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ABSTRACT: When we think about warehouses of today’s industries, the first thought that pops is “THE DARKNESS”. This paper deals with the automatic switching ON and OFF of lights in warehouses using micro processors and sensors. The circuit consists of two optical sensors, counters, phototransistors and relay switches. One optical sensor is installed at the entry door and another optical sensor is installed at the exit door of the ware house. The receiver sections of the sensors are connected to the photo transistors that produce voltage on incident light. When a person enters the warehouse, the rays from the optical sensor-1(at the entry door) are cut and hence the voltage produced by the photo transistor-1 is lowered. On this lowered voltage, the counter-1 increases its count by ONE. Similar connections are made with the sensor-2 (at the exit door). The rays from it are cut when a person leaves the warehouse.
The counter-2 that is connected to the sensor-2 will count the number of persons leaving the warehouse. A comparator is connected across both the counters. When the difference between the two counters is NOT ZERO, a signal is sent from the comparator to drive the relay switch in order to switch ON the lights. The switch is ON as long as the difference between the two counters is NOT ZERO i.e. as long as there is some person inside the warehouse. Thus the light is switched ON and OFF without manual switching ON. Moreover the energy can be saved because the lights are switched ON only when a person enters the warehouse and are switched OFF as soon as everyone leaves the warehouse. An external circuit for manual operation can be provided in case of emergencies.
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CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION CHAPTER 3: WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT CHAPTER 4: COMPONENTS USED 4.1:OPTICAL SENSORS
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2.
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3.
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4.
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4.2: COUNTERS
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4.3:COMPARATORS
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4.4:RELAY SWITCHES
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5.
CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES
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6.
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7.
CONCLUSION
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8.
REFERENCE
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INTRODUCTION:
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Save energy by automatically switching the lights ON and OFF. The lights of the warehouse are switched ON when a person enters the warehouse and are switched OFF when there are no persons inside the warehouse. The above circuit consists of the following components: Opto isolator Photo transistors Microprocessors counters Comparator Relay switches. as
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: Let us discuss one by one: Firstly the optical sensors can be classified as;
The transmitting section, The receiving section.
TRANSMITTING SECTION: The transmitting section consists of an opto isolator. The transmitting section is an optical source that produces any form of optical light. RECEIVING SECTION: The receiving section is an optical sensing device like a photo
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transistor. It photodiode.
consists
of
a
COUNTERS: There are two counters used; one counter is to count the number of persons entering the warehouse and another counter to count the number of persons leaving the warehouse. COMPARATOR: The output from the counters is fed to the comparator. The comparator compares the output of both the counters and the output signal from the comparator is fed to the relay switch. RELAY: The relay switch is either switched OFF or switched ON depending upon the output of the comparator. The relay in turn switches ON or switches OFF the lights. WORKING CIRCUIT: OF THE
Here when the difference is zero, there is no signal sent to the relay and hence lights remain OFF. The vice versa happens when the difference is NOT A ZERO. Hence the lights are switched ON. COMPONENTS USED: Let us discuss about components used in detail. Opto-isolator receiver): (transmitter the &
A common implementation is a LED and a phototransistor, positioned so that light from the LED will impinge on the photo detector. When an electrical signal is applied to the input of the opto -isolator, its LED lights and illuminates the photo detector, producing a corresponding electrical signal in the output circuit With a photodiode as the detector, the output current is proportional to the intensity of incident light supplied by the emitter. The diode can be used in a photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In photovoltaic mode, the diode acts as a current source in parallel with a forward-biased diode. The output current and voltage are dependent on the load impedance and light intensity. In photoconductive mode, the diode is connected to a supply voltage, and the magnitude of the current conducted is directly proportional to the intensity of light. The optical path may be air or a dielectric waveguide.
The optical transmitter transmits light and this light is sensed by the sensor which is nothing but a phototransistor. The phototransistor senses the light and produces voltage depending upon the intensity of the incident light. Whenever the light is cut(by a person entering the warehouse) a pulse is produced. The counter counts the pulses produced. There are two counters near the exit and entry doors. The outputs of the two counters are fed to a comparator. The comparator compares the two inputs and produces a corresponding output.
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In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters: Up counters, increase in value Down counters, decrease in value
which which
The receiving section consists of a photo transistor as shown in the figure. The photo transistor in turn consists of a photodiode. It can be operated in any one of the mode either photoconductive or photo voltaic mode in the following manner. A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a free electron and a (positively charged electron) hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced. Whenever the light is cut by a person entering the warehouse, a pulse is produced. This pulse is counted by the counters. COUNTERS:
Here a synchronous up counter is used. The counter is as shown in the figure;
The mechanism can be understood from the following figure:
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The figure shown below is the comparator (OP AMP).
COMPARATOR: There are two inputs from the counters. These two inputs are compared by the comparator. An operational amplifier (op-amp) has a well balanced difference input and a very high gain. The parallels in the characteristics allow the op-amps to serve as comparators in some functions. A standard op-amp operating in open loop configuration (without negative feedback) can be used as a comparator. When the noninverting input (V+) is at a higher voltage than the inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes it to output the most positive voltage it can. When the non-inverting input (V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the op-amp outputs the most negative voltage it can. Since the output voltage is limited by the supply voltage, for an op-amp that uses a balanced, split supply, (powered by ± VS) this action can be written: Vout = Ao (V1 − V2)
RELAYS: The output of the comparator is connected to the relay switch. As long as the output of the comparator is zero, the relay switch is OFF .when the comparator has some output (the difference is not zero), the relay switches are driven ON so that the lights are switched ON.A latching relay can be used here.
A latching relay has two relaxed states (bistable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with
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a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage. A remanent core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state. MICRO PROCESSORS USED: MB111 (opto couplers):
The above circuit can be
used in warehouses for automatic switching ON and OFF of lights. It can also be used in lifts for the same purpose. It can also be used in houses for the same purpose.
ADVANTAGES: The connections can be automatic. It is power saving as the lights are switched ON only when the persons enter and are switched OFF as soon as he leaves the room. The number of persons entering the warehouse can be trapped. CONCLUSION: Today’s world is a highly power consuming world. Though we cannot produce enough power to meet the requirements, we can still save power. This system saves power as it prevents unnecessary glowing of lights in the absence of power. It can also be modified so as to track people for security purposes.
COMPARATORS:
APPLICATIONS:
8
REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo diode http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count er#Mechanical_counters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp arator
ABSTRACT: When we think about warehouses of today’s industries, the first thought that pops is “THE DARKNESS”. This paper deals with the automatic switching ON and OFF of lights in warehouses using micro processors and sensors. The circuit consists of two optical sensors, counters, phototransistors and relay switches. One optical sensor is installed at the entry door and another optical sensor is installed at the exit door of the ware house. The receiver sections of the sensors are connected to the photo transistors that produce voltage on incident light. When a person enters the warehouse, the rays from the optical sensor-1(at the entry door) are cut and hence the voltage produced by the photo transistor-1 is lowered. On this lowered voltage, the counter-1 increases its count by ONE. Similar connections are made with the sensor-2 (at the exit door). The rays from it are cut when a person leaves the warehouse.
The counter-2 that is connected to the sensor-2 will count the number of persons leaving the warehouse. A comparator is connected across both the counters. When the difference between the two counters is NOT ZERO, a signal is sent from the comparator to drive the relay switch in order to switch ON the lights. The switch is ON as long as the difference between the two counters is NOT ZERO i.e. as long as there is some person inside the warehouse. Thus the light is switched ON and OFF without manual switching ON. Moreover the energy can be saved because the lights are switched ON only when a person enters the warehouse and are switched OFF as soon as everyone leaves the warehouse. An external circuit for manual operation can be provided in case of emergencies.
SI.N O
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
2
1.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION CHAPTER 3: WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT CHAPTER 4: COMPONENTS USED 4.1:OPTICAL SENSORS
3
2.
3
3.
4
4.
4
4
4.2: COUNTERS
4
4.3:COMPARATORS
5
4.4:RELAY SWITCHES
6
5.
CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES
6
6.
7
7.
CONCLUSION
7
8.
REFERENCE
7
INTRODUCTION:
3
Save energy by automatically switching the lights ON and OFF. The lights of the warehouse are switched ON when a person enters the warehouse and are switched OFF when there are no persons inside the warehouse. The above circuit consists of the following components: Opto isolator Photo transistors Microprocessors counters Comparator Relay switches. as
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: Let us discuss one by one: Firstly the optical sensors can be classified as;
The transmitting section, The receiving section.
TRANSMITTING SECTION: The transmitting section consists of an opto isolator. The transmitting section is an optical source that produces any form of optical light. RECEIVING SECTION: The receiving section is an optical sensing device like a photo
4
transistor. It photodiode.
consists
of
a
COUNTERS: There are two counters used; one counter is to count the number of persons entering the warehouse and another counter to count the number of persons leaving the warehouse. COMPARATOR: The output from the counters is fed to the comparator. The comparator compares the output of both the counters and the output signal from the comparator is fed to the relay switch. RELAY: The relay switch is either switched OFF or switched ON depending upon the output of the comparator. The relay in turn switches ON or switches OFF the lights. WORKING CIRCUIT: OF THE
Here when the difference is zero, there is no signal sent to the relay and hence lights remain OFF. The vice versa happens when the difference is NOT A ZERO. Hence the lights are switched ON. COMPONENTS USED: Let us discuss about components used in detail. Opto-isolator receiver): (transmitter the &
A common implementation is a LED and a phototransistor, positioned so that light from the LED will impinge on the photo detector. When an electrical signal is applied to the input of the opto -isolator, its LED lights and illuminates the photo detector, producing a corresponding electrical signal in the output circuit With a photodiode as the detector, the output current is proportional to the intensity of incident light supplied by the emitter. The diode can be used in a photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In photovoltaic mode, the diode acts as a current source in parallel with a forward-biased diode. The output current and voltage are dependent on the load impedance and light intensity. In photoconductive mode, the diode is connected to a supply voltage, and the magnitude of the current conducted is directly proportional to the intensity of light. The optical path may be air or a dielectric waveguide.
The optical transmitter transmits light and this light is sensed by the sensor which is nothing but a phototransistor. The phototransistor senses the light and produces voltage depending upon the intensity of the incident light. Whenever the light is cut(by a person entering the warehouse) a pulse is produced. The counter counts the pulses produced. There are two counters near the exit and entry doors. The outputs of the two counters are fed to a comparator. The comparator compares the two inputs and produces a corresponding output.
5
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters: Up counters, increase in value Down counters, decrease in value
which which
The receiving section consists of a photo transistor as shown in the figure. The photo transistor in turn consists of a photodiode. It can be operated in any one of the mode either photoconductive or photo voltaic mode in the following manner. A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a free electron and a (positively charged electron) hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced. Whenever the light is cut by a person entering the warehouse, a pulse is produced. This pulse is counted by the counters. COUNTERS:
Here a synchronous up counter is used. The counter is as shown in the figure;
The mechanism can be understood from the following figure:
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The figure shown below is the comparator (OP AMP).
COMPARATOR: There are two inputs from the counters. These two inputs are compared by the comparator. An operational amplifier (op-amp) has a well balanced difference input and a very high gain. The parallels in the characteristics allow the op-amps to serve as comparators in some functions. A standard op-amp operating in open loop configuration (without negative feedback) can be used as a comparator. When the noninverting input (V+) is at a higher voltage than the inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes it to output the most positive voltage it can. When the non-inverting input (V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the op-amp outputs the most negative voltage it can. Since the output voltage is limited by the supply voltage, for an op-amp that uses a balanced, split supply, (powered by ± VS) this action can be written: Vout = Ao (V1 − V2)
RELAYS: The output of the comparator is connected to the relay switch. As long as the output of the comparator is zero, the relay switch is OFF .when the comparator has some output (the difference is not zero), the relay switches are driven ON so that the lights are switched ON.A latching relay can be used here.
A latching relay has two relaxed states (bistable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with
7
a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage. A remanent core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state. MICRO PROCESSORS USED: MB111 (opto couplers):
The above circuit can be
used in warehouses for automatic switching ON and OFF of lights. It can also be used in lifts for the same purpose. It can also be used in houses for the same purpose.
ADVANTAGES: The connections can be automatic. It is power saving as the lights are switched ON only when the persons enter and are switched OFF as soon as he leaves the room. The number of persons entering the warehouse can be trapped. CONCLUSION: Today’s world is a highly power consuming world. Though we cannot produce enough power to meet the requirements, we can still save power. This system saves power as it prevents unnecessary glowing of lights in the absence of power. It can also be modified so as to track people for security purposes.
COMPARATORS:
APPLICATIONS:
8
REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo diode http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count er#Mechanical_counters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp arator
