Anthropology
Content
ANTHROPOLOGY- the study of human kind everywhere , throughout time, seeks to produce useful generalizations about people and their behavior and to arrive at the fullest possible understanding of human diversity. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1. Physical anthropology- study humans as biological organisms, tracing the evolutionary development of the human animal and looking at biological variations within the species, past and present. 2. Biological anthropology- study of fossils and living human beings. 3. Cultural anthropology- they are concerned with human cultures, or the ways of life in societies. a. archeologists- seek to explain human behavior by studying material objects, Usually from past cultures. b. linguists- study languages, by which culture are maintained and passed on to Succeeding generations. c. ethnologist- study culture as they have been observed e experienced and Discussed with person whose cultures they seek to understand. Nature of Sociology Sociology is a branch of social science. The term was coined by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) from the Latin word socius which means companion, associate, partner or mate and the Greek word logos, logus or logia which means to study. A science which deals with the study of society. Social System- a set of interrelated elements which can be as large and complex as a society or as small and relatively simple as a married couple. Why study sociology? It helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world. It enables us to see how behavior is largely shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live. Auguste Comte- father of sociology because he gave the field its name. The philosophy of positivism which he developed suggest that the social world can be studied with the same scientific accuracy and assurance as the natural world. Once the laws of social behavior are learned, scientist could accurately predict and even control events. Three Stages of Intellectual Development 1. Theological (religiously based) – wherein the universe was explained in terms of gods, demons, and mythological beings. 2. Metaphysical (transition period or abstract)- reality was explained in terms of abstractions such as essence, existence, substance and accident. 3. Positive (scientific stage)- explanation could be based only on scientific laws discovered through experimentation, observation, or logic.
HERBERT SPENCER- the second founder of sociology. He was inspired by Darwin’s study of the origin of the species explaining that human evolve d from simple or primitive to complex or industrial. He presented four fundamental parallels between biological and social organisms. 1. Both begin as small organism and , through slow insensible development , increase in size up to 2000 fold. 2. Both begins as simple structure and, in the course of their growth, become structurally more complex. 3. Both begin with parts that are loosely organized, with minimum of mutual dependence, and with increase growth and complexity, become increasingly integrated and mutually dependent. 4. Both biological and social organisms have a lifespan that is greater than those of their respective units. Rhythmical Change- it means that, although change was usually forward , there might be periods of backsliding, between progressive periods of development. Spencer’s Type of Society 1. SIMPLE SOCIETY- these societies are small , nomadic, and lack in stable leadership structure; they had low degrees of differentiation. Specialization and integration. 2. COMPOUND SOCIETIES- they tended to be a predominantly settled agricultural societies, although a minority are mainly pastoral, and with a division of four or five social strata and an organized priestly group. 3. DOUBLY COMPOUND SOCIETIES- completely settled, more integrated, and had a larger and more definite political structure, or religious hierarchy and a more complex division of labor. 4. MILITANT SOCIETIES- the military organization dominates the society. It is a society in which centralized control and the authority necessary for war permeates all areas of social life. 5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES- society is organized to allow free initiative in the development and production of industrial goods. DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM- his major concern was the balance between regulation and freedom. He argued that community standards of morality, which he called the collective conscience , not only confine our behavior but also give us a sense of belonging and integration. He was considered as one of the most influential thinkers of GERMANY. CLASSIFICATION OF SUICIDE BY DURKHEIM 1. Altruistic suicide- a person feels a deep sense of moral obligation and is willing to place the groups welfare above his or her own survival. ( a spy who is captured and swallows a poison capsule, rather than taking the risk of disclosing secrets, has committed such suicide) 2. Egoistic suicide- occurs when the individual feels a little connection to the larger society and is not affected by social constraints against self destructive behavior. (a lonely person who lives in a skid row hotel room with no friends or family may resort to it) 3. Anomic suicide- occurs in a time of great social disorder or turmoil. (people who lost all their savings and were unable to cope with their misfortune turned to killing himself) 4. Fatalistic suicide- related to the powerlessness that people feel when their lives are regulate to an intolerable extent. (a prisoner can no longer bear confinement may find a way out to such thing)
Anomie- refers to a loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. It occurs when people have lost their sense of purpose often during a profound social change. These people are so confused and unable to cope with the new social environment that they may resort to taking their own lives. STUDIES AND FINDINGS ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN Adam and Eve were Aussies. it was a mistake that the roots of Adam and Eve was originated in Africa but instead it was recently found that it was in Australia. It also shows that Australia was once home to a group of aboriginal people whose genetic line is now extinct. ( what is Mungo man?) TH E NATURE OF CULTURE CULTURE- It consists of the abstract values, beliefs and perceptions, of the world That lie behind people’s behavior and which are reflected in their behavior. These are shared by members of society , and when acted upon, they produce behavior Considered acceptable within that society. Cultures are learned, largely through the medium of language, rather than inherited biologically and the parts of the culture function as an integrated whole. WHY DO CULTURE EXIST? People maintain culture s to deal with problems or matters that concern them. To survive, a culture must satisfy the basic needs of those who live by its rules, provide for its own continuity, and provide and orderly existence for the members of a society. Finally, a culture must have the capacity to change in order to adopt to new circumstances Or to altered perceptions of existing circumstances. All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE A culture cannot survive if it does not successfully deal with basic problems. It must Provide for the production and distribution of goods and services considered necessary for life. It must enculturate new members so that they can become functioning adults. It must maintain order among its members, as well as between them and outsiders. It must motivate its members to survive and engage in those activities necessary for Survival. It must be able to change, if it is to remain adaptive under changed conditions. ADAPTATION Adaptation refers to the process of interaction between changes an organism makes in Its environment an changes the environment makes in the organism. This process is Necessary for the survival of all species, including human beings. HOW DO HUMANS ADOPT? Humans adopt through a mediums of culture, as they develop ways of doing things That are compatible with the resources they have available to them and within the Limitation of the environment in which they live. Once achieved, adaptations may be Remarkably stable for long periods of time, even thousands of year. Symbols are manifestations of culture. A symbols is anything that represents more than itself. The following are the four kinds of symbols: 1. Symbolic objects- flag representing nations, money representing labor and goods. 2. Symbolic characteristic of objects- purple for royalty, yellow for cowardice, red for war and etc. 3. Gestures- actions that have meanings in particular cultural contexts- a wink, clenched fist, raised right hand and etc.
4. Spoken and written words that make up languages- the most important set of symbols, for it contains the building blocks used to construct ideas. Kinds of culture 1. Non-material culture- 1. knowledge such as natural, supernatural, magical and technical; 2. social norms such as folkways oar mores and laws; 3. ideas such as values and beliefs. Knowledge- the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over time. It consist partly of procedural information such as how to drive a car or operate a computer. Social norms- a specific guidelines for action. It is a rule that says how people should behave in particular situations. Mores- are norms people consider vital to their well being and to their most cherished values. Example, the prohibition against incest, and sexual abuse against children. Laws- it is the body of rules, made by the government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state. Crazes, fads, and fashion- sample of temporary and less rational human behavior. Crazes- hair coloring, new cell phone, thick make up are examples. Fads- body piercing, tattooing and extreme spots are good illustrations. Fashions- this has a direct relationship to prestige. Example of modern fashion are buying new gadgets such as phone, laptap, I pod, GPS, prepaid internet (usb) branded clothing and cars. 2. Material culture- things which came from natural resources such as soils, trees rocks, metals, animals were converted into food, shelter and clothign. Characteristic of Culture 1. culture is learned and acquired 2. Cutlutre is shared and transmitted 3. Culture is adoptive and dynamic 4. Culture is cumulative 5. Culture is ideational 6. Culture gratifies human needs 7. Culture is social Other Cultural Concepts Ethnocentrism- every society varies. Xenocentrism- a group of people denies the superiority of their culture and favors another culture. Cultural Relativity- a particular action only has meaning as it interacts with other practices in the society.
Cultural Universals- these are behavior patterns that are found in all human cultures. Such as dancing, sports , religious rituals and the like. Culture Shock- people who believed that their inherited culture is the finest of all , and suddenly traveled to other places where there is no traces of his culture were practiced. WHY DO CULTURES CHANGE? ALL CULTURE CHANGE AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS. Change in a certain culture is accidental, including the unforeseen outcome of existing events. Contact with other people may lead to the introduction of other ideas, bringing about changes is existing values and behavior. Through change, cultures are able to adapt to altered conditions; on the other hand, not all change is adoptive. Cultural Lag- different parts of a society fail to interconnect harmoniously. Filipino Cultural Values 1. amor propio- self esteem or self love. 2. Balat kayo- pretension, disguise or hypocrisy 3. balikatan- the shouldering of a common burden for a mutual advantage. 4. bayanihan- tulungan ng bayan sa isang gawain 5. Doble kara- double faced people. (plastic) 6. eh ano? So what? – this term is associated with easy go lucky person. 7. I’ll Try- “I cant finish the assignment given to me on time” 8. gaya- gaya- imitate other culture such as music and expressions 9. inggit- the feeling of envy 10.kapalaran- fate or destiny 11.karma- this is an adopted Indian word which means the “law of nature” 12.Mahilig sa ayusan- fixing matters in illegal way. 13.oho/opo- this replies yes to a question, attach to a term of respect 14.pakikisama- it is uniting ones will with the will of others. 15.ramay- sympathy 16.Smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR)
COURTSHIP, MARRIAGE, FAMILY PLANNING, DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE AND ABORTION CONCEPT OF COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE Courtship- society around the world undergoes change. One of the main reason is the passing through modernization of all aspects of life. (pamamnhikan) Dowry (brideprice)- it was a gift turned over by the groom to the bride’s parents, for all practical purpose in exchange for the bride. Kinds of Dowry 1. Bigay-kaya- consisting of land, gold or dependents. In the absence of these, any valuable article would do; 2. Panghimuyat- certain amount of money to be given to the future bride’s parents as payment for the mother’s effort s in rearing the girl to womanhood. 3. Bigay-suso- this is another bribe to be given to the girl’s wet-nurse who fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her own breast. 4. Himarawi sum of money to be given to the girl’s parents as reimbursement fro the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy 5. Sambon- a dowry to be given to the girl’s relatives WHAT IS MARRIAGE Marriage is transaction and resulting contracts in which a woman and a man are Recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual Access to one another, and in which the woman involved is eligible to bear Children. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND MATING All humans and animals mate. In some species, the bond lasts for life, but in others, it last no longer than a single sex act. Others mate with single individual but others with multiple partner. Only marriage however, is backed by social, legal, and economic forces. Consequently, while mating is biological, marriage is cultural. CONCEPTIONS OF LOVE To love somebody is not just a strong feeling – it is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise. If love were only a feeling, there would be no basis for the promise to love each other forever. A feeling comes and it may go (Knox and Schacht, 1999) Various degrees of love 1. Intimacy- it includes disclosing personal feelings and thoughts, giving emotional support, from one another. 2. Passion- involve sexual longing and sexual needs. 3. Commitment- a decision to maintain love relationship with the partner both now and in the future.
KINDS OF LOVE 1. Non-love- absence of all three components. 2. Liking- intimacy without passion or commitment 3. Infatuation- passion without intimacy or commitment 4. Romantic love- intimacy and passion without commitment
5. Companionate love- commitment and intimacy without passion 6. Fatuous love- passion and commitment without intimacy. 7. Empty love- commitment without passion or intimacy 8. Consummate love- combination of the three components
WAYS/ APPROACHES TO LOVE 1. Ludus- views love as a game, play fun, and refuses to become dependent without intimacy. (wala lang laro laro lang parang mga ewang aso sa kalye landian lang) 2. Pragma- a logical and rational love. Lovers who assess each others assets and liabilities, career and financial status. (takot naman mamatay na pulubi masyadong sinisigurado ang future , yan ang gusto ko) 3. Eros- opposite of pragma. These are erotic lovers with full of passion , emotions and sex sex sex all days. (sana mamatay na agad) . Eros is the most common love style among college students. (ganun? Ang libog pala ng mga students?) 4. Mania- out of control emotional and sexual passion. Very possessive and aggressive . (eto naman mga tipo na manyakis na dapat mamatay na agad sa mundo) 5. Storge- , a calm, soothing non-sexual love, devoid of intense passion. Respect, friendship, commitmetn and familiarity are characteristic of this approach. (wow eto naman bait baitan kunwari bat d pa sila magpari and mag madre nalang ,,, boring) 6. Agape- a selfless and giving love, expecting nothing in return. The love parents have for their children is often described as agapic love. (eto naman ang pinaka maka Dios and noble type ng Love tho na may pagka martyr ang dating pero holistic ang approach).
Benefits of Marriage
Health. Spouses have fewer hospital admissions, see a physician more regularly , are sick less often. Longevity. Spouses live longer than singles Happiness. Spouses report being happier than singles.
Liabilities of Singlehood
Singles are hospitalized more often, have fewer medical check ups, and are sick more often. Singles die sooner than those married Singles report less happiness than those married
Connectedness. Spouses are connected Singles have fewer individuals upon to more individuals who provide a whom they can rely for help support system partner, in-laws etc. Children. Rates of high school dropouts, teen pregnancies, and poverty are lower among children reared in two parent homes. History. Spouses develop a shared history across time with significant others.
THEORIES OF MATE SELECTION Bigamy- having too many husband/wife/partner. SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF FAMILY A family can be defined as a set of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society. A biological as well as a social group, a relatively permanent group of persons linked together and cooperate economically and in the rearing of children . Four Kinds of Love that should Exist Within the Family 1. Conjugal love. The natural affection of husband and wife. A love never falls away. A love that demand unity of the marriage bond of husband and wife. 2. Parental love. Manifested in the desire for children and in self sacrificing care, protection and love of offspring. 3. Filial love. The attraction of the child to his father and mother. It is the vital integrating factor in the home. It exerts a powerful influence over the personality of the child. 4. fraternal love. The love between the siblings. Brothers and sisters stand in a special relationship toward each other.
Rates of high school drop-outs, and poverty, are higher among children reared by single parents. Singles may lack continuity and commitment across time with significant others.
MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY 1. The husband and father. The leader and head of the family and his authority is respected. He sets rules for all the members to observe in order to maintain order, discipline and harmony. 2. The wife and mother. The heart of the family. She rules in the home in the absence of the father. The mother is not only the housekeeper, and treasurer but a director and an executive officer as well. 3. The children. They are duty bound to love, respect and obey his parents and elders. Once the child goes to school, he has the added responsibility of doing his best to obtain his education. KINDS OF FAMILY I. Membership Pattern
1. Nuclear family. A member of a family is living a part with another relative . 2. Extended Family. A nuclear family plus the relative of any one of the nuclear family members including aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew, and grandparents. II. Residence Pattern
1. Neolocal Residence. The couple lives independently from their parents. 2.Matrilocal Residence. The couple resides with the wife’s family. 3. Patrilocal Residence. A newly married couple resides with the husband’s family. III. Authority Pattern. 1. Patriarchy/patriarchal. Under this kind of authority, male dominance is the approved norms. The eldest male wields the greatest power. 2. Matriarchy/matriarchal. Female dominance is the approved norm. 3. Equalitarian. Spouses are regarded as equal. IV. Descent Pattern 1. Bilineal Descent. Both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important. 2. Patrilineal Descent. This indicates that only the father’s relatives are important in term of property, inheritance, and the establishment of the emotional ties. 3. Matrilineal Descent. Only the mother’s relatives are significant. Family Planning- a concept of enhancing the quality of life of families which includes the regulating and spacing of child birth, helping sub fertile couples beget children. Family planning enables newlyweds to enjoy a longer honeymoon or adjustment period. In the process, both will have a chance to mature physically and emotionally. The fewer children they have in the family the fewer personality differences they have to deal with and the more time to spend for each child.
DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE (methods) 1. Legal separation. The petition for legal separation may be file for any of the following grounds. 1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner. 2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious affiliation. 3. Attempt of the respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, to engage in prostitution and the like. 4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years even if pardoned. 5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent. 6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent. 7. Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, wether in the Philippines or abroad. 8. Sexual infidelity or perversion. 9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner 10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year. 2. Annulment of Marriage. Marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes existing at the time of marriage. 1. Absence of parental consent if one of the parties is 18 years old but below 21. 2. Either of one party was of unsound mind. 3. Consent of either party was obtained by fraud. 4. Consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence. 5. Affliction of serious and incurable transmissible disease. ABORTION- this is one option to cast away unwanted pregnancies or probably wanted pregnancies but married couples are not yet ready to venture into parenthood. Fetus killing. The unborn has nothing to do with the problems of his would be parents for he is just but a necessary feature in a husband-wife relationship. To avoid such situation, before facing the legend of procreation family planning should be considered. FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION All religion serve a number of psychological and social functions. They reduce anxiety by explaining the unknown and making it understandable, as well as provide comfort in the belief tat supernatural aid is available in times of crisis. Through ritual, religion may be used to enhance the learning of oral traditions. Finally, religion plays an important role in maintaining social solidarity. ART The creative use of the human imagination to interpret, understand, and enjoy life.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND ART Anthropologists have found that art reflects the cultural values and concerns of a people. This is true in verbal arts such as myths, legends and tales. From these, the anthropologist may learn how the people order their universe, and may discover much about the people’s history. RELIGION The beliefs and patterns of behavior by which humans try to deal with what they view as important problems that cannot be solve thru the application of known technology or techniques of organization. To overcome this limitations, people turn to the manipulation of supernatural beings and powers. CHAPTER 5 Politics, State, Power and Government Politics- the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups. Governments are the formal institution of politics. Where there is government there is politics and where there is politics there is power, unequally distributed. Other common Definition of politics: 1. The exercise of power 2. The public allocation of things that are valued 3. The resolution of conflict 4. The competition among individuals and groups pursuing their interests. 5. the organization and people who make and implement public policies. 6. the determination of who gets what , when and how. Legitimation- the process by which power is institutionalized and given a moral foundation to justify its existence. STATE- the largest political unit which represents a group of people in the international community of nations. ELEMENTS 1. People- male or female who live together for a common end, not withstanding differences in race, color, religion, or culture. 2. Territory- land which the jurisdiction of the state extends. The domain compose of terrestrial, fluvial or maritime, and aerial. 3. Government- the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. 4. Sovereignty- the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction ; to have freedom from foreign control.
FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT 1. Constituent Functions- contribute to the very bonds of society and are therefore compulsory. a. The keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property from violence and robbery. b. the fixing of the legal relations between husband and wife, and between parents and children
c. The regulation of the holding, transmission and interchange of property, and the determination of its liabilities for the debt or for crime. d. The determination of contractual rights between individuals e. The definition and punishment for crimes f. The administration of justice in civil cases. g. The administration of political duties, privileges and relations of citizens h. The dealing of the state with foreign powers, the preservation of the state from external danger and the advancement of its international affairs and interests. 2. Ministrant Functions- to advance the general interests of society, such as public works, public charity, and regulation of trade and industry. CLASSIFICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT 1. Monarchy- ruled by a King or Emperor or one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person . 2. Aristocracy- ruled by few powerful men or one in which political power is exercised by a few privileged class for the benefit of the few. 3. Democracy- the government of the people, by the people and for the people. SYSTEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT 1. Cabinet or parliamentary system- the real executive, the cabinet or ministry, is immediately and legally responsible to the legislature or one batch of it . 2. Presidential system- this Government is the product of the constitutional convention of the United States of America held sometime in 1787. Nature of Education: the basic purpose of education is the transmission of knowledge. Education is originally a family responsibility, but industrialization changed that dramatically. The family taught children the values, norms, and family skills needed to survive in an agricultural society. Very few parents today, for instance, are qualified to teach their children biology, statistics, computer programming, humanities, and the like.
Today, graduation from high school is regarded as a desirable minimum preparation while higher education grows steadily more common. Education is the social responsibility for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure. In developing societies, people must acquire certain knowledge and skills in order to survive. FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION A. Manifest Function- example are teaching specific subjects such as science and English. 1. Socialization- from kindergarten through college, school teach student to socialize with peers. 2. Social control- schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality and perseverance. Schools teach students to be mature humans and good humans. 3. Social placement- schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society. 4. Transmitting culture- through schooling, each generation of young people is exposed to the existing beliefs, norms and values of our culture. 5. Promoting social and political integration- education transforms its population regardless of ethnicity and religion. 6. As an agent of change- education promotes social change by serving as a meeting ground where its society’s distinctive beliefs and traditions can be shared. B. Latent Function 1. Restricting some activities- in the society, there are laws that require children to attend school or complete a primary and secondary education. 2. Matchmaking and production of social networks- because school bring together people of similar ages, social classes, and race, young people often meet future marriage partners and develop social networks that may last for many years. 3. Creation of generation gap- students may learn information in school that contradicts belief s held by their parents or their religion. Problems of Educational System in the Philippines 1. Low budget, high enrollment 2. Shortage of faculty members 3. Reading materials from instructions 4. classroom shortage
ECONOMICS We are engage in different kinds of work like farming, fishing, manufacturing, mining, trade, transportation, banking and finance, teaching and other occupations We cannot isolate ourselves from economics, because our physical existence depends on it. We cannot live without production and consumption. The economic conditions of other countries affect the direction and condition of our economic development.
DIVISIONS OF ECONOMICS 1. Microeconomics- emphasis is placed on understanding the behavior of individual businesses. 2. Macroeconomics- it concerned with the economy as a whole, or large segments of it. It focuses on problem such as unemployment , the changing level of prices, services and etc. BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS All countries have economic problems, including the richest countries. However the poorest countries, have more far reaching economic problems. In the Philippines, we have also been experiencing deep economic problems. Rampant crime, rampant violence, rampant poverty, rampant graft and corruption, rampant injustice, rampant tribalism In out political system, rampant disregard by those who rule us of the public weal, rampant prostitution, rampant child beggary in the streets. All these wasted the public coffer beyond proportion to the prejudice of the poor. Unknown (1995) THREE BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 1. What goods and services to produce and how much- investors are only willing to produce good and services which give them good profit. In reality, people need because recourses are limited. There are times when factories cannot operate because the important raw materials are not available. 2. How to produce the good and services- although the rich countries used advance technology in the production of goods and services, there are still goods and services which could not be reproduced efficiently. 3. For whom are the good and services- In a pure market economy like the Philippines, goods and services are definitely for those who have money and are willing to purchase them. Clearly the rich acquire more goods and services than the poor. Goods and services are for sale. Businessman do not offer this for charity or for free. Otherwise they will be out of business. ABUSE OF DRUGS DRUG- a substance that has an effect upon the body or mind. Once it is taken excessively then it becomes a problem for it may harm both physical and mental faculties.
DRUG DEPENDENCE HABITUATIONS- the psychological desire to repeat the use of a drug continuously because of emotional reasons. DRUG ADDICTION- a physical dependence upon a drug. As a person develops tolerance, he requires larger amounts of the drug to produce the same effect. CLASSIFFICATION OF DRUGS 1. Sedatives- barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol. 2. Stimulants- increase alertness and physical disposition. 3. Narcotics- relieve pain, make one drowsy and relaxed . 4. Hallucinogens- marijuana, LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) and mescaline 5. Solvent inhalants- methanol, acetone, benzene, styrene, meth chloride SHABU- methamphetamine. This is extracted from cocoa plant, a southern American shrub. CRIME AS DEVIANCE Acts that are subject to legal or civil penalties are called crimes. They are labeled as crimes because they represent serious threats to the well being of individuals and society and must be controlled. Crimes involving the use of force or the threat of force are known crimes of violence.
Crimes of violence- crimes involving the use of force or the threat of force. Victimless Crimes- drug use, prostitution, homosexuality, gambling and pornography- are voluntary exchange between persons who desire goods or service from one another. Because there are no complaining victims, these crimes are difficult to control.
White-collar crime- false advertising, price fIxing, embezzlement, tax evasion, and illegal dumping of garbage. These types of crimes are more harmful than all of the street crimes combined because they damage peoples' health and even loss of life.
Issue in Social Policy Is Capital punishment Justified? Consider the following situations: During a quarrel, Liza picks up a nearby pistol and kill her husband In the course of an armed robbery, a security guard shoots and kills the owner of a pawnshop. A kidnap gang rapes a college coed and tortures her for two days before killing her.
Do you think the death penalty is justified in all of these cases? Just the last one? None of them? Why does our society increasingly favor capital punishment? RESEARCH WORK: Visit a rehabilitation center. Observe and interview one drug addict. Look into the factors of his being drug dependent, and how does he behave in society. Study also the preventive measure instituted by local government of Calamba for drug users. Find out if such rehabilitation is effective and helpful to solve the problems on drug addiction. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY FORMATION Personality may be the result of the individuals’ socialization and may arise as he interplays with various factors around him. 1. Biological Inheritance- the transmission from parents to offspring through the mechanism of genes found in the chromosomes of the sex cells comprising the biological structures, psychological process, reflexes, urges, capacity, intelligence, and traits. Comprising the biological components are both the internal and external make up of a person.
2. Geographical Environment- pertains to places, climate, topography, and natural resources. People living in slum and squatter areas show different character traits to that of people in subdivisions in a private village. 3. Cultural Environment- refers to the learned ways of living, the norms of behavior- folkways, mores, laws, values, ideas, and patterned ways of groups. 4. Social Environment- refers to the various groups and social interactions going on in the groups of which one is a member. The family structure determines the nature of the child’s interpersonal experience which in turn affected by the wider society. The size of the social group and the and the position or the status one has in a group affect the social experience that one gets.
Ego- too much trust and confident on one self Population- poor has many kids
HERBERT SPENCER- the second founder of sociology. He was inspired by Darwin’s study of the origin of the species explaining that human evolve d from simple or primitive to complex or industrial. He presented four fundamental parallels between biological and social organisms. 1. Both begin as small organism and , through slow insensible development , increase in size up to 2000 fold. 2. Both begins as simple structure and, in the course of their growth, become structurally more complex. 3. Both begin with parts that are loosely organized, with minimum of mutual dependence, and with increase growth and complexity, become increasingly integrated and mutually dependent. 4. Both biological and social organisms have a lifespan that is greater than those of their respective units. Rhythmical Change- it means that, although change was usually forward , there might be periods of backsliding, between progressive periods of development. Spencer’s Type of Society 1. SIMPLE SOCIETY- these societies are small , nomadic, and lack in stable leadership structure; they had low degrees of differentiation. Specialization and integration. 2. COMPOUND SOCIETIES- they tended to be a predominantly settled agricultural societies, although a minority are mainly pastoral, and with a division of four or five social strata and an organized priestly group. 3. DOUBLY COMPOUND SOCIETIES- completely settled, more integrated, and had a larger and more definite political structure, or religious hierarchy and a more complex division of labor. 4. MILITANT SOCIETIES- the military organization dominates the society. It is a society in which centralized control and the authority necessary for war permeates all areas of social life. 5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES- society is organized to allow free initiative in the development and production of industrial goods. DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM- his major concern was the balance between regulation and freedom. He argued that community standards of morality, which he called the collective conscience , not only confine our behavior but also give us a sense of belonging and integration. He was considered as one of the most influential thinkers of GERMANY. CLASSIFICATION OF SUICIDE BY DURKHEIM 1. Altruistic suicide- a person feels a deep sense of moral obligation and is willing to place the groups welfare above his or her own survival. ( a spy who is captured and swallows a poison capsule, rather than taking the risk of disclosing secrets, has committed such suicide) 2. Egoistic suicide- occurs when the individual feels a little connection to the larger society and is not affected by social constraints against self destructive behavior. (a lonely person who lives in a skid row hotel room with no friends or family may resort to it) 3. Anomic suicide- occurs in a time of great social disorder or turmoil. (people who lost all their savings and were unable to cope with their misfortune turned to killing himself) 4. Fatalistic suicide- related to the powerlessness that people feel when their lives are regulate to an intolerable extent. (a prisoner can no longer bear confinement may find a way out to such thing)
Anomie- refers to a loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. It occurs when people have lost their sense of purpose often during a profound social change. These people are so confused and unable to cope with the new social environment that they may resort to taking their own lives. STUDIES AND FINDINGS ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN Adam and Eve were Aussies. it was a mistake that the roots of Adam and Eve was originated in Africa but instead it was recently found that it was in Australia. It also shows that Australia was once home to a group of aboriginal people whose genetic line is now extinct. ( what is Mungo man?) TH E NATURE OF CULTURE CULTURE- It consists of the abstract values, beliefs and perceptions, of the world That lie behind people’s behavior and which are reflected in their behavior. These are shared by members of society , and when acted upon, they produce behavior Considered acceptable within that society. Cultures are learned, largely through the medium of language, rather than inherited biologically and the parts of the culture function as an integrated whole. WHY DO CULTURE EXIST? People maintain culture s to deal with problems or matters that concern them. To survive, a culture must satisfy the basic needs of those who live by its rules, provide for its own continuity, and provide and orderly existence for the members of a society. Finally, a culture must have the capacity to change in order to adopt to new circumstances Or to altered perceptions of existing circumstances. All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE A culture cannot survive if it does not successfully deal with basic problems. It must Provide for the production and distribution of goods and services considered necessary for life. It must enculturate new members so that they can become functioning adults. It must maintain order among its members, as well as between them and outsiders. It must motivate its members to survive and engage in those activities necessary for Survival. It must be able to change, if it is to remain adaptive under changed conditions. ADAPTATION Adaptation refers to the process of interaction between changes an organism makes in Its environment an changes the environment makes in the organism. This process is Necessary for the survival of all species, including human beings. HOW DO HUMANS ADOPT? Humans adopt through a mediums of culture, as they develop ways of doing things That are compatible with the resources they have available to them and within the Limitation of the environment in which they live. Once achieved, adaptations may be Remarkably stable for long periods of time, even thousands of year. Symbols are manifestations of culture. A symbols is anything that represents more than itself. The following are the four kinds of symbols: 1. Symbolic objects- flag representing nations, money representing labor and goods. 2. Symbolic characteristic of objects- purple for royalty, yellow for cowardice, red for war and etc. 3. Gestures- actions that have meanings in particular cultural contexts- a wink, clenched fist, raised right hand and etc.
4. Spoken and written words that make up languages- the most important set of symbols, for it contains the building blocks used to construct ideas. Kinds of culture 1. Non-material culture- 1. knowledge such as natural, supernatural, magical and technical; 2. social norms such as folkways oar mores and laws; 3. ideas such as values and beliefs. Knowledge- the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over time. It consist partly of procedural information such as how to drive a car or operate a computer. Social norms- a specific guidelines for action. It is a rule that says how people should behave in particular situations. Mores- are norms people consider vital to their well being and to their most cherished values. Example, the prohibition against incest, and sexual abuse against children. Laws- it is the body of rules, made by the government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state. Crazes, fads, and fashion- sample of temporary and less rational human behavior. Crazes- hair coloring, new cell phone, thick make up are examples. Fads- body piercing, tattooing and extreme spots are good illustrations. Fashions- this has a direct relationship to prestige. Example of modern fashion are buying new gadgets such as phone, laptap, I pod, GPS, prepaid internet (usb) branded clothing and cars. 2. Material culture- things which came from natural resources such as soils, trees rocks, metals, animals were converted into food, shelter and clothign. Characteristic of Culture 1. culture is learned and acquired 2. Cutlutre is shared and transmitted 3. Culture is adoptive and dynamic 4. Culture is cumulative 5. Culture is ideational 6. Culture gratifies human needs 7. Culture is social Other Cultural Concepts Ethnocentrism- every society varies. Xenocentrism- a group of people denies the superiority of their culture and favors another culture. Cultural Relativity- a particular action only has meaning as it interacts with other practices in the society.
Cultural Universals- these are behavior patterns that are found in all human cultures. Such as dancing, sports , religious rituals and the like. Culture Shock- people who believed that their inherited culture is the finest of all , and suddenly traveled to other places where there is no traces of his culture were practiced. WHY DO CULTURES CHANGE? ALL CULTURE CHANGE AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS. Change in a certain culture is accidental, including the unforeseen outcome of existing events. Contact with other people may lead to the introduction of other ideas, bringing about changes is existing values and behavior. Through change, cultures are able to adapt to altered conditions; on the other hand, not all change is adoptive. Cultural Lag- different parts of a society fail to interconnect harmoniously. Filipino Cultural Values 1. amor propio- self esteem or self love. 2. Balat kayo- pretension, disguise or hypocrisy 3. balikatan- the shouldering of a common burden for a mutual advantage. 4. bayanihan- tulungan ng bayan sa isang gawain 5. Doble kara- double faced people. (plastic) 6. eh ano? So what? – this term is associated with easy go lucky person. 7. I’ll Try- “I cant finish the assignment given to me on time” 8. gaya- gaya- imitate other culture such as music and expressions 9. inggit- the feeling of envy 10.kapalaran- fate or destiny 11.karma- this is an adopted Indian word which means the “law of nature” 12.Mahilig sa ayusan- fixing matters in illegal way. 13.oho/opo- this replies yes to a question, attach to a term of respect 14.pakikisama- it is uniting ones will with the will of others. 15.ramay- sympathy 16.Smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR)
COURTSHIP, MARRIAGE, FAMILY PLANNING, DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE AND ABORTION CONCEPT OF COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE Courtship- society around the world undergoes change. One of the main reason is the passing through modernization of all aspects of life. (pamamnhikan) Dowry (brideprice)- it was a gift turned over by the groom to the bride’s parents, for all practical purpose in exchange for the bride. Kinds of Dowry 1. Bigay-kaya- consisting of land, gold or dependents. In the absence of these, any valuable article would do; 2. Panghimuyat- certain amount of money to be given to the future bride’s parents as payment for the mother’s effort s in rearing the girl to womanhood. 3. Bigay-suso- this is another bribe to be given to the girl’s wet-nurse who fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her own breast. 4. Himarawi sum of money to be given to the girl’s parents as reimbursement fro the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy 5. Sambon- a dowry to be given to the girl’s relatives WHAT IS MARRIAGE Marriage is transaction and resulting contracts in which a woman and a man are Recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual Access to one another, and in which the woman involved is eligible to bear Children. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND MATING All humans and animals mate. In some species, the bond lasts for life, but in others, it last no longer than a single sex act. Others mate with single individual but others with multiple partner. Only marriage however, is backed by social, legal, and economic forces. Consequently, while mating is biological, marriage is cultural. CONCEPTIONS OF LOVE To love somebody is not just a strong feeling – it is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise. If love were only a feeling, there would be no basis for the promise to love each other forever. A feeling comes and it may go (Knox and Schacht, 1999) Various degrees of love 1. Intimacy- it includes disclosing personal feelings and thoughts, giving emotional support, from one another. 2. Passion- involve sexual longing and sexual needs. 3. Commitment- a decision to maintain love relationship with the partner both now and in the future.
KINDS OF LOVE 1. Non-love- absence of all three components. 2. Liking- intimacy without passion or commitment 3. Infatuation- passion without intimacy or commitment 4. Romantic love- intimacy and passion without commitment
5. Companionate love- commitment and intimacy without passion 6. Fatuous love- passion and commitment without intimacy. 7. Empty love- commitment without passion or intimacy 8. Consummate love- combination of the three components
WAYS/ APPROACHES TO LOVE 1. Ludus- views love as a game, play fun, and refuses to become dependent without intimacy. (wala lang laro laro lang parang mga ewang aso sa kalye landian lang) 2. Pragma- a logical and rational love. Lovers who assess each others assets and liabilities, career and financial status. (takot naman mamatay na pulubi masyadong sinisigurado ang future , yan ang gusto ko) 3. Eros- opposite of pragma. These are erotic lovers with full of passion , emotions and sex sex sex all days. (sana mamatay na agad) . Eros is the most common love style among college students. (ganun? Ang libog pala ng mga students?) 4. Mania- out of control emotional and sexual passion. Very possessive and aggressive . (eto naman mga tipo na manyakis na dapat mamatay na agad sa mundo) 5. Storge- , a calm, soothing non-sexual love, devoid of intense passion. Respect, friendship, commitmetn and familiarity are characteristic of this approach. (wow eto naman bait baitan kunwari bat d pa sila magpari and mag madre nalang ,,, boring) 6. Agape- a selfless and giving love, expecting nothing in return. The love parents have for their children is often described as agapic love. (eto naman ang pinaka maka Dios and noble type ng Love tho na may pagka martyr ang dating pero holistic ang approach).
Benefits of Marriage
Health. Spouses have fewer hospital admissions, see a physician more regularly , are sick less often. Longevity. Spouses live longer than singles Happiness. Spouses report being happier than singles.
Liabilities of Singlehood
Singles are hospitalized more often, have fewer medical check ups, and are sick more often. Singles die sooner than those married Singles report less happiness than those married
Connectedness. Spouses are connected Singles have fewer individuals upon to more individuals who provide a whom they can rely for help support system partner, in-laws etc. Children. Rates of high school dropouts, teen pregnancies, and poverty are lower among children reared in two parent homes. History. Spouses develop a shared history across time with significant others.
THEORIES OF MATE SELECTION Bigamy- having too many husband/wife/partner. SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF FAMILY A family can be defined as a set of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society. A biological as well as a social group, a relatively permanent group of persons linked together and cooperate economically and in the rearing of children . Four Kinds of Love that should Exist Within the Family 1. Conjugal love. The natural affection of husband and wife. A love never falls away. A love that demand unity of the marriage bond of husband and wife. 2. Parental love. Manifested in the desire for children and in self sacrificing care, protection and love of offspring. 3. Filial love. The attraction of the child to his father and mother. It is the vital integrating factor in the home. It exerts a powerful influence over the personality of the child. 4. fraternal love. The love between the siblings. Brothers and sisters stand in a special relationship toward each other.
Rates of high school drop-outs, and poverty, are higher among children reared by single parents. Singles may lack continuity and commitment across time with significant others.
MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY 1. The husband and father. The leader and head of the family and his authority is respected. He sets rules for all the members to observe in order to maintain order, discipline and harmony. 2. The wife and mother. The heart of the family. She rules in the home in the absence of the father. The mother is not only the housekeeper, and treasurer but a director and an executive officer as well. 3. The children. They are duty bound to love, respect and obey his parents and elders. Once the child goes to school, he has the added responsibility of doing his best to obtain his education. KINDS OF FAMILY I. Membership Pattern
1. Nuclear family. A member of a family is living a part with another relative . 2. Extended Family. A nuclear family plus the relative of any one of the nuclear family members including aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew, and grandparents. II. Residence Pattern
1. Neolocal Residence. The couple lives independently from their parents. 2.Matrilocal Residence. The couple resides with the wife’s family. 3. Patrilocal Residence. A newly married couple resides with the husband’s family. III. Authority Pattern. 1. Patriarchy/patriarchal. Under this kind of authority, male dominance is the approved norms. The eldest male wields the greatest power. 2. Matriarchy/matriarchal. Female dominance is the approved norm. 3. Equalitarian. Spouses are regarded as equal. IV. Descent Pattern 1. Bilineal Descent. Both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important. 2. Patrilineal Descent. This indicates that only the father’s relatives are important in term of property, inheritance, and the establishment of the emotional ties. 3. Matrilineal Descent. Only the mother’s relatives are significant. Family Planning- a concept of enhancing the quality of life of families which includes the regulating and spacing of child birth, helping sub fertile couples beget children. Family planning enables newlyweds to enjoy a longer honeymoon or adjustment period. In the process, both will have a chance to mature physically and emotionally. The fewer children they have in the family the fewer personality differences they have to deal with and the more time to spend for each child.
DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE (methods) 1. Legal separation. The petition for legal separation may be file for any of the following grounds. 1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner. 2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious affiliation. 3. Attempt of the respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, to engage in prostitution and the like. 4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years even if pardoned. 5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent. 6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent. 7. Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, wether in the Philippines or abroad. 8. Sexual infidelity or perversion. 9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner 10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year. 2. Annulment of Marriage. Marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes existing at the time of marriage. 1. Absence of parental consent if one of the parties is 18 years old but below 21. 2. Either of one party was of unsound mind. 3. Consent of either party was obtained by fraud. 4. Consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence. 5. Affliction of serious and incurable transmissible disease. ABORTION- this is one option to cast away unwanted pregnancies or probably wanted pregnancies but married couples are not yet ready to venture into parenthood. Fetus killing. The unborn has nothing to do with the problems of his would be parents for he is just but a necessary feature in a husband-wife relationship. To avoid such situation, before facing the legend of procreation family planning should be considered. FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION All religion serve a number of psychological and social functions. They reduce anxiety by explaining the unknown and making it understandable, as well as provide comfort in the belief tat supernatural aid is available in times of crisis. Through ritual, religion may be used to enhance the learning of oral traditions. Finally, religion plays an important role in maintaining social solidarity. ART The creative use of the human imagination to interpret, understand, and enjoy life.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND ART Anthropologists have found that art reflects the cultural values and concerns of a people. This is true in verbal arts such as myths, legends and tales. From these, the anthropologist may learn how the people order their universe, and may discover much about the people’s history. RELIGION The beliefs and patterns of behavior by which humans try to deal with what they view as important problems that cannot be solve thru the application of known technology or techniques of organization. To overcome this limitations, people turn to the manipulation of supernatural beings and powers. CHAPTER 5 Politics, State, Power and Government Politics- the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups. Governments are the formal institution of politics. Where there is government there is politics and where there is politics there is power, unequally distributed. Other common Definition of politics: 1. The exercise of power 2. The public allocation of things that are valued 3. The resolution of conflict 4. The competition among individuals and groups pursuing their interests. 5. the organization and people who make and implement public policies. 6. the determination of who gets what , when and how. Legitimation- the process by which power is institutionalized and given a moral foundation to justify its existence. STATE- the largest political unit which represents a group of people in the international community of nations. ELEMENTS 1. People- male or female who live together for a common end, not withstanding differences in race, color, religion, or culture. 2. Territory- land which the jurisdiction of the state extends. The domain compose of terrestrial, fluvial or maritime, and aerial. 3. Government- the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. 4. Sovereignty- the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction ; to have freedom from foreign control.
FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT 1. Constituent Functions- contribute to the very bonds of society and are therefore compulsory. a. The keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property from violence and robbery. b. the fixing of the legal relations between husband and wife, and between parents and children
c. The regulation of the holding, transmission and interchange of property, and the determination of its liabilities for the debt or for crime. d. The determination of contractual rights between individuals e. The definition and punishment for crimes f. The administration of justice in civil cases. g. The administration of political duties, privileges and relations of citizens h. The dealing of the state with foreign powers, the preservation of the state from external danger and the advancement of its international affairs and interests. 2. Ministrant Functions- to advance the general interests of society, such as public works, public charity, and regulation of trade and industry. CLASSIFICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT 1. Monarchy- ruled by a King or Emperor or one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person . 2. Aristocracy- ruled by few powerful men or one in which political power is exercised by a few privileged class for the benefit of the few. 3. Democracy- the government of the people, by the people and for the people. SYSTEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT 1. Cabinet or parliamentary system- the real executive, the cabinet or ministry, is immediately and legally responsible to the legislature or one batch of it . 2. Presidential system- this Government is the product of the constitutional convention of the United States of America held sometime in 1787. Nature of Education: the basic purpose of education is the transmission of knowledge. Education is originally a family responsibility, but industrialization changed that dramatically. The family taught children the values, norms, and family skills needed to survive in an agricultural society. Very few parents today, for instance, are qualified to teach their children biology, statistics, computer programming, humanities, and the like.
Today, graduation from high school is regarded as a desirable minimum preparation while higher education grows steadily more common. Education is the social responsibility for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure. In developing societies, people must acquire certain knowledge and skills in order to survive. FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION A. Manifest Function- example are teaching specific subjects such as science and English. 1. Socialization- from kindergarten through college, school teach student to socialize with peers. 2. Social control- schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality and perseverance. Schools teach students to be mature humans and good humans. 3. Social placement- schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society. 4. Transmitting culture- through schooling, each generation of young people is exposed to the existing beliefs, norms and values of our culture. 5. Promoting social and political integration- education transforms its population regardless of ethnicity and religion. 6. As an agent of change- education promotes social change by serving as a meeting ground where its society’s distinctive beliefs and traditions can be shared. B. Latent Function 1. Restricting some activities- in the society, there are laws that require children to attend school or complete a primary and secondary education. 2. Matchmaking and production of social networks- because school bring together people of similar ages, social classes, and race, young people often meet future marriage partners and develop social networks that may last for many years. 3. Creation of generation gap- students may learn information in school that contradicts belief s held by their parents or their religion. Problems of Educational System in the Philippines 1. Low budget, high enrollment 2. Shortage of faculty members 3. Reading materials from instructions 4. classroom shortage
ECONOMICS We are engage in different kinds of work like farming, fishing, manufacturing, mining, trade, transportation, banking and finance, teaching and other occupations We cannot isolate ourselves from economics, because our physical existence depends on it. We cannot live without production and consumption. The economic conditions of other countries affect the direction and condition of our economic development.
DIVISIONS OF ECONOMICS 1. Microeconomics- emphasis is placed on understanding the behavior of individual businesses. 2. Macroeconomics- it concerned with the economy as a whole, or large segments of it. It focuses on problem such as unemployment , the changing level of prices, services and etc. BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS All countries have economic problems, including the richest countries. However the poorest countries, have more far reaching economic problems. In the Philippines, we have also been experiencing deep economic problems. Rampant crime, rampant violence, rampant poverty, rampant graft and corruption, rampant injustice, rampant tribalism In out political system, rampant disregard by those who rule us of the public weal, rampant prostitution, rampant child beggary in the streets. All these wasted the public coffer beyond proportion to the prejudice of the poor. Unknown (1995) THREE BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 1. What goods and services to produce and how much- investors are only willing to produce good and services which give them good profit. In reality, people need because recourses are limited. There are times when factories cannot operate because the important raw materials are not available. 2. How to produce the good and services- although the rich countries used advance technology in the production of goods and services, there are still goods and services which could not be reproduced efficiently. 3. For whom are the good and services- In a pure market economy like the Philippines, goods and services are definitely for those who have money and are willing to purchase them. Clearly the rich acquire more goods and services than the poor. Goods and services are for sale. Businessman do not offer this for charity or for free. Otherwise they will be out of business. ABUSE OF DRUGS DRUG- a substance that has an effect upon the body or mind. Once it is taken excessively then it becomes a problem for it may harm both physical and mental faculties.
DRUG DEPENDENCE HABITUATIONS- the psychological desire to repeat the use of a drug continuously because of emotional reasons. DRUG ADDICTION- a physical dependence upon a drug. As a person develops tolerance, he requires larger amounts of the drug to produce the same effect. CLASSIFFICATION OF DRUGS 1. Sedatives- barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol. 2. Stimulants- increase alertness and physical disposition. 3. Narcotics- relieve pain, make one drowsy and relaxed . 4. Hallucinogens- marijuana, LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) and mescaline 5. Solvent inhalants- methanol, acetone, benzene, styrene, meth chloride SHABU- methamphetamine. This is extracted from cocoa plant, a southern American shrub. CRIME AS DEVIANCE Acts that are subject to legal or civil penalties are called crimes. They are labeled as crimes because they represent serious threats to the well being of individuals and society and must be controlled. Crimes involving the use of force or the threat of force are known crimes of violence.
Crimes of violence- crimes involving the use of force or the threat of force. Victimless Crimes- drug use, prostitution, homosexuality, gambling and pornography- are voluntary exchange between persons who desire goods or service from one another. Because there are no complaining victims, these crimes are difficult to control.
White-collar crime- false advertising, price fIxing, embezzlement, tax evasion, and illegal dumping of garbage. These types of crimes are more harmful than all of the street crimes combined because they damage peoples' health and even loss of life.
Issue in Social Policy Is Capital punishment Justified? Consider the following situations: During a quarrel, Liza picks up a nearby pistol and kill her husband In the course of an armed robbery, a security guard shoots and kills the owner of a pawnshop. A kidnap gang rapes a college coed and tortures her for two days before killing her.
Do you think the death penalty is justified in all of these cases? Just the last one? None of them? Why does our society increasingly favor capital punishment? RESEARCH WORK: Visit a rehabilitation center. Observe and interview one drug addict. Look into the factors of his being drug dependent, and how does he behave in society. Study also the preventive measure instituted by local government of Calamba for drug users. Find out if such rehabilitation is effective and helpful to solve the problems on drug addiction. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY FORMATION Personality may be the result of the individuals’ socialization and may arise as he interplays with various factors around him. 1. Biological Inheritance- the transmission from parents to offspring through the mechanism of genes found in the chromosomes of the sex cells comprising the biological structures, psychological process, reflexes, urges, capacity, intelligence, and traits. Comprising the biological components are both the internal and external make up of a person.
2. Geographical Environment- pertains to places, climate, topography, and natural resources. People living in slum and squatter areas show different character traits to that of people in subdivisions in a private village. 3. Cultural Environment- refers to the learned ways of living, the norms of behavior- folkways, mores, laws, values, ideas, and patterned ways of groups. 4. Social Environment- refers to the various groups and social interactions going on in the groups of which one is a member. The family structure determines the nature of the child’s interpersonal experience which in turn affected by the wider society. The size of the social group and the and the position or the status one has in a group affect the social experience that one gets.
Ego- too much trust and confident on one self Population- poor has many kids
