Architectural conservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
St Paul's Cathedral, London, clad for refurbishment — in this case, cleaning the exterior.
Revision and conservation of of Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc Olomouc (Czech Republic Republic)) in 2006.
Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind's mankind's built heritage heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, Ultimately, the decision is value va lue based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision dec ision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice. Contents hide]] [hide
1 Definitions Definitions
1.1 Narrow definition definition
o
1.2 Broad definition definition
o
movement 2 History of the architectural conservation movement 3 Current treatments treatments
4 Common architectural conservation/preservation problems problems 5 Conservation process process Assessment 5.1 Assessment
o
5.2 Treatment Treatment
o
structures 5.2.1 Case example: Ancient stone structures
6 Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation 7 Related journals journals 8 See also also Notes 9 Notes 10 References References links 11 External links
[edit] edit]Definitions [edit edit]]Narrow
definition
Architectural conservation deals with issues of prolonging the life and integrity of architectural character and integrity, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood. In this sense, the term refers to the "professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as [1]
a preservation tool" tool" and is allied with - and often equated to - its parent fields, of historic environment conservation and and art conservation conservation..
edit]]Broad [edit
definition
In addition to the design and art/science definition described above, architectural conservation also refers to issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and and built environment.. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identify and value historic cultural environment resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for interpretation, protection, protection, and education. Typically this process operates as a specialized aspect of a society's planning system, and its practitioners are termed built or historic environment conservation professionals.
[edit] edit]History
of the architectural conservation movement
As a movement, architectural conservation in general, and the preservation of ancient s structures tructures specifically, Modernism and its corresponding gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a response to to Modernism architectural perspective, which eschewed sentimental attachment to old buildings and structures in favor of technological and architectural progress and change. Prior to this time most of the ancient buildings that were still standing had only survived because they either had significant cultural or religious import, or they had yet to [2]
be discovered. discovered.
The growth of the architectural conservation movement took place at a time of significant archaeological discovery and scientific advancement. Those educated in the field began to see various examples ex amples of [3]
architecture as either being "correct" or "incorrect". "incorrect". Because of this, two schools of thought began to emerge within the field of building conservation. Preservation/Conservation were used interchangeably to refer to the architectural school of thought that either encouraged measures that would would protect and maintain maintain buildings in their current state, or would prevent further damage and deterioration to them. This school of thought saw the original design of old buildings as correct in and of themselves. Two of the main proponents of preservation and conservation in the 19th century were art critic critic John Ruskin Ruskin and artist artist William Morris. Morris. Restoration was the conservationist school of thought that believed historic buildings could be improved, and sometimes even completed, using current day materials, design, and techniques. In this way it's very similar to the Modernist architectural theory, except it does not advocate the destruction of ancient structures. One of the most ardent supporters of this school of thought in the 19th century was French architect architect Eugène Viollet-leDuc.. Duc
[edit] edit]Current
treatments
The Department of the Interior The Interior of the United States defined the following treatment approaches to architectural conservation:
Preservation,, "places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric Preservation through conservation, maintenance and repair. It reflects a building's continuum over time, through successive occupancies, and the respectful [4]
changes and alterations that are made." made."
Rehabilitation "emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but more latitude is provided for replacement because it is assumed the property is more deteriorated prior to work. (Both Preservation and Rehabilitation standards focus attention on the preservation of those materials, features, finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships that, together, give a property its [4]
also adaptive reuse. reuse. historic character." character." See also
Restoration Restoration "focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from [4]
other periods." periods."
Reconstruction, Reconstruction, "establishes limited opportunities to re-create a non[4]
surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in all new materials." materials." Other nations recognize some or all of these as potential treatments treatments for historic structures. s tructures. Canada recognizes preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration. The The Burra Charter, Charter, for Australia, identifies preservation, restoration, and reconstruction.
[edit] edit]Common
architectural conservation/preservation problems
Conservation patches on mosaics wall of Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau ( Barcelona Barcelona)) [5]
The earliest building materials used by ancient peoples, such as wood and mud, were organic organic.. Organic materials were used because they were plentiful and renewable. Unfortunately, the organic materials used were also very susceptible to the two most significant impediments to preservation and conservation: the [5]
elements, and life (both human and animal) animal).. Over time inorganic materials like brick, stone, metal, concrete, [5]
and terra cotta began to be used by ancient people instead of organic ones, due to their durability durability.. [5] In fact, we know that these materials are durable because many ancient structures that are composed of them, even some built as far back as the the Bronze Age, Age, like Egypt's Egypt's Great Pyramids, Pyramids, still stand today. Ancient buildings such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Roman Colosseum, and the Parthenon face common co mmon preservation issues. The most prominent factors affecting these structures are the environment, pollution, and tourism. As the Earth's climate patterns change, so too do the environmental conditions governing these buildings. For [6]
example, the Colosseum has already faced lightning, fire, and earthquakes earthquakes.. The changing climate increases the accumulation of salt crystals on the outside of monuments like the Colosseum and the Parthenon. Parthenon.[7] This phenomenon increases the deterioration of these buildings. [7]
The salt crystals further contribute to the black effect that man-made pollution has on these buildings. buildings. The Parthenon is especially exposed and many of the remaining marbles are eroding to the point that they may no [8]
[9]
deterioration.. longer be identifiable. identifiable. The pollution from corrosive agents in the air has also attributed to this deterioration
The third factor affecting ancient building conservation is tourism. While tourism provides both economical and cultural benefits, it can also be destructive. The Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off limits to the public due to the deterioration that has been caused by tourists tourists..[10] The pyramids in Giza have also encountered problems due to large numbers of tourists; more tourists mean greater humidity and water presence, which can [11]
lead to erosion. erosion.[11] All of the above factors complicate the conservation options available to treat these buildings.
[edit edit]]Conservation
process
District A preserved historical alleyway in in Beirut Central District
[edit] edit]Assessment The first step in any building conservation project is a sensitive assessment of its history and merits. As noted architect Donald Insall states, "Every building has its own biography. A knowledge of the whole life of a building brings an essential understanding of its features and its problems." problems."
[12]
He gives the Parthenon in Athens as an
example; built between 447 and 432 BCE to serve as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, its purpose over time changed to Christian church, mosque, and powder magazine before it became one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world. Once the assessment is complete, the next step is a thorough measured survey with a tape, rod and level. Modern measuring techniques, such as photogrammetry (the use of aerial photographs to make maps and surveys) and stereophotogrammetry, are also used today to increase accuracy. Once the measurements are complete, there is an analysis of the structural stability of the building and its living pattern of movement. No building is permanently still; soil and wind can affect building stability and need to be documented. Finally, the
architect or surveyor tests the electrical connections, plumbing, and other utilities present in the building (this is more for historic and re-purposed buildings). For both ancient and historic buildings, lightning conductors and fire-fighting equipment are checked to make sure they can provide sufficient protection protection..
[12]
At the end of this assessment process, the conservator will analyze all the collected c ollected data and decide on a conservation plan based on available funding sources.
edit]]Treatment [edit The phrase covers a wide span of activities, from the cleaning of the interior or exterior of a building — such as Cathedral inLondon London — to the rebuilding of damaged or derelict buildings, is currently underway at at St Paul's Cathedral such as the restoration of the Windsor Great Hall in in Windsor Castle Castle after a destructive fire in 1992. The 1985 – 1989 removal of 38 layers of paint and the cleaning and repair of the exterior sandstone walls of the the White House in the House the USA USA are an example of building restoration. Buildings are structures which have, from time to time, particular purposes. They require ongoing maintenance to prevent them falling into disrepair as a result of the ravages of time and use. Building restoration can be thought of as that set of activities which are greater than year-to-year maintenance, but which by retaining the the construction construction of a new building. building are less than a a demolition demolition and the Not all building conservation seeks to follow the original design of the building. It is reasonably commonplace for the shell of a building — its external walls — to be retained whilst an entirely new building is constructed within. This approach is also referred to as as adaptive reuse. reuse. Although techniques of architectural conservation are improving, the action of cleaning or repairing buildings can, with hindsight, be seen to cause problems that at the time were unforeseen. A good example is the unrestrained use of of sandblasting sandblasting to clean smog deposits from soft-stoned buildings — a technique employed in the UK in the 1960s and 1970s — which has damaged the external faces of stonework to the extent that in some cases, later, the stonework has needed to be replaced. Contemporary building codes recognize such problems, and (it is to be hoped) mitigate poor outcomes.
[edit edit]]Case example: Ancient stone structures Most ancient buildings are constructed of stone and have survived from antiquity as a result of the stability of this building material. However, stone can deteriorate rapidly without protection, particularly in our modern era of pollution and climate change. Architect Susan Rebano-Edwards details a simple technique for preserving stone in ancient building structures. She supports treatment that is effective in stopping deterioration and durable in its protective effort while changing the appearance of stone as little as possible. It should be simple to apply, and comparatively inexpensive and reversible. reversible.
[13]
The process is as follows: 1. Clean the material with soft brushes to remove ingrained dirt. Do not use dust cloths. c loths. If dirt is extensive, use a paste jelly formula such as EDTA ammonium carbonate. 2. Wash with distilled water by brushing, spraying or by immersion or paper pulp method on stones showing symptoms of salting. 3. Sterilize by brushing or spraying with a minimum 25% to 36% hydrogen peroxide stones affected by presence of organic growths such as mosses and lichens. 4. Consolidate by brushing, spraying or injecting (or by impregnating, filling, grouting, jointing or pin dowel adhesive) on very dry stone using a consolidant such as Rinforzante H or ethyl silicate for siliceous stone (granite, sandstone). Consolidation is recommended recommended when the cohesive strength of stone has weakened and there is a need to consolidate or bind together the disintegrated material. 5. Gap filling, replacement and/or retouching of missing parts. 6. In appropriate circumstances, water repellents may be applied. Spray or brush protective films or water repellents on stone affected by chemical integration and biological attack. Common protectants are waxes, acrylic and silicon resins.
[edit] edit]Public
awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation
There are many organizations that work to raise public awareness of the necessity to preserve ancient and historic buildings and areas, across communities, users and government. In addition to promoting the cultural value of these buildings, and encouraging appropriate polices and strategies s trategies for conservation, the organizations can help in raising the required funding to implement conservation initiatives and plans, and often serve as a link between the community and local/federal governments to advance conservation projects. A brief list of architectural conservation organizations is below:
IHBC IHBC (The Institute of Historic Building Conservation)
SPAB SPAB (The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, a member of the
Societies)) UK's Joint Committee of the National Amenity Societies UK's
UNESCO World Heritage Centre Centre
Heritage Council of Europe, Architectural and Archaeological Heritage
APT APT (The Association for Preservation Technology International)
International Council on Monuments and Sites Sites
[1] The International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of [1]
Structures of Architectural Heritage
[edit edit]]Related
journals
Context, The official journal of the IHBC IHBC
International Journal of Architectural Heritage
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
Journal of Architectural Conservation
[2] " "
Preservation Historic Preservation
restoration Art conservation and restoration
Materials science science
Category:Heritage organizations organizations
Heritage English Heritage
Fund World Monuments Fund
National Register of Historic Places Places
(disambiguation), with a listing of National Trusts worldwide National Trust (disambiguation),
Sites World Heritage Sites
[edit edit]]See
also
architecture portal
edit]]Notes [edit
1.
^ Weaver and Matero 1997, p. 1
2.
^ "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-andrestoration restoration> >
3.
^ "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-andrestoration> restoration >
4.
^ a b c d "Introduction: Choosing an appropriate treatment" treatment".. Secretary of Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties . U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
5.
a b c
^ Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings - Simple Preservation Techniques for Ancient Buildings." Suite101.com. 20 January 2010.
10. ^ http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_brown.pdf http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_brown.pdf 11. ^ http://www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm http://www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm a b
12. ^^ a b "Art conservation and restoration," Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010 13. ^ Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings: Simple Preservation Techniques for Ancient Stone Structures." January 20, 2010.
edit]]References [edit
Weaver, Martin and Frank Matero (1997) Conserving Buildings: A Manual of Techniques and Materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Martin-Gil J, Ramos-Sanchez MC, Martin-Gil FJ (1999) "Ancient pastes for stone protection against environmental agents". Studies in Conservation , 44(1):58-62.
[edit edit]]External
links
Conservation The UK's Professional body for The Institute of Historic Building Conservation historic environment conservation professionals
body)** Icon, the Institute of Conservation (UK Professional body)
Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home Residing in Salem, Ma this authentic and fully
rebuilt Chinese house of the Huang family, offers an in depth and interactive look into accurately restored restored Chinese architecture architecture of the the Qing dynasty dynasty..
Asian Academy for Heritage Management, Management, a virtual institute under UNESCO under UNESCO Bangkok's Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific.
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation. Conservation.
Architectural Conservation Programme Kong , Asia's Programme at The University of Hong Kong, leading postgraduate-level professional programme in built-heritage conservation.
Cultural Heritage Management Programme in the School of Professional and Continuing Education at The University of Hong Kong, Kong, a postgraduate-level professional programme that focuses on the management of cultural heritage assets.
American Institute for Conservation, Conservation, the professional body in the US representing practitioners of architectural conservation.
Parks Canada, official Canadian government government agency responsible for the Canada, the official conservation of Canada's natural and cultural (tangible and intangible) heritage.
Heritage,, the official official British government government agency responsible for the English Heritage conservation of English heritage.
Historic Scotland Scotland,, the official British government agency responsible for the conservation of of Scottish heritage. heritage.
Antiquities and Monuments Office, the Hong Kong Office, the official agency of the Government responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage. Government
Heritage of Malaysia Trust Trust,, the quasi-government agency in Malaysia responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage.
University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program in Historic Preservation Preservation
Uukka Jokilehto, Jokilehto, "A History of Architectural Conservation: the Contribution of
English, French, German and Italian Thought towards an International Approach to the Conservation of Cultural Property" Property" (Rome: ICCROM, 1986). [hide hide]] V
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Historic preservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia from Historic Preservation) (Redirected from Preservation)
Demolition of the former former Penn Station Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation
This article is about the specific cultural heritage preservation movement and system that emerged in the United States. For Cultural heritage preservation or conservation as a broad concept, see Cultural heritage . For mechanisms of cultural heritage preservation in preservation in general, general, see Cultural heritage management . Historic preservation is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect p rotect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. Other names for the discipline or sub -disciplines include urban conservation, landscape preservation, built environment conservation, built heritage conservation, object conservation, and immovable object conservation; within English-speaking countries c ountries "historic preservation" is generally used by speakers in the United States to refer to what is known in other dialects as "heritage conservation" or "heritage preservation". As such, this article focuses on the particular movement and regulatory regime that evolved under that term in the United States.
As used by practitioners of the endeavor, "historic preservation" tends to refer to the preservation of the built [1]
environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness wilderness.. Contents [hide hide]]
History 1 History
1.1 National movement movement
o
2 National Register of Historic Places Places Landmark 2.1 National Historic Landmark
o
2.2 Historic districts districts
o
3 National Park Service Service 4 Relationship to international systems systems
4.1 Heritage conservation in Canada Canada
o
5 Influential people people Careers 6 Careers
6.1 Professional Organizations Organizations
o
also 7 See also 8 Notes Notes Bibliography 9 Bibliography links 10 External links
edit]]History [edit In England, England, antiquarian antiquarian interests were a familiar gentleman's pursuit since the mid 17th century, developing in the Society tandem with the rise in scientific curiosity. Fellows of the the Royal Society Society were often also Fellows of the of Antiquaries
[citation needed ]
.
The first first Ancient Monuments Protection Act Act was adopted in 1882. The UK's Ancient Monuments Act (1913) officially preserved certain decayed and obsolete structures of intrinsic historical and associative interest, just [citation
citation as as modernism modernism was lending moral authority to destruction of the built heritage in the name of progress. needed ]
The UK's UK's National Trust Trust began with the preservation of historic houses and has steadily increased its
scope. In the UK's subsequent Town and Country Planning Act 1944, and the the Town and Country Planning Act 1990,, steps were taken toward historic preservation on an unprecedented scale. [citation needed ] Concern about the 1990 demolition of historic buildings arose in institutions such as the pressure group group The Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings, Buildings, which appealed against demolition and neglect on a case by case basis basis..[2]
Vernon plantation Mount Vernon plantation,, near near Alexandria, Virginia Virginia
In the United States one of the first historic preservation efforts was the the Washington's Headquarters State Site, in Historic Site, in Newburgh, New York York.. It was the first-ever property designated as a historic site by a U.S. state. Another early Historic Preservation undertaking was that of George Washington's Washington's Mount Vernon Vernon in 1858.[3] Founded in 1889, the Richmond, Virginia-based 1858. Virginia-based Preservation Virginia Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) was the United States' first statewide historic [citation needed ][4]
preservation group.
The architectural firm of Simons & Lapham (Albert Simons and and Samuel Lapham Lapham)) was influential in creating the first historic preservation ordinance in in Charleston, South Carolina Carolina in 1930, affording that city a regulatory means by which to prevent the destruction of its historic building stock. In 1925, efforts to preserve the historic buildings of the the French Quarter Quarter in in New Orleans Orleans led to the creation of the Vieux Carré Commission and later, to the adoption of a historic preservation ordinance. ordinance.
[edit edit]]National
[5][6]
movement
The US US National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation, another privately funded funded non-profit organization organization,, began in 1949 with a handful of privileged structures and has developed goals that provide "leadership, education, advocacy, and resources to save America's diverse historic places and revitalize our communities" according to the Trust's mission statement. In 1951 the Trust assumed responsibility for its first museum property, property,Woodlawn Plantation in Plantation in northern Virginia Virginia.. Twenty-eight sites in all have subsequently become part of the National Trust, representing the the cultural diversity diversity of American history. In New York City, the destruction of of Pennsylvania Station in 1964 shocked many nationwide into supporting preservation. On an international level, the New Station Fund was founded in 1965 to preserve historic sites all over the world. York-based World Monuments Fund York-based
Under the direction of of James Marston Fitch, Fitch, the first advanced-degree historic preservation program began [7]
1964.. It became the model on which most other graduate historic preservation at at Columbia University University in 1964 programs were created. created.[8] Many other programs were to follow before 1980: M.A. in Preservation Planning from Cornell (1975); M.S. in Historic Preservation from from the University of Vermont( Vermont(1975); M.S. in Historic Preservation Studies from from Boston University University (1976); M.S. in Historic Preservation from from Eastern Michigan University University (1979) and M.F.A. in Historic Preservation was one of the original programs at at Savannah College of Art & Design. Design. The M.Sc. in Building Conservation degree program is offered by the School of Architecture Institute in Troy, New York. In 2005, Clemson University and the College of at at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Charleston created an M.S. degree program based in Charleston, SC. The first undergraduate programs (B.A.) appeared in 1977 from from Goucher College College and Roger Williams College, followed by by Mary Washington College College in [9]
1979.. Today there are three community colleges that offer an Associates Degree in Historic 1979 Preservation; Colorado Mountain College Preservation; College in in Leadville, Colorado Colorado,, College of the Redwoods Redwoods in in Eureka, [citation needed ]
California,, and California and Belmont Technical College College in in St. Clairsville, Ohio. Ohio.
[edit edit]]National
Register of Historic Places
Main article: National Register of Historic Places
[edit edit]]National
Historic Landmark
Main article: National Historic Landmark
edit]]Historic [edit
districts
Main article: Historic district (United States) States) A historic district in the the United States States is a group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated by one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, categories, contributingand contributingand noncontributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some having hundreds hu ndreds of structures while others have just a few.
the U.S. Department of Interior, Interior, under the The U.S. federal government The government designates historic districts through the auspices of the the National Park Service. Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register [10]
of Historic Places. Places.
Historic districts allows rural areas to preserve their characters through historic
preservation programs. These include "Main Street" programs that can be used to redevelop rural downtowns. Using historic preservation programs as an economic development tool for local governments in rural areas has enabled some of those areas to take advantage of their history and develop a tourism market that in turn provides funds for maintaining an economic stability that these areas would not have seen otherwise. otherwise.
[11][12]
A similar concept exists in the United Kingdom: a a Conservation area area is designated in accordance with 1990 in order to protect a zone in which there are the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 the buildings of architectural or or cultural heritage heritage interest.
[edit edit]]National
Park Service
Main article: National Park Service Parks,, areas of unspoiled natural wilderness, where The United States led the world in the creation of of National Parks the intrusion of civilization are intentionally minimal. minimal.[citation needed ] The department of the interior designated several areas of of Morristown, New Jersey Jersey as the first historic park in the United States national park system. It became designated as the the Morristown National Historical Park.. [1] Park [1] The community had permanent settlements that date to 1715, is termed the military capital of the American Revolution, and contains many designations of sites and locations. The park includes three major sites in Morristown. In addition to preserving the natural heritage, the National Park Service also maintains the the National Register of Historic Places Places to recognize significant buildings and places, including historic parks, battlefields, battlefields, National Historic Landmarks, Landmarks, memorials and monuments.
[edit] edit]Relationship
to international systems
Landscapes and sites of outstanding universal value can be designated as as World Heritage Sites. Sites. A requirement of such designation is that the designating nation has appropriate legislation in place to preserve them.
edit]]Heritage [edit
conservation in Canada
Main article: Heritage conservation in Canada In In Canada, the phrase ―heritage preservation‖ is sometimes seen as a specific approach to the treatment of
historic places and sites, rather than a general concept of conservation. ―Conservation‖ is taken as the more general term, referring to all actions or processes that are aimed at safeguarding the character-defining elements of a cultural resource so as to retain its heritage value and extend its physical life.
Canada may be granted special designation by any of the three levels of government: Historic objects in in Canada the provincial governments governments,, or a a municipal government. government. The The Heritage Canada the federal government, the government, the Foundation acts as Canada's lead advocacy organization for heritage buildings and landscapes. Foundation
[edit edit]]Influential
people
Cunningham (1816 –1875): influential in saving saving Mount Vernon (plantation) (plantation) from demolition Ann Pamela Cunningham and founding the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, one of the first preservation organizations in the United States (est. 1854). 1854).
[13]
James Marston Fitch Fitch:: educator, author, critic and design practitioner made a major contribution to the philosophical basis of the modern preservation movement and trained and inspired generations of preservationists.
Carolyn Kent Kent (1935-2009): Spearheaded the designation of the the Hamilton Heights / Sugar Sugar Hill Historic District in Harlem, New York, and co-founded the District the Morningside Heights Historic District Committee Committee
William Morris: founded the the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Buildings.
W. Brown Morton: author of "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings".
William J. Murtagh: first Keeper of the the National Register of Historic Places Places in the United States and
significant contributor to the literature of the discipline discipline [2] [2]
Lee H. Nelson: worked for Charles E. Peterson at the National Park Service's Service's Historic American Buildings Survey Survey and helped to formulate national policies on historic preservation.
Peterson:: considered to be the "founding father" of historic preservation in the United States. Charles E. Peterson
John Ruskin: Ruskin: established the basic theory of preservation (retention of status quo).
Viollet-le-Duc:: well known French architect who restored Gothic buildings; believed that Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
restoration could improve on the past—especially with the introduction of modern technology.
Whitehill : Chair of the Whitehill Report in the late 1960s, which established the first guidelines Walter Muir Whitehill: for higher-ed historic preservation programs.
[edit] edit]Careers Although volunteers continue to play a large role in historic preservation activities, the field has seen an increased level of professionalization. Today, there are many career options in historic preservation in the public, non-profit, and private sectors. Institutes of secondary education (universities, colleges, etc.) in the B.A., B.F.A. B.F.A.,, B.S. B.S.,,M.A. M.A.,, M.F.A. M.F.A.,, M.S. M.S.,, and and PhD) PhD) United States offer both certificate and degree (A.A.S, A.A.S, B.A., programs in historic preservation. preservation.
[14]
Some students—at schools with such programs available—choose to
enroll in "joint degree" programs, earning a degree in historic preservation along with one in another, related MUP or or JD JD degree. subject, often an an MArch, MArch, MUP
Possible career fields include: Architectural conservator Focus specifically on the physical conservation of building materials. Most hold degrees in chemistry or materials science. Architectural historian/historian Primarily researches and writes statements expressing the historical significance of sites. Historic preservation planner Most are employed by local, county, state, or Federal government planning agencies to administer tax abatement programs, ensure compliance with local ordinances and state and Federal legislation, and conduct design reviews to ensure that proposed projects will not harm historic and archaeological resources. At the state level, they are known as a a State Historic Preservation Officer Officer while at other levels of government they may be known as a Federal or Tribal Historic Preservation Officer. Some may also serve as consultants to local governments, conducting conducting Section 106r 106reviews in accordance with the the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. 1966 . Preservation architect Design and develop architectural conservation plans and work specifications in consultation with Engineers, Historians, and Planners, ensuring compliance with local design guidelines to protect sensitive historic building fabric. Most are employed by private architecture firms though some find work with government agencies. practitioner Preservation craftsperson/ craftsperson/traditional trades practitioner Employs knowledge of traditional building techniques and contemporary conservation technologies to complete the conservation, repair, or restoration of historic buildings. Preservation engineer Work with Architects to devise conservation solutions of a structural or material -specific nature. Most are employed by private architecture and/or engineering firms. Public historian/ interpreters historian/resource interpreters Most are employed by government agencies and private foundations to interpret the significance of historic resources for the general public. Historic site administrator administrator Non-profit sector careers Engage in a variety of activities concerned with historic preservation advocacy, easements, and private foundations at the local, regional, statewide, or national levels.
[edit] edit]Professional
Organizations
Architects American Institute of Architects
Conservation American Institute for Conservation
American Planning Association Association
International Council on Monuments and Sites Sites
Preservation Trades Network Network
Society of Architectural Historians Historians
[edit] edit]See
also
Building restoration restoration
reuse Adaptive reuse
Charter,, doctrinal text Athens Charter
conservation Architectural conservation
Barcelona Charter, Charter, doctrinal text
Cadw Cadw
heritage Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage management management
Demolished buildings and structures structures
Heritage organizations organizations
Historic preservation organizations organizations
Heritage English Heritage
Historic Scotland Scotland
List of historic houses houses
National Trust (disambiguation) (disambiguation),, containing a listing of National Trusts
worldwide Space archaeology archaeology
Sustainable Preservation Preservation
Ship of Theseus Theseus,, a philosophical problem regarding identity of
preservation and replacement
Venice Charter, Charter, doctrinal text
[edit] edit]Notes
1.
^ Maryland Association of Historic District Commissions, Handbook (1997). Commissions,
2.
^ Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings Buildings
3.
^ Lea, Diane. "America's Preservation Ethos: A Tribute to Enduring Ideals." A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-First Century. ed. Robert Stipe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. p.2
4.
^ APVA.org, APVA.org, accessed 15 August 2008
5.
^ Blevins, Documentation of the Architecture of the Architecture of Samuel Lapham and the Firm of Simons & Lapham , Masters of Fine Arts in Historic Preservation Thesis, Savannah College of Art & Design, 2001
6.
^ Ellis, Scott S. (2010). Madame Vieux Carré: the French Quarter in the Twentieth Century. University of Mississippi. p. 43.
7.
^ Murtagh, William J. Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America . New York: Sterling Publishing, Co., 1997.
8.
^ Michael Tomlan. "Historic Preservation Education: Alongside A longside Architecture in Academia." Journal of Architectural Education , Vol. 47, No. 4. (1994): 187-196.
9.
^ Preservation News (Oct News (Oct 1, 1979)
10. ^ Federal, State and Local Historic Districts, Districts, TOOLBOX, FAQ, National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2007 11. ^ Stenberg, Peter L. (October 1995). ―Historic Preservation as Part of
Downtown Redevelopment.‖ Rural Development Perspectives , Vol. 11, no.1, pp. 16-21. Washington, DC : Economic Research Service. Retrieved December 30, 2008. 12. ^ John, Patricia LaCaille (July 2008). ―Historic Preservation
Resources.‖ Rural Information Center Publication Series no. 62. 62. National Agricultural Library Library.. Rural Information Center. Retrieved December 30, 2008. 13. ^ "Biography of Ann Pamela Cunningham" Cunningham" National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2010. 14. ^ National Council for Preservation Education - Academic Programs in Historic Preservation Preservation
[edit] edit]Bibliography
Fitch, James Marston. Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management of the Built World. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia,, VA: University Press of Virginia 1990.
Jokilehto, Jukka. A History of Architectural Conservation. Oxford, UK: Butterwort/Heinemann, Butterwort/H einemann, 1999. 1999 .
Munoz Vinas, Salvador. Contemporary Theory of Conservation. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, 2005.
Page, Max & Randall Mason (eds.). Giving Preservation a History. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Price, Nicholas Stanley et al. (eds.). Historical and Philosophical Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1996.
Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1989. Originally published, 1880. Important for
preservation theory introduced in the section, "The Lamp of Memory." Stipe, Robert E. (ed.). A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill, NC: The The University of North Carolina Press, Press, 2003.
Tyler, Norman, Ted J. Ligibel, and Ilene R. Tyler. Historic Preservation: An Introduction to its History, Principles, and Practice. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. The Foundations of Architecture; Selections from the Dictionnaire Raisonné. New York: George Braziller, 1990. Originally published, 1854. Important for its introduction of restoration theory.
[edit edit]]External
links
links may not follow Wikipedia's This article's use of external links policies or guidelines. guidelines. Please Please improve this article article by inappropriate external links, and converting removing excessive removing excessive orinappropriate references.. (March 2011) useful links where appropriate into into footnote references
An Overview of Preservation in the United States States (US/ICOMOS)
Service) Archeology Laws: A Guide for Professionals (National Park Service)
International,, an Association for Preservation Technology International
organization concerned with technologies used for conserving historic structures and their settings.
Issues , an essay Historic Preservation: Legal and Economic Issues,
concerning the legal and economic implications of historic preservation.
Training,, the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training
National Park Service's preservation research center, offering research materials, preservation training, and grants.
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation, the principal non-profit
preservation advocacy organization in the United States.
Preservapedia Preservapedia historic preservation and cultural heritage
management encyclopedia.
Network, an international organization focused Preservation Trades Network,
on preservation trades and traditional craft skills. PreserveNet, PreserveNet, contains a directory of preservation-related websites
and academic programs in the United States.
Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in
Canada Canada
Standards and Guidelines for Preservation in the United States States
v
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