A Model Police Force For Developing Nations
Content
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16 June 1967
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SUBJECT:
A Model Pol i c e Force f o r Developing Nations
TO:
SEE DISTRIBUTION
The attached otudy, "A Model Police Force f o r Developing Naticns", is an e f f o r t to formalize what in the pa s t has been a
I.
approach to advising pol i c e forces in developing nations. Although the Army's rol e in such operations is by no means new, th is study provides a methodology he r e t of or e unavailable to the m i l i t a r y advi i or in the Aield. "beet
gue ss"
sn i n i t i a l e f f o r t to optimize an As orpan::.zational configuration based or the best a v a i l a b l e data. To a s s i s t in such, it is s ubj e c t to modification and improvement. thia e ffo rt, u s e r comments are welcomed and should be forwarded to Pol i c e Overseas Internal The Provost Marshal General, A t t e nt i on: Defense Branch, Military Police Plans nd Operaticns Division. 2.
1 Inel as
The study r e pr e s e nt s
/
A
C
fRRNER
Major General, USA The Provost Marshal
General
JUL 3 01968
Best Available Copy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The current "information
explosion" makes
it
possible
to
support research projects by a wealth of previously developed While the author owes much to the authors of such
material.
background material, beyond what is
currently
written.
For providing meaningful
the author owes a debt of
critiques
and technical
expertise
gratitude
to Colonel D.
R.
SCombat
Development Gordon,
I
people stand out as contributing fa r
five
Kuhn,
Command,
ABT Associates
State University
McLaren,
International
Inc;
Dingeman, Military
Commanding Officer, Police Agency; Mr.
Professors
W. H.
Major,
Mr.
Roy C.
Police
Corps
anid
Chiefs of Police.
Richard
I I I
Martin S.
Hewitt and C. Dana
of New York a t Farmingdale; Association of
USA
D. Miller Military
Il I i I I II I
I
The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate
the stormy present...
I
'I I I I I
to
Let us disenthrall ourselves."
Abraham Lincoln
1
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of Defense Analysis/WSEG Center for Research in Social Systems(CRESS) ABT Associates Inc. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) H.R.B. Singer Inc. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Association of Chiefs of Police Assoc for International Research (ATRINC) SIMULMATICS Inc.
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II
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_PARAGRAPH
CONTENTS -
I.
III.
Page P
PURPOSE IESIGN CRITERIA -1
2
EERAL 4III. METHOWWGY IV,
V. r *
V1.
2
ASSUMPTIONS-INTROIUCTIDN
3
-
-
--------------
3
A.
General-
B.
Current Police P r o b l e m s - - - - - - - -
6
C.
Police-Military Relationship
9
MOJEL FORCE ORGANIZATION -------------
12
A.
General -------------
12
B.
Organization - ------------
C.
Methodology -------------
D.
Basis for Police Model -]----------17
E.
Organization of Model -.-.-.---------
17
1. Administrative Services-------
19
2.
-----------
13
14
---------
a.
Plans - -----
b.
Training and Schools .......
---
Technical Services -------------
19 -20
21
3.
I
-----
a.
Records ---------------
b.
Communicatiorns -. - - - --------
21 21
Inspectional Services -- ---------..
2
a.
Inspections -- ---------------
b.
Intelligence --
c.
Personnel Inspection -- --------..
22
------- -- ---
24
ii
I
PARAGRAPH
VI.
MODEL FORCE ORGA14IZATION
E.
I
j 5.
VII.
Page
Organization of Model (Continued) 4.
F.
(Continued)
Line Division -
------
Division - ---------
25
a.
Patrol
h.
Operaitional Support Section -
Mlec cf-I i
nn(cous -- --------------
Model Ratios -
30
A. Operational Factors -- --------
39
---
B. Model Country -- ------------------
Structure -
39 40
1. Economy -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pol i t i c a l
27
27
DERIVATION OF FORCE STRUCTURE -------
2.
25
41
---
41
3.
Ethnic Background -- ----------
41
4.
Population -- ------------------
43
5.
Area -- ------------------------
43
6.
Topography -- ------------------
43
I
C. Computation of Police Strengths ------
44
D.Operational
54
Employment -- ----------
1. Rural - ---------------------------
j I
54
2.
Urban -- ---------------------------------------------
54
3.
General -
54
E. Coordination - ----
1
VIII.
FOOTNOTES -- --------------------------
60
IX.
BIBLIOGRAPHY -- ----------------------
62
APP INDI'.
I
it
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure
Pace
Title
1
Forms of Goverrment -----------------------------
4
2
Police Phasing-
8
3
Police Government Relationship - ------------------
11
4
Basic Police Structure --------
13
5
Survey Form -I-----
Model Poli('r;.
------
--------------
------------------
-
------------------------------
Organization,
1
National Level--.--.--.--
7-
Indicators - Police Operations --------
8
Functional Responsibilities of a Patrol Division-
9
Organization - Patrol Division --------
-
23
-----------
- -
28
29
-----------
10
Population per Police Employee (US Cities) --------
31
11
Selected Police Ratios by Geographical
33
Areas
-
-
-
12
Police-to-Population Ratios --------
13
Ratios of Functional within Police Departments ---------------------------------
II
Suhfun'tion-ll Activity
15
rTmpornin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
i6
Police SubdJstricts-
17
Typical Rural Police District --------
56
18
Typical Urban Police Force - -------------
57
19
National Govt/Police Relationship
59
Areas
34
US Urban
37
Ration -.-.-.-.---------------
-
18
.-
2
55
-----------------
il
I.
To design an e f f e c t i v e model for police forces of
PURPOSE:
dh(v(.lopinA nations which Includes a basic organization,
requirements, operational
securi t y 11
effective
but r e a l i s t i c supporting equipment,
and
methods of employment for the e n t i r e sphere of internal
operations.
Utnque posi t i on in roles,
tactical.
that
t hat
is;
The soci al
function as a basic
The p o l i t i c a l
In a devel,.p12,; nation operate frou, a
Polioe
DESIGN CRITERIA:
rvtated
t.raining
thevy function the social,
rol e of
social
rol e involves
in four separate but closely
political,
law enforcement
i n s t i t u t i o n ; an
adm i ni st rat i ve, involves
and
the police
agency of soci al control.
the police. as a government i n s t i t u t i o n ;
which ex*,rcises the government's
l egi t i m at e rig h t of
control.
Ilert
that tLi
police
stand as the center of power in governmental operations by
virtue
of th e ir securi t y mission.
the gap between
The adm i ni st rat i ve role bridg,,s
the .iational government and the v illa g e s and
people of the rural areas as well as the i nhabi t ant s of more sophi st i cat ed
urban areas.
operations necessary
The tactical
involves
to maintain the public peace.
design must include an internal incipient
role
those offensive
Thus,
intelligence capability
the Lorce to
detect
insurgency and a c a p a b i l i t y to cope with small scale bandi t ry
o r g u e rrilla
activity
police functions
in addition to the capability
endemic
to
to perform the
normal
the environment.
III.
GENERAL METHODOILOGY:
This study, through the technique
of comparative analysis, develops a model police force based on the socioeconomic and political aspects of varying world regions and subject to the instability projected in threat studies fo forr
the 1970-75 time-frame. factors outlined,
To insure maximum validity of developmental
various police structures are examined to ascertain
those organizational factors which are most prevalent in U S and
foreign police forces.
A brief examination is made of the various conditionE under which police may be utilized in a low intensity warfare environment.
The force structure and operational concepts are based on th e
following principles;
unity of command,
jurisdictional authority,
operational continuity,
organic support resources, operational
and environmental flexibility.
flexibility,
IV.
ASSUMPTIONS:
A.
That developing nations will desire to place the greatest
emphasis on the preventive aspects of internal defense.
B.
That the greatest threat to world stability will be th e
localized instability of nations whose impact on world
small,
stability is
disportionate to their actual importance in the world
hierarchy.
C.
, from the standpoint of effectiveness,
Th
national /cceptance,
economy,
and
police will continue to be the " f i r s t line of
in matters pertaining to internal security.
defense"
'A i
I V.
I i
IfTRODUCTIDN. A
eneral.
During the time frame under study the United
States Army will be irvol-G. in internal defense type operations to a degree hitherto unlaown.
Sthat,
as the threat chave beco••e?
Current threat analyses postulate
general war lessans because more nations
members of tb-
iuclear weapons family, the Comminnst
tu].o: will increase their efforts to subvert nations through th e
medium of internal revolution.
If this is the case, the U S Army,
s, cifically the Military Police, must be prepared to assume a
greater role in the creation, restoration, and maintenance of indigenous forces of law and order. To assume a larger role in the tangled and diverse international
scene will requf'-2
a knuwledge of the areas of operations,
the cultural
propensity tow0ed law and order, and the form of government. form may r
rige from the family system through the tribal,
country, or nation system.
from oligarchy to democracy.
This
city,
state,
The specific form of govornment may range (See figure 1.)
The economic form may
lie somewhere between sccialism and capitalism.
I
For the police to be able to do their job properly and effectively,
they must be aware of the effect of religion, the economic status of the nation involved,
and the difference in rural tribal systems and urban
advanced political systems.
police,
t Cron
1
While this study is primarily concerned with
both civilian and military,
the role of the police cannot be isolated
the realities of the world environment.
3
I I INDIVIDU&L FAMILY
TRIBE CITY STATE COUNTRY
NATION
The police role touches very
OLI CARCIlY
DEMOCRACY
MONARCIHY
LIMITED LONARCHY
DICTATORSHI P
REPUBLIC
THEOCRACY
PLURAL HEADSHIP
CAPITALISTIC
SOCIALISTIC
Figure 1
4
I
I
closely on the political, economic, system.
and social aspects of the world
The part and place which the police play in
an orderly society must be recognized.
Further, we must realize
that without law there is no order and without order men have Certainly, a system of orderly relationships is a
direction.
prtmary condition of human lif e at every level.
formalized in a code of laws.
Such a system is
Divergent interests are circumscribed
by these laws of the state that the courts interpret and apply.
But, there is a vast number of mores, taboos, and understanding that No
really reguJate the innermost workings of the system or society.
government makes these, no court applies them,
executive enforces them. ment must also operate.
This is
Thus,
and no political
the margin within which enforce-
it behooves those who work in th e
police field tc understand and appreciate these unwritten laws which in effect do more toward regulating a society than th e
enforcement element. W e have seen that
forr law and order is a basic prerequisite fo
the stability of all nations, but law (that is codified sterile
it
thing.
Without its counterpart,
is of l i t t l e effect.
to pragmatic reality.
study which touches on law and order mus forcus which assure the rule of law.
I
basic form,
is a
the enforcement element,
The enforcement element is
changes law from philosophical
wj
the force which Therefore, any
of necessity deal with th e
These forces are,
in their
the police.
The need f or law and order has been exhibited throughout centuries by each nat i on' s nociety
is developed,
the
development o f taboos and mores. law
order
th e
As th e
gradually evolved
enforce adherence to these conventions. created by these
more advanced economic
by some nations less fortunate
has in
rorces
The orderly environment
turn made possible
the
development of
The success
and p o l i t i c a l systems,
enjoyed
in achieving economic pr os pe r i t y has stimulated other soci et i es
o f r i s i n g expectations.
is,
to
paradoxically,
i nt o what has been described as
The first
a r e vol ut i on
t h i s revolutionary t i d e
victim of
the force charged with creating an environment of
order.
Destroying order is
it.
always a much easi er task than maintaining
Hence t h i s study poi nt s out some o f the problems of maintaining
order
in
the
developing nations as well as promoting a gr e a t e r aware-
ness of the police role in ensuring the rule of law.
It
Additionally,
dovelops a model upon which the advisor can base the development
of pollce forces
B.
in those
in which he may be committed.
Current Police Problems.
are poorly trained, zational
areas
st ruct ures,
records.
to b r u t a l i t y
are
to
corrupt
and venal,
have i n e f f i c i e n t
and have few,
if
any,
or are unknown,
they
too r e a di l y r e s or t
and other repressive measures to enforce obedience to These latws may,
the nat i on' s need.
:ourntrie:; whooe Judicial
in themselves,
This is
be outdated or
particularly
true of
those
systeomu were ori gi nal l y based on a colonial
6
power's legal system.
organi-
police personnel are illiterate and when
methods f a i l ,
the nat i on' s laws. Inadequate
are inadequately equipped,
In many cases,
standard police
The police of many developing nations
In many cases the laws required to control a
colony are in direct opposition to those required to regulate an independent soci et y. col oni al African
In general,
For instance,
countries
laws to enforce segregation in
are t o t a l l y i n t o l e r a b l e
many police forces
a f t e r independence.
are ill-p re p a re d
fo r the job which
may well se t the stage for the existence o r even the survi val o f t h e
government they support. most c r i t i c a l time, forces.
thsy are oft en decimated by the growing
For example,
Insurgency,
Because the pol i ce cannot do t h e i r job a t t h i s
in the first
days o f the Dominican Republic
ne a r l y o n e - t h i r d o f the National Police were
executed by the rebels.
In ot her countries,
the hat red of the population that even
to receive
little
to d e te rio ra te ,
if
o r no popular support in
pol i ce have
they
trapped an and d
so incurred
survive they can hope
t h e i r b a t t l e to contain an
as the pol i ce e f f o r t f a i l s and the situation continues
Thus,
insurgency.
insurgency
major m i l i t a r y forces must be committed to s t a b i l i s e th e
nation.
ItS milita ry force is
When
Instability,
ordered i n t o
a country torn by
the commander may find th a t the police force has been
decimated or is
a t l e a s t inoperative.
If
so,
he must take steps to
e s t a b l i s h new pol i ce forces or r e e s t a b l i s h the a u t h o r i t y o f th e existing
force.
This is
may requi re re c ru itin g ,
a complex and hi ghl y speci al i zed t ask. organizing,
equipping,
It
and t r a i n i n g pol i ce
personnel. If
the police
structure
has been t o t a l l y decimated,
US m i l i t a r y
forces must provide law and order during the interim period in
a new pol i ce force is
created.
7
which
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The creation of a structure for law and order must be based on
the resources available,
the cultural, political, and economic back-
ground o f the country and the s k i l l and knowledge of the organizing While the l oc a l environmental fact ors cannot be c ont r ol l e d,
agency.
knowledge and s k i l l of the organizing agency can and must be be..
the
Paragraph VI created or
provides
reorganized
police model provides
a model st ruct ure f or a police force being in a low i n t e n s i t y c o n f l i c t environment. a general organizational
c iv ilia n police force which ccan be modified applicable
C.
to
Police
competition
Too frequently,
an unhealthy Both
generated.
have an important role to play and each must subordinate
in order to successfully defeat insurgency.
2 shows what should be the proper rel at i onshi p between police
and the m i l i t a r y in police
country.
- Mi l i t a r y Relationship.
in te re sts
personal
f or a
st ruct ure
in accordance with fact ors
between the pol i c e and m i l i t a r y is
organizations
Figure
each apecific
The
an insurgency environment.
a c t i v i t i e s in
relation
to
the insurgent
This f i gur e defines effort.
Police function
throughout a l l phases o f insurgency but take precedence during some phases,
Just
as they give way to the m i l i t a r y force in other phases.
A major problem in th is respect is
to i dent i fy the c r i t i c a l
points
wher-e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y s h i f t s .
Phase I. forces
law,
Normally,
c i v i l police,
w i l l be responsible for
and order in
support
paramilitary
carrying out
the
forces,
or military
functions of di sci pl i ne,
of the established government.
When insurgent
9
forces
first
become active
(Phase I)
b ility for countering the threat.
police
forces
have the responsi-
Since insurgents are classified as
criminals, police investigative and operational techniques ar are e utilized.
The success with which the civil police meet this challenge
dictates whether the insurgency escalates
It is
to a situation of stability.
into Phase II or regresses during this phase that the police
act in a "preventive" role. Phase II.
This time frame sees an intensification of th e
insurgency and a Vurthor attempt by police forces to control it. IDuring this phase, police operations take on an ever-increasing
military characteristic.
Military advisors may assist in training
police forces and some military units may be used. Phase III.
Police operations continue but due to the increasingly
violent nature of the conflict,
a requirement exists for military
action and a centralized authority. military,
This authority may ae police or
with competence being the key.
It should be noted that
these f ir st three phases correspond to the counterinsurgency Phases I through III outlined in FM 31-22.
Because this study envisions
activities well beyond the combat phase,
two additional phases ar e
added.
Phase
IV.
ThiB phase ia identified by the reestablishunent of
police authority over an area. to uncleared areas,
Because the area may be contiguous
the police must have a capability of providing
protection for themselves and the area.
Reconstruction starts during
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t h i s phase and a separate phase is
of renewed insurgency.
exi st i ng t h r e a t
Phase V.
i d e n t i f i e d only because o f th e
This phase is
insurgency t h r e a t still
similar to Phase I in that a minor
exists
and the police must carry out an
antit-Inuurgent role an well ai the normal functions of discipline, and order.
law,
iperations during this phase insure a
Succe
return to stability and allow emphasis to be placed on nation Figure 3 relates th, police-government relationship in al l
buildi ng. phases.
The major problem in a chart such as figure 2 is that no clear boundaries o f insurgency can be readi l y i d e n t i f i e d . i d e n t i f i e d from I through V concurrently. insurgency
cycle
is
p o in tr,
out,
insurgent.
howovr•,
the insurgency
through the cycle.
that thLs regression
in e ffic ie n t
insurgency to esca' at u
first
In
tho
and
It
should be
the police
should
s t a t u s which allowed th e
second phases.
MODEKL FORCE ORGANIZATION.
A.
Guneral.
The question as to
the composition
of
a police force
ha- been debated by law enforcement experts and laymen alike yu urs
for many
Soveral excellent. studles have been w r i t t e n which have attempted,
tiu ui;h formularizat Lon, pollct, a country needs,
to simplify the task o f determining how many but. few, if
12
in
is applicable only to th e
If' a successful program in carri ed out,
never ret urn to the backward,
VT.
Another aspect of th e
t h a t s uc c e s s f ul l y countering
any phana can cause roeression
Phases may be
any,
have addressed the very real
problem of how the force studies
by means of weighted
have,
While these
factors.
studies
so esoteric
as to be unusable
Existing
attempted to rel at e th e social,
economic,
and
have provided an important
to the study of the problem a t hand,
input
t hi s
variables,
i nt e r na l l y.
to significanL environmental,
police requirement population
should be structured
they have frequently been
to the police advisor in
the fi el d.
While
study does not suggest a system which can function without decisions
on the
it
values of c e r t a i n variables,
approach will provide
is hoped that
the comparative
the user a bet t er comprehension of the problem in-
volved and the background which is
available
to help him in the decision
making process.
B.
Organization.
1.
Basically a
I
.
L ERVICES
L
police
s t r uc t ur e consists
COMMAND]
hUNICALLINEADMINISTRATIVE
L DIVISIONS Patrol
Communications i'r-perty control
Traffic Detective
Crine
ViCo-
jalL
SERVICES Budgeting,
Records
lahoratory
of four divisions.
Juvenile
MaLntenance
ing,
account-
and purchas -
ing Personnel Public rel at i ons Planning and inspectio n
I nt e l l i ge nc e Personnel inspectorate
Figure
13
4
In addition to these purely police
2.
functions,
the police of
many areas are responsible for a ddi t i ona l nonpolice or quasi-police e.
functions,
g. a.
Animal pounds.
b.
Vehicle
and commercial
d.
Tax col l ect i on.
C.
Census.
f.
Customs.
g.
Border control.
h.
Presi dent i al
i.
Licensing and inspection of amusement places.
2 Wilson also i d e n t i f i e s
force.
police
C.
and VIP s e c ur i t y.
areas
in figure
6
encom-
the United States.
0. W.
these areas as the primary functions of a modern
While speci fi c organizational
appear in
forms may vary,
these
the majority of foreign
analyzed during the course of research
for
th is study.
Methodology. 1.
The basic methodology
of cvxsting police
used in
forces throtighout
this
study is
the world in 14
as modified
of police e f f o r t which have been id e n tifie d
or closely related ones,
forces
private vehicles,
Maintenance of standards for weights and measures.
of police organizations throughout
by analysis
(taxis,
c.
passes those functional
functions,
inspection
vehicles).
The model shown above and
3.
police
licensing and
order
the comparison
to gain data on
str•,ngthti,
orgaizatLins,
sons are made through operational
and
responsibilities,
the use of charts and graphs which e s t s b l i s h
means and which are
t ransl at abl e
to
data was taken from the Municipal Yearbook-1965; graphy of Police
ducted
f or
2.
The compari-
functions.
L i t erat ure; 4Uniform Crime
usable r a t i o s . 3
The basic
The I nt e r na t i ona l
Reports-1966;
5
Bibliog-
and a survey con-
this study.
A questionnaire
(figure
5
)
was
to 158 US c i t i e s
sent
in
order to determine the percentages encompassed by the various functional aireas
inherent
in a poLice st ruct ure.
responses were received. resolvable
500,000 250,000-500,000
100,000-250,000 50,000-100,O00
25,000-50,000 10,000-25,000
TOTALS
NO REQUESTS 14 14 28 34 31 37 158
Specific data
DISTRIBUTION
finial
resiponses
computatitons because
allow an accurate one or gations.
results
the
10,000 - 25,000 were
performed a l l vice,
responsibilities. Juvenile,
and patrol duties were likewise
of the survey are contained in figures
15
DISTRIBUTION
OF RESPONSES
11.2% 10.2 16.8 26.2 15.9
19.7 100.0%
Invalidated
forces involved were generally
in paragraph VI F.
RATIO RESPONSES/ REQUESTS 85.8% 78.7 64.3 82.3 54.9 56.8
follows:
1
breakdown of functional
two detectives Traffic
RESPONSES 12 11 18 28 17 21 107
8.9% 8.9 17.7 21.5 19.6 23.4 100.0%
from c ftle s of
on responses are as
NUMBER OF
OF SAMPLE
Table Thlu 1
106
Six of these were invalidated because of un-
mechanical errors.
SIZE COMMUNITY
Of 158 surveys dispatched,
13
too small to For example,
and criminal
combined. and
14
during
i nvest i -
The speci fi c
and discussed
TI INSTRUCTIO'
i.
SHXKr
title varies from those used by your organifree to change the form titles. It your organizationAl )reakout is not as detailed as is shown, please indicate the n =Ler oi perscnnel who do carry oul related activities w i t hi n your dpartme . zation,
2.
13.
Where a functional
feel
Includes
such as
Includes
facilities. contract
5.
If or
i nc l ude
relations,
6.
I I
is emýloyees,
m aintenance
uniformed
c om sa ni e rs,
servicee.
stenographers
from
all
d& vis ions
of
of
weapons,
vehicles,
ccinmunications,
from o u t s i d e s o u r c e s ; so i n d i c a t e .
provi de d
please
an d
i.e.,
pe rsonne l l i s t e d as " o t h e r " on t h e back of t he foim. such pe rsonne l as i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y , i n s p e c t i o n , p u b l i c
and budget.
Where pe rsonne l c ornm ni c a t i ons
one-half.
I
typists,
m aintenance
by c i t y
Identify
This may
4
of
staff
force.
4.
i.e.,
clcrKs,
and o t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l
police
of
director/chief/commander Includes
thi•
chief
can be c l e a r l y
and records,
s paces
identified s hould
be
as
ha vi ng dua l
identified
to
functions; nearest
POLICE SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
POMCe Department
F'ync,'.ionl
Number of P ers onnel
Cmxund2
Ad-nini s ra tive 3
Nalntenance4 Supp'y J ail
i
Cri-ne L~b
Others5
L Traffic Detective Juvenile
Communications Records
Vicc IIn te llig c n c e
Patrol (Harbor)
(Air)
( -_ TOTAL
FIGURE 5
16
6
NOT
ILL IN
D.
.1 j
Basis for Police Model. 1.
various functional between various
2.
The
functional
lab,
and
to determine rat i os
provide
14
of
comparisons made
rat i os. analyzci were:
areas
Administration,
Operational Support Activities,
and Patrol.
These
areas were broken down as follows:
b.
Scrime
functional
jail,
Clerks,
Administration:
public relations,
personnel,
13
and
of c itie s to show what effect ci t y and depart-
categories
Services,
a.
j
Figures
areas.
have on organizational
ment sizes
the organizational
det ai l s of each department wereanalyzed
operational
Auxiliary
returned,
Based on the questionnaires
plans,
t ypi s t s ,
Records,
budgeting,
and training.
intelligence,
Technical services:
stenographers,
communications,
property,
and maintenance.
c.
Operational
d.
Patrol:
support:
Traffic,
detective,
vice,
and
juvenile.
of
Includes
a ll patrol a c tiv itie s excluding those
traffic.
j
E
Organization •f Model.
of data collected throagh
Irsed on ratios derived from an analysis
the survey,
interviews,
and general
research,
model organ~ization has been constructed as outlined in tigure 6. model his
j
has been developed as a tool to aid the military
deatings with ci vi l police.
It
polio-
a
This
advisor in
provides a gauge to determine require-
ments and provides a simplified system for developing an organization.
j17
I-c
rCC J -on
0
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0
I
0
0
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-
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0
-
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J 44
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00
ch t
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-
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0
'The user must study the model, and
study the area toward which he is
then modify Lhe model to fit the specific needs of the country in-
volved.
The four major functional
s i gni f i c a nt
1.
subfunctions,
allow.
areas
of
with their most
the model,
are as follows:
Administrative
division should
The functional
services.
elements of this
be kept as basic as good organizational
'Two of the
will
principles
inLernal sections are part i cul arl y important and
deserve special a t t e nt i on during organization or reorganization. a re
oriented
They
--
a.
Plans.
a ci vi l i an environment tary operation.
in
continuous plans must be on hand to insure
the area of r e s pons i bi l i t y
i nt erest s
is
unplanned for.
and activities of the population change.
type plans which must be made are (L)
that
changing as population s h i f t s occur
Plans and training must be dynamic, or as
in
depends as much on prior planning as does any mili-
Therefore,
no a c t i v i t y occurring
law enforcement
E ffi c i e n t
the e Examples of th
--
Civil disturbance
plans:
Fire,
riots,
and natural
disasters.
religious
gatherings,
(3)
and a c t i v i t i e s
in
Sports a c t i v i t i e s ,
Crowd control plans:
(2)
and national Traffic
(2)
parades,
holiday gatherings.
Visiting di gni t a r i e s
plans:
control
above.
19
I
Operational plans:
(4) auto theft,
murder,
t~rrorist attacks,
Robberies,
and protection of c r i t i c a l f a c i l i t i e s .
Many of the plans outlined above require greater manpower resources would be readily available without degrading other
To preclude t h i s happening,
area-.
the enforcement
than
e f f or t in
a reserve or "Special Force"
should be maintained a t all operational levels of platoon and above. b.
Training and
schools.
This section is responsible
for
and individual personnel.
A
a ll centralized
training of units,
national police
academy should be established to insure economy and uni-
formity of a l l police training. established
to insure
t raffi c
control
control,
st aff should be
personnel should provide instruction in
organizational,
curriculum should include, circulation
A minimum permanent
economy and uniformity of a l l police training.
Active field or headquarters daily operating,
cells,
and l ogi s t i c s problems.
as a minimum,
of individuals,
training,
The t r a i ni ng
general investigative
techniques,
personnel i d e n t i fi c a t i o n systems,
leadership,
supervisory
procedures and tech-
"niques, search and apprehension, national and local law, criminal investigation,
crime prevention,
vehicle operation,
weapons
instruction,
coammnications,
and care and maintenance of equipment.
A major prob-
lcm which has
frequently
ci vi l disturbances traincd,
j
unit
been identified by police engaged in control of
is the i na bi l i t y of police,
to function as a member of a unit.
training should be
who are otherwise well
To minimize this problem,
given in fire and maneuver techniques,
riot
20
I
ambush ta c tic s,
control ta c tic s,
and general ta c tic s 2.
search
and seizure,
rural
patrolling,
for small uni t operations.
This di vi si on provides those services
Technical services.
the operational elements of the pat rol and operational
which support
support divisions. a. increased
Records.
No current t o t a l system e x i s t s
Federal in te re st and aid,
the
but due to
time frame under study should
produce a standard manual model adaptable by developing countries and a
low-cost automated system for more advanccd nations. b.
Communications consi st of both depart-
Communications.
mental o r i n t e r n a l communications and operational or external communications.
Int ernal communications
elements of the department.
is
t h a t equipment linking the various
This equipment is administrative
and w i l l depend on the s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t
for the
time involved.
in nature The two
major communications problems in a police force are c ont r ol when elements
must
function as a uni t and keeping in
when a country's communications
touch with individual patrolmen
are otherwise minimal.
Police must take
advantage of and acquire the latest developments in facsimile
stage as
equipment as early in
and radio-telephone
teletype,
the organizaticn
The problem of control o f police as uni t s
possible.
control operations or minor i nt ernal defense type offensive operations can best be
equipment,
solved by intensive t rai ni ng.
In
in r i o t
or defensive
lieu of th is,
type radios can belp to increase c ont r ol .
individual "handy-talky"
21
Ins ectional services.
3.
j
I
a.
able to insure continuous, and a c tiv itie s.
duct,
isolate
ciencies,
f
Inspections
training
should insure high standards of moral con-
deficiencies,
identify
problems,
b. element is
relations
and fi nal l y investigate matters
impact.
Intelligence.
to gather,
equipment needs and defi-
make possible recommendations for
or decreasing police strengths,
having a public
should be avail-
country-wide inspection# of all police elements
identify personnel
increasing
tor of
Inspection personnel
Inspections.
evaluate,
The primary purpose of
and disseminate
the intelligence
information to the Direc-
Police and others who should be informed on a need to know basis.
Its broad objective, effective
action
semination.
thus,
is to gather information and t ransl at e it
through analyzation,
evaluation,
and dis-
Based on the analyzation of information the intelligence
element should define trends, crime or insurge..,y
identify
potential/climate,
emeiIng
leaders,
describe
and in c e r t a i n specific
supply motives and possible perpetrators. environment
coordination,
into
To do so in
the inL-lligence element must develop
th e
crimes
the s t a b i l i t y
indicators
which give
a basis
for diagnosing possible
ob -
Specific
are as follows:
Jectives
(1)
j
trends (see figure 7).
the existence
Establish
the
insurgency enviroinrent,
its
strength,
illegal opposition to the
and principal
structure,
of organized crime
(in
government),
legal
income.
I2
INDICATORS
FUNCTION
ACTIVITY
POLICE
-
ELEMENTS OF
CONSIDERATION
0 0OAOCTS
SABOTAGE
TARGET
PROECIO
-.
I--
TERRORISM
OPERATIONS
---
REMARKS A"P1.SO AtAN169 REPEIC MlLISLRY 09 CIVIL- METROPOLITAN OR RURAL --------
TYPE SABOTEUR
W RS C04E VC - 00AL ISIC SYNIOATIRI~ZR COeRCED
no or Amt
AP*LI29 AGAINST LIKE POCO"
TaeyMILITARY
ORtCIVIL LFADEIRS- 61INEAL
APPILIED AGANsT LIKE PERIOD AND ARCA
TARGET1
MILITARY
1-LTIIOO
HIT-AND-RUN
VS ANNIHILA.TION ATTACKS
P11R015E
DPSTRIJCTION
-REPRISAL
0
OR GIVIL FOOD OA WEAPONS -MEDICAL
ATYITU02
Of
P')PULAT-0ON
NO 00 ROSaPPLIED NOoPARTICIPANTS
SUPPLY
- I4ANASIJUNT
AXO ESPRI' - H4ANDLINSOf OWN OWNDEAD. DEAD.WOUNDEI) WOUNDEI)
MORALE
VS. CAPTUGE CAPTUGEOF OF SUPPLIES
DESTINUCTION
ACTIONS
R I O TS
POPULACE
NO OF RAIDS
9TRENBYN
KILL - KIDNAP -
YRS OC&IONATXTIOII
9I[RSARD - PROPAGAND119 - fPLOIT
AGAINST I111 PERIOD
jIN
EACH ROTo
LEADERSHIP
RELIGIOJS - ACADEMICPOLITICAL - COMMUNIST
CAUSE
POLITICAL
-..--
-
---
OCIAL-ECONOMIC
OURATION1
OF FORCE FORCEREGUIRED0 REGUIRED0 O SUPPRESS- CASUALTIES
CONROLMEAS1DEBASE
CONTROL e Am$-C
0o :10STIKES NO
YO1STIKES
TYPE or1 STRIKE
TIESCAUSE CIVIL
ORDER I--
.R
I
VS
IN EACH STRIKE LABOR - ACADEMIC NEWS MEDIA - FARMERS
NONVIOLENT
CONtROL1MIFANI
MILITARY
APPLIED AGAtINT LOA. 0ERIOD
CCOOIIIC -
VIOLENT
-~~~A~bP~au
OP LOTALTIES VS FAILURE Oil PERSUAJI011
44NPORCEMENT
PU R PO SE
RAIOS
-
SOCIA L -POLITICAL
-
DKGREE
OF
FORCE REQUIRED0o CONTROL. PO&ICK OR UZILITAM
1
UNION - RILIGIOUS - ACADEM ACADEMIC IC - POLITICAL-
LEADERSHIP
orO
RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS
DEMONSTRATIONS
APPLIED
COMMUNIST
AGAINST LIKE PERIOD
NO0 OP PARTICIPANTS
IN EACH DEMONSTRATION-
TYPE MOVEMENT
RELIGIOUS -ACADEMI'C -MILITARY - POLITICAL
NE0TNETCHJGEIOMONSTRA MEFANS
TION - YIMEN'
jc9
TO CONTROL
--
ITOOWN
- StO~dOWN -
E N S o r FORCE REQ19UIR D TO SUPPRI toPO'LOCIE
LEADERSHIP
OR MILITARY.
PELISIOUS -POLITICAL - ACADEMIC - MIL ITANT CommuniSty
allRATIONII.ASSIVE IC0
'A FAMILY
NO
NIO
P~OPULATION
RESOURCE CONTROL S
A
VS V/IOILENT
CARDS SSUED
APPLIED AGAINATPREVIOUS
AND TOTA L TOTAL
POPULATION
CENSUS COMPLETI'D
INPORI.ATION
0911ET101I3E1
*TIPS'
MAGNITUDE
Of CIVILIAN1 SUPPORT
OF REDEPfecTomb NOU~
NOLURPEW
VIOLATIONS
RIATIto-
POLIC& POPULATION
CN4CKPOINT VC WEAPONS
RIESOURCES
TO AREA
AE
BSDO
V'OLATIONS
I
COOMPLCTiD
23
fT011111-9
EEMND5
RASRI ~iSRE
PERMITS
411) - 011TROTED
- CAPTUrED
WEAPONS - CRO CRO PS PS - LIVESTOCK - VEHICLES
CHECK(POINT IOLAYII)3N%
FIICIJRE1
EUSMN
CARCI -TRAVEL
TURNED-IN
REICV11RLO
REGI1STRATIOII4
0
NPQIRM61
CARGOMANIFESTS
7
(2)
Identify
and t h e i r associates;
duct investigations (3)
current
and emerging criminal
prepare and maintain dossiers on them; and con-
in depth thereof. Identify areas
or i ndus t r i e s ,
which are most vulnerable to organized crime
(4) a surveillance
unit,
leaders
legal or
ille g a l,
(or insurgency).
Maintain an informant program, an undercover uni t , and a technical
uni t .
sources of information.
(5)
U t i l i z a t i o n of
(6)
Maintain a depariment-wide program to stimulate
o~ert
submission of information. (7) cross-references,
Maintain accurate records and f i l e s with good
and a system o f rapid and complete r e t r i e v a l .
ties
(8)
Effectively
(9)
Cooperation with,
disseminate
information.
and knowledge of,
the a c t i v i -
of other law enforcement and regulatory enforcement agencies." Cooperation with,
(10)
and knowledge o f, . th e a c t i v i -
t i e s of m i l i t ary forces which are involved
Personnel
c.
in related duties.
Depending on the cul t ural back-
inspection.
ground and st at e of advancement o f the police force,
t hi s element
placed under di r e c t supervision of the Director of Police. nation
should be maintained with the Plans Section.
section should
investigate
6
may be
Close coordi-
This
a l l suspected or actual cases of wrongdoing
24
personnel.
by police this
positions
and d should be taken in t h e i r sel ect i on an
Maximum safeguards
should be taken to preclude inspection
becoming political
4.
Line division.
di vi si on which
port
th is basic element.
further broken
a.
main element
appointments. The basic
provides services.
line
is
of the posi t i on of power which personnel of
great care
section hold,
training.
Because
element of a police force is All other elements
Por the purpose of
Patrol di vi si on
of the model force.
in any environment,
t e r r o r i s t attacks,
the
sup-
line d i v i s i o n
down into two elements:
(see figure 6).
It
retains
and provides for urban and r u r a l pat rol s. cal
the model,
e x i s t to
th e
the
This division is
nucleus
th e
of manpower
While many duties are i d e n t i -
the addi t i onal requirement for pr ot e c t i ng against
sabotage,
and small uni t hi t - a nd- r un attacks
fall
on the shoulders
primarily
of the pat rol di vi si on.
Patrolmen must be
in more tra d itio n a lly combat oriented roles and equipped with
trained
arms capable of repressing or repel l i ng small uni t g u e rrilla attacks.
Ceneral police t rai ni ng tends to ori ent policemen to actions as
as uni t s in addition to th e
They must also be t r a i ne d to operate
uals.
tra d itio n a l one-
or two-man beat or post.
the organization
of epecial combat police units.
in a l l but exceptional
rejected
An a l t e r n a t i v e
expenditure
where police forces
and requires an excessive
functioned in
ha\c t r a d i t i o n a l l y
is
on what
infringes
in areas
This a l t e r n a t i v e may be appropriate
of manpower.
is
this
to
This a l t e r n a t i v e
cases because it
shc~uld be purely m i l i t ary r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
individ-
the dual role of
25
internal guard
and e x t e r n a l
de ense
(1)
and
be
for
cities
teams.
assigned
Urban
If
the
When
8).
by
teams
of
the
must
be
m agnitude
o f work
national
Rural
isolated pre pa re d
these
waterway, special
operational
to
dictates
so
air
patrol
support
these
either
to
rural
provi de
teams
or
border
activities
t he
rural
carry
out
a greater
posts,
police
range
or
by
can
urban
special
for
patrols may
section discussed
of
nature
auxiliary
from c e n t r a l h e a d q u a r t e r s
Wi.thin
patrols.
such as r a i l w a y ,
from the
cities
small
patrol
basis.
on a permanent
required,
normal
provides
In
areas.
s t r u c t u r i n g may he a c c om pl i she d
acLivities,
unit
T his
and m e t r o p o l i t a n
(2) a fu r th e r
patrols.
support can be provi de d
administrative
special
many South American
e.g.,
units.
type
personnel
forces;
to
than
patrol
(s ee
figure
augmented
below.
assigned
of duties
be
patrols
Because t h i s dut y the
urban
In
pa t rol m a n.
central
cases,
specific will
11Q
(3)
II 4
anid 64
NCO'%s,
2
a platoon.
areas.
platoon
leader
example,
two districts,
into
his
four
The
3 officers.
2 platoons
of
provides
a sm a l l
Q).
(figure
78 p e r s o n n e l ;
of
teams each,
wi t h
company
structuring
Internal
For
be d i v i d e d
could
The
The
total
a
ot
4 patrol
of
geographical
company
patrol
consists
patrolm en.
teams.
patrol
a
of
Organization
sections consisting
t i o n of
murder o r p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t
investigative
provi de
company
patrol
standlard
i.e.,
cases,
for
24-hour
ci t y requiring
s e c t i o n s has
opera-
a
assigned
be i ng
each
wi t h
three
8-hour
26
s h i f t s with
the fourth section providing a reserve force and personnel
for special
details
or
normal
of
detective workload
below
Operational
development,
juvenile
section.
the
As
increases
lis t e d
sick
leave
section.
T hi s
In
subsections.
duties
section
th e
to
more s o p h i s t i c a t e d
becomes
may be
subsections
formed
composed
early
the
may be a s s i g n e d
is
to
and th e ha ndl e
th e
subfunctions.
pe rsons,
arson,
In
to
Traffic
section,
and a n a l y s e s ,
statistics (2)
order
force
individual
(1) traffic
support
and j u v e n i l e
detective,
traffic
stages
on
f o r personnel
replacements
as
l e a ve .
b. of
well
as
Detective
frauds,
provi de
forgery,
and
including
signs
section,
maximum c ount rywi de
safety
education,
and m e t e rs.
which
burglary,
traffic
includes
narcotics,
missing
and a u t o t h e ft .
support
with
a minimum o f manpower,
this
is
section
on-call
composed
or
as
needed.
maiatained
at
the
t rai ni ng
sppcial
ample,
due
two-man
5.
many
be
and
central
or
r,.cycling
requried.
as
or
Mi sc e l l a ne ous.
traffic
in
which are
is
for
i m port a nt
where
can
t he y
undergo
ex -
Forktown
further intent
a developed
to
be
s hould
15),
(figure
upon c om pl e t i on
the
not
service
functional
activities
For
load
recalled
It
their
headquarters
can be d i s p a t c h e d and
cells
reassigned
functions
manning t h e s e
Personnel
national
which provi de
cells
a heavy m i l iitt a r y
to
traffic
a ssi gnm e nt
of
this
of
training. of
t h i s mnodel
police
degrade
to
wi t h
but
forc e ,
27
ar
W w
aa) 0
1.-a. 0 ZZ z
z
>U
(a
w ki
0>
o0
0
_j x
cc w 0:
WJ
0
1
z >
I
g
0
to0
Wr
IIL
o
140-M
-~44(aqW
)
C)4 s
OLw
49
o
0 -j
z
FIG~URE 8
28
ORGANIZATION--
PATROL DIVISION
DEPUTY CHIEFO POLICE COMMANIES *NUMBER BASED O N TOTAL STRENGTH OF P ATR OL DIVISION.
RURAL OR URBAN
IO
PATROL
I
I
WATER, RAILWAY, AND BORDER PATROLS MAY BE COMPANIES
PLATOONS,OR SECTIONS, AS REQUIRED.
2
PATROL COMPANY
I
76 PERS.,
I- CAPT 2-LTS 3vSGTS
j
8-CPLS CA.-PATROLMEN
COMPANY
ADMINISTRATIVE
LOGISTIC, AND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT TO BE P,.)VIDED FROM NATIONAL POLICE HOS FUNCTIONAL TEAMS
AS REQUIRED.
PATROL
PLATOON I-LT
38 PERS.
I-SGT 4-CPLS
32-PATROLMEN
SECTION
PATROL
9 P CIS I- C PL _____,-8-PATROLMEN
PATROL
PATROL
PATROL
PATROL
TEAM-A
TEAM-B
TEAM-C
TEAM-D
2 PTLM
L
2T2_PTLM
2 PTLM FIGURE 9 29
the key element of si m pl i ci t y,
the uni t under
major functional r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s .
design must l i m i t i t s e l f to
A s the country in question gains
economic maturity and can afford to support a more s ophi s t i c a t e d
force, of
thought may be given to placing more police resources
--
a.
Research and a na l ys i s .
police
in support
F.
b.
Public
c.
Liaison.
d.
Juvenile activities.
e.
Labor r e l a t i o n s .
f.
Women's
g.
Specialized
h.
Police
bureau. d i s a s t e r squads.
information center.
Model Ratios.
I.
The primary
was to determine area
relations.
purpose of the survey conducted for th is study
to what degree
the resources committed to each functional
of a police organization could be i d e n t i f i e d .
was evident
and the r e s u l t s are
s u l t s are shown as averages
skew them were
in evidence.
shown in
since
13 and
figures
no extremes of enough
The ra tio s
police
in the city proper.
exists
in the form of County police,
specialized
A degree of consistency
shown in
They do not re fle c t State
significance
figure 10
re fle c t
to those
the backup force which
police,
Federal police agencies available
The re -
14.
,nd the
to handle
multitude
special
of
cases,
30
I
POPULATION PER POLICE EMPLOYEE RATIOS(U.S. S8
00
-
-
714
700
CITIESý--5965
7
5888
600-
_______
z 0~
500
0
,
423jt
400..
30 0
.
.....
200 0 0
0
0 0 000
010 0
0
OU) Nk
0 0 00
0
--
j
SIZE
0 0
0 000
0
0
0 0 000
O
0 --
0 0
0 0 000
0 0
in
--
o
000
OF COMMUNITY FIGURE
31
10
I Si.e.,
BI,
T reasu ry
these agencies
available,
a police
and
provide
Se c re t
a reserve
would have to structure
S ervice,
thes e
he
of expertise
p ro v i d ed
forc e s
and Border
by the
Patrol
police.
which if
and manpower,
city.
must be p ro v i d ed
Thus, for.
All
not
when d e s i g n i n g
It
is
estimated
in
that
j
States
Un ite d
the
8 With community
number 102,000. the a v a i l a b l e
police
the
police
to
above the community
forc e s
agencies
en fo rcemen t
numbering
ratio in
the
Un i t ed S t a t e s
whose r a t i o s
a re
shown
popul a t i on
l ev el 150 000
9
becomes
1:242.
2.
do n o t
12 force
with
forc e s or
The world
else
police between
consist well
o f one
defined
well
more developed the
countries,
centralized,
el emen t
single
different
is
national
out
and the J u d i c i a l
in
more p r e v a l e n t
police
varying
o f Belgium are
newly developed
the
police
several
to carry
pol i c e
the
the Gendarmarie,
while
an d
11
figures
directed
many cas es
have been c r e a t e d
en fo rcemen t
in
and c o n f l i c t i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ,
For example,
functions.
Communl Pol i c e ,
the
In
responsibilities.
d i f f e r i n g organizations oriented
centrally
organized,
have grown up with ove rl a ppi ng
This m ultistr uc tur e d
toward
police,
nations
force
split
Police. the
seem
older
to
tend
aimed a t more economy
o f manpower.
One word
3. [fgures
a
used
nation's
in
charts
police
force
is
zealously
guarded.
is
difficult
t o obt a i n.
unc l a ssi fsi e d
inust
caution
of
on
foreign
is
an
police
indicator
T herefore,
Because
configuration,
be
the
g i v en
of
is
best
national data
desired
available
the
Inform ation
forc e s.
a c c ura t e
it
co n cern i n g
in to
strength
0
o0
-
and as such
keep t h i s s tudy
data
was used with
.0
concerning
an u n c l a s s i f i e d
32
--
use of
-.
state
in th e
an
, I
4s
c .y. .... .
. ..
r4
C.
-
a,4
.+
... ,+
0
t C .i
..l
.
*f.
4 -
i.
.. fl
o
~i•
*flfl 1 -*flfl
,
.
N ,4
•
.
ii•
,t.t
.,
II .4..W .4 . .
on
.
,-,
•,..oo,+-,
..
,.,j.
m 44
.
0.
.
..
. .
.41, . .
.
-
,
...
.
_
0 O
4
,, ,
&V
S,
fl .+
•4, ..
4 4l; '
A' 4 44. 4.
0
o, .-
. 1.0
,0
,+'- I
. 44 44,0 ,0
(
15•
..
..v .C.4
0,
CI
_
11 g,'+ +< +<
FGR
M.0 WI
0
. m .' .
.
_
*C
V .13
l
'+
.,.0
N
..0 00 0
It4
'
.d . . ..
i
.
FIGURE
,. o, 4.
.
.
4
.
.
.4..
.
.4
N
.0
1r.++
:.
11
•33
NONV831
-w
VNIH
-~~
d 81
NVdVP
8viivN.snv
V~8~
cc
V1839IN
l<39VAN3)$A
L
V13flZ3N3A
0114 -rso
244
VIA110B
C31lNn
S1U.LS
2
VOVNVO
fr~00NI)4 0
(
03J.INfl
CNVI83Z.UMS
i
N 30 3M S NIVdS
1*
AVM8ON
Mon
ANWb483E9
AM
)X1VVfrN30
S
0
to
0
0
0
0 0
OD
0 0
0 0
0 0
10,
0 0 P
00 0 N~
(r
z 0
w
c
knowledge that
certain variances
years 1962-1965 has been combined.
Since the data depicted
considered si gni fi cant .
are from uncl assi fi ed sources,
nat i on' s
In
is
t hi s same
12
11
and 12
police
the
as to what const i t ut es a
purely m i l i t ary force.; art.
should be kept in mind as one attempts
forces.
to determine
a
strength.
The mean r a t i o s of police to population developed
of r e l a t i v e
tranquility.
tranquility
(most
They represent,
As such,
as the start point.
If
in figure
for the geographic area within which for the most part,
knowledge of a s t a t e
l i kel y the gencral
thi(. advit;or should opt
case)
o. less
would di ct at e
a state
than
using a higher
a s t a t e of lawlessness or insurgency e x i s t s .
Ior the higher police to populat ion r a t i o .as his hi s
point. 5.
Without
extensive
the effi ci ency/ effect i veness customs,
topography,
field work
it
is difficult
of any given police force.
form of government, 35
figures
are not
data
the problems which plagueF
In some countries,
the advisor may be working.
sta rt
on(, of
forces.
are established as guidelines
ra tio
in
years
for functions carried out in other nations. by police
total
4.
respect,
i nt erpret at i ons
This d iffic u lty nat i on' s
th e
they should only be considered as ranges,
the diverse
police
responsilth
for
The user must ve r i f y the actual r a t i o s from c l a s s i f e d
not absolutes. reso;urces.
data
For the purpose of developing a
the variances created by combining several
methodology
researcher
In this respect,
do e x i s t .
propensity
to evaluate Factors of
toward
law and order,
on any
J
and s'~ate of police
of population,
density
such evaluation.
t hi s study must of necessity
Therefore,
accept
of efficiency of one (1) for the mean level of e x i s t i n g
a coefficient •orces.
t r a i ni ng a l l weight heavily
Any other value of efficiency
must be applied by the user
of the circumstances
based on a knowledge
from which comparative data or r a t i o s
surrounding the e xi s t i ng forces
are derived.
In s pi t e of the problems which have been enumerated,
6.
certain
frames of reference and mt i o ranges may be derived from the data provided As the purpose of
in t hi s study.
in data r e l i a b i l i t y
7.
13
vary s l i g h t l y
14
and
cause to d r a s t i c a l l y only exception
in
that
14
deviates
shown
in each category of communities,
in there
an environment of insurgency would give
the basic
in
ratios
of support a c tiv itie s.
Th e
and t r a i ni ng and
from the actual r e s u l t s of the
the survey questionnaire.
such diverse duties as research, personnel;
survey only
This category encompassed
school crossing guards,
all of whicih are generally
for an unsophisticated area.
36
i nt e r na l rat i os
these two elements have received that sl i ce of personnel identi-
fied as "other":
designed
si gni fi cant .
in the subact i vi t i es of intelligence,
is
Figure
revise
that
the r e l a t i v e l y minor
a balance between the supported
While the
must be maintained.
is no evidence to indicate
schools.
are not considered
Within the police structure
and supporter figures
study was to develop a system for
not evaluate them,
developing a police organization, deviations
t hi s
unnecessary
and humane
in a force being
0 toI
z
0 1
0
Il 000~~
IiIa_
0
3I 0
000
00
I
~3DN3911T131NI
*
M9)
jSNVld I
1L
(0
1 1
o
ISNrnJ.13ki
0
ST
_
II
ci:
9 oNdl
SlOOH:3S
r
-
>d
NOI~llFlS3A~l 1VN8a.LNIj
31-18nd
13NNOSON__ _
__
I
.TDQA
'ICI
p 0
k
w
-
- ,- -
3lA
--
3.1
G. Z
~3
FIGU'RE
14
A~ N
A
I13A1313 G
VII.
A.
location
should
be
made
1.
police
of to
the
following:
By
total
b.
By
areas.
c.
By n a t i o n a l ,
Religious
4.
Terrain.
6.
a detailed
a.
3.
surve y
on
the a r e a
of
the or
number country
country.
ethnic, of
background
beliefs,
a.
Type.
b.
Road
c.
Waterways.
St ra t e g i c
making a d e c i s i o n
density.
Population
E thnic
to
units
determine
2.
5.
Prior
Factors.
Operational
and/or
STRUCTURE.
OF FORCE
DERIVATION
religious,
or
tribal
grouping.
population.
practices,
and
t a boos.
net.
val.,e
of
locale.
a.
Proximity to friendly or unfriendly borders.
b.
Agricultural
c.
Mineral
d.
Accessibility.
value.
wealth.
Population's
traditional
a.
local
Existing
(1)
Tribal.
(2)
Colonial.
propensity
e nforc e m e nt
39
toward
system.
law and
order.
(3) Fami ly. b. government
the attendant
and
7.
association with, or acceptance of, national
Population's
rules and
regulations.
Strength and relative aggressiveness of actual or potential
insurgents.
8.
Evaluation of existing police system. a.
Crime statistics
b.
Police
available, either formally or informally.
strength.
(1)
In-country -
(2)
In comparison
available and proposed.
with adjacent
C.
Status of education and training.
d.
Equipment.
(1)
Vehicles.
(2)
Communications.
countries.
(3) Weapons. C. enforcement
sipace
wilt t o itoL
General
Model
utilized
attempt
to
competence of existing
CounLry.
requiired to be
e.g.,
Army and/or other
agencies.
9. 3.
Relationship with other agencies;
1ItiizeA
To preclude becoming involved in the time and an ac.tual country,
to demonstrate
fully develop the
he contitrued as
governmental hierarchy.
degrading
a simple model, Temporania,
tlie-use of the model force.
There will
be
background of Temporania, but this should any aspect of i~ts social, economic,
40
or
political
structure.
country model serves only to point
The abbreviated
the more basic aspects of the police model.
out
is
15)
small coastal
i:
con•sists
three
•f
nation 100 north
lotsely structured
1.
for assistance
The economic
Economy.
with the rice crop of province Chi.
Capital
and Joined provinces.
has recently voiced a desire
To do t hi s he has asked
rubber
It
of the equatorial belt.
to bring
The current
The
the country closer
and to get the outlying areas more involved in
together
(see figure
is a limited democracy with a single p o l i t i c a l party.
government president
Temporania
national
affairs.
in developing a modern police force.
base of Temporania rest s primarily
Of lesser importance
is
the embryonic
crop and the limited crop of a number of old banana plantations.
tree
c i t y is
a seaport.
It
has a small merchant fl eet and transshipment
of goods provides limited capital
input.
The port
is n a t i o n a l l y owned and
operated.
2. ostensibly
little is
Po)litical
a limited democracy,
or no voice
in e ffe c t
army exi st s but
3.
in national
for the
it
is
While the national
structure.
government
is
those areas outside the capital ci t y have policies.
t radi t i onal l y
For the most part,
agrarian
tribal
rule
A small national
population.
backward and undeveloped.
Ethnic background.
which are generally compatible.
Temporania consists of several The only exception
is
t r i be s
province Rho whose
jungle dwelling t r i be s have never attempted social or economic intercourse with the other provinces.
Governmental
41
control has been
limited
to th the e
I1 1 ý
~~PROVINCE
25MF1. NN, .
IN
PuPROVINCIAL CAPITAL
e JUNGLE PLANTAT)ON.0
PADDIES
.~RICE
MOUNTAINS O R HILLS [IUR
appointment of rather
province chiefs.
ineffectual
has been enforced by a small detachment
Their
limited
control
of the national army.
Population:
4.
-
a.
T otal
b.
P rovince
1,000,000. Psi
(1) C a p i t a l (2) c.
d.
The remainder
One
P rovince
- 400,000 city
ci t y of Chi -
-
100,000.
10,000.
500,000.
(1)
Forktown
(2)
Two cities of 10,000.
P rovince
-
Rho -
30,000.
100,000.
of the population l i ve s in small t r i b a l enclosures ranging
from 500 - 5,000 p o p u l a t i o n .
5.
6.
Area:
a.
Total - 25,000 square miles.
h.
Province Psi - 8,500 square miles.
c.
Province Chi
d.
Province Rho - 4,500 square miles.
12,000 square miles.
Topography: a.
weather
-
Province Psi is
rolling hill
Province Chi is
low and
country with a f a i r l y good all-
road net. b.
fla t with a number of swamps.
Much of the area has been used to cul t i vat e rice for many yearc.
road net is
passable only in good weather. 43
Th e
I Provi:ice Rho is
c.
airstrip
C.
*
to this area is
The only access
terrain.
is
available
Comp atation
e nt i r e l y covered by mountainous
by porter trails.
jungle
One small
province chi ef' s village.
a t the
of Police Strengths.
As stated previously,
any
of police strengths must be tempered by known facts and
computations
problems of the area involved.
The computations
and based on the model country,
Temporania,
used here are simplified
in order to develop th e
methodology.
Figure
1.
geographic region
population. police
Thus,
12
shows
the e the median rat i o for police for th
that
(for study purposes,
is
Asia)
1 policeman per 52 5
525 = a 1,905-man national
a 1,000,000 population
force. 2.
rat i o for c i t i e s
The police
terpolated
from figure 10
for c i t i e s
of 10,000,
is
for c i t i e s of 30,000,
1:627;
62/
=
667 =
45 police
1.0,000
714 =
14
exists
p, ,Ice
for the following urban police:
I city of 100,000 - 160 police 30,000 -
I city of 3
STOTAL
and
160 police
30,000
therclfore.,
1:667;
thus:
1:714, 100,000
A req'uirement,
of 100,000 population as in-
cities
of
45 police
10,000 - 42
TOTAL Urban P olice
(capital
(Forktown)
pol i c e
- 247
Police Required Urban P olice
Required
TOTAL Remaining 44
city)
for Rural Police
-
1,905
-
- 2A7
-
1,658
l 3.
Figure 13
by each functional
indicates
the percentages
of strength encompassed
Based on these percentages,
element of the police force.
the support base for rural police can be computed as follows: Rural strength x functional area % = support base Lu58
x 11.5
1658
x
1658
x 12.0 (tech svc)
1658
x 24.0
6.5
(admin)
= 191
(insp svc)
= 10 8
(op spt)
=
19 9
x 25%* = 10 0 = 59 8
TOTAL sot base
1658 -598
1060 man rural patrol
*257Z
is an a r bi t r a r y decrease in operational support a c t i v i t i e s
about by decreased t r a f f i c and detective requirements 4.
Area comparison.
lowing percentages
A check of figure
15
brought
in the rural areas. indicates
the fol-
of area for each province:
Province
Psi = 34'4 of area
Province 3hi = 487% -f area Province Rho = 18'7 5. rural
patrol
-f area
Based on the percentages
above,
a rough approximation
force 3trength for each province can be computed: Psi
1060 x 34Z. = 36 0
Chi
1060 x 487 = 50 9
Rho
1060 x TOTAL
187 = 191 1060 patrol 45
of th the e
I 6.
Based on the rural support strengths computed in
and the area percentages
shown in 5 above,
3 above
the support sl i ce for each
province can be computed: Province - Area 7,
JPsi
Rural spt sl i ce - Province s l i c e
- 34'A
x 191
sptt - 65 Admin sp
Chi - 487.
x 191
- 92 Admin spt
Rho - 18%
x 191
- 34 Admin spt
Psi -
x
= 68
340/
199
Chi - 48%
x 199
= 95 Tech svc
Rho - 18%
n 199
= 36 Tech svc
Psi - 34%
x 100
= 34 Operational spt
Chi - 48%
x 100
= 48 Operational spt
Rho - 18%
x 100
= 18 Operational
Psi - 34%
x 108
= 37 Insp svc
Chi -
48 Z
x 108
= 52 Insp
Rho - 18%
x 108
= 19 Insp svc GRAND
7. is
as
Tech sv c
As computed in 6 above,
TOTAL
Psi Province
Administrative spt - 65 Technical svc
-68
Operational spt
- 34
wvc
59 5988
the support strength
follows :
spt
for each province
svc
Inspectional
37 244
-
46
Chi Province Administrative
apt - 92
Technical svc
- 95 - 48
apt
Operational
-
svc
Inspectional
52
287
Rho Province Administrative
apt - 34
Technical svc
spt
Operational
Inspectional
Figure
8.
14
- 36 -
i ndi cat es
for each support a c t i v i t y .
-
svc
18 19
107
the percentages
of
subfunctional
areas
Applying the ra tio s as follows for each
province will produce the basic support or ga ni z a t i on.
a.
Psi Province
Subfunction - Rural Total x Technical
%
- Number x % of Total Force -
Province Slice
svc sv c
Records
- 1658
x 3%
Commo
- 1658
x 4. 5% -
Jail
Maint
= 49.7
x
34%
- 17
74.6
x
34%
= 25
- 1658
x 2.0% - 33.1
x
34%
-
- 1658
x 1.57
=
24.8
x
347
M
8 W1
x 2.57
- 41.4
x
347
-
14
x 3%
- 49.7
x
34%
-
17 TY
11
Administrative
Plans
-
14-
sv c
Inspectional Int ol
1658
-
1658
Assigned Slice 47
92
b.
Chi Province
Technical sv c Records
- 1658
x 3%
49.7
x
487
-
Commo
- 1658
x 4 .5 % - 74.6
x
48.
- 36
Jail
- 1658
x 2.0% = 33.1
x
487
-
16
Maint
- 1658
x 1.5% = 24.8
x
487
-
12 r88
-
24
Administrative
Plans
- 1658
=
41.4
x
487
=
x 3T.
=
49.7
x
487
=
20
TO
sv svc c
Inspectional
In tc l
x 2.5%
- 1658
Assigned Slice
23
T3 13 1
Rho Province
c. sv c Technical svc Records
-
1658
x 3%
= 49.7
x
18%
=
9
Com.o
-
1658
x 4. 5% = 74.6
x
187
-
13
Jail
-
1658
x 2.07 = 33.1
x
187
=
6
Maint
- 1658
4
x 1.57
=
24.8
x
187
=
x 2.57
- 41.4
x
18.
a
7 7
x 3%
-
49.7
x
18
=
9 9
T2 -
Administrative
Plans
Inspectlonal
In te l
- 1658 svc sv c
- 1658
Assigned Slice
48
48
Based on the strengths
9.
is as
a recapitulation
far computed,
follows: -
Provi nc e
Urban Police Capital City
1-10,000 City
Rho
*174*
*73*
*0*
(160)
Forktown (45)
(0)
2-10,000
(0)
(28)
*640
*239
(360)*
(509)*
(191)*
(131)
(48)
(204)*
(287)*
(107)*
TOTAL
*626
*713
*239
TOTAL AUTHORIZED
(738)*
(869)*
(298)*
Support (assigned s l i c e ) (para 8) Support (authorized (para
Chi
*452
(para 5)
Patrol
Psi
(14)
Rural Police (pat rol and assigned support)
Total
thus
slice)
7)
(92)
force excluding na t i ona l police headquarters - 1578
1905 -
1578
10.
=
327 s t r e ngt h for na t i ona l police headquarters The na t i ona l police headquarters breakout
is
computed as
follows: Province Spt Slice - Attached or Assigned Spt Police - Headquarters Element Psi
-
Chi
- 287
iho -
204
107
92
- 112
- 131
= 15 6
-
M
48
TOTAL
59
32 7
49
11.
j
indicated in
As
police
is 247.
figure
13,
the t o t a l requirement for urban
2 above,
of each functional area, derived from
The percentages
are computed as follows:
Capital City -
160 police
No Police x %
= No in
Functional Area
160
x 11.5% = 19
(Administrative
160
x 12%
= 19
(Technical svc)
160
x 24%
= 38
(Operational
160
x 6.5% = 10
160
x 46%
(Inspectional
apt)
apt)
svc)
= 74 (Patrol)
Forktown - 45 police 45
x 11.5% =
45
x 12%
=
45
x 24%
=
45
x 6.5% =
45
x 46%
5 (Administrative apt)
5 (Technical svc) (Operational apt)
11
3 (Inspectional
= 21
svc)
(Patrol)
3-10,000 Cities - 42
j42 j
42
x 11.5
= 5
3 = 2
42
x 12%
= 7
3 = 2 (Technical svc)
42
x 24% 7
= 13
x 6.5% = 42
x 46 %
= 19
3 =
apt)
1 (Inspectional
svc)
3 = 6
*
apt)
'Operational
3 = 3 .•
(Administrative
(Patrol)
4/City
50
I 12.
it
Now that total strengths and proportions have been determined,
remains to design organizations and hupport elements cequired for day-
to-day operations.
For the purpose of this study,
only the force structure
within Psi Province will be calculated in detail. a,
Capital city. (1) Operational support section.
j
ratio of 24.0%.
Thus 24.0% of 160 - 38.
Traffic,
Figure 13
detective,
sections must be apportioned based on local requirements. purposes,
we will use the percentages
shown in figure
160 police = 22
Traffic
= 14.0% of
Detective
-
7.5% of 160 police = 12
Juvenile
=
2.5% of i60 police -
4 38
(2)
Technical services.
12% of 160 = 19 total
Records
= 3.0% of 160 -
5
Communications
= 4.5% of
160 =
7
Property Control =
.5% of 160 =
1
Crime Lab
=
.5% of 160 =
1
Jail
= 2.0% of 160 =
3
Maintenance
= 1.5% of 160 =
2
14.
shows a and juvenile
For study
19
TOTAL
r1
(3)
Administrative
services.
11.5% of 160 = 18 t o t a l Budget
i
1% of 160 - 2
Personnel Public
3.5% of 160 -
5
1% of 160 -
2
Relations
2.5% of 160 - 4
Plans
Tng & Schools
=
I
3.5% of 160 - 5 TOTAL
(4)
Inspectional services.
6.5% of 160 = Int ernal
18
11
total
Invest i gat i on =
160 -
2
3% of 160 -
5
1% of
Int el l i gence
=
Inspection
=
,5% of 160 = 1
Vice
=
2% of 160 - 3 TOTAL
(5)
Patrol.
46% oT 160 = 74 t o t a l
b.
Rural
police.
11
(I)
I
j
in paragraph 9,
As indicated
al l ocat ed 360 p a t r o l personnel,
Psi Province
92 assigned support personnel,
support personnel assigned to national police headquarters. down of support personnel
(2) f ol l ow ý
360 ÷ 78
and 11 2
The break-
is specified in paragraph Oa,
The number of pat rol companies
(see
is
figure
.1
pat rol company)
9
-
is computed as 4.3 pat rol companies.
52
I
This may be equated to 4 companies,
1 platoon,
w i l l be deployed as shown on figure
16,
These uni t s
2 sections.
and as discussed in
paragraph D,
Operational Employment. 13. structure,
As a v e r i f i c a t i o n of r a t i o s involved with the current two checks remain to be made.
a.
Province
Population r a t i o . Population • Assigned Strength
Psi
400,000
626
Chi
500,000
713
R1c,
.100,000
239
Provinne
Population
Psi
400,000
:hi
500,000
.
.
a
Ratio 1:639
-
1:701 1:418
Strength + Spt Backup = Ratio
738
= 1:542
870
1:575
100,000
Rho
Nationwide
298
.
1,000,000
-
1:336 1:525
1905
Area r a t i o .
b.
Province
Area (sq mi
Psi
8,500
626
- 1:13.6
Chi
12,000
713
- 1:16.8
Rh'-
4,500
239
1:18.8
Province
Area
Assigned Strength = Ratio
Strength + Backup
(sq mi)
8,500
7
738
a
1:11.5
-
1:13.8
hi
12,000
870
Rho
4,5(0
298
I
Ratio
1:15.1
53
i
I
..
I j
D.
Operational
Employment.
1.
Each province
Rural.
Thus,
Psi D i s t r i c t is
tion,
each d i s t r i c t
16).
Forktown is,
Is
Psi Province.
is
regarded a# To facilitaLe
,
' .e
district.
cominand and coo.'dLna-
subdivided inLo numbered suu " s t r i c t s (see
therefore,
ChL-2 as e separate
3ube i s t r i c t
figu;re
of Chi
district,
a.
Command.
assumes a role as district
The company located a t each province capital headquarters.
commander has a dual role of d i s t t i c t
mander
(see
Thus,
the patrol company
coxriiander and subdi st ri ct com-
figure 17).
b.
Support.
The d . a t r i c t
corowndeT may ei t her attach
support elements trol
at
to
district
All c it;e ,
Urban.
1
In smaller c itie s
I
basio,
foi
absignme-1t
3
General.
conmand, of
CapitLi
th,, di-;trict
C i t y' s police
Cepital
CCntinuous reqgdrements
attachment of Eupport teams to tle
lesser used
support teams may be he3d on
a3 needeu.
Schew-tically,
figure
Facc city
are designated
excptp.on to t hi s division is
tne direct
would be organized as shown in
thc
nly
con-
elsm its a r e
popula..ion and ove-
is a separate metropolitan dlistrcL.
urban forces.
them under centzal
te•xis.
of 1O,O00
The
for ý.,pport eleme.ýLs dicta.e
an on-call
c,: rat ai n
Tyvpi-,l oi d e c e n t r a l i z e d
teams and inteaiigence
as separate subdi st ri ct s.
City which
u'nits
headquArte•-.
communications
2.
subdirrrfct
an urbau force
.
s ubd' qt r i c t
police
force v i l i be under
poJice chief within which it
force will report dire.
is
located.
ly to t ' e Chief of the
i54
PI -
1IT
1r
1 00
-6
-
e
550
'II UA. r
tInJ~
U-
F
oF
ý
L
YOZ L9
4c
0.
5. IL0Lq 0
li
-oo 0
IL--
IF
00
-Z
c
L
4-J
I2
ILl
m w
*Q.
urn
0.
D(
4
w
-
00w
z
OX
-J
4
0J m 00
02
W2
co M
00
10 O I~
2T
ILVw
V)Ju
IX 0I~
>
I
WIC>-
z* go~'R 57
I i
U
a
0
1.4
I Patrol
Division
government E.
at
National
lack of
of government
if
figure 19 .
the internal defense plan is
off;:lals.
the p o l i t i -
and m i l i t a r y or p a r a m i l i t a r y arms of government.
experienced in
a re
than in the successes of Malaya and th e Vietnam.
Coordination must not only be accomplished throughout a ll
of government,
lowest level,
to
fo forr
exchange of information and benefits derived therefrom,
fai l ures
coordination
to have any chance
lines of communication must be opened
more a p t l y pointed out
2.
evolves as one of the prime contributers
Coordination must be established with all elements
economic,
social,
The r e s ul t a nt
at
but also
the highest
across a l l
level,
levels.
This includes
the Area Coordination Center,
the e and th
the patrolman on the beat and his r e l a t i ons with local No matter how e f f i c i e n t
organized they are, *
coordination
Continuous
success.
elementr
to
Throughout each of the many h i s t o r i c a l studies done on in-
to police failure.
early
police
Coordination.
surgencies,
nowhere
The o v e r a l l
Headquarters .
is depicted in
r e l a t i ons hi p
I.
cal,
Police
a police organization,
they cannot work in a vacuum.
of, and coordination
the police program is
with,
the social,
doomed to
f a i l ur e .
t5
N A TIO N WA L
economic,
GOVT
or how well
Without the support and p o l i t i c a l
order,
AND
POLICE
RELATIONSHIP
OHIF
r
lNECTOR OF POL. CE
FO R
LINE
OI1V.SIot4S
CHIE F
OF
PATRO ,OIVSIONr-
RURAL
D/C
P.tLSPATROLS
CP
PROVIN'
CHI~
RURAL.
S IVALL CITY
PATROL
OF T PR~iAL
PATROL
I
/C
URSAN
L__[
METROPOLTAN A_ EAS
I VIII FOOTNOTES IWarren H. Metzner
Security Mission. O.W.
C.
Thomans,
US Assistance
Police Planning.
3 nternational
City Manager's Association.
(Chicago,
4 International
Police Literature. 5
(Springfield,
Charles
Year
1965).
Police Association. (London:
International
Butterworth,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, John F.
Illinois:
The Municipal
Snanley.
July
Bibliography of
1962).
Uniform Crime Reports for the United States.
6
Pa.)
44 .
p.
1952),
in the Peruvian Police Internal
War College,Carlisle barracks,
(US
Wilson.
Book 1965.
, LTC.
(Washington, D. C.:
1966).
Address to the Law Enforcement
Intelligence
(Chicago, Illin o is, 1 November 1963). Unit Eastern Regional Conference. 7 Uniform Crime Reports for the United States. (Washington, D. C.:
Federal Bureau of Investigatiod, International
9Int ernat i onal
Police Literatu •. 1
1965.
Police Association. (LondouL.
Police Literature.
July 1966),
(London:
(Chicago,
(Chicago,
The Municipal
Year Book
1965). .,ssociation.
The Municipal
Year Book
City Manager's Association.
The Municipal
Year Bfjok
1965).
In2ernational
1965.
Bibliography of
1962).
0 International City Manager's Association. (Chicago,
Bibliography of
1962).
International
Butterworths,
"International City Manager's 1965.
International
Butterworths,
Police Association.
Table 43.
1965).
60
I
~ 1965.
~~~Inittnational
City M~anager'8 As~oclatiofl
(Chicaga, 1965).
61
b
unc
IYer
o
I J
IX BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
I
BOOKS.
Banton,
Book,
Inc.,
Peter
and Basil Yamey.
Chicago,
D. C.:
Washington,
D. C.
Police
20523,
Mei, Measures.
Cassell,
1964.
The Municipal Year Book
Th, Poli~e axid Internal SezuriLy.
Department of State,
_Inernptionl. • i bl t ovrah,
Butterwerths,
Brooklyn:
Th e
1964.
Th2 Web of Government.
New Ycik:
The MarMil1n
1947.
Ko-Wang.
of
1962.
Police of the Twentieth Sentury.
Inc.,
R. M.
AID.
September 1965.
London:
V. A.
Press,
Academy.
Police Association.
Police Literature.
S M a c I ,, - r, r,
Londov:
Office of Public Satety.
International
Leonard,
Countries.
1965.
Washington,
Company,
Basic
19J7.
City Manager's Association.
International
I
New York:
Ecopornes of Unc.de.,loped
The World's Poiice.
James.
International
Foundaticot
of Chicago,
University
Cramer,
1965.
the Community.
1964,
Bauer,
Chicago:
The Policeman in
Michael.
Oriental
Police Systems and Counter-Subveisive
Michigan State University,
1963.
62
I Mil;spaugh, Menasha,
A. C.
Wisconsin:
Reith,
1937.
The Blind Eye of History.
London;
Charles.
Reith, Charies. London:
Faber and Faber,
Edward.
HumanitiEs Press, Wilson,
Thomas,
1940.
P o l i t i c a l Development
of the New States.
New York:
Inc.
Q. W. Police Planning.
Springfield,
0. W.
Chicago:
Illinois:
Charles C.
1952.
Wilson,
Service,
Police Principles and the Problems of War.
Oxford Press,
Shils,
Police Reccrds.
Public Adminifetration
1942,
GOVERNrtVNT PUBLICATIONS
Adkins, InsueBncy.
To
George Banta Publishing Co.,
1952.
Ltd.1
II.
Crime Control by the National Government.
Vietri.-,
E. H.,
Jr.
AND ARTICLES.
The Police and Resources Control in Counter-
Public Safety Division, January 1964.
Armbruster,
Frank E.
A Concept for Military and Police-Security
Opera.ions in South Vietnam. Institute,
United States Operations Miss'-on
Inc.,
20 June
1966.
Harmon-on-Hudson,
New York:
Hudson
Gollsen,
M.
J.
"Counterinsurgency"
Speech Given at Advanced
of Defense.
War College,
US
Text of
Department
24 May 1965.
Warren H. US Assistance
Metz:.., Missi-en.
Research Projects Agency Symposium,
D. C.,
Washington,
in 1970.
and Research
Carlisle
In the Peruvian Internal Security
Barracks,
Pa.,
1965
63
Headquarters,
and Aria.
Eugene II. "Ideology
Malvin,
Ohi.,
Africa
of Europe.
Police
Volume
8, Spring
,
US
'foutthsto:c ol Stiihility." 7.
Paymaany,
America
15 December
550-1,
27 November
1963.
in Counterinsurgency."
and Organization
for
Army, Military Mitiary
Police Corps.
Police
Journal.
Counterinsurgency
Law
October,
and 1966.
Studies in Latin
Defense Research Corporation,
California:
1964.
President's Justice.
Background
Santa Barbara,
III.
Pamphlet No.
Th e
1.964.
"Miller, Richae'd D_, iaiu• Order.
Foreign Countries,
United States Army Europe.
Commission on Law Enforcement arl Administration of
prevention and Control of Riots
Report on Urban Insurgency Studies, The Simuimatics Rescarc'l
Massachuse~ts:
Corporation,
May
(Draft),
Vol.
1. Cambridge,
New York:
1966.
on Urbao D.seoil~lilrium Final
Associate
May 1966.
for International
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Phase I.
Research,Inc.,
Cambridge,
31 May 1966.
Sorenson,
SDefense
John L.
Urban Insurgency
February
Research Corporation,
Uniform Crime Reports for
Santa Barbara,
Cases.
1965.
the United States.
Federal
j
Williams, R H . nd McQuie, Robert. McLean, Virginia: insurgency Research.
,f
October
California:
Washington,
D. C.:
July 1966.
Bureau of Investigation,
A New Approach to CounterResearch Analysis Corporation,
1964.
64
i
APPENDIX SUPPLEMENTAL
I.
As a
GENIRNEAL.
of
deri vat i ve data wa,
vert ii
developnwmnt of
the model,
the
research
conducted
collected which,
is
helpful as
for
t h i s study,
although not c r i t i c a l
background knowledge
to
to the
the ad-
in the field.
visor
II.
rv t i i i t
DATA
PAY AND OPERATING COST COMPARISONS. A.
ployees,
Figure 1 shows a gradual decline in s a l a r i e s paid police em em-while operationaA
decreases.
costs
increase,
as the size of the community
While the s i gni f i c a nc e of the decreasing salary scale is
understandable,
care should be taken in evaluating increasing operational
While an effi ci ency factor may be evident to some small degree,
costs.
procurement
costs would seem to impact heaviest
in the small
In a small comrnunity,
probably every o f f i c e r is mobile.
of vehicles to police
is higher.
Again,
due to bloc
community.
Thus,
the r a t i o
procurement,
th e
sedan t hat costs the ci t y of New York $1,400.00 may well cost Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania, ment,
$2,200.00.
and even basic
B.
(See
figure
2.)
it
Thus,
underd, veloped nation to give thought
for the great est
r i o t control equip-
forms and st at i onery.
of communities.
advisor of an
true of weapons,
range between 82% and 937. of the police budget
Salaries
categories
The same is
return
in enforcement.
may be well to
in a ll for
using such a
i I
AVERAG? COSTS-OPERATION U.S. POLICE DEPARTMENTS
IN COST
r
OFW°
PER EMPLOYEE
TOTAL COST/POLICEMAN POLICEMAN SALARY
OPERATIONAL $8,000
;;;
-r-
COST
-0
14$6473
i
zt5,000... 6,000a, ooo i$08
-
..
range
This would make the department
-5,
67
the th e
i-,ý:±o i-,ý:± o
.......... .o o•o
aft.__
$14
0
0
0
SIZE
o00o
OF
o0000
COMMUNITY
FI GURE
1
I OPERATIONAL
VS
COSTS
SALARIES OPERATIONAL
t
~~COLTS
1
100% 90% 80 %
-
-
i
117
000
SALARIES
o.
o.
--
