2015 Arkansas Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings

1

Mission of the Arkansas Undergraduate Research
Conference
The mission of the Arkansas Undergraduate Research Conference
is to provide in one combined activity, a place for undergraduate
students to present original research findings, as defined by their
field of study. Open discussion, honest criticism, and sincere
encouragement are critical to the success of the conference.
Finally, it is hoped that this opportunity will be available for all,
especially for whom presentation at national professional
meetings might be unavailable.

HSU Undergraduate Research Committee
T. David Bateman – Undergraduate Research Director, Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Lea Ann Alexander – Associate Librarian
Martin Campbell –Professor of Chemistry
Rafael Bejarano – Associate Professor of Psychology
Val Gudrian – Assistant Professor of German
Ajay Aggarwal – Associate Professor of Management
Franc Hudspeth – Assistant Professor of Counselor Education
Steven Todd – Assistant Professor of Philosophy
Patrick Wempe – Associate Professor of Recreation

2

The Arkansas Academy of Science
The Arkansas Academy of Science began meeting in 1917 as a group of scientists
wishing to establish regular avenues of communication with one another and
promote science and the dissemination of scientific information in the state. The
Academy is a volunteer, non-profit, non-partisan, non-political, professional
organization consisting of scientists who pay dues to join with other scientists to
promote science in the state and region. Funds generated by the Academy annual
membership dues provide students with assistance to attend college, conduct
research, and provide for travel, supplies, and other expenses through grants and
awards. They also support the annual meeting of the Academy. They are also used
for encouragement to Arkansas students access to college and attainment of
college degrees. By further promoting the work of Arkansas students, the Academy
increases collaboration among the scientific community and provides a more
comprehensive network for scientific academics. These endeavors promote a higher
standard of education within Arkansas and will encourage and promote a higher
quality of life through educational opportunities.
The Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science is published yearly in April
containing the proceedings of the scientific contributions from the previous
Academy meeting. It is distributed to libraries in 30 of our 50 states, 25 foreign
countries, is included in at least ten abstracting services, and is listed in the State
Academies of Science Abstracts.

Officers of the Academy
President: Dr. Abdel Bachri Department of Chemistry & Physics, Southern
Arkansas University
President Elect: Dr. Ann Willyard, Department of Biology, Hendrix College
Vice President:

Dr. Edmond Wilson, Department of Chemistry, Harding University

Past-President: Dr. Jeff W. Robertson, Department of Physical Sciences, Arkansas
Tech University
Secretary:
University

Dr. Jeff W. Robertson, Department of Physical Sciences, Arkansas Tech

Treasurer:
University

Dr. Mostafa Hemmati, Department of Physical Sciences, Arkansas Tech

Journal Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Mostafa Hemmati, Dept. of Physical Sciences,
Arkansas Tech University

3

Journal Managing Editor:
Arkansas Tech University

Dr. Ivan Still, Department of Physical Sciences,

Newsletter Editor: Dr. R. Panneer Selvam, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Arkansas
Historian:

Dr. Collis Geren, 16116 Pin Oak Road, Fayetteville, AR 72701

AAS Representative to the AAAS: Dr. Charles Mebi, Department of Physical
Sciences, Arkansas Tech University

4

Schedule and Table of Contents
Friday April 10, 2015

Executive Committee Meeting,
11:30
Garrison Activity Center, Wilson Room

Registration & Check-In, & AAS Journal Pick-up
12:30-5:00 pm
Garrison Activity Center, Ross Room

Oral Presentations
2:00 pm

Friday Oral Presentation Schedule
Session
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Title

Location

Biology: ecology and genetics
Biology: morphology and notes
Chemistry: theoretical and synthesis
Chemistry: analytical and biochem
Physics and Engineering
Psychology I
Psychology II

Reynolds 120
Reynolds 303
Reynolds 322
Reynolds 330
Reynolds 127
Garrison - Galloway
Garrison - Wilson

Page
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Interdisciplinary Poster Session
5:00 pm
Garrison 2nd Floor, Ball Room

List of titles Page 17 - 24

Banquet and Keynote Address
6:30 pm
Mark A. Williamson, PhD – Geochemist,
Geochemical Solutions, LLC.
"Why Research?"
Garrison Center Ball Room

5

Keynote Speaker Biography
Page 6
Poster Titles
Page 17
Abstracts Listed Alphabetically by First
Author
Page 25
Index of Authors
Page 70
Announcement of Next Year’s Meeting
Page 73

6

Schedule and Table of Contents
Saturday April 11, 2015

Registration, Check-in and Continental
Breakfast 7:30-10:00 am
Reynolds Science Center Lobby

Oral Presentations
8:30 am
Session
8
9
10

Title

Location

Biology: Notes and Ecology
Chemistry general
Physics and Computer Science

Reynolds 120
Reynolds 330
Reynolds 322

Page
14
15
16

General Meeting of the Membership
11:30 am
Reynolds 322
Everyone is encouraged to attend and
participate in this
Annual general membership meeting. Come
see what
You have been missing!

Keynote Speaker Biography
Page 6
Poster Titles
Page 17
7

Abstracts Listed Alphabetically by First Author
Page 25
Index of Authors
Page 70
Announcement of Next Year’s Meeting
Page 73

8

Keynote Address
Introduction by Dr. Ingo Schranz, Associate Professor of Chemistry

Mark A. Williamson, PhD
Geochemist
Geochemist, Geochemical Solutions, LLC. Environment, Forensics, Engineering

"Why Research?"
"Research has been described as the scholarly pursuit of new
knowledge, discovery, or creative activity in an area with the goal
of advancing that area's frontiers or boundaries. The foremost
reason for conducting research can be as varied as the people
who are asked. However, there are several over-arching reasons
that lay the foundation of why we research. Among these are the
joy of direct experience, personal growth, search for beauty or
truth, and a commitment to reason in problem solving. To be
human is to pursue these ends and is the answer to the question
“Why research”.”
Profile:
Dr. Williamson is an environmental geochemist with over 25 years of
experiencing in consulting, basic/applied research and educational settings.
Mark has worked extensively with the mining and associated industries and
has been involved in geochemical studies and site evaluations across the
United States as well as the Philippines, Peru, Australia, Indonesia,
Argentina, Canada and Magnolia. Dr. Williamson has substantial experience
with acid rock drainage (ARD), which began 25 years ago with his Ph.D.
graduate studies in the kinetics of pyrite oxidation and sulfur geochemistry.
His experience also includes characterization of mine material for potential
ARD formation using industry standard methods, prediction of water quality
from mine facilities, support for engineered construction design of mine
waste facilities, pit lake evaluations, and water treatment design support. In
addition to ARD, Mark has conducted studies involved with metals in aquatic
and terrestrial environments, geochemical engineering, and the fate and
transport of chemicals in the environment. He also has provided expert
witness forensic support in a number of matters.

9

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm

Session 1 Biology

Ecology and genetics

Reynolds 120

Chairperson: Cynthia Fuller, Henderson State University
2:00

Available Forage in Shorebird Habitat in Southeast Arkansas
Jean E. Aycock and Christopher G. Sims, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello

2:20

Natural Nutrient Sources in the Cache River Watershed, Arkansas

Mary K. Kilmer, Nicole Poe, Shelby Chappell, and Jennifer L. Bouldin, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
2:40

Fruit Consumption Rates and Potential Seed Dispersal Species for the
American Persimmon

Jillian F. del Sol, Charli N. Davis, Natalie Skinner, Mimi Rebein, and Matthew D.
Moran, Ph.D.
Hendrix College
3:00

Ecology of the Trapdoor Spider, Myrmekiaphila comstocki, in the
Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas
Laurence M. Hardy, Ph.D.
Ouachita Mountains Biological Station

3:20

3:50

Break
Introduction of Florida Bass Alleles into Largemouth Bass Inhabiting
Northeast Arkansas Stream Systems
William J. Brockway and Ronald L. Johnson, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

4:10

Expression Analysis of an Insect Glucose Oxidase Transgene in Tobacco
Jesse B. Kitchens, Jordan Burt, Colby Smith, and Nathan Reyna, Ph.D.
Ouachita Baptist University

4:30

Investigating the Effect of Stratospheric Radiation on Seed Germination
and Growth
Kiara V. Newhouse, Bryant Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello

10

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm

Session 2 Biology
Chairperson:
2:00

Morphology and Field Notes

Reynolds 303

. Henderson State University

The Prevelance of Patellar Tendonitis in Men's and Women's Sports
Terance A. Carter and Margaret Tudor, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:20

Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Three-toed Box Turtles,
Terrapene Carolina triunguis (Reptilia: Testudines), from Arkansas and
Oklahoma

C.T. McAllister1, R.S. Seville2, D. Motriuk-Smith2, C. Hudson2, M.B. Connior3 and
H.W. Robison4
1
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745
2
Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming-Casper,
Casper, WY 82601
3
Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR
72712
4
9717 Wild Mountain Road, Sherwood, AR 72120
2:40

Red Crossbill Invasion of Northwestern Arkansas during Winter 20122013
Kimberly G. Smith and Joseph C. Neal
University of Arkansas

3:00

Atypical Head Markings of the Ouachita Map Turtle in the Upper
Ouachita River of Arkansas
Allison Surf and Renn Tumlison, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

3:20
3:50

Break
Testicular Histology and Sperm Morphometrics of the Bird-voiced
Treefrog, Hyla avivoca (Anura: Hylidae), from Arkansas
Stan E. Trauth, Chris S. Thigpen, and Matt B. Connior
Arkansas State University

4:10

New and Noteworthy Additions of Vascular Plants to the Arkansas
Flora

Tyler L. Childs, Sydney Grant, Tiffany Graves, Ethan Holicer, Seth McBroom,
Logan Thomas, Allen Leible, James Peck* and Brett Serviss, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
*University of Arkansas at Little Rock

11

12

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm

Session 3 Chemistry: Theoretical and Synthesis
Chairperson:

2:00

Bradley Rowland, PhD

Reynolds 322

Henderson State University

Semi-empirical Quantum Chemical Calculations of Al3+-bound Amino
Acid Complexes Modeled for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Steven Adams, Fontaine Talyor, Jacques Iragena, and Frank Hahn, Ph.D.
Philander Smith College

2:20

Thickness Uniformity for PECVD SiN
Daniel Bullock, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University

2:40

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper(II) Complex with
Hexadentate Hemi-Cage Ligand
Megan Fuller, Charles Mebi, and Anwar Bhuiyan, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University

3:00

Bond Valence-Length Relationships from Atomic Orbital Exponents
Franklin D. Hardcastle, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University

3:20
3:50

Break
Bond Valence = Bond Length Relationships for Carbon-Carbon and
Carbon-Oxygen Bonds
Conner Harris and Franklin D. Hardcastle, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University

4:10

Electrodeposition of Copper Sulfide Rods and Whiskers

Michael Jason Newell, Joshua Vangilder, Maqsood Ali Mughal, Kayla Wood,
Shyam Thapa, and Robert Engelken, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
4:30

The Use of a Dinuclear Molybdenum Oxalate Quinolinium Salt as an
Oxidizing Agent
Jake G. Windley and Burt Hollandsworth, Ph.D.
Harding University

13

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm

Session 4 Chemistry: Analytical and biochemistry
Chairperson:
2:00

Vincent Dunlap, Ph.D.

Reynolds 330

Henderson State University

Design of Tautomerically Ambiguous Cytosine-Based Nucleosides as
Potential Anti-HIV Agents
Duy Ha, Chase Elkin, and Vincent K. Dunlap, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:20

RNA Phosphoramidite Monomer Synthesis: An Examination of
Phosphite Selectivity Improvement
Sarah Holt, Kyle Harvey, and Vincent K. Dunlap, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:40

Development of a Quantification Method for Gold Nanoparticles in
Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Gunnar A. Klemmer
Harding University

3:00

Analysis of Two Base-Ring Ware II Juglets from the Late Bronze Age
for Opioid Derivatives via GC-MS
Jackson R. Petty and Dennis Province, Ph.D.
Harding University

3:20
3:50

Break
Development of Breath Analysis Methods

Maegen L. Sloan and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
4:10

BalloonSAT: High Altitude Measurement of Methane Concentration
Jennifer R. Sullivan, Bryant Fong, and Tillman Kennon, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

4:30

Determination of Mercury in Living and Non-living Systems

James Lowe, Dylan Campbell, David May, Allie Davis, Allison Surf, T. David
Bateman, Ph.D. and Renn Tumlison, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm
14

Session 5 Physics and Engineering
Chairperson:

2:00

Rick McDaniels, Ph.D.

Reynolds 127
Henderson State University

Terrain Effects on Tornado’s Path Deviation
Nawfal S. Ahmed and R. Panneer Selvam, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas

2:20

Wave Profile for Anti-force Waves with Maximum Possible Currents
M. Hemmati, R. Horn, W.C. Childs and A.K. Meredith
Arkansas Tech University

2:40

Calculus Pathologies

Shomari Hunter and Duane Jackson, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

3:00

Generation of Ince-Gaussian Laser Beams
Kelsey D. Ray and Jessica Young, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University

3:20

3:50

Break
Control and Power Factor Analysis of a Solid State DC Transformer
Hussain Sayed, Ahmed Zurfi, and Jing Zhang, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock

4:10

High Resolution Spectroscopic Studies of Earth’s Atmosphere
Emily J. Valerio and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University

4:30

Atmospheric and Solar Laboratory at Harding
Kyung Yoon and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm
15

Session 6 Psychology
Chairperson:
2:00

Garrison: Gallloway

Henderson State University Psychology Faculty

Blurred Family Lines: How Surrogate Parenting Styles Affect Children
Throughout Their Lives
Matt D. Baldwin and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:20

The myGaze® Eye Tracker: A Visionary Device for a Visionary
Experimenter
Logan Elmore and Emilie Beltzer, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:40

Is it Better to be Loved or Feared?

Brittany A. Freeman and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

3:00

The Effect of Computer-Based, Interactive Modules on Student
Learning of Diffusion

Rachel M. Rowland, J. Steve Oliver, Georgia W. Hodges, and Janet Lanza, Ph.D.
University of Georgia

3:20

3:50

Break
Causes and Consequences of Rivalry: How Do Rivals See Each Other?
Steven H. Jacobs and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

16

Friday Oral Sessions Begin at 2:00 pm

Session 7 Psychology II
Chairperson:
2:00

Garrison: Wilson

Henderson State University Psychology Faculty

What's Wrong With Harley Quinn? Systematically Eliminating
Potential Diagnoses
Ashley R. Bles and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:20

Red Hood Vigilantism: Manhood, Motivation, and Murder
Dillon C. Hall and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

2:40

Motives and Methods of Machiavellian Manipulation in "Batman:
Hush"
Coley R. Henson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State Universtiy

3:00

Beyond Batgirl: Posttraumatic Recovery and Coping Mechanisms
Brian C. Maulden and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

3:20

3:50

Break
The Dark Knight Shines: Practical vs Positive Motives for Helping
Others Meet Their Potential
O'Dell R. Perry-Johnson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

4:10

Relationships between Asociality and Manipulativeness: Can you
Manipulate People Without Understanding Them?
Darian N. Sisson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

17

Saturday Oral Sessions Begin at 8:30 am

Session 8 Biology: Notes and Ecology
Chairperson:
8:30

Reynolds 120

Ph.D. Henderson State University

Genetic Analysis of Bacteria from Cave Crickets from Blanchard
Springs Caverns, Arkansas

Leah Efird, Itzela Cruz, Caitlyn Gosch, Taylor Lee, Charlotte Wetzlar, and
James Engman, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
8:50

The Arkansas Endemic Flora and Fauna: An Update with Additional
Species

H.W. Robison1, and C.T. McAllister2
1
9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120
2
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745
9:10

Tree Morticulture to Produce Food Plots for Woodpeckers
Seth W. Pearson and Robin M. Verble-Pearson, Ph.D.
Texas Tech University

9:30
9:50

Break – Reynolds Lobby
Recent History of Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) Observations in
Arkansas, With Notes on the Individual Killed in Bradley County,
Arkansas in 2014
Renn Tumlison1 and Mark Barbee2
1
Henderson State University,
2
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Monticello, AR 71655

10:10

New Records and Observations of the American Badger (Taxidea taxus)
in Arkansas

Renn Tumlison1 and Blake Sasse2
1
Henderson State University 2Arkansas Game and Fish Commission,
Mayflower, AR 72106
10:30

Vertebrate Natural History Notes from Arkansas, 2015

R. Tumlison1, M.B. Connior2, H.W. Robison3, C.T. McAllister4, L.A. Durden5, D.B.
Sasse6, and D.A. Saugey7
1
Henderson State University, 2South Arkansas Community College, El Dorado,
AR 71730, 39717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 7212, 4Eastern
Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 7474, 5Department of Biology, Georgia
Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, 6Arkansas Game and Fish
Commission, Mayflower, AR 72106, 7Nightwing Consulting, Jessieville, AR
71949
18

10:50

Fire in Ozark Oak Forests

Robin M. Verble-Pearson, Ph.D.
Texas Tech University

19

Saturday Oral Sessions Begin at 8:30 am

Session 9 Chemistry
Chairperson:

8:30

Reynolds 330

Bradley Rowland, PhD

Henderson State University

Solubility Studies of Titan’s Hydrocarbon Lakes

Malissa M. Hoehn, Brandon M. Daughety, and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
8:50

Titan: A Model for Early Earth?

Connor D. Purvis and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
9:10

Physiological Effects of Massage Therapy in College Students and the
Elderly

Hunter Wayland, Christine Dickson, Anneq Ahmad, Ph.D., T. David Bateman,
Ph.D.
Henderson State University
9:30

9:50

Break – Reynolds Lobby
Analysis of Byproducts of Lactobacillus and Yeast Species Metabolism
in Water Kefir via Gas Chromatography

Justin Hunn and Dennis Province, Ph.D.
Harding University
10:10

Development of Higher Impulse Hybrid Rocket Motors
Rachel A. Beeman and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University

20

Saturday Oral Sessions Begin at 8:30 am

Session 10
Chairperson:
8:30

Physics and Computer Science

Reynolds 322

Henderson State University

Robotic Arm for Space Missions

Stephanie J. Inabnet and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
8:50

An Inversion Algorithm with Bayesian Formulation
Yijun Yu
Philander Smith College

9:10

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Motor Drive for a Battery Electric
Osman A. Martinez and Kevin R. Lewelling, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas - Fort Smith

9:30

9:50

Break – Reynolds Lobby
WIFI Guidance of the Mars Rover

Daniel H. Schwartz and Kevin R. Lewelling, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas - Fort Smith
10:10

Smart Phone Control of Robotic Vehicles

Shelby V. Sorrells and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
10:30

High Resolution Spectrograph Design

Brennan M. Thomason, Stephanie J. Inabnet, Tamara B. Thomason, and
Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
10:50

Comparing the Effect of a Hemispherical Dome and a Rectangular
Prism Building on Tornado Wind Using Computational Fluid Dynamic
(CFD) Simulation.
Majdi A. Yousef and Panneer R. Selvam, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas

21

All Disciplines Poster Session
Garrison Center – Banquet Room

Friday, 5:00 PM

Session Chair: Tommy Finley, Ph.D. Henderson State University

Authors should have poster mounted before 5:00 and should be
present at least 30 minutes during the poster session to talk about their
work. Authors must post on board with their poster number in order fo
judging to be successful. Posters should be removed after the banquet.

Abstracts Listed Alphabetically by First Author
1.

A Study of the Correlations Between Bulge Luminosity and the
Maximum Rotation Velocity for Spiral Galaxies

Ismaeel A. Al-Baidhany, Wasmaa A. Jabbar, and Sami S. Chiad, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock

2.

A Study of the Relation Between the Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and the
Momentum Parameter of the Host Spiral Galaxies
Ismaeel A. Al-Baidhany, Wasmaa A. Jabbar, and Sami S. Chiad, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock

3.

Poly(ionic) Liquids: Imidazoles with Ester Linkages
Mary A. Andrews and Martin J. Campbell, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

4.

Diversity of Freshwater Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae)
Evaluated by Sequence Analysis of the Plastid Gene, ccs1

Jakyra Austin, Alice Cardona-Otero, Miguel Taylor, Marvin Fawley, and Karen
Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello

5.

First-Generation
Matt D. Baldwin and Emilie Beltzer, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

6.

Evaluation of the Plastid Gene ccsA for Use in Delimiting Species of the
Alga, Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae)
Roberto Bernal, Frederica Davidson, Karen Fawley, and Marvin Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello

22

7.

The Laws of Attraction: Batman and Bad Girls
Emily J. Blanton and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

8.

Metarhizium Attachment Factors
Susie Brown, Kesha Pilot, Stefan jaronski, and Cynthia A. Fuller, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

9.

Growth of Soccer in the US: MLS Marketing to Millennials
Christian T. Buechel and Sarah Jensen, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas

10.

Malignant Narcissism: The Dark Side of Loving Yourself
Erica L. Chafton and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

11.

Effects of Leaf Litter on Dissolved Nutrient Levels in Natural Streams
Shelby B. Chappell and Jennifer Bouldin, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

12.

Natural Product Discovery through Bioassay Methods on Ilex decidua
Oktawia Clem and Martin J. Campbell, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

13.

Riddle Me Not: Cognitive Challenges and Criminal Behavior
Michelle L. Coley and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

14.

Clowning Around: What Motivates a Multiple Murderer?

15.

A Model for Character Strengths and Virtues: Lessons from Positive
Psychology

Emily Culpepper and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

Logan E. Elmore and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

16.

Wavelength and Light Intensity Effects Photosynthesis and Growth of
Selenastrum capricornutum
Abby Fain and Jim Taylor, Ph.D.
Ouachita Baptist University

17.

Characterization of Algal Strains from the Class Eustigmatophyceae
Isolated from Arkansas
23

Karen Fawley and Marvin Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello

18.

Node Development in Free Wavepacket Evolution
Josh Ficut and Brad A. Rowland, Ph.D.
Henderson State Univesity

19.

Good Girls and Bad Boys
Raven D. Gonzalez and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

20.

The Killing Joke: Can Trauma Create a Psychopath?
Connor A. Goodson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

21.

A Natural Approach to Combatting Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Lillian T. Howerton and Dale A. Amos, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas- Fort Smith

22.

Analysis of Byproducts of Lactobacillus and Yeast Species Metabolism
in Water Kefir Via Gas Chromatography
Rachel K. Humble and Elizabeth Margulis, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas – Fayetteville

23.

Ion Chromatography Characterization of Particles Collected from NE
Arkansas
Jerry Jones, Bryant Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

24.

Water Quality of the Wastewater Reach
Tiffany Hunnicutt, Elisa Neibling, Jana Strom, and Timothy S. Wakefield, Ph.D.
John Brown University

25.

Ion Chromatography Characterization of Particles Collected from NE
Arkansas
Jerry Jones, Bryant Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

26.

Analyzing Contact Metamorphism of the Stanley Shale in the Magnet
ove Igneous Intrusive Complex
Tyler Kee and Lindsey M. Waddell, Ph.D.
Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts

24

27.

Aquatic Effects of a Localized Oil Spill on Lake Conway, AR and its
Tributaries
Molly E. Kennon and Jennifer L. Bouldin, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

28.

Testicular Cycle and Spermatogenesis in the Rough Greensnake,
Opheodrys aestivus
J.D. Konvalina, S.E. Trauth, and M.V. Plummer
Arkansas State University

29.

Crepidostomum cornutum (Digenea: Allocreadiidae) from Midget
Crayfish, Orconectes (Procericambarus) nana (Decapoda: Cambaridae),
from Arkansas

C.T. McAllister1, W. F. Font2 and H.W. Robison3
1
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University,
Hammond, LA 70402
3
9717 Wild Mountain Road, Sherwood, AR 72120

30.

Helminth Parasites of the Blackspotted Topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus
(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae), from the Interior Highlands of
Arkansas
C.T. McAllister1, C.R. Bursey2, T.J. Fayton3, W.F. Font4, H.W. Robison5, M.B.

Connior6 and D.G. Cloutman7
1
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745
2
Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Campus,
Sharon, PA 16146
3
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 E.
Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
4
Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University,
Hammond, Louisiana 70402
5
9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120
6
Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR
72712
7
P. O. Box 197, Burdett, KS 67523

31.

Acanthocephalan Parasites of Select Fishes (Catostomidae,
Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae), from the White River
Drainage, Arkansas

C.T. McAllister1*, M.A. Barger2, T.J. Fayton3, M.B. Connior4, D.A. Neely5 and H.W.
Robison6

25

1

Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745
2
Department of Biology, Peru State College, Peru, NE 68421
3
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 E.
Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
4
Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR
727127
5
Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, Chattanooga, TN 374025
6
9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120

32.

The Eastern Boxelder Bug, Boisea trivittata (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae):
Confirmation in Arkansas

S.W. Chordas III1 and C.T. McAllister2
1
Center for Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, 260 Jennings
Hall, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
2
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745

33.

A Noteworthy Geographic Distributional Record for the Milliped,
Apheloria virginiensis reducta (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae), from the
Arkansas Delta

C.T. McAllister1, R. Tumlison2 and H.W. Robison3
1
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel,
OK 74745
2
Department of Biology, Henderson State University, Arkadelphia, AR 71999
3
9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120

34.

Gene Discovery for Bioactive Phenylpropanoids in Echinacea Species
Lauren Clai E. Morehead, Jordyn Radke, and Stephen Grace, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University

35.

The Search for Antibiotic Producing Bacteria at Henderson State
University, a Collaborative Effort by BIO3094 Students
Daniel Morgan, Payten Frunzi, and Cynthia A. Fuller, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

36.

Closed-Form Representations for Exponential Forms
Nicole Nichiniello, Declan Mulhall, and Juan D. Serna, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello

37.

Comparative Study of Oil and Grease Analysis in Water Samples
Addison T. Ochs and Gija Geme, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University

38.
26

Screening of Flathead Catfish for Heavy Metals in Ouachita River, AR

Casey C. O'Hara and Gija Geme, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University

39.

Monitoring Treated Wastewater Quality
Kara A. O’Neal and Gija Geme, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University

40.

A Device to Measure Skin Sensitivity to Nociceptive Heat Using a
Photon Beam Heat Source

Linna J. Perkins, Walker, A.H.1, Griffith, M. R.2 , Dobretsov, M.3, Chowdhury, P.4
University of Central Arkansas and University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences
(1)Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Arkansas, Conway
AR 72035
(2) Dept. of Radiation and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock AR 72204
(3)Dept. of Anestheology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little
Rock AR 72205
(4)Dept. of Biophysics and Physiology, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205

41.

A Comparison of the Communities of the Alga, Nannochloropsis
(Eustigmatophyceae), in Different Lakes in North Dakota and
Minnesota
Nelsha Peterson, Freddie Rivera, Samuel Vincent, Misty Hill, Karen Fawley,
and Marvin Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello

42.

Grief in Gotham
Tiffany R. Pitcock and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

43.

Continuity vs Stages: How Does Developmental Delay Impact Language
Aquisition?
Emily R. Reynebeau and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

44.

Cabbage Inhibits Nitrate Reduction in Celery during Storage
Cynthia Robinson, Autumn Webb and Jinming Huang, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello

45.

Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Turnover in Natural and Restored
Forested Wetland Sites in Southeast Arkansas
Chris J. Sheldon, Robert L. Ficklin, and Stacy D. Wilson, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
27

46.

High Altitude Light Intensity from Balloon Borne Sensors
Heather R. Southe, Bryant Fong, and Tillmen Kennon, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

47.

Analysis of a Ribosomal Protein Gene in Tumor Development
Seth St. John, Wray Devon, Helen Beneš, and Mary Stewart, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello

48.

The Tangential Velocity Profile Within a Viscous Vortex
Matthew N. Strasser and Rathinam P. Selvam, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas

49.

New Host and County Records of the Fish Leech Cystobranchus klemmi
(Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) in Arkansas
Christopher S. Thigpen, Lina I. Bagwell, John D. Konvalina, Samuel A. Schratz,
and Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

50.

New County Record of Black-Spot Disease in Arkansas
Christopher S. Thigpen, Lina I. Bagwell, John D. Konvalina, Samuel A. Schratz,
and Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

51.

A Case of Frugivory in a Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) from
Northeastern Arkansas
Christopher S. Thigpen, Travis D. Marsico, and Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D.
rkansas State University

52.

Status of Renewable Energy Research at Arkansas State University
Joshua Vangilder, Kayla Wood, Shyam Thapa, Maqsood Mughal, Michael
Newell, and Robert Engelken, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

53.

Molecular Cloning to Improve Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion Assays
in Dicytostelium discoideum
Olivia Vogel, Ericka Vogel, and Kari Naylor, Ph.D.
University of Central Arkansas

54.

Research Kinetics of Carbonate Aerosols in Carboxylic Acid
Environments
Kristiana A. Watson, Bryant N. Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University

28

55.

Origins of Serial and Spree Murder
Dylan A. Weaver and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

56.

Recolonization of Meiofauna after Physical Disturbance in a Gravel Bed
Stream
Melissa K. Welch, Laura Berryman, Shrijeeta Ganguly, and Arthur V. Brown,

Ph.D.
University of Arkansas

57.

Model Identification and Wall-Plug Efficiency Measurement of White
LED Modules
Ahmed Zurfi and Jing Zhang, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock

29

Complete Listing of Abstracts
Listed alphabetically by last name of first author
Semi-empirical Quantum Chemical Calculations of Al3+-bound Amino Acid
Complexes Modeled for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Steven Adams, Fontaine Talyor, Jacques Iragena, and Frank Hahn, Ph.D.
Philander Smith College
Recent studies have shown that oxidative processes of metal-binding (Cu, Al, etc.) amino
acid residues such as methionine (Met), histidine (His), tyrosine, (Tyr), glutamic acid (Glu),
etc., have been known to form conformational change of pathogenic proteins (e.g., βamyloid (AβP), α-synuclein, etc) for the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s
disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), etc. In this study, theoretical semiempirical
calculations for newly constructed 3-D modeled compounds between pathogenic amino
acids and aluminum metal ion (Al3+) were performed by AM1 and MNDO approximations in
gas and water phases to investigate hermochemical properties of the neuronal degenerative
complexes. We found that AM1 in gas phase was a better computational approximation
method of examining thermostabilities of the Al3+- amino acid complexes vs. MNDO based on
the data comparison with NIST data of reference molecules. The obtained thermochemical
stability order was Met>Tyr>His>Glu with Al3+. More interestingly, the newly obtained
ΔHreaction revealed the specific coordinated chemical bond information of 4, 3, 2, and 4 for
Glu-Al3+, His-Al3+, Met-Al3+, and Tyr-Al3+, respectively. The resulting data will have large
potential impact on the development of drugs to inhibit those targeted coordinated bonds
between the amino acids residues and Al3+ during conformation changes of the pathogenic
proteins.

Terrain Effects on Tornado’s Path Deviation
Nawfal S. Ahmed and R. Panneer Selvam, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas
Tornados are considered a major risk for lives and the economy. Researchers have
investigated tornados in many avenues: tornado geneses, tornado forces, tornado damage,
tornado path and direction, and tornado interaction with structures, etc. Recently few
researchers reported from wind tunnel and computer model that when a tornado goes over a
hill, the path of the tornado deviates. In this work further detailed study of the extent of path
deviation for various ratios of tangential velocity to translational velocity are investigated.
Wind tunnel, field and computer model data are investigated to examine the effects of
topography on tornado path deviation (i.e. turns in tornado path while interacting with
topography). Field data from both Tuscaloosa (2011) and Mayflower (2014) tornados is
considered in this study to examine effects of topography on tornado path deviation.
Computer model is utilized to run six different ratios of angular velocity to translational
velocity (Vϴ/Vt) (i.e.1-4, 6, 8) and study the effects of changing this ratio on tornado path
deviation. The topography shape considered in this work is a ridge. Results show that
(Vϴ/Vt) ratio has significant influence on a tornado path deviation. As the ratio increases,

30

the deviation shape changes from a straight line to single curvature then to double
curvature. For ratio (Vϴ/Vt) =1, the deviation shape is almost a straight line. For 2≤ (Vϴ/Vt)
<4, the deviation shape becomes a single curvature shape. When the ratio (Vϴ/Vt) ≥4, the
deviation shape changes to double curvature. Numerical results for (Vϴ/Vt) ≥4 is
comparable to wind tunnel data. Therefore the computer model is considered for further
investigation. The University of Arkansas (UA) computer model results for tornado path
deviation shape are comparable to both experimental and field data.

A Study of the Correlations Between Bulge Luminosity and the Maximum
Rotation Velocity for Spiral Galaxies
Ismaeel A. Al-Baidhany, Wasmaa A. Jabbar, and Sami S. Chiad, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
The goal of this work is to study of the correlations between bulge luminosity and the
maximum rotation velocity for spiral galaxies. In this work, the maximum rotational
velocities (Vmax) were obtained from the HyperLeda, whereas values corrected for
maximum velocity rotation corrected for inclination were estimated using the post basic
calibrated data images taken on the Spitzer/IRAC 3.6µm images of 57 spiral galaxies of
different morphological types. We found the bulge luminosity using a two-dimensional bulgedisk decompositions.

A Study of the Relation Between the Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and the
Momentum Parameter of the Host Spiral Galaxies
Ismaeel A. Al-Baidhany, Wasmaa A. Jabbar, and Sami S. Chiad, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
In this work, we used a sample of 49 galaxies to show that there is a proportionality relation
between the spiral arm pitch angle (P) and the momentum parameter (Mbulge σ*/c) of the
host spiral galaxies, where Mbulge is mass of the bulge and σ* is the stellar velocity
dispersion. We found the bulge mass using the virial relation Mbulge=Kσ2re/G with the virial
coefficient K=5.0, while the stellar velocities dispersion were taken from the literature.

Poly(ionic) Liquids: Imidazoles with Ester Linkages
Mary A. Andrews and Martin J. Campbell, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
It is well known that polymers can be created through condensation of a carboxylic acid and
an alcohol giving an ester linked polymer and water. Starting with substituted imidazoles,
we have designed a variety of N,N-substituted imidazolium diesters and dialcohols to
become monomers in the synthesis of polyesters. These polyesters with imidazolium
backbones are expected to be effectively odorless ionic liquid monomers that will lead to
odorless polymers. A plastic of this nature would be useful for enclosed chambers in which
air quality is extremely important.

31

Diversity of Freshwater Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) Evaluated by
Sequence Analysis of the Plastid Gene, ccs1
Jakyra Austin, Alice Cardona-Otero, Miguel Taylor, Marvin Fawley, and Karen Fawley,
Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello
Characterization of diversity in microalgae has been limited by the paucity of morphological
characters that can be used to discriminate among taxa. Recent research in our lab has
shown that the small, coccoid alga, Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) can be
characterized by analysis of the DNA sequences of the plastid gene, rbcL and ccsA. The rbcL
gene has previously been used to characterize different species of this genus, but the ccsA
gene is much more variable and provides approximately twice as many variable characters
as rbcL. However, additional loci that are highly variable would provide more characters
that could be used for more robust phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses. By examining
recently published chloroplast genomes of all the named species of Nannochloropsis, we
determined that the gene ccs1 is similar in variability to ccsA. Primers were developed to
amplify ccs1 using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent DNA sequencing.
Our results show that ccs1 locus reveals slightly more diversity among freshwater strains of
Nannochloropsis than the ccsA locus. The combination of ccs1 and ccsA should be a
powerful tool for understanding the taxonomy, ecology and phylogeography of these simple
organisms.

Available Forage in Shorebird Habitat in Southeast Arkansas
Jean E. Aycock and Christopher G. Sims, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
Approximately 500,000 shorebirds travel through the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) each
spring and fall. During migration, the average 40 g shorebird needs to eat approximately 8
g of invertebrates per day. While shorebird stopover habitat guidelines for the MAV are
based on an expert estimate of 2 g of invertebrates/m2, this estimate has not been
quantified in Arkansas. Invertebrate biomass available for shorebird foraging was examined
on five properties in southeastern Arkansas during spring and fall migration (fall 2010,
spring and fall 2011, and spring 2012). Macroinvertebrate biomass was less than the
estimated 2 g/m2 in three of the four sampled seasons. Further validation of the expert
invertebrate biomass estimate should be undertaken in the other regions of the MAV. These
results suggest that current land management of shorebird stopover habitat in southeastern
Arkansas is not providing adequate invertebrate forage to reach the current habitat
management goals.

First-Generation
Matt D. Baldwin and Emilie Beltzer, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Enrollment and retention of first-generation students at colleges and universities across the
United States pose unique challenges for those students, their professors, and the
institution’s administration. First-generation students tend to be under-prepared
educationally and can experience difficulty adjusting to an academic lifestyle. For these

32

students, who characteristically possess strong work ethic, the frustrations accompanying
these initial setbacks can quickly escalate into diminished self-confidence and motivation to
succeed. Thereby prompting higher drop-out rates among these groups of students. To
expose this phenomena I plan on proving that traditional freshman students who are
undeclared majors are more susceptible to experiencing a diminished since of well-being
than compared to traditional freshman students who have a declared course of study. The
idea being that the lack of direction is the mitigating variable in poor student performance at
universities and technical colleges across the country. This proposed work applies
meaningfully to other “non-traditional” student populations (e.g. older individuals returning
to school, prior military service, etc.) as well as to other contexts in areas of industrialorganizational psychology in which success at the group/organizational level is dependent
on success at the individual/employee level.

Blurred Family Lines: How Surrogate Parenting Styles Affect Children
Throughout Their Lives
Matt D. Baldwin and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
How do parenting and grandparenting styles influence children while growing up and later
on in life, and how do family upheavals such as parental death make a difference regarding
the childs outlook on life, relationship success, self control, self esteem, and general
development as a human being. Bruce Wayne, at an early age, tragically loses his
nurturing, supportive parents. The family butler, Alfred Pennyworth, becomes his father
figure. As an adult, Bruce (Batman) mentors several youngsters who experience their own
life altering tragedies. What type of parenting style does Alfred use in raising Bruce, what
style does Bruce raising the Robins, and how do their approaches differ? This fiction has real
world implication regarding the modern family as a whole and the blurred lines in family
roles.

Development of Higher Impulse Hybrid Rocket Motors
Rachel A. Beeman and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
Hybrid rocket motors are the main choice of the civilian space enterprise. This is because
hybrid rocket motors are less complex, more robust, safer and less expensive than either
solid rocket motors or liquid rocket motors as used in the Space Shuttle Program. The main
drawback of hybrid rocket motors is the slightly lower thrust produced. Our goal is to see if
the thrust of hybrid rocket motors can be improved by the use of different fuel grain
materials than currently employed. At this time, hybrid motors are made almost exclusively
of hydroxyterminated polybutadiene (HTPB). We are studying the feasibility of additive
manufacturing (3D printing) of hybrid rocket motor fuel grains. Beginning with acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer we print fuel grains of different geometries to increase the
burning rate (fuel regressionrate) and thus the thrust. The results of our efforts will be
reported.

Evaluation of the Plastid Gene ccsA for Use in Delimiting Species of the Alga,
Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae)
33

Roberto Bernal, Frederica Davidson, Karen Fawley, and Marvin Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello
Nannochloropsis is a genus of algae comprised of very small (less than 5 μm) unicells and is
known primarily from the marine environment. Nannochloropsis is a member of the class
Eustigmatophyceae, a group of yellow-green algae that is related to diatoms and brown
algae. Some strains of Nannochloropsis are important food organisms for aquaculture
because they reproduce very rapidly and possess fatty acids that are not found in other
types of phytoplankton. Species of marine Nannochloropsis are also under intense study as
candidates for biofuel production. The seven species that have been described from the
marine and freshwater systems cannot be discriminated by either light or electron
microscopy, and therefore the species have been delimited primarily by DNA sequence
analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA) and the plastid gene (rbcL) encoding a
subunit of the photosynthetic protein Rubisco. We previously described some new varieties
of the freshwater species N. limnetica from lakes in North Dakota and Minnesota, with
identification based on 18S rDNA and rbcL. Although these new varieties varied from N.
limnetica var. limnetica in rbcL sequences and (sometimes) morphology, we were unable to
name these varieties as distinct species without sequence data from additional loci.
Recently published chloroplast genome sequences from multiple species of Nannochloropsis
can be used to assess the diversity of individual genes and design PCR primers to amplify
highly variable regions. One plastid gene that is highly variable in Nannochloropsis is ccsA.
We designed PCR primers for this gene and show that DNA sequences of the ccsA locus are
approximately twice as variable as rbcL. Results of analysis of the ccsA sequences revealed
previously undetected diversity among freshwater N. limnetica strains and the marine
species, N. oceanica. Our study shows that the plastid gene ccsA can provide rapid
assessment of the diversity and identities of strains of Nannochloropsis. The ccsA locus
should be the gene of choice for future analyses of diversity and phylogeny of
Nannochloropsis.

The Laws of Attraction: Batman and Bad Girls
Emily J. Blanton and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Why does Batman have so much trouble putting the beautiful bad girls away? Catwoman,
Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn - even though all of them do bad things or walk in the grey, he still
fails to put them away. Is it their beauty? Research shows that people in general are less
likely to convict and punish attractive people. Is it his lust? Specific hormonal, neurological,
social, and emotional factors could impair judgment when sexually aroused. Or could it be
that in these women, he sees himself? The closest thing to a law in Social Psychology is that
people tend to prefer others as a function of how similar they are to themselves. The
possible explanations have significance when looking at real issues of interpersonal
attraction, relationships, and criminal justice.

What's Wrong With Harley Quinn? Systematically Eliminating Potential
Diagnoses
Ashley R. Bles and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

34

Who is Harley Quinn? What’s really wrong with this fictional character? Is she an anti-hero, a
good girl who just fell in with the wrong crowd, a female version of the Joker, or just plain
crazy? Is she something else entirely? Using the American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as a guide, this presentation will analyze different potential
diagnoses for Harley Quinn as depicted in comic books and other media. Potential diagnoses
include histrionic, dependent, and antisocial personality disorders as well as psychopathy
and obsessive compulsive disorder. Systematically eliminating unlikely diagnoses along the
way can identify a best-fitting diagnosis. Diagnosing fictional characters like Harley can help
students and professionals rehearse diagnostic procedures and better understand mental
illnesses.

Introduction of Florida Bass Alleles into Largemouth Bass Inhabiting
Northeast Arkansas Stream Systems
William J. Brockway and Ronald L. Johnson, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
Florida bass (Micropterus floridanus) have been introduced throughout much of the southern
U.S. for the past 40 years. This bass species readily hybridizes with the extant largemouth
bass (M. salmoides) with no measureable loss of fitness. Within Arkansas, the Florida bass is
currently stocked in the southern half of the state, yet historically was stocked through a
greater range. Previous studies of a northern Arkansas hatchery and a reservoir revealed
the existence of Florida bass alleles in each. Other studies in Alabama, Oklahoma, and
Texas have revealed the presence of Florida bass alleles in stream systems proximal to lakes
stocked. Our goal was to investigate, using microsatellite analysis of seven diagnostic loci,
the presence of Florida bass alleles in a variety of northeastern Arkansas waters to
determine if Florida bass or hybrids had escaped from stocked waters. We found rare
instances of Florida bass alleles in several drainages consistent with previous studies
demonstrating a lack of containment of Florida bass once stocked.

Metarhizium Attachment Factors
Susie Brown, Kesha Pilot, Stefan jaronski, and Cynthia A. Fuller, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Fungi in the genus Metarhizium are insect pathogens, whose natural habitat includes soil
and insects, and a variety of plant species. Metarhizium strains are used as organic
insecticides worldwide, and are being developed as commercial biological control
insecticides in the US. Root colonization presents a novel approach for using these fungi, but
field trials where fungi were applied to the soil or to root systems have yielded inconsistent
protection against insect pests. Attachment factors for insects (MAD1) and plants (MAD2)
are required for insect pathogenesis and plant colonization, respectively. While the presence
and expression of the mad2 gene has been confirmed in strains of Metarhizium able to
colonize cabbage, there has been little effort to assess whether other strains, including
those being developed as biological control insecticides, possess or express the mad2 gene.
The goals of this project are for undergraduate student researchers at Henderson State
University to assess whether mad1 and mad2 genes are present in five strains of
Metarhizium being developed as insecticides, and if so, to determine the functional
expression of the MAD2 protein using onion skin attachment assays. Students have designed
primers for mad1 and mad2, extracted fungal DNA and performed polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). Thus far, both mad1 and mad2genes are present in four of the five

35

Metarhizium strains. Students are currently developing protocols for performing plant
adhesion assays, and these methods will be presented, as well as plans for future research.

Progress Toward Trifluoromethylated Curcumins
Jarrod D. Brown and Martin J. Campbell, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Curcumin, a constituent of the widely used natural product turmeric, has been shown to
possess significant biological properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activity. It suffers significantly from poor bioavailability, however, and often
requires huge dosages to obtain significant medicinal benefit. Progress towards the
synthesis of selectively trifluoromethylated curcumin analogues is reported. Replacing one
or more hydrogens with a trifluoromethyl group has become an increasingly common and
beneficial approach to seeking enhanced bioavailability in pharmaceuticals. We describe our
attempts to prepare various trifluoromethylated vanillins, as key building blocks in the total
synthesis of curcumin analogues bearing one trifluoromethyl group on each ring providing a
way to attempt to make the well-documented properties of curcumin more accessible.

Growth of Soccer in the US: MLS Marketing to Millennials
Christian T. Buechel and Sarah Jensen, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas
The purpose of this research is to highlight the importance of marketing to Millennials people born after 1980 – to continue the growth of the United States’ domestic professional
soccer league, the Major League Soccer, or simply abbreviated, MLS. Understanding the
positioning of the league in the competitive American sports industry, this paper asserts the
need for the MLS to differentiate itself through focusing primarily on this market segment.
After explaining key characteristics that lend the importance of Millennials, this research will
outline sthree crucial areas of focus for the MLS to create focused marketing directed
towards Millennials. Research methods implemented in this study include both data gained
from primary research in the form of a focus group and a survey, as well as secondary,
historical data gathered from online and text resources. Quantitative and qualitative data
will reinforce the initial beliefs that make Millennials the ideal marketing demographic to fuel
the rising popularity of the MLS in the American sports market.

Thickness Uniformity for PECVD SiN
Daniel Bullock, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University
Silicon nitride (SiN) is widely used as a passivation or encapsulation layer in the production
of semiconductor devices. Typically this film is produced using a plasma enhanced chemical
vapor deposition (PECVD) process. In this paper we discuss a novel approach to the standard
PECVD technique to SiN deposition by introducing a pulsating
plasma. Specifically, we investigated the thickness uniformity as a function of different
process parameters, namely, RF power and process chamber pressure.

36

The Prevelance of Patellar Tendonitis in Men's and Women's Sports
Terance A. Carter and Margaret Tudor, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Very little research has been done that proves male athletes develop tendonitis more than
female athletes. The research article by Sheri A. Hale reviews the etiology of patellar
tendinopathy. This article discusses some of the questions about gender in patellar
tendonitis. Some authors believed that extrinsic factors was the main cause of patellar
tendonitis. Since most athletes play on the same surface with one another and not every
athlete develops patellar tendonitis, this raised speculation to believe intrinsic factors must
be involved. Gender would be considered an intrinsic factor when dealing with patellar
tendonitis pathology. Lower extremity alignment was said to be the main cause of patellar
tendonitis. Lower extremity alignment includes the Q angle, pelvic angle, and tibio femoral
angle. Women naturally have wider angles than men do which could possibly lead to injury.
Surprisingly reports showed that none of these factors were related to patellar tendonitis.
Men athletes generally weigh more than female athletes. Many researchers agreed on the
factor of height not being caused by patellar tendonitis. Many authors have studied patellar
tendonitis between genders. One author by the name of Jarvinen found patellar tendonitis to
occur more in men than in women. Ferretti on the other hand found no significant difference
between the two. Research found that basketball players on average jump 70 times per
game. Each jump has the potential to bring 8 times a person’s body weight on to their
knees. Men generally jump higher than women which would bring more force to their needs.
Richards did a study on 10 Canadian volleyball players. He discovered many differences in
knee joint dynamics between symptomatic and asymptomatic players. His predictions
showed correctly that 8 out of the 10 players indicated patellar tendonitis because of peak
tibial external-rotation during spike-jump take off. This article concluded that researches
should find better rehabilitation techniques for this pathology. The ability to create a
preventive exercise program should be looked at as well.

Malignant Narcissism: The Dark Side of Loving Yourself
Erica L. Chafton and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Why do some people fall in love with themselves? Narcissistic individuals show extreme selfabsorption, tending to neglect and disregard the feelings of others. Out of all of Batman’s
enemies, the Riddler, is known for being one of the most egotistical of them all. Do his
obsessive qualities in other areas (for example, his need to send riddles) play a role in his
obsession with himself? This presentation looks at the origins of extreme narcissism,
including malignant narcissism, in terms of insecurity, parent-child relations, self-esteem,
and possible biological factors. An in-depth analysis of fictional characters can make looking
at real world criminals with similar issues easier.

Effects of Leaf Litter on Dissolved Nutrient Levels in Natural Streams
Shelby B. Chappell and Jennifer Bouldin, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
The continued growth of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico has drawn attention to
excess nutrients

37

in streams and rivers. Although anthropogenic activities are thought to be the primary
source of excess
nutrients in waterbodies, natural sources of nutrients are also present in streams and rivers.
One
potential natural source is leaf litter associated with senescence (drought or seasonallyinduced). We
examined two species of leaves as potential sources for dissolved nutrients in receiving
waters. Hickory
(Carya sp.) and oak (Quercus sp.) leaves were collected at three times during the growing
season; presenescence,
mid-senescence and post-senescence, and placed in aerated water for two weeks. Water
samples were collected every other day and analyzed for levels of dissolved nutrients
(orthophosphate
(PO4-3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-)). Here we present the results from this study and offer
suggestions
for possible future experiments.

New and Noteworthy Additions of Vascular Plants to the Arkansas Flora
Tyler L. Childs, Sydney Grant, Tiffany Graves, Ethan Holicer, Seth McBroom, Logan
Thomas, Allen Leible, and Brett Serviss, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
James Peck
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Two species of Forsythia: F. suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. and F. viridissima Lindl., are reported as
new for Arkansas. These records represent the first voucher specimen-based documentation
of the genus Forsythia in the state’s flora outside of cultivation. Two species of
monocotyledonous angiosperms, Canna indica L. and Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., are
reported as new for Arkansas. The Canna indica record is the first documentation of the
Cannaceae family in the state’s flora outside of cultivation. Four additional species of nonnative angiosperms: Deutzia scabra L., Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack.,
Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino, and Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem., are
documented for only their second occurrences in the state.

Natural Product Discovery through Bioassay Methods on Ilex decidua
Oktawia Clem and Martin J. Campbell, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Natural products obtained from locally harvested plants are an important source of common
medicinals, and nearly half of current pharmaceuticals were initially discovered in plants. A
large portion of earth’s flora, however, has not been chemically investigated. One such
unexplored plant species is Ilex decidua, or deciduous holly, a small shrub native to the
southeastern United States. Other species in the llex genus have shown cytotoxic,
antioxidant, or other medicinal activity, and the leaves of various hollies, such as Ilex
paraguensis are used in preparing medicinal teas, with yerba mate as a flagship example. In
an effort to explore bioactivity of I. decidua, plant samples have been collected, dried and
separated into seeds, stems, berries and bark. Some of the components have been

38

extracted with a series of solvents with varying polarity. These extracts are being evaluated
for interesting biological activity using a variety of assays, including brine shrimp bioassay,
microbial toxicity assay, TLC, HPLC and GS-MS analysis. Series of other tests such as FolinCiolteau antioxidant activity assay and hematoma tumor cytotoxicity test are employed to
broaden the array of assays and identify the fraction with highest beneficial activity. The
samples will be then isolated for detailed study in an attempt to purify the active compound.
Where possible, the structures of the molecules responsible for a new activity will be
identified by NMR. Investigating the phytochemistry of unexplored plants will allow us to
better understand the bioactivity of plants in the Arkansas flora and could potentially lead to
the discovery of new pharmaceuticals.

Riddle Me Not: Cognitive Challenges and Criminal Behavior
Michelle L. Coley and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Why does someone become obsessed with intellectual challenges? Why do some criminals
actively challenge the police even though it raises the odds that they may get arrested? The
Riddler, Batman’s puzzle-obsessed enemy, is in many ways more like real world criminals
than most of Batman’s other foes. Does a preoccupation with puzzles this extreme come
about because of obsessive compulsive disorder, Need for Cognition, Need for Achievement,
or other more complicated motivations? This presentation looks at the origins of such an
extreme need for an intellectual challenge, including specific diagnostic criteria for relevant
mental disorders in accordance with the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 criteria.

Clowning Around: What Motivates a Multiple Murderer?
Emily Culpepper and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
What motivates the Joker, the serial-spree-mass-murdering Clown Prince of Crime in Batman
comics? Because the Joker’s background is unknown, revealed only through inconsistent
lies, we must assess him strictly by observable behavior. By looking at the forensic
psychology of real world criminals, we can speculate on the fictional character’s motives.
That in turn can help us practice assessing real criminals whose backgrounds are unknown.
Is he insane? Does he have conditions such as Schizoaffective Disorder or any form of
Schizophrenia? If he is actually sane, what’s wrong with him? By using DSM-5 criteria, we
can diagnose him for mental illness, but that might not explain his or many real killers’
behavior. How do we diagnose people who defy diagnoses?

Fruit Consumption Rates and Potential Seed Dispersal Species for the
American Persimmon
Jillian F. del Sol, Charli N. Davis, Natalie Skinner, Mimi Rebein, and Matthew D.
Moran, Ph.D.
Hendrix College
In this study, we attempted to identify potential seed dispersers of the suspected
anachronistic fruit the American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), a species that may have

39

lost its coevolved dispersers during the Pleistocene extinction event. We used wildlife
cameras in four locations to record animal visitations to persimmon trees. We recorded the
animal species visiting and the rate of fruit disappearance at each site. We found that 77%
of the persimmon fruits were consumed and that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
were the most prevalent visitors to the sites, making up over 90% of the animals captured
by the cameras. Deer are ruminants and do not appear to be effective dispersers of largeseeded fruits such as persimmons. Proposed seed dispersers for persimmons such as the
coyote (Canis latrans) and the common raccoon (Procyon lotor) were infrequent visitors. Our
results indicate that potentially effective seed dispersers do not visit fruiting trees in large
numbers and it is unclear by what means the American persimmon is effectively dispersed
today.

Genetic Analysis of Bacteria from Cave Crickets from Blanchard Springs
Caverns, Arkansas
Leah Efird, Itzela Cruz, Caitlyn Gosch, Taylor Lee, Charlotte Wetzlar, and James
Engman, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
This project is using molecular genetic techniques to survey the bacterial flora of
Ceuthophilus gracilipes, from Blanchard Springs Caverns, Arkansas, considered the most
biologically diverse cave in the Ozark Plateau. A survey of cave organisms' bacterial flora
has the potential to identify previously unreported/undescribed bacteria. Our goal is to
further the understanding of life in this cave system by identifying bacteria from cave
crickets through DNA sequencing. Cave crickets were obtained from various locations in the
cave and taken to the lab, where bacterial samples were collected from their body surfaces
and digestive tracts. These samples were plated on selective media, with resulting cultures
stored at -80 °C. A conserved region of ribosomal DNA (16S subunit)
from these colonies was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced using
universal bacterial primers. Sequences were compared with those in the GenBank database,
which is an archive of DNA sequences, allowing identification to genus and species level.
Initial work has identified Pseudomonas protegens, Serratia proteamacula from the digestive
tract. Species of Serratia fonticola, Hafnia alvei, Chryseobacterium sp.,
Flavobacterium sp., and Vitreoscilla sp. The identification of other samples is ongoing.

The myGaze® Eye Tracker: A Visionary Device for a Visionary Experimenter
Logan Elmore and Emilie Beltzer, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
The myGaze® peripheral eye tracking device holds potential to become the basis for many
significant
studies in the future of Henderson State University’s psychology department. For our
proposed study,
we are interested in how ingrained objectification attitudes may affect how one views a
member of the
sex in which he or she is attracted. We plan to use the eye tracker in order to determine
whether a
person’s responsibility level—as well as modesty level of clothing—affects an onlooker’s
focus of

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particular physical features. In addition to cognitive-social psychology studies, the eye
tracker may also
apply to studies involving clinical psychology, psychology of religion, industrial
organizational
psychology, forensic psychology, and applied psychology

A Model for Character Strengths and Virtues: Lessons from Positive
Psychology
Logan E. Elmore and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
How do people maintain sanity and moral principles in a cruel world? Does everyone have a
breaking point? Commissioner James Gordon, a character in Batman comics since 1939,
somehow stays strong despite repeated tragedies throughout his personal and professional
life. Positive psychology offers reasons why some people may be able to endure and
maintain personal integrity in the worst of circumstances. Unlike the American Psychiatric
Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which assesses people for signs of mental
illness, positive psychologists assess people’s strengths and virtues. This presentation
identifies these strengths and virtues (Wisdom and Knowledge, Courage, Humanity, Justice,
Temperance, and Transcendence) in this character and relates them to experiences in real
people. Looking at a fictional character’s strengths and virtues can help people undergoing
therapy, crisis, or trauma recovery identify their own strengths and virtues.

Wavelength and Light Intensity Effects Photosynthesis and Growth of
Selenastrum capricornutum
Abby Fain and Jim Taylor, Ph.D.
Ouachita Baptist University
Algae’s growth response is different for varying wavelengths and intensities of light across
the visible light spectrum. In this experiment we explore how different wavelengths of LED
light, representing different colors, at different intensities affect photosynthesis in a species
of algae, Selenastrum capricornutum. Based on the results we will be able to determine the
ideal colors and intensities to use when growing algae in microgravity.

Characterization of Algal Strains from the Class Eustigmatophyceae Isolated
from Arkansas
Karen Fawley and Marvin Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello
The Eustigmatophyceae are a little-known class of unicellular algae related to the
Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, diatoms and brown algae. Until very recently it was
thought that the class was not very diverse and that the organisms were rarely encountered
in nature. Although the Eustigmatophyceae are green, the presence of a large red, yellow,
or orange lipid body in the cytoplasm makes them fairly easy to distinguish from green algae

41

(Chlorophyta) and the yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae). Most of the known members of
the Eustigmatophyceae are small (< 10 micrometers), spherical or elliptical organisms with
very simple morphologies. Some of these algae have sculpted or ornamented cell walls, but
most are smooth-walled. We have isolated 3 strains of Eustigmatophyceae from plankton
samples from eutrophic Lake Chicot, Chicot County and 1 strain each from a shale seep in
Middle Fork Barrens Natural Area, Saline County, the shore of Lake Monticello, Drew County,
a small oligotrophic pond in Drew County, and a sphagnum pool in the Warren Prairie Natural
Area, Bradley County. Characterization of these strains using DNA sequence analysis and
light microscopy revealed that the strain from the Middle Fork Barrens is a member of the
common soil genus Eustigmatos. However, the other 6 strains are all likely to be new taxa.

Node Development in Free Wavepacket Evolution
Josh Ficut and Brad A. Rowland, Ph.D.
Henderson State Univesity
Recent work by the Poirier group at Texas Tech University has demonstrated that hyperbolic
secant wavepackets (�(�)=sech(�)) develop an infinite series of nodes when undergoing
evolution via the time-dependent Schrodinger Equation in a potential-less environment. This
work has inspired us to investigate other wavepackets for similar behavior and to
understand the origin and behavior of these nodes. We chose to investigate wavepackets of
the form �(�)=11+��, where n = 2, 4, 6,….20. Preliminary results show that these
wavepackets also develop nodes, the number of which depends on the value of n selected.
Explicit numerical integration schemes have resulted in scattered wavepackets which are
very noisy. We have worked to solve this problem by introducing an implicit numerical
integration scheme, which has served to damp the noise. We are currently working on
applying a new numerical technique, known as numerical analytic continuation, which we
hypothesize will yield great insight into how the nodes are developing and evolving on the
real-axis.

Is it Better to be Loved or Feared?
Brittany A. Freeman and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Nicolo Machiavelli, the 17th- century diplomat famously known for his writings on political
manipulation, said it is better to be feared than loved, but is that true? Batman enemy
Jonathan Crane, known as the Scarecrow, has no love for other people and instead makes
himself feel powerful by making other people feel afraid. Why would anyone, whether that
means a fictional character or a real life bully or terrorist, feel such a strong need to control
people through fear? When do fear-based manipulations work and why? Is it innate or
learned? Scientists debate fear origins. The Scarecrow preys on both natural and acquired
fears, using both psychological and physiological methods. This presentation looks at the
soft and hard science of fear and the degree to which real science plays a role in the
Scarecrow’s stories.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper(II) Complex with Hexadentate
Hemi-Cage Ligand
42

Megan Fuller, Charles Mebi, and Anwar Bhuiyan, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University
Transition metal complexes have been investigated for use in biological electron transfer
reactions such as artificial photosynthesis. Polypyridine complexes are the most investigated
complexes because of favorable photophysical, photochemical, and redox properties. It was
observed that forming complexes with cage ligands can alter inherent photophysical
properties of the complexes in an advantageous manner. This talk deals with the synthesis
and spectroscopic investigation of copper(II) complex containing hemi-cage hexadentate
ligand. The ligand was
prepared by the reaction of 1,3,5,-tris(bromomethyl)benzene and 5,5’-dimethylbipyridine in
presence of diisopropylamine and n-butyllithium in dry THF at -78 °C. The product was
recovered by extraction with dichloromethane and purified by column chromatography and
recrystallization. The complex was characterized by absorption and emission spectroscopies,
cyclic voltammetric method, and magnetic measurements.

Good Girls and Bad Boys
Raven D. Gonzalez and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Why do good girls fall for bad boys? Although many girls already know the outcome and
consequences of falling for the bad boy, they do it anyway. In Batman comics, a young
psychiatrist becomes obsessed with the Joker, falls in love with him, and loses her own sense
of self as she redefines herself to be more like him. She dons a harlequin costume, begins
acting more like the Joker, and even renames herself Harley Quinn after the nickname he
gives her. Individuals who are raised by con artists and other perpetual liars tend to grow up
to be one of two ways: skeptical or gullible. She is very intelligent and could very easily
chose to be the skeptical, but she chooses the exact opposite. She seems to be more
comfortable playing this role than she would be if she chose to see the reality of her actions.
Possible psychological problems that shape this behavior include dependent personality
disorder, borderline personality disorder, social chameleonism, and other identity issues.

The Killing Joke: Can Trauma Create a Psychopath?
Connor A. Goodson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
The graphic novel “The Killing Joke” depicts the Joker as a failed comedian who suffers tragic
family loss and physical disfiguration, after which he becomes a murderous psychopath. The
motion picture “The Dark Knight” similarly depicts Harvey Dent’s decent from hero to villain
after his own tragic loss and physical disfiguration. Can people really become that evil, that
abruptly? This presentation examines these characters in terms of psychology’s Dark Tetrad
(psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and sadism) in order to explore the real
psychology of evil.

Design of Tautomerically Ambiguous Cytosine-Based Nucleosides as Potential
Anti-HIV Agents
43

Duy Ha, Chase Elkin, and Vincent K. Dunlap, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Antiretroviral therapy for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has developed
with great success over the last few decades. While the current therapies are successful,
patients often meet with severe side effects and the mutagenic nature of the HIV virus leads
to a constant need for new drug development. One such method of development involves
incorporation of bases that exist in multiple tautomeric forms and thus containing
ambiguous hydrogen bonding faces. We have synthesized a set of cytosine-based
nucleosides with such characteristics, which, when incorporated into the viral DNA, lead to
destabilization of the DNA. When combined with the high error rate of the RNA polymerase
enzymes of the HIV virus, such incorporation may lead to an error catastrophe thus resulting
in collapse of the virus. Presented here are the results of the synthesis.

Red Hood Vigilantism: Manhood, Motivation, and Murder
Dillon C. Hall and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
What could motivate an individual to become a revenge-seeking, villain-murdering vigilante?
What drives real world vigilantes, terrorists, and others who take action in the name of
revenge and justice? In Batman comics, his second sidekick Jason Todd is brutally beaten to
death by the Joker and his trusty crowbar. When Jason comes back to life he displays a
newfound view by employing some old-school street justice: gunning down anyone he
deems unworthy to live. What psychological issues could be involved in turning a once “by
the books” kind of kid into a murderous anti-hero? Why do some people show resilience in
the face of trauma and become stronger people, while others crumble? Can PTSD alter
ingrained personality? What possible security issues could lead a person to commit murder?
Can revenge-like behaviors be explained by psychological theories of motivation? Stay tuned
to find out!

Bond Valence-Length Relationships from Atomic Orbital Exponents
Franklin D. Hardcastle, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University
Bond valence-length empirical relations provide a way of calculating bond valence (bond
order or
bond number) directly from bond lengths. Linus Pauling (1947) was the first to suggest the
“empirical” logarithmic dependence of bond order or valence, s, to bond length, R, as s =
exp[(RoR)/b], where Ro is the bond length of unit valence and “b” is an empirical fitting parameter.
In the present study, Pauling’s empirical relation is derived from quantum mechanical
arguments.
A theoretical expression is derived for the “b” parameter in terms of published atomic orbital
exponents. This allows the systematic determination of bond valence – length correlations
for any
chemical bond.

44

Ecology of the Trapdoor Spider, Myrmekiaphila comstocki, in the Ouachita
Mountains of Arkansas
Laurence M. Hardy, Ph.D.
Ouachita Mountains Biological Station
In 2000, while pursuing other studies of organisms in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas at
the Ouachita
Mountains Biological Station, numerous burrows of Myrmekiaphila comstocki were
discovered. This study focused
on the burrow ecology of this uncommon and interesting spider. The main objectives were to
determine: when the
spiders are active during the year, temperatures in and around the burrows, the orientation
of the open door relativeto the immediate slope of the ground, the microhabitat of the
immediate vicinity of the burrow door, size changes of the door, the associated weather
conditions and time of day when burrows are open, how long individual burrows are used,
and the failure rate of burrows. A total of 742 observations of burrows were taken over 35
nights beginning on 3 December 2003 and ending on 17 March 2009. This presentation will
concern only the method of burrow identification, temperature conditions, and burrow sizes.
Burrows were individually identified by placing a plastic stake 30 cm, at 0° azimuth, from the
burrow. Weather conditions were recorded at the beginning of each observation period and
included the air temperature 1 m above the burrow, the air temperature 1 cm above the
burrow, and the temperature of the soil surface within a few centimeters from the burrow
(on bare soil). Also, notes were recorded about the wind (presence and general strength),
percent of cloud cover, precipitation, or any thunder or lightning. The temperature at the
bottom of the burrow was 8-21°C. The air temperatures at 1 cm above the ground surface
represented the environmental temperature experienced by a
hunting spider. A total of 98 hinge measurements were made during 742 burrow
observations. (mean = 16.9, range 5-25). The rate of change of the hinge width can be used
as an indicator of the relative change in burrow diameter and, possibly, the size of the
spider. When the lid was open, 49% of the observations showed the spider present at the
entrance (86 of 174). Hinge widths when spiders were present were 10-27 (mean=17.4,
n=57).

Bond Valence = Bond Length Relationships for Carbon-Carbon and CarbonOxygen Bonds
Conner Harris and Franklin D. Hardcastle, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University
The empirical logarithmic dependence of bond order (s, or valence) on bond length (R) was
first
developed by Pauling (1947),� = exp [�� − ��] where Ro corresponds to a bond length of unit
valence and b represents a fitting parameter. Since then, experimental values for the b
parameter have been recorded anywhere within the range of 0.25 to 0.90. Many have
accepted a universal b value of 0.37 while allowing Ro to be the fitting parameter, however,
it has been found that this value yields unreliable valences for longer and shorter bonds.
Addressing this issue, a theoretical expression for the b parameter was proposed recently,
allowing its determination from the orbital exponents of the anion and cation participating in
the bond. In this study, working bond valence – bond length relationships were determined
for C-C and C-O bonds through the use of the previously-mentioned b expression, orbital

45

exponent data from Clementi and Raimondi (1963), and a collection of X-ray diffraction data
from various studies. The resulting relationship are proposed to work for any bonding
environment.

Motives and Methods of Machiavellian Manipulation in "Batman: Hush"
Coley R. Henson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State Universtiy
Who manipulates others, why do they do it, how do they do it, and what can we do to
insulate ourselves against manipulation? In the Batman story arc titled, “Hush,” a
mysterious enemy is manipulating Batman, his friends, and his enemies for unknown
purposes. What inspires an individual to manipulate others? This presentation looks at the
known science of how people overtly and covertly influence others. Possible explanations
include reward theory, positive and negative reinforcement, deceit, suggestibility, and
psychophysiological mechanisms. Psychology looks processes involved in manipulation in
order to understand, predict, and explain how it affects people’s lives

Solubility Studies of Titan’s Hydrocarbon Lakes
Malissa M. Hoehn, Brandon M. Daughety, and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
Titan is Saturn’s largest moon and the second largest moon in the Solar System. It is fifty
percent larger and eighty percent more massive than Earth’s Moon. It has a dense
atmosphere unlike any other Solar System satellite and is the only place, other than Earth,
that has stable bodies of liquid. It has permanent lakes of liquid hydrocarbons (ethane) on its
surface; it has methane clouds and rains methane. Titan’s atmospheric pressure is about 1.5
Earth atmospheres. Most of what is known about Titan comes from the Cassini Mission.
Some of the molecules
found in Titan’s atmosphere are: ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ammonia
(NH3), acetonitrile (CH3CN) and dicyanoacetylene (C4N2). Our studies are designed to shed
light on atmosphere -- hydrocarbon lake interactions using specially designed optical cells
that
can operate at high pressures (2 bar) and low temperatures (77 K) and spectrographs that
can
measure transmittance at wavelengths from the ultraviolet and well into the near infrared:
200 –
1700 nm.

RNA Phosphoramidite Monomer Synthesis: An Examination of Phosphite
Selectivity Improvement
Sarah Holt, Kyle Harvey, and Vincent K. Dunlap, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
With the explosion of new research in the field of RNA, a significant demand for synthesis of
oligoribonucleotides has materialized thus allowing the phosphoramidite method for
oligomer synthesis to become a very valuable tool in biochemical research. As a result, the
demand for synthesis of phosphoramidite monomers has increased. However, there is a lack

46

of selectivity between the 2'- and 3'-OH groups in RNA for phosphite addition, resulting in a
reduction in efficiency of synthesis. Silyl protecting groups have been developed to improve
selectivity for the 2'-OH; however, in order to obtain the greatest utility, RNA monomer
synthesis still must be streamlined. To this end, we have developed a structural analog of
the 5'-OH dimethoxytrityl (DMT) protecting group, which while conjugated to an imidazole,
aims to improve selectivity for 3'-OH phosphitylation via neighboring group participation.
Synthetic procedures will be examined.

Wave Profile for Anti-force Waves with Maximum Possible Currents
M. Hemmati, R. Horn, W.C. Childs and A.K. Meredith
Arkansas Tech University
For theoretical investigation of electrical breakdown of a gas, we apply a one-dimensional,
steady state, constant velocity, three component fluid model and consider the electrons to
be the main element in propagation of the wave. The electron gas partial pressure, and
therefore the electron temperature, is considered to be large enough to provide the driving
force. The wave is considered to have a shock front, followed by a thin dynamical transition
region. Our set of electron fluid-dynamical equations consists of the equations of
conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, plus the Poisson’s equation. The set of
equations is referred to as the electron fluid dynamical equations; and a successful solution
of the set of electron fluid dynamical equations has to meet a set of acceptable physical
conditions at the trailing edge of the wave. For breakdown waves with a significant current
behind the shock front, in addition to the set of electron fluid dynamical equations, the shock
condition on electron temperature needs to be modified as well. Considering existence of
current behind the shock front, we have derived the shock condition on electron
temperature, and for a set of experimentally measured wave speeds, we have been able to
find maximum current values for which solutions for our set of electron fluid dynamical
equations become possible. We will present the wave profile for electric field, electron
velocity, electron temperature, and electron number density within the dynamical transition
region of the wave.

A Natural Approach to Combatting Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Lillian T. Howerton and Dale A. Amos, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas- Fort Smith
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern worldwide. The evolution of superbugs such as
those recently seen at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA’s Ronald Reagan Medical
Center, have reemphasized the need for new antimicrobials. In this study the use of natural
oil extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties similar to some antibiotics. The
concentration and mixture of these oils yielded various results, some more successful than
others. The use of zinc (Zn) and Oil of Oregano (Origanum vulgare) yielded highest
antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus epidermis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more resistant to zinc and oregano but more susceptible to
White Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extracts. The data show that S. aureus was highly
susceptible to the antibiotics bactrim and chloromycetin. This was determined by analyzing
the zone of inhibition of each culture when challenged by the antimicrobials. The natural
alternative to these antibiotics Zn and Origanum vulgare alone and in combination inhibited
the growth of S. aureus. S. epidermis was susceptible to the antibiotics chloromycetin and
gentamicin. The natural alternatives clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and Thymus vulgaris

47

were better able to inhibit the growth of S. epidermis compared to these antibiotics. We
were very interested in Pseudomonas aeruginosa because of its ability to form biofilms
thereby making it more resistant to antimicrobial agents. P. aeruginosa was resistant to all
tested antibiotics with the exception of polymyxin B which developed a small zone of
inhibition on only some plates. Thymus vulgaris oil demonstrated more antimicrobial effects
towards P. aeruginosa than the tested antibiotics. These data allow us to conclude that the
natural alternatives used in this experiment worked as well as, or better than, the tested
conventional antibiotics.

Analysis of Byproducts of Lactobacillus and Yeast Species Metabolism in
Water Kefir via Gas Chromatography
Justin Hunn and Dennis Province, Ph.D.
Harding University
Water Kefir is a fermented beverage with suspected probiotic benefits that result from the
fermentation metabolism of water kefir grains, which are polysaccharide grains enclosing
various microbes. Included in the microbial population can be organisms of various genera
and species, but mainly include; Lactobacillus: Lb. casei/paracasei, Lb. harbinensis, and Lb.
hilgardii, and yeasts: S. cerevisiae and D. bruxellensis. Although much is known about the
microbial species within the water kefir grains themselves, very little is known about the
diversity of metabolic byproducts produced from the organisms. Therefore the aim of this
research is to determine, detect, and quantify the byproducts of water kefir metabolism and
fermentation pathways. From this quantification, possible health benefits or detriments may
be determined. Of particular interest is the presence of specific analytes: methanol, ethanol,
butanol, acetone, acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid, various volatile aroma compounds,
and carbohydrates.

Water Quality of the Wastewater Reach
Tiffany Hunnicutt, Elisa Neibling, Jana Strom, and Timothy S. Wakefield, Ph.D.
John Brown University
Sager Creek is a1st‐3rd order stream in the northwest corner of Benton County, Arkansas.
The water quality of Sager Creek has been studied from 2010 to 2014. The Wastewater
Reach is one of the four sites studied, and receives effluent directly from the Siloam Spring’s
wastewater treatment plant. Annual data from this reach was collected and analyzed using
the Hilsenhoff Family Level Biotic Index and the Simpson Diversity Index. Water chemistry
parameters of conductivity, dissolved nitrate, and dissolved phosphate levels were also
sampled and analyzed. By conducting this research, we were attempting to see if the water
quality at the Wastewater Reach had changed significantly over time. Our null hypothesis
was that there would be no statistical difference between the annual data analyzed from the
samples collected between the years 2010‐2014. The null hypothesis could not be rejected
for any of the analyzed indices or water chemistry parameters with the exception of
dissolved phosphate. The years 2013 and 2014 did show a significant decline in the
phosphate levels compared to the year 2011. However, since there was no correlating
change in either of the measured indices, this significant difference in phosphate levels did
not translate into any significant change in macroinvertebrate assemblage. Overall, this

48

analysis indicates that the Wastewater Reach stream health has remained relatively stable
between the years 2010 to 2014.

Calculus Pathologies
Shomari Hunter and Duane Jackson, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Calculus is the mathematical study of change, focusing on rate of change and accumulation.
Calculus can be divided into two main parts: differential calculus and integral calculus.
Differential calculus revolves around the rate of change and the slopes of different curves.
Integral calculus mainly focuses on the gathering of different amounts of items and the
areas of curves. Differential and integral calculus intertwine as part of the fundamental
theorem of calculus. For the most part, calculus is straightforward when dealing with simple
examples, nevertheless, there can be some interference to deeper understanding of the
basic concepts of mathematical analysis. Pathologies are examples of problems that prove
the opposite of valid properties. Some examples of pathologies in calculus include a function
that is continuous everywhere, but not differentiable anywhere, a divergent alternating
series that goes to zero, and a function without a limit, but the limit exists along all the lines

Robotic Arm for Space Missions
Stephanie J. Inabnet and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
A robotic arm, designed and built by our collaborators at the University of Arkansas at Fort
Smith will be installed on a robotic vehicle. This vehicle serves as a test bed for carrying a
suite of instruments designed by our team for space missions. The robotic arm is a valuable
and addition. First of all, it is powerful enough to help the robot get out of trouble should it
get stuck while traversing its programmed path. Secondly, it is being equipped with a high
resolution video camera for improving the ability to navigate through rough terrain and to
inspect areas of
interest during missions. Finally, it will be used as a tool for drilling holes into the surface of
a planet or moon in order to plant weather stations for monitoring soil and air temperature,
wind speed and direction and solar radiance on a planetary body. The results of our work on
this project to date will be presented.

Causes and Consequences of Rivalry: How Do Rivals See Each Other?
Steven H. Jacobs and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
How do people feel about their rivals, and what does that say about them? Whether it is a
rivalry between individuals, teams, corporations, or nations, people involved in rivalries tend
to show specific attitudes and perceptions toward one another. Batman and his archnemesis, the Joker, exemplify some of these qualities at their most extreme in terms of their
emotions (anger, depression, fear, resentment, empathy) and perceptions (social
perception, mirror-image perception) regarding one another. Do rivals need each other?
How does rivalry affect the rivals themselves in terms of polarization, escalation of
commitment, or challenges to better themselves?

49

Ion Chromatography Characterization of Particles Collected from NE
Arkansas
Jerry Jones, Bryant Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
Aerosols’ effect the Earth’s ecosystem by changing the global reflectance properties of the
atmosphere depend on their chemical composition. They may also cause adverse health
effects with increased concentrations associated with urban activities such as traffic
congestion and/or industrial emissions. This study was performed to characterize and
compare the chemical composition of aerosols found in rural and urban NE Arkansas areas.
Aerosol samples were collected at two sites 40 miles apart using a mini-particle collector and
analyzed using ion
chromatography in Jonesboro an urban center, and Joiner a rural town. The majority of
aerosols collected contained chlorine, fluorine, bromine, nitrate, phosphate components.
One sample collected from Jonesboro contain sulfate indicative of high industrial activities.

Analyzing Contact Metamorphism of the Stanley Shale in the Magnet Cove
Igneous Intrusive Complex
Tyler Kee and Lindsey M. Waddell, Ph.D.
Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts
A 1963 study described the geochemistry of igneous rocks of the Magnet Cove Intrusive
Complex and mapped a zone of contact metamorphism extending outward between 1,000
to 2,500 feet from the intrusion. Since the study, no more detailed investigations of the
effects of the heat of the intrusion on the surrounding Stanley Shale have been conducted. It
is evident by visiting Magnet Cove that the zone of metamorphism exceeds these limitations
because rocks >2500 feet from the intrusion were observed to display characteristics of
hornfels. To
investigate this observation, samples collected from Jones Mill Quarry were made into thin
sections and examined under a petrographic microscope. Porphyroblastic nonfoliated
subhedral biotite growing inside a cryptocrystalline quartz matrix alongside mediumgrained
quartz, or perhaps andalusite, was observed in the sample 100 feet from the intrusion. The
granoblastic biotite crystals observed in the nearest sample were not present in any other
samples taken farther from the intrusion, thus indicating a clearly defined biotite isograd.
According to a 1952
report, Ouachita sedimentary rocks display regional metamorphism consistent with the
chlorite zone but lack a welldeveloped foliation. Thus, while it is clear from the texture of the
first sample that the biotite formed through contact metamorphism, thereby indicating
exposure to temperatures of approximately 400° to 500° C, it is difficult to distinguish
whether the surrounding chlorite zone rocks were altered due to contact or regional
metamorphism. Future studies could address this by using an SEM to better resolve the
mineralogy of the cryptocrystalline samples.

Aquatic Effects of a Localized Oil Spill on Lake Conway, AR and its
Tributaries
50

Molly E. Kennon and Jennifer L. Bouldin, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
Oil spills, no matter where they occur, elicit environmental concern and avoiding these
disasters should be priority. Of particular concern to prevent oil spills are old pipelines that
are not regularly maintained and carry large amounts of crude oil for long distances. One
such pipeline is the 65 year old Pegasus pipeline owned by ExxonMobil. On March 29, 2013,
795,000 liters (L) of Wabasca Heavy Canadian crude oil spilled into a neighborhood of
Mayflower, Arkansas, when the Pegasus pipeline ruptured. This spill led to the evacuation of
many homes in the surrounding neighborhood and drained into a nearby cove of Lake
Conway, via drainage ditches in the affected neighborhood. This lake is popular for
recreational fishing, thus concerns were raised not only about the potential effects of the oil
spill on area residents but also the lake and its biological community. This project studied the
effects of the oil spill on the surrounding area by exposing water and sediment samples to
freshwater test organisms. Samples were collected at six sites in the affected neighborhood
and in Lake Conway.
Chronic Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) tests were performed on the water samples using
Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Acute sediment toxicity tests were performed
using Chironomus dilutus. These tests measured sub-lethal toxicity in at least one of the
sampled sites, indicating that further investigation of environmental after-effects is
warranted.

Natural Nutrient Sources in the Cache River Watershed, Arkansas
Mary K. Kilmer, Nicole Poe, Shelby Chappell, and Jennifer L. Bouldin, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
The Cache River Watershed, Arkansas, is listed as a focus watershed of the Mississippi River
Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative, indicating its potential as a source for nutrients
contributing to the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. More specifically, intensive
agricultural activity in this watershed is thought to be the primary source for potential
nutrient pollution. Although the majority of the watershed has been severely altered through
channelization and deforestation to maximize agriculturally productive land, some unaltered
areas still remain. Unaltered sites are natural streams with surrounding riparian buffers.
Nutrient inputs are expected to be highest in altered areas of the watershed due to channel
and riparian changes and surrounding agricultural land usage. This study examined
dissolved nutrient concentrations (orthophosphate (PO4-3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-)) at
altered and unaltered sites in the Cache River Watershed for two growing seasons (MayOctober, 2013-2014). PO4-3 and NO2- concentrations were significantly greater at altered
than unaltered sites; however no significant difference was observed in NO 3- concentrations.
This lack of significance is due to an unexpected increase in NO 3- concentrations at unaltered
sites during the latter half of the growing season. Unaltered sites have significantly greater
overhead canopy cover than altered sites. We suggest that leaf litter associated with
senescence (drought or seasonally-induced) could account for the increased NO 3concentrations at unaltered sites.

Expression Analysis of an Insect Glucose Oxidase Transgene in Tobacco
Jesse B. Kitchens, Jordan Burt, Colby Smith, and Nathan Reyna, Ph.D.
Ouachita Baptist University

51

What links programed cell death with multiple human diseases is its induction by reactive
oxygen species through oxidative stress signaling pathways. Interestingly, there is a strong
conservation of signaling pathways and the homology between genes in plants and animals
in relation to how their cells respond to oxidative stress. Because of this strong conservation,
a comparative genomics approach can be used in plants to dissect the complex signaling
mechanisms related to human disease. To elucidate oxidative stress signaling pathways,
tobacco plants constitutively (CAM 35s promoter) or induciblely (XVE-estradiol promoter)
expressing an insect glucose oxidase (GOX) genes were created. In the plant, GOX converts
cellular glucose into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Glucono delta-lactone. The hydrogen
peroxide is a super oxide molecule with the ability to cause oxidative stress. Leaf disc assays
were used to determine H2O2 production in leaves at different developmental stages.
Additionally, western blot analysis was done in tandem with the disc assay to determine the
expression pattern of common anti-oxidante defense proteins such as, Ascrobic Acid
Peroxidase (APX), Pathogenisis Protein 1 (PR1), and Glutathione Reductase (GR). Plants
expressing GOX show no visual phenotypes however, necrosis is seen by soaking leaves in a
20mM glucose solution; presumably by increasing GOX substrate levels. Results for the both
the inducible
(XVE:GOX) and the constitutive (35s:GOX) line will be presented.

Development of a Quantification Method for Gold Nanoparticles in Mass
Spectrometry Imaging
Gunnar A. Klemmer
Harding University
This research involved using mass spectrometry imaging as a means for accurately
quantifying functionalized gold nanoparticles in organ tissue slices. The research concluded
that homogenized chicken breast is not a suitable matrix for analyzing the nanoparticles
using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) imaging because no
concentration gradient of ligand ion signal was observable. Homogenized beef liver showed
more contrast between concentrations by allowing better signal from both the ligand and
Au+ ions, suggesting that a gradient could be quantitatively calculated. Laser ablation
inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging remains the better
method for quantifying gold nanoparticles in organ tissue slices due to more observable
concentration gradients in standard.

Testicular Cycle and Spermatogenesis in the Rough Greensnake, Opheodrys
aestivus
J.D. Konvalina, S.E. Trauth, and M.V. Plummer
Arkansas State University
We examined the testicular cycle and spermatogenesis in the rough greensnake, Opheodrys
aestivus, from snakes collected over a period of 19 years in Arkansas. Seasonal seminiferous
tubule histology revealed a temporal strategy of germ cell development. Using light
microscopy we photographed different cell types and constructed a cell wheel showing the
entire spermatogenic cycle. To examine the testicular cycle we picked 10 seminiferous
tubules at random from each month and measured the seminiferous tubule diameter and
epithelial height. We found that tubule diameter was smallest in April, increased to peak
length in June, and returned to pre-breeding levels by October. Epithelial height exhibited a

52

similar pattern with an increase in height from April to June, followed by a drastic decrease in
height in July. September and October showed the lowest epithelial height. Evidenced by our
findings, Opheodrys aestivus exhibits pre-nuptial spermatogenesis. More studies of this
nature are needed to give us a clearer picture of spermatogenesis within the suborder
Serpentes.

A Device to Measure Skin Sensitivity to Nociceptive Heat Using a Photon
Beam Heat Source
Linna, J. Perkins, Walker, A.H. , Griffithm, R. , Dobretsov , M. , Chowdhury, P.
University of Central Arkansas and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Exposure to both microgravity and space irradiation possess undoubtable risk of acute and
late degenerative nervous system impairment. There are large uncertainties with regard to
vulnerable space flight-associated functions of NS and consequences of their deterioration.
Our hypothesis is that, prolonged exposure to microgravity and low grade irradiation act
additively leading to development of a mild prediabetic state and heightening a risk of
diabetes-associated microcirculatory complications, including development of neuropathic
symptoms. We propose testing our hypothesis using a set of experiments in which proneuropathic effects of simulated microgravity and low grade whole body irradiation exposure
will be tested in isolation and combined. Two major outcome measures will be used –
measurements of pain on pressure and by using photons heated rat hind limb withdrawal
thresholds (measures of deep muscle and superficial skin nociceptive sensitivity). The loss of
skin sensitivity to nociceptive heat is a usual sign of degenerative neuropathy, while deep
muscle pain or deep pressure hyperalgesia is common in humans with neuropathy and
muscle disease and very sensitive indicator of prediabetic state (mild insulin resistance
and/or insulinopenia) in rat models of diabetes and muscle disuse. We present here the
design or a novel device that will be used in experiments to determine the loss of skin
sensitivity to nociceptive heat. This design will allow for scientists to more accurately
determine the temperature sensitivity plantar surface as compared to previous experiments.

Determination of Mercury in Living and Non-living Systems
James Lowe, Dylan Campbell, David May, Allie Davis, Allison Surf, T. David Bateman,
Ph.D. and Renn Tumlison, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Cinnabar mining for the acquisition of mercury was one of the leading industries in
Arkansas from 1931 into the mid-1940s. Mercury is a persistent bioaccumulative
toxin, thus the focus of this project is to assess the regional impact of historic
mining upon waters, soils, and organisms of southwest
Arkansas by evaluating mercury content. Cold-vapor atomic absorption
spectrometry is the method
used to determine mercury levels in samples, which are treated in accordance with
EPA-established
protocols.
53

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Motor Drive for a Battery Electric
Osman A. Martinez and Kevin R. Lewelling, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas - Fort Smith
This presentation will review progress being made on designing and building a motor drive
suited for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) using 3-phase induction motors. Commercially
available motor drives used to control conveyor belts and air handlers do not respond well to
abrupt changes encountered while driving an electric vehicle. The motor drive design best
suited for our BEV will be powered by a 108 cell, 19 kW Lithium Ion (LI) battery with a
nominal 360 V output. This motor drive will accept the DC battery output and produce 3phase AC voltage which is proportional to the driver’s accelerator pedal position. A prototype
½ horsepower drive was designed and tested during the summer of 2014 using Sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and an Arduino microcontroller with limited success.
Remedies for these shortcomings will be addressed during this presentation with a preview
of future applications of this technology to lightweight robots as well as BEVs.

Beyond Batgirl: Posttraumatic Recovery and Coping Mechanisms
Brian C. Maulden and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
How do people adapt to life after a traumatic experience, especially one that involves loss?
How do combat veterans, firefighters, police officers, and other people who work in
dangerous occupations cope when injury in or outside the line of duty impairs their ability to
perform that duty in the future? In Batman comics, the Joker shoots and paralyzes the
original Batgirl, Barbara Gordon. She then takes her other strengths such as her
photographic memory and computer skills to achieve good works in other ways, under the
alias of Oracle. Why will some people compensate for similar losses while others cave?
Which coping mechanisms facilitate post-traumatic growth and which ones impede it?

Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Three-toed Box Turtles, Terrapene
Carolina triunguis (Reptilia: Testudines), from Arkansas and Oklahoma
C.T. McAllister1, R.S. Seville2, D. Motriuk-Smith2, C. Hudson2, M.B. Connior3 and H.W.
Robison4
1

Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
2
Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming-Casper, Casper, WY
82601
3
Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR 72712
4
9717 Wild Mountain Road, Sherwood, AR 72120
We collected 45 three-toed box turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis) from nine counties of
Arkansas and four counties of Oklahoma, and examined their feces for coccidial parasites.
Nine of 24 (38%) turtles from Arkansas and six of 21 (29%) from Oklahoma were found to be

54

passing oocysts of Eimeria ornata. This represents two new geographic distributional
records for E. ornata. Measurements of individual isolates of E. ornata as well as
morphological characteristics are provided with comparison to its original description and to
another Terrapene coccidian, Eimeria carri. In addition, we noted an adelid pseudoparasite
being passed by a single T. c. triunguis from Oklahoma that likely represents a parasite of
arthropods.

Crepidostomum cornutum (Digenea: Allocreadiidae) from Midget Crayfish,
Orconectes (Procericambarus) nana (Decapoda: Cambaridae), from Arkansas
C.T. McAllister1, W. F. Font2 and H.W. Robison3
1

Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond,
LA 70402
3
9717 Wild Mountain Road, Sherwood, AR 72120
The midget crayfish, Orconectes (Procericambarus) nana Williams is a diminutive species
(maximum length = 3.0 cm) that is found in the Neosho River Basin of northwest Arkansas
and northeast Oklahoma. In addition, O. nana has been reported in the Illinois River and into
the White River drainage of Arkansas. In Arkansas, it has been collected from sites in Benton
and Washington counties. This crayfish is found in clear-flowing, permanent small creeks and
larger streams with substrate consisting of limestone gravel and cobbles. It was once
thought to consist of two subspecies but a recent mtDNA study by Dillman and associates
supported full species status originally suggested by others for O. nana and the Neosho
midget crayfish, O macrus. Because this species habitat is under constant threat from
agriculture, road construction and urbanization, causing sedimentation and water pollution
to its habitat, in addition to construction of dams, it has a State Heritage rank of S2
(imperiled) and assessed as vulnerable by the American Fisheries Society. Although
information is available on the ecology of O. nana, nothing, to our knowledge has been
published on any parasite of this crayfish. Here, we report a trematode parasite from O.
nana from Arkansas.

Helminth Parasites of the Blackspotted Topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus
(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae), from the Interior Highlands of Arkansas
C.T. McAllister1, C.R. Bursey2, T.J. Fayton3, W.F. Font4, H.W. Robison5, M.B. Connior6
and D.G. Cloutman7
1

Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
2
Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Campus, Sharon,
PA 16146
3
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 E. Beach
Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
4
Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond,
Louisiana 70402

55

5

9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120
Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR 72712
7
P. O. Box 197, Burdett, KS 67523
6

The Blackspotted Topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus (Storer) is a medium-sized fish that ranges
in the Mississippi River basin from eastern Tennessee, western Kentucky, southern Illinois,
and central Missouri south through eastern Oklahoma and Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and
Alabama to the Gulf of Mexico. In Arkansas, it is one of the most widespread and common
fishes, occurring in all river drainages with a statewide distribution. This fish avoids swift
current and is found primarily in quiet backwaters and pools where it often occurs along the
margins near emergent vegetation. This topminnow is a surface feeder on insects and small
crustaceans. Although information is available on the ecology of F. olivaceus, little is known
about its helminth parasites. As far as we can determine, only a single monogenean,
Gyrodactylus megacanthus Wellborn and Rogers from Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi F.
olivaceus and an acanthocephalan, Neoechinorhychus cylindratus (Van Cleave) Van Cleave
have been reported from this topminnow. Here, we report four new host records as well as a
distributional record for parasites of F. olivaceus from the Interior Highlands of Arkansas.

Acanthocephalan Parasites of Select Fishes (Catostomidae, Centrarchidae,
Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae), from the White River Drainage, Arkansas
C.T. McAllister1*, M.A. Barger2, T.J. Fayton3, M.B. Connior4, D.A. Neely5 and H.W.
Robison6
1

Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
2
Department of Biology, Peru State College, Peru, NE 68421
3
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 E. Beach
Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
4
Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR 727127
5
Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, Chattanooga, TN 374025
6
9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120
Little is known about the acanthocephalan parasites of non-game fishes of Arkansas. Over
the last decade, McAllister and colleagues have reported acanthocephalans from the Pirate
Perch, Aphredoderus sayanus from the Caddo River, Clark County and Rolling Fork River,
Sevier County, respectively, unknown cystacanths in Black-Spot Shiner, Notropis
atrocaudalis and Yellow Bullhead, Ameiurus natalis from Nix Creek at Texarkana, Miller
County, and Acanthocephalus tahlequahensis in the Banded Sculpin, Cottus carolinae from
Flint Creek, Benton County. However, we are not aware of additional reports of
acanthocephalans from non-game Arkansas fishes. Here, we report five new host records as
well as two new distributional records for acanthocephalans from non-game fishes of the
state.

The Eastern Boxelder Bug, Boisea trivittata (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae):
Confirmation in Arkansas
S.W. Chordas III1 and C.T. McAllister2

56

1

Center for Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, 260 Jennings Hall,
1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
2
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
The documented hemipteran fauna of Arkansas has grown tremendously in the last 25+
years. Recent reports by Chordas and colleagues have documented new records for the
state and greatly extended our knowledge of this insect fauna. Although common and
widespread, the eastern boxelder bug, Boisea trivittata (Say, 1825) was not included in the
Arkansas hemipteran list. Surprisingly, our literature search did not contradict the notion of
the lack of a refereed published report for this species in the state. Here, we document B.
trivittata, with deposited voucher specimens, for Arkansas.

The Arkansas Endemic Flora and Fauna: An Update with Additional Species
H.W. Robison1, and C.T. McAllister2
1

9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120
Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
2

Arkansas supports a diverse variety of endemic biota with most being found at sites in the
Interior Highlands (Ozarks and Ouachitas) of the state. Since 1988, several compilations
have progressively increased the number of endemics while some species have been found
elsewhere and/or have been removed from the state list. In the current report, we provide an
update to the list by adding 13 taxa, several of which are fish parasites, making a grand
total of 149 species.

A Noteworthy Geographic Distributional Record for the Milliped, Apheloria
virginiensis reducta (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae), from the Arkansas Delta
C.T. McAllister, R. Tumlison2 and H.W. Robison3
1

Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK
74745
2
Department of Biology, Henderson State University, Arkadelphia, AR 71999
3
9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120
The milliped, Apheloria virginiensis reducta Chamberlin, 1939 is an attractive and colorful
relatively large-bodied xystodesmid that ranges west of the Mississippi River from south of
the Missouri River in central Missouri to extreme southeastern Kansas, the Interior Highlands
of Arkansas, and further south to the far southeastern extremity of the Ouachita
Physiographic Province in Oklahoma. In Arkansas, the reported distribution of A. v. reducta
includes upland habitat in the Ouachita and Ozark Physiographic provinces including
scattered records outside these provinces in four counties of Crowley’s Ridge in the far
eastern part of the state. Interestingly, Shelley and McAllister (2007. Western North
American Naturalist 67:258-269) noted “though Arkansas east of the Ouachitas has been
poorly investigated, the milliped’s absence from the heavily sampled adjoining corners of

57

Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana suggests that its absence from Coastal Plain areas to the
north may be real.” Therefore, given that no record of A. v. reducta has been reported
previously from the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, we herein report a newly discovered population
of this milliped from outside upland habitat in the Delta of far eastern Arkansas.

Gene Discovery for Bioactive Phenylpropanoids in Echinacea Species
Lauren Clai E. Morehead, Jordyn Radke, and Stephen Grace, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University
The purpose of this research project is to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in
Echinacea pallida, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea purpurea as well as discover the
genes responsible for formation of said compounds. In particular, the aim is to identify
homologs of hydroxycinnamoyl-quinate transferases (HQTs), an enzyme family that
catalyzes the production of phenylpropanoids. Similar past projects have focused on other
plant species, and the gene pathway of Echinacea has yet to be identified and
characterized. With the protein sequence for a HQT (NP_001234850) in the tomato plant,
we used BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) to find protein sequences in the E.
purpurea transcriptome that were similar. These sequences became the basis of primers to
be used on the cDNA extracted from Echinacea samples. With the use of high-pressure
liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we
determined what phenolic compounds were significantly present in Echinacea leaves and
flowers. These compounds are known antioxidants and are most likely the compounds that
give Echinacea its medicinal efficacy. At this point, we have identified 4 HQT gene
candidates that are consistently expressed in Echinacea leaves and flowers. Identifying and
characterizing these genes will be key in perhaps producing Echinacea plants with more
significant antioxidant capacity. Moreover, understanding the pathway can potentially open
the door for bioengineering these compounds in larger amounts.

The Search for Antibiotic Producing Bacteria at Henderson State University, a
Collaborative Effort by BIO3094 Students
Daniel Morgan, Payten Frunzi, and Cynthia A. Fuller, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
The rising threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a worldwide health and economic
challenge. In 2013, in the US alone, over 23,000 people died as a result of infection with
antibiotic resistant bacteria, and more than 2 million cases of disease due to antibiotic
resistant bacteria were documented. Infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria are
not only associated with higher treatment costs but also with higher patient mortality.
Antibiotic resistant have been detected in every part of the world. In spite of the growing
resistance, most pharmaceutical companies have forsaken antibiotic discovery to pursue
development of more lucrative medications. Few new antibiotics have been discovered in
the last 30 years. The lack of new antibiotics, coupled with the ever-increasing number of
antibiotic resistant bacteria, make for a grim future in which diseases that were once easily
treated with antibiotics can no longer be cured. The United States Centers for Disease
Control (CDC) and Executive Branch, as well as the World Health Organization (WHO), have
recently released reports outlining the serious threat of antibiotic resistance and proposing
strategies to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria. Goal Four of the Executive Branch report
and the CDC report is centered on finding new antibiotics. One goal of the Small World
Initiative undergraduate laboratory curriculum aligns with the CDC and Executive Branch

58

Goal 4, and is to crowdsource the discovery of new antibiotics in locally obtained soil
samples using undergraduate students. Undergraduate students in Henderson State
University’s BIO3094 Introduction to Microbiology Classes (Summer 2014, Fall 2014, and
Spring 2015) have screened soil samples obtained from HSU and Arkadelphia for antibiotic
producing bacteria. Each group of students plated various soil samples, isolated selected
bacteria, and screened them for the ability to inhibit the growth of safe relatives of common
pathogenic bacteria. Several bacteria have been identified that produce possible antibiotics.
Students performed colony PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using DNA encoding 16s rRNA
as the template, and the products were sequenced. The bacteria were identified to the
genus level and represent a diverse spectrum of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
Research is still in progress to identify additional antibiotic producers, as well as to begin
characterization of the inhibitory compounds.

Electrodeposition of Copper Sulfide Rods and Whiskers
Michael Jason Newell, Joshua Vangilder, Maqsood Ali Mughal, Kayla Wood, Shyam
Thapa, and Robert Engelken, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
We present preliminary, serendipitous results regarding the facile production of large Cu xS
“nanorods”, on the order of a micron in diameter and up to 2 centimeters in length, using an
electrodeposition technique. The rods, or microfibers, were electrodeposited onto graphite
substrates at a variety of deposition voltages from an ethylene glycol bath of elemental
sulfur, CuI, InCl3, and NaCl originally intended to produce CuInS 2 thin films for solar cell use.
The microfibers grew readily at low temperature with slow stirring, approaching lengths of
centimeters within a few hours. Initial measurements using EDX/EDS indicate a
stoichiometry near CuS. Research is continuing with the intention of not only better
understanding and optimizing the process, but also identifying potential applications for the
rods.

Investigating the Effect of Stratospheric Radiation on Seed Germination and
Growth
Kiara V. Newhouse, Bryant Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
Three seed types: bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), corn (Zea mays) and radish (Raphanus
sativus) were flown in a high altitude weather balloon into the mid stratosphere to
investigate the effect of high altitude radiation on germination success and seedling growth.
After recovering and planting the seeds, the bean seeds showed lower germination success
with exposure to high altitude radiation, and consequently stunted seedling growth. Corn
and radish seeds experienced a statistically significant positive effect on germination
success from radiation exposure compared to control seeds, but negative effect on seedling
growth. Overall, the field experiments presented here support laboratory studies that show
radiation exposure on vegetable seeds has a negative effect on the germination success and
seedling growth on all types of seeds investigated.

Closed-Form Representations for Exponential Forms
59

Nicole Nichiniello, Declan Mulhall, and Juan D. Serna, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
It is well known in mathematics that an analytic function of a linear operator can be casted
as an infinite sum if the operator is represented by a non-singular matrix, and the function
admits a McLaurin expansion. Typical examples of this are the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff
(BCH) series and the matrix exponential often used in quantum optics. It can be shown that,
by using the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, these power series can be reduced to a finite
number of terms without the need of simply truncating the series to obtain an
approximation. In this work, we present some techniques used to derive closed-form
expressions for analytic functions of linear operators defined on unitary spaces of dimension
2 and 3 over the field of complex numbers

Comparative Study of Oil and Grease Analysis in Water Samples
Addison T. Ochs and Gija Geme, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University
The purpose of this project was to introduce student researchers to a comparative study in
oil and grease analysis. The project compared traditional and updated extraction techniques
for quantifying oil and grease in standards and samples. The traditional method utilized nhexane as an extracting agent and distillation to determine oil and grease concentrations in
samples. Standards for this method were prepared using acetone, stearic acid, and
hexadecane. This typically yielded a 55%-78% recovery. The updated method, Xenosep EPA
Method 1664A,
utilized n-hexane and methanol to determine oil and grease concentrations. This method
yielded a 94.5% recovery.

Screening of Flathead Catfish for Heavy Metals in Ouachita River, AR
Casey C. O'Hara and Gija Geme, Ph.D.
Southern Arkansas University
Metals are being utilized in industries and agriculture; particularly heavy metals such as
mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic constitute a significant potential threat to human
health because they are associated with many adverse effects on health. The consumption
of fish is recommended because it is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have been
associated with health benefits due to its cardio-protective effects. Southern Arkansas is
home to many industrial plants thus there is concern of heavy metal accumulation in fish.
Additionally, a new wastewater line was built that combines domestic and industrial waste
with water release in the Ouachita River. Forty flathead catfish were collected from Ouachita
River, AR. The fish were digested using vanadium (V) oxide and analyzed for arsenic,
mercury, lead, copper, and cadmium using ICP-OES. Additionally, fish were analyzed
for aluminum, copper, and phosphorus. Elevated concentrations of arsenic and mercury
were found in fish.

Monitoring Treated Wastewater Quality
Kara A. O’Neal and Gija Geme, Ph.D.
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Southern Arkansas University
Most homes and businesses send their wastewater to a treatment plant where many
pollutants are removed from the water. Once the water is cleaned to standards set and
monitored by state and federal officials, it is typically released into a local water body, where
it can become a source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. Some wastewater treatment
plants are able to remove more nitrogen and phosphorus from their discharges than others
depending on their equipment and how they treat wastewater. The purpose of this study was
to monitor quality of released water to a local creek by the local wastewater plant. Water
was sampled weekly from the creek below and above the release point. Water was analyzed
for chlorine, fecal and total coliform, E. coli, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and BOD-5.
Some of the water samples collected showed chlorine and fecal coliform concentrations
above the established reporting limits.

Tree Morticulture to Produce Food Plots for Woodpeckers
Seth W. Pearson and Robin M. Verble-Pearson, Ph.D.
Texas Tech University
Morticulture is a management strategy in which trees are selectively killed to meet specific
objectives. This technique has been used to spur colonization of decay and wood-boring
beetles in forets. We assessed the effects of tree morticulture in Arkansas bottomland
hardwood forests on production of insect larvae for woodpecker food sources.

A Device to Measure Skin Sensitivity to Nociceptive Heat Using a Photon
Beam Heat Source
Linna J. Perkins, Walker, A.H.1, Griffith, M. R.2 , Dobretsov, M.3, Chowdhury, P.4
(1)Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR
72035
(2) Dept. of Radiation and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,
Little Rock AR 72204
(3)Dept. of Anestheology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR
72205
(4)Dept. of Biophysics and Physiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,
Little Rock AR 72205
Exposure to both microgravity and space irradiation possess undoubtable risk of acute and
late degenerative nervous system impairment. There are large uncertainties with regard to
vulnerable space flight-associated functions of NS and consequences of their deterioration.
Our hypothesis is that, prolonged exposure to microgravity and low grade irradiation act
additively leading to development of a mild prediabetic state and
heightening a risk of diabetes-associated microcirculatory complications, including
development of neuropathic symptoms. We propose testing our hypothesis using a set of
experiments in which pro-neuropathic effects of simulated microgravity and low grade whole
body irradiation exposure will be tested in isolation and combined. Two major outcome
measures will be used – measurements of pain on pressure and by using photons heated rat
hind limb withdrawal thresholds (measures of deep muscle and superficial skin nociceptive
sensitivity). The loss of skin sensitivity to nociceptive heat is a usual sign of degenerative

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neuropathy, while deep muscle pain or deep pressure hyperalgesia is common in humans
with neuropathy and muscle disease and very sensitive indicator of
prediabetic state (mild insulin resistance and/or insulinopenia) in rat models of diabetes and
muscle disuse. We present here the design or a novel device that will be used in
experiments to determine the loss of skin sensitivity to nociceptive heat. This design will
allow for scientists to more accurately determine the temperature sensitivity plantar surface
as compared to previous experiments.

The Dark Knight Shines: Practical vs Positive Motives for Helping Others
Meet Their Potential
O'Dell R. Perry-Johnson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
What kind of person would adopt a juvenile delinquent, offer a job to an ex-convict, mentor a
criminal’s child, or offer help to their own worst enemy? Are these simply practical/cynical
things to do in order to keep those people out of trouble or does this reflect optimism about
human potential? Batman offers a way for at risk teens and former delinquents a chance to
help others and be better citizens at the same time. He offers up his home and other
resources for them to help them join his war against crime. Is he simply turning them into
his own weapons or is he helping them become their own heroes? This presentation will
explore these questions through the lenses of humanistic psychology, existential
psychology, Gestalt psychology, and the more modern positive psychology.

A Comparison of the Communities of the Alga, Nannochloropsis
(Eustigmatophyceae), in Different Lakes in North Dakota and Minnesota
Nelsha Peterson, Freddie Rivera, Samuel Vincent, Misty Hill, Karen Fawley, and
Marvin Fawley, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas-Monticello
Some hypotheses on the distribution of algal species posit that the same species are likely
found in many different locations. We evaluated this hypothesis by examining strains of the
small, coccoid alga Nannochloropsis that were isolated from lakes and ponds in North Dakota
and Minnesota. We evaluated the diversity of the strains using sequence analysis of the
highly-variable plastid locus, ccsA. Our preliminary results show that the strains isolated
from the Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in North Dakota are highly diverse,
with at least 12 different ccsA sequences. A single strain isolated from a pond in Itasca
State Park, Minnesota is distinct from the ANWR strains. We have found 3 different ccsA
sequences thus far in a recent collection of strains from Lake Christina, Minnesota. Two of
these are new ccsA sequences not yet found at other locations. We have several strains still
to be characterized. The sequences from these strains may change our understanding of
distribution patterns. However, we are able to conclude from the completed research that
freshwater Nannochloropsis are much more diverse than marine species.

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Analysis of Two Base-Ring Ware II Juglets from the Late Bronze Age for
Opioid Derivatives via GC-MS
Jackson R. Petty and Dennis Province, Ph.D.
Harding University
It has been suggested that Base-ring juglets from the Late Bronze Era (circa 1650 BC) were
used to
transport opium. The debate between archaeologists stem from the appearance of these
characteristic
juglets coinciding with the emergence of the opium trade and the aesthetic properties of the
vessels
closely resembling an inverted opium pod in size, shape and detail. Specifically, two
separate BaseRing II juglets from the Late Bronze Age were analyzed to determine if the major
components of opium
latex (most likely from the Papaver Somniferum L. poppy) could be detected and quantified.
The
primary components of the latex (from the narcotic cultivar C048-6-14-64) are the alkaloids
morphine,
thebaine, and codeine. Gas Chromatography with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer detector
(GCMS)
was used to detect for these compounds by matching the mass spectrum of the components
found in the
juglet extraction to known standards of these alkaloids. In addition, Single Ion Monitoring
(SIM) was
implemented to analyze ions specific to the opiates of interest. The detection was further
validated by
matching the retention time of components to that of the eluted standards. Samples were
prepared for
GCMS analysis by extraction with a 5:1 mixture of chloroform and isopropanol, derivatized
with
bis(trimethylsilyl)acetemide, and then analyzed with a final solvent of dichloromethane.
Preliminary
tests suggest the presence of morphine in one of the two juglets with a retention time of
11.632 min. In
the same juglet there is a promising codeine SIM peak at 10.895 min. Further research will
focus on
concentrating samples for higher detection levels, establishing a Limit of Detection (LOD),
detecting
thebaine, and extracting ionic salts of opiates.

Grief in Gotham
Tiffany R. Pitcock and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
How do people cope with repeated losses? For some people, tragic loss is rare, but there are
people who must face it many times. In Batman comics, the character Tim Drake loses his
mother, his father, his best friend, his girlfriend, his adoptive brother, his adoptive father,
and others. Psychiatrist Elizabeth Kubler-Ross has famously identified five stages of grief
that many, though not all, people follow when facing terminal illness or loss of loved ones:

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denial, bargaining, anger, depression, and acceptance. People facing repeated losses are
less likely to follow this pattern every time because death becomes too common in their
lives. This character is not prone to depression. He often dwells in denial, and after some of
these characters turn out not to be dead, he becomes more prone to persistent relentless
bargaining. Looking at a grieving character is a useful exercise when trying to relate to real
people who are grieving, including many who may be suffering survivor guilt or even PTSD.

Titan: A Model for Early Earth?
Connor D. Purvis and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
Titan, the second largest Moon in the Solar System is a laboratory for studies leading to
information about early Earth. Titan has a rich abundance of carbon containing compounds,
yet has little oxygen present making it similar to Earth before oxygen was injected into the
atmosphere by algae. It is one of the most Earth-like worlds with its substantial atmosphere
(1.5 bar) and the presence of liquid lakes (ethane) found nowhere else in our Solar System.
Titan receives radiation from the Sun but also is bombarded with particles and radiation from
its mother, Saturn. We are investigating the photolysis of mixtures of hydrocarbons found on
Titan in order to determine the origin of the different compounds found in the atmosphere of
Titan. We have developed a special chamber for photolysis studies that will allow
investigations at 2 bar pressure and temperatures observed in the Titan atmosphere. Our
studies will be predominately spectroscopic with measurements from 200 nm to 1650 nm.
Preliminary results from our research will be presented.

Generation of Ince-Gaussian Laser Beams
Kelsey D. Ray and Jessica Young, Ph.D.
Arkansas Tech University
Due to their finite transverse size and slow divergence, laser beams can be described in
terms of solutions to the paraxial wave equation (PWE). Two well known solutions to the PWE
are the Hermite-Gaussian (HG) and LaguerreGaussian (LG) solutions. HG laser beams exhibit Cartesian symmetry and LG beams exhibit
cylindrical symmetry. The Ince-Gaussian (IG) beams are the third group of the exact
solutions to the PWE exhibiting elliptical symmetry. IG modes are the continuous transition
modes between HG modes and LG modes. The experimental discovery of the group is fairly
recent and its applications are still under research. We have been able to experimentally
generate IG beams by manipulating HG modes using an astigmatic mode converter. The HG
modes are formed by inserting fiber into a HeNe laser cavity. The experimentally generated
beam intensity profiles have been compared to theoretically expected beam intensity
profiles.

Continuity vs Stages: How Does Developmental Delay Impact Language
Aquisition?
Emily R. Reynebeau and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

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Human social development is most rapid during earliest stages in life, seen most
prominently in the speed at which a child is able to learn a first language. But what happens
if, during these immersive periods, a child is never, or rarely, exposed to fundamental
learning opportunities? Cassandra Cain, a reoccurring fictional comic book character from
the Batman series, is a prime example of the effects of delayed advancement, due to a
childhood submerged in martial arts training. Instead of learning language, she learns
combat. Why is it especially important to acquire a first language at such a young age?
Why is it so difficult to complete these steps later in life? How does this relate to learning a
second language? Is it possible that a lack of language may have positive effects on other
areas of the brain? By comparing Cassandra to both modern and classical examples of real
feral children, such as Genie Wiley and Victor of Aveyron, we can begin to understand her
motives and reactions as she interacts with an environment foreign to her personal
upbringing.

Cabbage Inhibits Nitrate Reduction in Celery during Storage
Cynthia Robinson, Autumn Webb and Jinming Huang, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
Nitrate (NO3-) in spinach, lettuce, and celery can be reduced to nitrite (NO 2-) during storage
as we reported previously. However, nitrate in cabbage can not be reduced to nitrite during
storage. More interestingly, we discovered that cabbage can inhibit nitrate reduction in
celery during storage. Nitrate concentration was determined by the electrochemical method
with a nitrate ion selective electrode, while nitrite concentration was determined by a Griess
assay. Our results showed that cabbage juice inhibits 100% in nitrate reduction in celery
juice (50%/50%, V/V) during eight days storage in refrigerator at 4 oC. If cabbage juice boiled
5 minutes prior mixing with celery juice then no inhibition effect on nitrate reduction
observed. If cabbage juice treated with 1mM EDTA prior mixing with celery juice also no
inhibition effect on nitrate reduction observed. These interesting results strongly suggest
that inhibition of nitrate reduction in celery is metal ion dependent when metal ion is
removed by EDTA, a well-known chelator, no inhibition effect observed. Boiling experiment
on cabbage also suggest that the inhibition of cabbage on nitrate reduction in celery
involving some enzymes. When this enzyme was inactivated by boiling 5 minutes, then no
inhibition effect observed.

The Effect of Computer-Based, Interactive Modules on Student Learning of
Diffusion
Rachel M. Rowland, J. Steve Oliver, Georgia W. Hodges, and Janet Lanza, Ph.D.
University of Georgia
Technology is rapidly becoming standard in K-12 classrooms. Given the accessibility of
technology, Steve Oliver and an interdisciplinary team created three computer-based,
interactive modules for basic and advanced 9th grade biology courses. These modules (on
diffusion, osmosis, and filtration) used case studies and contained background readings,
computer simulations, and interactive data collections. The effectiveness of the modules
was assessed in Pre- and Post-tests for students in traditional, lecture-based classrooms vs.
students in classrooms who received both lecture and interactive exercises. Use of the
computer-based modules improved student scores on the Post-test. The present project was
a follow-up study investigating student learning in the diffusion module in one basic and one
advanced classroom. Using questions embedded in the module, we asked the following

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questions: (1) did students improve as they gained experience in the module?; and (2) which
type of interactive materials (e.g., video clip, background reading, data-collection
simulation) led to the most improvement in the embedded assessments? We then used Preand Post-tests to compare the effectiveness of the diffusion module for students in basic vs.
advanced classrooms. Student responses to the embedded questions did not document any
growth, primarily because of a lack of student effort in answering the questions. This result
also meant that we could not determine which type of interactive material was most
beneficial. Preliminary analysis indicated that students in the basic classroom (compared to
students in the advanced classroom) improved more on only two of the six questions from
the Pre- to Post-test. In the future, students should receive incentives for effort on embedded
assessments. Furthermore, data from all classes involved should be analyzed, as should the
data from the osmosis and filtration modules.

Control and Power Factor Analysis of a Solid State DC Transformer
Hussain Sayed, Ahmed Zurfi, Jing Zhang, and Jing K. Zhang, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
For more than one hundred years, AC power transmission and distribution systems have
been dominant systems in the electric power industry because of their inherited advantage
of stepping up and down the AC voltage levels using conventional transformers. However,
DC power systems have been receiving more and more attention in recent years because of
the advantages of DC transmission lines in renewable energy generation, energy storage,
and improvement of grid control performance. In such DC power systems, Solid State DC
Transformers (SSDCT)
will play an important role just like the conventional transformers in AC power systems, i.e.
to convert the DC voltage levels throughout a DC power system. An SSDCT consists of dual
active bridges (DAB) with a high frequency transformer for galvanic isolation. SSDCTs offer
the ability of controlled bidirectional power flow, high efficiency, and high power density. In
this work, control and power factor of SSDCT are studied. First, the steady-state operation of
SSDCT has been studied for three different modulation schemes of the DAB converter. The
three modulation techniques of the DAB converter are: Phase Shift Modulation (PSM),
Trapezoidal Current Modulation (TCM), and Triangular Current Modulation (ΔCM). The PSM
method is the most prevalent modulation due to its ease of control. However, it has the
drawbacks of poor transformer power factor and limited soft switching range. In order to
overcome these limitations, triangular and trapezoidal modulations are used where
improved power factor, and soft switching at wider operating range are realized. The
combined operation of trapezoidal and triangular method and power factor of the highfrequency transformer have been investigated with the goal to attain highest transformer
power factor over the complete range of transformer operation. The goal of this project is to
set up protocols and hardware for controlling robotic vehicles using Smart Phones. We are
also learning other ways of controlling robotic vehicles without having to resort to a
communications tether. Our plan is to educate
ourselves in this important area and to share our knowledge with the robotic community. The
newer Smart Phones have computing capabilities that allow sophisticated uses of these
devices in all sorts of areas, in particular the controlling of all types of devices anywhere
within the network range of the service provider. Smart Phones continue to become an
increasingly important part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Several communication schemes
have been investigated in this study and the results of our work will be reported.

WIFI Guidance of the Mars Rover
66

Daniel H. Schwartz and Kevin R. Lewelling, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas - Fort Smith
A joint research project to design and construct a Mars rover between the University of
Arkansas – Fort Smith (UAFS) and Harding University started summer 2012 after receiving
funding from the NASA Collaborative Research Program grant and both universities,
respectively. The constructed rover is powered by a 20 Ah, 12 V Lithium Ion (LI) battery pack
and controlled by a Raspberry PI minicomputer and Arduino microcontroller. The Raspberry
PI computer allows a user to access an on-board HD camera and drive the rover via a WIFI
connection. Additionally, a robotic arm has been mounted on the rover capable of lifting up
to 8 pounds while fully extended. Plans to increase the size and capabilities of this 100
pound rover to carry one adult astronaut will be discussed during this presentation.

Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Turnover in Natural and Restored
Forested Wetland Sites in Southeast Arkansas
Chris J. Sheldon, Robert L. Ficklin, and Stacy D. Wilson, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
Forested wetlands in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV) in Arkansas are losing
acreage that could alter regional carbon cycles. Multiple restoration projects have been
established in this region to abate the loss of wetlands. Studies suggest variations in
microtopography are responsible for differences in plant species and soil hydrologic
properties in forested wetlands. In an attempt to restore wetland function, microtopographic
features have been constructed at some restoration areas in the LMAV. Studying turnover of
carbon and nitrogen through leaf litter decomposition is one way to determine if wetland
restoration efforts are effectively restoring nutrient cycling to natural wetland conditions.
This study is examining leaf litter decomposition in a naturally forested wetland and in an
area formally converted to cropland that is now undergoing forest wetland restoration in
southeast Arkansas. The soils at both study areas are mapped as Perry Clay soil series.
Litter from two tree species present on both sites are being used for the decomposition
study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and Quercus phellos (willow oak). Litter bags
were installed in three hydrology influencing topographical features: hummocks/ridges,
swales, and flats. The treatments were replicated five times on each study site. In addition
to litter decomposition rates, hydroperiod, litter C and N concentrations and ratios, ash free
mass of the leaves, soil pH, and soil C and N concentrations are being measured. This study
will improve understanding of the influence that anthropogenic changes have on wetland
function as agricultural lands are restored to their previous land cover.

Relationships between Asociality and Manipulativeness: Can you Manipulate
People Without Understanding Them?
Darian N. Sisson and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Batman’s enemy Poison Ivy, after growing up as a lonely child lacking friends and the social
skills to acquire them, shows difficulty understanding people’s motives, even her own. Not
knowing how to affect people socially and positively, this character uses pheromones and
botanical science to manipulate others, typically in negative ways. Why type of person tries
to rob people of free will? It is a legitimate concern. There really are authoritarians who try to

67

keep others from thinking for themselves and those who show authoritarian obedience,
preferring not to think for themselves. Is manipulativeness a substitute for real human
contact, a way to feel secure, a way to protect oneself, or a reward in other ways?

Development of Breath Analysis Methods
Maegen L. Sloan and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
The ultimate goal of this project is to take human breath samples and analyze them for
biomarkers that
signal disease. The advantage of this method, as opposed to urine or blood samples is that it
is noninvasive.
The problem is that the disease biomarkers are present in such low concentrations that it is
difficult to measure. We are using a universal method for concentrating our samples that is
both inexpensive and comprehensive compared with all other methods. The apparatus is
being designed and measurements are being made to determine the limit of quantitation
(LOQ) and detection limit (DL) for pentane. A biomarker known to indicate cancer in a
person.

Red Crossbill Invasion of Northwestern Arkansas during Winter 2012-2013
Kimberly G. Smith and Joseph C. Neal
University of Arkansas
In November of 2012, Red Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) began to appear in northwestern
Arkansas. Subsequently flocks of up to 50-60 birds were seen around northwest Arkansas
through spring. Three types were recorded during winter: Type 2 was most common around
the Fayetteville area and was associated with a variety of conifers, Type 3 was more
common in Carroll County and was associated with short-leaf pines (Pinus echinata), and
one individual of Type 5 was recorded in Fayetteville, only the third record of this type east of
the Rockies. Birds at the Fayetteville Country Club were observed eating algae (Cladophyra)
during December and January, a rare food for passerines. During spring, crossbills began to
frequent feeders, particularly those with sunflowers. Two female specimens were collected at
that time that had flown into windows, both apparently Type 3. Crossbills were last reported
in mid-May.

Smart Phone Control of Robotic Vehicles
Shelby V. Sorrells and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
The goal of this project is to set up protocols and hardware for controlling robotic vehicles
using Smart Phones. We are also learning other ways of controlling robotic vehicles without
having to resort to a communications tether. Our plan is to educate ourselves in this
important area and to share our knowledge with the robotic community.
The newer Smart Phones have computing capabilities that allow sophisticated uses of these
devices in all sorts of areas, in particular the controlling of all types of devices anywhere
within the network range of the service provider. Smart Phones continue to become an
increasingly important part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Several

68

communication schemes have been investigated in this study and the results of our work
will be reported.

High Altitude Light Intensity from Balloon Borne Sensors
Heather R. Southe, Bryant Fong, and Tillmen Kennon, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
BalloonSAT is an educational outreach and near-space exploration program that uses
payload boxes and weather balloons to investigate various issues and conditions within the
atmosphere. HOBO data loggers and solar panels within a payload box were utilized to
measure light intensity within the atmosphere. Previous studies show that light intensity
follows a parabolic curve with the apex at the tropopause. In an effort to determine if there
is relationship between light intensity and temperature, the atmosphere was stimulated in a
closed environment with controlled temperatures and light source. An inverse relationship
was found between light intensity and temperature, such that solar voltage increases while
temperature decreases with higher altitudes.

Analysis of a Ribosomal Protein Gene in Tumor Development
Seth St. John, Wray Devon, Helen Beneš, and Mary Stewart, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Monticello
In humans, mutation of genes involved in ribosome production, including ribosomal protein
genes, is known to cause a set of pathologies called ribosomopathies. Clinical symptoms of
ribosomopathies include anemia, craniofacial abnormalities and abnormal blood cell
production, all of which may be associated with decreased rates of protein synthesis. In
some cases, ribosomopathy patients have a predisposition to solid tumor or hematological
tumor formation. Similarly, mutations in ribosomal protein genes in Drosophila melanogaster
(fruit fly) causes phenotypes consistent with reduced protein synthesis such as delayed
development and short, thin bristles in adult flies .In addition, mutation of some D.
melanogaster ribosomal protein genes, such as the ribosomal protein S6 gene (RpS6), can
cause tumors in developing animals. The RpS6 gene is a “dual gene” because this gene
contains information for the RpS6 protein as well as a small non-coding RNA thought to
function as a snoRNA. Our current work involves a genetic approach to understanding what
phenotypes of RpS6 mutant flies are caused by reduced expression of RpS6 versus effects
that may be caused by altered expression of the snoRNA.

The Tangential Velocity Profile Within a Viscous Vortex
Matthew N. Strasser and Rathinam P. Selvam, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas
The vortex is one of the most complex phenomenon within the field of fluid mechanics.
Vortex loading of structures is a relevant problem in many fields. The aerospace community
is plagued by blade-vortex interaction, where vortices produced by rotors interact with both
the rotors and downstream components of aerospace vehicles creating noise and vibration.
The structural design community is concerned with predicting wind design loadings for
atmospheric vortices such as tornados and hurricanes. There is considerable debate
amongst researchers regarding the radial tangential velocity distribution within vortices.

69

Numerous analytical models are presented in the literature and proposed as representing
different types of vortices. In the present work, commonly-used analytical tangential velocity
profiles are compared with measured tangential velocity profiles
from various experimental vortices as well as atmospheric vortices. Two analytical profiles
provide excellent representation of the measured tangential velocity profiles and shall be
used inCFD simulation to study structural loading by vortices.

BalloonSAT: High Altitude Measurement of Methane Concentration
Jennifer R. Sullivan, Bryant Fong, and Tillman Kennon, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
The BalloonSAT program is a high altitude research and education outreach program. With
several balloon launches Arduino and MQ-6 detectors were sent into the atmosphere at an
altitude of 30km (90,000 ft). Methane is 30 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than
carbon dioxide. A calibration curve was made with known concentrations of methane at
various temperatures to convert voltage readings into concentrations. Various
concentrations were made by changing the ratio of pure methane and compressed air in
laboratory controlled conditions. Methane concentration was found to decrease with altitude
similar to satellite and Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle (UAV).

Atypical Head Markings of the Ouachita Map Turtle in the Upper Ouachita
River of Arkansas
Allison Surf and Renn Tumlison, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
Turtles of a clade historically known as false map turtles (Graptemys pseudogeographica)
occur throughout the Mississippi River drainage, but variation throughout their range
precipitated taxonomic confusion since their original descriptions. Two forms occur in
Arkansas, presently designated Graptemys kohnii (Mississippi Map Turtle) and Graptemys
ouachitensis (Ouachita Map Turtle). These have been identified based on unique head
markings, but we discovered a population of G. ouachitensis with markings similar to those
of G. kohnii. Additional means of discrimination of these species in Arkansas are presented,
along with discussion of some juvenile characters that may disappear during ontogeny.

New Host and County Records of the Fish Leech Cystobranchus klemmi
(Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) in Arkansas
Christopher S. Thigpen, Lina I. Bagwell, John D. Konvalina, Samuel A. Schratz, and
Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
Fish were collected on 4 April 2014 from Eassis Creek in Randolph County, 9 April 2014 from
McCoy Creek in Pope County, and 17 January 2015 from Jane’s Creek in Randolph County.
The fishes were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol. Leeches
(Cystobranchus klemmi) were found on a bigeye shiner (Notropis boops) from Eassis Creek,

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and central stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum) from McCoy Creek and Jane’s Creek. The
finding from Eassis Creek constitutes a new hostand county record. The finding from McCoy
Creek constitutes a new county record.

New County Record of Black-Spot Disease in Arkansas
Christopher S. Thigpen, Lina I. Bagwell, John D. Konvalina, Samuel A. Schratz, and
Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
Fish were fixed in the field in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and placed on ice. The
fish were
then stored in 70% ethanol. Species was determined using Fishes of Arkansas (Robison and
Buchanan
1988), and specimens were examined. Several species were infected with black-spot
disease, including
central stonerollers, Campostoma anomalum, bigeye shiners, Notropis boops, a telescope
shiner, N.
telescopus, greenside darters, Etheostoma blennioides, rainbow darters, E. caeruleum,
orangethroat
darters, E. spectabile, and banded darters, E. zonale. Although these species are known to
be hosts of the
black-spot causing trematodes, they were not known to show infection in Randolph County,
except from a small mention in a paper on the diversity of fishes in Jane’s Creek (Fowler and
Harp, 1974).

A Case of Frugivory in a Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) from Northeastern
Arkansas
Christopher S. Thigpen, Travis D. Marsico, and Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
An adult green tree frog (Hyla cinerea) was collected in mid-September 2014 from
Jonesboro, Arkansas.
The frog was measured, euthanized, and examined before being fixed in 10% neutral
buffered formalin
and placed into the Arkansas State University herpetological museum. The stomach was
removed,
cleared of its contents, and measured. The contents were placed into 10% neutral buffered
formalin for
48 hours and transferred to 70% ethanol. Contents included the remains of a beetle and two
fruits from
unknown plants. The contents were photographed, measured, and identified to the lowest
achievable
taxonomic level. The beetle was identified as a spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica
undecimpuncta
howardi Barber [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]). The fruits were identified as Persicaria sp.
(likely
P.punctata (Elliot) Small; Polygonaceae) and an as-yet unidentified species of a grass
(Poaceae). Fruits

71

in the stomachs of frogs are rarely reported in the literature, but could represent possible
mechanisms for
seed dispersal in plants. It is unknown if frogs select to sometimes eat fruits or if fruits are a
bi-product of
animal prey capture or missed predation attempts. In any case, the goal of this report is to
raise awareness
of a poorly documented phenomenon in an effort to direct attention to this possible method
of seed
dispersal.

High Resolution Spectrograph Design
Brennan M. Thomason, Stephanie J. Inabnet, Tamara B. Thomason, and Edmond W.
Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
We have designed and built a high resolution spectrograph for the 2014 National Student
Solar Spectrograph Competition (NSSSC) held by the Montana Space Grant Consortium. This
award winning spectrograph is being used in a new Solar and Atmospheric Laboratory at
Harding University. It is based on a Czerny-Turner configuration. The focal length of the
instrument is 394 mm. The diameter of the gold coated Collimating Mirror is 75 mm. The
Grating is a flat rectangular replica grating, Model 290-R from Richardson Grating
Laboratories, measuring 50 mm x 50 mm with 1800 lines per mm. The blaze wavelength of
the 290-R grating is 500 nm in the Littrow configuration and its blaze angle is 26.7 degrees.
The detector is a SONY ILX511 2048 element linear array CCD detector. The wavelength
range of the instrument is 400 to 1000 nm. A 400 tooth worm gear rotates the grating upon
command from a programmed Arduino microcontroller. The design of this instrument and
results from the NSSSC competition will be presented.

Testicular Histology and Sperm Morphometrics of the Bird-voiced Treefrog,
Hyla avivoca (Anura: Hylidae), from Arkansas
Stan E. Trauth, Chris S. Thigpen, and Matt B. Connior
Arkansas State University
We examined the testicular histology and spermatozoal dimensions of the bird-voiced
treefrog, Hyla avivoca (Anura: Hylidae), from samples collected in May, June, and July from
localities in three counties (Calhoun, Conway, and Little River) in Arkansas. Calling frogs
were necropsied in the lab, and testes were prepared for light and scanning electron
microscopy. Spermatocysts within seminiferous tubules of all males contained large
aggregates of spermatozoa. Primary spermatogonia, the largest of all germ cells, ranged
from 13.3 – 17.8 μm in diameter (x = 15.37 ±1.22; n = 20). Measurements of sperm
dimensions yielded the following length parameters (range, mean ± standard deviation,
sample size): acrosome, 2.10 – 3.37 μm (x = 2.58 ± 0.40; n =11); nucleus, 10.22 – 13.71 μm
(x = 11.70 ± 0.86; n = 65); acrosome, nucleus, midpiece complex (ANM) in three frogs,
14.87 – 23.98 μm (x = 19.62 ± 2.72; n = 17), 18.83 – 26.96 μm (x = 22.92 ± 2.26; n = 17),
17.40 – 26.96 μm (x = 23.92 ± 3.27; n = 11); principle piece, 24.36 – 27.68 μm (x = 25.98 ±
1.19; n = 14); total tail length (endpiece intact), 29.87 – 39.00 μm (x = 33.37 ± 2.63; n =
23); and total sperm length, 51.02 – 62.98 μm (x = 54.63 ± 3.54; n = 20). Our sperm
morphometric findings complement previously published data on this species and fill in gaps
that may aid in future intra- and interfamilial comparisons.

72

Recent History of Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) Observations in Arkansas,
With Notes on the Individual Killed in Bradley County, Arkansas in 2014
Renn Tumlison1 and Mark Barbee2
1
Henderson State University,
2
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Monticello, AR 71655
In November, 2014, a hunter killed a mountain lion near Hermitage in Bradley County of
southern Arkansas, which was the first Arkansas kill in 40 years. DNA samples were
submitted to a wildlife genetics lab by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, and results
indicated that the specimen likely was a transient originating from populations in South
Dakota or Wyoming. The post-cranial skeleton was donated to Henderson State University,
where dissection revealed some interesting facts about the cat. Recent history of mountain
lion sightings and kills are discussed.

New Records and Observations of the American Badger (Taxidea taxus) in
Arkansas
Renn Tumlison1 and Blake Sasse2
1
Henderson State University
2
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Mayflower, AR 72106
Records of badgers (Taxidea taxus) were only sporadic in Arkansas until an established,
reproductive population was detected during the last decade. Additional county records
have accumulated since then, adding to the known Arkansas distribution in northeastern
Arkansas, as well as in the Ozark Mountains. Two specimens have been worked into the
Henderson State University Collection of Vertebrates, which allowed examination of age and
condition. These, along with photographs of several other road-killed individuals, allowed us
to evaluate the subspecific affinity of the Arkansas population.

Vertebrate Natural History Notes from Arkansas, 2015
R. Tumlison1, M.B. Connior2, H.W. Robison3, C.T. McAllister4, L.A. Durden5, D.B. Sasse6,
and D.A. Saugey7
1
Henderson State University, 2South Arkansas Community College, El Dorado, AR
71730, 39717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 7212, 4Eastern Oklahoma State
College, Idabel, OK 7474, 5Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro, GA 30458, 6Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Mayflower, AR 72106,
7
Nightwing Consulting, Jessieville, AR 71949
Although vertebrates are a commonly studied group of animals, the distribution and natural
history of many species within Arkansas remains undocumented. We continue to augment
current literature with new records of distribution and provide notes on the natural history of
selected vertebrates from Arkansas. Herein we include previously unreported records of
distribution, reproduction, and other aspects of natural history of the vertebrates of
Arkansas. We report new records of bats based on submissions to the Arkansas Dept. of

73

Health for rabies testing, as well as records from field notes of chiropterologists. New to this
series, we also report records of parasites taken from mammals in Arkansas.

High Resolution Spectroscopic Studies of Earth’s Atmosphere
Emily J. Valerio and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
A Solar and Atmospheric Laboratory is being created at Harding University. One of the key
instruments in the laboratory is a high resolution spectrograph that was built recently. We
have improved the design of the instrument and improved its performance. In order to use it
for meaningful atmospheric and Solar studies, an accurate calibration is required. We are in
the process of calibrating the instrument using spectra from fluorescent lights in addition to
neon, hydrogen and mercury gas discharge lamps. For final verification, atmospheric
measurements of the water vapor and oxygen spectra in the near infrared region will be
measured and compared with values reported in the 2008 HITRAN Database.

Status of Renewable Energy Research at Arkansas State University
Joshua Vangilder, Kayla Wood, Shyam Thapa, Maqsood Mughal, Michael Newell, and
Robert Engelken, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
This presentation will provide an update on research on photovoltaic materials and other
renewable energy-oriented challenges, for example, biofuel pellets, at the Arkansas State
University Optoelectronic Materials Research Laboratory. Focus will be upon
electrodeposition of thin films of cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium disulfide (CuInS 2),
and indium sulfide (In2S3), all promising solar cell materials. Copper indium disulfide and
indium sulfide also offer advantages of low hazard/toxicity and low environmental impact.
With renewable energy serving as an emerging need and opportunity, such research could
pave the way for eventual follow-up businesses and economic stimulation in Arkansas. The
research also provides the student participants experience that enhances their overall
education and marketability.

Fire in Ozark Oak Forests
Robin M. Verble-Pearson, Ph.D.
Texas Tech University
Fire is a conspicuous and important factor influencing the distribution and evolution of
forests in North America. In particular, the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas and Missouri are
unique in their fire history. This region lies at the
intersection of eastern fire management and western fire suppression. Here, I synthesize the
fire history of the region and address major issues facing future management.

Molecular Cloning to Improve Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion Assays in
Dicytostelium discoideum
74

Olivia Vogel, Ericka Vogel, and Kari Naylor, Ph.D.
University of Central Arkansas
In our lab we are studying the process of mitochondrial fission and fusion to understand the
mechanisms for these processes within eukaryotic cells. We quantify the rates of fission and
fusion in wild-type and perturbed conditions to determine the role different proteins play in
these processes. In order to study the mitochondria, we must be able to view them under a
fluorescent confocal microscope. We currently use MitoTracker Red- a vital dye - to label the
mitochondria. However, this dye has proven inefficient due to the fact that it can wash out
under certain experimental conditions and only stains healthy mitochondria. The purpose of
this project is to create a fusion protein that fuses the first 35 amino acids of the
mitochondrial protein TopA with the red fluorescent protein mCherry. This fusion protein,
once expressed in the cell, will target and fluorescently label the mitochondria. This
construct will prove more efficient in the visualization of Dictyostelium discoideum
mitochondria by staining all mitochondria, and will not be washed out. These fluorescently
labeled mitochondria may then be studied to answer questions about mitochondrial
dynamics, such as the rate of fission, fusion, and motility.
The cloning process we used can be divided into four main steps: polymerase chain reaction,
digestion, ligation, and transformation. In our research, we have currently performed all
steps and created a construct. Upon screening our colonies we identified three positive
clones. However, after sequence analysis it became apparent that we did not clone the
correct mitochondrial targeting sequence. Instead, a primer dimer had been inserted. To
eliminate this problem, we ordered complementary oligonucleotides of 129 bases and
annealed the pieces together. Once annealed, the pieces were digested and ligated into the
vector along with mCherry.

Research Kinetics of Carbonate Aerosols in Carboxylic Acid Environments
Kristiana A. Watson, Bryant N. Fong, and Hashim Ali, Ph.D.
Arkansas State University
Aerosols, solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere, play a vital role in our
changing climate. Our understanding of the behavior of carbonate aerosols in carboxylic acid
environments is still limited. Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)
and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to analyze the reaction of
carbonate aerosols with common carboxylic acids including oxalic, malonic and succinic
acids. Identified products include carbon dioxide and other gas phase species. At lower
concentrations
of carbonate aerosols, more gas product is produced while greater concentrations of
carbonates have lower concentrations of gases which suggest a sequestering process.
Aerosols’ effect the Earth’s ecosystem by changing the global reflectance properties of the
atmosphere depend on their chemical composition. They may also cause adverse health
effects with increased concentrations associated with urban activities such as traffic
congestion and/or industrial emissions. This study was performed to characterize and
compare the chemical composition of aerosols found in rural and urban NE Arkansas areas.
Aerosol samples were collected at two sites 40 miles apart using a mini-particle collector and
analyzed using ion chromatography in Jonesboro an urban center, and Joiner a rural town.
The majority of aerosols collected contained chlorine, fluorine, bromine, nitrate, phosphate
components. One sample collected from Jonesboro contain sulfate indicative of high
industrial activities.

75

Physiological Effects of Massage Therapy in College Students and the Elderly.
Hunter Wayland, Christine Dickson, Anneq Ahmad, Ph.D., T. David Bateman, Ph.D.
Henderson State University

Two studies are carried out to determine the physiological response to massage
therapy in the human body. The first study examines the effect of massage therapy
on the stress biomarker cortisol in college students. The physiological effect of a
ten-minute session of clothed Swedish massage therapy is measured using a
salivary cortisol enzyme assay. Massage therapy appears to significantly reduce the
cortisol levels of college students, with women experiencing more of a drop than
men. The second study seeks to determine the effect of hand massage on the mood
of elderly residents of a long-term care facility. Salivary oxytocin is measured via
enzyme assay to determine changes in mood. Hand massage does not appear to
significantly improve the mood of geriatric people.

Origins of Serial and Spree Murder
Dylan A. Weaver and Travis Langley, Ph.D.
Henderson State University
What creates a serial killer? Can a traumatic experience turn a good person into a serial
killer? History indicates no it cannot, and yet fiction keeps depicting normal people going on
killing sprees after a single bad day. In the Batman comics, the character Victor Zsasz tries
to make meaning of the world so that his tragic experiences feel like they make sense. He
kills people to “relieve them of the burden of life” and cuts a tally mark on his body for each
victim. Is he delusional, obsessive compulsive, narcissistic, psychopathic, sadistic, or too
unlike any real human being to diagnose? By comparing specific story details to the
American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 criteria, we can assess this character’s possible
mental illness. By also comparing the character to real world killers, especially visionary and
mission-oriented serial killers, we can assess this character’s realism.

Recolonization of Meiofauna after Physical Disturbance in a Gravel Bed
Stream
Melissa K. Welch, Laura Berryman, Shrijeeta Ganguly, and Arthur V. Brown, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas
Meiofauna play important roles within streams and have patchy distributions indicating that
they are both sensitive to changes in habitat and able to move selectively to optimize
conditions. We performed a controlled experiment to evaluate the recolonization of a
physically disturbed area of a gravel bed stream by meiofauna. We established control and
treatment areas in a uniform flat of Chambers Spring, sampled both areas, disturbed the
treatment area with a rototiller and hand implements, re-sampled the disturbed plot, and
periodically sampled both plots for 14 days. Surprisingly, the before and after disturbance
densities were not significantly different (p >0.05). There were significant differences in
meiofauna abundance, diversity and evenness between the control and disturbed plots (p <
0.05). Taxa-specific responses were observed in response to disturbance and time. Rotifers
and nematodes densities were the most significantly altered by the disturbance (p < 0.05).
For those taxa that were affected by the disturbance, their abundance, diversity and

76

evenness returned to pre-disturbance levels within one week. Some meiofauna taxa
recolonize disturbed areas rapidly.

Stopover Foraging Ecology of Swainson's Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus)
During Spring Passage Migration Through Arkansas
Shannon Wiley1, Ragupathy Kannan1, Douglas A. James2, Anant Deshwal2
1University of Arkansas - Fort Smith
2University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
The stopover foraging ecology of Swainson’s Thrushes on spring passage migration was
studied in W. Arkansas in the spring of 2013 and 2014. Observations were made in two
forested field sites, one of them urban and the other suburban. The former had a
significantly higher woody stem area (cm2) than the latter. For each foraging bservation, the
following three parameters were noted: Foraging Stratum (Ground, Shrub, Sapling, Sub
canopy, and Canopy); Foraging Substrate (Ground/Litter, Herb, Foliage, Bark, and Air); and
Foraging Maneuver (Glean, Probe, Dive/Glean, Hover, Jump Hover, and Hawking). We tested
the hypotheses that these foraging variables differed significantly between the urban and
suburban sites, and between the two years. These hypotheses were rejected for all three
parameters. The consolidated data from both the sites and years revealed that a
significantly higher proportion (67%) of the observations were on the Ground stratum,
compared to the Shrub (13.7%) and Sapling strata (13%) (n=637 observations). Similarly, a
significantly higher proportion (66%) of the foraging substrate used was Ground/Litter,
followed by Foliage (16.7%) and Bark (15.8%) (n=637 observations). Gleaning was the most
common foraging maneuver used (71.5%), and was significantly higher than Probing
(12.3%) and Dive Gleaning (8.4%). The fact that the foraging tactics did not vary
significantly between the two sites with significantly different vegetation structure suggests
that Swainson’s Thrushes are flexible in habitat choice during migration. Conservation
efforts of this declining species should therefore be directed more on habitats in
their breeding and wintering grounds than those on passage migration.

The Use of a Dinuclear Molybdenum Oxalate Quinolinium Salt as an
Oxidizing Agent
Jake G. Windley and Burt Hollandsworth, Ph.D.
Harding University
A dinuclear molybdenum oxalate quinolinium salt was synthesized as part of a CHEM 450
lab. The complex had potential as an oxidizing agent due to possessing two molybdenum
atoms in a +6 oxidation state. The oxidative ability of the compound was analyzed by
reactions with 1-octanol, 2-butanol, cyclohexanol,benzyl alcohol, and styrene. These
reactions were also carried out with other common oxidizing agents for comparative
purposes. In general, the complex was shown to be a reasonably effective oxidizing agent,
comparing favorably to other
reagents when dealing with non-hindered alcohols.

Atmospheric and Solar Laboratory at Harding

77

Kyung Yoon and Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Harding University
A Solar and Atmospheric Laboratory is being created at Harding University to place another
point on the world-wide grid. We strive to produce accurate and useful data to establish a
baseline for global climate change studies. One of the spectrographs used is a StellarNet
Black Comet which is a fiber-fed ultraviolet-visible-near infrared instrument that records
spectra in the range of 200 to 1000 nm. A second instrument, also fiber-fed, is a StellarNet
Red Wave Spectrograph that operates in the near infrared range from 1000 nm to 1650 nm.
These two instruments work in tandem and are programmed to make episodic data
collection at specified times throughout the day. The two data collection fibers, one from
each instrument, have been spliced into the same connector and connected to a single fiber
mounted vertically outside the building. Presently, water vapor and oxygen measurements
are being emphasized over other atmospheric gases until our protocols have been improved
to the point where we can accurately extract carbon dioxide spectra.

Comparing the Effect of a Hemispherical Dome and a Rectangular Prism
Building on Tornado Wind Using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
Simulation.
Majdi A. Yousef and Panneer R. Selvam, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas
Nearly 1200 tornados are reported annually in the US. The annual damage caused by
tornados can exceed 400 million dollars. Some research has been done to study the wind
flow around buildings. For a regular straight wind, the forces on buildings are available for
standards or thought wind tunnel, whereas the tornado forces on buildings are still under
research. Some work of the tornado forces effect on a cubic building is reported using
computer modeling. However, still other studies of the tornado forces effect on different
shapes like a dome is not available. In the current study, the effect of a dome building on
tornado forces is studied using computer model. The effect of hemispherical dome and
rectangular prism buildings having same plan area and height on tornado force coefficients
are compared. To study the tornado wind effect, a three dimensional CFD model, based on
large eddy simulation, is utilized to numerically simulate interaction between a traveling
tornado-like vortex and a building. The Rankine Combined Vortex Model is implemented to
model the tornado wind field. This work describes the results of the tornado wind effect on
dome and rectangular prism buildings. The conclusions drawn from this study are illustrated
by various visualizations. The numerical results show the force coefficients on a rectangular
prism building are almost double the forces coefficients on a dome building due to tornado
wind. This study might inform the standers to provide a better buildings design especially in
tornados regions.

An Inversion Algorithm with Bayesian Formulation
Yijun Yu
Philander Smith College
A Bayesian formalism is considered for inverting for the parameters of a heterogeneity
profile based on measured scattering data. In the Bayesian framework considered here, it is
assumed that there will be a mismatch between the measured data and the model

78

employed, with the error represented as a random process. This statistical formalism yields
a likelihood function. A prior is imposed on the parameters to be inverted, also hyperpriors
are imposed on hyperparameters. Under this hierarchical Bayesian modeling, the full
posterior is approximated as a multi-dimensional Gaussian distribution. The mean of this
distribution may be used as a point estimate of the heterogeneity profile, with the
covariance matrix providing associated “error bars” (a measure of confidence in the
inversion). Finally simplifying the algorithm further through integrating out one
hyperparameter. Here the basic Bayesian inversion framework is presented, with example
results presented for subsurface-sensing problems.

Model Identification and Wall-Plug Efficiency Measurement of White LED
Modules
Ahmed Zurfi, Jing Zhang, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
In this work, an experimental method is developed to measure the Wall-Plug efficiency of
white LED modules without using any apparatus or sensors to measure the intensity of light.
The tested LED module consists of a white LED chip affixed on a heat sink. The proposed
method is mainly based on thermal and electrical models of the LED module. Therefore,
measurements of thermal and electrical power are implemented instead of optical power.
The presented method is not intended to replace the existing conventional techniques used
to obtain optical and thermal characteristics of LEDs, but it provides a way to measure the
Wall-Plug efficiency of white LED
modules under practical operational conditions. First, the efficiency model of the LED module
is identified. Then, wall-plug efficiency is calculated based on the identified model at
operating conditions of different temperature and input current. The developed testing
system consists of the LED module-under-test and a heater installed on a heat sink identical
to the heat sink of the LED module. An automatic temperature controller is developed to
control the temperature of the heater’s heat sink and maintain it equal to the temperature of
the heat sink of the tested LED module. Tests and measurements are implemented in
LabVIEW environment.

79

Index of all Authors
Alphabetical by first name
, C.T. McAllister4, 64
A.K. Meredith, 11, 40
Aaron Meridith, 66
Abby Fain, 18, 35
Addison T. Ochs, 21, 52
Ahmed Zurfi, 11, 24, 57, 69
Alice Cardona-Otero, 17, 26
Allen Leible, 8, 32
Allie Davis, 10, 46
Allison Surf, 8, 10, 46, 61
Anant Deshwal, 67
Anneq Ahmad, Ph.D., 15, 66
Anwar Bhuiyan, Ph.D., 9, 36
Arthur V. Brown, Ph.D., 24, 66
Ashley R. Bles, 13, 29
Autumn Webb, 22, 56
Blake Sasse, 63
Brad A. Rowland, Ph.D., 19, 36
Brandon M. Daughety, 15, 39
Brennan M. Thomason, 16, 62
Brett Serviss, Ph.D., 8, 32
Brian C. Maulden, 13, 46
Brittany A. Freeman, 12, 36
Bryant Fong, 7, 10, 19, 22, 43, 51, 59, 60
Bryant N. Fong, 23, 65
Burt Hollandsworth, Ph.D., 67
C. Hudson, 47
C.R. Bursey, 48
C.T. McAllister, 49
C.T. McAllister1, 8, 20, 21, 47, 48, 49
Caitlyn Gosch, 14, 34
Charles Mebi, 9, 36
Charli N. Davis, 7, 33
Charlotte Wetzlar, 14, 34
Chase Elkin, 10, 37
Chowdhury, P., 45, 53
Chris J. Sheldon, 22, 58
Chris S. Thigpen, 8, 63
Christian T. Buechel, 18, 30
Christine Dickson, 15, 66
Christopher G. Sims, Ph.D., 7, 27
Christopher S. Thigpen, 23, 61, 62
Colby Smith, 7, 44
Coley R. Henson, 13, 39
Conner Harris, 9, 39
Connor A. Goodson, 19, 37
Connor D. Purvis, 15, 55
Cynthia A. Fuller, Ph.D., 18, 21, 30, 50

80

Cynthia Robinson, 22, 56
D. Motriuk-Smith, 47
D.A. Neely, 48
D.A. Saugey, 64
D.B. Sasse, 64
D.G. Cloutman, 48
Dale A. Amos, Ph.D., 19, 40
Daniel Bullock, Ph.D., 9, 31
Daniel H. Schwartz, 16, 58
Daniel Morgan, 21, 50
Darian N. Sisson, 13, 58
David Bateman, 2, 73
David May, 10, 46
Declan Mulhall, 21, 51
Dennis Province, Ph.D., 10, 15, 41, 54
Dillon C. Hall, 13, 37
Dobretsov , M., 45
Dobretsov, M., 53
Douglas A. James, 67
Duane Jackson, Ph.D., 11, 42
Duy Ha, 10, 37
Dylan A. Weaver, 23, 66
Dylan Campbell, 10, 46
E. Morehead, 21, 50
Edmond W. Wilson, Ph.D., 10, 11, 15, 16, 28,
39, 42, 55, 59, 62, 64, 67
Elisa Neibling, 19, 41
Elizabeth Margulis, Ph.D., 19
Emilie Beltzer, Ph.D., 12, 17, 27, 34
Emily Culpepper, 18, 33
Emily J. Blanton, 18, 29
Emily J. Valerio, 11, 64
Emily R. Reynebeau, 22, 56
Erica L. Chafton, 18, 31
Ericka Vogel, 23, 65
Ethan Holicer, 8, 32
Fontaine Talyor, 9, 25
Frank Hahn, Ph.D., 9, 25
Franklin D. Hardcastle, Ph.D., 9, 38, 39
Freddie Rivera, 22, 54
Frederica Davidson, 17, 28
Georgia W. Hodges, 12, 56
Gija Geme, Ph.D., 21, 22, 52
Griffith, M. R., 53
Griffithm, R., 45
Gunnar A. Klemmer, 10, 45
H.W. Robison, 47, 48, 49, 64
H.W. Robison1, 14

H.W. Robison3, 14, 20, 21, 47
Hashim Ali, Ph.D., 7, 19, 23, 43, 51, 65
Heather R. Southe, 22, 59
Helen Beneš, 23, 60
Hunter Wayland, 15, 66
Hussain Sayed, 11, 57
Ismaeel A. Al-Baidhany, 17, 26
Itzela Cruz, 14, 34
J. Steve Oliver, 12, 56
J.D. Konvalina, 20, 45
Jackson R. Petty, 10, 54
Jacques Iragena, 9, 25
Jake G. Windley, 67
Jakyra Austin, 17, 26
James Engman, Ph.D., 14, 34
James Lowe, 10, 46
James Peck, 8, 32
Jana Strom, 19, 41
Janet Lanza, Ph.D., 12, 56
Jarrod D. Brown, 30
Jean E. Aycock, 7, 27
Jennifer Bouldin, Ph.D., 18, 32
Jennifer L. Bouldin, Ph.D., 7, 20, 43, 44
Jennifer R. Sullivan, 10, 60
Jerry Jones, 19, 43
Jesse B. Kitchens, 7, 44
Jessica Young, Ph.D., 11, 55
Jillian F. del Sol, 7, 33
Jim Taylor, Ph.D., 18, 35
Jing K. Zhang, Ph.D., 57
Jing Zhang, 11, 24, 57, 69
Jing Zhang, Ph.D., 11, 24, 69
Jinming Huang, Ph.D., 22, 56
John D. Konvalina,, 23, 61
Jordan Burt, 7, 44
Jordyn Radke, 21, 50
Joseph C. Neal, 8, 59
Josh Ficut, 19, 36
Joshua Vangilder, 9, 23, 51, 64
Juan D. Serna, Ph.D., 21, 51
Justin Hunn, 15, 41
Karen Fawley, 17, 19, 22, 26, 28, 35, 54
Kari Naylor, Ph.D., 23, 65
Kayla Wood, 9, 23, 51, 64
Kelsey D. Ray, 11, 55
Kesha Pilot, 18, 30
Kevin R. Lewelling, Ph.D., 16, 46, 58
Kiara V. Newhouse, 7, 51
Kimberly G. Smith, 8, 59
Kristiana A. Watson, 23, 65
Kyle Harvey, 10, 40
Kyung Yoon, 67
L.A. Durden, 64

Laura Berryman, 66
Lauren Clai, 21, 50
Laurence M. Hardy, Ph.D., 7, 38
Leah Efird, 14, 34
Lillian T. Howerton, 19, 40
Lina I. Bagwell, 23, 61
Lindsey M. Waddell, Ph.D., 20, 43
Linna J. Perkins, 22, 53
Linna, J. Perkins, 45
Logan E. Elmore, 18, 35
Logan Elmore, 12, 34
Logan Thomas, 8, 32
M. Hemmati, 11, 40
M.A. Barger, 48
M.B. Connior, 47, 48, 64
M.V. Plummer, 20, 45
Maegen L. Sloan, 10, 59
Majdi A. Yousef, 68
Malissa M. Hoehn, 15, 39
Maqsood Ali Mughal, 9, 51
Maqsood Mughal, 23, 64
Margaret Tudor, Ph.D., 8, 31
Mark Barbee2, 14, 63
Martin J. Campbell, Ph.D., 17, 18, 26, 30, 32
Marvin Fawley, 17, 19, 22, 26, 28, 35, 54
Mary A. Andrews, 17, 26
Mary K. Kilmer, 7, 44
Mary Stewart, Ph.D., 23, 60
Matt D. Baldwin, 12, 17, 27, 28
Matthew D. Moran, Ph.D., 7, 33
Matthew N. Strasser, 23, 60
Megan Fuller, 9, 36
Melissa K. Welch, 66
Michael Jason Newell, 9, 51
Michael Newell, 23, 64
Michelle L. Coley, 18, 33
Miguel Taylor, 17, 26
Mimi Rebein, 7, 33
Misty Hill, 22, 54
Molly E. Kennon, 20, 43
Natalie Skinner, 7, 33
Nathan Reyna, Ph.D., 7, 44
Nawfal S. Ahmed, 11, 25
Nelsha Peterson, 22, 54
Nicole Nichiniello, 21, 51
Nicole Poe, 7, 44
O'Dell R. Perry, 13, 53
Oktawia Clem, 18, 32
Olivia Vogel, 23, 65
Osman A. Martinez, 16, 46
Panneer R. Selvam, Ph.D., 16, 68
Payten Frunzi, 21, 50
R. Horn, 11, 40

81

R. Panneer Selvam, Ph.D., 11, 25
R. Tumlison, 49, 64
R. Tumlison2, 21
R.S. Seville, 47
Rachel A. Beeman, 15, 28
Rachel K. Humble, 19
Rachel M. Rowland, 12, 56
Ragupathy Kannan, 67
Rathinam P. Selvam, Ph.D., 23, 60
Raven D. Gonzalez, 19, 37
Renn Tumlison, 8, 10, 46, 61, 63
Renn Tumlison1, 14, 63
Robert Engelken, Ph.D., 9, 51
Robert Engelken, Ph.D., 23, 64
Robert L. Ficklin, 22, 58
Roberto Bernal, 17, 28
Robin M. Verble-Pearson, Ph.D., 14, 53, 64
Ronald L. Johnson, Ph.D., 7, 29
S.E. Trauth, 20, 45
S.W. Chordas III, 49
Sami S. Chiad, Ph.D., 17, 26
Samuel A. Schratz, 23, 61
Samuel Vincent, 22, 54
Sarah Holt, 10, 40
Sarah Jensen, Ph.D., 18, 30
Seth McBroom, 8, 32
Seth St. John, 23, 60
Seth W. Pearson, 14, 53
Shannon Wiley, 67
Shelby B. Chappell, 18, 32
Shelby Chappell, 7, 44
Shelby V. Sorrells, 16, 59
Shomari Hunter, 11, 42
Shrijeeta Ganguly, 66
Shyam Thapa, 9, 23, 51, 64

82

Stacy D. Wilson, Ph.D., 22, 58
Stan E. Trauth, 8, 63
Stanley E. Trauth, Ph.D., 23, 61, 62
Stefan jaronski, 18, 30
Stephanie J. Inabnet, 16, 42, 62
Stephen Grace, Ph.D., 21, 50
Steven Adams, 9, 25
Steven H. Jacobs, 12, 42
Susie Brown, 18, 30
Sydney Grant, 8, 32
T. David Bateman, Ph.D., 10, 15, 46, 66
T.J. Fayton, 48
Taylor Lee, 14, 34
Terance A. Carter, 8, 31
Tiffany Graves, 8, 32
Tiffany Hunnicutt, 19, 41
Tiffany R. Pitcock, 22, 55
Tillman Kennon, Ph.D., 10, 60
Tillmen Kennon, Ph.D., 22, 59
Timothy S. Wakefield, Ph.D., 19, 41
Travis D. Marsico, 23, 62
Travis Langley, Ph.D., 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 23,
28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 46, 53, 55,
56, 58, 66
Tyler Kee, 20, 43
Tyler L. Childs, 8, 32
Vincent K. Dunlap, Ph.D., 10, 37, 40
W. F. Font, 47
W.C. Childs, 11, 40
W.F. Font, 48
Walker, A.H., 45, 53
Wasmaa A. Jabbar, 17, 26
William J. Brockway, 7, 29
Wray Devon, 23, 60
Yijun Yu, 68

Meeting Announcements

23nd Annual
Arkansas Undergraduate Research
Conference
T.B.D.
Henderson State University
Call for abstracts in Mid-October
Abstract Deadline Early March
For all information, to submit your abstract, and to
register,
www.hsu.edu/undergraduate-research
For information, contact Dr. David Bateman, [email protected]

100th Annual Meeting of the Arkansas
Academy of Sciences
Fayetteville, AR
Date: TBD
See the Arkansas Academy Website for further
information.
http://arkansasacademyofsci.ipage.com/