Basic Water Course
Content
BASIC WATER
COURSE
Introduction to Water Resources
I. Water Cycle
II. Typical Water Supply System
i. Source
ii. Treatment
iii. Distribution
Water Cycle
Understanding the Water Cycle
The world's total volume of water is in many
different forms:
• Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
• Solid- glaciers
• Gas- invisible water vapor in the air
Water changes states as it is moved
around the planet by wind currents.
Evaporation
When the sun heats
the ocean and lakes,
water evaporates and
rises into the air.
Condensation
The water vapor cools
and condenses to
become droplets,
which form clouds
Snow
Rain
If enough water
condenses, the drops
become heavy enough
to fall to the ground as
rain and snow.
Melting
of ice
Run-off
Ground
water
Some rain collects in
ground wells. The rest
flows through rivers,
including melted ice,
back into the ocean
Typical Water Supply
System
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
sources of water that are
potentially useful
TREATMENT
process of making the water
useful for end-users
DISTRIBUTION
the end-users or
the receiver
Water Resources
Icecaps and Glaciers
68.7%
Saline (Oceans)
97%
Lakes
87%
Groundwater
30.1%
Rivers
2%
Surface water
0.3%
Others
0.9%
Fresh water
3%
Earth’s water
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Freshwater
Swamps
11%
Fresh surface water
Sources of Natural Drinking Water
Surface Water
Groundwater
- is water in a
river, lake or
fresh
water wetland.
Surface water is
naturally
- is fresh water
located in
the pore space
of soil
and rocks
- water that is
flowing within
aquifers below
the water table
Seawater
Rainwater
- is water that
has the
property of
salinity and
temperature
which controls
the density of
the water.
- is precipitation
that is collected
from relatively
clean, aboveground
surfaces usually
rooftops.
Water Resources for Metro Manila
Laiban Dam
Kanan Dam
Agos Dam
Kaliwa Low Dam
Marikina River
Wawa Dam
Laguna Lake
Angat Dam
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
SOURCE
TREATMENT
STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION
TREATMENT
Storage
What are dams?
• Dam is a solid barrier constructed
at a suitable location across a river
valley to store flowing water
Types of dams
Storage dam
Impound water in
periods of surplus
supply.
Diversion dam
Used for irrigation,
and for diversion of
water from streams
to a storage reservoir
ANGAT DAM
IPO DAM
LA MESA DAM
LAGUNA LAKE
GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION
UMIRAY
Transbasin
Tunnel
Umiray
Angat Dam
Ipo Dam
To Treatment Plants
Portal
Aqueducts
To La
Mesa
Dam
UMIRAY
UMIRAY
Tunnel
4.3 km
Diameter 4.3 m
Design
30cms
Actual
9-16 cms
LOCATION : Sitio Bituan, Barangay Umiray,
General Nakar, Quezon Province
ANGAT DAM
•Multi Purpose Dam
• For potable water supply
• Electric power generation
• Irrigation
•Flood control
•Overflow Level:217 m
•Low water level: 180.00 m
•Critical low water level: 150.00 m
•Volume: 850 MCM
•Watershed: 62,000 Hectares
IPO DAMIPO
IPO DAM
DAM
•Mass concrete gravity dam with
gated spillways, and diversion
control
•Capacity: 5.9 MCM
•Operating level: 100.50 – 100.80 m
•Overflow Level: 101.0 m
•Watershed: 6,600 Hectares
•7units 12 m high Radial Gates
LA MESA DAM
LA MESA DAM
•Overflow Level: 80.15 M
•Volume: 45.36 MCM (38 MCM Usable)
•Watershed: 2,700 Hectares
•3 Intake Structures
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
-sources of water that are
potentially useful
TREATMENT
-process of making the water
useful for end-users
DISTRIBUTION
-the end-users of
the receiver
Why do we
treat water?
•58% of ground water is contaminated
with coliform
•31% of illness for a 5-year period were
water-borne diseases
Impurities in Water
CLASSIFICATIONS
I. Suspended
II. Dissolved
III. Living Organisms
Impurities in Water
I. Suspended Solids
•Sand
•Silt
•Clay
•Debris
•Organic matter (e.g. leaves)
•Industrial/Domestic by-products
Effects
• Increase in surface water
temperature, thus decrease the
dissolved oxygen
• Turbid water
• Discoloration
Impurities in Water
II. Dissolved Solids
•Calcium
•Magnesium
•Chloride
•Manganese
•Sulfate
•Nitrate
•Carbonate
Effects
• Cause metallic/bitter taste
• Discoloration/Staining (Brown,
black or yellow)
• Cause hard water
• Rusty odor
Impurities in Water
III. Living Organisms
•Fish
•Shrimps
•Worms
•Larvae
•Algae
Effects
• Cause water-bourne diseases
• Cause taste and odor problems
• Clog filters, and produce slime
growths on intake pipes and
equipment
Impurities in Water
IV. Dissolved Gases
How it gets into the water
• Naturally occurs in atmosphere and photosynthesis
• Any equipment which is open to the atmosphere will permit
gases to enter
Effects
• Affects aquatic life
• Corrosion
• Rotten egg Odor
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Water Quality
- characteristics of water with respect to its
suitability for drinking
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Main water quality
parameters:
1. Turbidity
2. pH
3. Residual Chlorine
4. Microbiological Quality
5. Color
6. Taste and Odor
7. Total Dissolved Solids
Parameter
Apparent
Color
True
Turbidity
Chloride
Hardness
Hydrogen Sulfide
Iron
Manganese
pH
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Residual Chlorine
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Source: PNSDW
Maximum Level
10 PCU
5 PCU
5 NTU
250 mg/L
300 mg/L as CaCO3
0.05 mg/L
1 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
6.5 - 8.5
500 mg/L
0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
1. Turbidity
Parameter
Turbidity
Limit
5 NTU
• Refers to cloudiness of water
• The higher the value, the more turbid the water is
• Removed through chemical application
<5
50
250
> 1,500
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
2. pH
Parameter
pH
Limit
6.5 - 8.5 mg/L
• Measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution
• Indicates the effectiveness of coagulation/flocculation process
pH < 7 < pH
Acidic
Basic
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
3. Residual Chlorine
Parameter
Residual Chlorine
Limit
0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
•Remaining chlorine available for disinfection
•Indicator analysis for microbiological occurence
Colorimeter
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
4. Microbiological Parameter
Parameter
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Maximum Level
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
• Water contains potential pathogens that may be markers of risk
• These pathogenic organisms originate from the intestinal tract of
warm blooded
• Pathogens:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Salmonella
Shigella
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter fetus
Legionella pneumophila
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply
Systems for Microbiological Examination
Source: PNSDW
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
5. Color
Parameter
Apparent
Color
TRUE
• Green or blue water is usually
caused by corrosion of copper
plumbing.
• Red or dark brown water
generally indicates iron rust or
manganese in the water or pipe
sediment
•
Cloudy White is usually due to
turbidity
Maximum Level
10 PCU
5 PCU
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
6. Taste and Odor
Standard:
Unobjectionable
- Petroleum or solvent odor
- Metallic taste
- Chlorine, chemical or medicinal taste or odor
- Rotten egg odor
- Moldy, earthy, grassy, or fishy odor
- Salty taste
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
7. Total Dissolved Solids
Parameter
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Maximum Level
500 mg/L
• Measure of combined content of all organic and inorganic
substances contained in a liquid
• Originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial
wastewater.
Iron (Total)
Iron (Dissolved)
Manganese (Total)
Operational
Limit
1
<0.10
0.1
Manganese (Dissolved)
0.05
Sulfates
Aluminum (Total)
Aluminum (Dissolved)
250
0.2
0.05
Parameter
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Screening
Aeration
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation/
Clarification
Flotation
Filtration
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis
Disinfection
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
SCREENING
• Prevents foreign objects such as grass, leaves, tree limbs and other
large floatables to enter the process
• Prevents:
–
–
–
–
Damage to treatment plant equipment
Increase in chemical requirements
impede hydraulic flow in open channels or pipes
hinder the treatment process
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
AERATION
• Process of bringing water and air into close contact
• Removes remove dissolved/trapped gases, such as carbon dioxide
• Oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and manganese
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
COAGULATION
• Promotes aggregation of small particles in to large particles by rapid
mixing
• Uses coagulant chemicals
• Common coagulants are as
follows:
1. Aluminum Sulfate
2. Sodium Aluminate
3. Ferric Sulfate
4. Ferrous Sulfate
5. Ferric Chloride
Coagulant
6. Polymers
7. PolyAluminum Chloride
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FLOCCULATION
• Formation of small particles into big ones (flocs), ready for
sedimentation process
• Utilizes slow mixing
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
SEDIMENTATION / CLARIFICATION
• Sedimentation basins are used to settle out the floc before going to the
filters
• Water moves slowly through the sedimentation tank or basin with
minimum turbulence at entry and exit points
• Flocs that formed into sludge settles at the bottom of the basin
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FLOATATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FILTRATION
• Separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the
latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.
• The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the FILTRATE
• Filter Media
Silica Sand
Anthracite Coal
Membrane
Nanofilters
Ultrafilters
Microfilters
Reverse Osmosis
Raw water
Filter
Filter
Filtrate
Filtrate
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Conventional Filtration vs Membrane Filtration
•
Conventional Granular /
Mixed Media
– Irregular Pore Size
Distribution
– Probable/ Filtration
•
MF Membrane Media
– Controlled/Uniform Pore
Size Distribution (0.1 micron)
– Absolute Filtration
– Better water quality
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Relative Sizes of Small Particles
Pencil Dot (40 µm)
Protozoa
Giardia Cyst
(5 - 15 µm)
Large Siliceous
Bacteria (20 µm)
Particle (0.5 µm)
Virus (0.3 µm)
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium
Oocysts
(3 - 6 µm)
Microfiltration (0.1 µm)
Can all particles be filtered?
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
DISINFECTION
• Filtering out harmful microbes by adding disinfectant chemicals in
the last step of water purification
• Kills any pathogens which pass through the filters
• Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
• Common Disinfectant:
DISINFECTANT
Chlorine
CHEMICAL
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine
Ozone
Ultraviolet
Hypochlorites
Mixed Oxide
PATHOGENS
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
LMTP-1 commissioned in 1982, is a standard flocculationsettlement-rapid gravity filter plant
• Design Capacity: 1500 mld
• Overload Capacity: 1650 mld
• Type: Conventional
• Filters: Anthracite coal & sand
• ISO 9001:2000 Certified (Quality Management System)
• IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
Series
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 1
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Aluminum
Sulfate
Raw water from LP-1
Open canal (Portal)
Screening
Polymer
Pre-chlorination
Junction
Box
Structure
Rapid
Mixing
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Caustic
Soda
Recovery Lagoon
Potassium
Permanganate
Filtration
To Bagbag Reservoir
Post Chlorination
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
created by: Production Planning
Rapid Mixing
Water Source
Primary
Coagulant
Coagulant
Coagulant
Aid
Aid
Chlorine
Application
Sedimentation
Process
La Mesa
Treatment
Plant 1
Filtration
Process
Flocculation
Process
Recovery
Sludge Lagoons
Potable
Water
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
• Commissioning Date: January 1995
• Design Capacity: 900 mld
• Overload Capacity: 990 mld
• Type: Pulsator
• Filters: Silica sand
• ISO 9001:2000 Certified ( Quality Management System )
• IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety
Maynilad WaterSeries
Services, Inc.
Assessment
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 2
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Raw water from
LP-2 Open canal
(Portal)
Pre- chlorination
Caustic Soda
Aluminum Sulfate
Coagulation
(Repartition
Building)
Screening
(Raw Water
Inlet)
Recovered Water
Potassium
Permanganate
Washwater
Recovery
Tank
Caustic Soda
(if necessary)
Effluent
Post Chlorination
Filtration
Polymer
Pulsator-Clarifier
Flash Mixing
Primary
Coagulant
Water
WaterSource
Source
Primary
Coagulant
Coagulant
Coagulant Aid
Aid
Flash Mixing
Chlorine
Application
Pulsator
Clarifier
Pulsation/
Clarification
Process
Filtration
Process
Filtration Process
Recovery
Sludge Management Facility
To LMTP1
Sludge Lagoons
La Mesa
Treatment
Plant 2
Recovery
Potable
Water
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
PWTP
o Laguna lake consists of 21 major tributary rivers
o Backflow of saltwater from Manila Bay when level of lake is lower
07/08/10
than 10.5 meters
100 MLD PUTATAN
WATER
TREATMENT PLANT
CHEMICAL STORAGE
DAF-1
DAF-2
PERMEATE
TANK
RAW WATER PUMPING STATION
MFRO BLDG
FOREBAY
SUB STATION
EXISTING NIA BLDG
PRE-TREATED 2
PRE-TREATED 1
TRANSFORMER YARD
PWPS MCC
GENSET HOUSE
SLUDGE DEWATERING BLDG
CHLORINATION BLDG
PNR RAILWAY
PRODUCT WATER PUMPING STATION
14ML RESERVOIR
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
When TDS > 400
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
-sources of water that are
potentially useful
TREATMENT
-process of making the water
useful for end-users
DISTRIBUTION
-the end-users of
the receiver
Interconnecting Structure
HGL = 74.48 m (as indicated in drawings)
(Correct HGL = 73.16 to 73.18 m)
To Bagbag Reservoir
900 mm dia. BV
2500 mm dia. By-pass
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
1500 mm dia.
BV
2800 mm dia.
2000 mm dia.
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
ARPS
2100 b. valve inside weir box
50 ML la Mesa Reservoir
Overflow Weir
Elev. = 73.74 m
3200 mm dia.
HEADLOSS
ROUGHNESS
FLOW
VELOCITY
ENERGYLOSS
Physical
NRW
Secondary/tertiary lines
Commercial
NRW
Hydraulic Grade Line
WSC
lateral line
trunk line
lateral line
Typical Distribution System
Reservoir
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
Flow and Pressure on Pipes
What is the reason why
reservoir is draining
during peak
demand/hour?
Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
1400
mld
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
1200
1700
mld
mld
Flow and Pressure on Pipes
What is the function of
pump stations in the
distribution system?
Bagbag Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
Typical Distribution System
TREATMENT
PLANT
PE TUBING
BAGBAG
RESERVOIR
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
PUMPING
STATION
PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
Bagbag Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
Typical Distribution System
TREATMENT
PLANT
PE TUBING
BAGBAG
RESERVOIR
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
PUMPING
STATION
PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
WATER METER
How high can 7 psi go?
7 psi ~ 5m
2m
3m
PIPE NETWORK
Secondary Line
Check Valve
Tertiary Line
Flow Meter
Primary Line
Meter Set
Assembly
GP
Pipe Fittings
District Meter
DMA
PRV
Fire Hydrant
Valves
PRV
Air Valve
Blow-off
DUCTILE IRON PIPES
STEEL PIPES
PVC Pipe
Asbestos Cement Pipe
HDPE Pipe
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Small Gate Valve –
Commonly used in MSA
and domestic plumbing
Gate Valve – Commonly
used in MSA and domestic
plumbing
Cone Valve – Commonly
used in pumping stations
Butterfly Valve –
Commonly used in large
diameter pipes
Glove Valve – Commonly
used in pumping stations
Check Valve – Permit water to flow
in only one direction and are
commonly used to to prevent
reversal of flow when pumps are
shutoff
Air Valve – are provided in long
pipelines to permit release of air at
high points and prevent negative
pressures when lines get drained.
Pressure Regulating Valve –
Automatically reduce the
downstream pressure to any
desired level..
District Meter – Are used
to measure supply and to
calculate losses in a DMA.
Electromagnetic Flow Meter
Flow Meter– Are used to
measure supply and to
calculate losses on
distribution lines.
Insertion Type Flow Meter
Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Blow-off valve – Are
designed to prevent
contamination of water
supplies. It is usually
located at the lowest part
of the pipeline.
Fire Hydrant – Are
designed for fire fighting
and can be used as
flushing point.
Spring Fire Hydrant
Traffic Type Fire Hydrant
Meter Set Assembly– Are
used to measure water
consumption of
costumers.
End Cap
Reducer
Adaptor
STC
Bend
Elbow
Tee
COURSE
Introduction to Water Resources
I. Water Cycle
II. Typical Water Supply System
i. Source
ii. Treatment
iii. Distribution
Water Cycle
Understanding the Water Cycle
The world's total volume of water is in many
different forms:
• Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
• Solid- glaciers
• Gas- invisible water vapor in the air
Water changes states as it is moved
around the planet by wind currents.
Evaporation
When the sun heats
the ocean and lakes,
water evaporates and
rises into the air.
Condensation
The water vapor cools
and condenses to
become droplets,
which form clouds
Snow
Rain
If enough water
condenses, the drops
become heavy enough
to fall to the ground as
rain and snow.
Melting
of ice
Run-off
Ground
water
Some rain collects in
ground wells. The rest
flows through rivers,
including melted ice,
back into the ocean
Typical Water Supply
System
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
sources of water that are
potentially useful
TREATMENT
process of making the water
useful for end-users
DISTRIBUTION
the end-users or
the receiver
Water Resources
Icecaps and Glaciers
68.7%
Saline (Oceans)
97%
Lakes
87%
Groundwater
30.1%
Rivers
2%
Surface water
0.3%
Others
0.9%
Fresh water
3%
Earth’s water
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Freshwater
Swamps
11%
Fresh surface water
Sources of Natural Drinking Water
Surface Water
Groundwater
- is water in a
river, lake or
fresh
water wetland.
Surface water is
naturally
- is fresh water
located in
the pore space
of soil
and rocks
- water that is
flowing within
aquifers below
the water table
Seawater
Rainwater
- is water that
has the
property of
salinity and
temperature
which controls
the density of
the water.
- is precipitation
that is collected
from relatively
clean, aboveground
surfaces usually
rooftops.
Water Resources for Metro Manila
Laiban Dam
Kanan Dam
Agos Dam
Kaliwa Low Dam
Marikina River
Wawa Dam
Laguna Lake
Angat Dam
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
SOURCE
TREATMENT
STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION
TREATMENT
Storage
What are dams?
• Dam is a solid barrier constructed
at a suitable location across a river
valley to store flowing water
Types of dams
Storage dam
Impound water in
periods of surplus
supply.
Diversion dam
Used for irrigation,
and for diversion of
water from streams
to a storage reservoir
ANGAT DAM
IPO DAM
LA MESA DAM
LAGUNA LAKE
GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION
UMIRAY
Transbasin
Tunnel
Umiray
Angat Dam
Ipo Dam
To Treatment Plants
Portal
Aqueducts
To La
Mesa
Dam
UMIRAY
UMIRAY
Tunnel
4.3 km
Diameter 4.3 m
Design
30cms
Actual
9-16 cms
LOCATION : Sitio Bituan, Barangay Umiray,
General Nakar, Quezon Province
ANGAT DAM
•Multi Purpose Dam
• For potable water supply
• Electric power generation
• Irrigation
•Flood control
•Overflow Level:217 m
•Low water level: 180.00 m
•Critical low water level: 150.00 m
•Volume: 850 MCM
•Watershed: 62,000 Hectares
IPO DAMIPO
IPO DAM
DAM
•Mass concrete gravity dam with
gated spillways, and diversion
control
•Capacity: 5.9 MCM
•Operating level: 100.50 – 100.80 m
•Overflow Level: 101.0 m
•Watershed: 6,600 Hectares
•7units 12 m high Radial Gates
LA MESA DAM
LA MESA DAM
•Overflow Level: 80.15 M
•Volume: 45.36 MCM (38 MCM Usable)
•Watershed: 2,700 Hectares
•3 Intake Structures
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
-sources of water that are
potentially useful
TREATMENT
-process of making the water
useful for end-users
DISTRIBUTION
-the end-users of
the receiver
Why do we
treat water?
•58% of ground water is contaminated
with coliform
•31% of illness for a 5-year period were
water-borne diseases
Impurities in Water
CLASSIFICATIONS
I. Suspended
II. Dissolved
III. Living Organisms
Impurities in Water
I. Suspended Solids
•Sand
•Silt
•Clay
•Debris
•Organic matter (e.g. leaves)
•Industrial/Domestic by-products
Effects
• Increase in surface water
temperature, thus decrease the
dissolved oxygen
• Turbid water
• Discoloration
Impurities in Water
II. Dissolved Solids
•Calcium
•Magnesium
•Chloride
•Manganese
•Sulfate
•Nitrate
•Carbonate
Effects
• Cause metallic/bitter taste
• Discoloration/Staining (Brown,
black or yellow)
• Cause hard water
• Rusty odor
Impurities in Water
III. Living Organisms
•Fish
•Shrimps
•Worms
•Larvae
•Algae
Effects
• Cause water-bourne diseases
• Cause taste and odor problems
• Clog filters, and produce slime
growths on intake pipes and
equipment
Impurities in Water
IV. Dissolved Gases
How it gets into the water
• Naturally occurs in atmosphere and photosynthesis
• Any equipment which is open to the atmosphere will permit
gases to enter
Effects
• Affects aquatic life
• Corrosion
• Rotten egg Odor
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Water Quality
- characteristics of water with respect to its
suitability for drinking
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Main water quality
parameters:
1. Turbidity
2. pH
3. Residual Chlorine
4. Microbiological Quality
5. Color
6. Taste and Odor
7. Total Dissolved Solids
Parameter
Apparent
Color
True
Turbidity
Chloride
Hardness
Hydrogen Sulfide
Iron
Manganese
pH
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Residual Chlorine
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Source: PNSDW
Maximum Level
10 PCU
5 PCU
5 NTU
250 mg/L
300 mg/L as CaCO3
0.05 mg/L
1 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
6.5 - 8.5
500 mg/L
0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
1. Turbidity
Parameter
Turbidity
Limit
5 NTU
• Refers to cloudiness of water
• The higher the value, the more turbid the water is
• Removed through chemical application
<5
50
250
> 1,500
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
2. pH
Parameter
pH
Limit
6.5 - 8.5 mg/L
• Measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution
• Indicates the effectiveness of coagulation/flocculation process
pH < 7 < pH
Acidic
Basic
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
3. Residual Chlorine
Parameter
Residual Chlorine
Limit
0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
•Remaining chlorine available for disinfection
•Indicator analysis for microbiological occurence
Colorimeter
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
4. Microbiological Parameter
Parameter
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Maximum Level
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
• Water contains potential pathogens that may be markers of risk
• These pathogenic organisms originate from the intestinal tract of
warm blooded
• Pathogens:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Salmonella
Shigella
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter fetus
Legionella pneumophila
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply
Systems for Microbiological Examination
Source: PNSDW
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
5. Color
Parameter
Apparent
Color
TRUE
• Green or blue water is usually
caused by corrosion of copper
plumbing.
• Red or dark brown water
generally indicates iron rust or
manganese in the water or pipe
sediment
•
Cloudy White is usually due to
turbidity
Maximum Level
10 PCU
5 PCU
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
6. Taste and Odor
Standard:
Unobjectionable
- Petroleum or solvent odor
- Metallic taste
- Chlorine, chemical or medicinal taste or odor
- Rotten egg odor
- Moldy, earthy, grassy, or fishy odor
- Salty taste
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
7. Total Dissolved Solids
Parameter
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Maximum Level
500 mg/L
• Measure of combined content of all organic and inorganic
substances contained in a liquid
• Originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial
wastewater.
Iron (Total)
Iron (Dissolved)
Manganese (Total)
Operational
Limit
1
<0.10
0.1
Manganese (Dissolved)
0.05
Sulfates
Aluminum (Total)
Aluminum (Dissolved)
250
0.2
0.05
Parameter
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Screening
Aeration
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation/
Clarification
Flotation
Filtration
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis
Disinfection
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
SCREENING
• Prevents foreign objects such as grass, leaves, tree limbs and other
large floatables to enter the process
• Prevents:
–
–
–
–
Damage to treatment plant equipment
Increase in chemical requirements
impede hydraulic flow in open channels or pipes
hinder the treatment process
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
AERATION
• Process of bringing water and air into close contact
• Removes remove dissolved/trapped gases, such as carbon dioxide
• Oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and manganese
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
COAGULATION
• Promotes aggregation of small particles in to large particles by rapid
mixing
• Uses coagulant chemicals
• Common coagulants are as
follows:
1. Aluminum Sulfate
2. Sodium Aluminate
3. Ferric Sulfate
4. Ferrous Sulfate
5. Ferric Chloride
Coagulant
6. Polymers
7. PolyAluminum Chloride
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FLOCCULATION
• Formation of small particles into big ones (flocs), ready for
sedimentation process
• Utilizes slow mixing
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
SEDIMENTATION / CLARIFICATION
• Sedimentation basins are used to settle out the floc before going to the
filters
• Water moves slowly through the sedimentation tank or basin with
minimum turbulence at entry and exit points
• Flocs that formed into sludge settles at the bottom of the basin
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FLOATATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FILTRATION
• Separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the
latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.
• The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the FILTRATE
• Filter Media
Silica Sand
Anthracite Coal
Membrane
Nanofilters
Ultrafilters
Microfilters
Reverse Osmosis
Raw water
Filter
Filter
Filtrate
Filtrate
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Conventional Filtration vs Membrane Filtration
•
Conventional Granular /
Mixed Media
– Irregular Pore Size
Distribution
– Probable/ Filtration
•
MF Membrane Media
– Controlled/Uniform Pore
Size Distribution (0.1 micron)
– Absolute Filtration
– Better water quality
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Relative Sizes of Small Particles
Pencil Dot (40 µm)
Protozoa
Giardia Cyst
(5 - 15 µm)
Large Siliceous
Bacteria (20 µm)
Particle (0.5 µm)
Virus (0.3 µm)
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium
Oocysts
(3 - 6 µm)
Microfiltration (0.1 µm)
Can all particles be filtered?
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
DISINFECTION
• Filtering out harmful microbes by adding disinfectant chemicals in
the last step of water purification
• Kills any pathogens which pass through the filters
• Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
• Common Disinfectant:
DISINFECTANT
Chlorine
CHEMICAL
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine
Ozone
Ultraviolet
Hypochlorites
Mixed Oxide
PATHOGENS
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
LMTP-1 commissioned in 1982, is a standard flocculationsettlement-rapid gravity filter plant
• Design Capacity: 1500 mld
• Overload Capacity: 1650 mld
• Type: Conventional
• Filters: Anthracite coal & sand
• ISO 9001:2000 Certified (Quality Management System)
• IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
Series
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 1
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Aluminum
Sulfate
Raw water from LP-1
Open canal (Portal)
Screening
Polymer
Pre-chlorination
Junction
Box
Structure
Rapid
Mixing
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Caustic
Soda
Recovery Lagoon
Potassium
Permanganate
Filtration
To Bagbag Reservoir
Post Chlorination
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
created by: Production Planning
Rapid Mixing
Water Source
Primary
Coagulant
Coagulant
Coagulant
Aid
Aid
Chlorine
Application
Sedimentation
Process
La Mesa
Treatment
Plant 1
Filtration
Process
Flocculation
Process
Recovery
Sludge Lagoons
Potable
Water
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
• Commissioning Date: January 1995
• Design Capacity: 900 mld
• Overload Capacity: 990 mld
• Type: Pulsator
• Filters: Silica sand
• ISO 9001:2000 Certified ( Quality Management System )
• IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety
Maynilad WaterSeries
Services, Inc.
Assessment
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 2
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Raw water from
LP-2 Open canal
(Portal)
Pre- chlorination
Caustic Soda
Aluminum Sulfate
Coagulation
(Repartition
Building)
Screening
(Raw Water
Inlet)
Recovered Water
Potassium
Permanganate
Washwater
Recovery
Tank
Caustic Soda
(if necessary)
Effluent
Post Chlorination
Filtration
Polymer
Pulsator-Clarifier
Flash Mixing
Primary
Coagulant
Water
WaterSource
Source
Primary
Coagulant
Coagulant
Coagulant Aid
Aid
Flash Mixing
Chlorine
Application
Pulsator
Clarifier
Pulsation/
Clarification
Process
Filtration
Process
Filtration Process
Recovery
Sludge Management Facility
To LMTP1
Sludge Lagoons
La Mesa
Treatment
Plant 2
Recovery
Potable
Water
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
PWTP
o Laguna lake consists of 21 major tributary rivers
o Backflow of saltwater from Manila Bay when level of lake is lower
07/08/10
than 10.5 meters
100 MLD PUTATAN
WATER
TREATMENT PLANT
CHEMICAL STORAGE
DAF-1
DAF-2
PERMEATE
TANK
RAW WATER PUMPING STATION
MFRO BLDG
FOREBAY
SUB STATION
EXISTING NIA BLDG
PRE-TREATED 2
PRE-TREATED 1
TRANSFORMER YARD
PWPS MCC
GENSET HOUSE
SLUDGE DEWATERING BLDG
CHLORINATION BLDG
PNR RAILWAY
PRODUCT WATER PUMPING STATION
14ML RESERVOIR
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
When TDS > 400
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
-sources of water that are
potentially useful
TREATMENT
-process of making the water
useful for end-users
DISTRIBUTION
-the end-users of
the receiver
Interconnecting Structure
HGL = 74.48 m (as indicated in drawings)
(Correct HGL = 73.16 to 73.18 m)
To Bagbag Reservoir
900 mm dia. BV
2500 mm dia. By-pass
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
1500 mm dia.
BV
2800 mm dia.
2000 mm dia.
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
ARPS
2100 b. valve inside weir box
50 ML la Mesa Reservoir
Overflow Weir
Elev. = 73.74 m
3200 mm dia.
HEADLOSS
ROUGHNESS
FLOW
VELOCITY
ENERGYLOSS
Physical
NRW
Secondary/tertiary lines
Commercial
NRW
Hydraulic Grade Line
WSC
lateral line
trunk line
lateral line
Typical Distribution System
Reservoir
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
Flow and Pressure on Pipes
What is the reason why
reservoir is draining
during peak
demand/hour?
Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
1400
mld
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
1200
1700
mld
mld
Flow and Pressure on Pipes
What is the function of
pump stations in the
distribution system?
Bagbag Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
Typical Distribution System
TREATMENT
PLANT
PE TUBING
BAGBAG
RESERVOIR
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
PUMPING
STATION
PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
Bagbag Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time – low consumption
During day time – high consumption
elev. 60m
elev. 50m
consumer
P.S.
elev. 45m
Typical Distribution System
TREATMENT
PLANT
PE TUBING
BAGBAG
RESERVOIR
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
PUMPING
STATION
PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
WATER METER
How high can 7 psi go?
7 psi ~ 5m
2m
3m
PIPE NETWORK
Secondary Line
Check Valve
Tertiary Line
Flow Meter
Primary Line
Meter Set
Assembly
GP
Pipe Fittings
District Meter
DMA
PRV
Fire Hydrant
Valves
PRV
Air Valve
Blow-off
DUCTILE IRON PIPES
STEEL PIPES
PVC Pipe
Asbestos Cement Pipe
HDPE Pipe
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Small Gate Valve –
Commonly used in MSA
and domestic plumbing
Gate Valve – Commonly
used in MSA and domestic
plumbing
Cone Valve – Commonly
used in pumping stations
Butterfly Valve –
Commonly used in large
diameter pipes
Glove Valve – Commonly
used in pumping stations
Check Valve – Permit water to flow
in only one direction and are
commonly used to to prevent
reversal of flow when pumps are
shutoff
Air Valve – are provided in long
pipelines to permit release of air at
high points and prevent negative
pressures when lines get drained.
Pressure Regulating Valve –
Automatically reduce the
downstream pressure to any
desired level..
District Meter – Are used
to measure supply and to
calculate losses in a DMA.
Electromagnetic Flow Meter
Flow Meter– Are used to
measure supply and to
calculate losses on
distribution lines.
Insertion Type Flow Meter
Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Blow-off valve – Are
designed to prevent
contamination of water
supplies. It is usually
located at the lowest part
of the pipeline.
Fire Hydrant – Are
designed for fire fighting
and can be used as
flushing point.
Spring Fire Hydrant
Traffic Type Fire Hydrant
Meter Set Assembly– Are
used to measure water
consumption of
costumers.
End Cap
Reducer
Adaptor
STC
Bend
Elbow
Tee
