Abortion
Content
Perception of Selected Residence in Barangay Mategkel Aged 25-45 years Towards Induced Abortion
A THESIS PROPOSAL TO THE FACULTY OF COLLEGE OF NURSING SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND HEALTH EDUCATION IN FULLFILMENT OF THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE NURSING
By: Zuhair D. Sarip
SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE SCIENCE AND HEALTH EDUCATION Parang, Maguindanao
Chapter 1 Introduction Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, in or caused by its death. Abortion can be spontaneous which occurs naturally due to complications during pregnancy, and is commonly called miscarriage, can be induced. However, the term usually refers to induced abortion which is intentional termination of pregnancy prior to the time when the fetus attains viability or capacity for life outside the uterus. In this study we refer the term abortion as induced abortion. Most induce abortion result from unintended pregnancies. In an induced abortion, the pregnancy can be aborted in several ways using drugs or instruments depending on the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, which increases in size as the pregnancy progresses. Induced abortions, according for procuring such act, are either therapeutic or elective. Therapeutic abortion is performed for medical purposes that is to save the life of pregnant woman; prevent harm to woman‟s physical or mental health; terminate a pregnancy where indications are that the child will have a significantly increased chance of premature morbidity or mortality or be otherwise disabled; or in case of multiple pregnancy, to reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks. On the other hand, an abortion is referred to as an elective or voluntary abortion when performed at the request of the woman for non – medical purposes. According to World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 40 – 50 million abortions are performed every year in the world. This corresponds to approximately 125 000 abortions per day. Slightly half or those abortions are performed unsafely. In some western countries, there are abortions that are legally accepted. One of those countries is USA where there are two kinds of abortions that are legal. First is an in – clinical and the other is through the taking of an abortion pill. In a survey, almost one – third of all women before the age of 45 have an abortion. The
incidence of abortion has stabilized in recent years, mainly due to the decline access to family planning education and contraception.
Abortion in the Philippines is not legally accepted and there is no law in the country that expressly authorizes abortion in order to save the woman‟s life; and the general provisions which do penalize abortion make no qualification if the woman‟s life is endangered. But despite of these restrictions, there are still abortions that are illegally performed in the country. The estimated number of abortions in the Philippines ranged from 400 000 to 500 000 and rising to 800 000 and 70% of unwanted pregnancies in the country end in abortion according to WHO. Four in five of those abortions are for economic reasons and two – thirds of Filipino women who have abortion attempt to self – induced or seek solution from those who practice folk medicine. According to Department of Health (DOH), 100 000 end up in hospitals every year due to unsafe abortion. To address the complications of unsafe abortion, the DOH has created a program called Prevention and Management of Abortion and its Complications. The program has been tested in 17 government-run hospitals by 2003. Other attempts to reduce unsafe abortion through better family planning have been blocked by groups that oppose abortion rights. The researcher choose this sensitive topic about abortion for the reason that despite forbidding abortion in the country, the number of such cases is rapidly increasing and it was mentioned earlier that many end up in hospitals due to its complications. Of those who abort, some of them do not know the harm that it could do to them, some may know about it but they may think that there is no other option but to abort. Through this study, the researcher aims to educate women of today about abortion and the complications it might bring when performed. This study is address not only to women but to the government as well for them to develop more effective programs and laws to answer the growing cases of abortions in the country that leads to hospitalization of Filipino women and, in some worst cases, death due to abortion.
Statement of the problem: The purpose of this study is to identify the perception of selected residence of Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 year towards abortion. This study seeks to answer the following question: 1. What is the profile of the selected residence on Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 years towards abortion: a. Age b. Sex c. Religion d. Tribe e. Educational attainment f. Occupation 2. What is the perception of selected resident of Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 years toward abortion. 3. What will be the perception of male or female residents of Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 years towards abortion. 4. Is there a significant relationship between the female and male (sex) in their perception towards abortion
Significance of the study: The purpose of this study is to determine the perception of the selected residence of Barangay Mategkel towards induced abortion. The result outcome of the study will greatly benefit the following: To the women, this study will give the proper knowledge and information about induced abortion. To the men, this study will provide them the knowledge about abortion and the danger it may bring to women To those involve in health care service specially nursing student who just entered the industry, this study will provide them knowledge and information.
To the future researchers of the finding of this study can serve as reference if they are planning to conduct a similar study
Scope and limitation The study is focused on determining the perception of selected residence of Barangay Mategkel toward induced abortion. The respondent and place of the research is only limited to male or female aged 25-45 years from the selected residence of Barangay Mategkel. Pertinent data will be obtain from the researchers formulated questioner.
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Induced Abortion Abortion more readily available throughout the U.S., it remains a crime in most jurisdictions for a woman to attempt to perform an abortion on herself. In May 2005, Gabriela Flores - a Mexican immigrant living in South Carolina - was charged under such a statute, which carried a maximum penalty of two years in prison. She had induced abortion by ingesting misoprostol, an ulcer medication with abortifacient potential. Mississippi classifies self-induced abortions as deaths which affect the public interest, requiring that physicians report them to the local medical examiner. By contrast, New Mexico's "Unborn Victims of Violence Act" exempts self-induced abortion from the criminal liability the act creates. (Roe V. Wade) It has been used to rationalize, and been quoted in, restrictive and intrusive legislation in several states and in proposed federal legislation. It is essential for gynecologists to have accurate information, as clinicians, for their patients, and, as key experts, for policy makers. Recent findings new articles concluding that there are adverse psychological outcomes from induced abortion continue to be published. The methodological flaws in these articles are so serious as to invalidate those conclusions. Several recent scholarly analyses detail these flaws. Methodologically sound studies and reviews continue to demonstrate that psychosocial problems play a role in unwanted conception and the decision to abort unwanted pregnancies but are not the result of abortion. Summary Clinicians may have to reassure patients making decisions about their pregnancies that abortion does not cause psychiatric illness. (N.L. Stotland et al)
According to Khokhar and Gulati report that women in underdeveloped areas of India successfully induce abortions through the following methods:
Lifting of heavy weights; Abdominal massage;
Consumption of mutton marrow; Consumption of dried henna powder; Consumption of carrot seed soup;
There are a number of anecdotally recorded and disseminated methods of performing a selfinduced abortion. Many of the following methods present significant danger (see below) to the life or health of the woman:
physical exertion designed to bring about a miscarriage abdominal massage receiving punches, kicks, or other blows to the abdominal area belly flopping onto a hard surface attempted removal of the fetus with a coat-hanger or similar device inserted into the uterus through the cervix (the historical use of this method has led to the use of coat hangers as a symbol of the abortion rights movement, which associates dangerous methods of self-induced abortion with the illegality of abortion) attempted piercing of the fetus with a knitting needle or similar device inserted into the uterus through the cervix suction through the insertion of a rubber tube into the uterus via the cervix ingesting abortifacients, high quantities of vitamin C, Pennyroyal or other substances believed to induce miscarriage douching with substances believed to induce miscarriage (beginning in the 1960s, many women used Coca Cola for this purpose, although its utility is at best dubious) yoga acupuncture hypothermia
The U.s. Supreme Court ruled in 1973 (1) that the restrictive abortion legal guidelines within the U.S. had been invalid, mostly for the reason that these legal guidelines invaded the individuals ideal to privacy, and (2) that an abortion couldn‟t be denied into a woman within the initially 3 months of pregnancy. The Court indicated that just after 3 months a condition may regulate the abortion process in methods that are reasonably connected to maternal health and that soon after the fetus reaches the stage of viability (about 24 weeks) the states could refuse the right to terminate the pregnancy besides when needed for your preservation in the existence or well being in the mom. Still, a lot opposition is elevated by many Right-to-life Groups and spiritual groups. Despite this opposition, more than 1 million procedures are nonetheless performed annually inside the United States of America, with about one-third getting carried out on teenaged females. This drastically emphasizes the inadequacy of sex schooling along with the
want for higher availability of sufficient contraceptive methods so that you can stay clear of such pregnancy wastage.
Abortion in the Philippines According to a 2005 study /The Incidence of Induced Abortion in the Philippines,/ 91 percent of women who have abortions are or have been married or with a partner, 57 percent have three or more children, 87 percent are Catholic, 71 percent are high-school educated, and 68 percent are poor. Abortion is also equally rampant in the rural areas. The Guttmacher Institute publication titled Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in the Philippines: Causes and Consequences(2006) by Singh, Juarez, Cabigon, Hussain, Haley Ball and Jennifer Nadeau, states that six in 10 Filipino women ages 15-49 have experienced an unintended pregnancy. In 2003, the average Filipino woman wanted 2.5 children but had 3.5. The study also notes that roughly two-thirds of Filipino women are poor, which, when paired with the difficulty in managing the number and spacing the births of children, can only result in a bad situation. “Despite the common perception that abortion occurs primarily among women who wish to conceal the „dishonor‟ of a no marital pregnancy, women‟s…reasons for having attempted to end an unintended pregnancy show that this is not the case,” the paper goes on. “The most common reason is an inability to afford the economic cost of raising a child, a reason cited by 72 percent of Filipino women who have attempted to have an abortion.” Complications of Induced Abortion In places with restrictive abortion laws, untrained providers, unsanitary conditions and limited access to high quality abortion services, women are much more likely to experience immediate complications, long term disabilities or sometimes death. Immediate complications from unsafe abortions include severe bleeding, uterine perforation, tearing of the cervix, severe damage to the genitals and abdomen, internal infection of the abdomen and blood poisoning.
Medium and long-term complications range from reproductive tract infections (RTI) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) to chronic pain and infertility: 20 to 30 percent of unsafe abortions may lead to RTI, and of these, 20 to 40 percent result in PID and infertility Late complications include increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage or premature delivery in subsequent pregnancies. (Janie Benson) These changes provide an incentive for reforms in other countries. Factors that influence the severity of complications and health outcomes include: Serious complications are much more likely when unsafe abortion occurs in late pregnancy. Studies in public hospitals in Kenya and South Africa found that over one third of patients seeking treatment for abortion complications presented after a second trimester abortion, when complication rates are higher than in the first trimester.
Abortions induced by traditional practitioners or self-induced by women pose the greatest risk. However, women‟s increasing use of misoprostol – a prostaglandin (an „abortion pill‟) available in pharmacies – is associated with lower rates of complications. Misoprostol is mainly used in Latin America, but use is expanding in other regions. Delays in reaching care after an unsafe abortion contribute to increased complications and high mortality. Lessons for policy include: Trained midwives are as safe and effective as physicians in providing first trimester induced abortion with manual vacuum aspiration. Medical abortion is a recommended alternative to first trimester abortion. For abortions after 12 weeks, preferred options include dilation and evacuation, mifepristone, followed by repeated doses a prostaglandin, or prostaglandins alone. Services offered at the lowest level of the health care system and close to women‟s homes offer the best prospects for rapid diagnosis, treatment and referral of abortion complications. Women seeking treatment for complications need to receive rapid, high quality care upon arrival at a health facility. (Marcel Vekemans)
A THESIS PROPOSAL TO THE FACULTY OF COLLEGE OF NURSING SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND HEALTH EDUCATION IN FULLFILMENT OF THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE NURSING
By: Zuhair D. Sarip
SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE SCIENCE AND HEALTH EDUCATION Parang, Maguindanao
Chapter 1 Introduction Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, in or caused by its death. Abortion can be spontaneous which occurs naturally due to complications during pregnancy, and is commonly called miscarriage, can be induced. However, the term usually refers to induced abortion which is intentional termination of pregnancy prior to the time when the fetus attains viability or capacity for life outside the uterus. In this study we refer the term abortion as induced abortion. Most induce abortion result from unintended pregnancies. In an induced abortion, the pregnancy can be aborted in several ways using drugs or instruments depending on the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, which increases in size as the pregnancy progresses. Induced abortions, according for procuring such act, are either therapeutic or elective. Therapeutic abortion is performed for medical purposes that is to save the life of pregnant woman; prevent harm to woman‟s physical or mental health; terminate a pregnancy where indications are that the child will have a significantly increased chance of premature morbidity or mortality or be otherwise disabled; or in case of multiple pregnancy, to reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks. On the other hand, an abortion is referred to as an elective or voluntary abortion when performed at the request of the woman for non – medical purposes. According to World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 40 – 50 million abortions are performed every year in the world. This corresponds to approximately 125 000 abortions per day. Slightly half or those abortions are performed unsafely. In some western countries, there are abortions that are legally accepted. One of those countries is USA where there are two kinds of abortions that are legal. First is an in – clinical and the other is through the taking of an abortion pill. In a survey, almost one – third of all women before the age of 45 have an abortion. The
incidence of abortion has stabilized in recent years, mainly due to the decline access to family planning education and contraception.
Abortion in the Philippines is not legally accepted and there is no law in the country that expressly authorizes abortion in order to save the woman‟s life; and the general provisions which do penalize abortion make no qualification if the woman‟s life is endangered. But despite of these restrictions, there are still abortions that are illegally performed in the country. The estimated number of abortions in the Philippines ranged from 400 000 to 500 000 and rising to 800 000 and 70% of unwanted pregnancies in the country end in abortion according to WHO. Four in five of those abortions are for economic reasons and two – thirds of Filipino women who have abortion attempt to self – induced or seek solution from those who practice folk medicine. According to Department of Health (DOH), 100 000 end up in hospitals every year due to unsafe abortion. To address the complications of unsafe abortion, the DOH has created a program called Prevention and Management of Abortion and its Complications. The program has been tested in 17 government-run hospitals by 2003. Other attempts to reduce unsafe abortion through better family planning have been blocked by groups that oppose abortion rights. The researcher choose this sensitive topic about abortion for the reason that despite forbidding abortion in the country, the number of such cases is rapidly increasing and it was mentioned earlier that many end up in hospitals due to its complications. Of those who abort, some of them do not know the harm that it could do to them, some may know about it but they may think that there is no other option but to abort. Through this study, the researcher aims to educate women of today about abortion and the complications it might bring when performed. This study is address not only to women but to the government as well for them to develop more effective programs and laws to answer the growing cases of abortions in the country that leads to hospitalization of Filipino women and, in some worst cases, death due to abortion.
Statement of the problem: The purpose of this study is to identify the perception of selected residence of Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 year towards abortion. This study seeks to answer the following question: 1. What is the profile of the selected residence on Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 years towards abortion: a. Age b. Sex c. Religion d. Tribe e. Educational attainment f. Occupation 2. What is the perception of selected resident of Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 years toward abortion. 3. What will be the perception of male or female residents of Barangay Mategkel aged 25-45 years towards abortion. 4. Is there a significant relationship between the female and male (sex) in their perception towards abortion
Significance of the study: The purpose of this study is to determine the perception of the selected residence of Barangay Mategkel towards induced abortion. The result outcome of the study will greatly benefit the following: To the women, this study will give the proper knowledge and information about induced abortion. To the men, this study will provide them the knowledge about abortion and the danger it may bring to women To those involve in health care service specially nursing student who just entered the industry, this study will provide them knowledge and information.
To the future researchers of the finding of this study can serve as reference if they are planning to conduct a similar study
Scope and limitation The study is focused on determining the perception of selected residence of Barangay Mategkel toward induced abortion. The respondent and place of the research is only limited to male or female aged 25-45 years from the selected residence of Barangay Mategkel. Pertinent data will be obtain from the researchers formulated questioner.
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Induced Abortion Abortion more readily available throughout the U.S., it remains a crime in most jurisdictions for a woman to attempt to perform an abortion on herself. In May 2005, Gabriela Flores - a Mexican immigrant living in South Carolina - was charged under such a statute, which carried a maximum penalty of two years in prison. She had induced abortion by ingesting misoprostol, an ulcer medication with abortifacient potential. Mississippi classifies self-induced abortions as deaths which affect the public interest, requiring that physicians report them to the local medical examiner. By contrast, New Mexico's "Unborn Victims of Violence Act" exempts self-induced abortion from the criminal liability the act creates. (Roe V. Wade) It has been used to rationalize, and been quoted in, restrictive and intrusive legislation in several states and in proposed federal legislation. It is essential for gynecologists to have accurate information, as clinicians, for their patients, and, as key experts, for policy makers. Recent findings new articles concluding that there are adverse psychological outcomes from induced abortion continue to be published. The methodological flaws in these articles are so serious as to invalidate those conclusions. Several recent scholarly analyses detail these flaws. Methodologically sound studies and reviews continue to demonstrate that psychosocial problems play a role in unwanted conception and the decision to abort unwanted pregnancies but are not the result of abortion. Summary Clinicians may have to reassure patients making decisions about their pregnancies that abortion does not cause psychiatric illness. (N.L. Stotland et al)
According to Khokhar and Gulati report that women in underdeveloped areas of India successfully induce abortions through the following methods:
Lifting of heavy weights; Abdominal massage;
Consumption of mutton marrow; Consumption of dried henna powder; Consumption of carrot seed soup;
There are a number of anecdotally recorded and disseminated methods of performing a selfinduced abortion. Many of the following methods present significant danger (see below) to the life or health of the woman:
physical exertion designed to bring about a miscarriage abdominal massage receiving punches, kicks, or other blows to the abdominal area belly flopping onto a hard surface attempted removal of the fetus with a coat-hanger or similar device inserted into the uterus through the cervix (the historical use of this method has led to the use of coat hangers as a symbol of the abortion rights movement, which associates dangerous methods of self-induced abortion with the illegality of abortion) attempted piercing of the fetus with a knitting needle or similar device inserted into the uterus through the cervix suction through the insertion of a rubber tube into the uterus via the cervix ingesting abortifacients, high quantities of vitamin C, Pennyroyal or other substances believed to induce miscarriage douching with substances believed to induce miscarriage (beginning in the 1960s, many women used Coca Cola for this purpose, although its utility is at best dubious) yoga acupuncture hypothermia
The U.s. Supreme Court ruled in 1973 (1) that the restrictive abortion legal guidelines within the U.S. had been invalid, mostly for the reason that these legal guidelines invaded the individuals ideal to privacy, and (2) that an abortion couldn‟t be denied into a woman within the initially 3 months of pregnancy. The Court indicated that just after 3 months a condition may regulate the abortion process in methods that are reasonably connected to maternal health and that soon after the fetus reaches the stage of viability (about 24 weeks) the states could refuse the right to terminate the pregnancy besides when needed for your preservation in the existence or well being in the mom. Still, a lot opposition is elevated by many Right-to-life Groups and spiritual groups. Despite this opposition, more than 1 million procedures are nonetheless performed annually inside the United States of America, with about one-third getting carried out on teenaged females. This drastically emphasizes the inadequacy of sex schooling along with the
want for higher availability of sufficient contraceptive methods so that you can stay clear of such pregnancy wastage.
Abortion in the Philippines According to a 2005 study /The Incidence of Induced Abortion in the Philippines,/ 91 percent of women who have abortions are or have been married or with a partner, 57 percent have three or more children, 87 percent are Catholic, 71 percent are high-school educated, and 68 percent are poor. Abortion is also equally rampant in the rural areas. The Guttmacher Institute publication titled Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in the Philippines: Causes and Consequences(2006) by Singh, Juarez, Cabigon, Hussain, Haley Ball and Jennifer Nadeau, states that six in 10 Filipino women ages 15-49 have experienced an unintended pregnancy. In 2003, the average Filipino woman wanted 2.5 children but had 3.5. The study also notes that roughly two-thirds of Filipino women are poor, which, when paired with the difficulty in managing the number and spacing the births of children, can only result in a bad situation. “Despite the common perception that abortion occurs primarily among women who wish to conceal the „dishonor‟ of a no marital pregnancy, women‟s…reasons for having attempted to end an unintended pregnancy show that this is not the case,” the paper goes on. “The most common reason is an inability to afford the economic cost of raising a child, a reason cited by 72 percent of Filipino women who have attempted to have an abortion.” Complications of Induced Abortion In places with restrictive abortion laws, untrained providers, unsanitary conditions and limited access to high quality abortion services, women are much more likely to experience immediate complications, long term disabilities or sometimes death. Immediate complications from unsafe abortions include severe bleeding, uterine perforation, tearing of the cervix, severe damage to the genitals and abdomen, internal infection of the abdomen and blood poisoning.
Medium and long-term complications range from reproductive tract infections (RTI) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) to chronic pain and infertility: 20 to 30 percent of unsafe abortions may lead to RTI, and of these, 20 to 40 percent result in PID and infertility Late complications include increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage or premature delivery in subsequent pregnancies. (Janie Benson) These changes provide an incentive for reforms in other countries. Factors that influence the severity of complications and health outcomes include: Serious complications are much more likely when unsafe abortion occurs in late pregnancy. Studies in public hospitals in Kenya and South Africa found that over one third of patients seeking treatment for abortion complications presented after a second trimester abortion, when complication rates are higher than in the first trimester.
Abortions induced by traditional practitioners or self-induced by women pose the greatest risk. However, women‟s increasing use of misoprostol – a prostaglandin (an „abortion pill‟) available in pharmacies – is associated with lower rates of complications. Misoprostol is mainly used in Latin America, but use is expanding in other regions. Delays in reaching care after an unsafe abortion contribute to increased complications and high mortality. Lessons for policy include: Trained midwives are as safe and effective as physicians in providing first trimester induced abortion with manual vacuum aspiration. Medical abortion is a recommended alternative to first trimester abortion. For abortions after 12 weeks, preferred options include dilation and evacuation, mifepristone, followed by repeated doses a prostaglandin, or prostaglandins alone. Services offered at the lowest level of the health care system and close to women‟s homes offer the best prospects for rapid diagnosis, treatment and referral of abortion complications. Women seeking treatment for complications need to receive rapid, high quality care upon arrival at a health facility. (Marcel Vekemans)
