95973811 GPS Tracking System Project Report

GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

(1)INTRODUCTION
(1.1) WHAT IS GPS TRACKING SYSTEM?
A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine
the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to
record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The recorded location data can be
stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location data base,
or internet-connected computer, using a cellular (GPRS), radio, or satellite modem
embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's location to be displayed against a map
backdrop either in real-time or when analysing the track later, using customized
software.
A GPS tracking system uses the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network.
This network incorporates a range of satellites that use microwave signals which are
transmitted to GPS devices to give information on location, vehicle speed, time and
direction. So, a GPS tracking system can potentially give both real-time and historic
navigation data on any kind of journey.
A GPS tracking system can work in various ways. From a commercial perspective,
GPS devices are generally used to record the position of vehicles as they make their
journeys. Some systems will store the data within the GPS tracking system itself
(known as passive tracking) and some send the information to a centralized database or
system via a modem within the GPS system unit on a regular basis (known as active
tracking).
 A PASSIVE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM will monitor location and
will store its data on journeys based on certain types of events. So, for
example, this kind of GPS system may log data such as turning the ignition on
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or off or opening and closing doors. The data stored on this kind of GPS
tracking system is usually stored in internal memory or on a memory card
which can then be downloaded to a computer at a later date for analysis. In
some cases the data can be sent automatically for wireless download at
predetermined points/times or can be requested at specific points during the
journey.
 AN ACTIVE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM is also known as a real-time
system as this method automatically sends the information on the GPS system
to a central computer or system in real-time as it happens. This kind of system
is usually a better option for commercial purposes such as fleet tracking and
individual vehicle tracking as it allows the company to know exactly where
their vehicles are, whether they are on time and whether they are where they
are supposed to be during a journey. This is also a useful way of monitoring
the behavior of employees as they carry out their work and of streamlining
internal processes and procedures for delivery fleets.

(1.2) WHAT IS GPS?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting
satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military
developed and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system, but
soon opened it up to everybody else.
Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about
12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are
arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites
"visible" in the sky.

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A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the distance
to each, and use this information to deduce its own location. This operation is based on
a simple mathematical principle called trilateration.

(Photo courtesy U.S. Department of Defense Artist's concept of the GPS satellite constellation)

Figure (1.2.1)
In order to make the simple calculation of the location, then, the GPS receiver has to
know two things:
 The location of at least three satellites above you
 The distance between you and each of those satellites

(Photo courtesy Garmin The Street Pilot II, a GPS receiver with built-in maps for drivers)

Figure (1.2.2)

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The GPS receiver figures both of these things out by analyzing high-frequency, lowpower radio signals from the GPS satellites. Better units have multiple receivers, so
they can pick up signals from several satellites simultaneously.
You can use maps stored in the receiver's memory, connect the receiver to a computer
that can hold more detailed maps in its memory, or simply buy a detailed map of your
area and find your way using the receiver's latitude and longitude readouts. Some
receivers let you download detailed maps into memory or supply detailed maps with
plug-in map cartridges.
A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on a map at any particular location,
but will also trace your path across a map as you move. If you leave your receiver on,
it can stay in constant communication with GPS satellites to see how your location is
changing. With this information and its built-in clock, the receiver can give you
several pieces of valuable information:
 How far you've traveled (odometer)
 How long you've been traveling
 Your current speed (speedometer)
 Your average speed
 A "bread crumb" trail showing you exactly where you have traveled on the
map
 The estimated time of arrival at your destination if you maintain your current
speed

(1.3) TYPES OF GPS TRACKING SYSTEM:
Three Types of GPS Tracking Units are there.
There are currently three categories of GPS tracking units. The categories are split into
how GPS data is logged and retrieved.

Data Loggers
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Data loggers are usually the most basic type of GPS tracking; a GPS data logger
simply logs the position of the object at regular intervals and retains it in an internal
memory. Usually, GPS loggers have flash memory on board to record data that is
logged. The flash memory can then be transferred and accessed using USB or accessed
on the device itself. Usually data loggers are devices used for sports and hobby
activities. They might include devices that help log location for hikers, bikers and
joggers.

Data Pushers
Data Pushers are GPS tracking units that are mainly used for security purposes. A data
pusher GPS tracking unit sends data from the device to a central database at regular
intervals, updating location, direction, speed and distance.
Data pushers are common in fleet control to manage trucks and other vehicles. For
instance, delivery vehicles can be located instantly and their progress can be tracked.
Other uses include the ability to track valuable assets. If valuable goods are being
transported or even if they reside in a specific location, they can constantly be
monitored to avoid theft.
Data pushers are also common for espionage type tasks. It is extremely easy to watch
the movements of an individual or valuable asset. This particular use of GPS tracking
has become an important issue in the field of GPS tracking, because of its potential for
abuse.

Data Pullers
The last category of GPS tracking units is the data pusher units. These types of units
push data or send data when the unit reach a specific location or at specific intervals.
These GPS units are usually always on and constantly monitoring their location. Most,
if not all data puller unit also allow data pushing (the ability to query a location and
other data from a GPS tracking unit).

(1.4) FEATURES OF THE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM:
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Generally all of the GPS Tracking System has some of the common features that are
listed below: GSM/Gprs Module - It is used to send the location to the user online. In
some case, if the user wants the location through the internet then this module
is very useful. By the help of the GSM/GPRS module, we can send data real
time. It can be seen on the internet enabled any device as a PC, mobile phone,
PDA etc.
 Track Playback - Animates your driver's daily driven route so that you can
follow every move. The track animation line is color coded to indicate the
speed your driver was traveling during his route.
 Idle Time Report- Gives you an accurate report detailing when your driver
was stopped and has left the engine running on the vehicle. This report was
designed with input from our existing customers who were concerned about
high fuel bills.
 Track Detail - Provides you with a split screen view when reviewing your
driver's route. Stop and transit times, as well as speed information, are
displayed in the bottom pane. You can easily toggle between stops by clicking
the stop number on the track detail pane.

(1.5) GPS POSITION LOCATION PRINCIPLE:
The Global Positioning System is comprised of three segments: Satellite constellation
ground control/ monitoring network and user receiving equipment. Formal GPS joint
program office (JPO) programmatic terms for these components are space, operational
control and user equipment segments, respectively.
–

The satellite constellation contains the satellites in orbit that provide the
ranging signals and data messages to the user equipment.

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Figure 1.5.1
–

The operational control segment (OCS) tracks and maintains the satellites in
space. The OCS monitors satellite health and signal integrity and maintains the
orbital configuration of the satellite. Furthermore, the OCS updates the satellite
clock corrections and ephemerides as well as numerous other parameters
essential to determining user position, velocity and time (PVT).

–

The user receiver equipment performs the navigation, timing or other related
notation.

(1.6) GPS SIGNALS:
–

The satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) broadcast radio signals
to enable GPS receivers on or near the Earth's surface to determine location
and synchronized time. The GPS system itself is operated by the U.S.
Department of Defense for both military use and use by the general public.

–

GPS signals include ranging signals, used to measure the distance to the
satellite, and navigation messages. The navigation messages include
ephemeris data, used to calculate the position of each satellite in orbit, and

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information about the time and status of the entire satellite constellation, called
the almanac.

Basic GPS signals:
The original GPS design contains two ranging codes: the Coarse/Acquisition (C/A)
code, which is freely available to the public, and the restricted Precision (P)
code, usually reserved for military applications.

Coarse/Acquisition code:
The C/A code is a 1,023 bit deterministic sequence called pseudorandom noise (also
pseudorandom binary sequence) (PN or PRN code) which, when transmitted
at 1.023 megabits per second (Mbit/s), repeats every millisecond. These
sequences only match up, or strongly correlate, when they are exactly aligned.
Each satellite transmits a unique PRN code, which does not correlate well with any
other satellite's PRN code. In other words, the PRN codes are highly
orthogonal to one another. This is a form of code division multiple access
(CDMA), which allows the receiver to recognize multiple satellites on the
same frequency.

Precision code:
–

The P-code is also a PRN; however, each satellite's P-code PRN code is 6.1871
× 1012 bits long (6,187,100,000,000 bits, ~720.213 gigabytes) and only repeats
once a week (it is transmitted at 10.23 Mbit/s). The extreme length of the Pcode increases its correlation gain and eliminates any range ambiguity within
the Solar System. However, the code is so long and complex it was believed
that a receiver could not directly acquire and synchronize with this signal
alone. It was expected that the receiver would first lock onto the relatively

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simple C/A code and then, after obtaining the current time and approximate
position, synchronize with the P-code.
–

Whereas the C/A PRNs are unique for each satellite, the P-code PRN is
actually a small segment of a master P-code approximately 2.35 × 1014 bits in
length (235,000,000,000,000 bits, ~26.716 terabytes) and each satellite
repeatedly transmits its assigned segment of the master code.

–

To prevent unauthorized users from using or potentially interfering with the
military signal through a process called spoofing, it was decided to encrypt the
P-code. To that end the P-code was modulated with the W-code, a special
encryption sequence, to generate the Y-code. The Y-code is what the satellites
have been transmitting since the anti-spoofing module was set to the "on" state.
The encrypted signal is referred to as the P(Y)-code.

–

The details of the W-code are kept secret, but it is known that it is applied to
the P-code at approximately 500 kHz, which is a slower rate than that of the Pcode itself by a factor of approximately 20. This has allowed companies to
develop semi-codeless approaches for tracking the P(Y) signal, without
knowledge of the W-code itself.

(1.7)FREQUENCIES USED BY GPS SIGNALS:
–

All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal)
and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spreadspectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a highrate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite. The
receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the
actual message data.

–

The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million chips per
second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million
chips per second. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes,

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while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code. The P code can be
encrypted as a so-called P(Y) code which is only available to military
equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart
the precise time-of-day to the user.
Table 1.7.1: GPS Frequency Overview

Each composite signal (in-phase and quadrature phase) becomes:

where
data

and

represent signal powers;

and

represent codes with/without

.

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(1.8) GPS CALCULATIONS:
At a particular time (let's say midnight), the satellite begins transmitting a long, digital
pattern called a pseudo-random code. The receiver begins running the same digital
pattern also exactly at midnight. When the satellite's signal reaches the receiver, its
transmission of the pattern will lag a bit behind the receiver's playing of the
pattern.The length of the delay is equal to the signal's travel time. The receiver
multiplies this time by the speed of light to determine how far the signal traveled.
Assuming the signal traveled in a straight line, this is the distance from receiver to
satellite.

Figure 1.8.1: (A GPS satellite,Photo courtesy U.S. Army)
In order to make this measurement, the receiver and satellite both need clocks that can
be synchronized down to the nanosecond. To make a satellite positioning system using
only synchronized clocks, you would need to have atomic clocks not only on all the
satellites, but also in the receiver itself. But atomic clocks cost somewhere between
$50,000 and $100,000, which makes them a just a bit too expensive for everyday
consumer use.

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The Global Positioning System has a clever, effective solution to this problem. Every
satellite contains an expensive atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an ordinary
quartz clock, which it constantly resets. In a nutshell, the receiver looks at incoming
signals from four or more satellites and gauges its own inaccuracy. In other words,
there is only one value for the "current time" that the receiver can use. The correct time
value will cause all of the signals that the receiver is receiving to align at a single point
in space. That time value is the time value held by the atomic clocks in all of the
satellites. So the receiver sets its clock to that time value, and it then has the same time
value that all the atomic clocks in all of the satellites have. The GPS receiver gets
atomic clock accuracy "for free."
When you measure the distance to four located satellites, you can draw four spheres
that all intersect at one point. Three spheres will intersect even if your numbers are
way off, but four spheres will not intersect at one point if you've measured incorrectly.
Since the receiver makes all its distance measurements using its own built-in clock, the
distances will all be proportionally incorrect.
The receiver can easily calculate the necessary adjustment that will cause the four
spheres to intersect at one point. Based on this, it resets its clock to be in sync with the
satellite's atomic clock. The receiver does this constantly whenever it's on, which
means it is nearly as accurate as the expensive atomic clocks in the satellites.
In order for the distance information to be of any use, the receiver also has to know
where the satellites actually are. This isn't particularly difficult because the satellites
travel in very high and predictable orbits. The GPS receiver simply stores an almanac
that tells it where every satellite should be at any given time. Things like the pull of the
moon and the sun do change the satellites' orbits very slightly, but the Department of
Defense constantly monitors their exact positions and transmits any adjustments to all
GPS receivers as part of the satellites' signals.
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(1.9)GPS ACCURACY:
–

The accuracy of a position determined with GPS depends on the type of
receiver. Most hand-held GPS units have about 10-20 meter accuracy.

–

Other types of receivers use a method called Differential GPS (DGPS) to
obtain much higher accuracy.

–

DGPS requires an additional receiver fixed at a known location nearby.

–

Observations made by the stationary receiver are used to correct positions
recorded by the roving units, producing an accuracy greater than 1 meter.

–

When the system was created, timing errors were inserted into GPS
transmissions to limit the accuracy of non-military GPS receivers to about 100
meters.

–

This part of GPS operations, called Selective Availability, was eliminated in
May 2000.

(1.10) OBJECTIVE:
To locate the position of the any object or person attached with GPS receiver.

(2) LITERATURE REVIEW
(2.1) THEORY:
The GPS system belongs to the Department of Defense (DOD) and is officially known
as the NAVSTAR System (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging). Its primary
mission is to provide the U.S. Government and the Department of Defense the ability

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to accurately determine one’s position at any point on the earth’s surface, at any time
of the day or night, and in any weather condition. Sounds simple, but it took a number
of years and a commitment of over 12 billion dollars before the first GPS satellite was
deployed.
As originally envisioned, a minimum constellation of 24 satellites would be required to
meet the objectives of the GPS program. More than 24 would provide redundancy and
additional accuracy. Satellites would have a design life of 10 to 13 years, and would be
replaced as needed. The full complement of 24 operational satellites was finally
realized in 1994, more than 20 years after the system was originally proposed.
(Constellation of 24 GPS satellites)
Figure 2.1.1
Although GPS was originally envisioned for military use, it soon became obvious that
there would be numerous civilian applications as well. The first two major civilian
applications were marine navigation and surveying. Since then, a myriad of
applications have emerged, from personal positioning for scientific, commercial, and
recreational uses, to truck fleet management, map-based navigation aids for
automobiles and hand held computers, landing aids for aircraft, control of construction
and agricultural machinery and, in the near future, reporting of exact cell-phone
locations for emergency response purposes. As with many technologies, the uses of
GPS extend far beyond what the original designers envisioned. As receivers have
shrunk in size and weight and costs continue to drop, the number of users and
applications has grown rapidly.

(2.2) Components of the GPS System:
There are 3 main components to the GPS system. These components are known as
Segments, as follows:
 Space Segment - the satellites, also known as space vehicles or SVs
 Control Segment - ground stations run by the DOD
 User Segment - all users and their GPS receivers
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These three segments are illustrated schematically below.

Figure 2.2.1
• Space Segment: Twenty four separate individual satellites situated in their own
orbit above 11,000 nautical miles from the earth consists space segment.
• Control Segment: Control segment component is the control station which
works to check out the functions of satellite, whether these are properly working or
not. There are only five control stations situated in the entire world.
• User Segment: This component is made for the user. User can hold it in its hand
or it can be mounted in the car. It works as a receiver.

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Figure 2.2.2

(3) PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
(3.1) COMPLETE BLOCK DIAGRAM:
 ON BOARD BLOCK DIAGRAM:

GPS
Tx

ATMEGA 8
MICROCONTROLLER

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POWER
SUPPLY
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GPS
MODULE

LCD

Figure 3.1.1


OFF BOARD BLOCK DIAGRAM:

GPS
Rx

ATMEGA 8
MICROCONTROLLER

POWER
SUPPLY

LCD

Figure 3.1.2

(3.2) DESCRIPTION:
GPS Tracking System works on the principle of satellite communication. In On
board block diagram, there is GPS module. Intially, it takes the signal from the
satellite then it sends the command to ATMEGA 8 microcontroller. Then this
microcontroller, sends a signal to GPS transmitter that signal will also be displayed on
LCD screen, connected in on board diagram.

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Transmitted signal by GPS transmitter will be received by GPS receiver connected in
Off board block diagram. Then ATMEGA 8 microcontroller, sends the signal to
LCD, which will display the position of the receiver.
Two LCD’s are used in our project for matching purpose, accuracy if the position of
receiver is changed, then the new position can also be find.

S.NO
(1)

SPECIFICATIONS

RATINGS

QUANTITY

(4) SOFTWARE/HARDWARE
5V

GPS MODULE

1

AT MEGA 8
5V
2
REQUIREMENTS
AND
SPECIFICATIONS
MICROCONTROLLER

(2)
(3)

Table 4.1: Components Used
CAPACITORS
10 µF

6

(4)

RESISTANCES

18

(5)

LCD {16X2}

GPS TRANSMITTER
EN(6)
DEPARTMENT,
SRMGPC, LUCKNOW
(7)

GPS RECEIVER

(8)

IC 7805

(9)

LED

4.7 KΩ

2
433 MHz

1

433 MHz

1

5-18 V

2
3

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(4.1) DESCRIPTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT:
I. ATMEGA 8 MICROCONTROLLER :

a) FEATURES:
•

High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

•

Advanced RISC Architecture

 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Fully Static Operation
 Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
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•

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
 512Bytes EEPROM
 1Kbyte Internal SRAM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
 Programming Lock for Software Security
•

Peripheral Features

 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture mode
 Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Three PWM Channels
 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
 6-channel ADC in PDIP package
Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
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 Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
 On-chip Analog Comparator
•

Special Microcontroller Features

 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and
 Standby
•

I/O and Packages

 23 Programmable I/O Lines
 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF
•

Operating Voltages

 4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
•

Speed Grades

 0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)
•

Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25°C

 Active: 3.6mA
 Idle Mode: 1.0mA
 Power-down Mode: 0.5Μa

b) PIN DESCRIPTIONS:

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

VCC: Digital supply voltage.



GND: Ground.



Port B (PB7-PB0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2:

–

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are
externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if
the clock is not running.

–

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the
inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

–

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from
the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

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–

If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is
used as TOSC2.1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in
ASSR is set.



Port C (PC5-PC0):

–

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability.

–

As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the
pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.



PC6/RESET:

–

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.

–

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low
level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
Reset, even if the clock is not running.



Port D (PD7-PD0):

–

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability.

–

As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the
pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.



RESET:

–

Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.

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II.

CAPACITOR:
–

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal
electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator)

–

For example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a
thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits in many common electrical devices.

III. RESISTANCE:
– The electrical resistance of an electrical element is the opposition to the
passage of an electric current through that element; the inverse quantity is
electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes.
– Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical
notion of friction.
– The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance
is measured in siemens (S).

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–

An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its
resistivity and length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All
materials show some resistance, except for superconductors, which have a
resistance of zero.

IV. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):
–

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.

–

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD
has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

–

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display
etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is
the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

a)

PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin
No

Function

Name

1
2
3
4

Ground (0V)
Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V)
Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor
Selects command register when low; and data register when
high

Ground
Vcc
VEE
Register Select

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Low to write to the register; High to read from the register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given

Read/write
Enable
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
Led+
Led-

b)

8-bit data pins

Backlight VCC (5V)
Backlight Ground (0V)

PIN DIAGRAM:

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

V. VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805):
–

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of
fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator
IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value.

–

The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can
be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage
levels.

a) PIN DIAGRAM:

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Pin
No.

Function

Name

1
2
3

Input voltage (5V-18V)
Ground (0V)
Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)

Input
Ground
Output

VI. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:
–

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used
as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted
low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible,
ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

–

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy
gap of the semiconductor.
–

LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.

–

LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size,
faster switching, and greater durability and reliability.

–

LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require
more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp
sources of comparable output.

VII. GPS RECEIVER:
In any satellite receiver since the input power is of the order of picowatts and the
C/N to be maintained to get demodulated S/N above the threshold fixed for free
processing.

LOWSRMGPC,
NOISE LUCKNOW
EN DEPARTMENT,
BLOCK
CONVERTE
R

DIGITAL
BASEBAN
D
PROCESSO
R

Page 29

CPU

GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

I/O

LOCAL
OSCILLATOR

EXTERNAL
MEMORY

Figure 4.2: (GPS Receiver block diagram)
–

This block diagram shows the configuration of GPS receiver. To recover the
baseband cost’s loop is used with phase synchronization of local oscillator or
else the signal cannot be detected.

–

The required PN code is locally generated to detect the chip of the spread
spectrum received signal. This requires as many correlators as the visible
satellites. Most of the receivers have 12 correlators. Diversity reception is used
and the strongest signals are used for processing. The CPU uses software to
calculate XY and Z coordinates and hence find latitude, longitude and altitude.

(5) IMPLEMENTATION
(5.1) COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
 ON BOARD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Figure 5.1.1

 OFF BOARD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Figure 5.1.2

(5.2)WORKING:
–

Since ATMEGA 8 microcontroller needs 5V regulated supply hence we use a IC
7805 voltage regulator which converts 12V unregulated supply into 5V regulated
supply. LED‘s are used for indicate on purposes.

–

Intially, in On board diagram antenna connected to the GPS module receiver takes
signal from the satellite’s and then GPS module sends a command signal to the
microcontroller.

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

–

The GPS transmitter connected to the microcontroller senses these signal and then
transmits a signal which is received by the antenna of GPS receiver connected in
the Off board diagram then the GPS receiver sends a signal to microcontroller
sends these signal to the LCD for display purpose and then we can see the exact
location/position of receiver/object on the LCD in the terms of altitude, latitude,
longitude and time.

(5.3)PCB LAYOUT OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 GPS TRANSMITTER:

Figure 5.3.1
 GPS RECEIVER:

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Figure 5.3.2

(5.4) PICTURE OF HARDWARE LAYOUT:


ON BOARD:

EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Figure 5.4.1


OFF BOARD:

Figure 5.4.2

(5.5) Program to get latitude and longitude value from GPS
modem and display it on LCD:
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

/*
LCD DATA port----PORT A
signal port------PORT B
rs-------PB0
rw-------PB1
en-------PB2
*/
#define F_CPU 12000000UL
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#define USART_BAUDRATE 4800
#define BAUD_PRESCALE (((F_CPU / (USART_BAUDRATE * 16UL))) - 1)
#define LCD_DATA PORTA
#define ctrl PORTB
#define en PB2
#define rw PB1
#define rs PB0
void LCD_cmd(unsigned char cmd);
void init_LCD(void);
void LCD_write(unsigned char data);
void LCD_write_string(unsigned char *str);
void usart_init();
unsigned int usart_getch();
unsigned char value,i,lati_value[15],lati_dir, longi_value[15], longi_dir, alti[5] ;
int main(void)
{
DDRA=0xff;
DDRB=0x07;
init_LCD()
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

_delay_ms(50);
LCD_write_string("we at");
LCD_cmd(0xC0);
usart_init();
while(1)
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='$')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='P')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='A')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value==',')
{
value=usart_getch();
while(value!=',')
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

{
value=usart_getch();
}
lati_value[0]=usart_getch();
value=lati_value[0];
for(i=1;value!=',';i++)
{
lati_value[i]=usart_getch();
value=lati_value[i];
}
lati_dir=usart_getch();
value=usart_getch();
while(value!=',')
{
value=usart_getch();
}
longi_value[0]=usart_getch();
value=longi_value[0];
for(i=1;value!=',';i++)
{
longi_value[i]=usart_getch();
value=longi_value[i];
}
longi_dir=usart_getch();
LCD_cmd(0x01);
_delay_ms(1);
LCD_cmd(0x80);
_delay_ms(1000);
i=0;
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

while(lati_value[i]!='\0')
{
LCD_write(lati_value[j]);
j++;
}
LCD_write(lati_dir);
LCD_cmd(0xC0);
_delay_ms(1000);
i=0;
while(longi_value[i]!='\0')
{
LCD_write(longi_value[i]);
i++;
}
LCD_write(longi_dir);
_delay_ms(1000)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
void init_LCD(void)
{
LCD_cmd(0x38);
_delay_ms(1);
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

LCD_cmd(0x01)
_delay_ms(1);
LCD_cmd(0x0E);
_delay_ms(1)
LCD_cmd(0x80);
_delay_ms(1);
return;
}
void LCD_cmd(unsigned char cmd)
{
LCD_DATA=cmd;
ctrl =(0<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(1<<en);
_delay_us(40);
ctrl =(0<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(0<<en);
//_delay_ms(50);
return;
}
void LCD_write(unsigned char data)
{
LCD_DATA= data;
ctrl = (1<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(1<<en);
_delay_us(40);
ctrl = (1<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(0<<en);
//_delay_ms(50);
return ;
}
void usart_init()
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

{
UCSRB |= (1<<RXCIE) | (1 << RXEN) | (1 << TXEN);
UCSRC |= (1 << URSEL) | (1 << UCSZ0) | (1 << UCSZ1);
UBRRL = BAUD_PRESCALE;
UBRRH = (BAUD_PRESCALE >> 8);
unsigned int usart_getch()
{
while ((UCSRA & (1 << RXC)) == 0);
return(UDR);
}
void LCD_write_string(unsigned char *str)
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
LCD_write(str[i]);
i++;
}
return;
}
ConFigure Lcd = 16 * 2
ConFigure Lcdpin = Pin , Rs = Portb.7 , E = Portb.6 , Db4 = Portb.5 , Db5 = Portb.4 ,
Db6 = Portb.3 , Db7 = Portb.2
ConFigure Portb = Output
ConFigure Keyboard = Pind.6 , Data = Pinb.0 , Keydata = Keydata
'$GPGGA,012211.83,4119.6171,N,07730.0636,W,1,03,3.6,00522,M,,,,*36
Dim Gps As Byte , X As Byte , Lont(12) As Byte
Dim Flag As Bit
Dim Place(16) As Byte
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Dim Temp As Byte
Dim Mydata(12) As Byte
Dim Myplace(16) As Byte
Dim Eepromdata(12) As Eram Byte At &H01
Dim Eepromplace(16) As Eram Byte At &H10
'Buzzer Alias Pinb.1
Mark Alias Pind.2
ConFigure Mark = Input
'Set Pinb.1
Portb = &B0000000
For X = 1 To 12
Mydata(x) = Eepromdata(x)
Next
For X = 1 To 16
Myplace(x) = Eepromplace(x)
Next
Flag = 0
Looploops:
Cls
Cursor Off
Looploop:
Home
Upperline
Startloop:
If Mark = 0 Then Goto Mark_place
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "$" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "G" Then Goto Startloop
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "P" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "G" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "G" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "A" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "," Then Goto Startloop
For X = 1 To 6
Gps = Waitkey()
Next X
Timlop:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps = "," Then Goto Getlat
Goto Timlop
Getlat:
For X = 1 To 6
Getlat1:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps = "." Then Goto Getlat1
Lont(x) = Gps
Lcd Chr(gps);
If X = 2 Then Lcd ".";
If X = 4 Then Lcd ".";
Next X
Getlat2:
Gps = Waitkey()
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

If Gps <> "," Then Goto Getlat2
Gps = Waitkey()
Lcd Chr(gps) ; " ";
Gps = Waitkey()
Gps = Waitkey()
Lowerline
For X = 7 To 12
Getlon:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps = "." Then Goto Getlon
Lont(x) = Gps
Lcd Chr(gps);
If X = 8 Then Lcd ".";
If X = 10 Then Lcd ".";
Next X
Getlon1:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "," Then Goto Getlon1
Gps = Waitkey()
Lcd Chr(gps);
If Mydata(3) = Lont(3) Then
If Mydata(4) = Lont(4) Then
If Mydata(5) = Lont(5) Then
If Mydata(6) = Lont(6) Then
If Flag = 0 Then
Cls
Portb = &B0000010
For X = 1 To 16
Lcd Chr(myplace(x))
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Next
Wait 10
Cls
Flag = 1
Portb = &B0000000
End If
Else
Flag = 0
End If
End If
End If
End If
Goto Looploop
End
Mark_place:
Cls
Lcd " Enter the Name"
Lowerline
Cursor On Blink
For X = 1 To 16
Place(x) = &H20
Next
X=1
Mark_places:
Gps = Getatkbd()
If Gps = 125 Then Goto Looploops
If Gps = 13 Then
If X = 0 Then
Goto Mark_place
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Else
For X = 1 To 12
Eepromdata(x) = Lont(x)
Mydata(x) = Lont(x)
Next
For X = 1 To 16
Eepromplace(x) = Place(x)
Myplace(x) = Place(x)
Next
Cls
Lcd "Place Marked"
Flag = 1
Wait 2
Goto Looploops
End If
Elseif Gps > 0 Then
If X <> 17 Then
Lcd Chr(gps)
Place(x) = Gps
X=X+1
End If
End If
Goto Mark_places
Keydata:
'normal keys lower case
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 200 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , &H5E , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 113 , 49 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 122 , 115 , 97 , 119 , 50 , 0
Data 0 , 99 , 120 , 100 , 101 , 52 , 51 , 0 , 0 , 32 , 118 , 102 , 116 , 114 , 53 , 0
Data 0 , 110 , 98 , 104 , 103 , 121 , 54 , 7 , 8 , 44 , 109 , 106 , 117 , 55 , 56 , 0
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

Data 0 , 44 , 107 , 105 , 111 , 48 , 57 , 0 , 0 , 46 , 45 , 108 , 48 , 112 , 43 , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 92 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 13 , 0 , 0 , 92 , 0 , 0
Data 0 , 60 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 8 , 0 , 0 , 49 , 0 , 52 , 55 , 0 , 0 , 0
Data 48 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 125 , 0 , 0 , 43 , 51 , 45 , 42 , 57 , 0 , 0
'shifted keys UPPER case
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 81 , 33 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 90 , 83 , 65 , 87 , 34 , 0
Data 0 , 67 , 88 , 68 , 69 , 0 , 35 , 0 , 0 , 32 , 86 , 70 , 84 , 82 , 37 , 0
Data 0 , 78 , 66 , 72 , 71 , 89 , 38 , 0 , 0 , 76 , 77 , 74 , 85 , 47 , 40 , 0
Data 0 , 59 , 75 , 73 , 79 , 61 , 41 , 0 , 0 , 58 , 95 , 76 , 48 , 80 , 63 , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 96 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 13 , 94 , 0 , 42 , 0 , 0
Data 0 , 62 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 8 , 0 , 0 , 49 , 0 , 52 , 55 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
Data 48 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 43 , 51 , 45 , 42 , 57 , 0 , 0
HEX CODE GENERATED
:100000000AC018951895189518951895189518956B
:100010001895189518958FED8DBFC0ECE8EB4E2E16
:10002000DD275D2EEEE7F0E0A0E6B0E088278D93B7
:100030003197E9F78FE289B988E18AB9EAD2662473
:100040008FEF87BBB8988E988A9880E088BB81E054
:1000500080936100009161000C3010F009F011C034
:10006000E1E6F0E0A190E0E0F0E0EA0DA1E6AD907D
:10007000AFE7AA0DA9D3A1E68C918F5F8C9308F40A
:10008000E9CF81E08093610000916100003110F0C0
:1000900009F011C0E1E6F0E0A190EFE0F0E0EA0D38
:1000A000A1E6AD90ABE8AA0D8FD3A1E68C918F5F4E
:1000B0008C9308F4E9CF80916E008F7780936E0067
:1000C00097D28CE0EED28ED298D20027A0E38C910A
:1000D00082FB0EF401E040E0041709F001C051C1B9
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

:1000E00077D2A0E68C9384E2482F00916000041739
:1000F00009F401C0EACF6CD2A0E68C9387E4482FC4
:1001000000916000041709F401C0DFCF61D2A0E6BE
:100110008C9380E5482F00916000041709F401C01A
:10012000D4CF56D2A0E68C9387E4482F009160008C
:10013000041709F401C0C9CF4BD2A0E68C9387E421
:10014000482F00916000041709F401C0BECF40D2CF
:10015000A0E68C9381E4482F00916000041709F415
:1001600001C0B3CF35D2A0E68C938CE2482F00912A
:100170006000041709F401C0A8CF81E080936100FA
:1001800000916100063010F009F009C021D2A0E60C
:100190008C93A1E68C918F5F8C9308F4F1CF18D2E9
:1001A000A0E68C938CE2482F00916000041709F0C0
:1001B00001C001C0F4CF81E0809361000091610033
:1001C000063010F009F02BC003D2A0E68C938EE22B
:1001D000482F00916000041709F001C0F5CF80910D
:1001E0006000A1E6AD90A1E6AA0D8C93A0E68C91EB
:1001F00052D200916100023009F003C0ECEDF7E04B
:10020000EBD100916100043009F003C0ECEDF7E0A0
:10021000E3D1A1E68C918F5F8C9308F4CFCFD8D136
:10022000A0E68C938CE2482F00916000041709F43B
:1002300001C0F5CFCDD1A0E68C93A0E68C912BD256
:10024000EEEDF7E0C9D1C4D1A0E68C93C1D1A0E610
:100250008C93CCD187E080936100009161000C30D9
:1002600010F009F02BC0B4D1A0E68C938EE2482F99
:1002700000916000041709F001C0F5CF8091600083
:10028000A1E6AD90A1E6AA0D8C93A0E68C9103D2D5
:1002900000916100083009F003C0ECEDF7E09CD15B
:1002A000009161000A3009F003C0ECEDF7E094D151
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

:1002B000A1E68C918F5F8C9308F4CFCF89D1A0E613
:1002C0008C938CE2482F00916000041709F401C060
:1002D000F5CF7ED1A0E68C93A0E68C91DCD1409145
:1002E000640000918200041709F048C04091650045
:1002F00000918300041709F041C04091660000910D
:100300008400041709F03AC040916700009185000D
:10031000041709F02EC00027AEE68C9187FB0EF47F
:1003200001E040E0041709F023C062D182E088BBFD
:1003300081E08093610000916100003110F009F0CC
:100340000CC0A1E6AD90ABE8AA0D8C91A4D1A1E6BA
:100350008C918F5F8C9308F4EECFEAE0F0E050D1FF
:1003600047D180916E00806880936E0080E088BBEA
:1003700005C080916E008F7780936E00A4CEF894B4
:10038000FFCF36D1E0EEF7E027D130D18FE089D131
:1003900081E08093610000916100003110F009F06C
:1003A0000CC080E2A1E6AD90AEE6AA0D8C93A1E66A
:1003B0008C918F5F8C9308F4EECF81E08093610085
:1003C000AED1A0E68C93009160000D3709F001C01A
:1003D00077CE009160000D3009F05FC000916100A0
:1003E000003009F002C0CDCF57C081E0809361009A
:1003F000009161000C3010F009F01CC0E1E6F0E063
:10040000A190E0E0F0E0EA0DA1E6AD90A1E6AA0D32
:100410007BE7C9D1A1E6AD90A1E6AA0D8C91A1E63A
:10042000AD90AFE7AA0D8C93A1E68C918F5F8C9372
:1004300008F4DECF81E0809361000091610000311B
:1004400010F009F01CC0E1E6F0E0A190EFE0F0E070
:10045000EA0DA1E6AD90AEE6AA0D7BE7A4D1A1E638
:10046000AD90AEE6AA0D8C91A1E6AD90ABE8AA0DD9
:100470008C93A1E68C918F5F8C9308F4DECFB8D07B
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

:10048000E0EFF7E0A9D080916E00806880936E0065
:10049000E2E0F0E0B5D014CE1AC000916000003068
:1004A00010F009F001C013C000916100013109F49E
:1004B0000EC0A0E68C91EFD080916000A1E6AD90D7
:1004C000AEE6AA0D8C93A1E68C918F5F8C9378CFCA
:1004D0000000000000C800000000000000005E00F6
:1004E000000000000071310000007A736177320073
:1004F00000637864653433000020766674723500DA
:10050000006E626867793607082C6D6A75373800A7
:10051000002C6B696F303900002E2D6C30702B0071
:1005200000000000005C000000000D00005C000006
:10053000003C0000000008000031003437000000DB
:10054000302C323536387D00002B332D2A3900000F
:10055000000000000000000000000000000000009B
:10056000000000000051210000005A5341572200B2
:1005700000435844450023000020564654522500AD
:10058000004E424847592600004C4D4A552F28003E
:10059000003B4B494F3D2900003A5F4C30503F0033
:1005A000000000000060000000000D5E002A000056
:1005B000003E000000080000310034370000000059
:1005C000302C323536380000002B332D2A3900000C
:1005D0005F9BFECF8CB10895DDD0802D11F05BD0F4
:1005E000FBCF089582E05DD011D007C080EC59C0E8
:1005F00081E057D00BD080E854C080E852D00895F5
:1006000088EE93E07AD03197D9F7089583E099275F
:1006100074C08AEF90E071D0BA9ABB9ABC9ABD9A26
:10062000BE9ABF9AC79885E090E067D0C698C298F6
:10063000C398C49AC59AC69AEF93FF93E8E5F0E091
:1006400050D0FF91EF91C69855D0C69AEF93FF9383
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW

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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM

:10065000E8E5F0E046D0FF91EF91C6984BD0C69AFE
:10066000EF93FF93E8E5F0E03CD0FF91EF91C6985F
:1006700041D0C598C69AEF93FF93E8E5F0E031D0FA
:10068000FF91EF91C69836D088E20BD08EE009D06A
:1006900086E007D00895C79A829505D004D02AD065
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:0E07F000506C616365204D61726B65640000A2
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(6) TESTING ( TEST DATA)
 First of all check the continuity and short circuit of the PCB's.
 Before placing the IC test the power supply first.
 Place the power supply in the connector.
 Make the black terminal of the MM common on the ground of the supply
source and turn the knob to DC voltage range.
TESTING POINTS

OUTPUT

PIN-40 of Controller

+5V

PIN 3 of 7805

+5V

(6.1)Testing semiconductors with multimeters:
Before building any circuit is it a good idea to test every semiconductor you plan to
use in the project. This a good practice especially when reusing components from
old appliances. This short tutorial describes common procedures for testing of Si

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and Ge signal and rectifier diodes, zener diodes, LEDs for common failures like
shorts, leaks and opens.

(6.2) Testing signal and rectifier diode junctions:
A regular signal or rectifier diode should read a low resistance on an analog
ohmmeter (set on the low ohms scale) when forward biased (negative lead on
cathode, positive lead on anode) and nearly infinite ohms in the reverse bias
direction. A germanium diode will show a lower resistance compared to a silicon
diode in the forward direction. A bad diode will show near zero ohms (shorted)
or open in both directions.
–

Note: often, analog multimeters have the polarity of their probes

reversed from what you would expect from the color coding. Many of them
will have the red lead negative with respect to the black one.
–

On a digital multimeter, using the normal resistance ranges, this

test will usually show open for any semiconductor junction since the meter
does not apply enough voltage to reach the value of the forward drop.
–

Fortunately almost every digital multimeter will have a diode test

mode. Using this mode, a silicon diode should read a voltage drop between
0.5 to 0.8 V in the forward direction (negative lead on cathode, positive
lead on anode) and open in reverse. For a germanium diode, the reading
will be lower, around 0.2 - 0.4 V in the forward direction. A bad diode will
read a very low voltage drop (if shorted) or open in both directions.
–

Note: small diode leaks in the reverse bias direction are rare, but

they will often go unnoticed when using the diode test mode on the majority
of digital multimeters. To make sure the diode is good, you should make
one more measurement: using a high ohm range (2Mohm or higher) on
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your DMM, place the negative lead on the anode and the positive lead on
the cathode. A good Si diode (the most common type of diode in today's
circuits) will usually read infinite ohms. An older Ge diode may have a
much higher level of reverse leakage current, so it may show a non-infinite
value. When in doubt, try to compare the reading with measurements done
on a good diode of the same type.

(6.3) Testing LED’s:
LED diodes usually have a forward voltage drop too high to test with most
multimeters, so you should use a similar circuit as the one described above.
Make sure to use a power supply greater than 3V and a suitable current limiting
series resistor. A small current of 1-10 mA will be enough to light most LEDs
when connected in the circuit.

(6.4) Resistor Testing:
Instructions
–

Connect the black and red probes to the proper terminals on the face of the
multimeter. The black probe is connected to the "COM" terminal on the
multimeter, and the red probe is connected to the terminal marked with an ohm
symbol for resistance.

–

turn the multimeter dial to the resistance setting.

–

Power off the circuit containing the resistor you wish to measure. Never
measure a resistor in a circuit with a live current running through it.

–

Discharge any capacitors in the circuit by touching the leads of a spare, high
wattage resistor to the leads of the capacitors. Keep the leads jumped for
several seconds to fully discharge any stored power.

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–

Touch one multimeter probe to each lead of the resistor. If the leads are not
accessible, touch the probes to the point where the lead is soldered to the
circuit. Since resistors are not a directional component (electricity flows freely
in both directions across the component) you may connect either probe to
either lead of the resistor without altering your reading.

–

Observe the reading on the display. A good resistor should test within its rated
range. A bad resistor will either show infinite resistance or a measurement far
higher than its rated resistance. In either case the resistor is no longer
functioning properly.

(6.5) Capacitor Testing:
–

Testing- Testing capacitors can be tricky at best. The quick and easy way

for the average home electrician is to hook up your multimeter to the discharged
leads of the capacitor. You will have to find the polarity of the capacitor, and then
hook up the corresponding meter leads.
–

Unfortunately with most meters, unless it's very new or expensive, you will
only be checking if the capacitor is shorted or not. Also, in most cases, you will
need to take at least one lead off the circuit card. Once your leads are hooked
up as stated above, your readings should be: Any capacitor that measures a few
ohms or less is bad. Most should test infinite even on the highest resistance
range.

–

For electrolytes in the µF range or larger, you should be able to see the cap
charge when you use a high ohms scale with the proper polarity, the resistance
will increase until it goes to infinity. If the capacitor is shorted, then it will
never charge. If it is open, the resistance will be infinite immediately and won't

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change. If the polarity of the meter leads are reversed, it will not charge
properly either, which is why you must determine the polarity of your meter
and mark it, they are not all the same.

(7) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
(7.1) RESULT:
The location of the object has been found.

(7.2) DISCUSSIONS:
How does GPS works?
Global Positioning System satellites transmit signals to equipment on the ground. GPS
receivers passively receive satellite signals; they do not transmit. GPS receivers
require an unobstructed view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and they often
do not perform well within forested areas or near tall buildings. GPS operations
depend on a very accurate time reference, which is provided by atomic clocks at the
U.S. Naval Observatory. Each GPS satellite has atomic clocks on board.

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Figure 6.2.1
Each GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time. All
GPS satellites synchronize operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at
the same instant. The signals, moving at the speed of light, arrive at a GPS receiver at
slightly different times because some satellites are farther away than others. The
distance to the GPS satellites can be determined by estimating the amount of time it
takes for their signals to reach the receiver. When the receiver estimates the distance to
at least four GPS satellites, it can calculate its position in three dimensions.
There are at least 24 operational GPS satellites at all times. The satellites, operated by
the U.S. Air Force, orbit with a period of 12 hours. Ground stations are used to
precisely track each satellite's orbit.


Determining Position:
A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the satellites, because that information is
included in satellite transmissions. By estimating how far away a satellite is, the
receiver also "knows" it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere
centered at the satellite. It then determines the sizes of several spheres, one for each
satellite. The receiver is located where these spheres intersect.

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Figure 6.2.2

(8) ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND
LIMITATIONS
(8.1) ADVANTAGES:
• It Can be Used to Locate Lost Items
The crime rate keeps on increasing in every part of the world and a lot of highly
valuable objects have been, and will, be stolen. It doesn’t matter how irrelevant you
think an object or equipment is to others if it is something that is very expensive you
should make sure you install a GPS tracking system on it; for example, a $2 million
violin was once stolen from a café in London and the owner had a hard time finding it,
if the owner of this highly expensive violin had installed a GPS tracking system in her
violin it will be very easy for her to locate it.It is almost impossible to reduce the crime
rate in the world because new technologies are emerging and it is new technologies
that encourage crime and stealing; however, you can make it easier for you to track
any valuable object you own by installing a GPS tracker in it.
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Figure 7.1.1
It Can be Used to Track Things and People
One great function of a GPS system is that it can be used to track anything irrespective
of it being static or flexible, it can also be used to track people and animals
depending on what you need it for. Another great feature of a GPS system
that makes it better is the alarm system it has; for example, you can easily
install a GPS tracking system in a vault where valuable goods are so that you
can be alarmed anytime someone is trying to steal them.
You can also use the GPS technology to ensure things are going fine with people
working for you especially if they’re doing a job that requires a high level of
security and confidentiality; this will be able to track them anywhere they go
and when they go there.
It Can be Used Anywhere in the World
An added advantage of the GPS system is that it can be used anywhere in the world; it
doesn’t matter whether you’re in Africa or Asia the GPS technology is

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powered by the world satellites and this means it can be accessible anywhere;
all you need is a solid tracking system and a GPS receiver.

(8.2) APPLICATIONS:
GPS technology has matured into a resource that goes far beyond its original design goals.
These days people from a plethora of professions are using GPS in ways that make
their work more productive, safer, and sometimes even easier. There are five main
uses of GPS today:
Location- determining a basic position.
Navigation- getting from one location to another.
Tracking- monitoring the movement of people and things.
Mapping- creating maps.
Timing- providing precise timing.

Timing:
The first and most obvious application of any Location Based Service such as GPS is
the simple determination of a “position” or location. GPS was the first
positioning system to offer highly precise location data for any point on the
planet, in any weather. Knowing the precise location of something, or
someone, is especially critical when the consequences of inaccurate data are
measured in human terms.

Navigation:
GPS helps you determine exactly where you are, but sometimes it is more necessary to
know how to get somewhere else. Recall that GPS was originally designed to
provide navigation information for ships and planes. So it’s no surprise that

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while this technology is appropriate for navigating on water, it’s also very
useful in the air and on the land.

Tracking:
 GPS used in conjunction with communication links and computers can provide
the backbone for systems tailored to applications in agriculture, mass transit,
urban delivery, public safety and vessel and vehicle tracking. Therefore, more
and more police, ambulance and fire departments are adopting systems like
GPS- based AVL Manager to pinpoint both the location of the emergency and
the location of the nearest response vehicle on a computer map.
 With this kind of clear visual picture of the situation, dispatchers can react
immediately and effectively.

• Mapping:
Mapping the planet has never been an easy task, but GPS today is being used to survey
and map it precisely, saving time and money in this most stringent of all applications.
GPS can help generate maps and models of everything in the world, mountains, sea,
rivers, cities, and help manage endangered animals, archaeological treasures, precious
minerals and all sorts of resources, as well as accurately managing the effect of
damage and disasters.

• Timing:
GPS can also be used to determine precise to determine precise time, time intervals
and frequency. There are three fundamental ways we use time:
 As a universal marker,
 As a way to synchronize
 To provide an accurate, unambiguous sense of duration.

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(7.3) LIMITATIONS:
The following limitations are:
 Cost:
 Purchasing a GPS based on price can be a major disadvantage.
 If you purchase a "bargain GPS," you will get what you pay for, and features
such as traffic and up-to-date maps could be lacking.
 Directions:
 Turn-by-turn directions are not available on every type of GPS device.
 Some will give very little advanced notice before an upcoming turn.

 Accuracy:
 Maps on GPS devices are not updated in real time for all models.
 This means that it is possible a GPS device will direct you onto a road that is
closed or no longer exists. It could also miss new roads and businesses.
 Battery Life:
 GPS units that are not plugged into a power source, and rely on batteries,
which can drain quickly.
 This can increase the cost of owning a GPS unit significantly.

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(9) CONCLUSIONS
•

The technology of the Global Positioning System is allowing for huge changes
in society. The applications using GPS are constantly growing. The cost of the
receivers is dropping while at the same time the accuracy of the system is
improving. This affects everyone with things such as faster Internet speed and
safer plane landings.

•

Even though the system was originally developed for military purposes, civil
sales now exceed military sales (See Figure 8.1 below).

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Figure 8.1

(10) FUTURE OF THE PROJECT
With GPS tracking systems popping up in cell phones, watches, and shoes, there's no
doubt that GPS tracking devices are making their way into all walks of daily life.
Considering the increased popularity of GPS tracking systems, what can we expect
from the next generation of these tracking devices?

• Increased Business Use:
 Even as businesses are rapidly turning to GPS tracking systems to help them
with daily operations, such as vehicle tracking, employee monitoring, and theft
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prevention, we can only expect the use of GPS tracking systems to increase in
the next few decades.
 As technology continues to evolve, GPS tracking devices will continue to
decrease in size, increase in accuracy, and be utilized by even more businesses
as a common, yet powerful tool.
 Business Opportunities:
 As more businesses demand the conveniences and fiscal benefits offered by
GPS tracking systems, the demand for distributors of GPS tracking equipment
and service providers will certainly increase.
 GPS tracking systems represent an already profitable business opportunity that
will only expand as demand continues to rise.

•Advancements in Software:
 Already highly-sophisticated, GPS tracking software plays a key role in how
businesses use GPS tracking systems to meet their needs.
 As satellite mapping and computer imagery continue to advance, so will the
capabilities and applications for GPS tracking software.

• Personal Safety:
 Unfortunately, it seems that violent crimes and abduction are going to be a
horrible reality for this and future generations.
 Personal GPS tracking systems are already being used to enhance the safety of
many children and adults, and as GPS tracking systems continue to become
more affordable, it's likely that they'll be used even more for this purpose.

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