AS Biology Definition

Word Acid Acrosome Acrosome reaction Activation energy Active site Active transport Adenine Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adhesion Agouti Albinism Allele Allopatric speciation Altruistic Alveolus (plural alveoli) Amino Acid Amniocentesis Amphoteric Amylopectin Amyloplast Anabolic Reaction Anaerobic respiration Anaphase Anatomical adaptation Aneurysm Angina

Definition A substance which forms H+ ions and acts as a proton donor. Membrane-bound storage sac of enzymes in the head of a sperm. Release of enzymes from the acrosome when the head of the sperm touches the surface of the ovum. The energy needed to make or brake bonds at the beginning of a chemical reaction. Area of enzyme with specific shape which fits shape of substrate molecules. Form of cellular transport in which energy is used to move substances against a concentration gradient. A purine base in DNA and RNA Molecule produced when a phosphate group is removed from ATP Molecule that releases energy when the terminal phosphate bond is broken, to from adenosine triphosphate Attraction of different molecules Coat coloring, e.g. in cats Genetic condition in which the natural melanin pigment of the skin, eyes and hair does not form Different forms of a gene. Speciation that results when populations are physically separated in some way An action that benefits others without any direct benefit to the individual Minute air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place Sub-unit of proteins. Prenatal test that involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid at around 16 weeks of a pregnancy and culturing the fetal cells to look for genetic abnormalities. Can act as both an acid and a base Polymer of glucose with many branched chains Plant organelles involved in amylopectin (a form of starch) Reaction that builds new chemical from more than one reactant. The release of energy from glucose without the use of oxygen Fourth stage of mitosis where chromatids are pulled towards the poles of the cell Adaptations of the anatomy of an animal or plant to conditions A bulge in the wall of an artery as a result of pressure of blood building up behind a narrowed area. This leaves the wall weakened and vulnerable to splitting open Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart isn’t

Angiogenesis Anther Antibodies Anticoagulant Antihypertensive Antisense Strand Antitoxin Aorta Apoplast Apoplast pathway Apoptosis Artifact Arteriole Artery Asexual reproduction Aspirin Assimilation Atheroma Atherosclerosis ATPase Atrial systole Atrioventricular valve Autoradiography Autosome Bacterial conjugation Balancing selection Barr body Basal metabolic rate

getting enough oxygen because of reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle. Usually the result of atherosclerosis and is a symptom of coronary heart disease Growth of new blood vessels Male sex organ in plants Protein produced on response to the presence of a specific antigen on the surface of a foreign cell Drug that prevents the blood from clotting Drug that lowers blood pressure The strand of DNA which acts as a template for the formation of mRNA. An antibody that can neutralize a toxin made by a specific pathogen Main artery leaving the left side of the heart carrying oxygenated blood to the body Cell walls Pathway through cell walls travelled by water molecules from soil to xylem as a part of transpiration stream Programmed cell death, also known as cell suicide A feature present as a result of human actions in preparing material rather than a natural feature of the tissue or cell Vessel that links an artery and capillary Vessel carrying blood away from the heart The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell or organism Painkiller or anticoagulant The taking-in of new material by cells after cell division Fatty deposits initially laid down on damaged arterial lining Hardening of the arteries – the build-up of hardened fatty deposits on the arterial lining Enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of ATP to ADP with the release of useful energy for the cell The contraction of the atria forcing blood into the ventricles Bicuspid and tricuspid valves A technique using photographic film to show up radioactively labeled substances in plants and other organisms Chromosome that carries information about somatic (body) cells and their biochemistry (not a sex chromosome). Sexual reproduction in bacteria A form of natural selection that maintains a disadvantageous allele in a population because of the benefit to the heterozygote. Mass of inactivated X chromosome in cells of female mammals The energy needed for the basic metabolic reactions of the

(BMR) Base Behavioral adaptation Behavioral isolation Beta blocker Bias Bicuspid valve Bilayer Biodiversity Biodiversity hotspot Bioindicator Boiplastic Blastocyst Body mass index (BMI) Breathing Bronchi Bronchiole Budding Buffer Calorimeter Capillary

Captive breeding program Capture/recapture technique Carbaminohaemoglobin Carbohydrates

body to take place Forms OH – ions and acts as a proton acceptor An adaptation of the behavior of an animal which gives it a selective advantage Reproductive isolation resulting from changes in the courtship ritual, display or mating pattern Drug that blocks the response of the heart to adrenaline, slowing the heart rate and lowering blood pressure Influence in a particular direction Valve found between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. One of the atrioventricular valves Double layer The number and variety of different organisms found in a particular area Area which is particularly rich in different species Species that is particularly sensitive to change and so can be used to indicate problems in an area which might lead to loss of biodiversity Plastic (polymer) made from monomers which come from a sustainable biological source Early embryo consisting of a ball of cells A formula for comparing your weight to your height used to indicate obesity levels Movement of air in and out of the respiratory system Tubes leading from the trachea into the left and right lungs Small tube leading from the bronchi and spread throughout the lungs Form of asexual reproduction involving an outgrowth from the parent plant which develops into a smaller, genetically identical individual A substance that tends to prevent change in pH when an aid or base is added to a solution A process which measures the amount of energy contained in a substance, e.g. food Narrow blood vessels with walls one cell thick which penetrate between the cells of the body and link arteries and veins. Materials diffuse into and out of the blood through the capillary walls Breeding individuals from an endangered species in zoos and parks to save species from extinction Method of estimating the population of a particular species in an area which involves capturing individuals, marking them and releasing them and then capturing some of the again Haemoglobin combined with carbon dioxide Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that supply the body with energy. Sub-units are known as monosaccharides

Carbonic anhydrase Carbon-neutral Cardiac cycle Cardiac muscle Cardiovascular center Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Cardiovascular system Carotid arteries Carrier Carrier protein Casparian strip Catabolic reactions Catalyst Cause Cell cycle Cell determination Cell sap Cell surface membrane

Cell theory Cellulose Cell wall Centrioles Centromere Channel protein Chiasma Chlorophyll Chloroplast Chorionic villus

The enzyme that controls the rate of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to from carbonic acid No net release of carbon compounds into the atmosphere The time taken for a single heart beat as the heart goes through diastole and systole The muscle which makes up the heart Center in the brain which responds to the carbon dioxide levels in the blood and controls the heart rate. Diseases of the heart and blood vessels, particularly heart attacks and strokes The heart and blood vessels Large arteries which branch off the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to the head An individual that has one allele (heterozygous) for a genetic disease so does not suffer from it but can pass the allele to its offspring A protein that carries a specific molecule or type of molecule through a membrane Waterproof layer of cells in a root containing suberin Reactions that breakdown a chemical into more than one product A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. A factor that directly causes something Sequence of events making up cell division Predestination of embryonic cells to become particular tissues Contents of vacuole in plant cells The membrane (a phospholipid bilayer with protein floating and embedded in the structure) that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Theory that cells are the basic unit of living organisms Complex carbohydrate which is a major component of plant cell walls Tough outer layer around plant cells made up mainly of cellulose Structure in an animal cell that are involved in spindle formation during cell division The region where the chromatids are joined together in pairs before separating during cell division Protein in membranes that allows passage of substances through the membrane (plural chiasmata) points where chromatid break during crossing over Green pigment found in plants which traps energy from sunlight. Needed for photosynthesis Organelle in some plants cells which contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis Prenatal test for genetic disorders which involves

sampling Chromatid Chromatin Chromatography Chromosomal Mutation Cilia Circulation Cleavage Clone Codon Cohesion Collenchyma Colloid

Community Complementary Base Pairing Complementary DNA Complementary Strand Composite material Concentration gradient Conception Condensation reaction Conjugated protein Conservation Constrict Continuous growth

sampling fetal tissue from the placenta at 10-12 weeks One of the two strands formed when a chromosome replicates in cell division DNA bound to protein when a cell is not actively dividing Technique for separating the components of a mixture based on movement of different-sized particles in a solvent Mutation involving changes in the positions of genes within the chromosome. Hair-like projections from the cells which move backwards and forwards. They line the respiratory tract and move mucus up and away from the lungs Movement of the blood around the body in the cardiovascular system Special form of mitosis which involves rapid cell division without interphase pauses for assimilation and cell expansion Genetically identical individuals that result from asexual reproduction Three base pairs of DNA or RNA coding for a particular amino acid. Technology of water molecules to stick together Supporting tissue in plants A mixture in which very small particles of one substance are distributed evenly throughout another substance. The solute particle of a colloid are larger than particles of a solvent All of the populations of living organisms which live in habitat at any one time Purine and pyrimidine bases that always pair up in the formation of DNA or RNA. DNA made by reversing the normal transcription process. It can act as an artificial gene. The mRNA strand formed alongside the original DNA strand during translation of the genetic code into proteins. Material made up of a combination of two or more substances which all contribute to the properties of the final composite The difference between an area where a solute is at high concentration and an area where the same solute is at a relatively low concentration The fusing of the sperm and the ovum Reaction in which two substances are joined together and a molecule of water is produced Protein molecules joined to other substances, eg iron, carbohydrate Looking after a living and changing environment Get narrower Growth which occurs continuously, although at different

Continuous variation Contractile vacuole Correlation Cristae Critically endangered Crossing over Cross-linking Cross-species cloning Cutin Cyanide Cyclin Cyclin/CDK complex Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

rates, throughout life at least until maturity is reached A feature that shows many small variations Vacuole found in simple animals that forms and empties to control water content of the cytoplasm A factor that appears to be linked to a change or event, eg both increase or decrease at the same time Infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane which provides a large surface area for enzyme action Facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild Process by which chromatids break and rejoin, introducing variety during meiosis Intermolecular bonds which hold cellulose chains together Cloning animals using a closely related species as a surrogate mother and provider of the empty egg A waxy, waterproof polymer which covers the surface of plants Poison that acts by preventing the release of energy from ATP Small protein involved in control of the cell cycle Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) bound to the protein cyclin in a complex which controls the cell cycle through phosphorylation of protein Enzymes involved in the control of the cell cycle Genetic disease in which a membrane transport protein is not formed properly, leading to problems with chloride ion transport and damage to tissues as a result of very thick mucus. The membrane transport protein which is affected in cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatory channel protein (CFTR channel protein) Cytokinesis Cytoplasm Cytosine Cytoskeleton Denature Deoxygenated DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Diastole Diastolic blood pressure Dietary reference values

Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells during cell division The jelly-like liquid inside a cell containing organelles A pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA 3D web-like structure that fills the cytoplasm, made up of microfilaments and microtubules. When the tertiary and quaternary structure of the protein is destroyed. Containing reduced levels of oxygen, as in blood leaving the body cells Nucleic acid that forms genetic material of the cell. When the heart relaxes and fills with blood The blood pressure reading taken when the heart is relaxed Range of appropriate food intakes for different groups of

Differentiate Diffusion Digitalin Diglyceride Dilate Dipeptide Diploid Dipole Directional selection Disaccharide Discontinuous growth Discontinuous variation Displayed formula Diuretic Diversifying selection DNA Helicase DNA ligase DNA polymerase Dominant Dopamine Double-bind trial Double circulation

Double fertilization Double Helix

the population The process by which cells become specialized for a particular function and lose the ability to from different types of cells (lose pluripotency) Free movement of particles in a liquid or a gas down a concentration gradient from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration A compound found in foxgloves which at low doses makes the heart beat more powerfully. It is toxic at higher doses A fat or oil containing only two fatty acids Get wider Molecule formed when two amino acids are joined by a peptide link Having two sets of chromosomes in cell (2n) Very small, equal and opposite electric charges within a molecule A change from one phenotype to another which is more advantageous under the circumstances Double sugar unit, eg sucrose Growth which takes place in a serious of steps Variation shown by features which are either present or not Chemical formula showing the basic arrangement of atoms within a molecule Drug that increases the volume of urine produced A form of natural selection which results in increased genetic diversity of a population Enzyme that unzips the two strands of DNA at the start of replication. One of the enzymes that joins nucleotides together from DNA strands. One of the enzymes that joins nucleotides together from DNA strands. Allele which is expressed phenotype whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous. Monoamine neurotransmitter Drug trial where neither the doctor nor the patient knows whether they are getting the active new treatment or not Double circulatory system where deoxygenated blood is pumped from heart to respiratory organs and oxygenated. It is then returned to the heart to be pumped into another separate system to be carried around the body to the tissues before deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart In plants where one male gamete fuses with two polar bodies and the other fuses with the female gamete (egg) nucleus to from a zygote Molecular structure made famous by DNA that involves two strands twisted together like a spiral staircase.

Dry mass Ecdysone Ecological isolation Ecological niche Ecological species Ecology Ecosystem Electrocardiogram (ECG) Electron micrograph (EM) Electron microscope Electrophoresis Electrostatic attraction Embryonic stem cell Embryo sac Embryo splitting Emulsion Endangered Endemic Endemism Endocytosis Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Endosperm nucleus Endothelium Enzyme Epidermis Epiglottis

The mass of the body of an organism with all the water removed Insect hormone that controls the molting process Breeding isolation when two populations inhibit the same region but develop preferences for different parts of the habitat The role of an organism within an ecological community Definition of species based on the ecological niche occupied by the organisms The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment Environment including all the living organisms interacting, the cycling of nutrients and the physical and chemical environment in which organisms are living A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, often used to help diagnose heart problems Photograph taken using an electron microscope Microscope that uses a beam of electrons to form an image, which allows very high levels of magnification A method of separating amino acids by their movement through an inert gel under the influence of an electric field Attraction between opposite charges (positive and negative) Cells from the early embryo which are pluripotent or totipotent, can form most or all of the cell types of an organism Contains the gametophyte generation in the ovary of the flowering plants Process of splitting early embryos while the cells are totipotent to produce a number of identical clones in animal husbandry Tiny droplets of one liquid suspended in another liquid Facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild A species which is a unique to an area Species which only occur in a very specific small area such as an island, they are unique to the area Taking particles into the cell; on a large scale this is phagocytosis, on a small scale it is pinocytosis A 3D network of membrane-bound cavities spreading through the cytoplasm. Plays a major role in transport within the cell Triploid nucleus formed when male nucleus fuses with two polar bodies in ovule of a plant Layer of epithelial cells which lines the chambers of the heart, the blood vessels and the lymph vessels Biological catalyst Outer layer of cells in a plant leaf, outer layer of the skin Tissue which closes over the glottis in a reflex action

when you swallow Epistasis When one gene in a polygenic trait alters or affects the expression of another gene Epithelial tissues Tissues which line the surfaces inside and outside the body Erythrocyte Red blood cell Essential amino acid Amino acid that cannot be synthesized in the body and so must be taken in as part of the diet Ester bond Bond formed in the condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol, with the elimination of a molecule of water Esterification Condensation reaction by which fatty acids are combined with glycerol to form lipids Eubacteria One of the most common types of bacteria Eukaryote Cell or organism where the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane Evaluate Judge the value of a study, procedure or technique in terms of accuracy, validity, reliability, precision, reproducibility, etc. Evolution The process by which species of living organisms undergo permanent change as a result of a natural selection n response to a change in their environment Exhalation Moving air out of the respiratory system Exocytosis Moving substances out of a cell by emptying a membranebound vesicle Expressed To show, as in effect of an allele on the phenotype. External fertilization Fertilization that takes place outside the body External stimulus Signal or change from outside the body or cell Extinction The permanent loss of all members of a species Extracellular enzymes An enzyme that works outside the cells, such as digestive enzymes. F1 (first filial generation) The first generation of offspring in a genetic cross. F2 (second filial The offspring that result from a cross of the F1 generation. generation) Facilitated diffusion Diffusion that takes place through specific channels/carriers but which does not use up energy Fat A lipid that is solid at normal room temperature Fatty acid Long-chain organic acid that makes up part of the structure of lipids Fertilization Joining of two gametes to form a new individual (zygote) Fertilization membrane Thick membrane formed around the outside of an ovum once it has been fertilized by a sperm Fiber Molecules that cannot be digested in the gut and add bulk to the diet Fibrin Fibrous protein involved in clot formation Fibrinogen Precursor of fibrin Fibrous protein Protein that forms long, fibrous structures and has little or no tertiary structure

Fick’s law Fission Fixing Flaccid Fluid mosaic model Follicle Food staple Founder effect

Fragmentation Frequency distribution Gamete Gametogenesis Gametophyte Gene Gene flow Gene linkage Gene pool Gene probe General formula Generative nucleus Gene therapy Genetic diversity Genetic engineering Genetic modification Genetic pedigree diagram Genetic screening Genotype Genus

The relationship between surface area, concentration gradient and thickness of the exchange membrane which determines the rate of diffusion In biology, the simple method of asexual reproduction which involves an organism splitting in two. Seen in bacteria and protoctists Preserving a biological specimen to be viewed under a microscope Floppy Currently accepted model of the structure of the cell membrane In reproduction, the region where the ovum matures in the ovary Main energy supplying foods in the diet Process by which any unusual alleles become relatively common in a population if only a small number of individuals set up a population and one of the founder members has the unusual allele. Reproduction of an entire individual from a body fragment Representation of the frequency at which a particular characteristic is found in a population Sexual cell with half the chromosome number of an ordinary cell Formation of the gametes Haploid, sexual reproduction of plants Unit of inheritance The movement of genes by the interbreeding of individuals in different populations Genes that are inherited together in a linked unit of a chromosome All the different versions of genes (alleles) found in a population Technique for indentifying active genes in a cell Formula representing any member of a given chemical family showing the ratio of the different types of atoms Nucleus in the pollen tube containing the chromosomes which fuses with the female nucleus in the ovule Treatment that involves replacing faulty genes with healthy ones Variety of genes and alleles within a population Artificially changing the genetic material of an organism. Copying healthy genes and inserting them into the DNA of other organisms A family tree showing the sex of the individuals and if they are affected by a genetic condition or not Testing populations for a genetic disease The genetic make-up of an organism Group of similar species

Geographical isolation Germinate Globular protein Glottis Glycerol Glycogen Glycoprotein Glycosidic bond Golgi body Gonad Guanine Guttation Habitat Hemoglobin Haploid Heartbeat Heterozygote Heterozygote advantage (Hybrid vigour) Heterozygous Hexose Histone Homologous chromosome Homologous pair Homozygote Homozygous Hormone Human Genome Project Huntigton’s disease Hydrogen bond Hydrolysis Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

A physical barrier, eg a river or mountain range, that separates individuals and prevents breeding The growth of the pollen grain on the stigma of a plant. The growth of a seed into a young plant Protein with tertiary and sometimes quaternary levels of 3D organization, holding them into globular shapes Throat Propane-1,2,3-triol, a compound that makes up part of the structure of lipids Storage carbohydrate in animals Protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group Bond joining two monosaccharide units together Stacks of parallel, flattened membrane pickets loosely linked to the RER and involved in the secretion of materials from the cell Organ that produces sex cells, such as testis or ovary in humans A purine base in DNA and RNA When water is forces out of the leaves in drops as a result of root pressure when transpiration rates are low Place where an organism lives Red pigment which carries oxygen in the blood Cell containing a single set of chromosomes (half the full chromosome number (n)) The sound made by blood hitting the heart valves as it flows through the heart Individual with different alleles for the same gene When the heterozygous state for a particular gene gives advantages to the individual Having different alleles of the same gene Monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms Positively charges protein molecule around which DNA molecules coil One of a matching pair of chromosomes Matching pairs of chromosomes An individual with both alleles for a gene the same Having both alleles of a gene the same Chemical messenger made in an endocrine gland, secreted into the body to the effector gland Massive international research program that mapped the entire human genome Genetic disease caused by a dominant allele that develops in middle age and is fatal The weak electrostatic attraction between oppositely charges dipoles of different molecules Splitting a compound by reacting with water Water-loving Water-hating

Hypertension Hypertonic Hypotension Hypotonic Independent assortment Indicator species Induced fit hypothesis

Industrial melanism Inferior vena cava Inflammatory response Inhalation Insulin Internal fertilization Internal stimulus Interphase Intracellular Intracellular enzymes Intrinsic rhythmicity Ionic bond Ionic substance Isomer Isotonic (Isosmotic) Juvenile hormone Karyotype Keystone species Lac operation Larynx

High blood pressure A solution with a higher solute concentration (lower solvent concentration) than the cell contents Low blood pressure A solution with a lower solute concentration (higher solvent concentration) than the cell contents The random distribution of chromosomes from parents into offspring Species which can be used to monitor pollination levels, food levels etc Modified version of the lock-and-key hypothesis of enzymes action that proposes a flexible shape for the active site which is modified once the substrate molecule is bound to form an active complex. Changes in the coloration of a population as a response to environmental changes from industrial activity Major vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body back to the heart The response of the body to damaged tissue which involves swelling and increased blood flow bringing white blood cells to the area Moving air into the respiratory system Hormone produced by the pancreas that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood Fertilization which takes place inside the body Signal or change from inside the body or cell Period of non-division in the cell cycle Within a cell Enzymes hat work inside the cell. The basic rhythm of the heart beat which is present in the individual cells A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges A substance made up of oppositely charged ions held together by ionic bonds One of two or more compounds made up of the same atoms arranged differently A solution with the same osmotic concentration as the cell contents Insect hormone that controls the maturity of the instar produced after each moult Image showing the chromosomes arranged into homologous pairs. A species which has a major effect on its environment. A large number of other species depend on a keystone species for their survival Cluster of genes involved with the production of lactose in bacterial cells Voice box

Law of independent assortment: Mendel’s second law Law of segregation: Mendel’s first law Left atrium Left ventricle Leucocyte Leucoplast Lifestyle Light microscope Lignin Lipid Lipoprotein Lock-and-key hypothesis Locus Longitudinal study Lumen Lung surfactant Lymphocyte Lysosome Macromolecule Macronutrient Malignant Malnutrition Marsupial Mass transport system Mating Matrix Mechanical isolation

Law of genetics, originally proposed by Gregor Mendel, which states that different traits are inherited independently of each other. Law of genetics, originally proposed by Gregor Mendel, which states that one allele for each trait is inherited from each parent and each pair of alleles is segregated (separated) when the gametes are formed. The small upper chamber of the heart on the left that fills with oxygenated blood from the lungs The larger lower chamber of the heart on the left that pumps oxygenated blood out of the heart into the aorta to travel around the body White blood cell A range of plant organelles The way someone lives their life A microscope which relies on light to form an image Organic compound that binds to cellulose fibers and makes them hard and strong Molecule that contains a lot of stored chemical energy. Supplies body with energy and also used as an energy store. Made up of fatty acids and glycerol A protein with a lipid group attached Model of enzymes action based on the idea of an active site which fits specific reactants. Position of a gene on a chromosome Studies which follow the same group of individuals over a long period of time The central space inside a blood vessel or other tube, eg the lumen of the gut Phospholipid that coats the surface of the alveoli and makes it easier to move air in and out Type of white blood cell Organelle containing lysozymes Very large molecule Nutrient needed in large amounts by the body, ef fat, protein and carbohydrate A tumor which invades surrounding tissues and splits to form secondary tumors A condition linked to an inadequate diet, eg either too much or too little food or the wrong type of food Mammal that gives birth to very immature young which then complete their development in a pouch A transport system which involves the flow of a fluid in a system with a mechanism for moving it around Process by which male gametes are released directly into the body of the female Surrounding substance Reproductive isolation caused by anatomical changes in an animal or plant as a result of mutation which

Megagamete Megagametogenesis Megakaryocyte Megaspore Meiosis Melanocyte Melanoma Mesosome Messenger RNA (mRNA) Metabolic chain or pathway Metabolism Metadata analysis Metaphase Metaphase plate Metastasis Metaxylem Micelle Microfibril Microfilament Microgametogenesis Microhabitat Micronutrient Microspore Microtubule Middle lamella Mitochondrion Mitosis Molecular activity Molecular phylogeny Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) Monoculture

reproduction impossible The female gamete in a plant Process by which the female gametes are formed in plants Large bone marrow cell which is the origin of platelets in the blood Precursor of female gamete in plants Cell division which results in the production of four daughter cells each with half of the chromosome number of the original Pigment-forming cell Cancer of the cells that produce the pigment melanin Fold of the cell surface membrane that can form a vesicle RNA that carries information from the DNA in the nucleus out into the cytoplasm to be translated into proteins on the ribosomes. Sequence of metabolic reactions. Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in body cells. Looking at a large number of studies and putting the data together Third stage of mitosis where chromatids line up across the equator of the cell Central region of spindle formed in mitosis Splitting of a malignant tumor to form secondary growth The xylem which develops second, after the protoxylem Structure formed by a cluster of molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends when placed in water A group of 10- 100000 cellulose molecules Protein fibers that make up part of the cytoskeleton Process by which the male gametes are formed in plants Small area of a larger habitat Nutrient needed in tiny amounts by body, eg vitamins and some minerals Precursor of male gamete in plants Tiny protein tubes that make up part of the cytoskeleton First layer of the plant cell wall to be formed during cell division Organelle which is the site of aerobic cellular respiration Cell division of the body cells that results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell The number of substrate molecules transformed per minute by a single enzyme molecule. Analysis of different chemicals and genes in different organisms to identify interrelationships Enzyme found in nervous system, liver, and gut that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters An area containing only one type of genetically very

Monoglyceride Monohybrid cross Monolayer Monomer Monosaccharide Monotreme Monounsaturated fatty acid Morphology Mortality Moult MRI scan Multifactorial disease Multiple allele Multipotent Mutagen Mutation Myocardial infarction Natural selection Neurotransmitter Noradrenaline Normal distribution curve Nucleic Acid Nucleoid Nucleolus Nucleosome Nucleotides Nucleus Obesity Oedema Oil Oncongene

similar plants A fat or oil containing a single fatty acid Genetic cross that considers just one gene Single layer A single unit in a polymer Single sugar unit, eg glucose Egg-laying mammals Fatty acid that contains just one double carbon-carbon bond Outer and inner appearance of an organism The ratio of the total number of deaths compared with the whole population, often expressed as number of deaths per thousand people per year In the context of insect growth: to shed an outer covering in order to grow Magnetic resonance image formed by combining X-rayed sections of the body to produce a 3D image Disease that is the result of many factors, some genetic and some environmental, all interacting. One of a number of different alleles (more than two alternatives) that can be found on a particular gene Limited degree of pluripotency seen in somatic cells Something that causes mutation, eg some chemicals and ionizing radiation. Change in the genetic code. Heart attack Process by which the organisms best suited to a particular environment are most likely to survive and pass their advantageous genetic characteristics to their offspring Chemical involved in transmitting nerve impulses across the synapses of the nervous system A monoamine neurotransmitter Bell-shaped curve of a feature showing continuous variation in a population Polymer built up from nucleotide monomers, eg deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribose nucleic acid which are the main molecules of inheritance. Area in prokaryotes where the genetic material is localized An extremely dense area of the nucleus containing almost pure DNA and protein DNA wound around histones Monomer of nucleic acid made up of a pentose sugar, organic nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Organelle containing the genetic information of a cell Being obese with a body mass index of over 30 Accumulation of fluid in a tissue A lipid that is liquid at normal room temperature Gene that causes the production of uncontrolled amounts

Oocyte Oogenesis Optical microscope Organ Organelle Osmosis Osmotic concentration Ovary Ovule Ovum Oxygenated Parenchyma Parthenogenesis Passive transport Pathogen Pectin Pentose Sugar Peptide Peptide link Preempting organ Peripheral Phagocytosis Phase 1 trial Phase 2 trial Phase 3 trial Phenotype Phenylketonuria (PKU) Phloem Phospholipid

of proteins which stimulate the cell cycle and in turn cause uncontrolled cell replication Immature ovum Formation of ova Microscope that uses light to form an image Group of tissues grouped into a structure to carry out a particular function A membrane-bound enclosure in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell with a particular function, eg mitochondria, ribosomes Movement of water down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane The concentration of solutes that have an osmotic effect Female sex organ in animals and plants Female gamete produced in plants (plural ova) haploid female gamete Containing high levels of oxygen, as in blood from the lungs Relatively unspecialized plant tissue Reproduction in which an ovum or ovule develops and forms a new organism without fusing a male gamete Transport that does not require energy, such as diffusion and osmosis Microorganism that causes disease A glue-like polysaccharide Monosaccharide that contains five carbon atoms. A chain of amino acids The bond formed between two amino acids as a result of a condensation reaction Organ involved in asexual reproduction which contains stored food to survive dormant period, eg bulb, corm Distant form the center of the body The process by which phagocytes engulf and digest bacteria or other pathogens Trial in which a new drug is given to a small number of healthy volunteers Trial in which a new drug is given to a small group of volunteer patients affected by the condition the drug is designed to treat Trial in which a new drug is used with a large group (5000+) of patients affected by the condition the drug is designed to treat The physical and chemical characteristics that make up the appearance of an organism. Genetic condition affecting protein metabolism Living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food from the leaves around the plant Lipid molecule containing a phosphate group, making it a polar lipid

Physical activity level (PAL) Physiological adaptation Pinocytosis Pit Placebo Placebo effect Placenta

Placental mammal Plant fiber Plant stanol and sterol Plaque Plasma Plasmid Plasmodesmata Plasmolysis Platelet Pleural cavity Pleural membrane Pluripotent Point mutation Polar lipid Pollen Pollen sac Pollen tube Pollination Polygenic inheritance

A factor which represents the level of activity undertaken by an individual Adaptations of the biochemistry or physiology of an organism to the environment in which it lives Taking small particles/amounts into a cell Gaps in the cell walls that allow communication between cells An inactive substance that resembles a drug bus has no action in the body The effect by which patients often improve even when they are receiving no active drug, they just think they are and it makes them feel better In mammals, the organ where nutrients and oxygen from the mother pass into the blood of the fetus and waste products from the fetus pass into the blood of the mother by diffusion. In plants, the pad of tissue which joins the ovule to the ovary wall Mammal in which the young develop inside the uterus of the mother with their need met through the placenta. After birth they feed on milk from the mammary glands Long plant cells with heavily lignified cell walls Compounds found in plants which reduce levels of LDLs and balance the LDL/HDL ratio in the blood A fatty deposit hardened by calcium salts and fibrous tissue which may form on the lining of an artery Liquid part of blood Extra, circular strand of DNA, separate from the main chromosome, found in bacteria Sites of intercellular exchanges through cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells When the cytoplasm of a plant cell pulls away from the cell wall because it has shrunk through loss of water due to osmosis Component of the blood, a fragment of megakaryocyte, involved in the blood-clotting mechanism The space between the pleural membranes surrounding the lungs Membrane surrounding the lungs Cells with the potential to form most of the cell types needed in an organism Mutation in one or a small number of nucleotides Lipid molecule containing a polar group Male gamete in plants Region of anther where pollen grains develop Tube which grows out of a pollen grain down the stigma into the ovule in the ovary to transport the pollen nuclei The arrival of pollen grains on the female part of a flower Characteristics which are inherited through the interaction of several different genes

Polymer Polypeptide Polysaccharide Polyspermy Polyunsaturated fatty acid Population Potometer Precision Preimplantation Prenatal screening Primary cell wall Primary structure Probability Prokaryote Prophase Prosthetic group Protein

Prothrombin Proto-oncogene Protoplasm Protoxylem Pulmonary artery Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary veins Purine Pyrimidine Quadrat Quantitative sampling Quaternary structure Recessive

Molecule made of repeating similar units Polymer made of many amino acids Polymer made up of many sugar units When more than one sperm penetrates the fertile ovum Fatty acid that contains more than one double carboncarbon bond Group of organisms of the same species, living and breeding together in a particular niche in a habitat Apparatus used to measure uptake of water by a plant Exactness: measured in a way which can be reproduced consistently Genetic diagnosis technique by which the genetic makeup of an embryo can be determined before it is implanted in the uterus of its mother Testing a fetus for a genetic condition before birth Flexible plant cell walls with cellulose microfibrils oriented in same direction In proteins, the arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chains The likelihood of an event happening Single-celled organism which has no nuclear membrane and the genetic material is not organized into chromosomes Second stage of mitosis where the chromosome can coil and condense, when they can take up stain and become visible as two chromatids A non-protein group attached to a protein molecule Organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen along with other elements such as sulfur. Used for growth and repair in the body. Sub-units known as amino acids Precursor of thrombin in the blood-clotting cascade Gene which codes for proteins which stimulate the cell cycle The cytoplasm and the nucleus of a cell First xylem tissue to form in a stem root Artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs Circulation between the heart and the lungs Vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left side of the heart Base in nucleic acids with two-nitrogen containing rings Base in nucleic acids with one nitrogen-containing ring. Apparatus used to identify an area for sampling Counting the number of organisms within a measured area In proteins, the 3D arrangement of more than one polypeptide chain in a molecule Allele which is only expressed in the phenotype when the individual is homozygous for the allele.

Recognition species Recombinant DNA Recombination Regeneration Reliable Replicate Respiratory system Resting phase Restriction endonuclease Reserve transcriptase Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Ribosome Right atrium Right ventricle Risk factor RNA polymerase Root hair Root pressure Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Sample Sampling error Saturated Saturated fatty acid Sclereid Sclerenchyma Seasonal isolation

Species definition based on unique fertilization systems, including behavior patterns in animals Combination of host DNA with new gene in genetic modification Process by which DNA strands are broken and rejoined. Often occurs during meiosis Asexual reproduction of a body part to replace one which has been lost Results which can be replicated by different people and on different occasions To copy Organ system in which the exchange of respiratory gases takes place More appropriately called interphase, the stage in cell division when the cell assimilates new materials and the chromosomes cannot be seen Enzyme that cuts up DNA at specific sites Enzyme involved in building up DNA for artificial genes from an RNA template A nucleic acid that is vital for protein synthesis in all living cells and carries the genetic information in many viruses Cell organelle that is the site of protein synthesis. The small upper chamber of the heart on the right that fills with deoxygenated blood form the body The lower chamber of the heart on the right that pumps deoxygenated blood out of the heart into pulmonary artery to be carried to the lungs A factor that increases the probability of an event happening Enzyme involved in making RNA copy from DNA template during transcription in the nucleus Microscopic extensions of the membranes of the outer root cells Movement of water up the plant from the roots involving active transport Endoplasmic reticulum covered in ribosomes involved in synthesis and transport of proteins Take measurements from a number of randomly selected areas Error which creeps into genetic investigations due to such problems such as death of offspring, inefficient sampling and chance. When all of the active sites on an enzyme are taken up. A fatty acid containing only single carbon-carbon bonds A plant cell with thick, lignified walls Strengthening and supporting tissue found in plants, made up of heavily lignified, thick walled cells When the timing of reproductive fertility varies in

Secondary cell wall

Secondary oocyte Secondary structure Sectioning Selection pressure Semiconservative replication Semilunar valves Senescence Septum Serotonin

Sex chromosome Sex pilus Sexual reproduction Sexual selection Single circulation Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Solute Somatic cell Somatic stem cell Species Species richness Specificity Spermatogenesis Spermatozoa (sperm) Sphygmomanometer

different parts of a population, making reproduction between the two groups impossible Inflexible, rigid plant cell wall built up as cellulose microfibrils are laid densely at different angles to each other The ovum released at ovulation when meiosis has not been fully completed In proteins, the repeating pattern in the structure of the polypeptide chains, eg alpha helix Making thin slices of tissue to prepare a microscopic slide Changes in the environment that mean that certain characteristics will give an organism an advantage Replication of DNA where the two strands unzip and new nucleotides align alongside each strand. Valves found in veins and the heart that prevent the backflow of blood Old age An area of two dividing tissue, eg the tissue that divides the two divides of the heart Monoamine neurotransmitter, released when the blood vessels are damaged which causes the smooth muscles to contract, narrowing the blood vessel and reducing bleeding Chromosome that carries information about the sex of the individual Strand of cytoplasm between two bacteria during sexual reproduction Production of a new individual resulting from the joining of two sex cells Selection for features that give reproduction success Circulation where blood is pumped through respiratory organs and around the body before returning to the heart Area protected from development because of the scientific value of the organism living there Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids Substance that dissolves in a solvent, such as ionic substances in water Body cell Adult cells with a limited ability to form other types of cells Group of closely related organisms that are all potential capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring Measure of the number of species in a given area The property of enzymes which means that they only catalyse one particular reaction or type of reaction. Formation of sperm Haploid male gamete Equipment used for measuring blood pressure

Spindle Spore Sporophyte Sporulation Staining Standard deviation Statin Sticky ends Stroke

Suberin Substrate Sulfur bridge Superior vena cava Suspension Symplast Symplast pathway System Systemic circulation Systole Systolic blood pressure Telophase Temperature coefficient, Q10 Tendinous cords Tensile strength Tertiary structure Test cross

Set of microtubules formed during mitosis that move the chromatids to the opposite ends of the cell Structure produced by asexual reproduction often as a way of surviving adverse conditions. Develops into a new individual genetically identical to parent Diploid generation of plants Asexual reproduction that involves the formation of spores A method of adding dye to a biological specimen so it shows up more clearly under the microscope A statistical measure of the amount of difference form the mean within a sample Drug used to lower and balance the cholesterol levels in the blood The end of a cut DNA helix, with one strand left slightly longer than the other An interruption in the function of the brain usually caused by either a blood clot forming in a blood vessel supplying the brain or bleeding from a blood vessel supplying the brain Waxy, waterproof compound Substance that enzyme works on. Bond between sulfur atoms in two amino acids Major vein carrying deoxygenated blood back from the head and upper part of the body back to the heart A solid mixed with a liquid in which the particles will separate out if the mixture is not constantly moved or stirred Interconnected cytoplasm between plant cells Pathway through cytoplasm travelled by water molecules down a concentration gradient by osmosis from soil to xylem as part of transpiration stream Group of organs working together to carry out a particular function Circulation from the heart around the body and back to the heart The contraction of the heart The blood pressure reading when the heart is contracting strongly The final stage of mitosis where the chromatids reach the poles of the cells and become chromosomes, the nuclear membrane reforms and the cytoplasm divides The effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction. Tendons which prevent the atrioventricular valves turning inside out Strength to resist pulling forces In proteins, the 3D folding of the secondary structure A genetic cross with the homozygous recessive to show

Testis Thalassaemia Thalassaemia major (Cooley’s anemia) Therapeutic cloning Thermophilic Thrombin Thromboplastin Thrombosis Thymine Tissue Tissue culture Tonoplast Totipotent Trachea Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transgenic Translation Translocation Transpiration Tricuspid valve Triglyceride Triose sugar Triplet code Triploid True-breeding Tube nucleus Tumor Tumor suppressor gene

whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous Male sex organ in humans Genetic disease in which blood proteins are not manufactured properly, leading to sever anaemia. Most severe from of beta thalassaemia Experimental technique aiming to produce embryonic stem cells from an adult to use in therapy for a patient Heat-loving Enzyme that causes the conversion of inactive fibrinogen to fibrin when the blood clots Enzyme that controls the conversion of prothrombin to active thrombin Clot that forms in a blood vessel A pyrimidine base in DNA. Specialized cells organized into a group to carry out a particular function Growth of tissue in the laboratory outside the whole organism The membrane surrounding plant vacuoles which controls the movement of substances in and out of the vacuole Cell with the potential to form all known cell types within an organism Windpipe; the tube leading from the nose and mouth down into the chest, which s supported by incomplete rings of cartilage Small unit of RNA that codes for a specific amino acid and attaches to it in the cytoplasm before carrying it to the surface of a ribosome for protein synthesis. Organisms which have genes from another organism engineered into their DNA Process by which the genetic code is converted into new protein molecules directed by RNA. Movement of substances around plants The loss of water vapor from the surface of a plant Valve found between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. One of the atrioventricular valves A fat or oil containing three fatty acids Monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms Three bases of DNA which code for a single amino acid Containing three set of chromosomes When two individual are crossed, all of the offspring show the same phenotype Forms of pollen tube for fertilization in plants An abnormal growth of tissue resulting from the uncontrolled growth of cells Gene which slows down the cell cycle and reduces the rate of cell division

Turgid Turgor

Turnover number Ultrastructure Unit membrane Unsaturated fatty acid Uracil Vacuolar pathway Vacuole Valid Vas deferens Vector Vegetative propagation Vein Ventricular systole Venule Vesicle Villi Vulnerable Whole-chromosome mutations X-ray diffraction Xylem Zona pellucida Zygote

Swollen, firm; used to describe plant cells that are fully hydrated The point at which the inward movement of water due to osmosis is balanced by the pressure of the plant cell walls on the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is pressing hard against the cell wall The number of substrate molecules transformed per minute by a single enzyme molecule. Structure of a cell as revealed by electron microscope Phospholipid bilayer which is the basis for all living membranes A fatty acid containing at least one double carbon-carbon bond A pyrimidine base in RNA Pathway through cell vacuoles travelled by water molecules moving down a concentration gradient by osmosis from soil to xylem as part of transpiration stream Membrane-lined enclosure in a cell; permanent feature in plant cells, formed when needed in animal cells An investigation that is properly designed to answer the questions which are being asked Tube carrying sperm out of the testis In this context: means of carrying new gene into host DNA during genetic modification Production of new plants by asexual reproduction Blood vessel that carriers blood towards the heart The contraction of the ventricles of the heart forcing blood out of the heart to the lungs and around the body Blood vessel that links a vein and capillary Membrane-bound sac containing cellular secretions Microscopic , finger-like projections which greatly increase the surface area of the lining of the small intestines Facing a high risk of extinction in the wild Mutation resulting in loss or duplication of whole chromosome. Scattering of X-rays by the components of a molecule, used to build up a complex pattern for interpretation of molecular shape. Main tissue transporting water from the roots around a plant. The walls of xylem vessels are heavily lignified, all the older vessels are non-living Protective layer of jelly around an animal ovum New diploid cell formed when the two haploid gametes fuse at fertilization