Australia

Australia
1 Etymology

This article is about the country. For the continent,
see Australia (continent). For other uses, see Australia
(disambiguation).

Pronounced [əˈstɹæɪljə, -liə] in Australian English,[22] the
name Australia is derived from the Latin australis, meaning “southern”. The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz since the early 20th century.[N 4] Aussie is a
common colloquial term for “Australian”. In neighbouring New Zealand, and less commonly in Australia itself,
the noun “Aussie” is also used to refer to the nation, as
distinct from its residents.[27][28][29] The sporting anthem
C'mon Aussie C'mon is an example of local use of Aussie
as synonym for Australia.[28][30]

[10][11]

Australia /ɒˈstreɪliə/, /ə-/, or colloquially /-jə/,
officially the Commonwealth of Australia,[12] is an
Oceanian country comprising the mainland of the
Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the world’s sixth-largest country
by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia,
East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New
Zealand to the south-east.

Legends of Terra Australis Incognita—an “unknown land
of the South”—date back to Roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on
any documented knowledge of the continent. Following
European discovery, names for the Australian landmass
After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch
were often references to the famed Terra Australis.
explorers in 1606, Australia’s eastern half was claimed by
Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English
transportation to the colony of New South Wales from was in 1625 in “A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo,
26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in sub- written by Sir Richard Hakluyt”, published by Samuel
sequent decades; the continent was explored and an ad- Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the origditional five self-governing crown colonies were estab- inal Spanish name “Tierra Austral del Espíritu Santo”
(Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)[31] for an island in
lished.
Vanuatu.[32] The Dutch adjectival form Australische was
On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, formused in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to reing the Commonwealth of Australia. Since Federation,
fer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[33] AusAustralia has maintained a stable liberal democratic potralia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures
litical system that functions as a federal parliamentary
de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la
democracy and constitutional monarchy comprising six
Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny,
states and several territories. The population of 23.6
under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur.[34] Referring to the
million[5] is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in
entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it
the eastern states and on the coast.[19]
in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in
Australia is a developed country and one of the wealth- the South Pacific Ocean in 1771. By the end of the 18th
iest in the world, with the world’s 12th-largest econ- century, the name was being used to refer specifically to
omy. In 2012 Australia had the world’s fifth-highest Australia, with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James
per capita income.[20] Australia’s military expenditure is Smith writing of “the vast island, or rather continent, of
the world’s 13th-largest. With the second-highest human Australia, Australasia or New Holland" in their 1793 Zodevelopment index globally, Australia ranks highly in ology and Botany of New Holland,[35] and James Wilson
many international comparisons of national performance, including it on a 1799 chart.[36]
such as quality of life, health, education, economic freeThe name Australia was popularised by the explorer
dom, and the protection of civil liberties and political
Matthew Flinders, who pushed for it to be formally
rights.[21] Australia is a member of the United Nations,
adopted as early as 1804.[37] When preparing his
G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation
manuscript and charts for his 1814 A Voyage to Terra
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
Australis, he was persuaded by his patron, Sir Joseph
World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic CoBanks, to use the term Terra Australis as this was the
operation, and the Pacific Islands Forum.
name most familiar to the public. Flinders did so, and
published the following rationale:
For at least 40,000 years[13] before the first British settlement in the late 18th century,[14][15] Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians,[16] who spoke languages
grouped into roughly 250 language groups.[17][18]

1

2

2

HISTORY

There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will
ever be found in a more southern latitude; the
name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain
descriptive of the geographical importance of
this country, and of its situation on the globe: it
has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no
reference to either of the two claiming nations,
appears to be less objectionable than any other
which could have been selected.*[38]
In the footnote Flinders wrote:
* Had I permitted myself any innovation on
the original term, it would have been to convert
it to AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to
the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the
other great portions of the earth.[39]
This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that
text; but in Appendix III, Robert Brown's General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of
Terra Australis, Brown makes use of the adjectival form
Australian throughout,[40] —the first known use of that
form.[41] Despite popular conception, the book was not
instrumental in the adoption of the name: the name came
gradually to be accepted over the following ten years.[42]

Exploration of what was then New Holland by Europeans until
1812
1606 Willem Janszoon
1606 Luis Váez de Torres
1616 Dirk Hartog
1619 Frederick de Houtman
1644 Abel Tasman
1696 Willem de Vlamingh
1699 William Dampier
1770 James Cook
1797–1799 George Bass
1801–1803 Matthew Flinders

The first time that the name Australia appears to have
been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst
of 4 April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie
acknowledges the receipt of Capt. Flinders’ charts of
Australia.[43] On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally
adopted.[44] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.[45]

2

History

Main article: History of Australia
Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years
ago,[46] possibly with the migration of people by land
bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now SouthEast Asia. These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians.[47] At the time of
European settlement in the late 18th century, most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence
for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres
Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally
horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers.[48] The northern Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the
coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically eastern coastline of Australia in 1770.
by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia.[49]
The first recorded European sighting of the Australian Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch navigamainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the tor Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York

3
Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River near the modern town of
Weipa on Cape York.[50] The Dutch charted the whole
of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the 17th century,
but made no attempt at settlement.[50] William Dampier,
an English explorer and privateer, landed on the northwest coast of New Holland in 1688 and again in 1699
on a return trip.[51] In 1770, James Cook sailed along
and mapped the east coast, which he named New South
Wales and claimed for Great Britain.[52] With the loss of
its American colonies in 1783, the British Government
sent a fleet of ships, the "First Fleet", under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal
colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the
flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January
1788,[15] a date which became Australia’s national day,
Australia Day although the British Crown Colony of New
South Wales was not formally promulgated until 7 February 1788. The first settlement led to the foundation of
Sydney, the establishment of farming, industry and commerce; and the exploration and settlement of other regions.

ment, mainly due to infectious disease.[62] A government
policy of “assimilation” beginning with the Aboriginal
Protection Act 1869 resulted in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities—
often referred to as the Stolen Generations—a practice
which may also have contributed to the decline in the indigenous population.[63] The Federal government gained
the power to make laws with respect to Aborigines following the 1967 referendum.[64] Traditional ownership
of land—aboriginal title—was not recognised until 1992,
when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
overturned the legal doctrine that Australia had been terra
nullius (“land belonging to no one”) before the European
occupation.[65]
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s[66] and
the Eureka Rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854
was an early expression of civil disobedience.[67] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained
responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[68] The
Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs,[69] defence,[70] and international shipping.

A British settlement was established in Van Diemen’s
Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803 and it became
a separate colony in 1825.[53] The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Western Australia
(the Swan River Colony) in 1828.[54] Separate colonies
were carved from parts of New South Wales: South
Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in
1859.[55] The Northern Territory was founded in 1911
when it was excised from South Australia.[56] South Australia was founded as a “free province”—it was never
a penal colony.[57] Victoria and Western Australia were
also founded “free”, but later accepted transported convicts.[58][59] A campaign by the settlers of New South
Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that
colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.[60]

The Last Post is played at an Anzac Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Similar ceremonies are held in most suburbs
and towns.

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was
achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and
voting.[71] This established the Commonwealth of Australia as a dominion of the British Empire.[72] The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for
the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was
the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927
Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia’s largest prison for reof- while Canberra was being constructed.[73] The Northfending convicts.
ern Territory was transferred from the control of the
South Australian government to the federal parliament
The indigenous population, estimated to have been be- in 1911.[74] In 1914, Australia joined Britain in fighttween 750,000 and 1,000,000 at the time European set- ing World War I, with support from both the outtlement began,[61] declined for 150 years following settle- going Commonwealth Liberal Party and the incom-

4

3 GOVERNMENT

ing Australian Labor Party.[75][76] Australians took part
in many of the major battles fought on the Western
Front.[77] Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000
were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.[78] Many
Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New
Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth
of the nation—its first major military action.[79][80] The
Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.[81]
Britain’s Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended
most of the constitutional links between Australia and the
UK. Australia adopted it in 1942,[82] but it was backdated
to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Parliament House, Canberra was opened in 1988, replacing the
Australian Parliament during World War II.[83][84] The provisional Parliament House building opened in 1927.
shock of the United Kingdom’s defeat in Asia in 1942
and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to
turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.[85]
Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of
the US, under the ANZUS treaty.[86] After World War
II Australia encouraged immigration from Europe. Since
the 1970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and elsewhere was
also promoted.[87] As a result, Australia’s demography,
culture, and self-image were transformed.[88] The final
constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were
severed with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian
States, and closing the option of judicial appeals to the
Privy Council in London.[89] In a 1999 referendum, 55%
of voters and a majority in every state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by
a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government
in 1972,[90] there has been an increasing focus in foreign
policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia’s traditional allies and
trading partners.[91]

3

Government

Main articles: Government of Australia, Politics of Australia and Monarchy of Australia
Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal
division of powers. It uses a parliamentary system of
government[92] with Queen Elizabeth II at its apex as the
Queen of Australia, a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms.
The Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is
represented by her viceroys in Australia (the GovernorGeneral at the federal level and by the Governors at the
state level), who by convention act on the advice of her
ministers. Supreme executive authority is vested by the
Constitution of Australia in the sovereign, but the power
to exercise it is conferred by the Constitution specifically on the Governor-General.[93][94] The most notable
exercise to date of the Governor-General’s reserve pow-

Tony Abbott, Prime Minister of Australia

ers outside the Prime Minister’s request was the dismissal
of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of
1975.[95]
The federal government is separated into three branches:
• The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined
in section 1 of the constitution as comprising the
Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the
Senate, and the House of Representatives;
• The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in
practice the Governor-General as advised by the

5
Prime Minister and Ministers of State;[96]

parties, have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses.

• The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other
federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered
Governor-General on advice of the Council.
centre-left. Queensland in particular, along with Western Australia and the Northern Territory, are regarded as
comparatively conservative.[105][106][107][108][109][110][111]
Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and the Australian
Capital Territory are regarded as comparatively socially
liberal.[107][111][112][113][114] New South Wales has often been regarded as a politically moderate bellwether
state.[111][114]
Following a partyroom leadership challenge, Julia Gillard
became the first female Prime Minister in June 2010.[115]
The most recent federal election was held on 7 September 2013 and resulted in a majority government for the
Coalition. Liberal Party leader Tony Abbott was sworn
into office as Prime Minister by the Governor-General of
Australia on 18 September.
Government House, Canberra, also known as “Yarralumla”, is
the official residence of the Governor-General.

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators:
twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the
Northern Territory).[97] The House of Representatives
(the lower house) has 150 members elected from singlemember electoral divisions, commonly known as “electorates” or “seats”, allocated to states on the basis of
population,[98] with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.[99] Elections for both chambers are
normally held every three years, simultaneously; senators
have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the
territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the
electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the
76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the
cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.[97]
Australia’s electoral system uses preferential voting for all
lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and
the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation
in a system known as the single transferable vote. Voting
is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in
every jurisdiction,[100] as is enrolment (with the exception
of South Australia).[101] The party with majority support
in the House of Representatives forms the government
and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where
no party has majority support, the Governor-General has
the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister
and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence
of Parliament.[102]
There are two major political groups that usually form
government, federally and in the states: the Australian
Labor Party and the Coalition which is a formal grouping
of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National
Party.[103][104] Independent members and several minor

4 States and territories
Main article: States and territories of Australia
A clickable map of Australia’s states and mainland
territories
Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW),
Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania
(TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—
and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT). In
most respects these two territories function as states, but
the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments. By contrast, federal legislation
overrides state legislation only in areas that are set out
in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including
those over schools, state police, the state judiciary, roads,
public transport and local government, since these do not
fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.[116]
Each state and major mainland territory has its own
parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the
ACT and Queensland—and bicameral in the other states.
The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative
Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and
Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative
Council. The head of the government in each state is
the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister.
The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor;
and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator.[117] In
the Commonwealth, the Queen’s representative is the
Governor-General.[118]

6

6 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

The federal parliament directly administers the following
territories:[96]
• Ashmore and Cartier Islands
• Australian Antarctic Territory
• Christmas Island
• Cocos (Keeling) Islands
• Coral Sea Islands
• Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Australian Army soldiers conducting a foot patrol during a joint

• Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for training exercise with US forces in Shoalwater Bay (2007).
the national capital in land that was formerly part of
New South Wales
Trade Area, and the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic
Partnership.
Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory;
however, under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been Along with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia
granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its and Singapore, Australia is party to the Five Power Deown legislative assembly. The Queen is represented by fence Arrangements, a regional defence agreement. A
founding member country of the United Nations, Ausan Administrator.[119]
tralia is strongly committed to multilateralism[133] and
Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord
maintains an international aid program under which some
Howe Island by New South Wales.
60 countries receive assistance. The 2005–06 budget
provides A$2.5 billion for development assistance.[134]
Australia ranks seventh overall in the Center for Global
5 Foreign relations and military
Development's 2008 Commitment to Development Index.[135]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Australia and
Australia’s armed forces—the Australian Defence Force
Australian Defence Force
(ADF)—comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN),
the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force
Over recent decades, Australia’s foreign relations have (RAAF), in total numbering 80,561 personnel (includbeen driven by a close association with the United States ing 55,068 regulars and 25,493 reservists).[136] The titular
through the ANZUS pact, and by a desire to develop re- role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governorlationships with Asia and the Pacific, particularly through General, who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force
ASEAN and the Pacific Islands Forum. In 2005 Australia from one of the armed services on the advice of the
secured an inaugural seat at the East Asia Summit follow- government.[137] Day-to-day force operations are under
ing its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation the command of the Chief, while broader administration
in Southeast Asia, and in 2011 attended the Sixth East and the formulation of defence policy is undertaken by
Asia Summit in Indonesia. Australia is a member of the the Minister and Department of Defence.
Commonwealth of Nations, in which the Commonwealth
In the 2010–11 budget, defence spending was A$25.7
Heads of Government meetings provide the main forum
billion,[138] representing the 13th largest defence budfor co-operation.[120]
get.[139] Australia has been involved in UN and regional
Australia has pursued the cause of international trade lib- peacekeeping, disaster relief and armed conflict, includeralisation.[121][122][123] It led the formation of the Cairns ing the 2003 invasion of Iraq; it currently has deployed
Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.[124][125] about 3,330 defence force personnel in varying capaciAustralia is a member of the Organisation for Economic ties to 12 international operations in areas including East
Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Or- Timor, Solomon Islands and Afghanistan.[140]
ganization,[126][127] and has pursued several major bilateral free trade agreements, most recently the Australia
– United States Free Trade Agreement[128] and Closer
Economic Relations with New Zealand,[129] with another 6 Geography and climate
free trade agreement being negotiated with China—the
Australia–China Free Trade Agreement—and Japan,[130] Main articles: Geography of Australia, Climate of AusSouth Korea in 2011,[131][132] Australia–Chile Free Trade tralia and Geology of Australia
Agreement, ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Australia’s landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres

7

Whitehaven Beach in Queensland.

Climatic zones in Australia, based on the Köppen climate classification.

(2,941,300 sq mi)[141] is on the Indo-Australian Plate.
Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,[N 5] it is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with
the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the
Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand.
The world’s smallest continent[143] and sixth largest country by total area,[144] Australia—owing to its size and
isolation—is often dubbed the “island continent”,[145] and
is sometimes considered the world’s largest island.[146]
Australia has 34,218 kilometres (21,262 mi) of coastline
(excluding all offshore islands),[147] and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone
does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.[148]
Apart from Macquarie Island, Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44°S, and longitudes 112° and 154°E.

itants per square kilometre, is among the lowest in the
world,[158] although a large proportion of the population
lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline.[159]
Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range,
which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New
South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not
strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of
low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than
1,600 metres (5,249 ft) in height.[160] The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the
coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing
range are large areas of grassland.[160][161] These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the
Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands
of inland Queensland. The northernmost point of the
east coast is the tropical-rainforested Cape York Peninsula.[162][163][164][165]

The Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral reef,[149]
lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends
for over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi). Mount Augustus,
claimed to be the world’s largest monolith,[150] is located
in Western Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), Mount
Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest
mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are
Mawson Peak (at 2,745 metres or 9,006 feet), on the
remote Australian territory of Heard Island, and, in the
Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and
Mount Menzies, at 3,492 metres (11,457 ft) and 3,355
metres (11,007 ft) respectively.[151]
Australia’s size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with
tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in
the south-east, south-west and east, and dry desert in the
centre.[152] It is the flattest continent,[153] with the oldest and least fertile soils;[154][155] desert or semi-arid land
commonly known as the outback makes up by far the
largest portion of land.[156] The driest inhabited continent, its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is
less than 500 mm.[157] The population density, 2.8 inhab-

Topographic map of Australia

The landscapes of the Top End and the Gulf Country—
with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland,
wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert.[166][167][168] At
the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley, and below
that the Pilbara. To the south of these and inland, lie

8

7 ENVIRONMENT

more areas of grassland: the Ord Victoria Plain and
the Western Australian Mulga shrublands.[169][170][171] At
the heart of the country are the uplands of central Australia. Prominent features of the centre and south include
Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt
Stony, Gibson, Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria
deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern
coast.[172][173][174][175]
The climate of Australia is significantly influenced
by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole
and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical
low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern
Australia.[176][177] These factors cause rainfall to vary
markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part
of the country has a tropical, predominantly summerrainfall (monsoon) climate.[178] The southwest corner of
the country has a Mediterranean climate.[179] Much of the The koala and the eucalyptus form an iconic Australian pair.
southeast (including Tasmania) is temperate.[178]

7

Environment

Main article: Environment of Australia
See also: Fauna of Australia, Flora of Australia and
Fungi of Australia

Many of Australia’s ecoregions, and the species within
those regions, are threatened by human activities
and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant
species.[189] All these factors have led to Australia having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.[190] The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal
framework for the protection of threatened species.[191]
Numerous protected areas have been created under the
National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia’s
Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique
ecosystems;[192][193] 65 wetlands are listed under the
Ramsar Convention,[194] and 16 natural World Heritage
Sites have been established.[195] Australia was ranked
3rd out of 178 countries in the world on the 2014
Environmental Performance Index.[196]

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert,
it includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine
heaths to tropical rainforests, and is recognised as a
megadiverse country. Fungi typify that diversity; an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been
described—occur in Australia.[180] Because of the continent’s great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and
long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia’s biota
is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants,
84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of 7.1 Environmental issues
in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic.[181] Australia
has the greatest number of reptiles of any country, with See also: Climate change in Australia, Greenhouse gas
emissions in Australia and Pollution in Australia
755 species.[182]
Protection of the environment is also a major political
Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen
species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions, wattles replace them in drier regions and deserts
as the most dominant species.[183] Among well-known
Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and
echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo,
koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the
kookaburra.[183] Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in
the world.[184] The dingo was introduced by Austronesian
people who traded with Indigenous Australians around
3000 BCE.[185] Many animal and plant species became
extinct soon after first human settlement,[186] including
the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since
European settlement, among them the thylacine.[187][188] Drought affecting Lake Hume on the Upper Murray River.

9
issue.[197][198] In 2007, the First Rudd Government signed
the instrument of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. Nevertheless, Australia’s carbon dioxide emissions per capita
are among the highest in the world, lower than those
of only a few other industrialised nations.[199] Rainfall
in Australia has slightly increased over the past century,
both nationwide and for two quadrants of the nation.[200]
According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña
weather pattern, however, “the country’s 10-year average
continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures,
with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest
10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C above
the long-term average”.[201] Furthermore, 2014 was Australia’s third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.[202][203]
Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic
shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.[204][205] Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods
of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing
dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred
throughout Eastern Australia in 2010, 2011 and 2012 after the 2000s Australian drought.

8

Economy

of poverty. In terms of average wealth, Australia ranked
second in the world after Switzerland in 2013, although
the nation’s poverty rate increased from 10.2 per cent
to 11.8 per cent, from 2000/01 to 2013.[209][210] It was
identified by the Credit Suisse Research Institute as the
nation with the highest median wealth in the world and
the second-highest average wealth per adult in 2013.[209]
The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and
Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island
states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2006
merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney
Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange
became the ninth largest in the world.[211]
Ranked third in the Index of Economic Freedom
(2010),[212] Australia is the world’s twelfth largest economy and has the fifth highest per capita GDP (nominal) at $66,984. The country was ranked second in
the United Nations 2011 Human Development Index
and first in Legatum's 2008 Prosperity Index.[9] All of
Australia’s major cities fare well in global comparative
livability surveys;[213] Melbourne reached first place on
The Economist's 2011,[214] 2012[215] and 2013 world’s
most liveable cities lists, followed by Adelaide, Sydney, and Perth in the fifth, seventh, and ninth places
respectively.[216] Total government debt in Australia is
about $190 billion[217] – 20% of GDP in 2010.[218] Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the
highest household-debt levels in the world.[219]

Main article: Economy of Australia
See also: Economic history of Australia, Median
household income in Australia and New Zealand and
Transport in Australia
Australia is a wealthy country; it generates its
100 Australian exports in 2006 shown
as a percentage of the top market
10
(Japan - A$32,425,000,000)
1

Destination and value of Australian exports in 2006[220]

An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in
Australia’s terms of trade since the start of the 21st century, due to rising commodity prices. Australia has a balance of payments that is more than 7% of GDP negative,
and has had persistently large current account deficits for
more than 50 years.[221] Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison
to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.[221] Australia was
Australia is the world’s fourth largest exporter of wine. The
Barossa Valley is a major wine-producing region in South Aus- the only advanced economy not to experience a recession
due to the global financial downturn in 2008–2009.[222]
tralia.
However, the economies of six of Australia’s major tradincome from various sources including mining- ing partners have been in recession, which in turn has
related exports, telecommunications, banking and affected Australia, significantly hampering its economic
manufacturing.[206][207][208] It has a market economy, a growth in recent years.[223][224] From 2012 to early 2013,
relatively high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate Australia’s national economy grew, but some non-mining

10
states and Australia’s non-mining economy experienced
a recession.[225][226][227]

9 DEMOGRAPHICS

9 Demographics

The Hawke Government floated the Australian dol- Main articles: Demographics of Australia, Immigration
lar in 1983 and partially deregulated the financial to Australia and List of cities in Australia by population
system.[228] The Howard Government followed with a For almost two centuries the majority of settlers, and
partial deregulation of the labour market and the further privatisation of state-owned businesses, most notably
in the telecommunications industry.[229] The indirect tax
system was substantially changed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% Goods and Services Tax (GST).[230]
In Australia’s tax system, personal and company income
tax are the main sources of government revenue.[231]

Nearly three quarters of Australians live in metropolitan cities
and coastal areas. The beach is an integral part of the Australian
identity.[240]

later immigrants, came from the British Isles. As a
result the people of Australia are primarily of British
and/or Irish ethnic origin. The 2011 Census asked respondents to provide a maximum of two ancestries with
which they most closely identify. The most commonly
nominated ancestry was English (36.1%), followed by
Australian (35.4%),[241] Irish (10.4%), Scottish (8.9%),
The Super Pit gold mine in Kalgoorlie, Australia’s largest open Italian (4.6%), German (4.5%), Chinese (4.3%), Indian
cut mine.[232]
(2.0%), Greek (1.9%), and Dutch (1.7%).[242] Because
Australia’s census doesn't ask for racial background, it
In May 2012, there were 11,537,900 people employed is unclear how many Australians are descendants of
(either full- or part-time), with an unemployment rate Europeans. Estimates vary from 85% - 92%.[243][244]
of 5.1%.[233] Youth unemployment (15–24) stood at Asian Australians make up 12% of the population.[245]
11.2%.[233] Data released in mid-November 2013 showed
has quadrupled since the end of
that the number of welfare recipients had grown by 55%. Australia’s population
[246]
World
War
I.
Nevertheless,
its population density, 2.8
In 2007 228,621 Newstart unemployment allowance reinhabitants per square kilometre, remains among the lowcipients were registered, a total that increased to 646,414
[158]
As such, Australians have more livin March 2013.[234] According to the Graduate Careers est in the world.
ing space per person than the inhabitants of any other naSurvey, full-time employment for newly qualified prodwelling sizes well over double those of
fessionals from various occupations has declined since tion, with average[247]
Western Europe.
Aside from natural increases, Aus2011 but it increases for graduates three years after
tralia’s
population
growth
has also stemmed from over
[235][236]
graduation.
two centuries of immigration. Following World War II
Over the past decade, inflation has typically been 2–3% and through to 2000, almost 5.9 million of the total popand the base interest rate 5–6%. The service sector of ulation settled in the country as new immigrants, meaning
the economy, including tourism, education, and financial that nearly two out of every seven Australians were born
services, accounts for about 70% of GDP.[237] Rich in in another country.[248] Most immigrants are skilled,[249]
natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agri- but the immigration quota includes categories for family
cultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals members and refugees.[249] By 2050, Australia’s populasuch as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of tion is currently projected to reach around 42 million.[250]
liquified natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and
natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP In 2011, 24.6% of Australians were born elsewhere
of people had at least one overseas-born
respectively, they contribute substantially to export per- and 43.1%
[251]
the
largest immigrant groups were those from
parent;
formance. Australia’s largest export markets are Japan,
United
Kingdom,
New Zealand, China, India, Italy,
the
[238]
AusChina, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.
[252]
Vietnam,
and
Philippines.
tralia is the world’s fourth largest exporter of wine, and
the wine industry contributes $5.5 billion per year to the Over 80 percent of Australia’s population is of European ancestry, and most of the rest are of Asian hernation’s economy.[239]

9.2

Religion

itage, with a smaller minority of Indigenous background.
Following the abolition of the White Australia policy in
1973, numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based
on a policy of multiculturalism.[253] In 2005–06, more
than 131,000 people emigrated to Australia, mainly from
Asia and Oceania.[254] The migration target for 2012–13
is 190,000,[255] compared to 67,900 in 1998–99.[256]

11

Over 250 Indigenous Australian languages are thought
to have existed at the time of first European contact,
of which less than 20 are still in daily use by all age
groups.[275][276] About 110 others are spoken exclusively
by older people.[276] At the time of the 2006 census,
52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the
Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[277] Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of
The rural population of Australia in 2012 was 2,420,731
[278]
[257]
(10.66% of the total population).
The Indigenous about 5,500 deaf people.
population—Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders—was
counted at 548,370 (2.5% of the total population) in
9.2 Religion
2011,[258] a significant increase from 115,953 in the 1976
[259]
census.
The increase is partly due to many people
Main article: Religion in Australia
with Indigenous heritage previously having been overlooked by the census due to undercount and cases where
their Indigenous status had not been recorded on the Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the
Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government
form.
from making any law to establish any religion, impose
Indigenous Australians experience higher than average
any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise
rates of imprisonment and unemployment, lower levels
of any religion.[279] In the 2011 census, 61.1% of Ausof education, and life expectancies for males and females
tralians were counted as Christian, including 25.3% as
that are 11–17 years lower than those of non-indigenous
Roman Catholic and 17.1% as Anglican; 22.3% of the
[238][260][261]
Australians.
Some remote Indigenous compopulation reported having "no religion"; 7.2% identify
munities have been described as having "failed state"-like
with non-Christian religions, the largest of these being
[262][263][264][265][266]
conditions.
Buddhism (2.5%), followed by Islam (2.2%), Hinduism
In common with many other developed countries, Aus- (1.3%) and Judaism (0.5%). The remaining 9.4% of the
tralia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an population did not provide an adequate answer.[252]
older population, with more retirees and fewer people of
Before European settlement, the animist beliefs of Ausworking age. In 2004, the average age of the civilian poptralia’s indigenous people had been practised for many
[267]
ulation was 38.8 years.
A large number of Australians
thousands of years. Mainland Aboriginal Australians',
[268]
(759,849 for the period 2002–03;
1 million or 5% of
spirituality is known as the Dreamtime and it places a
[269]
the total population in 2005
) live outside their home
heavy emphasis on belonging to the land. The collection
country.
of stories that it contains shaped Aboriginal law and customs. Aboriginal art, story and dance continue to draw
on these spiritual traditions. The spirituality and customs
of Torres Strait Islanders, who inhabit the islands between
9.1 Language
Australia and New Guinea, reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea. The 1996 Australian
Main article: Languages of Australia
census counted more than 7000 respondents as followers
of a traditional Aboriginal religion.[280]
Although Australia has no official language, English
has always been entrenched as the de facto national Since the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships in 1788,
language.[2] Australian English is a major variety of the Christianity has grown to be the major religion practised
language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,[271] and in Australia. Christian churches have played an integral
differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar role in the development of education, health and weland spelling.[272] General Australian serves as the stan- fare services in Australia. For much of Australian hisdard dialect. According to the 2011 census, English is tory the Church of England (now known as the Anglican
the only language spoken in the home for close to 81% Church of Australia) was the largest religious affiliation.
of the population. The next most common languages However, multicultural immigration has contributed to a
spoken at home are Mandarin (1.7%), Italian (1.5%), decline in its relative position, and the Roman Catholic
Arabic (1.4%), Cantonese (1.3%), Greek (1.3%), and Church has benefitted from recent immigration to beVietnamese (1.2%);[252] a considerable proportion of come the largest group. Similarly, Islam, Buddhism,
have all grown in Australia over
first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. A Hinduism and Judaism
[281]
the
past
half-century.
2010–2011 study by the Australia Early Development Index found the most common language spoken by chil- A survey by the Bertelsmann Foundation found that “Ausdren after English was Arabic, followed by Vietnamese, tralia is one of the least religious nations in the western
world, coming in 17th out of 21 [countries] surveyed”
Greek, Chinese, and Hindi.[273][274]

12

9 DEMOGRAPHICS

The University of Sydney is the oldest university in Australia

Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated
to be 99% in 2003.[295] However, a 2011–12 report for
the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50%.[296]
In the Programme for International Student Assessment,
Australia regularly scores among the top five of thirty
major developed countries (member countries of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Catholic education accounts for the largest nongovernment sector.
Australia has 37 government-funded universities and two
private universities, as well as a number of other specialSt Mary’s Catholic Cathedral, Sydney, built to a design by
provide approved courses at the higher
William Wardell. About a quarter of Australians are Roman ist institutions that
[297]
education
level.
The University of Sydney is AusCatholic.
tralia’s oldest university, having been founded in 1850.
Other notable universities include those of the Group of
and that “Nearly three out of four Australians say they are Eight leading tertiary institutions.
either not at all religious or that religion does not play a The OECD places Australia among the most expencentral role in their lives.”[282] While weekly attendance at sive nations to attend university.[298] There is a statechurch services in 2001 was about 1.5 million[283] (about based system of vocational training, known as TAFE,
7.8% of the population),[284] a survey of 1,718 Aus- and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new
tralians by the Christian Research Association at the end tradespeople.[299] About 58% of Australians aged from
of 2009 suggested that the number of people attending 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,[238] and
religious services per month in Australia dropped from the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among
23% in 1993 to 16% in 2009, and while 60% of 15 to OECD countries. The ratio of international to local stu29-year-old respondents in 1993 identified with Christian dents in tertiary education in Australia is the highest in
denominations, 33% did in 2009.[285]
the OECD countries.[300]

9.3

Education

Main article: Education in Australia
School attendance, or registration for home
schooling,[286][287] is compulsory throughout Australia.
Education is the responsibility of the individual states
and territories[288] so the rules vary between states, but
in general children are required to attend school from the
age of about 5 up until about 16.[289][290] In some states
(e.g., Western Australia,[291] the Northern Territory[292]
and New South Wales[293][294] ), children aged 16–17
are required to either attend school or participate in
vocational training, such as an apprenticeship.

9.4 Health
See also: Health care in Australia
Australia has the fourth highest life expectancy in the
world after Iceland, Japan and Hong Kong.[301] Life expectancy in Australia in 2010 was 79.5 years for males
and 84.0 years for females.[302] Australia has the highest rates of skin cancer in the world,[303] while cigarette
smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and
disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality
and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is
hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.[304][305]

10.1

Arts

13

Australia ranks 35th in the world[306] and near the top of works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and others assodeveloped nations for its proportion of obese adults.[307] ciated with the 19th-century Heidelberg School, the first
[319]
Total expenditure on health (including private sector “distinctively Australian” movement in Western art.
spending) is around 9.8% of GDP.[308] Australia introduced universal health care in 1975.[309] Known as
Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income
tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently set
at 1.5%.[310] The states manage hospitals and attached
outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of
medicines) and general practice.[309]

10

Culture
Sidney Nolan's Snake mural (1970), held at the Museum of Old

and New Art, is inspired by the Aboriginal creation myth of the
Main article: Culture of Australia
Since 1788, the basis of Australian culture has Rainbow Serpent, as well as the Australian landscape.

The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was the first building
in Australia to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
2004.[311]

been strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic Western culture.[312][313] Distinctive cultural features have also arisen
from Australia’s natural environment and Indigenous
cultures.[314][315] Since the mid-20th century, American
popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema.[316] Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries,
and through large-scale immigration from non-Englishspeaking nations.[316][317]

10.1

Arts

Main articles: Australian art, Theatre of Australia and
Dance in Australia
Australian visual arts are thought to have begun with the
cave paintings, rock engravings and body painting of its
Indigenous peoples. The traditions of Indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally, through ceremony
and the telling of Dreamtime stories.[318] From the time
of European settlement, a major theme in Australian art
has been the natural landscape, seen for example in the

The country’s landscape remains a source of inspiration
for Australian modernist artists; it has been depicted
in acclaimed works by the likes of Albert Namatjira,
Sidney Nolan,[320] Arthur Boyd,[321] Fred Williams,[322]
Margaret Preston and Clifton Pugh.[323] Contemporary
Indigenous Australian art is the only art movement of international significance to emerge from Australia[324] and
“the last great art movement of the 20th century";[325]
its exponents have included Emily Kngwarreye.[326]
Art critic Robert Hughes has written several influential books about Australian history and art, and was
described as the “world’s most famous art critic” by
The New York Times.[327] The National Gallery of Australia and state galleries maintain Australian and overseas
collections.[328] Australia has one of the world’s highest
attendances of art galleries and museums per head of
population—far more than Britain or America.[329]
Many of Australia’s performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government’s Australia
Council.[330] There is a symphony orchestra in each
state,[331] and a national opera company, Opera Australia,[332] well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.[333] At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie
Melba was one of the world’s leading opera singers.[334]
Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly
funded theatre company.[335]
Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Paterson, Henry
Lawson, and Dorothea Mackellar captured the experience of the Australian bush.[336] The character of the nation’s colonial past, as represented in early literature, is
popular with modern Australians.[314] In 1973, Patrick
White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only
Australian to have achieved this.[337] Australian winners
of the Man Booker Prize have included Peter Carey and
Thomas Keneally;[338] David Williamson, David Malouf
and J. M. Coetzee, who has become an Australian citizen,
are also renowned writers[339] and Les Murray is regarded

14

10

as “one of the leading poets of his generation”.[340]

CULTURE

10.3 Cuisine
Main article: Australian cuisine
The food of Indigenous Australians was largely influ-

10.2

Media

Main articles: Television in Australia, Media of Australia
and Music of Australia
The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world’s first

The pavlova, a meringue-based dessert, is synonymous with Australian cuisine.

Actor playing the bushranger Ned Kelly in The Story of the Kelly
Gang (1906), the world’s first feature film

feature length film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era.[341] After World War
I, Hollywood monopolised the industry,[342] and by
the 1960s Australian film production had effectively
ceased.[343] With the benefit of government support, the
Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative
and successful films, many exploring the nation’s colonial past, such as Picnic at Hanging Rock and Breaker
Morant,[344] while the so-called Ozploitation genre produced international blockbusters, including the Mad Max
series.[345] More recent successes included Shine and
Rabbit-Proof Fence.[346][347] Notable Australian actors include Judith Anderson,[348] Errol Flynn,[349] Nicole Kidman, Naomi Watts,[350] Hugh Jackman, Heath Ledger,
Geoffrey Rush, and Cate Blanchett.[351]
Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian
Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special
Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services,[352] and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper,[352] and there
are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and
The Australian Financial Review.[352] In 2010, Reporters
Without Borders placed Australia 18th on a list of 178
countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand
(8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (19th) and United
States (20th).[353] This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media
ownership in Australia;[354] most print media are under
the control of News Corporation and Fairfax Media.[355]

enced by the area in which they lived. Most tribal groups
subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet, hunting native game and fish and collecting native plants and fruit.
The general term for native Australian flora and fauna
used as a source of food is bush tucker.[356][357] The
first settlers introduced British food to the continent,
and much of that is now considered typical Australian
food; the Sunday roast has become an enduring tradition
for many Australians.[358][359] Since the beginning of the
20th century, food in Australia has increasingly been influenced by immigrants to the nation, particularly from
Southern European and Asian cultures.[358][359] Although
the country of origin is largely disputed between Australia and New Zealand,[360][361][362] the meringue-based
dessert pavlova has become an icon of Australian cuisine, popularly served on Christmas Day and usually garnished with fruit and cream. Australian wine is produced
in 60 distinct production areas totalling about 160,000
hectares, mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country. The wine regions in each of these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of local climates and soil types. In 1995, an Australian red
wine, Penfolds Grange, won the Wine Spectator award
for Wine of the Year, the first time a wine from outside
France or California achieved this distinction.[363]

10.4 Sport
Main article: Sport in Australia
About 24% of Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities.[238] Australia has strong international teams in cricket, hockey,
netball, rugby league, and rugby union, having been
Olympic or world champions at least twice in each
sport in the last 25 years for both men and women
where applicable.[365][366][367][368][369][370][371][372] Australia is also powerful in track cycling, rowing, and swim-

15
Australian Alps and parts of Tasmania.

11 See also
• Transport in Australia
• Tourism in Australia
• Visa policy of Australia
Cricket has been an important part of Australia’s sporting culture
since the 19th century.[364]

• Outline of Australia
• Book:Australia

ming, having consistently been in the top-five medalwinners at Olympic or World Championship level since
2000.[373][374][375] Swimming is the strongest of these
sports; Australia is the second-most prolific medal winner in the sport in Olympic history.[376][377][378]
Some of Australia’s most internationally well-known
and successful sportspeople are swimmers Dawn Fraser,
Murray Rose, Shane Gould, and Ian Thorpe; sprinters Shirley Strickland, Betty Cuthbert, and Cathy Freeman;[379] tennis players Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, Ken
Rosewall, Evonne Goolagong, and Margaret Court;
cricketers Donald Bradman and Shane Warne; three-time
Formula One world champion Jack Brabham; five-time
motorcycle grand prix world champion Mick Doohan;
golfers Greg Norman and Karrie Webb;[380] cyclist
Hubert Opperman, prodigious billiards player Walter
Lindrum[381] and basketball players Andrew Bogut[382]
and Lauren Jackson. Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, squash, surfing, soccer, and motor racing. The annual Melbourne
Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest.
Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era,[383] and has
hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000
in Sydney.[384] Australia has also participated in every
Commonwealth Games,[385] hosting the event in 1938,
1962, 1982, 2006 and will host the 2018 Commonwealth
Games.[386] As well as being a regular FIFA World Cup
participant, Australia has won the OFC Nations Cup four
times and the AFC Asian Cup once – the only country to
have won championships in two different FIFA confederations. Other major international events held in Australia
include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament, international cricket matches, and the Australian
Formula One Grand Prix. Australia hosted the 2003
Rugby World Cup and the annual Australia–New Zealand
Bledisloe Cup is keenly watched. The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the Summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Rugby League State of
Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League
and Australian Football League.[387] Skiing in Australia
began in the 1860s and snow sports take place in the

12 Notes
[1] Australia’s royal anthem is "God Save the Queen", played
in the presence of a member of the Royal family when
they are in Australia. In all other appropriate contexts, the
national anthem of Australia, "Advance Australia Fair", is
played.[1]
[2] English does not have de jure status.[2] 1986 National
language English[N 2] Demonym
• Australian
• Aussie[3][4]
Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy - Monarch Elizabeth II - Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove - Prime Minister Tony Abbott - Chief
Justice Robert French Legislature Parliament - Upper
house Senate - Lower house House of Representatives
Independence from the United Kingdom - Federation,
Constitution 1 January 1901 - Statute of Westminster
Adoption Act 9 October 1942 (with effect
from 3 September 1939) - Australia Act 3 March 1986
Area - Total 7,692,024 km2 (6th)
2,969,907 sq mi Population - 2015 estimate 23,763,200[5]
(51st) - 2011 census 21,507,717[6] - Density 2.8/km2
(233rd)
7.3/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate - Total $1.100
trillion[7] (19th) - Per capita $46,631[7] (15th) GDP
(nominal) 2014 estimate - Total $1.483 trillion[7] (12th)
- Per capita $62,822[7] (5th) Gini (2012)33.6[8]
medium · 19th HDI (2013) 0.933[9]
very high · 2nd Currency Australian dollar (AUD) Time
zone variouszation|urbanised]] and heavThere are minor
variations from three basic time zones; see Time in Australia.
[3]
[4] The Oxford English Dictionary records a first occurrence
in 1908, in the form Oss. Oz is often taken as an oblique
reference to the fictional Land of Oz in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939), based on L. Frank Baum's novel The
Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).[23] Australians’ “image
of Australia as a 'Land of Oz' is not new, and dedication
to it runs deep”.[24] The spelling Oz is likely to have been

16

13

influenced by the 1939 film, though the pronunciation was
probably always with a /z/, as it is also for Aussie, sometimes spelt Ozzie.[25] The Baz Luhrmann film Australia
(2008) makes repeated reference to The Wizard of Oz,
which appeared just before the wartime action of Australia. Some critics have even speculated that Baum was
inspired by Australia, in naming the Land of Oz: “In Ozma
of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a
storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are travelling by
ship to Australia. So, like Australia, Oz is somewhere to
the west of California. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent. Like Australia, Oz has inhabited regions bordering
on a great desert. One might almost imagine that Baum
intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in
the center of the great Australian desert.”[26]
[5] Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the Southern Ocean, rather than the Indian Ocean
as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization
(IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined
the term “Southern Ocean” as applying only to the waters
between Antarctica and 60 degrees south latitude.[142]

13

References

[1] It’s an Honour – Symbols – Australian National Anthem and DFAT – “The Australian National Anthem”;
“National Symbols”. Parliamentary Handbook of the
Commonwealth of Australia (29th ed.). 2005 [2002]. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
[2] “Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies?". 1995
Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney.
Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived
from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 11
January 2009. “English has no de jure status but it is so
entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the
official language as well as the national language.”
[3] See entry in the Macquarie Dictionary.
[4] Collins English Dictionary.
Bishopbriggs, Glasgow:
HarperCollins. 2009. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-00-786171-2.
[5] “Population clock”. Australian Bureau of Statistics website. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 1 January
2015. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained
from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
[6] Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012).
“Australia”. 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 21 June
2012.
[7] “Australia”. International Monetary Fund. April 2014.
Retrieved 1 November 2014.
[8] “OECD Economic Surveys: Norway 2012”.
[9] “2014 Human Development Report Summary”. United
Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25.
Retrieved 27 July 2014.

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• Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart
(1999). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN
0-19-553597-9.

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[375] “2009 Pruszkow WCH are a history now!". trackpruszkow2009.com. 29 March 2009. Archived from the
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[376] “Swimming’s big splash”. BBC Sports. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
[377] Gordos, Phil (21 August 2004). “Phelps causes biggest
splash”. BBC Sports. Retrieved 19 November 2006.

• Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds) (2011). The
Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture Cambridge
University Press, Port Melbourne, Victoria. ISBN
978-0-521-88857-8

[378] “100 of our Finest”. Australian Olympic Committee.
Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved
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• Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The
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[379] “Australia’s Greatest Olympian”. Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

• Powell JM (1988). An Historical Geography of
Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52125619-4

[380] “Player: Karrie Webb”. LPGA.com. Ladies Professional
Golf Association. Archived from the original on 10 May
2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
[381] “Recognising Australia’s greatest athletes and providing
scholarships to Australia’s youth”. Sport Australia Hall of
Fame. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009.

• Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ (2000)
Australia and New Zealand: economy, society
and environment. London: Arnold; NY: OUP;
0340720336 paper 0-340720328 hard.

27

16

External links

• Wikimedia Atlas of Australia
• About Australia from the Department of Foreign
Affairs and Trade website
• Governments of Australia website (federal, states
and territories)
• Australian Government website
• Australian Bureau of Statistics
• Community organisations portal
• Tourism Australia
• Australia entry at The World Factbook
• Australia at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Australia at DMOZ
• Geographic data
OpenStreetMap

related

to

Australia

at

28

17

17
17.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
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EBB, Baronjonas, SimonLyall, Icairns, Zfr, Jezford, Joyous!, Dcandeto, JohnArmagh, Syvanen, Gtru e, Grm wnr, Walabio, DMG413,
M1ss1ontomars2k4, Zondor, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Squash, Randwicked, Grunt, Canterbury Tail, Jakro64, Lacrimosus, Esperant,
Bluemask, Grstain, Guppyfinsoup, Theone3, Mike Rosoft, Shiftchange, Alkivar, Ta bu shi da yu, Mormegil, Jayjg, PZFUN, Freakofnurture, EugeneZelenko, Random contributor, Bornintheguz, Moverton, Discospinster, ElTyrant, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Stuart hc,
Brutannica, KittySaturn, ThomasK, Oska, AxSkov, Wikiacc, Silence, MeltBanana, David Schaich, Mikekalis, Xezbeth, Quiensabe, Alistair1978, Paul August, MarkS, SpookyMulder, Mollyemo, WegianWarrior, Bender235, ESkog, Sc147, Ntennis, FrankCostanza, Swid,
Kelvinc, Crtrue, Loren36, Violetriga, BjarteSorensen, Konstantin, Deus Ex Machina, CanisRufus, E Pluribus Anthony redux, Zscout370,
Karmafist, Li@m, El C, Lankiveil, Bletch, Kwamikagami, QuartierLatin1968, Aude, Shanes, Sietse Snel, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Nickj,
Femto, Thunderbrand, Jpgordon, Guettarda, Causa sui, Thuresson, Bobo192, Mikeh, Thortful, NetBot, Longhair, Fir0002, Hurricane111,
Ruszewski, Rhysn, Func, Flxmghvgvk, BrokenSegue, Lambton, ZayZayEM, Garlics82, Foobaz, Savvo, Jguk 2, Alberuni, Diceman, Jerryseinfeld, La goutte de pluie, Xtra, Slambo, NickSchweitzer, PeterisP, Ajdlinux, Minghong, Hesperian, Sam Korn, (aeropagitica), Pharos,
Pearle, Martyman, Gsklee, Jonathunder, Jjron, Stephen Bain, Mareino, Ommnomnomgulp, Shirimasen, Stephen G. Brown, Dillonstars,
Alansohn, JYolkowski, Evaa, Marnen, SnowFire, Walter Görlitz, Buaidh, Hydriotaphia, Somebody in the WWW, TimMorris, Mr Adequate, WTGDMan1986, John Quiggin, Wrinkles, Ronline, Cjthellama, Riana, Primalchaos, Jnothman, MarkGallagher, Splat, Agnte,
Water Bottle, Lightdarkness, DLJessup, Pippu d'Angelo, InShaneee, Milesli, Cdc, CJ, Denniss, Malo, Avenue, Alinor, Uther Dhoul, Ravenhull, Marianocecowski, Kefto1, Wtmitchell, Erik, Saga City, Fourthords, Mattsday, Evil Monkey, Ilse@, RubenSchade, RainbowOfLight,
Sickre, Silim, Kaiser matias, Ephestion, Skyring, Henry W. Schmitt, Computerjoe, Jguk, Petermccallum, Ianblair23, SteinbDJ, Gene
Nygaard, Alai, Drbreznjev, HGB, Nightstallion, Embryomystic, Bookandcoffee, Red dwarf, Smokeala, Bastin, Stephen, Daveydweeb, Novacatz, Weyes, Ian Moody, Sterio, Angr, Joriki, Kelly Martin, OwenX, Woohookitty, Henrik, ScottDavis, SusanLarson, Politas, Rocastelo,
25or6to4, StradivariusTV, Piernodoyuna, Qaddosh, Alakhriveion, Pol098, Commander Keane, Ratzer, Manwe, WadeSimMiser, MONGO,
Lawe, Tabletop, Lapsed Pacifist, MartinVillafuerte85, Dmol, Grace Note, Hbdragon88, Bhound89, Bbatsell, Terence, Huhsunqu, Steinbach, Greg-nz, SCEhardt, John Hill, BlaiseFEgan, Andromeda321, Mb1000, Zzyzx11, Noetica, Jonnabuz, Wayward,
, Jon Harald
Søby, Toussaint, M040601, Cedrus-Libani, Formeruser0910, Karam.Anthony.K, Zpb52, PeregrineAY, Geoff Wing, MJK, Thirty-seven,
Jwoodger, Matilda, Ashmoo, Graham87, Marskell, Magister Mathematicae, Taestell, Deadcorpse, Wachholder0, Chun-hian, Stevenplunkett, FreplySpang, RxS, Grammarbot, Icey, Miss Pippa, Electionworld, Imperialles, Canderson7, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Ansend,
Koavf, Ian Page, Gryffindor, Vary, Bob A, MarSch, Bill37212, Franck Martin, Hairymon, PinchasC, Political pluralist007, JHMM13,
Tangotango, Sdornan, Bruce1ee, TheRingess, Feydey, Tawker, SpNeo, SMC, Vegaswikian, Funnyhat, Ligulem, Brighterorange, Afterwriting, The wub, Bdegfcunbbfv, MarnetteD, E-Man, Thesatelliteguy, FlavrSavr, Elvum, JohnnoShadbolt, Ucucha, Sango123, Cassowary,
Yamamoto Ichiro, Titoxd, JeffStickney, FlaBot, Fazdeconta, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, RJP, CalJW, Musical Linguist, Doc glasgow, Winhunter, Nihiltres, Alhutch, Menasmenas, Nivix, Hottentot, Themanwithoutapast, Paul foord, Shadow007, Pathoschild, RexNL, Gurch,
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Thefourdotelipsis, Alphachimp, Malhonen, McDogm, Johnnyb82, Supersaiyanplough, Emiao, Mr Bartels, Russavia, Gareth E Kegg, Bjrice,
Idaltu, Toi, Nomadtales, Chobot, Semisomna, DaGizza, AFA, MisterSpooky, Jared Preston, Mhking, JesseGarrett, Gdrbot, Korg, 334a,
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Gary Joseph, Pokemon, Nikuma, Elfguy, Toryboy, Roboto de Ajvol, JPD, The Rambling Man, TexasAndroid, DownUnder555, Sceptre,
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Shanel, NawlinWiki, Daniel563, Edinborgarstefan, Hawkeye7, BLADELIGAR, SEWilcoBot, Wiki alf, Jad.bh, Aeusoes1, NickBush24,
Jaxl, Welsh, DSYoungEsq, Rjensen, Maverick Leonhart, Waffle, Lexicon, Cleared as filed, Mshecket, Johndarrington, Aaron Brenneman,
THB, Xdenizen, HowardDean, PhilipO, SoxFan, Raven4x4x, Saberwyn, Misza13, Tony1, Zwobot, Aaron Schulz, Private Guy, Dockcharlotte, BOT-Superzerocool, Figaro, Mysid, Morgan Leigh, Eric A. Warbuton, Malepheasant, Wolfling, 1717, Jpeob, Hillrhpc, SmellyC,
Brisvegas, Martinwilke1980, Ilmaisin, Nlu, User27091, Dv82matt, David Underdown, AndrewBartlett, Nick123, Mxcatania, Searchme,
Vox latina, Jkelly, Radicalsubversiv2, FF2010, Jcrook1987, TroyReid, Johndburger, Deville, Theodolite, Zzuuzz, Bongomanrae, Ali K,
Gregzeng, BenBildstein, Trisreed, Barryob, Nikkimaria, Theda, Jwissick, Fang Aili, Chanheigeorge, Th1rt3en, Jigjog, Stasonchik, Banana04131, Canley, Redgrittybrick, GraemeL, JoanneB, Silverhelm, Beneaththelandslide, Alias Flood, Tarkovsky, Alm93, CooperHawkes,
TonyTheTerrier, POds, Hayden120, Emc2, El T, GinaDana, Spliffy, Getoar, AKAF, Freddofrog, Stuhacking, Kungfuadam, Sliat 1981,

17.1

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Erudy, Ramanpotential, Persept, Auroranorth, Roke, Nick-D, Sam Weber, Babij, DVD R W, Soir, CIreland, The Yeti, Luk, Jeffklib, Harman18, Sardanaphalus, Phinnaeus, Amalthea, Crystallina, Sarah, Remiel, Ozzmosis, SmackBot, Looper5920, Jaseparlo, YellowMonkey,
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Master Jay, Bluebot, Bidgee, Keegan, Biatch, Gaiacarra, SynergyBlades, Rogerthat, Romen, Persian Poet Gal, Zaunmtj, Rmt2m, Kitzke,
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Lakers, Qazqazqaz, Dorro, Joseph Solis in Australia, Yagnikhiren, Myrtone86, A Person 300, Blueheels, King kong92, J Di, Executive.koala, Amakuru, SweetNeo85, CapitalR, Jackp, Hector McPherson, Guest0495, Blehfu, Civil Engineer III, Goran.S2, Az1568, Ziusudra, Anger22, Nkayesmith, Chovain, MrBoo, Radiant chains, Thricecube, Tawkerbot2, Cryptic C62, Galati, Fvasconcellos, Xcentaur, JForget, Chappo, Cuneas, DangerousPanda, Phillip J, The stuff is good, Ale jrb, Jimmy cannon, ZICO, Wafulz, Seb162005, Crownjewel82,
Scohoust, CBM, Yummylunch, Grimgor79, ThePrankster, Orderinchaos, Wommy34, Virgule82, Basawala, GHe, Nickm57, Theblackplague, MrZap, THF, TommYGunneR, Skyymangar, Comic master, Paul limbers, Alandavidson, MarsRover, Shizane, Casper2k3, LCpl,
Krabby me, IrishJew, Auriong, Oden, Jgrischow1, Pewwer42, CapDac, IEEE, Kribbeh, HalJor, Cydebot, Timeshift9, Danrok, Mblumber,
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Bridgecross, Anthonyhcole, R-41, Plerdsus, Umdunno, ST47, Tomwithanh, J IS ME CONQUERS ALL, J IS ME FEELS NEGLECTED,
Randomn DOGS RUN FREE, Agne27, Pascal.Tesson, Manutd 12345, Zsean, Who but you is popo, Synergy, Amandajm, Acs4b, Q43,
Tawkerbot4, Codetiger, Chrislk02, Bencollins, Enabnit, Brotown3, Donaldtong, Mr nice guy, Lee, Kozuch, Renassault, Blindman shady,
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Johnson, EvocativeIntrigue, Dungbringer, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Daa89563, Micomator, Chu333222, Ph.D.Nikki, Islescape, SchutteGod,
TimmyTimson, Knakts, Poomiester, GF89, Swm0793, Kellyflowers, Athomas7990, Hector witt, Hector witt 2, Janechra, Osborne, Felix
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is mightier, Stikk, Deflective, Husond, Jimothytrotter, Jezza125, Mdfst13, Adam Ski, Felipe Menegaz, MER-C, Dsp13, The Transhumanist, Luis wiki, Avaya1, Zenity, Luby, Redking7, Hello32020, Db099221, Andonic, Rflesher, Hfhdh, MK013, PhilKnight, Maias,
Bencherlite, Bunny-chan, Thatcher88, Natski-asnd8, P4R4D0x, Sheepman, Matthew850, Magioladitis, Gekedo, Lord fabs, Henning Blatt,
Bongwarrior, VoABot II, 10931, Movie-lover93, Eddieguerrero, CullynOfCerrmor, Amnesiac86, Dekimasu, Ramisatwa, Chakat Rimm,
Minicoach1340, Kuyabribri, JNW, HorseloverFat, JamesBWatson, Mclay1, Bradcis, Think outside the box, 42° South, Jockosaurus, Mr BIack, ZwickauDeluxe, Jam1es100, Tsibuki, Trentono, Eddy150, PanamaDrummer911, Nyttend, Elephantboy, -−00--, WODUP, Fosscape,
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Me4321, P1e, 42croad, Petopali, ARC Gritt, WikiTownsvillian, G-nius, Motley Crue Rocks, Corrosion20, Rettetast, NSKrishnan, Holwil,
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Staniel Kohlhardt, The hub, Suiiie, Kellyla, Palmfrond86, G. Campbell, Tdadamemd, Yeti Hunter, Andrew wilson, Death 136 3, Fat kid
3, Ggunit 911, Icseaturtles, MrsPlum, Bruins18, Littleghostboo, Revoranii, UnnamedGent, Natski23, Funguy06, FrummerThanThou, Andrew Rickert, Skullketon, Wangtastic, Darkchris, Peels 03, Winewine, DarkFalls, LordAnubisBOT, Pokemonman, Happy8, Sexykeira,
The1nonlybenji, Thomas Larsen, Athene cunicularia, Starnestommy, Im eslo, Ryan Postlethwaite, Jtorey, Snitchymitchy, Jigesh, Day-

30

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Taifarious1, Tornadou, Sunil060902, Kooleo799, Ottre, Danausi, John Nevard, Arcot, Mfa fariz, Sherwelbuilding, Rhatsa26X, TheGreenEditor, Poz11, Noobhunter93, Costlab, Sun Creator, Irving17, Holesworth, Cenarium, Ajw522, Roadquick, Jotterbot, Johnsmich,
Iohannes Animosus, AnubisII, Tnxman307, M.O.X, Quelcrime, Nyttend backup, Kacey60, Rabindra Baral, L.Wadsworth, Nickymo101,
Mickey gfss2007, Knowz, Lam3l, IntfictExpert, EDITMASTER5, Panwan, Thingg, Lmtlmt, Notthe600, Liberalcynic, Silas Maxfield,
Footballfan190, Samantha555, Littleteddy, Versus22, Dana boomer, Kattigara, IJA, MelonBot, Menjus, Cookiehead, TheMarchingMan216, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, HSDR, Yanatello, Stantheman sylvie, DumZiBoT, Australien, Dalvimiogo, John-TorresAUS,
XLinkBot, Theanimalmother, AgnosticPreachersKid, Hoptop, Dsvyas, Joseph031164, Harshana123456, BodhisattvaBot, JMLAUS, Stickee, Messiisking, Fercho85, Duckyluver15, Tcustomer, Richyhan, Feyrauth, Rreagan007, Mitch Ames, Facts707, SilvonenBot, Andxtiltone, Keluar94, Maxwell cottingham, Vegas949, HarlandQPitt, Polibiush, Atomicdor, Asidemes, Good Olfactory, Lemmey, Frog luva96,
Atoric, Gggh, Super Cleverly, MoOseY3401, Bonazzi, Pyfan, Yousou, Kangaroosrule, D.bennett08, AUSAlison, Dan56, Agonzalezb,
Otisjimmy1, Boorp, Hidrugarn, Kingnicholas, Trasman, DougsTech, Lacie101, Older and ... well older, Tanhabot, X360, Fieldday-sunday,
Hallaway2, Superrockgod13, Hybrid.evolution, Zappa123, Noozgroop, Wizard155, NjardarBot, FDT, Cyberxstrm, Angbottty, CarsracBot,
Pasta4470, Shadow23133, Lihaas, Michaelwuzthere, Glass Sword, Tomdaly4321, FiriBot, Debresser, Favonian, Sportsfan92, LinkFABot, Lemonade100, Blaylockjam10, 5 albert square, HAHS 25, Toddles9, Pargy, Klutzulmaniack, Lakshmix, Vicmillsy, Numbo3-bot,
Howler200, F Notebook, Vacekha, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Cesiumfrog, JEN9841, AussieLegend2, SmolderinCorpse, HerculeBot, Cchow2,
Waltloc, Genius101, Aaroncrick, Tartarus, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, Mjhgtaitokerau, Cflm001, Evans1982, EnochBethany, Gavin Lisburn,
Smk1895x, Millere08, KamikazeBot, Rudykruger, Laserforce, Russo87, TheThomas, AnakngAraw, Svlah2, SoMuchTime, Anonymous
from the 21th century, Matty, AnomieBOT, Puertorico1, Tornado99, Thesmith3r1, Senor Freebie, Noq, 1exec1, Marwanjuma, Lebanonman19, Galoubet, Dwayne, Squoups, JackieBot, Hadrian89, VerseDoorPlace, Nerdluck34, Kingpin13, Nick UA, Zxabot, Bosonic dressing, Nazrani, Jeff Muscato, Materialscientist, J332, Danno uk, Citation bot, Missminidiva, Maxis ftw, SeventhHell, GB fan, Crazyla112,
ArthurBot, B. Fairbairn, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Droadnaegel, Osborneap, Daftpunkboy93, GarrieFerron, MauritsBot, Xqbot, ManningBartlett, TinucherianBot II, Night w, Zargontapel, Conay, Poetaris, 4twenty42o, Miracleworker5263, Jeffrey Mall, Alexdarkred, Chloesnowie, BritishWatcher, Flashflash;, GrouchoBot, Abce2, Miesianiacal, Zapacit, Earlypsychosis, Anotherclown, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Justdata4wiki, Joes23b, SCΛRECROW, Brutaldeluxe, Longest Journey, Freshcelerycj, Siddharatha.tiwari, Kaio-ken x10, GhalyBot, Moxy,
Smallman12q, Shadowjams, Editor182, WebCiteBOT, ASOTMKX, Rehumanist, Erik9bot, Y26de.jknowles, Thehelpfulbot, Spazturtle,
Legobot III, Mooremoore, HJED, George2001hi, Chemical2009, MontseBL, GenericBob, Paine Ellsworth, Tobby72, Serp3821, Vidboy10, Sky Attacker, LavenhamHistorian, Michael93555, HaireDunya, Ankitchopra, Addicted04, HJ Mitchell, Eagle4000, Finalius, Bambuway, UltimateG, Jach79, Purpleturple, Politicalpandit, L95slovenia, Coops123, Asjogoaeg, Citation bot 1, Diwas, Kafajaja, Speedisafl, Liampluridon, Toolboks, AstaBOTh15, Kj1996, Ghislain Montvernay, Miss-jessie-gal, JKDw, Stt13, Pinethicket, Haaqfun, Peroxwhy2gen, Elockid, HRoestBot, Yottie, Alonso de Mendoza, KAPITALIST88, 10metreh, Rameshngbot, GreenEco, Azips, Mr Smartipants,
Gigglmash1234, Georg Hurtig, Mutinus, Billsta1, Deviloper, Spencerwhite18, LagrangeCalvert, SpringSummerAutumn, Maokart444,
MrsGreatMersey57, Forward Unto Dawn, Theguywiththecoolhat, Coolknot, Serp38021, Amongadded2, Powerful999, James4750, Lissajous, Iloveyotummy, Reconsider the static, LALAboys, Ozhistory, Watchover, Flosssock1, Kgrad, Elekhh, FoxBot, TobeBot, Trappist
the monk, Karyasuman, Hunarian, DixonDBot, Mono, Silent Billy, DriveMySol, Æk, Ashokpmeena, Thinker0000, Saltybut, Simharrison, Lotje, Antemister, SkanterBrazil, RoadTrain, Robbie555, Clarkcj12, Klomin10, Begoon, FerntreeGully, Predictor92, Gerrywastaken,
FF1977, Rr parker, Jhenderson777, OrangeCorner, Marcos Elias de Oliveira Júnior, Cjs wee sis, Tbhotch, Robertwhyteus, Fry1989,
DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Stephreef, Whisky drinker, The Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, Bento00, IANVS, Alph Bot,
Ripchip Bot, Slaja, Andychen86, Randazzo12, Balph Eubank, Mikael07, Salvio giuliano, Lee lid, Bowei Huang, DASHBot, Shabidoo,

17.2

Images

31

Steve03Mills, Prosopon, EmausBot, ImprovingWiki, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Ashton 29, Koszmonaut, Nhajivandi,
Gargabook, Blizzardstep0, GoingBatty, Mesgul82, Bull Market, Luigibro00, NotAnonymous0, TuneyLoon, Kempsey11, MrTranscript,
BKCW8, Base and Spoiled Female, P. S. F. Freitas, Kingbloodball, Japol1, Dimethyl, Gaudoine, Erpert, Evanh2008, Kkm010, Jhay777,
Susfele, Illegitimate Barrister, Tulandro, Inhakito, American1991, MithrandirAgain, Jeffreyjahja, Leo.Li111, Space25689, Immmortall,
Harshgaze, Bahudhara, Hazard-SJ, 2sc945, Pan Brerus, H3llBot, Swissirish1, Gabithefirst, Lililops, Neil M 4156, Anoldtreeok, Ocaasi,
OnePt618, Pek, Highvale, Erianna, Ccworld112, Septer231, Newenehpets, Teptoria, Supamact, Tyhlerb, Capricorn4049, Heymiki87, Esel
Kratch, L Kensington, Jarjarbinks10, Unionin, Grbth2, Alborzagros, Kaez Novax, Hillblake, Differentiablef, FloAdr, Gsarwa, Irrypride,
WCE Dude, Quite vivid blur, Mantes, Platypusmonotreme, Bozzio, Saruman-the-white, Djunekid33, Thegoldenmonkey007, Aussie sportsman, ElockidAlternate, Kladlod, Freakfacesarahmillie, Zomgwdflol, Jonnyb17, 1930fwc, Arcorann, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Zyzhen,
Italiano111, Pip its true, Porkypine101, EdoBot, Iketsi, Dorsal Axe, Indian1985, Peak Debt, HappyWaldo, Mjbmrbot, ClueBot NG,
Crzyclarks, Jacsam2, Djozgur, Stevenrosarda, JetBlast, MelbourneStar, Obamapinoy1982, LogX, Kittygirl7878, Joefromrandb, Movsesbot, Encycloshave, Loginnigol, Omnisome, Rylie James Thomas, Broden, Frietjes, TheBustopher, 08OceanBeach SD, Twillisjr, Hazhk,
Chrisjc19, Zombiecapper, Kasirbot, Rezabot, Sleepy47, XKronikz, Picaballo, HaroX, Seair21, Shamto, Jaedit, North Atlanticist Usonian,
IgnorantArmies, Mightymights, Johnwest1999, Helpful Pixie Bot, JTdale, Wbm1058, Mark Marathon, Stild, EzykronHD, M0rphzone,
ChessBOT, Kaltenmeyer, Northamerica1000, HIDECCHI001, Interchangeable, Tjl1128, Middgeaugh-Botteaugh, Philpm930, Unknown
13, Cooldude5298, Ancienterracht, CarterL2011, Silvrous, Fairlyoddparents1234, Sandy13397, Ashtonbltr, The Almightey Drill, Havantshire, Drewrau, Ubiquinoid, Scuppers1, TBrandley, Loriendrew, WebTV3, Hadi Payami, Muffin Wizard, BattyBot, David.moreno72,
Liam987, Jimw338, Otkdna, Swctg, Arman musikyan, Shwangtianyuan, Sj96, Adnan bogi, IceBrotherhood, Soulparadox, TheDeathWikipedian, Gharjistan, TheMrCommunistTW, Arsenalfan24, JYBot, Dude1830, Qexigator, Brian1997, MrAustin390, Dexbot, Url5406,
Thomas Emilio Davies, Caroline1981, Br'er Rabbit, Reverend Mick man34, Alishakitty, Clidog, Jackninja5, Phung Wilson, FonsScientiae, Curtaintoad, Fête, Aero777, Jennyjupiter, Daledavey, Yo222, Hillbillyholiday, Beloki, Dodgedbullet, FY789, CsDix, CamV8,
Melonkelon, Lfdder, Wally01, Poooo98891, Irisbox, EvergreenFir, Cherubinirules, Lindenhurst Liberty, Flat Out, Byung do jung, InvalidWikiUser, Cscott32100, Hedgefall, Indefatigable2, Wikiuser13, Fort123, Andreasyiangoumelbourne, Ray Lightyear, IM-yb, Hwasus, Australia101101, Alirez0, RMJackaman, Acalycine, Poligres, Hellomynameisandrew19991999, Szekszter, Luxure, GTVM92, Andreas11213,
ThecentreCZ, Twofortnights, Azertopius, Inenglishplease, Haylie Henman, Loveoffood007, Derekc95, Saifur raffael, Meemo16, Savvyjack23, Concord hioz, Monkbot, Manthony121, Filedelinkerbot, ThatGuy82, Ryopus, Աշոտ1997, Monopoly31121993, Sciophobiaranger,
Jimbov22, Aqjwx, Xylocode, Wikiguys12, Cyntiamaspian, Doontrav, Darth Jadus, Cdmbb, Unocha.visual, WikiImprovment78, Colonial
Overlord, Abcdudtc, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania, Alanjones5 and Anonymous: 2280

17.2

Images

• File:2006Australian_exports.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/2006Australian_exports.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work. Derived from <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2006Australian_exports.PNG'
class='image'><img alt='2006Australian exports.PNG' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2006Australian_
exports.PNG/45px-2006Australian_exports.PNG'
width='45'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/e/e2/2006Australian_exports.PNG/68px-2006Australian_exports.PNG
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/e2/2006Australian_exports.PNG/90px-2006Australian_exports.PNG
2x'
data-file-width='1425'
data-fileheight='625' /></a> File:2006Australian exports.PNG by Anwar saadat(en.wp), released under PD-self.
Map derived
from
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMap-World6.svg'
class='image'><img
alt='BlankMap-World6.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BlankMap-World6.svg/45px-BlankMap-World6.svg.png'
width='45'
height='23' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BlankMap-World6.svg/68px-BlankMap-World6.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BlankMap-World6.svg/90px-BlankMap-World6.svg.png 2x' data-filewidth='863' data-file-height='443' /></a> File:BlankMap-World6.svg by Canuckguy (en.wp), released under PD-self. Data was extracted
on 3rd July 2007 from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/5368.0Apr%202007?OpenDocument . Coloured using
Inkscape. Original artist: cflm (talk)
• File:4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The image comes from the English Wikipedia [1], where it is stated to be in the public domain. Original artist: ?
• File:Anzac2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Anzac2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anzac2.jpg Original artist: User:Adam Carr
• File:Australia-climate-map_MJC01.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Australia-climate-map_
MJC01.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work by the original uploader Original artist: Martyman
• File:Australia_(orthographic_projection).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Australia_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ssolbergj
• File:Australia_discoveries_by_Europeans_before_1813_en.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/
Australia_discoveries_by_Europeans_before_1813_en.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Generic Mapping Tools and SRTM30
Original artist: Lencer
• File:Australian_Coat_of_Arms.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Australian_Coat_of_Arms.png License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives of Australia -- item barcode 98430, page 35. Original artist: No illustrator given.
• File:Australian_soldiers_from_the_2nd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment_conducts_a_foot_patrol_during_exercise_
Talisman_Sabre_2007.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Australian_soldiers_from_the_2nd_
Battalion%2C_Royal_Australian_Regiment_conducts_a_foot_patrol_during_exercise_Talisman_Sabre_2007.jpg License:
Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barossa_Valley_South_
Australia.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/28549294@N05/3224708424/in/set-72157612891773241/
Original artist: Louis Roving
• File:Brisbane_May_2013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Brisbane_May_2013.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lachlan Fearnley

32

17

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: from the National Maritime Museum, United Kingdom Original artist: Nathaniel Dance-Holland
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Commonwealth_Realms_map2.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Commonwealth_Realms_
map2.png License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Camaeron
• File:Cscr-featured.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_
%28converted%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: (Vector graphics image by Ian Fieggen)
(only minor code changes by uploader.)
• File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
• File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
• File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
• File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
• Flags of the World – Hungary Original artist: SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
• File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist:
• File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
• File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
• File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
• File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

17.2

Images

33

• File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano
Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources)
• File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
• File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) ← This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
• File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
• File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
• File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• -xfi-'s file
• -xfi-'s code
• Zirland’s codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-.
• File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Gnome-globe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg License: LGPL Contributors:
http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz Original artist: David Vignoni
• File:Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/chillmimi/13262015235/ Original artist: Petra
• File:Government_House_Canberra.JPG Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Government_House_
Canberra.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Kalgoorlie_The_Big_
Pit_DSC04498.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Diliff
• File:Lake_Hume_on_the_Upper_Murray.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Lake_Hume_on_the_
Upper_Murray.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Lake Hume on the Upper Murray Original artist:
Tim
• File:Melbourne_skyline_from_St._Kilda.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Melbourne_skyline_
from_St._Kilda.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: lokesh
• File:Mixed_Berry_Pavlova.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Mixed_Berry_Pavlova.jpg License: CC
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