13 to 20 Interest Rate Risk Management
Content
Managing Interest Rate Risk Module -5 Session No. 13 to 20
1/8/2012
1
Interest rate risk management
.and bank profitability .and measure of risk the behavior of interest rates
1/8/2012
2
Bank profitability
Net interest income
Net interest margin
1/8/2012
3
.and Measures of risk
Assets liability sensibility Sensitivity mismatch The sensitivity gap
1/8/2012
4
.behavior of interest rates
Interest rate risk is the risk that banks earnings will be aversely influenced by unanticipated changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk depends on
The degree to which bank assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive
1/8/2012
5
ALM approach for Interest Rate Risk Management
1/8/2012
6
ALM approach
Bank create assets and liabilities of different maturities and sizes Priced differently NII ReRe-pricing concept- Assets and liabilities falls conceptdue for re-pricing on different dates reBanks assets and liabilities are seldom matched by size and maturity- mismatch or gap maturityCause interest rate risk - explain with example
1/8/2012
7
Concept of RSA and RSL
Any investment, loan, deposit, liability, assets that matures during the bucket period ( any principal payment expected during the bucket period) Floating rate deposit or advances- if the advanceschange is expected in the base rate during the bucket period since change in base rate will lead to re-pricing re
1/8/2012 8
Measure Interest rate risk Three approaches
GAP analysis Earning at risk approach Risk adjusted GAP approach Duration GAP analysis
1/8/2012
9
Measure Interest rate risk GAP approach
Identify RSA and RSL Under stand positive gap or negative gap Gap can be expressed in three ways
Negative or positive (absolute figures) Ratio of gap to RSA Ratio of RSA and RSL
1/8/2012
10
Case study ALM
Assets /Liabilities 1- 28 days 29 days to 3 months > 3 months to 6 months > 6 months to 1 year More than one year Nonsensitive Total
Cash
20
20
Balance with RBI (CRL)
100
100
Inter bank deposit
20
20
Investments
180
100
80
100
500
960
Loan and advances
1200
300
320
400
600
2820
Premises, stationery etc. TOTAL 1400 400 400 500 1100
600 720
600 4520
1/8/2012
11
Case study ALM
Current deposit 20 30 50
Saving deposit
180
370
550
Term deposit
100
100
150
50
500
900
Certificate of deposit
100
50
50
200
Borrowings
920
250
450
200
200
2020
Other liabilities
100
100
Net worth TOTAL Gap Cumulative gap 1320 80 80 400 0 80 650 -250 -170 250 250 80 1100 0 80
700 800 -80 0
700 4520 0 0
1/8/2012
12
ALM approach- Gap analysis approachGap Positive Positive Negative Negative
1/8/2012
Interest rate change Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
Impact on NII Positive Negative Negative Positive
13
Measure Interest rate risk GAP Ratio
Bank A Total assets RSA RSL GAP GAP Ratio (RSA/RSL) NII Decrease in interest rate Change in NII ( GAP X Change in interest rate)
1/8/2012
Bank B 1000 400 200 200 2 400 2% -4
1000 40 20 20 2 200 2% -0.4
14
Gap analysis- Merit analysisCommonly
used Easy to understand Risk sensitive assets and liabilities can be identified and GAP easily calculated
1/8/2012 15
Gap analysis- Weakness analysis
Assumption that all position matures or re priced simultaneously Ignore basis risk serious measurement error Ignore time value of money cash flow arise at the beginning of the bucket or at the end of the bucket period Rate sensitive liability that bear no interest are ignored but in practice when interest move up customer may move no interest deposit to interest earning deposits
16
1/8/2012
Gap analysis- Weakness analysisOption embedded assets and liabilities premature discounting of deposits and prepaying of loans- They alter the GAP loansand also the NII Do not capture non interest revenue and interest due to interest rate fluctuations
1/8/2012
17
Basis risk- Case study riskLiabilities Amount Interest change (%) Assets Amount Interest change (%) 30 .10
Inter bank
50
.01 Investments
deposit
100
.50 Loans
120
.25
Borrowings
50
.10
Gap (-) (-
50
1/8/2012
18
Measuring interest rate risk Earning at Risk Approach
Project interest rate movement assuming various interest rate environments Assess the likelihood that assets and liabilities would be re-priced under each of identified reenvironment Calculate NII in each environment and allow management to set limit for NIM in each environment Test earning at risk (EAR)
1/8/2012
19
Measuring interest rate risk Rate adjusted GAP
Used when assets and liabilities are not dramatically change in the short term Assess the GAP for all item of balance sheet Calculate EVF (Earning volatility factor) Calculate Income statement GAP Calculate impact on NII
1/8/2012
20
Measuring interest rate risk Rate adjusted GAP
Base rate fall by 100bps Balance sheet Demand liabilities Time liabilities Total RSL Loans Investments Other assets Total RSA GAP Total assets GAP as % of total assets
1/8/2012 Change in NII (GAP *Change in rate)
EVF (assumed) 75% 85% 100% 75% 95%
Income statement GAP 300 340 640 400 150 95 645 5 1000 0.5
21 -0.05
400 400 800 400 200 100 700 -100 1000 10 1
Duration GAP analysis
Measure of long term interest rate risk Focus on entire life of assets and liabilities Duration is average life of an asset or liability and is measured as weighted average time to maturity using present value of cash flow relative to total present value of assets or liability as weight
1/8/2012
22
Duration GAP analysis
Calculate duration of various RSA and RSL Calculate weighted average duration of liabilities Calculate weighted average duration of assets Calculate duration GAP(DGAP) Calculate expected NII Forecast changes in bank s MVE under various interest rate environments
1/8/2012
23
Duration GAP analysis
Interest rate risk can be understood from mismatch between duration of assets and liabilities and also by duration GAP Change in interest rate would impact market value of assets and liabilities with different amount. This would impact NII and MVE
1/8/2012
24
Revisit the concepts for ALM Interest rate risk
Mismatch or Gap risk Basis risk Embedded option risk Reinvestment risk Price risk- Investments risk Non paying liabilities
1/8/2012
25
Interest Rate Risk Management Key take away
Bank need to forecast interest rate movement Aggressive strategy is to keep the gap position open where it is profitable or To keep the gap ZERO ( with some tolerance level) so that NII is protected DO behavioral analysis of customers to safeguard against embedded option risk Know impact on MVE through duration gap analysis for long term perspective
26
1/8/2012
Alternate approach to Interest Rate Risk Management
1/8/2012
27
Financial derivatives
Contingent contracts Underlying assets like currency, stock indices, interest rate instruments, commodities etc. Pricing and trading is complex and prone to high risk Shift the risk from seller to buyer Improve the liquidity of underlying instruments Hedger use derivatives to protect their assets from erosion in value due to market volatility
28
1/8/2012
Interest rate derivatives (IRD)
Used to hedge the position that expose them to risk
Negative or positive gap
Tool to actively manage interest rate risk
Complement existing strategies to immunizing the volatility of earnings and MVE to changes in interest rates
Used to lower credit risk and add liquidity also Will discuss some widely used concepts
1/8/2012
29
Interest rate swaps (IRS)
Instrument to manage interest rate risk An OTC contract An agreement to exchange fixed interest to floating or floating to fix for a period ( start date and end date) May also have BASIS swaps pay MIBOR and receive LIBOR pricing of swap is dependent on forecasting interest rates Credit risk in swap management is limited to interest payment
1/8/2012 30
Swap deals
Firm A B Fixed rate 12% 10% Floating Rate PLR+2% PLR+0.5%
1/8/2012
31
Swap deals
A Firm Pay to lender Receive from other Pay to other Net effect
1/8/2012
B Firm 10% 9.75% to A PLR from A PLR+ 0.25% floating
32
PLR + 2% PLR from B 9.75% from A 11.75% fixed
Advantage of swap to B
Asset liability is matched Cost is reduced in floating market Eliminate interest rate risk It constituted a off balance sheet transaction
1/8/2012
33
Advantage of swap to A
Asset liability is matched Lower cost from fixed rate market Capacity to borrow from fixed rate market remain intact It constituted a off balance sheet transaction
1/8/2012
34
Interest rate swaps
In practice it is not possible to find two parties with opposite need hence intermediaries are engaged Intermediary share the profits also Major swap market players are banks, intermediaries and corporate Swap tenor are normally independent to loan tenor
1/8/2012 35
Interest rate swaps (IRS)
Bank can use IRS for Adjusting rate sensitivity of assets and liability Creating synthetic transaction and securities Adjusting GAP or duration GAP Liability sensitive bank can enter into swap where it pays fixed rate and receive floating rate Asset sensitive bank can enter into swap agreement where it pay floating rate and received fixed rate
1/8/2012 36
Interest rate future
Legal agreement to buy or sell something at predetermined price on predetermined time
Future price Future settlement or delivery date
Future contracts are traded in recognized exchanges which assumes responsibility of settlement When underlying security is interest bearing security it is known as interest rate future say 90 days treasury bills Transfer interest rate risk from hedger to speculator
37
1/8/2012
Interest rate future
Asset Sensitive
Buy interest rate future if it expects interest rates to fall Sell interest rate future if it expects interest rates to rise
Gap
Interest rate change Increase
Impact on NII Positive
Positive
Positive
Decrease
Negative
Liability sensitive
Sell interest rate future if it expects interest rates to fall Buy interest rate future if it expects interest rates to rise Negative Increase Negative
Negative
Decrease
Positive
1/8/2012
38
Interest rate future- issues futureContract size and maturities are standardized hence it may be difficult to find matching hedge Monitoring of position on daily basis is essential as settlement takes place every day by mark to market method
1/8/2012
39
Forward rate agreement (FRA)
An OTC contract Resemble a swap agreement but difference is that it is single settlement vs series of settlement Agreement to settle interest rate differentials Typical forward contract Notional principal amount and no commitment to borrow or lend by parties Buyer to pay fixed and receive floating Seller to pay floating and receive fixed Cash settlement is done if actual rate of interest differ to forecasted rates Bank use FRA to lock in fixed interest rate expenses ( deposits) to floating rate deposits or fixed interest rate advances to floating rate advances
1/8/2012
40
Fixed Income securities
1/8/2012
41
Fixed income securities
Equity and Bonds are two major capital market instruments Bonds fall under fixed income securities Example 9.25% GOI securities 2015 Generate fixed coupon income till maturity Not changed despite change in interest rates
1/8/2012 42
Bond price-Sensitivity priceInflation GDP growth Liquidity in market Interest rates Fiscal policies Unemployment Money supply
1/8/2012 43
Bond Valuation
Interest rate for residual term of maturity keep changing Value of bonds rests on movement of interest rates When market rate and coupon rate are same, bonds trade at par When market rate rises over coupon rate, bonds trade at discount and When market rate falls over coupon rate bonds trade at premium
44
1/8/2012
Bond theorems
Price of bond is inversely relates to the yield Increase in price of bond when interest rate goes down by certain % is greater than decrease in its price when interest rates goes up by the same %- This is %called convexity
1/8/2012
45
Bonds theorems
Longer the term to maturity of a bond higher will be its price sensitivity Between two bonds of same maturity but different coupons, the bond will lower coupon will experience more price sensitivity than with higher coupon
1/8/2012
46
Duration
Reinvestment of coupons also generate income Two opposite effects: Fall in price of bonds due to rise in interest rates and extra income generated due to reinvestments of coupon may get neutralize during life of security Measured through weighted average life of a fixed income security It is also a measure of price sensitivity measure of a bond to changes in interest rates
47
1/8/2012
Modified duration
Duration does not accurately changes in price of bonds arising from larger changes in interest rates Hence modified duration = Duration/ 1+ yield
1/8/2012
48
Banks investments portfolio
Classified into three category
Held till maturity ( up to 25% of bank s total investments) Held for trading ( acquired with intention to sale) Available for sale ( which do not fall under above category) HFT security are to be sold within 90 days
1/8/2012
49
Banks investments portfolio Valuation method
Held till maturity
Need not be marked to market but banks investment in subsidiary or joint ventures when diminished has to be provided for
Held for trading
Marked to market with monthly or more frequent intervals
Available for sale
Marked to market with quarterly or more frequent intervals
1/8/2012
50
Investment reserves
Provision for depreciation in AFS and HFT in excess of required amount in any year should be credit to P & L account and same amount transferred to Reserve & Surplus Included in Tier 2 capital of the bank Investment fluctuations reserves @ minimum 5% of investment portfolio ( only HFT and AFS)
1/8/2012 51
Mark to market procedure
Quoted securities as per latest quotes in stock exchange, prices declared by FIMMDA or RBI Unquoted
Price or YTM published by FIMMDA Sate government securities based on YTM and marked 25 bps above the yield of central government securities
1/8/2012
52
1/8/2012
1
Interest rate risk management
.and bank profitability .and measure of risk the behavior of interest rates
1/8/2012
2
Bank profitability
Net interest income
Net interest margin
1/8/2012
3
.and Measures of risk
Assets liability sensibility Sensitivity mismatch The sensitivity gap
1/8/2012
4
.behavior of interest rates
Interest rate risk is the risk that banks earnings will be aversely influenced by unanticipated changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk depends on
The degree to which bank assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive
1/8/2012
5
ALM approach for Interest Rate Risk Management
1/8/2012
6
ALM approach
Bank create assets and liabilities of different maturities and sizes Priced differently NII ReRe-pricing concept- Assets and liabilities falls conceptdue for re-pricing on different dates reBanks assets and liabilities are seldom matched by size and maturity- mismatch or gap maturityCause interest rate risk - explain with example
1/8/2012
7
Concept of RSA and RSL
Any investment, loan, deposit, liability, assets that matures during the bucket period ( any principal payment expected during the bucket period) Floating rate deposit or advances- if the advanceschange is expected in the base rate during the bucket period since change in base rate will lead to re-pricing re
1/8/2012 8
Measure Interest rate risk Three approaches
GAP analysis Earning at risk approach Risk adjusted GAP approach Duration GAP analysis
1/8/2012
9
Measure Interest rate risk GAP approach
Identify RSA and RSL Under stand positive gap or negative gap Gap can be expressed in three ways
Negative or positive (absolute figures) Ratio of gap to RSA Ratio of RSA and RSL
1/8/2012
10
Case study ALM
Assets /Liabilities 1- 28 days 29 days to 3 months > 3 months to 6 months > 6 months to 1 year More than one year Nonsensitive Total
Cash
20
20
Balance with RBI (CRL)
100
100
Inter bank deposit
20
20
Investments
180
100
80
100
500
960
Loan and advances
1200
300
320
400
600
2820
Premises, stationery etc. TOTAL 1400 400 400 500 1100
600 720
600 4520
1/8/2012
11
Case study ALM
Current deposit 20 30 50
Saving deposit
180
370
550
Term deposit
100
100
150
50
500
900
Certificate of deposit
100
50
50
200
Borrowings
920
250
450
200
200
2020
Other liabilities
100
100
Net worth TOTAL Gap Cumulative gap 1320 80 80 400 0 80 650 -250 -170 250 250 80 1100 0 80
700 800 -80 0
700 4520 0 0
1/8/2012
12
ALM approach- Gap analysis approachGap Positive Positive Negative Negative
1/8/2012
Interest rate change Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
Impact on NII Positive Negative Negative Positive
13
Measure Interest rate risk GAP Ratio
Bank A Total assets RSA RSL GAP GAP Ratio (RSA/RSL) NII Decrease in interest rate Change in NII ( GAP X Change in interest rate)
1/8/2012
Bank B 1000 400 200 200 2 400 2% -4
1000 40 20 20 2 200 2% -0.4
14
Gap analysis- Merit analysisCommonly
used Easy to understand Risk sensitive assets and liabilities can be identified and GAP easily calculated
1/8/2012 15
Gap analysis- Weakness analysis
Assumption that all position matures or re priced simultaneously Ignore basis risk serious measurement error Ignore time value of money cash flow arise at the beginning of the bucket or at the end of the bucket period Rate sensitive liability that bear no interest are ignored but in practice when interest move up customer may move no interest deposit to interest earning deposits
16
1/8/2012
Gap analysis- Weakness analysisOption embedded assets and liabilities premature discounting of deposits and prepaying of loans- They alter the GAP loansand also the NII Do not capture non interest revenue and interest due to interest rate fluctuations
1/8/2012
17
Basis risk- Case study riskLiabilities Amount Interest change (%) Assets Amount Interest change (%) 30 .10
Inter bank
50
.01 Investments
deposit
100
.50 Loans
120
.25
Borrowings
50
.10
Gap (-) (-
50
1/8/2012
18
Measuring interest rate risk Earning at Risk Approach
Project interest rate movement assuming various interest rate environments Assess the likelihood that assets and liabilities would be re-priced under each of identified reenvironment Calculate NII in each environment and allow management to set limit for NIM in each environment Test earning at risk (EAR)
1/8/2012
19
Measuring interest rate risk Rate adjusted GAP
Used when assets and liabilities are not dramatically change in the short term Assess the GAP for all item of balance sheet Calculate EVF (Earning volatility factor) Calculate Income statement GAP Calculate impact on NII
1/8/2012
20
Measuring interest rate risk Rate adjusted GAP
Base rate fall by 100bps Balance sheet Demand liabilities Time liabilities Total RSL Loans Investments Other assets Total RSA GAP Total assets GAP as % of total assets
1/8/2012 Change in NII (GAP *Change in rate)
EVF (assumed) 75% 85% 100% 75% 95%
Income statement GAP 300 340 640 400 150 95 645 5 1000 0.5
21 -0.05
400 400 800 400 200 100 700 -100 1000 10 1
Duration GAP analysis
Measure of long term interest rate risk Focus on entire life of assets and liabilities Duration is average life of an asset or liability and is measured as weighted average time to maturity using present value of cash flow relative to total present value of assets or liability as weight
1/8/2012
22
Duration GAP analysis
Calculate duration of various RSA and RSL Calculate weighted average duration of liabilities Calculate weighted average duration of assets Calculate duration GAP(DGAP) Calculate expected NII Forecast changes in bank s MVE under various interest rate environments
1/8/2012
23
Duration GAP analysis
Interest rate risk can be understood from mismatch between duration of assets and liabilities and also by duration GAP Change in interest rate would impact market value of assets and liabilities with different amount. This would impact NII and MVE
1/8/2012
24
Revisit the concepts for ALM Interest rate risk
Mismatch or Gap risk Basis risk Embedded option risk Reinvestment risk Price risk- Investments risk Non paying liabilities
1/8/2012
25
Interest Rate Risk Management Key take away
Bank need to forecast interest rate movement Aggressive strategy is to keep the gap position open where it is profitable or To keep the gap ZERO ( with some tolerance level) so that NII is protected DO behavioral analysis of customers to safeguard against embedded option risk Know impact on MVE through duration gap analysis for long term perspective
26
1/8/2012
Alternate approach to Interest Rate Risk Management
1/8/2012
27
Financial derivatives
Contingent contracts Underlying assets like currency, stock indices, interest rate instruments, commodities etc. Pricing and trading is complex and prone to high risk Shift the risk from seller to buyer Improve the liquidity of underlying instruments Hedger use derivatives to protect their assets from erosion in value due to market volatility
28
1/8/2012
Interest rate derivatives (IRD)
Used to hedge the position that expose them to risk
Negative or positive gap
Tool to actively manage interest rate risk
Complement existing strategies to immunizing the volatility of earnings and MVE to changes in interest rates
Used to lower credit risk and add liquidity also Will discuss some widely used concepts
1/8/2012
29
Interest rate swaps (IRS)
Instrument to manage interest rate risk An OTC contract An agreement to exchange fixed interest to floating or floating to fix for a period ( start date and end date) May also have BASIS swaps pay MIBOR and receive LIBOR pricing of swap is dependent on forecasting interest rates Credit risk in swap management is limited to interest payment
1/8/2012 30
Swap deals
Firm A B Fixed rate 12% 10% Floating Rate PLR+2% PLR+0.5%
1/8/2012
31
Swap deals
A Firm Pay to lender Receive from other Pay to other Net effect
1/8/2012
B Firm 10% 9.75% to A PLR from A PLR+ 0.25% floating
32
PLR + 2% PLR from B 9.75% from A 11.75% fixed
Advantage of swap to B
Asset liability is matched Cost is reduced in floating market Eliminate interest rate risk It constituted a off balance sheet transaction
1/8/2012
33
Advantage of swap to A
Asset liability is matched Lower cost from fixed rate market Capacity to borrow from fixed rate market remain intact It constituted a off balance sheet transaction
1/8/2012
34
Interest rate swaps
In practice it is not possible to find two parties with opposite need hence intermediaries are engaged Intermediary share the profits also Major swap market players are banks, intermediaries and corporate Swap tenor are normally independent to loan tenor
1/8/2012 35
Interest rate swaps (IRS)
Bank can use IRS for Adjusting rate sensitivity of assets and liability Creating synthetic transaction and securities Adjusting GAP or duration GAP Liability sensitive bank can enter into swap where it pays fixed rate and receive floating rate Asset sensitive bank can enter into swap agreement where it pay floating rate and received fixed rate
1/8/2012 36
Interest rate future
Legal agreement to buy or sell something at predetermined price on predetermined time
Future price Future settlement or delivery date
Future contracts are traded in recognized exchanges which assumes responsibility of settlement When underlying security is interest bearing security it is known as interest rate future say 90 days treasury bills Transfer interest rate risk from hedger to speculator
37
1/8/2012
Interest rate future
Asset Sensitive
Buy interest rate future if it expects interest rates to fall Sell interest rate future if it expects interest rates to rise
Gap
Interest rate change Increase
Impact on NII Positive
Positive
Positive
Decrease
Negative
Liability sensitive
Sell interest rate future if it expects interest rates to fall Buy interest rate future if it expects interest rates to rise Negative Increase Negative
Negative
Decrease
Positive
1/8/2012
38
Interest rate future- issues futureContract size and maturities are standardized hence it may be difficult to find matching hedge Monitoring of position on daily basis is essential as settlement takes place every day by mark to market method
1/8/2012
39
Forward rate agreement (FRA)
An OTC contract Resemble a swap agreement but difference is that it is single settlement vs series of settlement Agreement to settle interest rate differentials Typical forward contract Notional principal amount and no commitment to borrow or lend by parties Buyer to pay fixed and receive floating Seller to pay floating and receive fixed Cash settlement is done if actual rate of interest differ to forecasted rates Bank use FRA to lock in fixed interest rate expenses ( deposits) to floating rate deposits or fixed interest rate advances to floating rate advances
1/8/2012
40
Fixed Income securities
1/8/2012
41
Fixed income securities
Equity and Bonds are two major capital market instruments Bonds fall under fixed income securities Example 9.25% GOI securities 2015 Generate fixed coupon income till maturity Not changed despite change in interest rates
1/8/2012 42
Bond price-Sensitivity priceInflation GDP growth Liquidity in market Interest rates Fiscal policies Unemployment Money supply
1/8/2012 43
Bond Valuation
Interest rate for residual term of maturity keep changing Value of bonds rests on movement of interest rates When market rate and coupon rate are same, bonds trade at par When market rate rises over coupon rate, bonds trade at discount and When market rate falls over coupon rate bonds trade at premium
44
1/8/2012
Bond theorems
Price of bond is inversely relates to the yield Increase in price of bond when interest rate goes down by certain % is greater than decrease in its price when interest rates goes up by the same %- This is %called convexity
1/8/2012
45
Bonds theorems
Longer the term to maturity of a bond higher will be its price sensitivity Between two bonds of same maturity but different coupons, the bond will lower coupon will experience more price sensitivity than with higher coupon
1/8/2012
46
Duration
Reinvestment of coupons also generate income Two opposite effects: Fall in price of bonds due to rise in interest rates and extra income generated due to reinvestments of coupon may get neutralize during life of security Measured through weighted average life of a fixed income security It is also a measure of price sensitivity measure of a bond to changes in interest rates
47
1/8/2012
Modified duration
Duration does not accurately changes in price of bonds arising from larger changes in interest rates Hence modified duration = Duration/ 1+ yield
1/8/2012
48
Banks investments portfolio
Classified into three category
Held till maturity ( up to 25% of bank s total investments) Held for trading ( acquired with intention to sale) Available for sale ( which do not fall under above category) HFT security are to be sold within 90 days
1/8/2012
49
Banks investments portfolio Valuation method
Held till maturity
Need not be marked to market but banks investment in subsidiary or joint ventures when diminished has to be provided for
Held for trading
Marked to market with monthly or more frequent intervals
Available for sale
Marked to market with quarterly or more frequent intervals
1/8/2012
50
Investment reserves
Provision for depreciation in AFS and HFT in excess of required amount in any year should be credit to P & L account and same amount transferred to Reserve & Surplus Included in Tier 2 capital of the bank Investment fluctuations reserves @ minimum 5% of investment portfolio ( only HFT and AFS)
1/8/2012 51
Mark to market procedure
Quoted securities as per latest quotes in stock exchange, prices declared by FIMMDA or RBI Unquoted
Price or YTM published by FIMMDA Sate government securities based on YTM and marked 25 bps above the yield of central government securities
1/8/2012
52
