ALi Ebraheem Hajiah-Energy Efficient Building
Content
UNDP Regional Consultation Meeting: “Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Towards Sustainable Energy – Resources, Challenges and Opportunities
Sustainable Energy in Kuwait – Challenges and Opportunities
Ali Ebraheem Hajiah Building & Energy Technologies Dept.
6th of October 2010 Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Presentation Outline
Energy Resources: Conventional and Renewable. Kuwait Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuel. Suitability and Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies for Kuwait. Proposed Programs of the National Energy Center for Research and Applications. Challenges. Solutions.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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World Consumption of Primary Energy
100 86 90 80 70
% OF TOTAL ENERGY
60 50 40 30 20 6 10 0 FOSSIL FUEL Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Power Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Biomass and Waste 6 2 36 27 23
Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2006 Table Posted: December 31, 2008
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Conventional Energy Resources
Coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear, hydro are the major energy resources. Availability of fossil fuel is limited. It is expected to last for about a 100 years. Fossil fuels, generate yearly over 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide, a green house gas.
Need to conserve fossil fuels and promote alternatives
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Key Strategies to Conserve Fossil Fuels Worldwide
Improve energy efficiency of processes and equipment consuming fossil fuels such as power plants, transportation etc. Implement energy conservation programs. Maximize use of hydro power and build more nuclear power plants. Use Renewable Energy (RE) Resources.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAIT Peak Power Demand During 1992-2006
Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait
10000 180%
9000 y = 0.0987x R 8000
2
160%
= 0.9905 140% Percent Increase re: 1992
7000 120% 6000 100% MW 5000 80% 4000 60% 3000
MW Percent Increase Linear (Percent Increase)
40% 2000
1000
20%
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
0%
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Monthly Peak Demand During 2004-2006
Monthly Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait During 2004-2006
10000 9000 8000 7000 Peak Deamn 6000 2004 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Month Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 2006
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Peak Day Power Demand-26 July 2006
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAIT Peak Demand vs. Outdoor Temperature
Peak Dem and as a Function of Maxim umTem perature 2005
9000 8000 7000 Peak Demand (M 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Monthly Maximum Temperature (C) y = 170.07x + 438.35 R2 = 0.9658
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – The demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW
The Challenge – Energy Outlook
Primary Energy Consumption
Electrical Energy Consumption
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Energy Facts for the State of Kuwait
Power plants in Kuwait consume over 55% of primary energy. Fuel share in power plants is 84% for electricity and 16% for water. Air-conditioning and lighting of buildings account for nearly 85% of peak electric power and 60% of annual electrical consumption.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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KISR’s Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuels
In 1975, KISR initiated two major programs: Renewable Energy Program Energy Conservation Program
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Energy Conservation Program for the State of Kuwait
Energy conservation program was launched in late 70s. Major efforts have been directed towards airconditioned buildings. Energy Code for buildings was developed in 1983.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Major Achievements of KISR’s Energy Conservation Program
Energy Code of Practice for Air-conditioned Buildings. Energy Audits and Peak Power Demand Reduction in Air-conditioned Buildings. Ice and Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Optimization of Water Consumption in Cooling Towers. District Cooling studies.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Energy Conservation Code of Practice
Applied by MEW since 1983 to all new and retrofitted Airconditioned buildings. Kuwait was the first Arab county to have applied this code. Code compliance has saved nearly US$10 billion till date, through: • Use of smaller air-conditioning units, • Reduction in power demand of air-conditioning units, • Reduction in electricity consumption of a/c units. Revised code was applied since March 2010.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Energy Audits and Peak Power Demand Reduction in Air-conditioned Buildings
Building Kuwait Port Authority KISR Main Building MEW and MPW buildings Public Authority for Civil Identifications Al-Fanar Shopping Mall Smart Operation Strategies in Eight Government Buildings Year 1996 2000 2004 2004 2004 2007 Energy Saving (%) 30 21 20 12 8 Peak Power Reduction (%) 20 20 38 5 15 40
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Peak Power Reduction in 2007
(1) Ministry of Health (2) Chamber of Commerce (3) Justice Palace (4) Public Institution for Social Securities (5) Liberation Tower (6) Ministries Complex (7) Public Authority of Youth and Sports (8) State Audit Bureau Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Ice Storage Systems in Al-Sabah Hospital
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Renewable Energy Program
Solar Energy (1975-1988)
Power Generation: 100 kW solar thermal power plant using parabolic dish collectors and toluene turbine.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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100 KW Solar Thermal Power Station
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Solar Water Desalination
– – – – Large size Prototype Solar Pond System. Commissioned in 1988 . 16 Multi-stage Desalination System. Generated and stored hot water at 90o C.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Solar Cooling
– – – Small and medium size systems (5-40 RT). Flat plate solar collectors and vapor absorption chiller. Last installation was in 1986 in MOD building.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Solar House at KISR
Experimental laboratory for testing purposes of different solar systems including Solar Water Heating, Solar Cooling and PV. Housed within KISR for R&D.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solar Water Heating: Flat plate solar collectors at the roof of KISR’s Main Building.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
PV System at Kuwait English School (1984)
Daily Electricity Load 80 kWhe. No. of PV modules 630. No. of batteries 110. Max. Electricity Production capacity 24.2 kWe Batteries Storage Capacity 200 kWhe.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Renewable Energy Program
Wind Energy
8 weather stations were installed and wind data
were collected for 3 yrs between 1985-88. Wind speed were found to be low (4.5 m/s).
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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KISR’s Renewable Energy Program: Lessons Learned
Between 1975 and 1988, Kuwait invested heavily in solar energy applications. Solar systems were found to be not viable due to high initial cost, poor efficiency and high maintenance cost. Lower wind speeds in the country did not encourage wind power generation. By 1988, in line with the worldwide approach, RE Program at KISR was discontinued, and the Energy Conservation Program was given stronger thrust.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Renewable Energy Systems (RES): Current Status
Substantial technological advancement has led to bigger, cost-effective, more efficient and reliable systems. Both stand alone and grid connected RES are becoming cost-effective, due to considerable increase in fossil fuel prices. RES are being promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Worldwide capacity of RES is being raised by major industrialized nations.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait
• Availability of Higher Solar Radiation
8 Global horizontal for Photovoltaic Direct normal for Thermal 7 6.2 6.0 6 Solar Radiation (kWh/m2/d) 5.6 5.1 5 4.3 4 3.6 3.2 3 2.7 2.6 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.5 5.5 5.0 6.7
2
1
0 Kuwait Egypt Germany Spain USA (California) Japan UAE Morocco
Countries Around the World
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait
Compatibility of Power Availability with National Power Demand
• Power demand in Kuwait is maximum during the summer months and for sunshine hours. • Maximum power availability from solar systems is also available during the same period.
Plenty of Barren Land
Kuwait has plenty of desert land that is not being used. • An area of 5 km2 or 0.03% of Kuwait land area is adequate to generate 500 MW solar power.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Suitable Solar Energy Applications for Kuwait
• Due to climatic conditions and latitude, Solar Energy offers substantial opportunities: • At Generation Side: • Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP) • Solar PV Power Plants • At End-User Building Side . • Passive solar (building design & materials) • Solar Water Heating • Solar Cooling • BIPV
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Current Applications of Solar PV Systems in Kuwait
Street lighting. Traffic lights in remote areas. Marine navigator. Cathode protection in oil fields.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Potential of Wind Power Generation in Kuwait
Areas West and South of Kuwait are more suitable for wind power generation. Al-Wafra and AlTaweel are the best locations. Patterns for daily and seasonal wind power generation are inline with the national power demand. Thus, it can be used for meeting peak power demand. Cost of wind electricity generation for selected locations is less than 40 fils/kWh.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Wind Energy at KISR
• Grid-Connected 5kW wind turbine • Operating for nine months • Mini wind farm of 5 turbines will be installed soon • Integrated power solution for remote application is under exploration in partnership with private sector
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Preliminary Economic Viability of Solar and Wind Power Generation in Kuwait
60 54.7 53.3
50 Electricity Generation Cost (Fils/kWh)
40 32.6 30
38.8
20
10
0 Conventional for fuel price of $90/bbl PV-Poly crystalline CPS-Parabolic trough Wind power in selected locations
Power Geneation Systems
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
One of Kuwait’s primary challenges is to develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait – peak power demand is forecasted to exceed capacity. Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – the demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW.
Program Framework
Energy Efficient Building Technologies Energy Efficient Industrial Technologies Optimal National Energy Management Innovative and Alternative Energy Optimal Supply from Generation, Distribution & Transmission Reduced Fuel Use in Transport
Solution Areas
Grand Challenge
Reduce demand
Supply optimisation and diversification
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
Minimise energy use in transport
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ Strategy Workshop.ppt
The Solution Tree for Energy
Energy Demand Reduction (Applied Research)
Design methods Material selection and labelling Selection, labelling, enforcement of technology Develop / adapt new technologies Integration of renewable energy systems (per building) Installation guidelines Operation and maintenance
Building envelope Systems (HVAC) Systems (Lighting)
Develop Develop solutions solutions for for sustainable sustainable energy energy supply supply and demand and demand for for Kuwait Kuwait
Systems (appliances) Systems (electromechanical) Systems (renewable) District cooling and thermal energy storage
Applied research – energy performance of buildings
Solution Reduce demand for power
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ Strategy Workshop.ppt
Energy Supply
Develop Develop solutions solutions for for sustainable sustainable energy energy supply supply and and demand for Kuwait demand for Kuwait
Nuclear (policy) Gather data Explore and select (prefeasibility) Develop and prototype Commission, install and operate Evaluate and optimise Grid connection and distribution Hybrid systems Fuel cells Clean fuel Renewables – solar (PV, CSP) Renewables – wind Renewables – geothermal Renewables – biomass
Innovative and alternative energy sources
Solution Supply optimisation and diversification
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ Strategy Workshop.ppt
Technical Challenges
• Verification of available resources • Daily and seasonal variations • Reliability of RE systems under harsh weather conditions • Lack of smart electrical grid • Lack of adequate codes and standards
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Economic Challenges
• Higher capital cost. • Competition from conventional energy sources. • Lack of short and long term planning • Lack of clear Public-Private partnership • Lack of financing options for RE projects.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Social Challenges
• Inadequate workforce skills and training. • Poor public perception of RE system appearance. • Fear of change and transformation • Lack of information transfer and consumer awareness.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solutions
• Essential need to launch Energy Efficiency Programs for all types of Buildings. • Clear role of Private sector to conduct Energy Auditing of buildings according to a TOR resulted from R&D work. • A Comprehensive energy resource assessment is essential. • Systematic R&D, demonstration, testing and evaluation of the different RE technologies under Kuwait conditions is required.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solutions,
continued
• A clear energy strategic plan is needed with a target (such as RE will represent 2% of total electricity generated in Kuwait by 2020). • Strengthening the cooperation with the International institutions (GEF, UNDP, UNEP, EU,…etc.) to enable bridging the cost / market gaps. • Training and capacity building. • Create a National Energy Center for Research, Development and Applications.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Thank you
Ali Ebraheem Hajiah, Ph.D. Building and Energy Technologies Department Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research [email protected]
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Sustainable Energy in Kuwait – Challenges and Opportunities
Ali Ebraheem Hajiah Building & Energy Technologies Dept.
6th of October 2010 Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Presentation Outline
Energy Resources: Conventional and Renewable. Kuwait Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuel. Suitability and Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies for Kuwait. Proposed Programs of the National Energy Center for Research and Applications. Challenges. Solutions.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
World Consumption of Primary Energy
100 86 90 80 70
% OF TOTAL ENERGY
60 50 40 30 20 6 10 0 FOSSIL FUEL Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Power Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Biomass and Waste 6 2 36 27 23
Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2006 Table Posted: December 31, 2008
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Conventional Energy Resources
Coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear, hydro are the major energy resources. Availability of fossil fuel is limited. It is expected to last for about a 100 years. Fossil fuels, generate yearly over 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide, a green house gas.
Need to conserve fossil fuels and promote alternatives
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Key Strategies to Conserve Fossil Fuels Worldwide
Improve energy efficiency of processes and equipment consuming fossil fuels such as power plants, transportation etc. Implement energy conservation programs. Maximize use of hydro power and build more nuclear power plants. Use Renewable Energy (RE) Resources.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAIT Peak Power Demand During 1992-2006
Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait
10000 180%
9000 y = 0.0987x R 8000
2
160%
= 0.9905 140% Percent Increase re: 1992
7000 120% 6000 100% MW 5000 80% 4000 60% 3000
MW Percent Increase Linear (Percent Increase)
40% 2000
1000
20%
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
0%
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Monthly Peak Demand During 2004-2006
Monthly Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait During 2004-2006
10000 9000 8000 7000 Peak Deamn 6000 2004 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Month Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 2006
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Peak Day Power Demand-26 July 2006
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAIT Peak Demand vs. Outdoor Temperature
Peak Dem and as a Function of Maxim umTem perature 2005
9000 8000 7000 Peak Demand (M 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Monthly Maximum Temperature (C) y = 170.07x + 438.35 R2 = 0.9658
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – The demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW
The Challenge – Energy Outlook
Primary Energy Consumption
Electrical Energy Consumption
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Energy Facts for the State of Kuwait
Power plants in Kuwait consume over 55% of primary energy. Fuel share in power plants is 84% for electricity and 16% for water. Air-conditioning and lighting of buildings account for nearly 85% of peak electric power and 60% of annual electrical consumption.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
KISR’s Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuels
In 1975, KISR initiated two major programs: Renewable Energy Program Energy Conservation Program
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Energy Conservation Program for the State of Kuwait
Energy conservation program was launched in late 70s. Major efforts have been directed towards airconditioned buildings. Energy Code for buildings was developed in 1983.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Major Achievements of KISR’s Energy Conservation Program
Energy Code of Practice for Air-conditioned Buildings. Energy Audits and Peak Power Demand Reduction in Air-conditioned Buildings. Ice and Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Optimization of Water Consumption in Cooling Towers. District Cooling studies.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Energy Conservation Code of Practice
Applied by MEW since 1983 to all new and retrofitted Airconditioned buildings. Kuwait was the first Arab county to have applied this code. Code compliance has saved nearly US$10 billion till date, through: • Use of smaller air-conditioning units, • Reduction in power demand of air-conditioning units, • Reduction in electricity consumption of a/c units. Revised code was applied since March 2010.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Energy Audits and Peak Power Demand Reduction in Air-conditioned Buildings
Building Kuwait Port Authority KISR Main Building MEW and MPW buildings Public Authority for Civil Identifications Al-Fanar Shopping Mall Smart Operation Strategies in Eight Government Buildings Year 1996 2000 2004 2004 2004 2007 Energy Saving (%) 30 21 20 12 8 Peak Power Reduction (%) 20 20 38 5 15 40
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Peak Power Reduction in 2007
(1) Ministry of Health (2) Chamber of Commerce (3) Justice Palace (4) Public Institution for Social Securities (5) Liberation Tower (6) Ministries Complex (7) Public Authority of Youth and Sports (8) State Audit Bureau Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Ice Storage Systems in Al-Sabah Hospital
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Renewable Energy Program
Solar Energy (1975-1988)
Power Generation: 100 kW solar thermal power plant using parabolic dish collectors and toluene turbine.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
100 KW Solar Thermal Power Station
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solar Water Desalination
– – – – Large size Prototype Solar Pond System. Commissioned in 1988 . 16 Multi-stage Desalination System. Generated and stored hot water at 90o C.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solar Cooling
– – – Small and medium size systems (5-40 RT). Flat plate solar collectors and vapor absorption chiller. Last installation was in 1986 in MOD building.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solar House at KISR
Experimental laboratory for testing purposes of different solar systems including Solar Water Heating, Solar Cooling and PV. Housed within KISR for R&D.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solar Water Heating: Flat plate solar collectors at the roof of KISR’s Main Building.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
PV System at Kuwait English School (1984)
Daily Electricity Load 80 kWhe. No. of PV modules 630. No. of batteries 110. Max. Electricity Production capacity 24.2 kWe Batteries Storage Capacity 200 kWhe.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Renewable Energy Program
Wind Energy
8 weather stations were installed and wind data
were collected for 3 yrs between 1985-88. Wind speed were found to be low (4.5 m/s).
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
KISR’s Renewable Energy Program: Lessons Learned
Between 1975 and 1988, Kuwait invested heavily in solar energy applications. Solar systems were found to be not viable due to high initial cost, poor efficiency and high maintenance cost. Lower wind speeds in the country did not encourage wind power generation. By 1988, in line with the worldwide approach, RE Program at KISR was discontinued, and the Energy Conservation Program was given stronger thrust.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Renewable Energy Systems (RES): Current Status
Substantial technological advancement has led to bigger, cost-effective, more efficient and reliable systems. Both stand alone and grid connected RES are becoming cost-effective, due to considerable increase in fossil fuel prices. RES are being promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Worldwide capacity of RES is being raised by major industrialized nations.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait
• Availability of Higher Solar Radiation
8 Global horizontal for Photovoltaic Direct normal for Thermal 7 6.2 6.0 6 Solar Radiation (kWh/m2/d) 5.6 5.1 5 4.3 4 3.6 3.2 3 2.7 2.6 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.5 5.5 5.0 6.7
2
1
0 Kuwait Egypt Germany Spain USA (California) Japan UAE Morocco
Countries Around the World
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait
Compatibility of Power Availability with National Power Demand
• Power demand in Kuwait is maximum during the summer months and for sunshine hours. • Maximum power availability from solar systems is also available during the same period.
Plenty of Barren Land
Kuwait has plenty of desert land that is not being used. • An area of 5 km2 or 0.03% of Kuwait land area is adequate to generate 500 MW solar power.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Suitable Solar Energy Applications for Kuwait
• Due to climatic conditions and latitude, Solar Energy offers substantial opportunities: • At Generation Side: • Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP) • Solar PV Power Plants • At End-User Building Side . • Passive solar (building design & materials) • Solar Water Heating • Solar Cooling • BIPV
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Current Applications of Solar PV Systems in Kuwait
Street lighting. Traffic lights in remote areas. Marine navigator. Cathode protection in oil fields.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Potential of Wind Power Generation in Kuwait
Areas West and South of Kuwait are more suitable for wind power generation. Al-Wafra and AlTaweel are the best locations. Patterns for daily and seasonal wind power generation are inline with the national power demand. Thus, it can be used for meeting peak power demand. Cost of wind electricity generation for selected locations is less than 40 fils/kWh.
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Wind Energy at KISR
• Grid-Connected 5kW wind turbine • Operating for nine months • Mini wind farm of 5 turbines will be installed soon • Integrated power solution for remote application is under exploration in partnership with private sector
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Preliminary Economic Viability of Solar and Wind Power Generation in Kuwait
60 54.7 53.3
50 Electricity Generation Cost (Fils/kWh)
40 32.6 30
38.8
20
10
0 Conventional for fuel price of $90/bbl PV-Poly crystalline CPS-Parabolic trough Wind power in selected locations
Power Geneation Systems
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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
One of Kuwait’s primary challenges is to develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait – peak power demand is forecasted to exceed capacity. Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – the demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW.
Program Framework
Energy Efficient Building Technologies Energy Efficient Industrial Technologies Optimal National Energy Management Innovative and Alternative Energy Optimal Supply from Generation, Distribution & Transmission Reduced Fuel Use in Transport
Solution Areas
Grand Challenge
Reduce demand
Supply optimisation and diversification
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
Minimise energy use in transport
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ Strategy Workshop.ppt
The Solution Tree for Energy
Energy Demand Reduction (Applied Research)
Design methods Material selection and labelling Selection, labelling, enforcement of technology Develop / adapt new technologies Integration of renewable energy systems (per building) Installation guidelines Operation and maintenance
Building envelope Systems (HVAC) Systems (Lighting)
Develop Develop solutions solutions for for sustainable sustainable energy energy supply supply and demand and demand for for Kuwait Kuwait
Systems (appliances) Systems (electromechanical) Systems (renewable) District cooling and thermal energy storage
Applied research – energy performance of buildings
Solution Reduce demand for power
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ Strategy Workshop.ppt
Energy Supply
Develop Develop solutions solutions for for sustainable sustainable energy energy supply supply and and demand for Kuwait demand for Kuwait
Nuclear (policy) Gather data Explore and select (prefeasibility) Develop and prototype Commission, install and operate Evaluate and optimise Grid connection and distribution Hybrid systems Fuel cells Clean fuel Renewables – solar (PV, CSP) Renewables – wind Renewables – geothermal Renewables – biomass
Innovative and alternative energy sources
Solution Supply optimisation and diversification
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ Strategy Workshop.ppt
Technical Challenges
• Verification of available resources • Daily and seasonal variations • Reliability of RE systems under harsh weather conditions • Lack of smart electrical grid • Lack of adequate codes and standards
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Economic Challenges
• Higher capital cost. • Competition from conventional energy sources. • Lack of short and long term planning • Lack of clear Public-Private partnership • Lack of financing options for RE projects.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Social Challenges
• Inadequate workforce skills and training. • Poor public perception of RE system appearance. • Fear of change and transformation • Lack of information transfer and consumer awareness.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solutions
• Essential need to launch Energy Efficiency Programs for all types of Buildings. • Clear role of Private sector to conduct Energy Auditing of buildings according to a TOR resulted from R&D work. • A Comprehensive energy resource assessment is essential. • Systematic R&D, demonstration, testing and evaluation of the different RE technologies under Kuwait conditions is required.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Solutions,
continued
• A clear energy strategic plan is needed with a target (such as RE will represent 2% of total electricity generated in Kuwait by 2020). • Strengthening the cooperation with the International institutions (GEF, UNDP, UNEP, EU,…etc.) to enable bridging the cost / market gaps. • Training and capacity building. • Create a National Energy Center for Research, Development and Applications.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
Thank you
Ali Ebraheem Hajiah, Ph.D. Building and Energy Technologies Department Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research [email protected]
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
ﻣـــﻌـــﻬــــﺪ اﻟـﻜــــﻮﻳـــﺖ ﻟـــﻸﺑـــﺤــــﺎث اﻟـــﻌــــﻠــﻤــــﻴـــﺔ
