A Timeline of the Occult and Divinatory Tarot From 1750 to 1980 (Noct Press)

A Timeline of the Occult and Divinatory Tarot from 1750 to 1980 Collected by  Collected by Mary  Mary K. K. Greer  with assistance from assistance from Lola Lucas, K. Frank  Jensen,  Jensen, Cerulean

Retreived  from  from http://www.tarotpassages.com/mkgtimeline.htm and the and  the Aeclectic  Aeclectic Tarot Forum Tarot  Forum on 13/5/2010

Noct Press Noct  Press 2010  2010

A Timeline of the Occult and Divinatory Tarot from 1750 to 1980 c. 1735

The Square of  Sevens by Robert Antrobus: ”Genuine Gypsy Card reading”—

claims to be a reprint of a 1735 tome with a second edition in 1896. 1735 date is apocryphal. c. 1750

Manuscript (discovered by Franco Pratesi in the late 1980s), that lists cartomantic interpretations for 35 Bolognese tarocchi cards along with a rudimentary method of laying them out. A sheet of 35 Bolognese cards (trumps and number cards) are labeled with simple divinatory meanings such as “journey,” “betrayal,” “married man,” “love.” A later deck of double‐ headed Bolognese cards from the 1820’s are labeled both top and bottom with divinatory meanings, showing a continuity of use.

c. 1750

Etteilla stated that he learned the art of telling fortunes with playing cards from three cartomancers, one of whom hailed from Piedmont in northern Italy. In 1757 his Piedmontese teacher led him to the tarot, declaring that  these cards contained the secrets of all the wisdom of the ancients. [Huson, The True Tarot, recently republished as Mystical Origins Mystical Origins of the of  the Tarot ]. ].

1751‐1753

Three persons persons in in Paris Paris were publicly known as offering offering their services for divination by playing cards. The practice spread until a cry of sacrilege was raised and was stopped by officialdom. [p 160 W. H. Willshire. 1876.  A descriptive catalogue of   playing and  other  cards in the British Museum. (reprinted 1975 by Emmering, Amsterdam)]

1757

Etteilla claimed that his Piedmontese (Italian) teacher first taught him the Tarot in this year.

1760

Nicolas Conver’s Tarot de Marseille‐style cards engraved and printed. (Reproduced by House of Camoin in the 1968.)

1765

According to Casanova, his Russian peasant mistress would read the cards every day—laying them out in a square of twenty‐five cards.

1770

Jean‐Baptiste Alliette (1738‐1791 publishes the first treatise on fortune‐ telling with playing cards: Etteilla, ou maniere de se ré  cré  r  avec un  jeu de cartes  part  M***  (Etteilla, or  a Way  to Entertain Oneself  with a Pack  of  Cards by  Mr*** ) which includes reversed meanings for the 32 cards. He mentions les Taraux  in a list of methods of fortune‐t elling [Wicked Pack, Wicked  Pack, p. 83]. According to Etteilla “the Book  of  Thoth had been engraved for posterity by seventeen Hermetic adepts, priests of Thoth, on plates of gold 171 years after the Great Flood, and that these plates had been the prototypes for tarot  Tarot  ( recently Mystical  Origins of the of  the cards. [Huson, The True Tarot (  recently republished as Mystical Origins Tarot .] .]

1770

Krata Repoa or “Initiations into the ancient society of Egyptian priests,”

published in German (by Von Köppen) as a revelation of a new branch of  Freemasonry. Its rituals were clearly based on translations of Graeco‐ Egyptian texts. (See MP Hall Freemasonry  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians.) A later edition appeared in French in 1778. Dr. John Yarker published the first  English edition in a Masonic Journal, The Kneph. Blavatsky claimed it was based on The Ritual  of  Initiations by Humberto Malhandrini, published in Venice in 1657. 1770

In the spring of 1770, the young Goethe, at this time 20 years of age, went to Strasburg in the Alsace to continue his studies at the university. There he witnessed and himself had a reading of the playing cards by an old woman.

1771

Count Cagliostro (1743‐95) appears in London and Paris with his Egyptian Masonic Rite.

1776

American Declaration of Independence and beginning of the American Revolution.

1776

Founding of the Illuminati (?)

1777

Cagliostro is said to have invented his scheme” of Egyptian Masonry, which would become known as the Egyptian Rite of  Freemasonry  (see 1782). He claims to have discovered a mysterious document in a London bookstall, written by a “George Cofton.”

1778

Volume 5 of Antoine Court de Gébelin’s Le Monde Primitif  contains an “Etymological Dictionary of the French Language” in which the old‐fashioned form of the word, Tarraux , is listed as a “Game of cards well known in Germany, Italy and Switzerland. It is an Egyptian game, as we shall demonstrate one day; its name is composed of two Oriental words, Tar  and Rha, Rho, which mean ‘royal road.’ ”

1781

The American Revolution ends October 19th. Uranus, first planet to be discovered since Babylonian prehistory, identified March 31 by William Herschel. Russia’s Catherine the Great and Holy Roman Emperor Josef II spilt  the Balkans. Los Angeles is founded in California by Spanish settlers. Kant’s Critique of  Pure Reason and Gibbon’s Decline and  Fall  of  the Roman Empire. Mozart is composing.”

1781

8th volume of  Le Monde Primitif  by Court de Gébelin, claiming Egyptian origin of Tarot, as a book of wisdom. Includes an essay by le Comte de M*** [Mellet] which explains how to use the cards for divination. De Gébelin says there are 22 Trumps just as there are 22 Hebrew letters. Le Comte de Mellet  gives only the following correspondences (based on the cards running in a descending order): The Sun = Gimel (signifying “recompense or happiness”); The Devil = Zain (“inconstancy, error or crime”); Death = Teth (“the action of 

sweeping”); Fortune = Lamed (“law or science”); The Fool = Tau . We can assume that The World = Aleph, Judgment = Beth, etc. De Mellet also uses these significances for divinatory purposes. It is de Mellet also who first  changes coins to “talismans” (pantacles) which is later developed by Éliphas Lévi. According to Court de Gébelin the cards were: 0 I

Le Fou Le Joueur de Gobelets (Thimble‐rigger), ou Bateleur (Juggler, Montebank) Chefs Temporels & Spirituels de la Société 

II III IV V VI VII VII

Roi Reine Grand Prêtre (Chef des Hiérophantes) Grande Prêtresse Le Mariage Osir Osiris is Trio Triomp mpha hant  nt  Planche V. No. VI II, II, XI,  XI, XII,  XII, XIIII:  XIIII: Les quatre VERTUS  Cardinales

XI XIII XIIII VIII XII IX

La Force [coming to the aid of Prudence. Moakley] La Temp Tempér éran ance. La Justice La Prudenc ence Le Sage ou le Chercheur de la Vérité & du Juste. [Seeking Justice. Moakley] XIX Le Soleil XVII XVIII La Lune Lune (Tea (Tears rs of Isis Isis). ). Crea Creati tion on of the the Mo Moon on & Terr Terres estr tria iall Anim Animal alss XVII La Canicule (Dog‐star) Sirius (Sothis). Creation of the Stars & Fishes XIII La Mort  XV Typhon XVI Ma Mais ison on‐D ‐Die ieu, u, ou Châ Château de Plutus. [House of God overturned, with man and woman precipitated from the earthly Paradise. Moakley] X La Roue de Fortune Planche VIII 

XX X 1782

Le Jugement Jugement Dernier Dernier (Last Judgment) Judgment) ou La Création Création Le Tems ou le Monde, représenreroit le Globe de la Terre & ses révolutions. [Moakley says “The Word”]

Etteilla applies to the Royal censor to publish Cartonomanie Egiptienne, ou interpré  taton de 78 hieroglipes qui sont  sur  les cartes nommé  es Tarots or  Interpretation of the of  the 78 hieroglyphs which are on (Egyptian Cartonomania, or Interpretation the cards called Tarots called  Tarots). He is refused.

1782

Cagliostro founds his Egyptian Rite Lodge combined with a private temple of  Isis at which Cagliostro is High Priest. His researches consist of a body of 

 Arcana  Arcanorum, or A. A., and basing his “internal knowledge known as the  Arcana Arcanorum alchemy” on Tantrik techniques from German Rosicrucian lodges.

1783‐86

Publication of Etteilla’s Manière de se ré  créer  avec le  Jeu de Cartes nommées Tarots ( A way to way  to entertain onesel with onesel  with the the pack   pack of  of cards cards called Tarots called  Tarots) in four parts. He claims it was devised by a committee of seventeen magi, presided over by Hermes Trismegistus nearly 4,000 years before. The first copy was inscribed on leaves of gold which were disposed about a fire temple at  Memphis. [3Ds, pp. 83‐85] His recreation of the deck has the first 12 cards based on the creation myths in the Divine Pymander, and on astrology, as he felt Tarot could be consulted in an astrological a strological manner.

1789

Grand  Etteilla deck from Publication of the first Etteilla deck. Available as the Grand Etteilla Grimaud since 1982. The Trumps and all astrological correspondences are as follows:

1 Etteilla ‐ Le Consultant Consultant (Male). (Male). Aries. Aries. Papus Papus says this is is “special to the Tarot of Etteilla” ‐ I'd make it the Bateleur, as does Edmond 2 Eclaircissement (Enlightenment/Fire). (Enlightenment/Fire). Taurus. Papus: Sun 3 Propos (Discussion/Water). Gemini. Papus: Moon 4 Dépouillement (Loss/Air). Cancer. Papus: Star 5 Voyage (Travel/Earth). Leo. Papus: World 6 Nuit (Night/Day). Virgo. Papus: Empress ‐ I'd make it the Popess Popess 7 Appui (Support/Protection). (Support/Protection). Libra. Papus: Emperor 8 Etteilla ‐ Le Consultante (Female). Scorpio. Papus: Popess ‐ I'd make it the Empress 9 La Justice (Justice/Jurist). Sagittarius. Papus: Justice 10 La Tempérance (Temperance/Priest). (Temperance/Priest). Capricorn. Papus: Temperance 11 La Force (Strength/Monarch). (Strength/Monarch). Aquarius. Papus: Force, i.e., Strengt h 12 La Prudence (Prudence/The (Prudence/The Masses). Pisces. Papus: Hanged Man Man 13 Mariage (Marriage/Union). (Marriage/Union). Papus: Lovers 14 Force Majeure (Absolute Necessity/Absolute Necessity/Absolute Necessity). Papus: Devil 15 Maladie (Illness/Illness). Papus: Bateleur ‐ I'd make it the Pope ‐ it shows the same person as performed the Marriage (in bishop's fish‐hat) holding a wand over an altar table with ram's heads on the corners; one of the reversed meanings is “Mage.” 16 Jugement (Judgment/Judgment). (Judgment/Judgment). Papus: Judgment  17 Mortalité (Death/Nothingness). (Death/Nothingness). Papus: Death 18 Traître (Traitor/Traitor). (Traitor/Traitor). Papus: Hermit  19 Détresse or Misere (Poverty/Prison). (Poverty/Prison). Papus: Tower Tower 20 Fortune (Fortune/Raise). Papus: Wheel of Fortune 21 Dissension (Disagreement/Disagreement). Papus: Chariot  68 Ten of Coins = Part Part of Fortune 69 Nine of Coins Coins = South No Node 70 Eight of Coins Coins = North Node 71 Seven of Coins = Saturn

72 Six of Coins = Jupiter 73 Five of Coins Coins = Mars 74 Four of Coins Coins = Moon 75 Three of Coins Coins = Venus 76 Two of Coins Coins = Mercury 77 Ace of Coins = Sun 1789

Cagliostro arrested in Rome and condemned to death as a heretic (the sentence is commuted and he dies in prison in 1795).

1789

Beginning of the French Revolution. Storming of the Bastille ‐ 14 July.

1791

Etteilla dies. Publication of  Dictionnaire Synonimique du Livre de Thot  (Thesaurus of  the Book  of  Thoth) by Anonymous, but possibly a pupil of  Etteilla’s, retired army officer le Chevalier Pierre‐Joseph Joubert de la Salette. (Decker, et al, and Huson, The True Tarot, recently republished as The Mystical Origins Mystical Origins of the of  the Tarot ]. ].

late 18th c?

French copperplate deck with with 21 extant cards, called by Kaplan, the Grandprêtre Tarot . It appears to be the first deck using the titles High Priest  and High Priestess: Le  grandprêtre and La  grandprêtresse. La  prudence replaces the Hanged Man and shows him upright. Card XV is untitled but  depicts the Fool instead of the Devil (or could be a combination). [Kaplan, ii, p.194]. “...major writers of cartomancy insisted the proper cards to use for this were Tarots....three varieties: German Tarots, Italian Tarots (not produced in Italy but a traditional form used in France and elsewhere) such as the Tarot de Marseille, Tarot de Besancon and Belgian with Italian suit signs, Egyptian Tarots by which was meant Etteilla's cards and others in that tradition. Until 1889, when French writers on cartomancy deigned to notice the first two varieties of Tarots, they invariably insisted that only the “Egyptian ones are suitable for foretelling the future” [Decker and Dummett]

c. 1800

Le Grand Etteilla Grand  Etteilla ou L’Art de L’Art  de Tirer les Tirer  les Cartes by Julia Orsini (Paris).

1804‐1807

Melchior Montmignon D’Odoucet issues the three volume Science des Signes, ou médecine de l’esprit, connue sous le nom de tirer  les cartes, (The Science of  Signs, or medicine or  medicine for   for the the mind, known under the under the name of card  of  card drawing) drawing), based

on the work of Etteilla. This lays the ground work for Minor Arcana interpretations today. [Huson, The True Tarot, recently republished as The Mystical Origins Mystical Origins of the of  the Tarot ] 1810

Eliphas Levi born: revolutionary, ex‐priest, magician, scholar. Dies 1875.

1811

Paul Christian born. Real name: Jean‐Baptiste Pitois. Dies 1877.

1814

Les Souvenirs Prophétiques d’Une Sibylle, Sur  les Causes Sécrètes de son  Arrestation, Le 11 Décembre 1809 by Mlle. M.A. Le Normand (Paris).

1826

Parisian publisher Pierre Mongie republishes Etteilla’s original deck but with Freemasonic sounding titles on the cards. (now Grimaud’s Grand  Etteilla Tarot). “This version was printed from the original copper plates, which had been altered to erase the corner symbols (but not the numbers of the cards) and add to most of the trumps, court cards and Aces new legends in cursive script, inside the frames of the pictorial designs, thus conferring on them names with a Biblical or Masonic flavo, such as “Hiram's Masonry” (card 2), “Solomon” (card 9), “Rehoboam (card 21) and 'the Cup of Balthasar” card 49, the Ace of Cups)...The label goes on to advertise a book...The book...Almost  the whole section of the book devoted to the Egyptian Tarots is reprinted in an unattributed pamphlet entitled Grand Etteilla issued by Grimaud with the version of Grand Etteilla I they have been producing for many years...” [Decker and Dummett]

1831

Helena Blavatsky born 12 August just after midnight in the Ukraine. Dies 1891.

1833

Kenneth Mackenzie born 31 October at Deptford.

1838

Grand  livre de Thot  deck published by Simon Blocquel — a variation on the Etteilla deck with a book by Julia Orsini called Le Grand  Etteilla ou L’Art  de Tirer les Tirer  les Cartes. (see 1800).

1843

 Jeu de la Princesse Tarot  first published as book illustrations. Reprinted as Cartomanzia Italiana by Edizioni del Solleone in 1983. There is a much better

reprint of Jeu de la Princesse by Éditions Dusserre, Paris, circa 1998‐2001. Reprinted after the first edition issued by Charles Wattiliaux in 1860. Lo Scarabeo has a reprint too. 1848

Fox sisters claim spirit communication.

1854

MacGregor Mathers born January 8 at West Hackney. Possibly 10:56 am. GMT.

1854

The Dogmas & Ritual  of  High Magic (Doctrine and Literature of 

Transcendental Magic) by Eliphas Lévi. First identifies Yod/Fire/Batons; H/Water/Cups; V/Air/Swords; H/Earth/Coins as per Agrippa (above). 1857

Arthur Edward Waite born. Dies 1942.

1857

Les Rômes, histoire vraie des vrais Bohémiens by J.A. Vaillant (Paris). Study of 

gypsies as descendents and carries of Hindustani wisdom, reinforcing their role in Tarot origin theories. 1860

Oswald Wirth born. Dies 1943.

1860

Histoire de la Magie by Eliphas Lévi (Paris).

1861

Le Clef des Clef des Grands Mystères by Eliphas Lévi (Paris).

1861

December 3rd. Kenneth Mackenzie visits Éliphas Lévi in Paris. Tells him of  his work with Tarot. Lévi shows Mackenzie a manuscript set of 21 cards + Fool “according to the earliest authorities” and drawn by his own hand. He wrote about his impressions of the occasion as  An  Account  of  What  Passed  between Eliphas Levi  Zahed  (Abbé  Constant), Occult  Philosopher, and  BAPHOMETUS  (Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie),  Astrologer  and  Spiritualist, in the City of Paris, of  Paris, December, 1861 f or The Rosicrucian.

1861

An Etteilla III‐style Tarot deck is published in Russia with complete illustrated Pips (the first ever?). THE MYSTERIOUS BOOK THOTH OR AN ART OF FORTUNE‐TELLING WITH 78 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CARDS, WHICH SURVIVED THE FIRE OF THE FAMOUS ALEXANDRIA LIBRARY. MOSCOW, MOSCOW, Bahmetev's Printing Printing House, 1861. Photocopies provided and scanned scanned by Sergey Davydov. Davydov. Present whereabouts of deck is unknown. See James Revak's website. website.

1863

L'homme rouge des Tuileries by Paul Christian (J‐P. Pitois). This novel tells of 

an encounter between Napoleon and a Benedictine monk who possesses an occult manuscript. Seems to be the first use of the word Arcana in relation to the cards (from Iamblichus). Describes seventy‐eight symbolic houses or pictorial keys, corresponding to the Tarot deck using Egyptian names names and and imagery. Virtually the same descriptions of the Arcana reappear reappear in Christian’s later work Histoire de la magie (1870). See Mark Filipas' website. website. c. 1863+

Edmond Billaudot (1829‐81), who Mlle Le Normand declared declared in her her autobiography as her successor, created his own hand‐drawn deck in which he attempted to integrate the Etteilla I correspondences with the Tarot de Marseille and the descriptions and attributes given by Paul Christian in L'homme rouge des Tuileries (1863). These include the now “standard continental” correspondences to the Hebrew letters. The deck itself (c. itself (c. 1865) was published in 1966 by Grimaud as the Grand  Tarot  Belline. See Kostenko website.

1864

Book  of Days Days (Vol. 1, p. 281ff), gives the “folklore of playing Robert Chambers' Book of  cards” based on fortune‐telling techniques used by soldier’s wives in the early 19th century British Empire. This seems to be the source of Waite’s interpretations as “Grand Orient.”

1865‐1870

Grand  jeu de l’Oracle des Dames deck appears as a The 78 Tarots Egyptiens – Grand  jeu completely redrawn, Etteilla‐style deck with many alterations. Sometimes called Etteilla III, it was designed in 1865 by G. Regamey, reprinted as Tarot  Egyptien by Éditions Dusserre in 1985.

1865

The History of  History  of Playing Playing Cards with Anecdotes with  Anecdotes of their  of  their Use Use in Conjuring, FortuneTelling, and Card  and  Card -Sharping by Rev. Ed. S. Taylor (London). (See 1973 reprint).

1867

Manuel  Illustre de Cartomancie. L’Art  de Tirer  Les Cartes Francais suivi du Livre de Thot ou Thot  ou Jeu  Jeu de la Princesse Tarot by J. Trismégiste (Paris).

1870

Histoire de la Magie by Paul Christian (J‐P. Pitois). Development of the ideas

he popularized in his 1863 novel. Presented the Tarot as a mystery school teaching experienced as an extension of the Krata Repoa Egyptian Sphinx ritual (see 1657; 1770). First used decans in relation to 36 Number Cards. His work was plagiarized freely by other writers: see Burgoyne and the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor (1883); and Saint Germain (1901). It became the basis for the Church of Light Tarot materials (1918). 1870

William Carpenter's article in The Rosicrucian (January) mentions that “Levi's books were very little known even among the members of our mystic and secret orders.” Carpenter may be the source for the first printed reference in the English language to the alleged occult significance of the Tarot card s.

1873

Max Theon made Grand Master of the Hermetic Brotherhood  of  Luxor , Peter Davidson was the Order's frontal Chief. Blavatsky, Olcott, Barlet, Burgoyne and others of the time were numbered on its rolls and probably used their Egyptianized version of the Tarot (see 1883). Blavatsky soon severed ties with the H B of L.

1875

Theosophical Society by Madam Blavatsky. Founding of the Theosophical Socie

1875

Aleister Crowley born. Dies 1947.

1876

 A Descriptive Catalogue of  Playing and  Other  Cards in the British Museum accompanied by  accompanied  by a a Concise General History  General  History of  of the the Subject and  Subject  and Remarks Remarks on Cards of  Divination and  of  a Politico-Historical  Character  by William Hughes

Willshire (London).

1877

Isis Unveiled  by Helena Blavatsky (who used a lot of Lévi)

1878

Frieda Harris (neé Marguerete Frieda Bloxam) born in London, England.

1883

“The Taro” by T. H. Burgoyne. This article appeared in a number of  succeeding volumes of  The Platonist , a monthly periodical devoted chiefly to the dissemination of the Platonic Philosophy in all its phases. This is

essentially a ripoff of Paul Christian’s description of the Tarot cards (see 1870) and the basis of the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor’s Tarot teachings. 1884

Theosophical  Society . Founding of the London Theosophical Society 

1884

Paul Foster Case born on October 3, 5:28 PM, in Perendor NY (now called Fairport). Dies in 1954.

1885

Founding of the Hermetic Society  by Anna Kingsford, and of the Dublin Hermetic Society, W. B. Yeats presiding.

1886

Kenneth Mackenzie dies 3 July.

1887

Kabbalah Unveil ed  translated by MacGregor Mathers.

1887

Tabula Bembina by William Wynn Westcott (Bath).

1887

Westcott obtains papers from Mrs. Mackenzie and soon after asks Mathers to help him write up rituals based on a cypher manuscript. Mackenzie’s wife was known as “Sister Cryptonyma” to Mackenzie’s “Cryptonymus”. Sat B’hai. Mackenzie crafted many of the core rituals for the Sat B’hai

1888

The Tarot: Its Occult  Signification, Use in Fortune Telling, and  Method  of  Play, Etc. by MacGregor Mathers.

1888

Founding of the Hermetic Order  of  the Golden Dawn on March 1. (Anna Kingsford dies one month earlier.)

1888

Founding of the Kabbalistic Rose+Croix  by Stanislas de Guaita in Paris. Members include Péladan, Papus, Oswald Wirth. Wirth’s Tarot deck is based on the teachings of de Guaita.

1888

The Secret Doctrine Secret  Doctrine by Madam Blavatsky.

1889

Guaita/Wirth deck. Oswald Wirth’s first deck, Les  22  Arcanes du Tarot  Kabbalistique , published in an edition of 350 copies. Subtitled “Designed for the use of initiates by Oswald Wirth in accordance with the indications of  Stanislas de Guaita. This was the first published set of occult Tarot cards other than those deriving from Etteilla. He revised the design in 1926. This first version is distinguished by its art nouveau borders.

1889

Tarot  of the the Bohemians. Contains essay by Oswald Wirth Papus publishes The Tarot of  and illustrated with Wirth’s majors.

1890

William Butler Yeats initiated into GD on March 7.

1891

Helena Blavatsky dies.

1893

The Devil’s Picture Books:  A History  of  Playing Cards by Mrs. John King Van

Rensselaer (NY: Dodd, Mead, and Co.). 1896

The Magical  Ritual  of  the Sanctum Regnum, Interpreted  by  the Tarot  Trumps

by William Wynn Westcott. 1896

Les  XXII lames lames hermètiques du tarot  Falconnier/Wegener deck. Publication of Les XXII  divinatoire by R. Falconnier. Here, for the first time, could be seen designs which truly mimicked Egyptian art – based on the descriptions of Paul Christian (1870). The images were drawn by Maurice Otto Wegener and based on the detailed descriptions by Christian (see also 1901). These are the inspiration for most future Egyptian‐style Tarot decks.

1896

The Square of Sevens of Sevens by Robert Antrobus. See 1735.

1898

Aleister Crowley initiated into Golden Dawn on Nov. 26, taking the motto Perdurabo.

1899

The Mystic Rose  from the Garden of  the King by Sir Fairfax L. Cartwright  (London: H.S. Nichols). Source for Blakeley’s Mystical  Tower  of  the Tarot 

(1974). 1900

The Golden Dawn splits into many factions.

1901

Practical  Astrology  Practical   Astrology  by Edgar de Valcourt‐Vermont — published under the

pseudonym of Comte C. de Saint Germain. (Reprint, see 1973.) Basically plagiarized material from Paul Christian (see 1870). Valcourt’s book reproduced the earlier illustrations by Falconnier‐ Wegener (see 1896), adding designs for the Minor Arcana. The only difference between the Wegener designs and the Valcourt‐Vermont reproductions is that Trump II (The Gate of the Sanctuary) was slightly redesigned. They are the basis for the Church of Light Tarot (1918). These 78 images were later published as a deck in 1978 by AGMüller under the name Egyptian Tarot. See Mark Filipas' website. 1903

Annie Horniman does Tarot reading in which she decides to finance an Irish Theatre (the Abbey Theatre in Dublin).

1906?

Founding of the Ordo Templi Orientis in Germany.

1906

Les Cartes à  Jouer  du Quatorzième au Vingtième Siècle by Henry‐René

D’Allemagne (Paris). A major and rare work on the history of playing cards with 3200 reproductions of cards. 1907

 Argentium  Astrum. Founding of Crowley’s Argentium Astrum.

1909

Manuel  Synthétique & Pratique du Tarot  by Eudes Picard (Paris: H. Daragon,

Libraire‐Éditeur). Original designs for the Minor Arcana. Sceptres = fire; Coins = Earth; Cups = Air; Swords = Water. The number progression is based on the pattern of vegetative growth. 1909

Le Tarot Divinatoire Tarot Divinatoire deck created by Papus & Goulinat deck first published.

1909 Dec.

First publication publication of  the deck conceptualized by A.E. Waite, art by Pamela Colman‐Smith, Colman‐Smith, published published by Rider & Co. London. The two editions were different regarding regarding cardstock cardstock used and the pattern of the backs (roses and lilies and brown brown pebbles respectively). At least two further editions were printed before World War II which from 1972 onwards was licensed to US Games Systems Inc.

1910

The first edition of Waite's card‐size book The Key  to the Tarot  was dated 1910, but accompanied the deck in 1909. A new expanded edition of The Key  appeared in 1920 and again in 1931.

1910

The Key  to the Tarot  by A.E. Waite, published as a book and deck set. The

cards have a brown “pebble” backing. There is some indication that two editions were printed in 1910 – the second on better cardstock than the first  (?), Although this might refer to the stand‐alone deck in 1909 and the set in 1910. 1910

Le Tarot  Divinatoire: Clef  du tirage des Cartes et  des Sorts by Papus. Card

interpretations based on Etteilla and his disciple D’Odoucet (1804). 1910

The Tarot  of  the Bohemians:  Absolute Key  to Occult  Science by Papus,

translated by A. P. Morton. (for French original see 1889; many English editions, esp. 1971). 1911

Pierpont‐Morgan Library acquired the Visconti‐Sforza cards from a dealer named Hamburger.

1911

Waite's Pictorial  Key  to the Tarot  is published with illustrations of all 78 cards. It is based upon the text from The Key  to the Tarot  but with new material added. Many later, but not always faithful, fa ithful, editions appeared.

1912

Il Destino Il  Destino Svelato dal  Tarocco, originally designed by Bruno Sigon in 1912 as

an Egyptian‐based Trump set, with a Milanese Minor Arcana. Republished by Modiano in the 1975 as Cartomanzia 184, and in an English version in 1981 under the title Cagliostro Tarot . Interpretive keywords at the top and bottom of the Trumps are from Éliphas Lévi and Paul Christian. (see 1975, 1981) See Mark Filipas' website. 1912

“A Description of the Cards of the Tarot, with their Attributions; including a Official  Organ of the of  the A.  A. Method of Divination by their Use” in The Equinox: The Official Organ

 A., published by Aleister Crowley. This was a plagiarized version of the

Golden Dawn manuscript “Book T”. 1912

Prophetical  Educational  and  Playing Cards by Mrs. John King Van Rensselaer

(Philadelphia). 1913

nthroposophical Society . Rudolf Steiner founds the  Anthroposophical Society 

1913

The Symbolism of the of  the Tarot  by P. D. Ouspensky (St. Petersburg: Trood).

1917

The Key to Key  to the Universe: or a or  a Spiritual Interpretation Spiritual  Interpretation of Numbers of  Numbers by Harriette

Augusta Curtiss and F. Homer Curtiss (San Francisco & Washington D.C.: The Curtiss Philosophic Book Co). “Founders of the Order of Christian Mystics.” (Many subsequent editions. (See 1923 for Vol. 2.) Reprinted 1983 by Newcastle. (Illustrated Majors of RWS, Egyptian, Marseilles, Wirth decks.) 1918

C.C. Zain first publishes a series of instructional courses, which were at that  Practical  Astrology  (see 1901). time illustrated with the reproductions from Practical  Astrology  Contains the first  English translation of Christian’s original Arcana descriptions translat ed ed in 1901 by Zain’s friend Genevieve Stebbins. See Mark Filipas' website. website.

1918

The Illustrated Key  Illustrated  Key to to the Tarot: The Veil of  Veil  of Divination, Divination, Illustrating the Greater  and  Lesser   Arcana by L. W. de Laurence (Chicago: The de Laurence

Company). A totally plagiarized version of Waite’s book. 1918

Mathers dies in Paris of influenza on Nov. 5. Armistice Day is on Nov. 11.

1919

Moina Mathers returns to London, establishes the Alpha et Omega Lodge of  the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

1920

Tarot arot was intr introd oduc uced ed to Germ German anyy by no less less than than two two book ooks: Ernst Kurtzahn (“Daïtyanus”): “Der Tarot ‐ Die kabbalistische Methode der Zukunfterforshung als Schlüssel zum Okkultismus”, Talis Verlag, Leipzig. 1920. The book (dedicated to Gustaf Meyring, author of Golem) deals with esoteric/kabbalistic tarot and also presents what the author call the first  German tarot deck, a slightly modified version of the Etteilla deck. The 78 cards deck is rendered in the back of the book to be taken out, but was also available as a proper tarot deck. A. Frank‐Glahn's “Das Deutsche Tarot Buch” published by Uranus Verlag, accompanied by a deck of cards “Deutsches Original Tarot”, an Egyptain style deck, but unique. Glahn's book and cards should become a German tarot  bible, which survived up in the 1980's, published by Hermann Bauer Verlag.

1920

Crowley’s Abbey of Thelema.

1920

May 16, Paul Foster Case initiated into the Second Order of Alpha et Omega lodge. Channels most of the material for what would become The Book  of  Tokens (see 1934).

1920

 An Introduction to the Study  of  Tarot  by Paul Foster Case (NY:

mimeographed). 1921‐22

 J. B. Trinick  Tarot  or  Great  Symbols of  the Paths, a set of Majors painted for

A.E. Waite by John Brahms Trinick and Wilfrid Pippet and used in his Fellowship of the Rosy Cross. [Dummett & Decker] c. 1922

Paul Foster Case resigns from the Golden Dawn.

1922

Q.B.L. or The or  The Bride’s Reception: Being a Short Cabalistic Short  Cabalistic Treatise on the Nature and  Use of  the Tree of  Life by Frater Achad (Charles Standfield Jones)

(Chicago IL: Collegium Ad Spiritum Sanctum). Reprinted 1969. 1922

Le Tarot Egyptien Tarot Egyptien by Elie Alta (Vichy: Bouchet‐Dreyfus).

1923

School  of  Ageless  Ageless Wisdom, probably in Boston. Paul Foster Case founds The School of 

1923

The Key  of  Destiny  by Harriette Augusta Curtiss and F. Homer Curtiss (San

Francisco & Washington DC: The Curtiss Philosophic Book Co). (See 1917 for Vol. 1. Many subsequent editions. Reprinted 1983 by Newcastle.) (Illustrated Majors of RWS, Egyptian, Marseilles, Wirth decks.) 1923

The Egyptian Revival: or  The Ever -Coming Son in the Light  of  the Tarot  by

Frater Achad (Charles Stanfield Jones) (Chicago: Collegium ad Spiritum Sanctum Publication Department). Reprinted 1969.

1923

Le Tarot: Signification et  Interprétation du Tarot  Italien: Quatrième édition revue et  corrigée by J.‐G. Bourgeat; Paris: Librairie Genérale des Sciences

Occultes, Chacornac Frères. 1926 Apr 26 Paul Foster Case establishes e stablishes the Boston office of  Builders of  the  Adytum (B.O.T.A.). 1926

Oswald Wirth publishes revision of his Tarot deck (original, 1889) under the Tarot des imagiers du moyen âge (Tarot of the Medieval Artists). name Le Tarot des

1927 1927

Osw Oswald ald Wirth irth publi ublish shes es his book book b y the the same name name as his his deck deck (see (see 1926 1926). ).

1927

of  the Inner Light  Inner  Light . Dion Fortune founds the Fraternity  (later Society ) of the

1927

 A Brief  Analysis Brief  Analysis of  The Tarot  by Paul Foster Case (NY). Early version of what  Key  to the Wisdom of the of the Ages  Ages (see 1947). became The Tarot: Key to

1928

 An Encyclopedic Outline of  Masonic, Hermetic, Qabalistic, & Rosicrucian Symbolical  Philosophy  by Manly Palmer Hall (Los Angeles: Philosophical

Research Press). Significant chapter on the Tarot (later published as a booklet). Illustration by J. Augustus Knapp will later become basis of a Tarot  Secret  Teachings of  All   All  Ages.  Ages. deck. Later editions published as The Secret Teachings 1928

The General  Book  of  the Tarot  by A. E. Thierens (Philadelphia: D. McKay Co.)

(see reprint, 1975.) 1929

Revised  New  Art  New  Art  Tarot  created by J. Augustus Knapp under the direction of  Manly Palmer Hall. Republished as Knapp-Hall  Tarot  (1978). Deck combines

Wirth and Falconnier‐Wegener imagery with material from Westcott’s Tabula Bembina and the works of Homer and Harriette Curtis (1917).

1930/41

 Arrows of  Light: From the Egyptian Tarot:  A  practical  application of  the Hermetic System of  Names and  Numbers, based  upon the teachings of  the Brotherhood  of  Light  by John H. Dequer (NY: self‐published). (No card

illustrations.) No illustrations. 1931

Oswald Wirth publishes second book on Tarot, Introduction à l’étude du Tarot (Introduction to the Study of Tarot).

1931

Playing Cards : History  of  the Pack  and  Explanations of  its Many  Secrets by

Benham, Sir William Gurney (London: Spring Books). 1932

The Greater  Trumps by Charles Williams (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd).

(Many reprintings.) Greatest tarot novel ever written. 1933

Oracle of  Tarot:  A Course on Tarot  Divination by Paul Foster Case (NY:

mimeographed). 1934

The Book  of  Tokens:  22 Meditations on the  Ageless Wisdom, commentary by

Paul Foster Case. (revised, 1968). 1936

The Sacred  Tarot  book and deck by Elbert Benjamin (C.C.Zain) (Los Angeles:

Church of Light). (See 1918; 1969.) Gloria Beresford illustrated the deck based on Falconnier‐Wegener (see 1896; 1901). The deck is published by the Church of Light under the name Egyptian Tarot  Cards, also known as The Brotherhood  of  Light  Tarot, which takes its name from the organization which Zain founded. founded. The Sacred  Tarot  is re‐published in 1996 with significantly improved improved Tarot designs which are beautifully redrawn. See Mark Filipas' website. website. 1939

The Encyclopedia of  Occult  Sciences introduced by M. C. Poinsot (NY: Tudor Publishing Co.) Reprinted as The Complete Book  of  the Occult  and  Fortune Telling (1945). Summarizes the interpretations of Eudes Picard (see 1909).

1941

Pursuit  of  Destiny: With Thirty -six  Tarot  Cards and  an Endpaper  Chart  of  the Cycles by Muriel Bruce Hasbrouck (NY: E.P. Dutton and Co., Inc.) (RWS

illustrations.) Based on the Golden Dawn system and teachings of Aleister Crowley. 1941

 An exhibition of  Playing Cards. The Tarot  (Book  of  Thoth) 78  paintings according to the initiated  Tradition and  Modern Scientific Thought  with other  Occult and  Occult  and  Alchemical designs  Alchemical  designs to be shown at The at  The Nicholson Gallery (Nicholson Gallery  (Nicholson & Venn) at 46 at  46 High Street Oxford  Street  Oxford  from June  from  June 7 to 7  to June  June 21  21 1941. Catalog printed

with colored pictorial wrappers. On the cover is the variant, unused version of The Magician. Although the descriptions and interpretations of the cards are drawn from Crowley, the text is presumably the work of Frieda Harris and E.W. Bryant. (from R.A. Gilbert’s Hermetica Catalog, Autumn 2002.). There is some question as to whe ther this exhibition exhibition ever took took place. place. 1942 1 July

Exhibition of the Thoth Tarot cards at the Berkeley Galleries in London. Catalog written by Frieda Harris for this exhibition contains several errors in attributions of Hebrew Letters (Daleth instead of Hé for the Star and Teth instead of Lamed for Adjustmen t).

1944?

Completion of the Thoth Deck , conceptualized by Aleister Crowley, art by Frieda Harris.

1944

The Book  of  Thoth by Aleister Crowley. Also a very limited edition of the

cards produced in monochromatic brown. 1945

The Complete Book  of  the Occult  and  Fortune Telling introduction by M. C. Poinsot (NY: Tudor Publishing Co.) Reprint of  The Encyclopedia of  Occult  Sciences (1939). Summarizes the interpretations of Eudes Picard (1909).

1945

The Song of  Sano Tarot  by Nancy Fullwood (NY: Macoy Publishing).

Channeled material loosely related to Tarot, published by PF Case. 1947

Aleister Crowley dies.

1947

The Tarot:  A Key  to the Wisdom of  the  Ages by Paul Foster Case (NY: Macoy

Publishing Co). (See 1927 for early version.) (RWS‐style Majors, drawn by Jessie Burns Parke.) 1948

Le Tarot  de Marseille book, written by Paul Marteau (owner of Grimaud)

revolutionizes the way that Tarot card interpretations are generated – through looking closely at the picture details of the cards. 1951

Pamela Colman Smith dies at 2 Bencoolen House in Bude, Cornwall, September 18, 1951.

1951

The Royal  Road:  A study  in the Egyptian Tarot: Key  to Sacred  Numbers and  Symbols by George Fathman (Life Research Foundation. (See also 1977.)

Illustrations by Paul Hagerup, based on drawings of Dequer (1931), which are variations of the Falconnier/Wegener (1896). 1954

The Painted Caravan: Painted  Caravan: A  A Penetration into the Secrets of the of  the Tarot Cards Tarot  Cards by Basil

Rakoczi (The Hague, Netherlands: Boucher). Tarot divination according to gypsy lore. Letterpress book with artful illustrations. 1954

Paul Foster Case dies in Mexico, while on a vacation with his wife Harriette.

1957

The Fireside Books of  Cards edited by Oswald Jacoby and Albert Moorehead

(New York: Simon & Schuster). Playing card history, stories, excerpts from novels, poems, art, cartoons, etc. Mentions tarot often, has a section on tarot  and fortune telling including a set of instructions “distilled from 20 books” by Geoffrey Mott‐Smith to go with the tarot decks being sold by Macy’s Department Store. 1958

Transcendental  Magic by Eliphas Lévi (translated by A. E. Waite) (London:

Rider & Co.). 1959

 A Pictorial  Key  to the Tarot  by A.E. Waite (NY: University Books, their first 

printing). 1960

The Tarot  Revealed  by Eden Gray, self‐published (NY: Inspiration House).

Seminal American Tarot book that is precursor to and inspires the Tarot  renaissance of the late 60s and early 70s. 1960

The Tarot  Shows the Path, Divination through the Tarot  by Rolla Nordic

(London). (Original illustrations of Marseilles‐style cards drawn by Paul Mathison.) Published in American in 1979. Nordic was a major influence on several British and American Tarot authors but not generally known in America. 1962

The Tarot: a Contemporary  Course of  the Quintessence of  Hermetic Occultism

by Mouni Sadhu (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.). (Original illustrations by Australian artist, Mrs. Eva G. Lucas of Melbourne). A Russian metaphysician who developed a yoga exercise and meditation program to be done as part of the study of Tarot. 1963

The Tarot  for Today:  for  Today: Being Notes Relative to the Twenty -two Paths of the of  the Tree of  Life and  the Tarot  Trumps Together  with a New  Way  of  Approach of  Approach to this  Ancient  Symbol, More Suited  to the Present  Aquarian Present   Aquarian  Age, and  Entitled  The Horus Arrangement  Horus  Arrangement  by Mayananda (London: Zeus Press). Strongly influenced

by Crowley and Eastern, yogic practices but illustrated with a Marseilles deck.

1964

The Brotherhood  of  Light  (Egyptian) Tarot  Cards new edition published by

The Church of Light, Los Angeles CA. (see 1936). “These tarot cards are not  playing cards; but the primitive symbolical pictograph writing through which Egyptian Initiates conveyed spiritual conceptions derived from a still more remote past.” (Designs based on Falconnier‐Wegener, see 1896; 1901). 1964

The Sufis by Idries Shah (NY: Doubleday & Co.). Has an appendix in which

Shah claims the Tarot was created by the Sufis. 1965/72

The Esoteric Tarot: The Key  to the Cabala by Simon Kasdin (Convent NJ: The

Emerson Society, 1965; and NY: Samuel Weiser, 1972). Original illustrations of Majors based on Hebrew letter shapes by Sylvia Schlossman of  Morristown NJ; and Jimmy Carter of Virginia Beach VA for the Wheel of Life. 1965

 A Wicked Pack  Wicked  Pack of  of  Cards by Hugh Ross Williamson, Guild Press, first American

edition 1965 (copyright 1961, presumably in Great Britain) — A murder mystery about gay men with a tarot theme: four tarot kings as the sign at the inn and also the question of the protagonist’s father among four men. 1966

Grand Tarot  Grand  Tarot Belline Belline published by France Cartes, Paris. Booklet by J. M. Simon.

A 19th century hand‐made deck that combines the Marseilles deck with Etteilla’s and Paul Christian’s imagery and ideas. (See 1863.) 1966

The Tarot  Cards Painted  by  Bembo by Gertrude Moakley (NY: New York

Public Library). A great inspiration and impetus to the modern study of Tarot  history. Proposed a relationship between the Trumps, Petrarch, and Renaissance parades. 1966

Collecting Playing Cards by Sylvia Mann (NY).

1967

The Linweave Tarot  Pack  produced by Brown Company, Pulp, Paper and

Board Division, 277 Park Ave., New York. Overall design, David L. Burke. “The 42 Linweave cards presented here are intended as a partial sampler of the 58 papers in the Linweave line, and as a graphic ‘showcase’ of fine illustration from many sources on fine paper. However, we will say this: If you consistently specify Linweave papers for the best expression of your artistic skills, you will be giving your talents the best chance of fruition. This is the only real way that fortunes are made in your business.” David Palladini’s first  Tarot cards appeared here. 1967

The Secret  Workings of  the Golden Dawn, Book  “T”  The Tarot  by S.M.R.D &

others (Toddington: Helios: Rare Text Library of Philosophical Research). Typed version of the Golden Dawn tarot manuscript in a limited edition of  200.

1967

How to How  to Read Tarot  Read  Tarot Cards Cards by Doris Chase Doane and King Keyes (West Nyack

NY: Parker Publishing Co.). (Church of Light/Falconnier‐Wegener illustrations.) 1967

Tarot -Card Spread  Card  Spread Rea Reader  by Doris Chase Doane (Prentice Hall)

1967

The Tarot  of  the Magi by Carlyle A. Pushong (London: Regency). (Influenced

by Frank Lind and Rolla Nordic. Illustrated by modified Rolla Nordic/Paul Mathison deck.) 1967

Playing Cards by Roger Tilley (London: Weidenfeld Weidenfeld & Nicholson).

1968

Nicolas Conver’s 1760 Tarot de Marseille cards reproduced by the House of  Camoin based on the original pearwood woodcut s. s.

1968

 Albano-Waite deck published by Tarot Productions, Inc., Los Angeles CA.

Created by Frankie Albano.

1968

The Book  of  Tokens: Tarot  Meditations by Paul Foster Case (Los Angeles:

Builders of the Adytum). (Revision of 1934 edition.) (BOTA card illustrations by Jessie Burns Parke.) 1968

Manuel  complet  d'interpretation du tarot  by Hades (Paris: Bussiere).

Supposedly based on a 1761 original. 1968

Tarot  Instructions No author given, Tarot Productions, Inc. More pamphlet 

than book, this booklet was apparently meant to come with Albano's large size major deck. This maxi size deck is only a few millimeters smaller than the booklet, but enough so that the booklet can't fit into the box. It is actually printed on the box that instructions are included, but this sentence was hidden by a neutral yellow label glued over it. 1968/70

The Book  of  Thoth: The Ultimate Tarot  by   Jerry  Kay  published by Xeno

Publications, 6311 Yucca St., Los Angeles, CA. Deck and booklet. B&W. Available as both 22 and 78 card decks, either in booklet form or as card deck. 1968/69

The New Tarot  New  Tarot  for the  for  the Aquarian  Aquarian Age  Age (deck and booklets) by John Starr Cooke

and Rosalind Sharpe (Kentfield CA: Western Star Press, Three Kings Production). Deck based on detailed channeled information depicting a new set of tarot cards that have evolved beyond the Medieval cards for the Aquarian Age and painted by John Cooke. A set of b&w ‘Atlantean’ tarot cards were drawn during the 1940s based on the dreams of Cooke but not  published as cards until 1992 in The Word  of  One Tarot. The Majors were published with text by Alice Kent in black and white in spiral bound book in 1979. It was sold as “Communify ‐ A Game.”

1968/69

The Majors of the Atlantean Tarot was, along with the Gypsy Tarot and the New Tarot, published by Alice Kent in black and white in 1979. They were printed on cardboard sheets (US‐letter format), but published for cutting. The sheets and a text were spiral bound and sold under the name of  “Communify ‐ A Game.”

1969

Mont -Saint - Johns Astral   Johns  Astral Tarot  Tarot  deck (b&w) with 20 page booklet, published by

Mont‐Saint‐Johns. Art by Yurica. “Mont‐Saint‐Johns, Inc. felt our twentieth century computer age called for a modernized design that would remain faithful to the 78 ancient symbols and yet, would be more readily assimilated by the subconscious.” (see 1971, St. Croix).

1969

Grand  Etteilla Egyptian Gypsies Tarot  deck and booklet by B. P. Grimaud

published in English by France‐Cartes/J.M. Simon (Paris). 1969

Tarot of  Tarot  of Marseilles Marseilles deck and booklet by B. P. Grimaud published in English by

France‐Cartes/J.M. Simon Simon (Paris). (Paris). 1969

Publication of the Thoth deck through the auspices of Grady McMurtry. The photography is not very good, distorting the colors (Llewellyn or Weiser)

1969

The Book  of  Thoth:  A Short  Essay  on the Tarot  of  the Egyptians: Being The Equinox  Volume III  No. V  by The Master Therion (Aleister Crowley); artist 

Executant: Frieda Harris (Berkeley CA: K@shmarin Press, Shambhala Publications). First American edition of  The Book  of  Thoth. Later editions by many different publishers. 1969

The XXII  The  XXII K  K eys of the of  the Tarot  by Arland Ussher (Dublin: Dolmen).

1969

The Tarot  by Brad Steiger and Ron Warmoth (NY: Award Books). (Marseilles

illustrations.) 1969

Tarot  and  the Bible by Corinne Heline (Oceanside CA: New Age Press).

(Illustrated with the Church of Light/Falconnier ‐Wegener tarot deck.) 1969

 A Practical  Guide to Qabalistic Symbolism by Gareth Knight (Toddington:

Helios). 1969

Sacred Tarot  Sacred Tarot  by C..C. Zain. New edition (see 1936).

1969

 Ancient  Tarot  Symbolism Revealed  by Professor Hilton Hotema (Lakemont 

GA: CSA Press). Hotema was pseudonym for George R. Clements who also wrote The Land  of  Light  (Pomeroy WA, 1959). (Card illustrations include BOTA, Hall‐Knapp, Marseilles.)

1969

Q.B.L. or The or  The Bride’s Reception: Being a Short Cabalistic Short  Cabalistic Treatise on the Nature and  Use of  the Tree of  Life by Frater Achad (Charles Standfield Jones) (NY:

Samuel Weiser). Reprint of 1922 edition. 1969

The Egyptian Revival: or  The Ever -Coming Son in the Light  of  the Tarot  by

Frater Achad (Charles Stanfield Jones) (NY: Samuel Weiser). Reprint of 1923 edition. 1969

The Prophetic Tarot and  Tarot  and the the Great Pyramid  Great  Pyramid  by Rodolfo Benavides (translation

of the 14th Spanish edition) (Mexico: Editores Mexicanos Unidos). (Original Egyptian illustrations w/ Marseilles and RWS influences.) Relates Majors to the Book of Revelations. 1969

Tarot by Elisabeth Haich (Stuttgart). Translated into English, 1974.

1969

The Sybil Leek  Sybil  Leek Book  Book of  of Fortune Fortune Telling by Sybil Leek (NY: Macmillan).

1969

‘Il  castello dei destini incrociati by Italo Calvino (Franco Maria Ricci). English

translation, 1976. Fantasy stories based on the Tarot. 1970

 A Complete Guide to the Tarot  by Eden Gray (NY: Crown). First use of the

term “Fool’s Journey.” 1970

 Aquarian Tarot  published by Morgan Press, Dobbs Ferry, NY. Illustrated by

David Mario Palladini. “An authentic interpretation of the medieval Tarot.” Palladini, when he was still a student, was one of the artists of the Linweave Tarot (1967). 1970

Morgan’s Tarot  published by Big Trees Press, Pelton CA. Created by Morgan

Robbins of Boulder Creek CA. “This deck is offered as an excellent tool for cutting through the illusions and/or simultaneously turning on the illusions which are entering the present from above.” 1970

Royal Fez  Royal  Fez  Moroccan deck published by Rigel Press, Ltd., 21 Cloncurry Street,

London. Created by Roland Berrill and Michael Hobdell. “The deck was conceived by Roland Berrill, founder of Mensa, in the late 1950’s. Berrill commissioned the artist Michael Hobdell to do the artwork for this tarot. Hobdell died soon after completing the work. Berrill commissioned a limited and numbered print run of the deck (500 decks) but died before having time to market the deck. These lay dormant until 1970 when Rigel Press, Ltd. marketed the deck.” 1970

 20th Century  Tarot  published by Skor‐Mor Corp., 1107 E. Kimberly Ave.,

Anaheim CA. 24 page booklet written by Kevin G. Burne. “An Entertaining and Enlightening Means of Predicting the Future.” (b&w cards)

1970

Insight Institute Insight  Institute Tarot Deck  Tarot  Deck  (see Frank Lind, 1971) (appropriated by Richard

Gardner and sold as the R.G. Tarot, 1974). 1970

Tarot  Cards  for  Fun and  Fortune Telling by Stuart Kaplan (NY: U.S. Games Systems, Inc.). (Illustrated wit h 1JJ Tarot  deck.)

1970

Evolution through the Tarot  by Richard Gardner (London: Rigel Press). Revised reprint of  Accelerate Your  Evolution (date unknown). (Marseilles‐

style illustrations). 1970

Tarot  for the  for  the Millions by Sidney Bennett (LA: Sherborne Press).

1970

More Tarot Secrets Tarot  Secrets for   for  the Millions by Sidney Bennett (LA: Sherborne Press).

1970

Foreseeing the Future by Basil Ivan Rakoczi (NY: Castle Books).

1970

 A History of  History  of Playin Playin g Cards by Catherine Perry Hargrave (NY: Dover).

1970

Oracle of Fortuna of  Fortuna by Ophiel (St. Paul MN: Peach Publishing). Tatvas and four

elements as relevant to Tarot structure. 1971

The 9th Dimension Tarot  deck and 43 page booklet by Calmera Leosis published by St. Croix, Inc., Whittier CA. Revised edition of the Mont -Saint  Johns Astral   Johns Astral Tarot  Tarot  (see 1969). B&w with colored backgrounds.

1971

Mastering the Tarot: Basic Lessons in an Ancient, an  Ancient, Mystic Art  Mystic  Art  by Eden Gray (NY:

Crown). 1971

The Devil’s Picturebook: The Compleat  Guide to Tarot  Cards, Their  Origin and  the Usages by Paul Huson (NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons). (Illustrated by the

author.) Explores parallels to Wiccan and mythic themes in the card designs. 1971

Tarot  & You by Richard Roberts (Hastings‐on‐Hudson NY: Morgan &

Morgan). (Illustrated by the Aquarian Tarot.) “The first book of taped tarot  card readings, using easy‐to‐follow free‐association methods, without  previous knowledge, YOU may divine by tarot for family and friends. Various tarot card spreads are shown dealing with goals, wishes, loves and future probabilities, plus the new Jungian spread, a method revealing another’s innermost mind.” 1971

The Tarot  of  the Bohemians:  Absolute Key  to Occult  Science by Papus,

translated by A. P. Morton.(first modern reprint of 1910 English translation). 1971

How  to Understand  the Tarot  by Frank Lind (London: Aquarian). Founder of 

the Insight Institute and their Tarot deck (1970). 1971

The Tarot Speaks Tarot  Speaks by Richard Gardner (London: Rigel Press).

1971

Tarot  and  the Game of  Fate by Yitzhac Kahn (San Francisco: Sebaac

Publishers). 1971

Keystone of Tarot  of  Tarot Symbols: Symbols: An  An Outline of Tarot  of  Tarot Symbology  Symbology in in a Nutshell  by the

Holy Order of MANS (San Francisco: Holy Order of MANS). (Re‐drawn BOTA‐ style card illustrations. See also 1974, 1979.) The Holy Order of MANS was founded in 1968 by visionary Earl Wilbur Blighton, as a monastic order of  esoteric (Rosicrucian) Christianity dedicated to charity (Raphael Shelters) and their missionary work in 49 states. The order grew rapidly until Blighton’s death in 1974 when there was a power struggle among Blighton’s wife and others. The new director focused on a more conservative and less metaphysical path, eventually joining with a defrocked priest from the Russian Orthodox Church. Since 1988, it has splintered into many groups. The The Taro Tarott book bookss and and deck are still available. 1971

The Meaning of  Tarot  by David Hoy (Nashville TN: Aurora Publishers).

(Original RWS‐style card illustrations by Dale Phillips). 1971

The Sexual  Key  to the Tarot  by Theodor Laurence (NY: Citadel Press). (RWS

illustrations.) 1971

Official Rules Official  Rules of the of  the Tarotrump Card Game Card  Game by Stuart R. Kaplan (NY: U.S. Games

Systems, Inc.). 1971

Maps of Consciousness of  Consciousness by Ralph Metzner (NY: Collier). Combined Paul Russell

Schofield’s Actualism with John Cooke’s Tarot. 1972

Hoi Polloi Tarot deck published by Hoi Polloi Inc., New York. Marketed by

Reiss Associates, Inc. NY. 1972

Tarot Cards Tarot  Cards designed by David Sheridan, published by Mandragora Press, 31

St. Martin’s Lane, London, “with full instructions by Alfred Douglas.” 1972

The Tarot: The Origin, Meaning and  Uses of the of  the Cards by Alfred Douglas, card

illustrations by David Sheridan, published in the UK by Victor Gollancz, Ltd., London and by Taplinger Publishing Co., NY. 1972

Yeats, the Tarot  and  the Golden Dawn by Kathleen Raine (Dublin: Dolmen

Press). 1972

Understanding the Tarot  by Dr. Leo L. Martello (NY: HC Publishers). (RWS

illustrations.) 1972

How  the Tarot  Speaks to Modern Man by Theodor Laurence (Harrisberg PA:

Stackpole Books). (RWS illustrations.)

1972

Tarot  Classic by Stuart R. Kaplan (NY: Grosset & Dunlap). (Illustrated by the

Tarot Classic/Marseilles‐style deck). 1972

Tarot  Card  Symbology  by Max Freedom Long (Cape Girardeau MO: Huna Press). (RWS illustrations.) Includes articles from Huna Vistas going back to

1965. 1972

W.E. Butler founds the Servants of Light based on a correspondence course created with Gareth Knight.

1973

Dynamic Games Tarot  deck, published by Dynamic Design Industries,

Anaheim CA. 1973

 James Bond  007  Tarot  Deck  by EON Productions Ltd and Glidrose

Publications, Ltd. Published by AG Muller & Cie in Switzerland for U.S. Games Systems, Inc.. Card Designs by Fergus Hall, Courtesy of the Portal Gallery Ltd, London. “The James Bond 007 Tarot Deck is featured in the popular Film, “Live and Let Die,” a United Artists Release.” Release. ” 1973

Tarot: How  to  foretell   your   future in the cards by Kathleen McCormack

(Surrey: Fontana Books/Collins). (Illustrated by Italian Piedmontse deck.) 1973

The Windows of  Tarot  by F. D. Graves (Dobbs Ferry NY: Morgan & Morgan).

(Illustrated with the Aquarian Tarot.) Light‐weight. 1973

The Book of  Book  of Tarot  Tarot  by Fred Gettings (London: Triune Books). Illustrated large‐

format book. Interpretations based on Marseilles cards and geometric symbolism. 1973

The Tarot  and  Transformation by Lynn M. Buess (Lakemont GA: Tarnhelm

Press). (Illustrated with Church of Light/Falconnier‐Wegener style cards redrawn by Roxana R. Donegan) 1973

Practical  Astrology  Practical   Astrology  by Comte C. de Saint‐Germain (Hollywood: Newcastle).

Reprint (see 1901). 1973

Pictorial Key  Pictorial  Key to to the Tarot  by A. E. Waite (Causeway; their first printing). (See

1910; 1959; 1979.) 1973

The Playing Card; an Illustrated  History  by Detlef Hoffmann (Greenwich,

Conn. New York Graphic Society). 1973

The History of  History  of Playing Playing Cards with Anecdotes with  Anecdotes of their  of  their Use Use in Conjuring, FortuneTelling, and  Card -Sharping by Rev. Ed. S. Taylor (reprint Rutland VT: Charles

E. Tuttle Co). (see 1865 original).

1974

The New  Tarot  first published by creators William J. Hurley and J.A. Horler,

CA. 1974

Swiss 1JJ  Tarot  deck, published by U.S. Games Systems, Inc., made in

Switzerland by AGMüller, distributed exclusively by U.S. Games Systems, Inc., New York. “Complete with Instruction Brochure by Stuart R. Kaplan, America’s Leading Tarot Authority.” 1974

R.G. Tarot  Cards deck published by Rigel Press, Ltd. “Original English Pack

Design”. Booklet by Richard Gardner. 1974

 Jewels of  the Wise by the Holy Order of MANS (San Francisco: Holy Order of 

MANS) (Re‐drawn BOTA‐style card illustrations.) 1974

Toward the Toward  the One: The Perfection of Love of  Love , , Harmony  , , and Beauty  and  Beauty  by Pir Vilanat  Inayat Khan (NY: Harper/Colophone). Contains tearout Major Arcana Sufi Tarot by Dane Rudhyar.

1974

The Mystical  Tower  of  the Tarot  by John D. Blakeley (London: Watkins).

Illustrated with Marseilles and ‘Charles VI’ cards. Shows parallels between Tarot, the Orphic mystery traditions, and a 19th century Sufi work. 1974

Tarot: An Tarot:  An Illustrated Guide Illustrated  Guide by Rebecca Micca Warner (NY: St. Martin’s Press &

London: Academy Editions). (Primarily Marseilles illustrations.) 1974

The Secrets of   Ancient  Witchraft  with The Witches Tarot  by Arnold and

Patricia Crowther, with introduction and notes by Dr. Leo Louis Martello (Secaucus NJ: Citadel Press). Illustrations of Majors by Arnold Crowther. 1974

The Hanged Man: Hanged  Man: Psychotherapy and  Psychotherapy  and the the Forces of Darkness of  Darkness by Sheldon Kopp

(Palo Alto CA: Science and Behavior Books) 1974/76

Egyptian Temple Cards: Past, Present, Future, Key to the secret doctrine of 

ancient Egypt. Authentic Egyptian Deck with Instruction Book. Manufactured by Osirian Enterprises by A. J. Metcalfe. (54 non‐Tarot cards.) 1975

Mountain Dream Tarot: 78 Photographic Cards by Bea Nettles. Distributors: Light Impressions Corp., Rochester NY. “The Mountain Dream Tarot  came to

me in a dream in the summer of 1970. The decision to assemble a photographic set of cards was made in my sleep. I began the next morning at  Penland School of Crafts in the mountains of North Carolina. I chose models who suited the cards and after reading the card’s description we took a walk to find the right place to make the picture. . . . My cards are an intuitive, not a literal interpretation of the ancient deck.” Republished in 2001. 1975

Cagliostro Tarot  184 published by Graphic Arts, Modiano, Trieste, Italy from

original Egyptian‐style design by Bruno Sigon of 1912. Explained by Docteur

Marius in an 80 page booklet titled, “Destiny Revealed by the Tarot”. (see 1912, 1981). 1975

Royal Fez  Royal  Fez Mor  Mor occan Tarot deck published by U.S. Games. (see 1970).

1975/78

Spanish Tarot : Reproduccion de un Tarot del Año 1736, published by H.

Fournier, S.A., Vitoria, Spain. “Instructions by Stuart Kaplan.” 1975

El Tarot: El  Tarot: La Baraja Profet ica by Joss Irish Roca (?) Mexico.

1975

Dictionary  of  the Tarot  by Bill Butler (NY: Schocken Books). Published in England as The Definitive Tarot . Compared decks and card interpretations

from many sources. Includes a symbol dictionary. 1975

The Tarot  by Richard Cavendish (NY: Harper & Row).

1975

Wisdom of the of  the Tarot  by Elisabeth Haich (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.).

Published with a set of Wirth‐based Majors. Strongly based on the work of  Oswald Wirth with a Hindu‐yoga twist. 1975

The Royal Road: Royal  Road: A  A Manual of  Manual  of Kabalistic Kabalistic Meditations on the Tarot by Stephan A.

Hoeller (Wheaton IL: Quest/Theosophical Publishing House). (RWS illustrations.) 1975

 Astrology  & the Tarot  by A.E. Thierens (Hollywood: Newcastle). (Originally General  Book of  of the the Tarot , see 1928). published as The General Book 

1975

The Guide Meditation: The Manual  on Theory  and  Technique by Edwin C.

Steinbrecher (Santa Fe: self‐published). First edition of a major work on a Tarot meditation practice. Many editions. Published by Samuel Weiser in 1988. 1975

Prelude to Science:  An Exploration of  Magic and  Divination (section on tarot)

by Richard Furnald Smith, Scribner, 1975. 1975/77

The Tarot  by Joseph Maxwell (NY: Samuel Weiser). “Translated from the

French with Amplification of the Tarot, Introduction and Notes by Ivor Powell.” (Not illustrated, but the deck described is clearly the Marseilles of  Nicolas Conver of 1760 which was reprinted (see 1968). This book was originally published in France, apparently in several different editions. It was translated into English in 1975. The translator and publisher don't say when the French editions were published, but from clues in the text (i.e., references to previous editions, etc.), it seems to have been first published sometime between 1900 and 1930. Maxwell was a French lawyer who held high positions in the French judiciary and wrote books on many subjects, including the occult. This is one of only a few of his books to

be translated into English. He posits Southern Germany as the birthplace of  the cards. His interpretations of the Majors are based heavily on numerology, and he interprets the pip cards according to pictorial elements of the Marseille designs. He assigns elements to the suits as follows: Wands = Earth, Cups = Water, Pentacles = Air, Swords = Fire. (Lee Bursten) 1976

Tarot: The Royal  Path to Wisdom by Joseph D. D’Agostino (NY Samuel

Weiser). (RWS illustrations.) 1976

The Yeager  Tarot: Tarot  of  Meditation deck, published by Credo Company,

Laguna Beach, CA. Art by Marty Yeager. Republished in a sanitized (masking of sexual organs) version by U.S. Games in 19??. 1976

 Xultún Deck  published by Wisdom Garden Books, Venice CA. Created by Peter

Balin. “I met Peter Balin (creator of the Xultun Tarot) in the early 80s ‐ he came to dinner at my house in San Francisco. He told me that he created the deck after seeing a RWS deck one evening at a party. At the time he was a down‐ and‐out carpenter. A friend suggested he do a deck, which he laughed at, but  the idea wouldn't go away. In fact, he suddenly saw in his mind this huge painting ‐ all one piece ‐ which he knew was the Major Arcana ‐ only it was Mayan. But, he knew nothing about Tarot and little about the Mayans although he had lived in Mexico for a while. He was working at an art gallery ‐ during a really slow period ‐ so he started on the canvas and became obsessed, finishing the painting almost non‐stop. It was only when it was finished that he realized it could be cut up into the 22 cards. People kept  insisting he should publish it, but the price was astronomical as far as he was concerned. Then other people began giving him money to do it ‐ some of  them strangers who walked into the gallery ‐ and he very soon had enough to publish. There were many images that he put into the deck that he knew nothing about ‐ and only later found out that they were very significant in relation to the Mayan cosmology and to the particular Tarot card. He said he felt during the whole process that he didn't really have a choice about it ‐ the image of the painting of the Majors appeared as a whole in his mind after seeing a Tarot deck once and he couldn't stop painting (except to eat and sleep) until he had finished it. And, when he thought that publishing was impossible, it came together almost despite him. The book came later ‐ after lots of people had given him input and helped him put together the Tarot and Mayan information that was already encoded into the painting.”—Mary K. Greer on TarotL. 1976

 A Feminist  Tarot  by Sally Gearhart and Susan Rennie (Watertown MA:

Pandora's Box). First book to give feminist interpretations (RWS deck).

1976

Womanspirit Circle Lilith in Santa Cruz. The Matriarchal Tarot conceived out  of which emerged at least three subsequent decks ‐ Daughters of  the Moon Book of  Aradia  Aradia (1984, Djinni Van Slyke), and Shekhinah's Tarot . (1984), Book of 

1976

The Castle of Crossed  of  Crossed Destinies Destinies by Italo Calvino, translated by William Weaver.

(NY: Harcourt, Brace). Fiction, stories. (Illustrated with Visconti‐Sforza and Marseilles‐style decks.) 1976

The Symbolism of the of  the Tarot  by P.D. Ouspens ky (NY: Dover).

1976

Forbidden Images: The Secrets of  the Tarot  by David Lemieux (NY: Barnes &

Noble). 1976

Tarot: Its Meaning, Mythology  and  Methods of  Devination by Martin J. Wyatt 

(Leicestershire: Valldaro Books). 1976

The Quantum Gods: The Origin and Nature and  Nature of Matter  of  Matter and  and Consciousness Consciousness by Jeff 

Love (London: Compton Press Ltd.). His Qabalah Mandala shows the intersection of tarot, qabalah and astrology; quantum physics meets the Tree of Life. 1976

The Rational Tarot: Rational  Tarot: How  to Use It, Why It  Why  It Works Works by Richard Spencer Le Gette

(London: Arthur Barker Ltd.) Poems start each of the two sections, one on the Oracle, the other on Science. 1976/81

The Golden Cycle:  A Text  on the Tarot  by John Sandbach and Ronn Ballard

(Chicago: Aries Press). (No illustrations.) Metaphysical linguistics approach to Tarot. 1977

The Way  of  the Sorcerer  by Peter Balin. “A Verbatim Report of a Talk on the

Higher Arcana of the Xultun Tarot Deck given by its author Peter Balin at  Esoteric Speakers Platform in Phoenix Arizona on June 21st , 1977.” (Venice CA, Wisdom Garden Books). 1977

The Tarot: How to How  to Use and Interpret  and  Interpret the the Cards by Brian Innes (London: Orbis

Publishing). 1977

The Royal  Road  by George Fathman (Mokelumne Hill CA: Health Research).

Reprint (see 1951). 1977

The Tarot: Path to Self  Development  by Micheline Stuart (Boulder CO:

Shambhala). (Marseilles‐style illustrations as a journey by the Fool from the World to the Magician.) “One day I had gathered enough pieces of the mysterious puzzle to see in a flash the whole picture. I realized that it was a chain in which every link fitted neatly within the next. It is said that the order of the cards has shifted a bit over the centuries: I can well see it, but it does not matter. As we have to pass through each link until the whole chain has

been experienced, it is of no great account if sometimes one is experienced before the other.” 1977

The Oracle of  Thoth: The Kabalistical  Tarot  by R.A. Straughn (Bronx NY:

Oracle of Thoth Publishing Co.) (Original Egyptian‐influenced Majors illustrated by Paul Stephen Grayson.) 1978

The Flight  of  Feathered  Serpent  by Peter Balin (Venice CA: Wisdom Garden

Books). A book about the tarot and the Maya Indians’ view of the world. (Illustrated with author’s Xultun Tarot deck). 1978

 A New Woman's New  Woman's Tarot  by Billie Potts (Elf and Dragons Press).

1978

Knapp-Hall  Tarot  Cards, published with The Tarot: an Essay  (Los Angeles,

Philosophyical Research Society, Society, Inc.). Inc.). Deck first published,1929.

1978

The Encyclopedia of Tarot  of  Tarot  (Vol. 1) by Stuart Kaplan (NY: U.S. Games Systems,

Inc.). 1978

Wisdom of  the Tarot: Taught  Simply: Ten steps to learning to read  the Tarot  Cards by E‐Lois Winkler Lovell (Anaheim CA: Love).

1978

El Sendero El  Sendero Iniciático en los Arkanos los  Arkanos del  ‘Tarot  y  ‘Tarot  y  Kábala’  by Samael Aun Weor

(Budha Maitreya, Kalki Avatara de la Nueva Era de Acuario) (Mexico: Iglesia Gnostica Cristiana Universal). A major work by this Gnostic philosopher, since translated into several languages including French and English. Illustrated by the Majors of a Falconnier‐Wegener style Egyptian deck that  has been published as the Egipcios Kier  Tarot  Deck  (Buenos Aires; and U.S. Games, 1984). 1979

The Amazon The  Amazon Tarot  deck published by Elf and Dragons Press. Created by Billie

Potts, River Lightwomoon, Susun Weed, and other artists. 1979

Tarotmania (later renamed Tarot  Therapy:  A Guide to the Subconscious) by

Jan Woudhuysen (Wildwood House, Great Britain) (LA: J.P. Tarcher). (Original card illustrations by Louise Aaltje) . 1979

Tarot:  A New  Handbook   for  the  Apprentice by Eileen Connolly (No.

Hollywood: Newcastle). First in a series of three books on the Tarot. (RWS illustrations). 1979

Pictorial  Key  to the Tarot  by A.E. Waite (NY: Samuel Weiser; their first 

printing). (see also 1910; 1959; 1973.) 1979

The Game of  Life by Timothy Leary. Seriously tripped out stuff—acid, DNA,

space‐time continuum.

1979

Tarot  Revelations by Joseph Campbell and Richard Roberts (No publisher

named). 1979

God  of  Tarot  by Piers Anthony (NY: Jove). Fiction. In 1975, at a judo

tournament, Anthony met and became friends with a brother in the Holy Order of MANS (1971, 1974). Anthony was intrigued by their unique mix of  Gnostic Christianity, co‐ed communalism, and Tarot. Out of this came a character who would appear in several novels: Brother Paul of the Holy Order of Vision. He also created an imaginary deck called the  Animation Tarot , having 100 cards in five suits. By September of 1977, he had a 250,000 word manuscript that no one wanted to publish. Also, members of the real order were told not to read the manuscript or speak with him, which he regretted since the novel stemmed in significant part from his admiration of  their operation. He reluctantly agreed to splitting the book into a trilogy. Jove then stopped publishing science fiction and the next two volumes were published by Berkeley (1980). It wasn’t until 1987 that the novel appeared in one volume (NY: Ace). 1980

The Game of  Tarot:  from Ferrara to Salt  Lake City  by Michael Dummett with

the assistance of Sylvia Mann (London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.). The definitive work on playing the Tarot card game (with rules from many countries), plus the history and varieties of the Tarot deck. 1980

Seventy -Eight  Degrees of  Wisdom:  A. Book  of  Tarot  by Rachel Pollack

(Aquarian Press). 1980

 Jung and Tarot: and  Tarot: An  An   Arc Arche hettypa ypa  Jou l ney  r  by Sallie Nichols (NY: Samuel Weiser).

1980

Numerology  and  Your  Future by Dusty Bunker (West Chester PA: Schiffer).

Numerology as relat ed to the Tarot cards. 1980

Twelve Tarot Ga Tarot  Games by Michael Dummett (London: Duckworth).

1980

Vision of  Tarot  and Faith of  Tarot  by Piers Anthony (NY: Berkeley). (See

1979.) 1980

The Magic Tarot  by Frederic Lionel (published in France as Le Tarot Magique Tarot  Magique,

Editions du Rocher). 1980

Niki de Saint Phalle began work on her tarot garden sculpture.

1980

The Tarot  Design Coloring Book  by Caren Caraway (Stemmings). There are

plenty of color‐in decks but this is the only coloring book, per se, of which the authors are aware.

I propose that 1980 that  1980 marks the end of the of  the hippie/Tarot revival hippie/Tarot revival era and serves as the transition into the full maturity of the of  the modern, 20th century Tarot renaissance. Tarot  renaissance.