A Short History of Philadelphia

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PHILADELPHIA BEFORE AND DURING THE ORIGIN OF ICE CREAM
YEAR SUBJECT AREA(S) EVENT(S) The ancesters of the Lenni Lenapi, the inhabitants of this region at the time of the first European settlers, most likely came from Asia, via the Bering Strait, about 10,000 years ago. They spoke an Algonquin dialect. The term "Lenni Lenapi" which literally means "common people," also carries with it the meanings of "Original people," "Men among men," and "Men of our kind." Other Algonquin speaking tribes referred to the Lenni Lenapi with the venerable description of "Grandfathers." Henry Hudson briefly explores a body of water and names it Zuydt (South) River.

Before SOCIETAL 1600

1609

ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL

1610

Sir Samuel Argall explores the same bay and names it after the 12th ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL Lord De la Warr, which comes to be known as Delaware, the name ultimately given to a river, a colony, and the Lenni Lenapi tribe.

1620s The Dutch make several futile attempts to settle in the Delaware Valley. and ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL Part of their problems arose from the Delawares not understanding the 1630s concept of private land ownership. 1638 ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL Peter Minuit, working for the Swedes, settled in what is today Wilmington. The Swedes settle in several localities throughout the region, including Tinicum and Cobbs Creek, Upland/Chester, and Kingsessing.

1640s ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL

1650s Control of the land changes hands several times between the Dutch and and ECONOMIC/MILITARY the Swedes. 1660s 1663 SOCIETAL 1665 1664 ECONOMIC/MILITARY Quakers from Radnorshire, Wales settle in what is now Radnor, PA The British, under Charles II, claim the area, and send Warships to the area to protect its interest. The Quaker William Penn receives a charter from the crown for a colony on the Delaware River. The original city was laid out like a grid, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill Rivers, and from Cedar Street (now South Street) to Vine Street. Penn sells 40,000 acres to Welsh Quakers, which eventually form the townships of Radnor, Haverford, and Lower Merion.
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1681

SOCIETAL

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1680s SOCIETAL
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Many early Philadelphians, including Thomas Wynne, the City's First doctor, live in caves. Within fifty years, the city becomes predominantly brick.
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Penn offers Delawares (Leni Lenapi) wampum and other gifts (totalling about 1000 pounds) to extinguish their claim to the land in Bucks, 1682 ECONOMIC/POLITICAL Chester, and Philadelphia Counties. Contrary to the Benjamin West 1684 painting, there was no single treaty at Shackamaxon (an English corruption of Sachemexon, or "Place of the chiefs") 1683 1700 SOCIETAL SOCIETAL Dutch speaking Quakers establish a settlement in present day Germantown. Philadelphia has about 2000 residents Smaller numbers of French, Italians, and Swiss enter the area. A small Jewish population also migrate to the area. The first Delawares travel into the Ohio River Valley. The Iroquois "Six Nations" begin to exert their authority over the Delawares. An aristocracy composed of Quaker and former Quaker families is developing in the City. Penn's Frame of Government, which gives full legislative power to an Assembly, becomes a model for the future U.S. Constitution. William Penn's secretary, James Logan, administers the colonies while Penn, and later his sons, are Proprietors. In addition to the skill with which he performs his duties, he is the first of the Renaissance type men who live and work in Philadelphia. He is a polyglot, a scientist, and a mathematician. He becomes rich through the trade of fur, British securities, and real estate. This latter source of wealth is at times obtained through unscrupulous activities (see the Walking Purchase). His Stenton estate in Germantown has the largest library in America at that time. Penn dies, leaving his three sons to gain the Propietorship of the City. Delawares now live mainly (1) on the Brandywine, (2) in the areas of Reading, Kutztown, Maxatawny, and (3) in the area of the Lehigh Valley, also known as the Forks. 17 year old Benjamin Franklin comes to Philadelphia. He enters the printing trade, but during the next 67 years, he makes major contributions in literature, the natural and social sciences, music, politics, and civic welfare. James Logan and Thomas Penn apparently trick (and/or threaten) the Delawares into confirming a questionable deed purportedly owned by William Penn, dating back to 1686. The deed specifies an area
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1700s SOCIETAL Early SOCIETAL 1700s Late SOCIETAL 1700s 1701 SOCIETAL

1701 BIOGRAPHICAL 1751

1718

SOCIETAL

1720s to SOCIETAL 1740 1723 to 1788

SOCIETAL

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bounded on one side that a man could walk in 1 1/2 days, starting at a fixed point at currrent day Wrightstown in Bucks County. The area is cleared and one of the three designated "walkers" traverses 60 miles, which, when manipulating the other boundaries, ends up driving the Delawares out of the Delaware Valley.
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1740s SOCIETAL 1740s SOCIETAL 1740s SOCIETAL 1751 1754 SCIENCE SOCIETAL

About half of the population in the colony is German speaking. Population reaches 10000. Large numbers of Irish, Scotch-Irish, and Scots arrive in the colonies. Presbyterians rival Quakers in population. Benjamin Franklin publishes "Experiments and Observations in Electricity". "Six Nations (Iroquois speaking tribes) choose Shingas as the Delaware king of the Ohio. The defeat of George Washington and Edward Braddock by the French and their northern American Indian allies in Western Pennsylvania turn the Delawares (led by Shingas) against the English, and in many cases, against the Europeans in general. This revolt helps to break the yoke of the Six Nations around the Delaware. The French Indian War also has a direct bearing on Philadelphia because the State Government resides there. The University of Pennsylvania, (originally called the College, Academy, and Charitable School of Philadelphia), is given the power to grant college level degrees. King Beaver, a relative of Shingas signs a treaty which ends the first round of the Delaware's revolt against the English. Population reaches 25000. Displaced Moravian Delawares who come to Philadelphia are the targets of the "Paxton Boys", a group of white settlers from the western Pennsylvania frontiers. Benjamin Franklin leads a group of citizens to Germantown, which prevents an attack. The British Stamp Act taxes almost all printed materials, placing additional stress on the Colonies' economic relations with England. The Delawares sign a final peace treaty with Sir William Johnson, ending a renewed round of fighting that began when the Ottawa, Pontiac, under advice from the Delawares, joined various tribes in a war against the English. The 170 Moravian Delawares that were protected in Philadelphia go to Friedenshutten, a Moravian community on the Susquehanna, near Wyalusing.
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1755

MILITARY

1755

EDUCATION

1759

MILITARY

1760s SOCIETAL

1764

MILITARY

1765

GOVERNMENT

1765

MILITARY

1765

SOCIETAL

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1767
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The British Townshend Revenue Acts tax glass, lead, painters' colors, paper, and tea.
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1770 1773 1773

RELIGIOUS SOCIETAL GOVERNMENT

Religious groups represented in the City at this point are Anglicans, Baptists, Catholics, German Reform, Jews, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Quakers, . Walnut Street Prison is built. Although the Tea Act has the effect of selling British teas in the colony below current prices, the colonists fear monopolization of the tea trade in America. Delegates of the First Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia. Congress votes to boycott British trade until the British change their policies toward the colonists. Delegates of the Second Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia. Congress drafts the "Olive Branch Petition" declaring loyalty to the Crown, which the king refuses to read. Congress then turns its work to independence of the colonies from the crown. The Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America, which is adopted by the convention, marks the formal declaration of independence of the colonies and the beginning of war with England. The Battle of Brandywine (September 11) ends with the British creating a beachhead in Pennsylvania, (September 26) The British march into Philadelphia. (Ocotober 4) Washington stages a battle in Germantown which the Americans lose, but helps to convince the French to support the patriots' cause. Americans establish a blockade at Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer on both sides of the Delaware which inhibits British delivering goods to its soldiers. Washington's irregulars winter in Valley Forge. They emerge as a professional army. Control of Philadelphia returns to the Americans. American militiamen bludgeon and scalp 90 Moravian Delaware adults and children, execution style, to avenge American deaths by hostile tribes. The Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia to adopt a common Federal law for the United States of America. The Federal Capital moves to Philadelphia from New York. The First Bank of the United States receives a Federal charter and in December, occupies Carpenter's Hall.
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1774

GOVERNMENT

1775

GOVERNMENT

1776

GOVERNMENT

1777

MILITARY

1777

MILITARY

1777

MILITARY

1777 MILITARY 1778 1778 1781 MILITARY MILITARY

1787 1790 1791

GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC

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1793

MEDICINE

The summer and fall of 1793 sees an epidemic of yellow fever that claims the lives of 5,000 people out of a population of 45,000 people. The Greenville Treaty, concluding yet another war by the Delawares in confederacy with other tribes, moves the Delawares out of the Ohio Valley and into Indiana territory. The State Government moves to Lancaster before settling in Harrisburg.

1795

SOCIETAL/MILITARY

1799

GOVERNMENT

PHILADELPHIA DURING THE GREAT AGE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CATERERS
YEAR 1800 1810 1816 SUBJECT AREA(S) GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC ECONOMIC EVENT(S) The Federal Government moves to Washington. The First Bank of the United States fails to have its Federal charter renewed The Second Bank of the United States receives a Federal charter. It is built on Chestnut Street between 4th & 5th Streets

1818

By bribing Delaware chiefs to sign a treaty, The U.S. government SOCIETAL/GOVERNMENTAL forces the Delawares out of Indiana and Ohio, across the Mississippi and into Missouri. EDUCATION The Assembly passes an act that establishes the "First School District" out of the city and the county of Philadelphia. William Strickland's Second Bank of the United States is built on Chestnut Streets between 4th & 5th Streets. Population reaches 63,713 Nicholas Biddle assumes the helm of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. A renaissance man in the spirit of Franklin, he helps to give the bank a vibrancy while maintaining the financial health of the institution. Thomas Jefferson University (originally called the Jefferson Medical College) is founded. PA Horticultural Society founded. Eastern State Penitentiary Completed
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1818

1819 ARCHITECTURE 1824 1820 SOCIETAL

1823

ECONOMIC

1825 1828 1829

EDUCATION/MEDICINE ARTS/SCIENCES SOCIETY

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SOCIETAL

Moravian Delawares, found a mission named Schonfeldt (fairfield) in Ontario, Canada.
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JOURNALISM GOVERNMENTAL/SOCIETAL ECONOMIC ECONOMIC RECREATION EDUCATION EDUCATION SOCIETY

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The Philadelphia Inquirer (originally called the Pennsylvania Inquirer) is founded.

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1829 1830 1831 1834 1834 1838 1838

The U.S. government and the Delawares negotiate a new treaty, which moves the Delawares into Kansas. William Cramp establishes the Cramp Shipbuilding Company, later called William Cramp and Sons. Baldwin Locomotive Works is founded in North Philadelphia. Rowing clubs begin to hold regattas. The Free School law creates tax supported public schools throughout the State. Central High School, the first of its kind in the country, opens. African Americans are denied the right to vote, under Pennsylvania's Constitution.

THE GOLDEN AGE OF PHILADELPHIA ICE CREAM
YEAR 1840 1840 SUBJECT AREA(S) ">SOCIETAL ECONOMIC EVENT(S) Population reaches 93,652. Henry Disston founds the Keystone Saw Works in Tacony, eventually employing 2,500 workers. Southwark, the area bounded by South Street, Sixth Street, Federal Street, and the Delaware River, has an unusual number of fire companies and gangs. Often, they are undistinguishable from each other, with rival companies intentionally setting fires in order to descend upon another company as it tries to extinguish the fires. These activities strengthen the county consolidation movement and underscore the need for a professional police force. Southwark, the area bounded by South Street, Sixth Street, Federal Street, and the Delaware River, has an unusual number of fire companies and gangs. Often, they are undistinguishable from each other, with rival companies intentionally setting fires in order to descend upon another company as it tries to extinguish the fires. These activities strengthen the county consolidation movement and underscore the need for a professional police force.
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1840

SOCIETAL

1840s SOCIETAL

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The 2nd Bank of the United State's opposition by Andrew Jackson brings about its final demise.

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1841

The City forms a monopoly - The Gas Trust - which creates a system of political favoritism that lasts for years A dispute about the type of Bible used in the city's public schools begins the Nativist (anti-Catholic) riots. These riots are ultimately responsible for (1) the incorporation of Philadelphia county into Philadelphia city, and (2) a strong Archdiocesan Catholic School System in the City. The Pennsylvania Railroad is incorporated. The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin (originally called Cummings' Evening Telegrphic Bulletin) is founded. The American Medical Association is organized in Philadelphia. The legislature allows Central High School the right to confer baccalaureates. Population reaches 121,376. Philadelphia has more textile factories than anywhere else in the world. The Medical College of Pennsylvania (originally called the Female Medical College) is founded

1844

ETHNIC/RELIGIOUS

1846 1847 1847 1849 1850

ECONOMIC JOURNALISM MEDICINE EDUCATION SOCIETAL

1850s ECONOMICS 1851 1854 1854 1854 EDUCATION/MEDICINE

GOVERNMENTAL/SOCIETAL Philadelphia county is consolidated into Philadelphia city. SOCIETAL SOCIETAL State requires separate schools for Blacks in districts with 20 or more blacks. Robert Conrad oversees the first professional police department in the city.

ICE CREAM - MODERNITY AND BEYOND
YEAR 1860 1860 BASEBALL SOCIETAL SUBJECT AREA(S) EVENT(S) The Philadelphia Athletics are founded. With the incorporation of Philadelphia County into Philadelphia City, Philadelphia's population climbs 565,529 Peter A.B. Widener and William Elkins Lukins form the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, which buys up other lines, and
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Company, which buys up other lines, and eventually becomes the only transit company within the city. This Company will eventually be named Philadelphia Transportation Company.
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1860s Late 1860s Late 1865 on 1867

SOCIETAL

The old Philadelphia aristoracy begins to give way to the nouveau riche that supported the Republican cause during the Civil War. John B. Stetson founds Stetson Hats, which will eventually employ 5,400 workers in North Philadelphia. Cheap mortgages and land expansion allows more Philadelphians to own homes than anywhere else in the country. Streetcars are desegregated. An agreement is reached by the U.S. government, the Cherokee nation, and the Delawares toward moving the Delawares into Oklahoma, and making them official Cherokee citizens. The City's population reaches 674,022 The Fifteenth Amendment goes into effect, allowing African Americans the right to vote. The first test of the new law causes riots in the City. The City's Italian population increases from 300 to 18,000. Many seek better economic conditions. The Athletics win the championship of the National Association of Professional Baseball Players. The University of Pennsylvania relocates to West Philadelphia. The Philadelphia House of Correction is built, mainly for persons committing petty crimes. There are 108,631 students, 182 schools, and about 1900 teachers in the Philadelphia schools. Overcrowding forces many students away from schools. Teachers are threatened by a

ECONOMIC

SOCIETAL SOCIETAL

1867

GOVERNMENTAL/SOCIETAL

1870

SOCIETAL

1870

GOVERNMENTAL

1870 SOCIETAL 1900

1871

BASEBALL

1872 1874

EDUCATION GOVERNMENTAL

1875

EDUCATION

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EDUCATION

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from schools. Teachers are threatened by a 10% pay cut, that is reversed due to strong support in the press.
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1876

Philadelphia hosts a Centennial exposition. This World's Fair promotes the age of science and the machine and exemplifies ECONOMIC/GOVERNMENTAL/RECREATION America's dominance in these areas. Germany. in particular, is influenced deeply by the exposition. African American population grows from 25,000 to 40,000. The Philadelphia Museum of Art is founded. The City's population reaches 847,170 A sizable number of Polish and Hungarian immigrants come to Philadelphia. Affordable housing, comparatively high wages, good working conditions, and superior worker benefits cause less worker strife in Philadelphia than in other large cities. The City's Jewish population increases 9-fold due to pogroms in Eastern Europe. Many Settle in the river wards south of Spruce Street, displacing many African Americans. Less than 1% of the population is Quaker. Textile and garment workers join socialist unions. The Philadelphia Phillies begin play in Philadelphia. A central school board is formed in 1883. The Jewish Exponent is founded. Edwin Fitler is elected mayor. A good mayor in otherwise corrupt times. Temple University, intended as a "Workingman's University" is chartered by Russell Conwell, the minister of the Grace Baptist Church. The City's population reaches 1,046,964 Knights of Labor organize brewers, cigar
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1876 SOCIETAL 1896 1877 1880 ART SOCIETAL

1880 SOCIETAL 1900

1880s

ECONOMIC

1880s

SOCIETAL

1880s 1880s 1883 1883 1887 1887

POPULATION ECONOMIC BASEBALL EDUCATION SOCIETAL GOVERNMENTAL

1888

EDUCATION

1890 1890

SOCIETAL ECONOMIC

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workers, and trolley car conductors in the city Edwin Stuart is elected mayor. Another good mayor in otherwise corrupt times
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1891

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1891

EDUCATION

The Free Library is founded in 1891 through donations from George Pepper, Andrew Carnegie, and Peter Widener. William Pepper, the legendary provost of the University of Pennsylvania provides leadership there in its early years. Drexel University is founded by Anthony J. Drexel to provide a technical education to young working class people, regardless, of gender. Bryn Mawr is founded by Joseph W. Taylor as a women's college that would serve as a complement to Haverford College and would promote women's rights. There are 212 miles of trolley tracks in the city Strike by railway conductors against Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company during Christmas earns strikers slightly higher wages and the limitation of the workday to 12 hours. W.E.B. DuBois’ The Philadelphia Negro is published. The Octavia Hill Association is founded to provide housing and to lobby for legislation that would address the housing needs of indigent Philadelphians. Frederick Taylor, the founder of Scientific School of Management, is one of the few employers to hire African Americans to work alongside white workers. Pennsylvania Railroad is responsible for the Main Line, the railroad line cutting through some of the original Welsh communities of Merion, Narberth, Wynnewood, Haverford, and Bryn Mawr. Ladies Home Journal founded by Cyrus H.K. Curtis.
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1891 EDUCATION 1892

18911892

EDUCATION

1893

SOCIETAL

1895

ECONOMIC

1896

SOCIETAL

1896

SOCIETAL

1896

ECONOMIC

Late 1800s

SOCIETAL

1883

JOURNALISM

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Cyris H.K. Curtis buys the Saturday Evening Post.
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Late 1800s Late 1800s Late 1800s

Henry Houston, a railroad magnate, develops holdings in Chestnut Hill. Pennsylvania Railroad is the largest corporation in the country. With government programs for the poor virtually non-existent, religious groups and politicians take responsibility for providing food, clothing, and shelter. Philadelphia becomes a major publishing city. Peterson's Saturday Evening Post and the Lippincott Company are examples of the elite publishing houses in the city at that time. The diversity of industries, such as beer, brooms, candies, cigars, cigarettes, ice cream, and pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding and railroad manufacturing mollifies the effects of severe economic downturns in the city.

SOCIETAL

Late 1800s

ECONOMIC

Late 1800s

ECONOMIC

Late 1800s to Early 1900s 1900 1900 1900s Early 1900s Early

GOVERNMENTAL

There is inadequate water and sewer lines as well as road repair, due to corruption.

MUSIC SOCIETAL GEOGRAPHIC GEOGRAPHIC

The Philadelphia Orchestra is established. The City's population reaches 1,293,647 The city still consists of neighborhoods that appear to be like separate villages. The area of Philadelphia is the largest of any other city in U.S. The City sponsors its first Mummers' Parade, a tradition with its roots in Europe and its American roots most probably in the Swedes' celebration of the Christmas and New Years holiday in Tinicum and Kingsessing. Owen Wistar's "The Virginian" is published. The Athletics win the American League pennant. The commentator Lincoln Steffens writes that
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1901

SOCIETAL

1902 1902

LITERATURE BASEBALL

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1903

ECONOMIC

100,000 garment workers strike, 10,000 of whom are children. Although the strike fails, it highlights the horrors of child labor. The Public School Reorganization Act frees the school system from the wards and the ward leaders. The Athletics win the American League pennant. There are almost as many parochial and private schools in the city as there are public schools. The Athletics win the World Series. The Athletics win the World Series. Rudolph Blankenburg becomes mayor and ushers in four years of reform. At the end of his term, Philadelphia reverts back to machine politics. Leopold Stokowski assumes the baton for the Philadelphia Orchestra. The Athletics win the World Series. The Athletics win the American League pennant. The Phillies win the National League pennant Billie Holliday is born at Philadelphia General Hospital on April 7. George Kelly wins a Pulitzer Prize for his play, "Craig's Wife." The Benjamin Franklin Parkway, emulating the Champs d'Elysses in Paris is completed. Philadelphia Warriors is founded as an expansion team of the American Basketball Association, Organized the previous year. The Philadelphia Art Museum opens its Benjamin Franklin Parkway home to the
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1905

EDUCATION

1905

BASEBALL

1905 1910 1911

EDUCATION BASEBALL BASEBALL

1911

GOVERNMENTAL

1912 1913 1914 1915 1915 1925 1925

MUSIC BASEBALL BASEBALL BASEBALL MUSIC LITERATURE ARCHETECTURE

1926

BASKETBALL

1927

ARCHETECTURE

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SOCIETAL

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A SHORT HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA The commentator

Lincoln Steffens writes that "Other American cities, no matter how bad their Condition may be, all point with scorn to Philadelphia as worse..."
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1929 1930 1933 1938

MUSIC SOCIETAL FOOTBALL MUSIC

Jazz saxophonist and composer Benny Golson is born on January 25. The City's population reaches 1,950,961 The Philadelphia Eagles are founded

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Leopold Stokowski leaves the Philadelphia Orchestra. Eugene Ormandy assumes the baton. Jazz pianist McCoy Tyner is born on December 11. Jazz saxophonist Byard Lancaster is born on August 6. Jazz legend John Coltrane moves to Philadelphia at age 17. The first large-scale fully operational electronic computer is completed at the University of Pennsylvania. The Philadelphia Warriors win the first league championship of the newly formulated National Basketball Association. The Eagles win the league championship The Eagles win the league championship The Phillies win the National League pennant Voters approve a new City Charter, designed reform city government and to end political patronage. Voters elect Joseph Clark as Mayor, the first Democratic mayor in nearly 100 years. The City's population reaches 2,002,512 The Eagles win the league championship The State passes the Philadelphia Educational Home Rule Charter, The Charter (2) gives City Council the ability to tax, allows the Mayor to appoint 9 board members from a list of recoomendations by a Citizens Panel. Mark Shedd is the first superintendent under the Charter. He begins the establishment of
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1938 1942 1942

MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC

1946

SCIENCE

1947 1948 1949 1950 1951

BASKETBALL FOOTBALL FOOTBALL BASEBALL GOVERNMENTAL

1952 1960 1960

GOVERNMENTAL SOCIETAL FOOTBALL

1965

EDUCATION

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"alternative schools" in the city.
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1967

HOCKEY

Philadelphia Flyers are one of the new teams to augment the ranks the the National Hockey League.
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1967 1970 1974 1975

BASKETBALL SOCIETAL HOCKEY HOCKEY

The 76ers become the National Basketball Association champions. The City's population reaches 1,927,863. The Philadelphia Flyers win the Stanley Cup. The Philadelphia Flyers win the Stanley Cup. The first major confrontation with the "back to nature" group MOVE, ends with the death of a police officer and the destruction of their headquarters in Powelton Village. The Phillies win the World Series. The Eagles represent the National Football Conference at the Superbowl. Eugene Ormandy retires and Riccardo Muti takes over the Philadelphia Orchestra. The Phillies win the National League pennant. The second major confrontation with the "back to nature" group MOVE, ends with a fire that destroys 62 houses and the death of 6 MOVE members and 5 MOVE children. The Phillies win the National League pennant. Wolfgang Sawallisch takes over as conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra. The world class concert hall, The Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, opens in Mid-December. Christoph Eschenbach becomes the music director of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Arts, opens in Mid-December. The National Constitution Center opens on July 4. The Eagles represent the National Football Conference at the Superbowl. For nearly half a century, Philadelphia has
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1978

SOCIETAL

1980 1981 1982 1983

BASEBALL FOOTBALL MUSIC SPORTS

1985

SOCIETAL

1994 1993

SPORTS MUSIC

2001

MUSIC

2002

MUSIC

2003 2005

ARCHITECTURE/HISTORY FOOTBALL

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been a major force in Rock music. Groups such as Lee Andrews and the Hearts and Danny and the Juniors defined Rock & Roll in the late fiftees. Soloists such as Frankie Avalon and Bobby Rydell were idolized by teenagers across the country. Dee Dee Sharp, Chubby Checker, the Dovelles, the Tymes and Patti LaBelle and the Bluebells epitomized the excitement of the music in the sixtees. In the late sixtees, the Delphonics and The Philly Sound, propounded by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, and characterized by such artists as the O'Jays, the Soul Survivors, the Intruders, Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes, Archie Bell and the Drells made Philadelphia an important city for soul music. In the late ninetees, the Disco Biscuits were formed in the city, which advanced the music of jam bands in the country.
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