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APPLICATION BULLETIN
Glossary
ABRASION RESISTANCE: The resistance of a material to loss of surface particles due to frictional forces. ACCELERATED AGING: A method in which an attempt is made to produce and measure the effects of natural aging in a shorter period using high temperatures. ACCELERATION: Increasing power of energy of electrons through electrical field (usually 50 to 350 thousand volts or more) in a vacuum. ACCELERATOR: Speeds crosslinking of rubber by sulfur. Example: 2,2'-di thiobis (benzothiazole). ACID NUMBER: The quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to neutralize the free acids present in the sample. ACID RESISTANCE: The ability to resist the action of identified acids within specified limits of concentration and temperature. ACRYLATE: Chemical materials, usually monomers and oligomers, which contain the grouping CH2=CHCOACTIVATOR: Renders accelerators more potent. Example: zinc oxide with stearic acid. Alternatively, a secondary accelerator that is an accelerator in its own right but is mostly used with others. Examples: thiurams, dithiocarbamates and guanidines. ADHESION: The state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces which may consist of molecular forces or interlocking action, or both. AGING: 1. The irreversible change of material properties after exposure to an environment for an interval of time. 2. Exposing materials to an environment for an interval of time. AIR CONTAMINANT: Any substance of either manmade or natural origin in the ambient air such as dust, gas, fumes, mist (other than H2), smoke, heat, noise, etc. AIR DRY: A coating that dries or cures at ambient temperature. AIR POLLUTANT: Dust, fumes, mist, smoke and other particulate matter, vapor, gas, odorous substances or any combination thereof. ANTIDEGRADANT: Inclusive term to denotentioxidants, antiozonants and stabilizers. ANTIOXIDANT: Protects cured rubber products against oxidative degradation in service. Examples: Nisopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, which is also an antiozonant, and octylated diphenylamine, which is not. Antioxidants that protect synthetic rubber during processing are called stabilizers. ANTIOZONANT: Protects cured rubber products against ozone. Examples: waxes, which migrate to the surface to form a physical barrier, and N,N-bis (1,4 dimethylpentyl)-1,3 phenylenediamine, which protects by chemical reaction. APPLIED SOLIDS: Solids that remain on the substrate being coated or painted. ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS: Stock type or shelf coatings formulated for service under environmental conditions and for general application

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on new and existing residential, commercial, institutional and industrial structures. These are distributed through wholesale-retail channels and purchased by the general public, painters, building contractors and others. BAGGING: A condition during mill mixing when a rubber stock exhibits no adhesion to the rolls, sags off the rolls and fails to form a bank at the nip of the rolls. BAKING TEMPERATURES: Recommended temperatures of the curing oven that ensure a coated part is baked or cured to obtain optimum properties. The amount of volatile material released from the coating is sometimes increased if baking temperature rises. BANK: The reservoir of material at the opening between rolls of a mill or calendar or at the spreader bar. BARRIER PROPERTIES: The properties of a substance which allow it to act as a barrier especially to water vapor or moisture. BASECOAT/CLEARCOAT: A two-step finish coat system in which a highly pigmented, often metallic, basecoat is following by a thicker clearcoat. It results in a finish with high-gloss characteristics. BATCH SAMPLE: The collection of substances of products of the same category, configuration or subgroup thereof, which are drawn from a batch and from which test samples are drawn. BELT CONVEYOR: A moving belt system for transporting prints from one processing stage to the next as from press to dryer, through dryer, from dryer to packaging area, in almost any conceivable order. Belt may be made of metal, mesh, heavy cloth, web straps, wire, etc. BINDER: Nonvolatile, liquid portion of a coating. When the paint dries, the binder becomes part of the solid film. It binds the pigment particles together and cements the paint film to the substrate.

BLENDING RESIN: A PVC resin used as an extender in plastisol manufacture. The particle size is generally a hundred times larger than a dispersion resin. BLOCK COPOLYMER: A copolymer whose molecules consist of two or more separate chain sequences, each of which has its own properties that are similar to the homopolymer. BLOCKING: An undesired adhesion between layers of material placed in contact under moderate pressure and/or temperature in storage or use. Usually occurs in a stack of printed material which is stacked prior to thorough drying. BOND STRENGTH: The strength of the union between materials. BONDING AGENT: Enhances adhesion of rubber to fabric or fiber. BR: Polybutadiene - Solution polymerized homopolymers of butadiene. Oil content is included but carbon black and other fillers are excluded. BREAKDOWN: Preliminary mastication and milling of raw rubber or a rubber mix to render it more suitable for further processing. BRITTLE POINT: The highest temperature at which a rubber specimen will fracture under sudden impact. BULK DENSITY: The density of loose material (powder, cubes, etc.) expressed as a ratio of weight to volume. BURSTING STRENGTH TESTER: Instrument used to measure the point at which a paper, foil, film, textile, plastic or other material submits to bursting. BY-PRODUCT: A chemical substance produced during the manufacture, processing, use or disposal of another substance or mixture. CABLE: A combination of conductors insulated from one another. Also, a shielded conductor.

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CALENDER: (Machine Calendar) 1. A set of cast iron rollers, testing one on top of the other in a vertical bank at the dry end of a paper machine, through which the web passes for smoothing and surface leveling. The finish on the roll surfaces determines the degree of smoothness and/or gloss imparted to the paper; 2. A similar configuration of heat rollers used for flattening one or both sides of synthetic screen printing fabrics. CALORIE (cal): A unit of heat. One calorie equals 4.1840 joules. CAPACITANCE: The quantity of electric charge which can be received by an electrical system from a potential source of given value. The farad is the unit of capacitance. CARCASS: The portion of a tire constructed by layering plies of rubber coated fabric or steel wire around the bead. CAST COATING: A film made by depositing a layer of plastic material in solution, a dispersion or a molten state onto a (usually) smooth, solid surface. The plastic is solidified and removed as a film having the same surface as the one on which it was formed. CATALYST: Any material which aids completion of a chemical reaction without itself becoming part of the product. CATIONIC CURE: Occurs when an energized molecule reacts with cationically sensitive monomers to initiate polymerization. CHALKING: Formation of a powder on the surface of a paint film caused by disintegration of the binding due to weathering. CHEMICAL FIXATION: A hazardous waste treatment process involving reactions between certain chemicals, resulting in solids which encapsulate, immobilize or otherwise tie up components in the waste, thus minimizing the leaching of hazardous components and rendering the waste non-hazardous or more suitable for disposal.

CLEARCOAT: A transparent coating usually applied over a colored, opaque coat to improve gloss and protection to the colorcoat below. In some cases, a clearcoat refers to any transparent coating without regard to the substrate. COAGENT: A monomer (unsaturated) or monomeric compound which enhances crosslinking in a free radical cure system. Examples include: zinc monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, TMPTMA, etc. COATING: A protective or decorative film applied in a thin layer to a surface. This term applies to paints such as lacquers or enamels but also refers to films applied to paper, plastics or foils. COATING HEAD: The coating applicator in a roll coater, rotogravure coater or knife coating operation. COATING SOLIDS: The part of the coating that remains after the coating is dried or cured. COATING WEIGHT: The mass of an applied coating per square unit of surface area. Also called Mass Weight. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION: The measure of the relative difficulty with which the surface of one material will slide over an adjacent surface of itself or another material. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION: The measure of the change in length of a material when subjected to specified temperatures. COLD CURING: The process of curing at normal atmospheric temperature. COMPRESSION (ATTI): For golf balls, a device that measures the resistance to deflection. The higher the number, the greater the compression and crosslink density. Compression generally correlates directly with COR. COMPRESSION SET: The residual deformation of a material after removal of the compressive stress. (Not to be confused with ATTI compression.) Heat aging.

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COMPATIBILITY:Property of different materials to blend together and form a homogeneous system. CONDUCTIVITY: The direct current conductance of a material. Conductivities of other metals are expressed as a percent of the conductivity of copper. Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity. CONDUCTOR: The metallic wire used to carry a current. Sometimes the term conductor is used to designate the individual insulated wires in a cable. CONTACT ADHESIVES: Applied to the surface of substrate and adherend which is then allowed to apparently dry to touch. When pressure is applied to the two coated areas, a bond is formed. Countertop or furniture laminates. COPOLYMER: A copolymer made from two or more different types of monomers. COR: Coefficient of Restitution. For golf ball characterization, the exit velocity for a ball fired against a backboard to simulate the actual golf ball flight performance. Usually evaluated at various entrance velocities from 125 to 255 FPS. CORONA: An electrical discharge at high voltage. CORONA RESISTANCE: The resistance offered by an insulation to the formation of corona discharge while under high voltage stress. CR: Polychloroprene - Emulsion polymerized homopolymers of chloroprene, both in solid and latex form. Only dry solids of latices reported. CRAZING: A random pattern of minute intersecting cracks in plastic, ceramic glaze or other surfaces. CREEP: The deformation, in either cured on uncured rubber under stress, which occurs with lapse of time after the immediate deformation. CROSSLINK DENSITY: Number of crosslinks per unit volume of elastomer.

CROSSLINKING PLASTICIZER: The monomer or oligomer which is used to suspend dispersion resins in a plastisol, but which also chemically crosslinks the PVC via the addition of a free radical generator like a peroxide. CROWN: The difference between the diameter at the center and at the edge of a cylindrical roll. CRUDE RUBBER: A raw material between the diameter at the center and at the edge of a cylindrical roll. CRYSTALLINITY: Orientation of the disordered long chain molecules of a polymer into repeating patterns. Degree of crystallinity effects stiffness, hardness, low temperature flexibility and heat resistance. CURE: Crosslinking of rubber polymer chains to impart elastomeric properties. Generally refers to peroxide crosslinking. Sulfur crosslinking is called vulcanization. CURE TIME: Time needed for rubber compounds to reach maximum viscosity or elastic modulus at a given temperature. The sum of the scorch time and crosslinking time. Cure time is conventionally considered complete at 90 percent of maximum torque or at TC (90). DAMPING: The dissipation of energy with time or distance; ability to absorb energy to reduce vibration. DEAERATION: Removal of air from a plastisol by pulling a vacuum on the compound. DIELECTRIC: Another term for insulation. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: The ratio of the capacitance of a condenser having the given material as the dielectric to the capacitance of the same condenser with a vacuum as the dielectric. In the CGS system, the dielectric constant of a vacuum is one. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: 1. The maximum voltage which a dielectric can withstand without

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rupture. Usually expressed as volts per mil. 2. The measure of a product’s ability to resist passage of a disruptive discharge produced by an electric stress; the voltage that an insulating material can withstand before breakdown occurs. DIP COATING: Method of applying a coating in which the substrate is dipped into a tank of coating and then withdrawn. DISPERSANTS: A surface active agent that aids in breaking down pigment agglomerates when the paint is mixed. It also prevents re-agglomeration in storage. DISPERSION RESIN: A PVC resin whose particle size is typically in the range of 0.1 - 5.0 microns. DLC: Stands for dry liquid concentrate. A liquid absorbed on an inert carrier surface which converts the liquid to a solid. DOCTOR BLADE: 1. A scraping blade used to spread an even film of liquid onto a surface. In screen printing, it is called a Flood Bar. 2. Method of applying a coating in which a flat metal strip or blade is mounted such that it scrapes off excess coating from a roll or rotogravure coater before the paper or other substrate is coated. DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of material. DOSE RATE: The dose per unit time in rads per second or rads per hour. DRAIZE TEST: A method for estimating the skin or eye irritation due to contact with a chemical substance. DUMBBELL: A standard, flat strip specimen shaped like a dumbbell that is used in many physical tests. DUROMETER: An instrument for measuring the hardness of vulcanized rubber and plastic. Shore A measures softer materials and Shore D harder materials.

DUROMETER HARDNESS: An arbitrary numbering scale that indicates the resistance to indentation of the indentor point of the durometer. High values indicate harder materials. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES: Mechanical properties exhibited under repeated cyclic deformations. EBONITE: A hard rubber made by vulcanization of rubber with high levels (greater 30 parts) of sulfur, where the high hardness is due to the action of the sulfur. EFFLUENT: 1. Waste material (from an industrial source) in liquid form; 2. The releasing of pollutants into the environment generally with regard to discharge into waters. EFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDELINES: Regulation established by state or federal governments to control the levels of specific chemicals in liquid waste discharged by industry. ELECTRODEPOSITION: Dip coating method that uses an electrical field to promote the deposition of the coating material onto the part. The part being painted acts as an electrode, which is oppositely charged from the particles of paint in the dip tank. ELECTRON BEAM: A beam of electrons displayed from a metallic filament by a high voltage source of acceleration. ELECTRON CURTAIN: An electron beam generated via a linear source (a cathode), as opposed to a scanned source. ELECTRON PENETRATION: The depth of penetration into a substrate by the accelerated electrons. Depth of penetration depends on the kinetic energy imparted to the electron by the accelerating voltage. ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY: A method of applying a spray coating in which opposite electrical charges are applied to the substrate and the coating. The coating is attracted to the object by the electrostatic potential between them.
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ELONGATION: Extension produced by a tensile stress. EMULSION: A process where monomer particles are emulsified with soap in water and polymerized to form an emulsion of polymer in water. ENAMEL: A coating that cures by chemical crosslinking of its base resin. Enamels can be readily distinguished from lacquers because enamels are not resoluble in their original solvent. EPA: Acronym for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, formed in order to implement the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and subsequent environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act and Solid Waste Amendments. EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER: The number assigned by EPA to each hazardous waste listed in 40 CFR 261, of the U. S. Code of Federal Regulations. EPA IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: The number assigned by EPA to each U. S. hazardous waste generator, hazardous waste transporter or hazardous waste facility. EPDM: Ethylene-Propylene Terpolymer. EPM: Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer - Copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene and propylene, both emulsion and solution polymerized. Oil content is included, but carbon black and other fillers are excluded. Only dry solids content of latices are reported. EPOXY GROUP: A reactive part of a chemical molecule with the structure CN/OH\CH. ERYTHEMA: An irritation of the skin, typically exhibited by redness, which can be caused by exposure to UV light rays. EXEMPT SOLVENTS: Descriptive or evaporative solvents not currently subject to air pollution regulation.

EXTENDERS: Low-cost inorganic fillers used to supplement expensive pigments. They also have an important effect on properties of the coating. EXTRACTION: The process of removing one or more components of a homogeneous mixture with a liquid (solvent) in which the components to be removed are soluble but not the mixture as a whole. EXTRUSION: Forcing of material through an orifice to produce a continuous length of definite shape (tubes, tire treads). EXUDATION: Delayed phase separation of incompatible material, also called bleeding, blooming, spewing or sweating. EVEN MOTION: A 1:1 ratio of surface speed of two adjacent rolls (mill or calender). FATIGUE: Condition of stress in a material resulting from repeated flexing or impact. FATIGUE, DYNAMIC: The deterioration of a material by repeated deformation. FILM FORMER: The part of a coating that remains on the substrate after the cure. Some film formers may be liquid but polymerize to form a solid when the coating is baked to the requisite curing temperature. FILM THICKNESS: The thickness of the dry, cured coating on the substrate. Film thickness varies with application, but coatings on metal generally range from 0.5 to 4 mils. FLEX CRACKING: A cracking condition of the surface of rubber articles such as tires and footwear, resulting from constantly repeated bending or flexing in service. FLEXOGRAPHY: A method of printing in which the image areas are raised above the nonimage areas. The image carrier is made of rubber or other elastomeric material.

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FORMULATION: Kinds and proportion of ingredients for a mix, together with the method of incorporation. Also called recipe. FREE RADICAL: A reactive material which initiates polymerization, generally by the loss of an electron. FREE RADICAL REACTION: A chemical reaction which takes place only when a free radical or molecule, which has lost one electron, is generated. FRICTION PICK-OFF: Rubber compound sticking to the fast roll during frictioning at a calender. FRICTION RATIO: Ratio of surface speeds of two adjacent rolls (mill, calender or refiner), also called friction motion or odd motion. FURNACE BLACK: A carbon black obtained by burning natural gas or petroleum oil, or both, in a large furnace with a low percentage of the theoretical amount of air required for complete combustion. FUNCTIONALITY: The capacity of any one molecule to react to a free radical. FUSION: Point or temperature at which the plasticizer starts to dissolve the PVC resin and flow begins. GEL: A semi-solid system consisting of a network of solid aggregates in which liquid is held. GELLING: Formation of a uniform solid coagulum from which the aqueous phase has not separated. GLASS TRANSITION POINT: Temperature at which a material loses its glass-like properties and becomes a semi-liquid. GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE: The temperature at which a material changes from a soft, rubbery state to a more brittle state. GLOSS: A property of paints and enamels characterized by measuring the specular reflectance of the film using ASTM test D 523-67 (1972) Test for Specular Gloss. The 60-degree specular gloss

test is used for all paints except flat paints. A measurement of 65 or more characterizes the material as “gloss”. Semigloss paints have readings between 30 and 65; “flats” when tested at an 85-degree angle have readings below 15. GRAFT POLYMERS: Polymeric structures made by attaching monomers to long- chain molecules. GRAIN: The unidirectional orientation of rubber or filler particles occurring during processing (extrusion, milling, calendering) resulting in anisotropy of a rubber vulcanizate. GREEN STRENGTH: 1. The resistance of rubber stock in the uncured state; 2. Uncured adhesion between plied or spliced surfaces. GROSS RUBBER: The total weight of a product produced for sale, it includes the sum of rubber hydrocarbon, residual materials from the manufacturing process, extender oils and carbon black. GUM STOCK, GUM COMPOUND: A rubber compound containing only those ingredients necessary for vulcanization and small amounts of other ingredients for processing, coloring and for improving the resistance to aging. G-VALUE: The G-Value, or energy yield, is the number of atoms that is produced or consumed in the system per 100 electron volts of energy absorbed. HALF LIFE: The time necessary for 1/2 of the peroxide to thermally decompose. Six half lives result in decomposition of 98.4% of the original peroxide. HARD RUBBER: Rubber cured with 15 to 40% of added sulfur. Ebonite. HAZING: A dulling of the finish. See also bloom, chalking and frosting. HEAT BUILD-UP: The generation of heat due to hysteresis when rubber is rapidly or continually deformed.

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HEAT HISTORY: The accumulated amount of heat the rubber stock has been subjected to during processing operations, usually after incorporation of the vulcanizing agents. Incipient cure or scorch can take place if heat history has been excessive. HIGHER-SOLIDS COATINGS: Paints containing considerably higher solids than has been conventional in the past. Usually paints with greater than 60% solids by volume are considered high-solids coatings, although the term is often applied to any coating that meets any of EPA’s Control Technique Guidelines. Formerly, under California’s Rule 66, a high-solids paint is one containing not less than 80% solids by volume. HMIS (Hazardous Materials Identification System): Developed by NPCA to provide information regarding three hazards encountered in the work place: health, reactivity and flammability. For each hazard, a number is assigned indicating the degree of hazard: 0 being the least, up to 4 for the most severe. Letters are used to designate personal protective equipment which is recommended to protect the employee handling the material. HOMOPOLYMER: A polymer produced from a single type of monomer. HOT MELT ADHESIVE: Adhesive applied in a molten condition and cooled rapidly to form a solid. Hot melt adhesives contain little or no volatile organic solvents. HYDROLYSIS: Chemical decomposition of a substance involving the addition of water. HYSTERESIS: The heat generated by rapid deformation of a vulcanized rubber part. It is the difference between the energy of the deforming stress and the energy of the recovery cycle. IIR: Butyl (Isobutylene-Isoprene) - Copolymers of isobutylene and isoprene, including halogenated types. Only the dry solids of latices are reported. IR: Polyisoprene - Solution polymerized cis-content homopolymers of isoprene. Oil content is included but

carbon black and other fillers are excluded. High transcontent synthetic balata or gutta-percha are excluded. IMPACT STRENGTH: Measure of the toughness of a material, as the energy required to break a specimen with a single blow. IMPEDANCE: The total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current or any other varying current at a particular frequence. The ohm is the unit of impedance. Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance. INCOMPATIBILITY: Inability of materials to form a homogeneous system. INHIBITOR: A substance, sometimes added to a coating material to extend pot life, which retards a chemical or catalytic reaction. INSULATION: A nonconducting material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor. INSULATION RESISTANCE: The resistance to an impressed direct voltage offered by the insulation of an insulated conductor. IRRADIATION: A process for crosslinking elastomers using high energy beta or gamma particles to create free radicals in the elastomer chain. Coagents can be used in irradiation crosslinking. IRRITANT: A chemical substance or mixture (not a corrosive) which on immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with normal living tissues induces a local inflammatory response in the skin, eyes or mucous membrane. 16 CFR 1500.41. KNIFE COATER: A coater used primarily for paper or fabric webs that employs an adjustable blade or “knife” to distribute a liquid coating evenly over a moving web surface. LACQUER: A coating that dries primarily by solvent evaporation, and hence is resoluble in its original solvent.

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LAMINATION: The process of adhering two web surfaces together to form a single composite material. Paper, fabric, foil and plastic film may be laminated to each other. LATEX: Water emulsion or dispersion of rubber or polymer, used as is for coatings or dewatered to make solid parts. LETDOWN: Amount a master batch is diluted. LOADING: The kind and quantity (volume basis) of fillers mixed with rubber. LOW TEMPERATURE FLEXIBILITY: The ability of a rubber product to be flexed, bent, or bowed at specified low temperatures without loss of serviceability. LUBRICANT: Eases flowing of rubber in molding or extrusion. MAINTENANCE COATINGS: Coatings used for bridges, chemical plants and other heavy-duty industrial applications. MARINE PAINT: A coating used on ships or boats. MASTER BATCH:A preliminary mixture of rubber and one or more compound ingredients for such purposes as more thorough dispersion or better processing, and which will later become part of the final compound in a subsequent mixing operation. MASTIC ADHESIVES: Highly filled viscous adhesive applied to a substrate with a trowel. Wall panel or floor tile adhesive. MASTICATION: Preliminary physical and chemical breakdown, usually of natural rubber, in a mill or mixer to reduce viscosity for further processing. MEGARAD: Is 1,000,000 (1 x 106 Rad) and is equal to 10 watt seconds per gram or 4.5 kilowatts per second per pound; 4.3 BTU’s per pound or 2.39 gram-calories per gram.

METALLIC PAINT: Paint containing tiny flecks of aluminum or other metal often used for painting automobiles because of the attractive appearance of the paint. ME V: Is 1,000,000 electron volts. MICROWAVE: Energy having wavelengths between 100 and 1000 microns. MIGRATION: The movement of one or more components to either a substrate or a face material. MILL: A machine with two horizontal rolls revolving in opposite directions used for the mastication or mixing of rubber. MODULUS: The ratio of stress to strain. In the physical testing of rubber, the load necessary to produce stated percentage of elongation, compression or shear. MOISTURE VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATE: The rate at which water permeates a cured film under specified conditions. MONOMER: A single chemical compound of a type which is capable of being combined with others like itself to produce a polymer or to combine with different type monomers to produce copolymers. MOONEY SCORCH: A measure of the incipient curing characteristics of a rubber compound using the Mooney viscometer. MOONEY VISCOSITY: A measure of the viscosity of a rubber or rubber compound determined in a Mooney shearing disc viscometer. N.A.A.Q.S.: Abbreviation for National Ambient Air Quality Standards, a set of maximum concentration levels for air pollutants established by the 1970 U. S. Clean Air Act; particulate matter, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, photo-chemical oxidants, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides are among the substances regulated.

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NBR: 1. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (Nitrile) - Solid and Latex included. Solid: Copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile emulsion polymerized including carboxylated polymers. Carbon black content is excluded. Latex: Emulsion polymerized copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile including carboxylated polymers. Only dry solids of latices reported as latex. 2. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, an elastomer noted for chemical resistance and high tensile strength. NECKING DOWN: A localized decrease in the cross-sectional area of a rubber product resulting from tension. NET RUBBER: Gross rubber minus the carbon black. It includes the sum of rubber hydrocarbon, residual. NEW RUBBER: All rubber, synthetic or natural, produced or used for the first time. New rubber excludes all reclaimed rubber or scrap rubber. NIP: The radial clearance between rolls of a mill or calender on a line of centers. ODR: Stands for Oscillating Disc Rheometer, a cure meter that measures viscosity, scorch time, cure time and crosslink density. OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY: A printing method in which the image area of the printing roll is essentially all the same level as the nonimage area. The ink wets the image area only, and the nonimage area is wetted by water. Ink is transferred from the printing roll to the rubber surface on a roll called the blanket cylinder, which transfers the ink to the paper. When a web or continuous roll of paper is used, the process is called “web offset”. OIL CONTENT: The oil added to the polymer as an extender and as a processing aid. Oils used are usually classed as aromatic, naphthenic or paraffenic according to their basic compositer. OLIGOMER: A lower molecular weight resin or polymer which is used in a peroxide or radiation curable

formula. Usually, oligomers are liquid or easily liquefiable. OPTIMUM CURE: The state of vulcanization at which a desired combination of properties is attained. Sometimes considered 90% cure, TC (90). ORANGE PEEL: A paint surface appearance, characterized by small pits, resembling the texture of an orange. Depending on the product, this may be desirable (appliances) or undesirable (automobiles). ORGANOSOL: A thick coating consisting of resin and plasticizers and some organic solvent that is used to coat flexible substrates such as paper or fabrics. It is similar to a plastisol except that an organosol contains more organic solvent. OVERVARNISH: Coating applied over the ink on the outside of beverage cans to provide gloss and protection from corrosion and abrasion. OXIDATION: The effect produced by contact with oxygen, either in the atmosphere or introduced in more concentrated form, which produces drying in some screen printing inks, deterioration of photographic developers in open trays, etc. OXYGEN BOMB: A pressure-resisting apparatus used in an aging test in which rubber is deteriorated in hot compressed oxygen. OXYGEN INHIBITION: The effect of oxygen to terminate or slow a polymerization reaction by deactivating radicals. OZONE CRACKING: The surface cracks, checks or crazing caused by exposure to an atmosphere containing ozone. PALE CREPE: The highest grade of unsmoked plantation natural rubber. PAPER COATING: As used in EPA’s control technique guidelines, the coating of paper, plastic film or metallic foil usually with a roll, knife or rotogravure coater.

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PEPTIZER: Promotes chemical breakdown of rubber during mastication. Also called a plasticizer. Example: pentachlorothiophenol. PERMANENT SET: The amount by which an elastic material fails to return to its original form after deformation. PERMEABILITY: The quality or condition of allowing passage of liquid or gases through a layer. PEROXIDE: Chemical crosslinking agents. These compounds decompose with heat to form free radicals which initiate the crosslinking mechanism. Examples include dialkyl, diacyl and peroxyester peroxides. PHR: Abbreviation for parts per hundred of rubber, used for indicating the proportions of ingredients in a rubber compound. PIGMENT: 1. A dry colored powder used for coloring paint, rubber or other mediums; 2. Sometimes incorrectly used to include all fillers and reinforcing agents as well as colors. PLASTICIZER: A peptizer, oil or monomeric ester softener or extender. Example: bis(butoxyethoxyethyl) glutarate. The liquid in which a PVC resin is suspended in a plastisol. PLASTICITY: 1. A measure of the resistance to shear of an unvulcanized elastomer. 2. A tendency of a material to remain deformed after reduction of the deforming stress to or below its yield stress. PLASTISOL: A suspension of PVC resin in a liquid plasticizer. PLATE-OUT: The sticking of zinc salts and other compounding ingredients to the processing machinery metal surfaces during compounding. POLAR: Description of a molecule in which the positive and negative electrical charges are permanently separated.

POLYBUTADIENE: An elastomer used in golf ball cores and other rubber applications. POLYMER: A high molecular weight material made by connecting many monomer units. POLYMER CONTENT: The rubber hydrocarbon content plus the other residual materials such as organic acid, stabilizer, etc., which are normally contained in the commercial product. POLYMERIZATION: The process by which polymers are prepared from monomers. POROSITY: The presence of numerous small holes or voids. POST CURE: Heat or radiation treatment, or both, to which a cured or partially cured thermosetting plastic or rubber composition is subjected to enhance the level of one or more properties. POWDER COATING: A coating applied as a dry powder that, when baked at sufficiently high temperatures, flows out to form a continuous film. POWER: One watt is equal to 105 gram-rads per second. POWER FACTOR: The ratio of watts, average (or active) power, to the apparent power of an alternating current circuit. PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE: An adhesive that, when placed on a backing material, adheres to another surface on contact without wetting, heating or adding a curing agent. PRIMER: First layer of coating applied to a surface. PRINT PASTE: A pigmented coating used to render designs on fabric, usually applied by the roller, rotary screen or flat screen printing processes. Mineral spirits are the solvents in print pastes.

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PROCESSABILITY: The relative ease with which raw or compounded rubber can be handled in rubber machinery. PURE GUM: See gum stock. RAD: The unit of dose is the rad. The rad is the energy absorption of 100 ERGS per gram. RAW RUBBER: Unprocessed, vulcanizable elastomer, normally implying the natural product. REBOUND TEST: Method of determining the resilient properties of vulcanized rubber, by measuring the rebound of a steel ball or pendulum from a definite height onto a rubber sample. RECIPE: See formulation. RECLAIM OR RECLAIM RUBBER: The product resulting from the treatment of scrap vulcanized rubber in various operations. It is generally used as an extender or processing aid in natural rubber and SBR compounds rather than by itself. REDUCING SOLVENT: A solvent added to dilute a coating usually for the purpose of lowering the coating’s viscosity. RELEASE COATING: A coating applied to a substrate (usually a flexible one) that limits the adherence of a pressure sensitive coating. This is used as a covering sheet for pressure sensitive labels so that the labels can be pulled off and used. The back side of adhesive tapes are coated with release coating to allow the tape to be unrolled. RESILIENCE: The property of a material that enables it to return to its original size and shape after removal of the stress which causes the deformation. RETARDER: Lengthens the amount of time before onset of the curing process. Example: phthalic anhydride. Sulfenamide-type retarders have acquired the separate name of prevulcanization inhibitors. Example: N-cyclohexylthiophthalimide. Also, Saret® non-nitroso retarder.

REVERSION: 1. A deterioration of physical properties that may occur upon excessive vulcanization of some elastomers, evidenced by a decrease in hardness and tensile strength and an increase in elongation; 2. A similar change in properties after air aging at elevated temperatures. Natural rubber, butyl, polysulfides and epichlorohydrin polymers exhibit this effect (extreme reversion may result in tackiness). Most other polymers will harden and suffer loss of elongation on hot air aging. REVERSE ROLL COATER: A roll-type coater for paper, film, foil and metal coil that applies coating to the web by a roll, which turns in reverse to the direction of travel of the web. This procedure is said to reduce striations in the coating. RHEOMETER (MONSANTO): An oscillating disk cure meter used for determining vulcanization characteristics of a rubber compound. RIND: See flash. ROLL COATING (Roller coating): Method of applying coating to a flat sheet or strip in which the coating is transferred by a roller or series of rollers. ROTARY SCREEN PRINTER: A widely used fabric printing technique in which a moving fabric web passes in contact with a series of rotating drums. The cylindrical drums have holes in the drum surface in the shape of a pattern. Liquid print paste is forced through the holes in the drum surface onto the fabric, leaving a pattern on the fabric surface. ROTOCURE: A rotary press. ROTOGRAVURE: A method of printing in which the image is in the form of cells or cups mechanically or chemically etched in the surface. Typically a gravure cell is 35 microns deep by 125 microns square, with 22,500 cells in the square inch. RPM: Abbreviation for revolutions per minute. RUBBER: An elastomeric material, synthetic or natural that can be vulcanized: SBR, NR, Neoprene, EPDM.
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RUBBER HYDROCARBON CONTENT: The portion of synthetic rubber represented by only polymerized monomers. SARET: Stands for Sartomer Retarder, Sartomer’s patented scorch retarder system. SBR: Styrene-butadiene - Solid and Latex included. Solid: Emulsion or solution polymerized copolymers of butadiene and styrene in bale or crumb form. Latex: Emulsion polymerized styrene/butadiene latices containing over 50% butadiene. Vinyl pyridine and polybutadiene latices are included, but carboxylated styrene/butadiene latices are excluded. Weight reported is by dry solid content. SCORCH: Premature vulcanization or cure of a rubber compound, generally due to excessive heat history. Also, see Mooney scorch. SCORCH TIME: Safety margin of time that a rubber compound can be worked at a given temperature before curing begins. Scorch time is measured with an oscillating disc rheometer (ODR) and is the time to increase torque one unit (Ts1), two units (TS2) or five units (Ts5). SEALER: A coating used to seal the pores of a surface, especially a wood surface, before additional coats of paint or varnish are added. SEMI-CURE: A preliminary incomplete vulcanization applied to an article in the manufacturing process to cause the rubber to acquire a degree of stiffness or to maintain some desired shape. SET: Strain remaining after complete release of the load producing the deformation. SET-UP: Scorched. When an unvulcanized rubber stock is considered to be “set-up”, it can no longer be processed smoothly. SHELF AGING: The natural deterioration of rubber articles kept in storage or “on the shelf” under atmospheric conditions.

SHELF LIFE: 1. The time an unvulcanized rubber stock can be stored without losing any of its processing or curing properties. 2. The amount of time a material may be stored under specified conditions with no significant changes in properties. SHORE HARDNESS: See durometer hardness. SIX HALF LIVES: The time to decompose 98 percent of the peroxide. Minimum time for acceptable cure. SLAB: A thick sheet, generally laminated. SKIM COAT: Thin rubber coating applied by spreading evenly over a surface. SLOUGHING: Surface deterioration of rubber after solvent immersion. SOFTENING POINT: Measured by the Ring and Ball method, this is the temperature at which the resin starts to flow. SOFT RUBBER: Rubber cured with 0.5 to 8% of added sulfur. SOLID: Rubber in dry, bale, crumb or powder form. SOLVENT: A liquid used in a paint or coating to dissolve or disperse film-forming constituents and to adjust viscosity. It evaporates during drying and does not become part of the dried film. SOLVENTBORNE COATINGS: Coatings that contain only organic solvents. If water is present, it is only in trace quantities. SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a material to that of the same volume of water at a specified temperature. STABILIZER: 1. Antioxidant. 2. Additives to coating, ink, or adhesive formulations which help extend shelf life, resistance to heat or other degradation.

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STAINING: Blue or purple coloration of rubber surfaces owing to oxidation of phenylenediamine-type antiozidants and antiozonants. STATE OF CURE: The cure condition of vulcanizate relative to that at which optimum physical properties are obtained. STIFFNESS: Rigidity, tendency to resist deformation under a stress. STOCK: Unvulcanized, mixed rubber compound of a definite composition. STOCK GUIDES: Fitted plates near the roll ends which keep the stock in the bank of a mill or calender. STRAIN: Deformation resulting from a stress. STRESS: Forces per unit of original cross sectional area that is applied to a part or specimen. STRESS RELAXATION: The decrease in stress after a given time of constant strain. SUBSTRATE: 1. A material upon the surface of which an adhesive promoter is applied for any purpose such as bonding or coating. 2. The surface to which a coating is applied. SULFUR DONOR: Organic polysulfide that replaces some elemental sulfur in rubber compounds and promotes curing mostly by monosulfide crosslinks in a process called efficient vulcanization. Example: tetramethylthiuram disulfide. SUN CHECKING OR SUNLIGHT CHECKING: Surface deterioration in the form of cracks, checks or crazing caused by exposure to direct or indirect sunlight. SURFACE TENSION: The attractive force exerted by the molecules below the surface upon those at the surface/air interface. SWELLING: The increase in volume of a specimen immersed in a liquid or exposed to a vapor.

TACK: The ability to adhere to itself; a sticky or adhesive quality or condition. TEAR STRENGTH: The maximum force required to tear a specified specimen, the force acting substantially parallel to the major axis of the test specimen. TENSILE STRENGTH: The maximum tensile stress applied during stretching a specimen to rupture. THERMAL BLACK: A soft carbon black formed by the thermal decomposition of natural gas. It has relatively little stiffening effect on rubber, but imparts toughness, resilience, good resistance to tearing and fair abrasion resistance. THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER: A copolymer which is capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and then hardened by cooling and will display elastomeric properties similar to vulcanized rubber without the need for vulcanization. THERMOSET: A type of plastic that can be shaped to desired form by heat, that hardens on cooling and then is substantially infusible and insoluble. THICKENERS: A material added primarily to control viscosity. Usually, one material serves as both protective colloid and thickener. THINNER: A liquid used to reduce the viscosity of a coating and that will evaporate before or during the cure of a film. THIN SPOT: Undergage area. THIXOTROPE: A material which exhibits high viscosity in the absence of shear, but a viscosity drop in the presence of shear. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (TLV): The airborne concentration of the substance at which it is believed nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse effect. TLV’s may be measured over an 8 hour work day/40 hour work week (TWA) or during a 15 minute average exposure (STEL).
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TIE GUM: An intermediate adhesive layer employed to promote bonding of two surfaces. TOUGHNESS: The stiffness, rigidity or resilience of a material. TOPCOAT: The last coat applied in a coating system. TOXIC CHEMICALS: Those chemicals which have been demonstrated to possess the potential to cause death, cancer or genetic defects through exposure to living organisms. TOXICITY: 1. The degree of intensity of virulence of a substance judged to be poisonous to man; 2. Property of being harmful or poisonous. TRAFFIC PAINT: Any coating used for traffic control such as to paint centerlines on highways and also for parking lot and curb markings. TWO-COMPONENT PAINT: A coating that is manufactured in two components, which must be maintained separately until shortly before use. When mixed, the two liquids rapidly crosslink to form a solid composition. ULTIMATE ELONGATION: The maximum elongation prior to rupture. UNDER CURE: State of vulcanization less than optimum. It may be evidenced by tackiness or inferior physical properties. UNSATURATION: A chemical bond involving shared electrons. This bond between carbon-carbon atoms is reactive and provides a site for crosslinking to occur. VENEER: A thin protective film placed on a rubber substrate for protection against ozone cracking. It is also a thin film or sheet applied over a substance to prevent or reduce oxygen or ozone attack, to act as a migration barrier, or to beautify the finished article, or all. VISCOSITY: The resistance of a material to flow under stress.
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC): Any organic compound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions; that is, any organic compound other than those that the Administrator designates as having negligible photochemical reactivity. VOC may be measured by a reference method, an equivalent method, an alternative method or by procedures specified under any subpart. A reference method, an equivalent method or an alternative method, however, may also measure nonreactive organic compounds, in such cases, an owner or operator may exclude the nonreactive organic compounds when determining compliance with a standard. The Administrator has designated the following organic compounds as negligibly reactive: methane, ethane, 1,1,1trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), methylene chloride, trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), chlorodifluoromethane (CFC-22), trifluoromethane (FC-13), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115). VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN: The voltage necessary to cause insulation failure. VOLTAGE RATING: The voltage that may be continuously applied to a wire. VOLUME SWELL: See swelling. VULCANIZATE: Preferably used to denote the product of vulcanization, without reference to its shape or form. VULCANIZING AGENT: Cures rubber by forming crosslinks among polymer chains. Examples: sulfur, organic peroxides and phenolic resins. VULCANIZATION (curing): Chemical reaction between rubber and a crosslinking agent (Sulfur, Peroxides, Others) that results in increased elasticity, less surface tack, less solubility, greater tensile strength and decreased flow characteristics of the rubber stock. VULCUP: A peroxide (high temperature).

WASHCOAT: A wood furniture coating which is applied after the body stain. It seals the wood surface and stiffens the wood fibers for subsequent sanding. WATERBORNE COATING: A coating containing more than five weight percent water in its volatile fraction. WATER RESISTANCE: The ability to withstand swelling by water for a specified time and temperature. WEATHERING: The surface deterioration of a rubber article during outdoor exposure such as checking, cracking, crazing or chalking. WEB COATING: Coating of fabric, paper, plastic film, metallic foil, metal coil or other products that are flexible enough to be unrolled from a large roll, coated by blade, roll coating or rotogravure as a continuous sheet and, after cure, rerolled. WETTABILITY: The relative affinity of a liquid for a surface, measured by the contact angle formed between the liquid and the surface. If the contact angle is zero, complete wettability occurs. If the contact angle is greater than 90 degrees, the condition is one of nonwettability.

WETTING: 1. Completeness of contact between particles dispersed in a medium, such as carbon black in rubber. 2. The unforced, instantaneous spreading of a liquid to cover a solid substrate. WETTING AGENT: A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, thereby causing it to spread more readily on a solid surface. WETTING AGENTS: An additive that helps a paint to wet the substrate; it also aids in color development and mechanical stability. YIELD POINT: The first stress in a material less than a maximum attainable stress at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. YOUNG’S MODULUS: The ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below the proportional limit of the material. ZINC DIACRYLATE: Solid organo-zinc coagent. ZINC DIMETHACRYLATE: Solid organo-zinc coagent. ZINC MONO-METHACRYLATE: Solid organozinc coagent.

The information in this bulletin is believed to be accurate but all recommendations are made without warranty, since the conditions of use are beyond SARTOMER Company’s control. The listed properties are illustrative only, and not product specifications. SARTOMER Company disclaims any liability in connection with the use of the information, and does not warrant against infringement by reason of the use of its products in combination with other material or in any process.

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