tput onl y 40-S0
watts. Antenna inverted Vee. , , . AT081 Six hours
Iol al. Ali i could spend due to 'amity commi tments and
that my XYL doesn't like phone contests! M in all had
a great time, See u all in CW part. . • . BW4,'UA3VCS.
We made the setup for a Multi·Two operation thistime ,
The experienced operators were few. and we needed to put the less experienced members operating in
a real contest situation. All the best to every pert c tpam. we thank all the stations who contacted us and
also a very big thanks 10 everyone who spotted us on
the cluster . II was really a big help, ... C09K. Not a
good corcx but I hope that will be new world record.
. . . D4B , Only wor1led with dipoles and it is hard. but
if you made it, tt is fun. Next lime I must plan better
food preparation and operator feed limes. Alter the
cc meet my TS850 crashed ! . . . DG7RO.
This contest is one of the best on short wave The
WPX con test is a very good place 10 crece ee daily
running equipment. Thanks for the nice activation
from a 101 of stations around the world , and special
thanks to 3B9C for the very good expedmon and actio

SINGL E OPERA TOR, ALL BAND
W ORL D; Stanley Cohen, W 80DO Trophy . Won by. D4B operated by A le xan d er Telmurazov , 4LSA.
World Lo w Power ; Caribbean Contesting Consortium Trophy. Won by: John Bayne, P40A (KK9A ).
US A ; Atilano de Oms. PY5EG Trophy. Won by: WK4 R operated by Bill Ko llenbau m, K4XS.
USA Zone 4 : Society of Midwesl ccntesers Trophy. Woo by: George Frem i n Ill, K5T R.
US A Lo w Power; Terry Zivney, N4TZ Trophy. Won by : Cha rles Wooten, NF4A .
US A Zone 4 Low Po wer: Society of Midwest Contes ters T rophy. Won by : Bill Lip pert, ACBW,
AFRI CA; Peter Sprenqet, PY5CC Trophy. Won by: CT9A operated b y J ussl"Pekka Sampola,
OH6RX ,
EUR OPE: Jim HoHman, N5FA Trophy, W on by : Vlad zarteev, RK4FF.
SO UTH AMERICA : Ron Moorefield, W 81Le Trophy. Won by: Didier Biron neau, FY5FY.
OCEA NIA ; Philip Fraizer, K6ZM Memorial. Woo by: J oel Ch al mers, KG6 DX.
JAPAN: The OX Family Foundation Trophy. Won by : Masaki Okano , JH4U YB .
USA ORPlp: Doug Zwiebel, KR20 T rophy. Won by : Chartes Fu lp, Jr., K3WW.
SINGL E OPERATO R, SINGLE BAND
WO RLD '; Steve Mer chant, K6AW Trophy. W on by: PX5E opera ted by Sergio LIma De Almeida,
PPSJR (21 MHz).
WO RL D 28 MHz ; Alan Oomctter, K2EEK Memorial Trophy . Won by : Juan Manuel Morandi, LU1HF.
WO RL D 7 MHz; William D. Johnson, KVOQ Trophy. Won by : AN8AH operated by Pekk a
Koleh m al ne n, OHl RY.
USA 3.7 MHz: Lance Johnson Engineering Trophy. Won by: Joe Gagliard i, AA1BU.
USA - 14 MH z Lo w Power : Boomer Contest Club T rophy, Won by: AK2P ope rated b y Yu rly
Ryabin in , KC2LLM.
USA 21 MHz; Bernie Welch , WBIMZ Memorial. Won by : Joh n Evan s, N3HBX.
MULTI.()PERATOR , SINGLE TRANSMmER
USA; Steve Bolia, N8BJO Trophy Won by : W4P A operat ed b y KOEJ , KD4 HIK, K4J NY, K4 RO
and W4PA.
USA Zon e 4; Society ot Midwest Contesters Trophy. Woo by : KB DU opera ted b y K ODU, NOZA,
KOCL, W A4HND and KCBD KX.
ASIA; W2M IG Memorial Trophy sponsored by Ed Campbell , NT4TT. Won by : UA9AYA opera ted by
UA9BA, RA9AB, RW9MG!9 , UA9AR, RA9CKO, RV9CTD, RZ9CO, and UA9 CDV.
MULTI-OPERATOR , TWO T RA NS MITTER
WO RLD : Doris Wong, AG 1AL Trophy. Won by : A 61AJ opera ted by A 61AJ , K2GM, N2AA, ON5NT,
S53 R and SM7 PKK,
MULTI.()PERATOR, MULTI-TRAN SMITTER
WO RL D; Gail SChieber, K2REO Trophy. Won by : YW4M operated b y YV4BOU, YV5 AM H, YV5EE D,
YV51OJ, YVSLMW , YV5LMX, YV5M HX, YV5MSG , YV5NWG, YVSO HW, YYSA FD, YY 5COR,
and YY5HBO ,
CONTEST EXPEDITION
WOR L D; Kansas City OX Club Trophy. Won by : 5TBEU ope ra ted by ON5G A , ONa RA, F5VHA ,
and ON4HVO.

vauon in WPX as well. 73 Mirko DJ t AAiAB0DU

ccorest.t decided it was lime for a relaxing comesr on

5Z4HU, .. . DJ1AA, Most ot time signals were · sorf·
ing" over the
waves! With l 00W PEP and a vertical at downlown it's really a challenge. But. as ever,
it was a nice contest t , , , EA3ALV, My tlst WPX
ccruest. I've enjoy a 101 and I hope to repeat again
next year trom my mobile station.. • • EASBWRiM ,
AIt9f sollering a very crowded lSm during the ARRL

10m, perhaps the last opportunity 10 work 10m
monoband this cycle. Surprising how much DX I was
able to work on Saturday. Depressing to see how
closed the band was on Sunday. Are we still having
fu n? You bet ! . .. EASONiM . The band was realty
humming (20m) w~h activity and it is hard to believe
weare not atlhe peak of the sunspot cycle l . , . EI4CF.
Haven't done an Assisted contest fOf a while. Good
fun to chase mults and friends.. , . GOMTN. Whe n we
did the reconstruction on HB9AEM's portable QTH it
was a hot sunny day. But when arriving on Friday we
found 25 cm of snow, 20 km 011 the city of Z uriCh and
not even 800 masl. During the night lemp dropped to
-8C. Arealwinler Field Day, butfun it was ! . •. HB75A
First contest in 20 years (eo-founder of KL7IRT:
home call KL7ENY). First time on the air in about 20
years : erst lime 10 use computer logging (that is wily
this is a checll log; made 100 many mistakes). Great
to be bacl\ on again and giving the HSe multiplier to
many on 10 and 15 meters. Lots of disbelief when they
hnally got the call right. BUI lhis is a really bad call to
say alter 30 hours ! Ran barefoot with a tribander. Tried
to do multi-one all low power SSB. ... HSOZCG. First
time in contesting. • had so much fun I'm going to contest over and over! .. • IZ6FXS. Entry on single-op
80m low POW9f. The condition between the USA and
JA was nol so good. I could hear many USA stations
betcre the sunrise time oIlhe USA, but I cou ld get no
answer from them . When the suor tse time of the USA
west coeet me condition wa s getting well. I cou ld get
lhe answer to my 'CO" lfom the USA. I lried to experiment with my new antenna. "non·radial coa xial monopole antenna ." I used two types of antenna in this con-

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lest . One was a 1/4 ·wavelength invel1ed l antenna
and the OIhef was the "non-fadial ooa~ial mOIlQPOle
antenna." I used antenna SWItch. The "non-radial
coa.xialll'lOflCl9Ole antenna" was about only 26m and
112 wa·. el6ngth at 3 .8 MHz el9c:tricaIlengIh. It was
'oI9I'Y low vertICal radlabon angle so it is besl tar low~ DXing, Ipresentedthisanterna Ir'l Japanese CO
magallr'l8

Matdl2004. • . . JE15PY.

f.4osl: points scooed in WPX c:ontesl so lar OWl" Iasf
10pin! ... K6n'" A lew personal observaliOnSand
IhoughIs dumg • 'oI9I'Y parl.bm8 onIolf par1icipabon
!rom my ~""ee,..."PraetJaI Stabon' before gel '
bng 10 play WI!tl the Iolks at NR60 on Sunday lor a
while . What an Antenna Fann Ken has there1l ll ) One
USA 5latlOfl repe81ecty gave out Of'iy senaJ number's
WI!tl no Signal report. I wonder how legal the logs ate
tar lhose who OSO'd this stabon. Hmmm_ (2) DVK
unrts that produce a jet engine noiSe bacfo.ground and
wide splaller should be NUKED olf the planet. (3)
There must be some legal way at disabling or dismembering the Foreign Broadcast stations in the 040
meter phone band. (4) Big lOwers wilh multi-Slacl<.ed

beams are beautiful works 01 Art & Science and should
end up in the SmIthsonian at some point. • • . K6VVA
Many inlerruptions. but had a good time anywa~,
Thanks to \tloSe wtlo patiently dug my QRP signals
out of !he noise ... KBSYH This was a conlest 10
'
Ie$l a beginner's melIle. T"IfIfOGa)1 batore as I wasgoing
10 ~e my hori.zorrtal loop S8t\4l. I sprained my
toe. The day at the COlItest.1hll XYl was !Old thai she
IIl'OUId likely go into labor W<lI1in 24 tlours. Sunclay AU
W!Ih a real chance 10 irTllrOve on last year. I got the
word to h8ad lor the hospital, With two hoo..n to go.
b8atJlJfIj baby gor1 Serena was born. Urdortunalely (or
perhaps nol'). the XYl mad 'WPJ(" as a sec:oro name.
lots of furl aI arotn:ll .. . KCSIGY. Well ~ upgrad·
ed my calIsign and I am out 10 a good start However
I need 10 oonc:entrale on puttIng up some serious
antennas ill want 10compete WIth the big guys. I look
forward 10 more contesting in the luture when I can
work the stations I hear••• . KC7 RSO Mel a lot of old
friends. had fun . Tharswhal it's an about. ..• KG6DX_
What a struggle! Only a handful 01 EU stations
made it oyer the 59 marl<. but s!lll managed 10 worl<.

mos1 oIlhe Nw prefiJes I heard and thaI to me is what
this contest is aN about , Thanks to an those guys who
go1 sp9CiaI calls! ••• K51T. Only entered tor a brt of
fun . 10 pass the W8t!kend. but reaRy enjoyed wortung
the contest AOded to my DXCC. with some good
ones. I'm amazed 10 find whal you can wor1l. Ir'l a conlest WIth lOOW and a ground-fTlOUl'lt8Cl vertical ' ...
MSRNR F'1rS1 entry in CO WPX_Hard going WIth SW
but pleased WI!tl400+ 0S0s. Clpefaled lor 3" hours.
Got Itvee Nw DXCC in the conIesI-A71 . P.M. and
P4, See you nut lime. ... MJRCY. Great COl~est.
IoYed II. Cond. warenl bad but the IasIlSay solar aetJv·
ity was high. U<.e this contest. fast paoed and every.
one worl<s 8'I8f"yOI"I8. •. • M4F. Have nwer entered a
contest until this March and had great fun . First ever
contest. bigges1 contest was WI!tl father (MM3JHS) 10
gel on. • • • MM3YDH Started 011 fine !hen thelhunderstorms rolled in tor the rest et Friday and most aM
Saturday. Ended up building a 10 meIer beacon with
my spare time . • . . NBWY. Wow! This was m~ flrsl
cenest i'\Jnning QRP. 'Nhal a blast! Ran 3W and a
30m dipole and had a 101 01 fun. Hopetull~ ne~t ~ear

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January 2005 • CO • 103

On the Cover

In late January, 2 1 operators from
eight countries will be descending, literally, on the Antarctic island of Peter
I for a two-week DXpedition as 3Y0X .

I'll have more time to operate ! ... N1SZ . Very enjoy·
able to pa-tcpate but time limited to family. Very interesting to hear the "Big Guns" talking on 15m be fore
lhe contest started. joking around. Bes t moment was
finding 3B9C in the clear on 20m and gening him with
only one call! Hope to be back next year. ... N4H XI,
The contest started on my birthday. Whal a greal
present! ... P4BA . Alter 2 years. finally the station is
gening assembled again. Onday 1, I hadtoget accosromeo back to contesting . My ears, brain, and fingers
d kl not synchronize, but on day 2 it went m uch eener.
Given that I actually made more O's on da y 2. Sunday
did not seem Slower. It is so g reat to be back, and
W PX is always a tavcene. Th anks to everyone who
call ed. See you again ne xt year , •. . P43E. Pleasant
to pemopate again in this great game. Now if only I
could hold a run freq ue ncy with my low power!
Anyway. the most important thing is: having fun . . . •
PA BMIR , Nice to calch HNOZ on an almost dead 10m
band calling CO and no takers! And tooc ~ again later
on 20! ..• PA9ZZ. Nee to cajctr so man y old frien ds
in WPX. Tha nks lor be en in my Iog-Oms. PY5 EG, .
. . PS2T. Great spot for a first time at the OX end of
the contest. The crash of 20 meters on Su nday killed
our total s. as 20 was our best band unfit then . Never
Never try to run with a brand new PC. Network issues
cost us at least 50 Os and 10 mulls :(. All in all a great
time though. Really a d illereot experience from that
part of the world. • • • V260 X It was tun to join the CO

Expedition co-leader Bob Allphin,
K4UEE, of Marietta, Georgiashown on this month's cover with a
map of Antarctica and his ' pet" penguin-says the group will be active on

all bands from 160 to 10 meters, on
CW, SSB, RTIY, and PSK-3 1. Their
goal is to make at least 100,000 con-

tacts. Bob's partner in planning the
expedition is Ralph Fedor , KOI R, of
Waite Park, Minnesota (who was fea tured on ou r February 2004 cover).

According to Bob, the group will
assemble January 12 in Punta
Arenas, Chile . then leave on the 14th
for a five-to-six-day sea voyage, starting with a two-day cros sing of the
Drake Passage, "one of the roughest,
most unpredictable areas of the
world ." Bob says those first 48 hours
"will be kind of rough" and expects
most tea m members to spend most of
that time in their bunks. The next three
days should offer calmer seas, he
says , and will be devoted to additional meetings , planning, and practice.
Once th e group arrives at Peter I,
they'll have to shu ttle themselves and
all their gear onto the island by heli copter- the only way on or off-and
are hopi ng for reasonably good
weather in which to set up thei r nine
stations (all but 30 meters with kilowatts) and 15 antennas. They plan to
be on the air 24 hours a day until it's
time 10 pack up and head home-no
later than February 5, as their boat
needs to be back in Chile by the 10t h.
For more information on the 3YOX
DXpedition , or to help out with a contribution (this is not a cheap trip! ), see
the group 's website at <http://www.
peterone.com >. Cover photo by Larry
Mulvehill , W B2ZP I.
104 •

CO

•

J anuary 2005

WW WPX contest for a few hours during our holiday
in Namibia. I was using an ICOM IC-706MK IIG whiCh
fed 100 warts of power into a TH70XX anteona. The
location was rsomec in the northern part of Nam ibia.
near the Ethosha National park. ... V5110 L5XL.
Even lhough conditions were poor. CO contests
alw ays provide lots of tun. Sure is good 10 hear old
friends on lhe air. . . . VE3JA C . Operaled from the
mobile wilh Hamstick antennas and a deep-cyde battery. Surprised and please to work A61 AJ long pa th
on 20m , as OX on 20 was a chore. .. . VE3 XDIW4
On the first day could not operate d uring prime opening lime to USA. Second day band closed to all dlrectens except to Europe. Stilt lots of tun with personal
highest WPX score. 36 hours operating l ime lor
gle op is g rea t. I just love W PX . CU in May ! . ..
VK1AA/4. LeI'S see-one blow n l ube , one b lown
balun, mediocre corcacos. bul I still had tun . ...
VQ1AU. Great fun with the new VP5 1 prefix. Condx
better the first day.. •. VP51V. A Iinle time to contest
equals a 101 o. fun . Al 77 I ecru ccmest much anymore but I love this W PX and had to make a few contac ts jusl for fun. •.. W3MGL. Lots of frustrating fun .
Thanks 10 all who were able 10 pull my signal out of
me mud. The high point of th e contest was working
VK2CZ late in l he contest on Su nday on an otherwise
moslly "dead" 10 meters. W ilh no a RM, he was able
10 get my call and exct1ange with no repeals. That's
surely a testame nt to a good staten on his end . and

sro-

USA TOP SCORES
WBBTlI __

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WK4R
K02M

7.711.200
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3,371,830
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SINGLE OP£R.llTORMSISTED
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1,553.660
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763.812
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170,816
MULTI·OP ONE TRANSMIITER
W4P.II
6,204.012
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4.674.855
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4.397.221
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3.168.026
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3.136.592
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2.722.4I 6
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2.624.820
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MULTt-llP TWO TR.IINSMmER
KM4M
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13.ll25.033
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6.213.361
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4.801 .608
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2.819.647
MULTI·OPMULTt·TRAN SMIITER
14041
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WX3B
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17.627,4!*l
10.786.608
10.174.I 12
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6.043,484

• Denotes low pctIV9'

Visit Our Web Site

to the naMe of 10 meters. ThaI's the son of thing that
mak&S conl&Stlng really furl•••• W4KAZ , 10 meter
ORP is tough from the West Coast. I never heard
Europe. aoel only worked one AfriCa But lots 01' South
American actMly helped my soore' ... W6QU
lJmftecl operating time due to previous eommrt·
ments but reaIy had. blast Very ~ Europe and no
Japan heard here in the "Black Hole ." Great adiYily
tram South Ametica aoel. 01' course . staTeside. A fun
oontest tor QRP. aIlhougtl40 and 80 _e a brt of a
struggle. See ya f'l8JC1 year! . . . WA BVBW. Nicewor1l.·
ing ZS6 and ZS9 on long path and rsce OX 3B9C .
A61AJ . 4L6AB. and many 0!tIerS .. .. WA7A R, My
firm _
CO WPX SS8 confes1 running ORP. Op bme
vet'( limftecllhis confest ( 11.7 hours total). Mni tnx to
S1ns who ~ed repeats to complel8 an .-chanoe.
S9 noise level on 40m and only 50SOs on lhat baoel.
80m ......... worse! 20 meters hot around the cIoc:k r

Happy as a Flying Pig in slop ! No JA. VK. zi, KH6.
KL7h8ardat any bme l ... WA8REI. SurpriSingly. c0nditions _ a preny good, This is my first WP X test aoel
I enjoyed it very muctI. 1'1 be back next ~ear. • • •
W88RFB Operaled only a lew hours due to ottler
commrtmellts . Realy et;o,'ed woriung 5U7JBearfy in
the confesl tq:a!1M my otclesI: daugtlIer and family
are statiOllEld fl Niger wiltI SIM as missionaries. Used
!he eallsign of the Old OomlniOn Chapter _20 2 01
QCWA to provide !he somewhat unique 'WW2" prefix . II 011.., took. some repeatS 10 get the IllOlIiYinO stabon topoperlygetthe WW2DOM cd.... WW2 DOM
SI10uIcI have spenl Sunday in the hammock. II your

break. you arenl QOing hard out..
•• Zl.l A NH. My lirst OX HF conIest. Had a ~ time
aoelleamed a heck of a lot. Also Iouoel participants to
be very hielldly despi!acompellliofl being ralher fierce
at bmes.. .. ZS5SAM .
~ipmenI doesnl

co WW WPX SSB CONTEST
ALL·TIME RECORDS
The contest is held each year on the last lull weekeocl of March. The All-Time Reco«ls will be updated and
published annually. Data following the calls : year of ccerancn. total score , and number or prelix multipliers.

1.8
3.5
7.0
'"
21
28

AS
ORPtp

WORLD RECOR D HOLDERS
Singl. Operal o r
VA1 A('99)
535 .225
EA&OH 1MA('97)
4,31 7.284
ZX9Aj'97)
10.78 7.1 28
EA8AH('97)
1' .'42.198
ZW58('95)
14.09S.142
044AC('02)
15.707,40 1
046('04)
_25.955 .......
HC8A(94)
7.520 .562

271

562
81 ..
981
1054
1123
1306
71"

1.8
3.5
7.0
,..
21
28

AB

OApp

.. ~Ior Single TraMmItI...
0441"0('021

_33.443.856
30,346.161
60.703.452

CLUB RECORD
Contest QuO f inland ('oo)
250.320.1<4 1

.. ,.., _ _ l:Wor'OlI _

_ . __. . ..+1'1

100 104-411S _ . _ _ _ _ ..

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308
475
495
962
930

~

LO
3.5
7.0
14

21
28

AO

10
35

7.0
14

21
28

AB
1.0

35
70
14

21

ee
AS

ASIA
UL7ACI('9I) .................33 1.008
UA9CSS('94) ............ 1,07.. .780
H24LP(·87)....... .........5.348.975
H2A('91)................... .6.297.464
7Ll G VE('92) .............6.848.136
H22H('OO} .................9.092.140
JY9NX('Ol ) ............. 15.463.485
EUROPE
LY6K("95) .....................481.164
S02R('04) .................2.543,708
9A9A('991..................4.62.. .188
OJ7M(OO) .......•....... 7.955.22..
COl BOP('OO).......__ 6.989.997
GM7V('OO) ................8.305.756
Qt( 1A I('Ol ) .............. 10.844.592

NORTH AMER teA

LO
3.5
70
14

21

ee

AB
1.0

35

VA1A('99) ....................535.225
VEl e Y('OO) ...............2,226.300
TE1C('95) .................7.281.630
KP2A('95) .................7.088 .976
WP3A ('98) ..............10,167.632
KP2A{'OO) ............... 11 ,385.71 0
Tl lC('99) .................17.078.930
OCEA NIA
AH6PR('99)....................18.963
WH7Z('03) ................1,208.900

Walls Unlimited

rn

1066
649

KM3T('99)

1 091 .468

10n

1119

Multi-Operalor Two Tl1IInsm/tler
KU4M(04) _
13.025 .033

1171

' ''76

MuI1i-Operalor MUIlI-Tl1IInsmltt...
KM3TfOO)
29 .338.460

1355

Q APP RECORD
HC8A('94) ••••••••••• 7,520.562

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WPX (~fl .) RECORD
or0A('OO)
1528

CONTIN ENT A L RECORD HOLDERS

AFRteA
EA8tOH 1MA('99) .........404 .976
EA8IOH 1MA('97) ..... ,.. .317.284
EASAH('96) ...............7.101.380
EASAH('97) .............11.142.1 98
EA8AH('01) ............. 12,387.139
D«AC('02) ............. 15,707.401
048('04)................. .25.955 ...44

...

""""-

516·334·7024

1332

....lIU·Ope'lIlor Mul1l- Tl1IIns mltt...

HC8N ('03)

_,..,+1'1"'"

Multi-Openltor Single Transmitter

"utti-Oper8'lor Two Transmftl...
STDAY('03)

U.S.A. RECORD HOLDERS
SIng le Operator
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327 .712
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1.51 9.300
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1.950.228
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30.157.650 1255
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ac

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January 2005 • CO • 113

What You Didn 't Tell Us...
Editor, CO:
Regarding ''What You Told Us" in September CO, there is probably
more than one opinion on the last information of the second paragraph
pertaining to classes of licensees that voted shows. To me it shows
that No vice and Tech are as complacent about voting as they are about
studying for upgrades. Just my two cents. Enjoyed your beach time
article .
George Lee, KR5C

o
en
en
:lo....
Q)

W2VU responds:
George, f think the "voting, • as you put it, is more rep resentative of
the overall readership of CO than ofanyone 's motivation (or lack of motivation). My resson for bringing up those numbers was to point out that
while a slight majority of readers (53%) disagreed with the A RRL 's proposal to shrink exclusive Advanced/Extra phone subbands as part of an
overall phone band expansion sought in its Novice ~refarming ~ petition,
the reader should rea lize that nearly three-quarters of those responding
to the survey (73%) stand to lose out if the proposal is adopted as is. It
also means that 20% approve of the plan even though they stand to lose
some exclusive frequencies.

"D

o

Q)
,

Living in the Real World
Editor, CO:
I very much enjoyed reading your comments in the Sept. 2004 Co. It
sounds like you had a good trip. I think you were right on with your comments regarding helping the hobby grow. It was refreshing to know that
although you tried for some asos with your QRP rig you were unsuccessful, not that I would wish that upon you. Some of the stories t have
read about working four continents and WAS with 3 watts and a coat
hanger antenna in four days are just a bit hard to believe. So, it is good
to know that the editor lives in the real world and tells it like it is.
I am newly licensed after about a 50- year lay-off. Perhaps we will
meet on 20 one day. Thanks for an interesting and informative CO. It
is better than I remember it being in the 195Os.
Gene Von Dahlen, KE5CFA

Cheap Yagis
This tetter was addressed to Antennas Editor Kent Britain, WA5VJB:

Kent,
Loved the article on the Cheap Yagis! Finally an article that does not
assume the beginning ham has a degree in electronic engineering, a
complete electronics workshop, or a huge inheritance! I plan on making several of these and using them for fox hunts for the campus ham
radio club. I looked on the web and found info on 2-meter Cheap Yagis,
and hope to make one for use at home.
How about Cheap Yagis lor 6 meters? Six is the best chance new
Tech licensees have for OX, and making a Cheap Vagi would be much
less intimidating than many other antenna plans out there.
Thanks again for the article. Ham radio needs more practical and
cheap equipment for young people and beginners, and your article hit
it right on the spot.
Taylor Mack, KD5ZJZ
Asstistant Professor
Deptartment of Geosciences
Mississippi State, MS

PACKET RADIO AN D MOR El Join TAPA, connect
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Creators cttbe TNC-2 standard, working on Spread
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me

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WA5 VJ B responds:
I've had a 6-meter Cheap Yagi in the air for eight years now, but
since it's made out of salvaged parts from three old TET Yagis, even
I cou ldn 't build a second one.
The 6-meter version has been a mechanical, not an electrical challenge. Wood and wire j ust aren 't going to make it with 110· jnch-long
elements. A nd while I could specify hardware from a dealer, I really
want to use stuffthat's easily available everywhere. Mywanders though
Home Depot and Ace Hardware are quests for that perfect mounting
method (or at least a good excuse)!
I'm open to suggestions. Glad you enjoyed the article.

11 4 •

CO

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