Basic Blueprint Reading 110
Content
BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
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SUBJECTS
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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DRAWING BASICS ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MACHINE DRAWINGS
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DRAWING BASICS
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Objectives
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Define basic industrial drawing structure Define line types Define types of drawings
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Purpose of Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as: Architectural building layouts Electrical wiring Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts Location of equipment How to assemble equipment Details of equipment
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Types of Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Civil Architectural Structural Mechanical Plumbing Piping Pneumatic/Hydraulic Electrical
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Engineering Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.
– – – – –
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Title block Grid system Revision block Notes and legends Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
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Drawing Sizes
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Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typical
Basic Blueprint Reading
A – (letter)
8 ½ by 11inches B - 11 by 17inches
Metric A4 (210 x 297) A3 (297 x 420)
sizes
A2 (420 x 594) A1 (594 x 841)
C - 17 by 22 inches
D - 22 by 34 inches E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
A0 (841 x 1189)
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Title Blocks
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.
?@A COMPANY
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Revision Blocks
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The revision block notes any changes made to a drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
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Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as: A
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Parts Lists
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is
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Scales
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item. For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.
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Grid System
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A drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found.
Basic Blueprint Reading
1 A B C
2
3
4
5
6
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This point on the drawing is B-3
Basic Lines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Object lines Hidden lines Cutting plane lines Centerlines Extension lines Dimension lines Leaders line Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Hidden Line
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The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Center Line
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Basic Blueprint Reading
The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.
Dimension Line / Extension Line
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension. Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part. The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part
Phantom
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Leader
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A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it
Basic Blueprint Reading
Grind Surface
1
Cutting Plane Line
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Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
A
Break Lines
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Break lines are uses to terminate a view to z Short Break Line conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
Basic Blueprint Reading
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Break lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections
Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.
Basic Blueprint Reading
3”
250 feet
Section Lines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view. The lines are normally drawn diagonally.
Dimensioning Systems
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Different systems of dimensioning are generally used
– – –
Fractional inch Decimal inch SI Metric
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Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
Basic Blueprint Reading
21/32 Dia 3/16
1/2 1 9/16 Dia
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Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00 Ø
Basic Blueprint Reading
.656 Ø .19
.50 1.56 Ø
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Metric Dimensioning
Ø 50
Basic Blueprint Reading
Ø 16.5 5
13 Ø 40
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Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Typical
Radius
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Abbreviations
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Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOTTOM CENTER TO CENTER CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CONCRETE DIAMETER EAST, ELECTRICAL ELEVATION FINISH GRADE HORIZONTAL MH MIN N NC NTS OC O.D. OHW PL MANHOLE MINIMUM NORTH NOT IN CONTACT NOT TO SCALE ON CENTER OUSIDE DIAMETER OVERHEAD WIRES PROPERTY LINE R REF R/W SCH SF SQ STA T TYP RADIUS REFERENCE RIGHT OF WAY SCHEDULE SQUARE FEET SQUARE STATION TELEPHONE TYPICAL
Basic Blueprint Reading
BOT C/C CMP CONC DIA E EL FG H
HP
IE
HIGH POINT
INVERT ELEVATION INVERT
POB
POE PP
POINT OF BEGINNING
POINT OF ENDING POWER POLE
UNO
UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
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INV
Drawing Legends
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.
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Isometric Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.
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Perspective
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.
Vanishing point
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Orthographic Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic projection shows the drawn object from different views
Top view
Left side Front
Right side Rear
Bottom
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Projection view
Single Line Drawings
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The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols. By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader. These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Civil
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas. Civil drawings are sometimes called:
– –
–
site plans plot plans survey plans.
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They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
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Contour Lines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.
180 160
140
120
110
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Architectural
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project. They include items such as:
– –
–
– – –
Working drawings Structural drawings Floor plans Elevation drawings Section drawings Flow diagrams
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Gridlines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.
C B A 1
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
3
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Mechanical
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:
– – –
Exploded view Detail Assembly
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Example Mechanical Detail
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Assembly Drawing
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Basic Blueprint Reading
An Exploded View
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Pneumatic/Hydraulic
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
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Single Line Schematic example
Plumbing/Piping
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Basic Blueprint Reading
These types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
40.00
36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
Single Line Plumbing Example
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Single Line Drawing
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Basic Blueprint Reading
A Single line plumbing drawing example
40.00
36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
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Orthographic Piping Drawing
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Basic Blueprint Reading
P&ID
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Piping and Instrumentation Drawings These drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material. All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.
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Example P&ID
FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
Basic Blueprint Reading
SLUG CATCHER
CS CONTACTOR H.P. BULK SEPARATOR COALESCING FILTER NO. 1
PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)
FILTER SEPARATOR
TEST SEPARATOR
FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER
HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS TANK
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Electrical
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment. They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram. Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.
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Example Ladder
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1 Pushbutton
115 VAC Pilot Light L
L2
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Example Wiring Diagram
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.
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Electrical Schematics
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1
D1 C2 T1 R2
Q2
R1
L1
C3 +
C1
R3 + VGG -
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Summary
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
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RETURN TO MAIN MENU
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
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Objectives
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Define how industrial electrical drawings are structured. Define Graphical Symbols Define Electrical wiring diagrams
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Types of Electrical Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Wiring Diagrams Block Diagrams Sequence Charts – Electronic Schematics -
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Diagrams
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels. It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
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Electrical Diagrams
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder. All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side. Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical line Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.
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Example Diagram
DISC 1FU L1 2FU 460V 3Ø 60 L2 3FU L3 15 AMP 2OL 2T1 1L3 1T3 1L2 1T2 1MTR HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR 3 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 213 1M 1L1 1OL 1T1
Basic Blueprint Reading
2T2 2MTR 2T3 H1 H3 H2 H4
SPINDLE MOTOR 2 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 184
T
X1 10 AMP 6FU 10 AMP 4FU 1PB MASTER STOP 3 1 1 2 3 AUTOMATIC 11 4 5 5 3PB RESET 11 6 7 CYCLE START 5 8 6PB 9 15 7PB 1CR 26 26 22 16 2CR 17 CRH CRA 5PB MANUAL 4PB 12 7 1M 2PB START MOTORS 1OL 8 9 2OL
115 V
H2 10 AMP 5FU 1LT R 1 10 1M 2 4 10 AMP 7FU
CRM CRM CRH 13 2LT R 6 CRA AUTOMATIC 5, 14, 16, 21 “AUTOMATIC” MANUAL 6, 7, 15, 18, 23 “MANUAL” MASTER RELAY 3,3 CRM
5 14
CRH 3LT A 1LS 18 2LS 19 5LS 20 6LS 21 7CR 22 6CR 5 23 1 CR 21 21 6
CLAMP PART CONTROL 9, 33, 33, 35, 35
60
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Lines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Field Wiring (external to panel)
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Connections
Wiring Not Connected
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Connected
Termination or connection
Terminal strip and terminal designation
TS4-15
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Graphical Symbols
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used. A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.
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Graphical Symbols Cont’d
DISCONNECT Symbol - DISC
Basic Blueprint Reading
CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB Or for a single CB
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Graphical Symbols Cont’d
Resistor
or
Basic Blueprint Reading
Tapped Resistor
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Fuses
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Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Normally Open Contact Normally Closed Contact
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.
Coil
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Motors Symbols
3 PHASE MOTOR
Basic Blueprint Reading
DC MOTOR
A
or
A
DC MOTOR FIELD
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Transformer Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
H1 Primary or Input Secondary or Output X1
H3
H2
H4
X2
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Pilot Lights
PUSH-TO-TEST
Basic Blueprint Reading
R
R
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Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
HELD OPEN NORMALLY CLOSED HELD OPEN
NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
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NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
Basic Blueprint Reading
Normally Closed
Normally Open
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Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Pressure Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Foot Switches
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY OPEN
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Toggle Switch
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Selector Switch
3-POSITION
Second Off First Position Position Position
Basic Blueprint Reading
2-POSITION
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Circuit is connected when switch is in this position.
Pushbuttons
SINGLE CIRCUIT
Basic Blueprint Reading
DOUBLE CIRCUIT
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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E-Stop Pushbuttons
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Time Delay Relay
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
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One-line diagram example
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Basic Blueprint Reading
A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.
Switch symbol Fuse symbol
Single line conductors
PLC
Pushbutton symbol
Controller symbol Motor symbol
M
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Control Device Labeling
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB 210 211LS 211
111CR
211Sol
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Wiring and Wire Identification
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring color code
z z z z z z
BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage RED – AC Control Circuits BLUE – DC Control Circuits YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits GREEN – Equipment grounding WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor
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Wire Identification
–
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
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Device Designations
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The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit Switch CR - Control Relay T - Transformer FU - Fuse MTR - Motor LT - Pilot Light DISC – Disconnect OL - Overload Relay PB - Pushbutton S - Switch
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Line Numbers
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Each line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down.
L1 Pushbutton 1 Limit Switch 2 Foot Switch 3 Temperature Switch 4 Relay CR2 Pressure Switch 115 VAC Relay CR1 Solenoid L2
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Line Numbers
Wire-Reference Numbers
Wire Numbers
Basic Blueprint Reading
L1
115 VAC
L2
Relay 3 4 ( 2, 3 )
Pushbutton
1 2 1 1 CR1 2 2
CR3
CR1
3
1
Limit Switch
5
CR1
6
Relay CR2 4 (4)
Foot Switch 4 1 7
CR2
8
Relay CR3
4
(1)
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Numerical Cross Reference
L1 Pushbutton
Basic Blueprint Reading
115 VAC CR3
L2
Relay
CR1 ( 2, 3 )
1 CR1 2
Limit Switch
3 Foot Switch 4
CR1
Relay CR2 (4)
CR2
Relay CR3 (1)
Cross Reference to Line Numbers
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Terminal Numbers
L1
Basic Blueprint Reading
115 VAC
L2 Relay 3
2
Pushbutton
1 2 1 2 CR1
1 3
CR3
CR1
4
10
( 2, 3 )
1
2 CR1
5 6
3
1
Limit Switch
5
6
2
Relay CR2 4
10
(4)
Foot Switch
4 1 7
1
CR2
3
8
2
Relay CR3
10
4
(1)
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Panel/Door Layouts
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Panel Layout. Door Layout
MOTORS RUNNING R 1LT
AUTOMATIC
9 TE RM . 1T B
1T1 1T2 1T3 271 272 2T3
1” X 3” 46 0V
1M
2OL 9” 9 1/2”
DISC
1 1/2 ”X 3”
1
1FU 2FU 3FU
1OL
z
2 3 4 5
1 1/2” X 3”
36 TE RM .
4F 5F U U
460V T CRM CRA CRH
MANUAL 2LT 3LT
EMERG. RETURN ACTIVE 4LT
6F 7F U U 115V 11 5V 1 1/2” X 3”
R
A
R
START MOTORS 2PB MASTER STOP 1PB
AUTOMATIC
MANUAL
EMERG. RESET 12PB EMERG. RETURN 11PB 2T B
1 1/2 ”X 3”
1CR
2CR
3CR
4CR
5CR
4PB
5PB
1 1/2” X 3”
RESET 3PB
47 51 52 53
6CR
7CR
8CR
9CR
6 1/2” 7 1/8”
CLAMPS ARE IN A 7LT
FULL DEPTH
HEAD RETRACTED
LUBE FAULT
A
5LT
G
6LT
R
9LT
29 TE RM .
55
1 1/2” X 3”
CYCLE UNCLAMP 10PB
HEAD FORWARD 8PB
HEAD RETURN 9PB 3T B
11 5V
1 1/2 ”X 3”
26 1/2” 7 1/2”
1 1/2” X 3” 1FT8 8 TERM
60 62 64 66 68 70
90
15 1/8” 5 1/2”
8FU9FU 10F 11F 12F 13F U U U U 60 62 64 66 60 70
115 V”
Drawing Identification
Prefix AD E Type of Drawing Air Diagram (Mechanical) Scale Layout (Mechanical) Description These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices. These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
Basic Blueprint Reading
EL
Electrical Layout (Electrical)
Electro Mechanical (Electrical) General Layout (Mechanical)
These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job. These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.
EM
EO
HO
Hydraulic Diagram (Mechanical)
Pneumatic Layout (Mechanical) Wiring Diagram (Electrical) General Information (Electrical)
This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.
These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device. This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations. This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
PL
WD WDO
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Block Diagrams
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format. Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information. Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines
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Example Block Diagram
Start pushbutton on
Basic Blueprint Reading
Process 1 starts if limit switch on
Process 1 stops if limit switch off
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Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A. PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE ENGERGIZED. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED. NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON “3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE. 1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS “6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART 2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR” RELAY “3CR” (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED. 3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”. 4. “5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS. 5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING “7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART. 6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”. 7. “2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.
Basic Blueprint Reading
B.
C.
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Electrical Layouts - EL
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.
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Wiring Connection Diagrams
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Wiring (connection) diagram – a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.
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Wiring Diagram Example
Motor Starter Coil
Start
Basic Blueprint Reading
M (aux) Stop
NO
M
M
M
M
Thermal Overloads Overload Contact T1 T2 Motor T3
97
Electronic Schematics
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1
D1 C2 T1 R2
Q2
R1
L1
C3 +
C1
R3 + VGG -
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Summary
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
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RETURN TO MAIN MENU
PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
100
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Define Fluid Logic Symbols Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define
101
Shapes
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:
102
Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as “Fluid Power” The basic difference is Flow symbol. If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.
103
HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
Fluid Power Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings. The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a device The devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.
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Flow lines
Flow line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Connected lines are illustrated with a connection dot
Single
Four way junction
Unconnected lines shown crossing
Flexible line
or Hose usually connecting parts with relative movement
105
Basic Line Symbols
Line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical Pilot control, bleed, filter
12 3
2 10 1
Dashed
Chain
Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit Electrical line
Line
106
Spring
Circle Shapes
Circles
Basic Blueprint Reading
energy conversion units measuring instrument
mechanical link roller
107
Squares and Rectangles
Square
Basic Blueprint Reading
control component connections perpendicular to sides conditioning apparatus connections to corners
Square at 45o
Rectangle
cylinders and valves
108
Squares and Rectangles
Rectangles
Basic Blueprint Reading
piston
certain control methods
109
Basic Symbols
Semi-circle
Basic Blueprint Reading
rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle mechanical connection piston rod, lever, shaft
Capsule
Double line
110
Functional Elements
Triangle
Basic Blueprint Reading
Direction and nature of fluid, open pneumatic or filled hydraulic
Spring
Arrow
Long sloping indicates adjustability
111
Functional Elements
Arrows
Basic Blueprint Reading
Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device
Tee
Closed path or port
Restriction
112
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion Shaft rotation
clockwise from right hand end
Basic Blueprint Reading
both
Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors
113
Functional Elements
Temperature
Basic Blueprint Reading
Indication or control size to suit
Opposed solenoid windings
Operator
Prime mover
M
Electric motor
M
114
Function components
Silencer
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure to electric switch preset
Pressure to electric switch adjustable
115
Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator Pressure drop indicator
116
Plant
Compressor and electric motor
Basic Blueprint Reading
M
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
117
Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge
Basic Blueprint Reading
Lubro-control unit Filter and lubricator Filter regulator with gauge
FRL Combined unit
118
Filters
Basic Blueprint Reading
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator
119
Pressure regulators
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator simplified
Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified
120
Pressure relief valves
z
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified
121
Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge
122
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2.. The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds. The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.
123
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state) The boxes are two pictures of the same valve
operated
normal
124
Basic Valve Symbols
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z z z
Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions. Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path. Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot. Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve
125
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.
operated
normal
126
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to end
operated
normal
127
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal
128
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced by pushing a button
129
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced by pushing a button
Normal state produced by a spring
130
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced by pushing a button
Normal state produced by a spring
131
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
132
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
133
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
134
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
135
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
136
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
137
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
138
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flipped A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally closed
normally open
139
Operators
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:
General manual Lever
Basic Blueprint Reading
Push button
Pedal
Pull button
Treadle
Push/pull button 140
Rotary knob
Operators Cont’d
Basic Blueprint Reading
Plunger
Pressure
Spring normally as a return Roller
Pilot pressure
Differential pressure
Uni-direction or one way trip
Detent in 3 positions
141
Operators Cont’d
Electrical
Basic Blueprint Reading
Solenoid direct Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilot with manual override and external pilot supply When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral
Solenoid pilot with manual override and integral pilot supply
142
Port markings
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:
Basic Blueprint Reading
Alphabetical Designations Working Lines Leakage Fluid A, B, C …….. O (excludes L) L …………………………
Numerical Designations 2, 4, 6 . . . . 9
Supply Air
Exhaust Pilot Lines
P …………………………
R, S, T ………………..W Z, Y, X …………………..
1
3, 5, 7 …… 12, 14, 16, 18…
143
Port Markings Examples
2 12 Basic Blueprint Reading 10 2 12 10
1
3
1
2 14
4 12 14
4
2 12
1
3 5
1 3
144
Port Markings
Basic Blueprint Reading
12
2
10
12
3
2
10
1
1
2 14 1
4 12 3 14
4
2 12 1
5
3
145
Simplified cylinder symbols
Single acting – the load returns cylinder to original position
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position
Double acting – moved by fluid from either end
146
Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rotary motor single direction of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
147
Example Pneumatic Schematic
UP PB1 #12
3 1 2
BALANCER VALVE #2 #1 #0
DOWN PB2
Basic Blueprint Reading
#2 COMMON PB3 #1
3 1 2
#7
#1
R1 CLAMP PRESSURE #14
COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE & FLOW CONTROL
#1
CLAMP PB4
3 1 4 2
1 2 3 PS1
#8 #9
5 1 3 14
BV1 CLAMP EXTEND #22 #18 CLAMP SAFETY PB8
#3 #4
2 1 2-2
PV1
5 1 3 4 2
#23
#24 BV2 CLAMP RETRACT
1 2 1 OR1 3
UNCLAMP PB5
CLAMP CYL. A1
1
#8 3 NTD1
3
#9
12
3 1 OR2 3 1 2
#15
#19
2
ROTATE ADV. PB6
3 1 4 2
1 2-2
NTD2 3
#5 #6
1 2-2 1
#10 #11
#10
14
NTD3 3
PV2
5 1 3 4 2
ROTATE ADVANCE
BV3 #16 ROTATE RETURN #20
ROTATE RET. PB7
NTD4
#11
1
12
CLAMP CLOSED LV1
3
2
1 OR3
3 #13
#13 #22
14
ROTATE SAFETY PB9 BV4 ROTATE CYL. B1 #21
#25
2
PV3
5 1 3
RAISE DISABLE
#17
1 2 1 OR4 3
3 1 2
#1
1
4 2
#25
5 1 3
12
RAISE ENABLE #12
148
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
149
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
150
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Define Piping Drawings Identify Piping Symbols Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID) Identify P&ID Symbols
151
Symbols and Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
Piping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves. To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols. This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.
152
Piping Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
The single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.
153
Pipe Crossing
z
The crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it
Near pipe
Far pipe
154
Connections
z
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.
Detachable connection
Permanent connection
155
Detachable connection such as a flange
Adjoining apparatus
Fittings
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Line Without Flanges
Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends
156
Pipe Going Away
Pipe Coming Towards
Rear view flange
Front view flange
Single Line example
CROSS
Basic Blueprint Reading
GLOBE VALVE ELBOW
UNION
GATE VALVE
Y-FITTING CAP
PLUG
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
CHECK VALVE REDUCER 45㼻 ELBOW
ELBOW
157
Pictorial Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.
158
Pictorial example
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic Pipe Drawing
CROSS Y-FITTING CAP GLOBE VALVE GATE VALVE
PLUG
UNION
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
CHECK VALVE
REDUCER
45㼻 ELBOW
ELBOW
159
Common Piping Symbols Comparison
Pictorial
Basic Blueprint Reading
Symbol
90㼻 Elbows Straight Tee Reducing Tee Sanitary Tee P-Trap
160
Gate Valve
Valves
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE
BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
161
P&ID’s
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
162
Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s
z 1.
Basic Blueprint Reading
2. 3.
4.
5.
These process flow diagrams include: Pipe line numbers and directions Pipe specifications and line sizes All equipment All valves All Instrumentation with controlling devices
163
Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE MINOR PROCESS LINES
Basic Blueprint Reading
PROCESS TUBING HYDRAULIC LINES ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL ELECTRICAL LEADS PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR) INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
164
Valve Symbols
Valve Normally Open
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve Normally Closed Needle Valve Normally Closed Ball Valve Normally Closed Globe Valve Normally Closed Gate Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Open Ball Valve Normally Open Globe Valve Normally Open Gate Valve Normally Open Butterfly Valve
Two Valve Manifold
Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to it
165
Blind Flanged Generic Valve
N.C.
Control Valve Actuators
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.
Diaphragm Electric Motor Solenoid Piston Manual
166
Balloon Labeling
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve. The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example:
–
–
– – –
F = flow T = temperature L = level P = pressure H = hand (manually operated valve
FC
Flow Control Valve
167
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment. The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories.
Sensed Parameter F = flow T = temperature P = pressure I = current L = level V = voltage Z = position Type of Indicator or Controller R = recorder I = indicator C = controller Type of Component T = transmitter M = modifier E = element Type of Signal
I = current V = voltage P = pneumatic
168
Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Basic Blueprint Reading
Instrument Behind Board Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier
P/I PM or P/I or E/I
Examples of Transmitters
FT
PT FT
169
Flow Transmitter
PressureTransmitter
Controllers
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller
FC
Proportional
P PI PID I/P
Temperature Controller TC
Pressure Controller Level Controller PC TC
Proportional - Integral
Proportional – Integral - Differential Current to Pneumatic
170
Components
z
Within every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Compressor Heat Exchanger
Steam Turbine
S
Pumps
or
Tanks
or
171
Misc. Symbols
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions. Building/Area Boundary
XX-001-X-Y
XX-002-X-Y
XX-003-X-Y
172
Example P&ID Drawing
E-101 REBOILER V-101 DEPROPANIZER E-102 OVERHEAD CONDENSER V-102 REFLUX ACCUMULATOR
Basic Blueprint Reading
125㼻F 35 COOLING WATER
E-102
V-101
FEED 255 PSIG 210㼻F
20 PC V-102 240# @ 118㼻f 1 245㼻F FRC FLARE
LC
LG
HEATING MEDIUM E-101 REBOILER 230㼻F
275㼻F
LC
P-101A & 101B PRODUCT STORAGE STORAGE
173
P-101A & 101B PRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
174
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
175
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
z z
Define Topographical Maps Define Contour Maps Define Geology and Mining Terms Define Site Plans Drawings Define Floor Plans Define Elevation Drawings Define Structural Drawings and symbols
176
Topographical Maps
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Maps which describe in detail local features of the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earth’s surface.
177
Contours
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Most topographical maps are drawn as contours. Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..
178
Example Contours Map
Basic Blueprint Reading
Control Points
Contours
Relative Elevations
179
Profile
Contours Continued
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide. Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
180
Example Grid Contour Map
Basic Blueprint Reading
Contour
Elevation Grid
181
Geology and Mining Terms
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z z z z
Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north. Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes. Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault. Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein. Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface.
–
See following slide for examples
182
Geology Terms Example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Strike
Outcrop Area Bedding Plane Dip Angle
183
Fault Plane
Seam or Stratum
Thickness
Topographical Map Symbols
z
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Highway Railroad
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Telephone Line
Suspension Bridge Dam
Power Line
184
Site or Layout Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings. T They provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.
185
Example Site Drawing
186
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Symbols
Earth-rough grade
Basic Blueprint Reading
Concrete Paving Gravel
187
Earth-finish grade
Floor Plans
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Floor plans includes:
– –
–
– –
thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor the widths and locations of door and window openings the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms the types and locations of utility installations
188
Floor Layout Example
Door Symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Window Symbol
189
Elevation Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building. These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation
Side Elevation
190
Structural Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.
191
Example of Structural Drawing Detail
192
Basic Blueprint Reading
Beams
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot
or
S
Top End Front
Symbols
193
Channels
z
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
Basic Blueprint Reading
C
Top End Front
or
Symbols
194
Angles
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
L
Top
Symbol
End
Front
195
Tees
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
ST or T
Top
Symbols
196
Front End
Members
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.
197
Vertical Members
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure. The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
198
Horizontal Members
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
199
Trusses
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
200
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
201
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
MACHINE DRAWINGS
202
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Define Tolerances Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
203
Machine Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
In learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.
204
Tolerances
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed. This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension. Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples. – The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only. – The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable. – In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated
205
Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method
.498 DIA + .000 - .002
Bilateral Method
30㼻 㼼 1㼻
Basic Blueprint Reading
.875 㼼 .005 7㼼 1 8 64
.500 DIA + .002 - .000 .498 DIA .496
2.250 + .010 - .005
Limit Method
.500 DIA .502
206
Tolerance Symbols
Flatness & Straightness
Basic Blueprint Reading
Roundness
Angularity
Perpendicularity Parallelism Concentricity True Position
Symmetry
(MMC) Maximum Material Condition (RFS) Regardless of Feature size Datum Identifying symbol .001
M
S
-A-
Feature Control Symbol
207
A
Tolerance Datum
Symbol
Class Exercise
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Do Class Exercise Tolerances
208
Fillets and Rounds
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Fillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet
209
Rounds
Slots and Slides
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Slots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide
Dovetail Slide
210
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slot
Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom Keyseat and Keyway Square
211
Screw Threads
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Draftsmen use different methods to show thread on drawings
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief
212
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
Gears
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
When gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.
Working Depth Whole Depth
Dedendum Addendum
Clearance Root Dia.
213
Pitch Dia. Outside Dia.
Springs
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
There are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines
Common Types of Helical Springs
Symbol Representation of Springs
214
Finish Marks
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons. A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.
x
x
02
60㼻
3½ X MIN.
60㼻
Example of Use
215
Welding
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass. Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld
Fillet Weld Symbol
216
Symbol
Weld Drawing Symbols
z
A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
Basic Blueprint Reading
1. Reference Line 7. Tail – will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of ½ inch 2. Arrow – connects reference line to joint
OAW
½
G
2
5. Supplementary symbols – this illustrates a convex weld 6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.
3. Weld symbol – this indicates a fillet weld
217
Example Drawing
218
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
219
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
1
SUBJECTS
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
z
DRAWING BASICS ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MACHINE DRAWINGS
2
DRAWING BASICS
3
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Define basic industrial drawing structure Define line types Define types of drawings
4
Purpose of Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z z z z z
Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as: Architectural building layouts Electrical wiring Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts Location of equipment How to assemble equipment Details of equipment
5
Types of Drawings
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
z z
z
Civil Architectural Structural Mechanical Plumbing Piping Pneumatic/Hydraulic Electrical
6
Engineering Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.
– – – – –
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Title block Grid system Revision block Notes and legends Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
7
Drawing Sizes
z
Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typical
Basic Blueprint Reading
A – (letter)
8 ½ by 11inches B - 11 by 17inches
Metric A4 (210 x 297) A3 (297 x 420)
sizes
A2 (420 x 594) A1 (594 x 841)
C - 17 by 22 inches
D - 22 by 34 inches E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
A0 (841 x 1189)
8
Title Blocks
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.
?@A COMPANY
9
Revision Blocks
z
The revision block notes any changes made to a drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as: A
10
Parts Lists
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is
11
Scales
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item. For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.
12
Grid System
z
A drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found.
Basic Blueprint Reading
1 A B C
2
3
4
5
6
13
This point on the drawing is B-3
Basic Lines
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
z z z
Object lines Hidden lines Cutting plane lines Centerlines Extension lines Dimension lines Leaders line Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Hidden Line
z
The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Center Line
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.
Dimension Line / Extension Line
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension. Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part. The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part
Phantom
19
Leader
z
A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it
Basic Blueprint Reading
Grind Surface
1
Cutting Plane Line
z
Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
A
Break Lines
z
Break lines are uses to terminate a view to z Short Break Line conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Break lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections
Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.
Basic Blueprint Reading
3”
250 feet
Section Lines
z z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view. The lines are normally drawn diagonally.
Dimensioning Systems
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Different systems of dimensioning are generally used
– – –
Fractional inch Decimal inch SI Metric
25
Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
Basic Blueprint Reading
21/32 Dia 3/16
1/2 1 9/16 Dia
26
Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00 Ø
Basic Blueprint Reading
.656 Ø .19
.50 1.56 Ø
27
Metric Dimensioning
Ø 50
Basic Blueprint Reading
Ø 16.5 5
13 Ø 40
28
Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Typical
Radius
29
Abbreviations
z
Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOTTOM CENTER TO CENTER CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CONCRETE DIAMETER EAST, ELECTRICAL ELEVATION FINISH GRADE HORIZONTAL MH MIN N NC NTS OC O.D. OHW PL MANHOLE MINIMUM NORTH NOT IN CONTACT NOT TO SCALE ON CENTER OUSIDE DIAMETER OVERHEAD WIRES PROPERTY LINE R REF R/W SCH SF SQ STA T TYP RADIUS REFERENCE RIGHT OF WAY SCHEDULE SQUARE FEET SQUARE STATION TELEPHONE TYPICAL
Basic Blueprint Reading
BOT C/C CMP CONC DIA E EL FG H
HP
IE
HIGH POINT
INVERT ELEVATION INVERT
POB
POE PP
POINT OF BEGINNING
POINT OF ENDING POWER POLE
UNO
UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
30
INV
Drawing Legends
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.
31
Isometric Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.
32
Perspective
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.
Vanishing point
33
Orthographic Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic projection shows the drawn object from different views
Top view
Left side Front
Right side Rear
Bottom
34
Projection view
Single Line Drawings
z
z z
z
The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols. By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader. These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
35
Basic Blueprint Reading
Civil
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas. Civil drawings are sometimes called:
– –
–
site plans plot plans survey plans.
z
They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
36
Contour Lines
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.
180 160
140
120
110
37
Architectural
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project. They include items such as:
– –
–
– – –
Working drawings Structural drawings Floor plans Elevation drawings Section drawings Flow diagrams
38
Gridlines
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.
C B A 1
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
3
39
Mechanical
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:
– – –
Exploded view Detail Assembly
40
Example Mechanical Detail
41
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Assembly Drawing
42
Basic Blueprint Reading
An Exploded View
43
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pneumatic/Hydraulic
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
44
Single Line Schematic example
Plumbing/Piping
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
These types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
40.00
36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
Single Line Plumbing Example
45
Single Line Drawing
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A Single line plumbing drawing example
40.00
36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
46
Orthographic Piping Drawing
47
Basic Blueprint Reading
P&ID
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Piping and Instrumentation Drawings These drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material. All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.
48
Example P&ID
FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
Basic Blueprint Reading
SLUG CATCHER
CS CONTACTOR H.P. BULK SEPARATOR COALESCING FILTER NO. 1
PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)
FILTER SEPARATOR
TEST SEPARATOR
FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER
HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS TANK
49
Electrical
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment. They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram. Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.
50
Example Ladder
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1 Pushbutton
115 VAC Pilot Light L
L2
51
Example Wiring Diagram
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.
52
Electrical Schematics
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1
D1 C2 T1 R2
Q2
R1
L1
C3 +
C1
R3 + VGG -
53
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
54
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
55
Objectives
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Define how industrial electrical drawings are structured. Define Graphical Symbols Define Electrical wiring diagrams
56
Types of Electrical Drawings
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Wiring Diagrams Block Diagrams Sequence Charts – Electronic Schematics -
57
Diagrams
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels. It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
58
Electrical Diagrams
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder. All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side. Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical line Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.
59
Example Diagram
DISC 1FU L1 2FU 460V 3Ø 60 L2 3FU L3 15 AMP 2OL 2T1 1L3 1T3 1L2 1T2 1MTR HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR 3 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 213 1M 1L1 1OL 1T1
Basic Blueprint Reading
2T2 2MTR 2T3 H1 H3 H2 H4
SPINDLE MOTOR 2 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 184
T
X1 10 AMP 6FU 10 AMP 4FU 1PB MASTER STOP 3 1 1 2 3 AUTOMATIC 11 4 5 5 3PB RESET 11 6 7 CYCLE START 5 8 6PB 9 15 7PB 1CR 26 26 22 16 2CR 17 CRH CRA 5PB MANUAL 4PB 12 7 1M 2PB START MOTORS 1OL 8 9 2OL
115 V
H2 10 AMP 5FU 1LT R 1 10 1M 2 4 10 AMP 7FU
CRM CRM CRH 13 2LT R 6 CRA AUTOMATIC 5, 14, 16, 21 “AUTOMATIC” MANUAL 6, 7, 15, 18, 23 “MANUAL” MASTER RELAY 3,3 CRM
5 14
CRH 3LT A 1LS 18 2LS 19 5LS 20 6LS 21 7CR 22 6CR 5 23 1 CR 21 21 6
CLAMP PART CONTROL 9, 33, 33, 35, 35
60
10
Lines
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Field Wiring (external to panel)
z
61
Connections
Wiring Not Connected
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Connected
Termination or connection
Terminal strip and terminal designation
TS4-15
62
Graphical Symbols
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used. A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.
63
Graphical Symbols Cont’d
DISCONNECT Symbol - DISC
Basic Blueprint Reading
CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB Or for a single CB
64
Graphical Symbols Cont’d
Resistor
or
Basic Blueprint Reading
Tapped Resistor
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Fuses
65
Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Normally Open Contact Normally Closed Contact
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.
Coil
66
Motors Symbols
3 PHASE MOTOR
Basic Blueprint Reading
DC MOTOR
A
or
A
DC MOTOR FIELD
67
Transformer Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
H1 Primary or Input Secondary or Output X1
H3
H2
H4
X2
68
Pilot Lights
PUSH-TO-TEST
Basic Blueprint Reading
R
R
69
Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
HELD OPEN NORMALLY CLOSED HELD OPEN
NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
70
NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
Basic Blueprint Reading
Normally Closed
Normally Open
71
Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
72
Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
73
Pressure Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
74
Foot Switches
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY OPEN
75
Toggle Switch
76
Basic Blueprint Reading
Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
77
Selector Switch
3-POSITION
Second Off First Position Position Position
Basic Blueprint Reading
2-POSITION
78
Circuit is connected when switch is in this position.
Pushbuttons
SINGLE CIRCUIT
Basic Blueprint Reading
DOUBLE CIRCUIT
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
79
E-Stop Pushbuttons
80
Basic Blueprint Reading
Time Delay Relay
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
81
One-line diagram example
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.
Switch symbol Fuse symbol
Single line conductors
PLC
Pushbutton symbol
Controller symbol Motor symbol
M
82
Control Device Labeling
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB 210 211LS 211
111CR
211Sol
83
Wiring and Wire Identification
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring color code
z z z z z z
BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage RED – AC Control Circuits BLUE – DC Control Circuits YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits GREEN – Equipment grounding WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor
z
Wire Identification
–
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
84
Device Designations
z
The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit Switch CR - Control Relay T - Transformer FU - Fuse MTR - Motor LT - Pilot Light DISC – Disconnect OL - Overload Relay PB - Pushbutton S - Switch
85
Basic Blueprint Reading
Line Numbers
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Each line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down.
L1 Pushbutton 1 Limit Switch 2 Foot Switch 3 Temperature Switch 4 Relay CR2 Pressure Switch 115 VAC Relay CR1 Solenoid L2
86
Line Numbers
Wire-Reference Numbers
Wire Numbers
Basic Blueprint Reading
L1
115 VAC
L2
Relay 3 4 ( 2, 3 )
Pushbutton
1 2 1 1 CR1 2 2
CR3
CR1
3
1
Limit Switch
5
CR1
6
Relay CR2 4 (4)
Foot Switch 4 1 7
CR2
8
Relay CR3
4
(1)
87
Numerical Cross Reference
L1 Pushbutton
Basic Blueprint Reading
115 VAC CR3
L2
Relay
CR1 ( 2, 3 )
1 CR1 2
Limit Switch
3 Foot Switch 4
CR1
Relay CR2 (4)
CR2
Relay CR3 (1)
Cross Reference to Line Numbers
88
Terminal Numbers
L1
Basic Blueprint Reading
115 VAC
L2 Relay 3
2
Pushbutton
1 2 1 2 CR1
1 3
CR3
CR1
4
10
( 2, 3 )
1
2 CR1
5 6
3
1
Limit Switch
5
6
2
Relay CR2 4
10
(4)
Foot Switch
4 1 7
1
CR2
3
8
2
Relay CR3
10
4
(1)
89
Panel/Door Layouts
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Panel Layout. Door Layout
MOTORS RUNNING R 1LT
AUTOMATIC
9 TE RM . 1T B
1T1 1T2 1T3 271 272 2T3
1” X 3” 46 0V
1M
2OL 9” 9 1/2”
DISC
1 1/2 ”X 3”
1
1FU 2FU 3FU
1OL
z
2 3 4 5
1 1/2” X 3”
36 TE RM .
4F 5F U U
460V T CRM CRA CRH
MANUAL 2LT 3LT
EMERG. RETURN ACTIVE 4LT
6F 7F U U 115V 11 5V 1 1/2” X 3”
R
A
R
START MOTORS 2PB MASTER STOP 1PB
AUTOMATIC
MANUAL
EMERG. RESET 12PB EMERG. RETURN 11PB 2T B
1 1/2 ”X 3”
1CR
2CR
3CR
4CR
5CR
4PB
5PB
1 1/2” X 3”
RESET 3PB
47 51 52 53
6CR
7CR
8CR
9CR
6 1/2” 7 1/8”
CLAMPS ARE IN A 7LT
FULL DEPTH
HEAD RETRACTED
LUBE FAULT
A
5LT
G
6LT
R
9LT
29 TE RM .
55
1 1/2” X 3”
CYCLE UNCLAMP 10PB
HEAD FORWARD 8PB
HEAD RETURN 9PB 3T B
11 5V
1 1/2 ”X 3”
26 1/2” 7 1/2”
1 1/2” X 3” 1FT8 8 TERM
60 62 64 66 68 70
90
15 1/8” 5 1/2”
8FU9FU 10F 11F 12F 13F U U U U 60 62 64 66 60 70
115 V”
Drawing Identification
Prefix AD E Type of Drawing Air Diagram (Mechanical) Scale Layout (Mechanical) Description These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices. These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
Basic Blueprint Reading
EL
Electrical Layout (Electrical)
Electro Mechanical (Electrical) General Layout (Mechanical)
These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job. These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.
EM
EO
HO
Hydraulic Diagram (Mechanical)
Pneumatic Layout (Mechanical) Wiring Diagram (Electrical) General Information (Electrical)
This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.
These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device. This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations. This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
PL
WD WDO
91
Block Diagrams
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format. Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information. Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines
92
Example Block Diagram
Start pushbutton on
Basic Blueprint Reading
Process 1 starts if limit switch on
Process 1 stops if limit switch off
93
Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A. PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE ENGERGIZED. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED. NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON “3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE. 1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS “6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART 2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR” RELAY “3CR” (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED. 3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”. 4. “5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS. 5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING “7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART. 6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”. 7. “2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.
Basic Blueprint Reading
B.
C.
94
Electrical Layouts - EL
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.
95
Wiring Connection Diagrams
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Wiring (connection) diagram – a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.
96
Wiring Diagram Example
Motor Starter Coil
Start
Basic Blueprint Reading
M (aux) Stop
NO
M
M
M
M
Thermal Overloads Overload Contact T1 T2 Motor T3
97
Electronic Schematics
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1
D1 C2 T1 R2
Q2
R1
L1
C3 +
C1
R3 + VGG -
98
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
99
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
100
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Define Fluid Logic Symbols Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define
101
Shapes
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:
102
Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as “Fluid Power” The basic difference is Flow symbol. If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.
103
HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
Fluid Power Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings. The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a device The devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.
104
Flow lines
Flow line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Connected lines are illustrated with a connection dot
Single
Four way junction
Unconnected lines shown crossing
Flexible line
or Hose usually connecting parts with relative movement
105
Basic Line Symbols
Line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical Pilot control, bleed, filter
12 3
2 10 1
Dashed
Chain
Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit Electrical line
Line
106
Spring
Circle Shapes
Circles
Basic Blueprint Reading
energy conversion units measuring instrument
mechanical link roller
107
Squares and Rectangles
Square
Basic Blueprint Reading
control component connections perpendicular to sides conditioning apparatus connections to corners
Square at 45o
Rectangle
cylinders and valves
108
Squares and Rectangles
Rectangles
Basic Blueprint Reading
piston
certain control methods
109
Basic Symbols
Semi-circle
Basic Blueprint Reading
rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle mechanical connection piston rod, lever, shaft
Capsule
Double line
110
Functional Elements
Triangle
Basic Blueprint Reading
Direction and nature of fluid, open pneumatic or filled hydraulic
Spring
Arrow
Long sloping indicates adjustability
111
Functional Elements
Arrows
Basic Blueprint Reading
Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device
Tee
Closed path or port
Restriction
112
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion Shaft rotation
clockwise from right hand end
Basic Blueprint Reading
both
Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors
113
Functional Elements
Temperature
Basic Blueprint Reading
Indication or control size to suit
Opposed solenoid windings
Operator
Prime mover
M
Electric motor
M
114
Function components
Silencer
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure to electric switch preset
Pressure to electric switch adjustable
115
Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator Pressure drop indicator
116
Plant
Compressor and electric motor
Basic Blueprint Reading
M
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
117
Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge
Basic Blueprint Reading
Lubro-control unit Filter and lubricator Filter regulator with gauge
FRL Combined unit
118
Filters
Basic Blueprint Reading
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator
119
Pressure regulators
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator simplified
Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified
120
Pressure relief valves
z
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified
121
Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge
122
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2.. The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds. The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.
123
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state) The boxes are two pictures of the same valve
operated
normal
124
Basic Valve Symbols
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z z z
Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions. Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path. Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot. Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve
125
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.
operated
normal
126
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to end
operated
normal
127
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal
128
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced by pushing a button
129
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced by pushing a button
Normal state produced by a spring
130
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced by pushing a button
Normal state produced by a spring
131
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
132
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
133
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
134
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
135
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
136
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
137
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
138
Valve symbol structure
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flipped A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally closed
normally open
139
Operators
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:
General manual Lever
Basic Blueprint Reading
Push button
Pedal
Pull button
Treadle
Push/pull button 140
Rotary knob
Operators Cont’d
Basic Blueprint Reading
Plunger
Pressure
Spring normally as a return Roller
Pilot pressure
Differential pressure
Uni-direction or one way trip
Detent in 3 positions
141
Operators Cont’d
Electrical
Basic Blueprint Reading
Solenoid direct Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilot with manual override and external pilot supply When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral
Solenoid pilot with manual override and integral pilot supply
142
Port markings
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:
Basic Blueprint Reading
Alphabetical Designations Working Lines Leakage Fluid A, B, C …….. O (excludes L) L …………………………
Numerical Designations 2, 4, 6 . . . . 9
Supply Air
Exhaust Pilot Lines
P …………………………
R, S, T ………………..W Z, Y, X …………………..
1
3, 5, 7 …… 12, 14, 16, 18…
143
Port Markings Examples
2 12 Basic Blueprint Reading 10 2 12 10
1
3
1
2 14
4 12 14
4
2 12
1
3 5
1 3
144
Port Markings
Basic Blueprint Reading
12
2
10
12
3
2
10
1
1
2 14 1
4 12 3 14
4
2 12 1
5
3
145
Simplified cylinder symbols
Single acting – the load returns cylinder to original position
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position
Double acting – moved by fluid from either end
146
Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rotary motor single direction of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
147
Example Pneumatic Schematic
UP PB1 #12
3 1 2
BALANCER VALVE #2 #1 #0
DOWN PB2
Basic Blueprint Reading
#2 COMMON PB3 #1
3 1 2
#7
#1
R1 CLAMP PRESSURE #14
COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE & FLOW CONTROL
#1
CLAMP PB4
3 1 4 2
1 2 3 PS1
#8 #9
5 1 3 14
BV1 CLAMP EXTEND #22 #18 CLAMP SAFETY PB8
#3 #4
2 1 2-2
PV1
5 1 3 4 2
#23
#24 BV2 CLAMP RETRACT
1 2 1 OR1 3
UNCLAMP PB5
CLAMP CYL. A1
1
#8 3 NTD1
3
#9
12
3 1 OR2 3 1 2
#15
#19
2
ROTATE ADV. PB6
3 1 4 2
1 2-2
NTD2 3
#5 #6
1 2-2 1
#10 #11
#10
14
NTD3 3
PV2
5 1 3 4 2
ROTATE ADVANCE
BV3 #16 ROTATE RETURN #20
ROTATE RET. PB7
NTD4
#11
1
12
CLAMP CLOSED LV1
3
2
1 OR3
3 #13
#13 #22
14
ROTATE SAFETY PB9 BV4 ROTATE CYL. B1 #21
#25
2
PV3
5 1 3
RAISE DISABLE
#17
1 2 1 OR4 3
3 1 2
#1
1
4 2
#25
5 1 3
12
RAISE ENABLE #12
148
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
149
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
150
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Define Piping Drawings Identify Piping Symbols Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID) Identify P&ID Symbols
151
Symbols and Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
Piping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves. To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols. This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.
152
Piping Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
The single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.
153
Pipe Crossing
z
The crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it
Near pipe
Far pipe
154
Connections
z
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.
Detachable connection
Permanent connection
155
Detachable connection such as a flange
Adjoining apparatus
Fittings
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Line Without Flanges
Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends
156
Pipe Going Away
Pipe Coming Towards
Rear view flange
Front view flange
Single Line example
CROSS
Basic Blueprint Reading
GLOBE VALVE ELBOW
UNION
GATE VALVE
Y-FITTING CAP
PLUG
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
CHECK VALVE REDUCER 45㼻 ELBOW
ELBOW
157
Pictorial Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.
158
Pictorial example
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic Pipe Drawing
CROSS Y-FITTING CAP GLOBE VALVE GATE VALVE
PLUG
UNION
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
CHECK VALVE
REDUCER
45㼻 ELBOW
ELBOW
159
Common Piping Symbols Comparison
Pictorial
Basic Blueprint Reading
Symbol
90㼻 Elbows Straight Tee Reducing Tee Sanitary Tee P-Trap
160
Gate Valve
Valves
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE
BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
161
P&ID’s
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
162
Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s
z 1.
Basic Blueprint Reading
2. 3.
4.
5.
These process flow diagrams include: Pipe line numbers and directions Pipe specifications and line sizes All equipment All valves All Instrumentation with controlling devices
163
Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE MINOR PROCESS LINES
Basic Blueprint Reading
PROCESS TUBING HYDRAULIC LINES ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL ELECTRICAL LEADS PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR) INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
164
Valve Symbols
Valve Normally Open
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve Normally Closed Needle Valve Normally Closed Ball Valve Normally Closed Globe Valve Normally Closed Gate Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Open Ball Valve Normally Open Globe Valve Normally Open Gate Valve Normally Open Butterfly Valve
Two Valve Manifold
Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to it
165
Blind Flanged Generic Valve
N.C.
Control Valve Actuators
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.
Diaphragm Electric Motor Solenoid Piston Manual
166
Balloon Labeling
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve. The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example:
–
–
– – –
F = flow T = temperature L = level P = pressure H = hand (manually operated valve
FC
Flow Control Valve
167
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment. The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories.
Sensed Parameter F = flow T = temperature P = pressure I = current L = level V = voltage Z = position Type of Indicator or Controller R = recorder I = indicator C = controller Type of Component T = transmitter M = modifier E = element Type of Signal
I = current V = voltage P = pneumatic
168
Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Basic Blueprint Reading
Instrument Behind Board Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier
P/I PM or P/I or E/I
Examples of Transmitters
FT
PT FT
169
Flow Transmitter
PressureTransmitter
Controllers
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller
FC
Proportional
P PI PID I/P
Temperature Controller TC
Pressure Controller Level Controller PC TC
Proportional - Integral
Proportional – Integral - Differential Current to Pneumatic
170
Components
z
Within every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Compressor Heat Exchanger
Steam Turbine
S
Pumps
or
Tanks
or
171
Misc. Symbols
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions. Building/Area Boundary
XX-001-X-Y
XX-002-X-Y
XX-003-X-Y
172
Example P&ID Drawing
E-101 REBOILER V-101 DEPROPANIZER E-102 OVERHEAD CONDENSER V-102 REFLUX ACCUMULATOR
Basic Blueprint Reading
125㼻F 35 COOLING WATER
E-102
V-101
FEED 255 PSIG 210㼻F
20 PC V-102 240# @ 118㼻f 1 245㼻F FRC FLARE
LC
LG
HEATING MEDIUM E-101 REBOILER 230㼻F
275㼻F
LC
P-101A & 101B PRODUCT STORAGE STORAGE
173
P-101A & 101B PRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
174
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
175
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
z z
Define Topographical Maps Define Contour Maps Define Geology and Mining Terms Define Site Plans Drawings Define Floor Plans Define Elevation Drawings Define Structural Drawings and symbols
176
Topographical Maps
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Maps which describe in detail local features of the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earth’s surface.
177
Contours
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Most topographical maps are drawn as contours. Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..
178
Example Contours Map
Basic Blueprint Reading
Control Points
Contours
Relative Elevations
179
Profile
Contours Continued
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide. Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
180
Example Grid Contour Map
Basic Blueprint Reading
Contour
Elevation Grid
181
Geology and Mining Terms
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z z z z
Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north. Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes. Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault. Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein. Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface.
–
See following slide for examples
182
Geology Terms Example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Strike
Outcrop Area Bedding Plane Dip Angle
183
Fault Plane
Seam or Stratum
Thickness
Topographical Map Symbols
z
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Highway Railroad
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Telephone Line
Suspension Bridge Dam
Power Line
184
Site or Layout Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings. T They provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.
185
Example Site Drawing
186
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Symbols
Earth-rough grade
Basic Blueprint Reading
Concrete Paving Gravel
187
Earth-finish grade
Floor Plans
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Floor plans includes:
– –
–
– –
thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor the widths and locations of door and window openings the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms the types and locations of utility installations
188
Floor Layout Example
Door Symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Window Symbol
189
Elevation Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building. These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation
Side Elevation
190
Structural Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.
191
Example of Structural Drawing Detail
192
Basic Blueprint Reading
Beams
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot
or
S
Top End Front
Symbols
193
Channels
z
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
Basic Blueprint Reading
C
Top End Front
or
Symbols
194
Angles
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
L
Top
Symbol
End
Front
195
Tees
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
ST or T
Top
Symbols
196
Front End
Members
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.
197
Vertical Members
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
z
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure. The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
198
Horizontal Members
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
199
Trusses
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
200
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
201
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
MACHINE DRAWINGS
202
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Define Tolerances Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
203
Machine Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
In learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.
204
Tolerances
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed. This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension. Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples. – The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only. – The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable. – In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated
205
Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method
.498 DIA + .000 - .002
Bilateral Method
30㼻 㼼 1㼻
Basic Blueprint Reading
.875 㼼 .005 7㼼 1 8 64
.500 DIA + .002 - .000 .498 DIA .496
2.250 + .010 - .005
Limit Method
.500 DIA .502
206
Tolerance Symbols
Flatness & Straightness
Basic Blueprint Reading
Roundness
Angularity
Perpendicularity Parallelism Concentricity True Position
Symmetry
(MMC) Maximum Material Condition (RFS) Regardless of Feature size Datum Identifying symbol .001
M
S
-A-
Feature Control Symbol
207
A
Tolerance Datum
Symbol
Class Exercise
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Do Class Exercise Tolerances
208
Fillets and Rounds
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Fillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet
209
Rounds
Slots and Slides
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Slots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide
Dovetail Slide
210
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slot
Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom Keyseat and Keyway Square
211
Screw Threads
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Draftsmen use different methods to show thread on drawings
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief
212
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
Gears
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
When gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.
Working Depth Whole Depth
Dedendum Addendum
Clearance Root Dia.
213
Pitch Dia. Outside Dia.
Springs
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
There are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines
Common Types of Helical Springs
Symbol Representation of Springs
214
Finish Marks
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons. A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.
x
x
02
60㼻
3½ X MIN.
60㼻
Example of Use
215
Welding
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass. Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld
Fillet Weld Symbol
216
Symbol
Weld Drawing Symbols
z
A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
Basic Blueprint Reading
1. Reference Line 7. Tail – will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of ½ inch 2. Arrow – connects reference line to joint
OAW
½
G
2
5. Supplementary symbols – this illustrates a convex weld 6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.
3. Weld symbol – this indicates a fillet weld
217
Example Drawing
218
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
z
219
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
