Architectural Conservation

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Architectural conservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

St Paul's Cathedral, London, clad for refurbishment — in this case, cleaning the exterior.

Revision and conservation of  of  Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc Olomouc  (Czech Republic Republic)) in 2006.

Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind's  mankind's built heritage  heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, Ultimately, the decision is value va lue based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision dec ision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice. Contents hide]]  [hide

1 Definitions  Definitions 

  1.1 Narrow definition definition  

o

  1.2 Broad definition definition  

o

movement   2 History of the architectural conservation movement 3 Current treatments  treatments  

 

 

4 Common architectural conservation/preservation problems  problems   5 Conservation process  process  Assessment     5.1 Assessment

o

  5.2 Treatment  Treatment 

o

 



structures   5.2.1 Case example: Ancient stone structures

6 Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation   7 Related journals  journals  8 See also also   Notes   9 Notes 10 References  References  links  11 External links 

[edit] edit]Definitions [edit edit]]Narrow

definition

Architectural conservation deals with issues of prolonging the life and integrity of architectural character and integrity, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood. In this sense, the term refers to the "professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as [1]

a preservation tool"  tool"   and is allied with - and often equated to - its parent fields, of historic environment conservation and  and art conservation conservation.. 

edit]]Broad [edit

definition

In addition to the design and art/science definition described above, architectural conservation also refers to issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and and  built environment.. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identify and value historic cultural environment resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for interpretation, protection, protection, and education. Typically this process operates as a specialized aspect of a society's planning system, and its practitioners are termed built or historic environment conservation professionals.

[edit] edit]History

of the architectural conservation movement

As a movement, architectural conservation in general, and the preservation of ancient s structures tructures specifically, Modernism  and its corresponding gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a response to to  Modernism architectural perspective, which eschewed sentimental attachment to old buildings and structures in favor of technological and architectural progress and change. Prior to this time most of the ancient buildings that were still standing had only survived because they either had significant cultural or religious import, or they had yet to [2]

be discovered. discovered.  

 

The growth of the architectural conservation movement took place at a time of significant archaeological discovery and scientific advancement. Those educated in the field began to see various examples ex amples of [3]

architecture as either being "correct" or "incorrect". "incorrect".  Because of this, two schools of thought began to emerge within the field of building conservation. Preservation/Conservation were used interchangeably to refer to the architectural school of thought that either encouraged measures that would  would  protect and maintain maintain  buildings in their current state, or would prevent further damage and deterioration to them. This school of thought saw the original design of old buildings as correct in and of themselves. Two of the main proponents of preservation and conservation in the 19th century were art critic  critic John Ruskin  Ruskin and artist artist  William Morris. Morris.  Restoration was the conservationist school of thought that believed historic buildings could be improved, and sometimes even completed, using current day materials, design, and techniques. In this way it's very similar to the Modernist architectural theory, except it does not advocate the destruction of ancient structures. One of the most ardent supporters of this school of thought in the 19th century was French architect  architect  Eugène Viollet-leDuc..  Duc

[edit] edit]Current

treatments

The  Department of the Interior  The Interior of the United States defined the following treatment approaches to architectural conservation:

 



Preservation,, "places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric Preservation through conservation, maintenance and repair. It reflects a building's continuum over time, through successive occupancies, and the respectful [4]

changes and alterations that are made." made."  

 



Rehabilitation "emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but more latitude is provided for replacement because it is assumed the property is more deteriorated prior to work. (Both Preservation and Rehabilitation standards focus attention on the preservation of those materials, features, finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships that, together, give a property its [4]

also adaptive reuse. reuse.  historic character." character."  See also 

 



Restoration  Restoration "focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from [4]

other periods." periods."  

 

 



Reconstruction, Reconstruction, "establishes limited opportunities to re-create a non[4]

surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in all new materials." materials."     Other nations recognize some or all of these as potential treatments treatments for historic structures. s tructures. Canada recognizes preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration. The  The Burra Charter, Charter, for Australia, identifies preservation, restoration, and reconstruction.

[edit] edit]Common

architectural conservation/preservation problems

Conservation patches on mosaics wall of Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau ( Barcelona Barcelona))  [5]

The earliest building materials used by ancient peoples, such as wood and mud, were organic organic..  Organic materials were used because they were plentiful and renewable. Unfortunately, the organic materials used were also very susceptible to the two most significant impediments to preservation and conservation: the [5]

elements, and life (both human and animal) animal)..  Over time inorganic materials like brick, stone, metal, concrete, [5]

and terra cotta began to be used by ancient people instead of organic ones, due to their durability durability.. [5] In fact, we know that these materials are durable because many ancient structures that are composed of them, even some built as far back as the  the  Bronze Age, Age, like Egypt's  Egypt's Great Pyramids, Pyramids, still stand today. Ancient buildings such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Roman Colosseum, and the Parthenon face common co mmon preservation issues. The most prominent factors affecting these structures are the environment, pollution, and tourism. As the Earth's climate patterns change, so too do the environmental conditions governing these buildings. For [6]

example, the Colosseum has already faced lightning, fire, and earthquakes earthquakes..  The changing climate increases the accumulation of salt crystals on the outside of monuments like the Colosseum and the Parthenon. Parthenon.[7] This phenomenon increases the deterioration of these buildings. [7]

The salt crystals further contribute to the black effect that man-made pollution has on these buildings. buildings.  The Parthenon is especially exposed and many of the remaining marbles are eroding to the point that they may no [8]

[9]

deterioration..   longer be identifiable. identifiable.  The pollution from corrosive agents in the air has also attributed to this deterioration

 

The third factor affecting ancient building conservation is tourism. While tourism provides both economical and cultural benefits, it can also be destructive. The Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off limits to the public due to the deterioration that has been caused by tourists tourists..[10] The pyramids in Giza have also encountered problems due to large numbers of tourists; more tourists mean greater humidity and water presence, which can [11]

lead to erosion. erosion.[11]  All of the above factors complicate the conservation options available to treat these buildings.

[edit edit]]Conservation

process

District   A preserved historical alleyway in  in Beirut Central District

[edit] edit]Assessment The first step in any building conservation project is a sensitive assessment of its history and merits. As noted architect Donald Insall states, "Every building has its own biography. A knowledge of the whole life of a building brings an essential understanding of its features and its problems." problems."

[12]

 He gives the Parthenon in Athens as an

example; built between 447 and 432 BCE to serve as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, its purpose over time changed to Christian church, mosque, and powder magazine before it became one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world. Once the assessment is complete, the next step is a thorough measured survey with a tape, rod and level. Modern measuring techniques, such as photogrammetry (the use of aerial photographs to make maps and surveys) and stereophotogrammetry, are also used today to increase accuracy. Once the measurements are complete, there is an analysis of the structural stability of the building and its living pattern of movement. No building is permanently still; soil and wind can affect building stability and need to be documented. Finally, the

 

architect or surveyor tests the electrical connections, plumbing, and other utilities present in the building (this is more for historic and re-purposed buildings). For both ancient and historic buildings, lightning conductors and fire-fighting equipment are checked to make sure they can provide sufficient protection protection..

[12]

 

At the end of this assessment process, the conservator will analyze all the collected c ollected data and decide on a conservation plan based on available funding sources.

edit]]Treatment [edit The phrase covers a wide span of activities, from the cleaning of the interior or exterior of a building — such as Cathedral  inLondon London  — to the rebuilding of damaged or derelict buildings, is currently underway at  at  St Paul's Cathedral such as the restoration of the Windsor Great Hall in  in  Windsor Castle Castle  after a destructive fire in 1992. The 1985 – 1989 removal of 38 layers of paint and the cleaning and repair of the exterior sandstone walls of the  the  White House  in the House the  USA  USA are an example of building restoration. Buildings are structures which have, from time to time, particular purposes. They require ongoing maintenance to prevent them falling into disrepair as a result of the ravages of time and use. Building restoration can be thought of as that set of activities which are greater than year-to-year maintenance, but which by retaining the the construction  construction of a new building. building are less than a  a  demolition  demolition and the  Not all building conservation seeks to follow the original design of the building. It is reasonably commonplace for the shell of a building — its external walls — to be retained whilst an entirely new building is constructed within. This approach is also referred to as  as adaptive reuse. reuse.  Although techniques of architectural conservation are improving, the action of cleaning or repairing buildings can, with hindsight, be seen to cause problems that at the time were unforeseen. A good example is the unrestrained use of  of sandblasting  sandblasting to clean smog deposits from soft-stoned buildings — a technique employed in the UK in the 1960s and 1970s — which has damaged the external faces of stonework to the extent that in some cases, later, the stonework has needed to be replaced. Contemporary building codes recognize such problems, and (it is to be hoped) mitigate poor outcomes.

[edit edit]]Case example: Ancient stone structures Most ancient buildings are constructed of stone and have survived from antiquity as a result of the stability of this building material. However, stone can deteriorate rapidly without protection, particularly in our modern era of pollution and climate change. Architect Susan Rebano-Edwards details a simple technique for preserving stone in ancient building structures. She supports treatment that is effective in stopping deterioration and durable in its protective effort while changing the appearance of stone as little as possible. It should be simple to apply, and comparatively inexpensive and reversible. reversible.

[13]

 

 

The process is as follows: 1. Clean the material with soft brushes to remove ingrained dirt. Do not use dust cloths. c loths. If dirt is extensive, use a paste jelly formula such as EDTA ammonium carbonate. 2. Wash with distilled water by brushing, spraying or by immersion or paper pulp method on stones showing symptoms of salting. 3. Sterilize by brushing or spraying with a minimum 25% to 36% hydrogen peroxide stones affected by presence of organic growths such as mosses and lichens. 4. Consolidate by brushing, spraying or injecting (or by impregnating, filling, grouting, jointing or pin dowel adhesive) on very dry stone using a consolidant such as Rinforzante H or ethyl silicate for siliceous stone (granite, sandstone). Consolidation is recommended recommended when the cohesive strength of stone has weakened and there is a need to consolidate or bind together the disintegrated material. 5. Gap filling, replacement and/or retouching of missing parts. 6. In appropriate circumstances, water repellents may be applied. Spray or brush protective films or water repellents on stone affected by chemical integration and biological attack. Common protectants are waxes, acrylic and silicon resins.

[edit] edit]Public

awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation

There are many organizations that work to raise public awareness of the necessity to preserve ancient and historic buildings and areas, across communities, users and government. In addition to promoting the cultural value of these buildings, and encouraging appropriate polices and strategies s trategies for conservation, the organizations can help in raising the required funding to implement conservation initiatives and plans, and often serve as a link between the community and local/federal governments to advance conservation projects. A brief list of architectural conservation organizations is below:

 

IHBC IHBC  (The Institute of Historic Building Conservation)

 

SPAB  SPAB (The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, a member of the





Societies))  UK's  Joint Committee of the National Amenity Societies UK's

 

UNESCO World Heritage Centre  Centre 

 

Heritage  Council of Europe, Architectural and Archaeological Heritage 

 

APT  APT (The Association for Preservation Technology International)

 

International Council on Monuments and Sites  Sites  

 

[1] The International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of [1] 











Structures of Architectural Heritage

 

[edit edit]]Related

journals  

Context, The official journal of the IHBC IHBC  

 

International Journal of Architectural Heritage  

 

Journal of the American Institute for Conservation  

 

Journal of Architectural Conservation  

 

[2] "  " 

 

Preservation  Historic Preservation 

 

restoration  Art conservation and restoration 

 

Materials science  science 

 

Category:Heritage organizations  organizations 

 

Heritage  English Heritage 

 

Fund  World Monuments Fund 

 

National Register of Historic Places  Places 

 

(disambiguation), with a listing of National Trusts worldwide National Trust (disambiguation),

 

Sites  World Heritage Sites 











[edit edit]]See

also

 architecture portal 



















edit]]Notes [edit

1.

^ Weaver and Matero 1997, p. 1

2.

^ "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-andrestoration restoration> > 

3.

^ "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-andrestoration> restoration > 

4.

^ a  b  c  d  "Introduction: Choosing an appropriate treatment" treatment".. Secretary of  Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties . U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

 

5.

a  b  c 

^       Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings - Simple Preservation Techniques for Ancient Buildings." Suite101.com. 20 January 2010.

6.

^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/colosseum/qanda/  

7.

^     http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2007-06-08-colosseum_N.htm  http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2007-06-08-colosseum_N.htm 

8.

^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/13/2215521.htm 

9.

^ http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/16759/Parthenon.html 

a  b 

10. ^ http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_brown.pdf http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_brown.pdf   11. ^ http://www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm http://www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm   a  b 

12. ^^  a  b  "Art conservation and restoration," Encyclopædia  Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010 13. ^ Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings: Simple Preservation Techniques for Ancient Stone Structures." January 20, 2010.

edit]]References [edit  



Weaver, Martin and Frank Matero (1997) Conserving Buildings: A Manual of  Techniques and Materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons

 



Martin-Gil J, Ramos-Sanchez MC, Martin-Gil FJ (1999) "Ancient pastes for stone protection against environmental agents". Studies in Conservation , 44(1):58-62.

[edit edit]]External

links 

 

Conservation The UK's Professional body for The Institute of Historic Building Conservation  historic environment conservation professionals

 

body)**  Icon, the Institute of Conservation (UK Professional body)

 

Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home  Residing in Salem, Ma this authentic and fully





rebuilt Chinese house of the Huang family, offers an in depth and interactive look into accurately restored  restored Chinese architecture architecture  of the  the Qing dynasty dynasty.. 

 



Asian Academy for Heritage Management, Management, a virtual institute under  UNESCO under UNESCO  Bangkok's Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific.

 



UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation. Conservation. 

 

 



Architectural Conservation Programme Kong , Asia's Programme at The University of Hong Kong, leading postgraduate-level professional programme in built-heritage conservation.

 



Cultural Heritage Management Programme in the School of Professional and Continuing Education at The University of Hong Kong, Kong, a postgraduate-level professional programme that focuses on the management of cultural heritage assets.

 



American Institute for Conservation, Conservation, the professional body in the US representing practitioners of architectural conservation.

 



Parks Canada, official  Canadian government  government agency responsible for the Canada, the official conservation of Canada's natural and cultural (tangible and intangible) heritage.

 



Heritage,, the official official  British government government  agency responsible for the English Heritage conservation of English heritage.

 



Historic Scotland Scotland,, the official British government agency responsible for the conservation of  of Scottish heritage. heritage. 

 



Antiquities and Monuments Office, the Hong Kong Office, the official agency of the  Government  responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage. Government

 



Heritage of Malaysia Trust Trust,, the quasi-government agency in Malaysia responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage.

 

University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program in Historic Preservation  Preservation 

 

Uukka Jokilehto,  Jokilehto, "A History of Architectural Conservation: the Contribution of





English, French, German and Italian Thought towards an International Approach to the Conservation of Cultural Property"  Property" (Rome: ICCROM, 1986). [hide hide]]  V 





Conservation-Restoration Conservation-Restoration   Architectural conservation  conservation  Specialties within the profession conservation   Book and paper conservation

 

 

Conservation science science  

conservation   Electronic media conservation

Digital preservation preservation  

Film preservation  preservation 

Media preservation  preservation  Frame conservation  conservation 

Furniture conservation conservation  

Horological conservation  conservation 

Metals conservation  conservation 

conservation   Natural science conservation

New media art preservation  preservation  Object conservation  conservation 

Paintings conservation  conservation 

Photograph conservation  conservation 

Preventive conservation  conservation 

Stained glass conservation  conservation 

Textile conservation  conservation  ivory   Conservation of ivory Techniques of conservation-restoration conservation-restoration Detachment of wall paintings  paintings 

 

 

Desmet method method  

analysis   Historic paint analysis

Mass deacidification  deacidification 

Mold prevention prevention  

Optical media preservation  preservation 

Paper splitting  splitting  Preservation metadata  metadata 

Preservation of illuminated manuscripts  manuscripts 

Preservation survey  survey 

Transfer of panel paintings  paintings   dressing   British Museum leather dressing 

Cyclododecane   Cyclododecane Conservation-restoration Conservationrestoration materials tissue  Japanese tissue 

Renaissance Wax  Wax  American Institute for Conservation Conservation  

International Institute for Conservation  Conservation   Conservation-restoration associatio Conservation-restoration associations ns

 

Midwest Regional Conservation Guild  Guild 

Western Association for Art Conservation  Conservation  

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Historic preservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia from Historic Preservation) (Redirected from  Preservation) 

Demolition of the former  former Penn Station Station  concourse raised public awareness about preservation

This article is about the specific cultural heritage preservation movement and system that emerged in the  United States. For Cultural heritage preservation or conservation as a broad concept, see  Cultural heritage . For  mechanisms of cultural heritage preservation in preservation in general, general, see  Cultural heritage management .  Historic preservation is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect p rotect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. Other names for the discipline or sub -disciplines include urban conservation, landscape preservation, built environment conservation, built heritage conservation, object conservation, and immovable object conservation; within English-speaking countries c ountries "historic preservation" is generally used by speakers in the United States to refer to what is known in other dialects as "heritage conservation" or "heritage preservation". As such, this article focuses on the particular movement and regulatory regime that evolved under that term in the United States.

 

As used by practitioners of the endeavor, "historic preservation" tends to refer to the preservation of the built [1]

environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness wilderness..   Contents [hide hide]] 

History  1 History 

  1.1 National movement movement  

o

2 National Register of Historic Places Places   Landmark     2.1 National Historic Landmark

o

  2.2 Historic districts districts  

o

3 National Park Service  Service   4 Relationship to international systems  systems 

  4.1 Heritage conservation in Canada  Canada 

o

5 Influential people people   Careers   6 Careers

  6.1 Professional Organizations Organizations  

o

also   7 See also 8 Notes Notes   Bibliography   9 Bibliography links  10 External links 

edit]]History [edit In England,  England, antiquarian  antiquarian interests were a familiar gentleman's pursuit since the mid 17th century, developing in the Society tandem with the rise in scientific curiosity. Fellows of the  the  Royal Society  Society were often also Fellows of the  of Antiquaries

[citation needed ]

.

The first  first Ancient Monuments Protection Act Act  was adopted in 1882. The UK's Ancient Monuments Act (1913) officially preserved certain decayed and obsolete structures of intrinsic historical and associative interest, just [citation 

citation  as  as modernism  modernism was lending moral authority to destruction of the built heritage in the name of progress. needed ]

The UK's  UK's National Trust  Trust began with the preservation of historic houses and has steadily increased its

scope. In the UK's subsequent Town and Country Planning Act 1944, and the  the Town and Country Planning Act 1990,, steps were taken toward historic preservation on an unprecedented scale. [citation needed ] Concern about the 1990 demolition of historic buildings arose in institutions such as the pressure group  group The Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings, Buildings, which appealed against demolition and neglect on a case by case basis basis..[2] 

 

 

Vernon plantation Mount Vernon  plantation,, near  near  Alexandria, Virginia  Virginia 

In the United States one of the first historic preservation efforts was the  the  Washington's Headquarters State Site, in Historic Site, in  Newburgh, New York York.. It was the first-ever property designated as a historic site by a U.S. state. Another early Historic Preservation undertaking was that of George Washington's  Washington's Mount Vernon Vernon  in 1858.[3] Founded in 1889, the Richmond, Virginia-based  1858. Virginia-based Preservation Virginia Virginia  (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) was the United States' first statewide historic [citation needed ][4]

preservation group.

 

The architectural firm of Simons & Lapham (Albert Simons and and  Samuel Lapham Lapham)) was influential in creating the first historic preservation ordinance in  in Charleston, South Carolina Carolina  in 1930, affording that city a regulatory means by which to prevent the destruction of its historic building stock. In 1925, efforts to preserve the historic buildings of the  the French Quarter  Quarter in in  New Orleans  Orleans led to the creation of the Vieux Carré Commission and later, to the adoption of a historic preservation ordinance. ordinance.

[edit edit]]National

[5][6]

 

movement

The US  US National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation, another privately funded  funded non-profit organization organization,, began in 1949 with a handful of privileged structures and has developed goals that provide "leadership, education, advocacy, and resources to save America's diverse historic places and revitalize our communities" according to the Trust's mission statement. In 1951 the Trust assumed responsibility for its first museum property, property,Woodlawn Plantation  in Plantation in  northern Virginia Virginia.. Twenty-eight sites in all have subsequently become part of the National Trust, representing the  the cultural diversity diversity  of American history. In New York City, the destruction of  of  Pennsylvania Station  in 1964 shocked many nationwide into supporting preservation. On an international level, the New Station Fund  was founded in 1965 to preserve historic sites all over the world. York-based  World Monuments Fund York-based

 

Under the direction of  of James Marston Fitch, Fitch, the first advanced-degree historic preservation program began [7]

1964..  It became the model on which most other graduate historic preservation at  at Columbia University  University in 1964 programs were created. created.[8] Many other programs were to follow before 1980: M.A. in Preservation Planning from Cornell (1975); M.S. in Historic Preservation from  from the University of Vermont( Vermont(1975); M.S. in Historic Preservation Studies from  from Boston University  University (1976); M.S. in Historic Preservation from  from Eastern Michigan University University  (1979) and M.F.A. in Historic Preservation was one of the original programs at  at  Savannah College of Art & Design. Design. The M.Sc. in Building Conservation degree program is offered by the School of Architecture Institute  in Troy, New York. In 2005, Clemson University and the College of at  at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Charleston created an M.S. degree program based in Charleston, SC. The first undergraduate programs (B.A.) appeared in 1977 from  from Goucher College  College and Roger Williams College, followed by  by  Mary Washington College College  in [9]

1979..  Today there are three community colleges that offer an Associates Degree in Historic 1979 Preservation;  Colorado Mountain College Preservation; College  in in  Leadville, Colorado Colorado,, College of the Redwoods  Redwoods in  in Eureka, [citation needed ]

California,, and California and  Belmont Technical College College  in in  St. Clairsville, Ohio. Ohio.

[edit edit]]National

 

Register of Historic Places

Main article:  National Register of Historic Places  

[edit edit]]National

Historic Landmark

Main article:  National Historic Landmark  

edit]]Historic [edit

districts

Main article:  Historic district (United States)  States)  A historic district in the  the United States States  is a group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated by one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, categories,  contributingand contributingand noncontributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some having hundreds hu ndreds of structures while others have just a few.

 

the  U.S. Department of Interior, Interior, under the The  U.S. federal government  The government  designates historic districts through the auspices of the  the National Park Service. Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register [10]

of Historic Places. Places.

 Historic districts allows rural areas to preserve their characters through historic

preservation programs. These include "Main Street" programs that can be used to redevelop rural downtowns. Using historic preservation programs as an economic development tool for local governments in rural areas has enabled some of those areas to take advantage of their history and develop a tourism market that in turn provides funds for maintaining an economic stability that these areas would not have seen otherwise. otherwise.

[11][12]

 

A similar concept exists in the United Kingdom: a  a Conservation area area  is designated in accordance with 1990  in order to protect a zone in which there are the  Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 the buildings of architectural or  or  cultural heritage heritage  interest.

[edit edit]]National

Park Service

Main article:  National Park Service   Parks,, areas of unspoiled natural wilderness, where The United States led the world in the creation of  of  National Parks the intrusion of civilization are intentionally minimal. minimal.[citation needed ]  The department of the interior designated several areas of  of Morristown, New Jersey  Jersey as the first historic park in the United States national park system. It became designated as the  the  Morristown National Historical Park.. [1] Park [1]  The community had permanent settlements that date to 1715, is termed the military capital of the American Revolution, and contains many designations of sites and locations. The park includes three major sites in Morristown. In addition to preserving the natural heritage, the National Park Service also maintains the  the National Register of Historic Places  Places to recognize significant buildings and places, including historic parks, battlefields, battlefields,  National Historic Landmarks, Landmarks, memorials and monuments.

[edit] edit]Relationship

to international systems

Landscapes and sites of outstanding universal value can be designated as  as World Heritage Sites. Sites. A requirement of such designation is that the designating nation has appropriate legislation in place to preserve them.

edit]]Heritage [edit

conservation in Canada

Main article:  Heritage conservation in Canada   In  In Canada, the phrase ―heritage preservation‖ is sometimes seen as a specific approach to the treatment of

historic places and sites, rather than a general concept of conservation. ―Conservation‖ is taken as the more general term, referring to all actions or processes that are aimed at safeguarding the character-defining elements of a cultural resource so as to retain its heritage value and extend its physical life.

 

Canada  may be granted special designation by any of the three levels of government: Historic objects in  in Canada the  provincial governments governments,, or a a  municipal government. government. The The  Heritage Canada the  federal government, the government, the Foundation  acts as Canada's lead advocacy organization for heritage buildings and landscapes. Foundation

[edit edit]]Influential

 



people

Cunningham  (1816 –1875): influential in saving  saving  Mount Vernon (plantation)  (plantation) from demolition Ann Pamela Cunningham and founding the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, one of the first preservation organizations in the United States (est. 1854). 1854).

 



[13]

 

James Marston Fitch Fitch:: educator, author, critic and design practitioner made a major contribution to the philosophical basis of the modern preservation movement and trained and inspired generations of preservationists.

 



Carolyn Kent Kent  (1935-2009): Spearheaded the designation of the the  Hamilton Heights / Sugar Sugar Hill Historic District  in Harlem, New York, and co-founded the  District the Morningside Heights Historic District Committee  Committee 

 





William Morris: founded the  the  Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Buildings. 

 

W. Brown Morton: author of "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings".

 

William J. Murtagh: first Keeper of the  the  National Register of Historic Places  Places in the United States and



significant contributor to the literature of the discipline discipline  [2]  [2] 

 



Lee H. Nelson: worked for Charles E. Peterson at the National Park Service's  Service's  Historic American Buildings Survey Survey  and helped to formulate national policies on historic preservation.

 

Peterson:: considered to be the "founding father" of historic preservation in the United States. Charles E. Peterson

 

John Ruskin: Ruskin: established the basic theory of preservation (retention of status quo).

 

Viollet-le-Duc:: well known French architect who restored Gothic buildings; believed that Eugène Viollet-le-Duc







restoration could improve on the past—especially with the introduction of modern technology.

 



Whitehill : Chair of the Whitehill Report in the late 1960s, which established the first guidelines Walter Muir Whitehill: for higher-ed historic preservation programs.

[edit] edit]Careers Although volunteers continue to play a large role in historic preservation activities, the field has seen an increased level of professionalization. Today, there are many career options in historic preservation in the public, non-profit, and private sectors. Institutes of secondary education (universities, colleges, etc.) in the B.A., B.F.A. B.F.A.,, B.S. B.S.,,M.A. M.A.,, M.F.A. M.F.A.,, M.S. M.S.,, and and  PhD) PhD)  United States offer both certificate and degree (A.A.S, A.A.S, B.A., programs in historic preservation. preservation.

[14]

 Some students—at schools with such programs available—choose to

enroll in "joint degree" programs, earning a degree in historic preservation along with one in another, related MUP  or  or JD  JD degree. subject, often an  an MArch, MArch, MUP

 

Possible career fields include: Architectural conservator Focus specifically on the physical conservation of building materials. Most hold degrees in chemistry or materials science. Architectural historian/historian Primarily researches and writes statements expressing the historical significance of sites. Historic preservation planner Most are employed by local, county, state, or Federal government planning agencies to administer tax abatement programs, ensure compliance with local ordinances and state and Federal legislation, and conduct design reviews to ensure that proposed projects will not harm historic and archaeological resources. At the state level, they are known as a  a  State Historic Preservation Officer  Officer  while at other levels of government they may be known as a Federal or Tribal Historic Preservation Officer. Some may also serve as consultants to local governments, conducting  conducting  Section 106r 106reviews in accordance with the  the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. 1966 .  Preservation architect Design and develop architectural conservation plans and work specifications in consultation with Engineers, Historians, and Planners, ensuring compliance with local design guidelines to protect sensitive historic building fabric. Most are employed by private architecture firms though some find work with government agencies. practitioner   Preservation craftsperson/ craftsperson/traditional trades practitioner Employs knowledge of traditional building techniques and contemporary conservation technologies to complete the conservation, repair, or restoration of historic buildings. Preservation engineer Work with Architects to devise conservation solutions of a structural or material -specific nature. Most are employed by private architecture and/or engineering firms. Public historian/ interpreters  historian/resource interpreters  Most are employed by government agencies and private foundations to interpret the significance of historic resources for the general public. Historic site administrator administrator   Non-profit sector careers Engage in a variety of activities concerned with historic preservation advocacy, easements, and private foundations at the local, regional, statewide, or national levels.

[edit] edit]Professional

Organizations

 

 

Architects   American Institute of Architects

 

Conservation  American Institute for Conservation 

 

American Planning Association  Association 

 

International Council on Monuments and Sites Sites  

 

Preservation Trades Network  Network 

 

Society of Architectural Historians  Historians 













[edit] edit]See

also

 

Building restoration restoration  

 

reuse   Adaptive reuse

 

Charter,, doctrinal text Athens Charter

 

conservation  Architectural conservation 

 

Barcelona Charter, Charter, doctrinal text

 

Cadw  Cadw 















 

heritage  Cultural heritage 

 

Cultural heritage management management  

 

Demolished buildings and structures structures  

 

Heritage organizations organizations  

 

Historic preservation organizations organizations  

 

Heritage   English Heritage

 

Historic Scotland Scotland  

 

List of historic houses  houses 

 

National Trust (disambiguation) (disambiguation),, containing a listing of National Trusts

 

worldwide Space archaeology  archaeology 

 

Sustainable Preservation Preservation  

 

Ship of Theseus Theseus,, a philosophical problem regarding identity of























preservation and replacement

 



Venice Charter, Charter, doctrinal text

[edit] edit]Notes

1.

^ Maryland Association of Historic District Commissions,  Handbook  (1997). Commissions,

2.

^ Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings  Buildings  

 

3.

^ Lea, Diane. "America's Preservation Ethos: A Tribute to Enduring Ideals." A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-First  Century. ed. Robert Stipe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. p.2

4.

^ APVA.org, APVA.org, accessed 15 August 2008

5.

^ Blevins, Documentation of the Architecture of the Architecture of  Samuel Lapham and the Firm of Simons & Lapham , Masters of Fine Arts in Historic Preservation Thesis, Savannah College of Art & Design, 2001

6.

^ Ellis, Scott S. (2010). Madame Vieux Carré: the French Quarter in the Twentieth Century. University of Mississippi. p. 43.

7.

^ Murtagh, William J. Keeping Time: The History and Theory of  Preservation in America . New York: Sterling Publishing, Co., 1997.

8.

^ Michael Tomlan. "Historic Preservation Education: Alongside A longside Architecture in Academia." Journal of Architectural Education , Vol. 47, No. 4. (1994): 187-196.

9.

^ Preservation News (Oct News (Oct 1, 1979)

10. ^ Federal, State and Local Historic Districts, Districts, TOOLBOX, FAQ, National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2007 11. ^ Stenberg, Peter L. (October 1995). ―Historic Preservation as Part of 

Downtown Redevelopment.‖ Rural Development Perspectives , Vol. 11, no.1, pp. 16-21. Washington, DC : Economic Research Service. Retrieved December 30, 2008. 12. ^ John, Patricia LaCaille (July 2008). ―Historic Preservation

Resources.‖ Rural Information Center Publication Series no. 62.  62. National Agricultural Library Library.. Rural Information Center. Retrieved December 30, 2008. 13. ^ "Biography of Ann Pamela Cunningham"  Cunningham"  National Women's History  Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2010. 14. ^ National Council for Preservation Education - Academic Programs in Historic Preservation  Preservation 

[edit] edit]Bibliography

 

 



Fitch, James Marston. Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management  of the Built World. Charlottesville, VA:  Virginia,,  VA: University Press of Virginia 1990.

 



Jokilehto, Jukka. A History of Architectural Conservation. Oxford, UK: Butterwort/Heinemann, Butterwort/H einemann, 1999. 1999 .

 



Munoz Vinas, Salvador. Contemporary Theory of  Conservation. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, 2005.

 



Page, Max & Randall Mason (eds.). Giving Preservation a  History. New York: Routledge, 2004.

 



Price, Nicholas Stanley et al. (eds.). Historical and Philosophical  Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1996.

 



Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1989. Originally published, 1880. Important for

 



preservation theory introduced in the section, "The Lamp of Memory." Stipe, Robert E. (ed.). A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the  Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill, NC: The  The University of North Carolina Press, Press, 2003.

 



Tyler, Norman, Ted J. Ligibel, and Ilene R. Tyler. Historic  Preservation: An Introduction to its History, Principles, and  Practice. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.

 



Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. The Foundations of Architecture;  Selections from the Dictionnaire Raisonné. New York: George Braziller, 1990. Originally published, 1854. Important for its introduction of restoration theory.

[edit edit]]External

links

links  may not follow Wikipedia's This article's use of  external links policies or guidelines. guidelines. Please  Please improve this article  article by inappropriate  external links, and converting removing  excessive  removing excessive orinappropriate references.. (March 2011)  useful links where appropriate into  into footnote references

 

An Overview of Preservation in the United States  States (US/ICOMOS)

 

Service)  Archeology Laws: A Guide for Professionals (National Park Service) 





 

 

International,, an Association for Preservation Technology International



organization concerned with technologies used for conserving historic structures and their settings.

 

Issues , an essay Historic Preservation: Legal and Economic Issues,



concerning the legal and economic implications of historic preservation.

 

Training,, the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training



National Park Service's preservation research center, offering research materials, preservation training, and grants.

 

National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation, the principal non-profit



preservation advocacy organization in the United States.

 

Preservapedia Preservapedia  historic preservation and cultural heritage



management encyclopedia.

 

Network, an international organization focused Preservation Trades Network,

 

on preservation trades and traditional craft skills. PreserveNet, PreserveNet, contains a directory of preservation-related websites





and academic programs in the United States.

 

Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in



Canada   Canada

 

Standards and Guidelines for Preservation in the United States  States 









Lis

 





 

 



U.S. Nat

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