Alcohol Production

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Production of Alcohols

 

Production of Glycerol  Glycerol (1,2,3-propane triol) is the sim- plest alcohol with two primary and one sec- ondary alcohol groups. The two primary alco- hol groups are more reactive than the second- ary alcohol group. glycerol always is a by-product of the alcoholic fer- mentation, in concentrations of 2.5-3.6% of the ethanol content (PASTEUR, (PASTEUR, 1858, 1860).

Most chemical processes for glycerol production use propyl- ene from which the intermediates allylchlo- ride, acrolein, or propylene oxide are obtained, and finally glycerol is synthesized. Fig. 1 shows the synthetic pathway.. During synthesis, large amounts of chlorin- ated by-products are pathway produced, that cause some environmental problems. For this rea- son, the biotechnological production of glycerol has been discussed. Recently, a direct synthesis of glycerol from COz and HZ has be- come available, ava ilable, but this process is not of prac- tical importance. Traditionally, glycerol was a by-product of fat hydrolysis in the soap industry.

 

Production of Glycerol  glycerol production with yeasts. They recommended production under alkaline conditions. A process process including yeast recovery from the fermented mash by centrifugation during fermentation as well as the recovery of sulfur dioxide

 

Production of Butanol  Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Because its longer causes it toButanol be fairlyhas non-polar, it is more to similar to hydrocarbon gasoline thanchain it is to ethanol. been demonstrated work in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification. It has a four link hydrocarbon chain. It can be produced from biomass (as "biobutanol") as well as fossil fuels (as "petrobutanol"); but biobutanol and petrobutanol have the same chemical properties. Butanol from biomass is called biobutanol. It can be used in unmodified gasoline engines. 

 

Biobutanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass by the A.B.E. process. The process uses the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism. Weizmann izmann who first used organism. It was Chaim We this bacterium for the production of acetone from starch (with the main use of acetone being the making of Cordite) in 1916. 191 6. The butanol was a byproduct of this fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The process also creates a recoverable amount of H2 and a number of other byproducts:acetic, lactic and propionic acids, isopropanol and ethanol. Biobutanol can also be made using Ralstonia eutropha H16. This process requires the use of a electro-bioreactor and the input of carbon dioxide and electricity. The difference from ethanol production is primarily in the fermentation of the feedstock and minor changes in distillation. The feedstocks are the cropssuch such as sugar beets beets,, sugar same as for ethanol: energy crops cane,, corn cane corn  grain, grain, wheat wheat and  and cassava, cassava, prospective non-food energy crops switchgrass and  and even guayule guayule in  in North America, [6] as well such as switchgrass asagricultural as agricultural byproducts such byproducts such as straw straw and  and corn  corn stalks. stalks.  According to DuPont DuPont,, existing bioethanol plants can cost-effectively be retrofitted to biobutanol production.[7]  Additionally,, butanol production from biomass and agricultural byproducts Additionally could be more efficient (i.e. unit engine motive power delivered per unit solar energy consumed) than ethanol or methanol production.[8] 

 

Production of Isopropanol 



 

Production of 2,3-Butaned 2,3-Butanediol iol 



 

Production of Other Polyols 



 

General points in the method of manufacture.



 

Physical and chemical properties of polyols.



 

Organoleptic properties of polyols. 



 

 Nutritional aspects of polyols.  polyols. 



 

Production of Acetone 



Acetone is an impor- tant intermediate in the manufacture of meth- acrylates and methyl isobutyl ketone and a solvent for resins, paints, varnishes, laquers, and cellulose acetate; it is miscible in all proportions with water. 1-Butanol is a precursor of butyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate and like acetone a good solvent. Its solubility in water is 8% (wlw). 2-Propanol 2-Propan ol or isopropanol is used in antifreeze composition, as a solvent, e.g., in quick-drying oils and ink, and in cosmetics such as hand lotions and aftershave lotions. Like acetone, it is completely miscible with water.

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