Bermuda Triangle

Bermuda Triangle
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Bermuda Triangle
For other uses, see Bermuda Triangle (disambiguation).
Bermuda Triangle
Devil's Triangle
One version of the Bermuda Triangle area
The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a loosely defined region in the western part of the
North Atlantic Ocean, where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious
circumstances. According to the US Navy, the triangle does not exist, and the name is not recognized by the US
Board on Geographic Names. Popular culture has attributed various disappearances to the paranormal or activity by
extraterrestrial beings. Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were spurious,
inaccurately reported, or embellished by later authors. In a 2013 study, the World Wide Fund for Nature identified
the world€s 10 most dangerous waters for shipping, but the Bermuda Triangle was not among them.
Triangle area
The first written boundaries date from an article by Vincent Gaddis in a 1964 issue of the pulp magazine Argosy,
where the triangle's three vertices are in Miami, Florida peninsula; in San Juan, Puerto Rico; and in the mid-Atlantic
island of Bermuda. But subsequent writers did not follow this definition. Some writers give different boundaries and
vertices to the triangle, with the total area varying from 1,300,000 to 3,900,000 km
2
(500,000 to 1,510,000 sq mi).
Consequently, the determination of which accidents have occurred inside the triangle depends on which writer
reports them. The United States Board on Geographic Names does not recognize this name, and it is not delimited in
any map drawn by US government agencies.
The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports
in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go
back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft
heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points north.
Bermuda Triangle
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History
Origins
The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 17, 1950 article
published in The Miami Herald (Associated Press) by Edward Van Winkle Jones. Two years later, Fate magazine
published "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door", a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and
ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Sand's
article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be
covered again in the April 1962 issue of American Legion magazine.
[1]
In it, author Allan W. Eckert wrote that the
flight leader had been heard saying, "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we
are, the water is green, no white." He also wrote that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes
"flew off to Mars."
[2]
Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. In the
February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis' article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and
other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region. The next year, Gaddis expanded this
article into a book, Invisible Horizons.
Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis' ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost,
1969, repr. 1973);
[3]
Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);
[4]
Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974),
and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.
Larry Kusche
Lawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda Triangle
Mystery: Solved (1975)
[5]
argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated,
dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's
accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted
cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman Donald
Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was
the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost three
days out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of the
incidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his
research was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on
possibly relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.
Kusche concluded that:
•• The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally
speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
• In an area frequented by tropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part,
neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious;
•• Furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail to mention such storms or even represent the
disappearance as having happened in calm conditions when meteorological records clearly contradict this.
•• The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be
reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
• Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 off
Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.
•• The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or
unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.
Bermuda Triangle
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Further responses
When the UK Channel 4 television program The Bermuda Triangle (1992) was being produced by John Simmons of
Geofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurance market Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually large
number of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's determined that large numbers of ships had not sunk
there. Lloyd's does not charge higher rates for passing through this area. United States Coast Guard records confirm
their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number of
ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.
The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their
inquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In one
such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg, the Coast Guard photographed
the wreck and recovered several bodies, in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished,
with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup. In addition,
V. A. Fogg sank off the coast of Texas, nowhere near the commonly accepted boundaries of the Triangle.
The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, stating
that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does not
have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place ... Ships and
planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."
David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claim
that a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that is not true. You
can even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a claim untrue. The
burden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they got their information from,
to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything out." Skeptical researchers,
such as Ernest Taves and Barry Singer, have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular and
profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They
were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers
continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and
other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical
viewpoint. Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda
itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The city of Freeport, located inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000 flights
annually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.
Supernatural explanations
Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame
on leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the
submerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in the
Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence of
Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formation
as a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.
Other writers attribute the events to UFOs. This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science fiction film Close
Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.
Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in the
Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.
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Natural explanations
Compass variations
Compass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusual
local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area, such anomalies have not been found. Compasses have natural
magnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known for centuries. Magnetic
(compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same for a small number of places • for example,
as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico. But the
public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an area
as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.
False-color image of the Gulf Stream
flowing north through the western
Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is a deep ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico
and then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence,
it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating
objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mi/h).
A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble can be
carried away from its reported position by the current.
Human error
One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any
aircraft or vessel is human error. Human stubbornness may have caused
businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed
into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958.
Violent weather
Tropical cyclones are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives
lost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the
first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related
to the Triangle.
A powerful downdraft of cold air was suspected to be a cause in the sinking of the Pride of Baltimore on May 14,
1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity from 32 km/h (20 mph)
to 97•145 km/h (60•90 mph). A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very
unstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward
like a giant squall line of wind and water."
[6]
A similar event occurred to the Concordia in 2010 off the coast of
Brazil.
Bermuda Triangle
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Methane hydrates
Main article: Methane clathrate
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred
offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.
Source: USGS
An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the
presence of large fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on
the continental shelves. Laboratory experiments carried out in
Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship
by decreasing the density of the water; any wreckage consequently
rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It
has been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimes
called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that are
no longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If this
were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink
very rapidly and without warning.
Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, off
the coast of the southeastern United States. However, according to the USGS, no large releases of gas hydrates are
believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.
Notable incidents
Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents
Ellen Austin
The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with it
to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict
reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's of
London records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin.
There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing
men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.
Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the
Cape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921,
two days before she was found deserted in North
Carolina. (US Coast Guard)
USS Cyclops
Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4)
The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of
the US Navy not related to combat occurred when the collier USS
Cyclops, carrying a full load of manganese ore and with one engine out
of action, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime
after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although
there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent
theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some
suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss. In
addition, two of Cyclops's sister ships, Proteus and Nereus were subsequently lost in the North Atlantic during
World War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was loaded on Cyclops
during her fatal voyage. In all three cases structural failure due to overloading with a much denser cargo than
designed is considered the most likely cause of sinking.
Bermuda Triangle
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Carroll A. Deering
Main article: Carroll A. Deering
A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond
Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deering
was a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possibly
involving another ship, SS Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer
sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated
that Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's disappearance.
Flight 19
Main article: Flight 19
US Navy Avengers, similar to those
of Flight 19
Flight 19 was a training flight of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers that
disappeared on December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight
plan was scheduled to take them due east from Fort Lauderdale for 141 miles,
north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 140-mile leg to complete the
exercise. The flight never returned to base. The disappearance is attributed by
Navy investigators to navigational error leading to the aircraft running out of
fuel.
One of the search and rescue aircraft deployed to look for them, a PBM Mariner
with a 13-man crew, also disappeared. A tanker off the coast of Florida reported
seeing an explosion and observing a widespread oil slick when fruitlessly
searching for survivors. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the
incident. According to contemporaneous sources the Mariner had a history of
explosions due to vapour leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as for a potentially
long search and rescue operation.
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
Main articles: BSAA Star Tiger disappearance and BSAA Star Ariel disappearance
G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948, on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Ariel
disappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IV
passenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways. Both planes were operating at the very limits of
their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One
plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.
Douglas DC-3
Main article: 1948 Airborne Transport DC-3 (DST) disappearance
On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan,
Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people on board was ever found. From the documentation
compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, but
barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, but
ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete
electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark to
their cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.
Bermuda Triangle
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KC-135 Stratotankers
On August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. The
Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two
distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research showed that the
unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site"
was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.
Connemara IV
A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the
stories (Berlitz, Winer) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The
1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, with
Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force. In his second book on the Bermuda Triangle, Winer quoted
from a letter he had received from Mr J.E. Challenor of Barbados:
On the morning of September 22 Connemara IV was lying to a heavy mooring in the open roadstead of
Carlisle Bay. Because of the approaching hurricane, the owner strengthened the mooring ropes and put out two
additional anchors. There was little else he could do, as the exposed mooring was the only available
anchorage. ... In Carlisle Bay, the sea in the wake of Hurricane Janet was awe-inspiring and dangerous. The
owner of Connemara IV observed that she had disappeared. An investigation revealed that she had dragged her
moorings and gone to sea.
Influence on culture
• The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride called Bermuda Triangle.
• Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region.
• Fleetwood Mac released the song "Bermuda Triangle" on their 1974 album Heroes are Hard to Find.
• Singer-songwriter Barry Manilow's single, "Bermuda Triangle" (released in 1981), was taken from his album
Barry (1980).
• The first film based on the Bermuda Triangle was the 1975 TV movie Satan's Triangle. Later films include The
Bermuda Triangle (1978), The Triangle (2001) and the TV miniseries The Triangle (2005).
• In Search of... season 1 episode 4 (1977) is dedicated to the Bermuda Triangle.
• The 1977 disaster film Airport '77 involves an airliner crashing and sinking in the Bermuda Triangle.
Notes
[1] Cited in James R. Lewis (editor), Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture, page 72, segment by Jerome
Clark (ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2001). ISBN 1-57607-292-4
[2] Diana Formisano Willett, Paranormal Fright, page 9 (AuthorHouse, 2013), ISBN 978-1-4817-3268-0
[3] [3] Spencer, 1969.
[4] [4] Berlitz, 1974.
[5] [5] Kusche, 1975.
[6] Downdraft likely sank clipper, The Miami News, May 23, 1986, p. 6A (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=h8wlAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=TPMFAAAAIBAJ& pg=1085,6357771& dq=bermuda-triangle& hl=en)
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References
The incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. Some incidents
mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:
• Berg, Daniel (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
• Berlitz, Charles (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
• Group, David (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian
Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X.
• Jeffrey, Adi-Kent Thomas (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0-446-59961-1.
• Kusche, Lawrence David (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
• Quasar, Gian J. (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.
International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press. ISBN 0-07-142640-X. Reprinted in paperback in 2005; ISBN
0-07-145217-6.
• Spencer, John Wallace (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
• Winer, Richard (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0-553-10688-0.
• Winer, Richard (1975). The Devil's Triangle 2. ISBN 0-553-02464-7.
Further reading
Newspaper articles
ProQuest has newspaper source material for many incidents, archived in Portable Document Format (PDF). The
newspapers include The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Atlanta Constitution. To access this
website, registration is required, usually through a library connected to a college or university.
Flight 19
• "Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida", The New York Times, December 7, 1945.
• "Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes", The Washington Post, December 7, 1945.
• "Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men", The Washington Post, December 9, 1945.
SS Cotopaxi
• "Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As 'Missing'", The New York Times, January 7, 1926.
• "Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail", The Washington Post, December 6, 1925.
• "Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship", The Washington Post, December 7, 1925.
• "53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved", The Washington Post, December 13, 1925.
USS Cyclops (AC-4)
• "Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage", The Washington Post, March 11, 1918.
• "Collier Overdue A Month", The New York Times, April 15, 1918.
• "More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops", The New York Times, April 16, 1918.
• "Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops", The New York Times, April 17, 1918.
• "Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected", The Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
• "U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War", The Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
• "Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said", The Washington Post, April 16, 1918.
• "Fate Of Ship Baffles", The Washington Post, April 16, 1918.
• "Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course", The Washington Post, April 19, 1918.
Carroll A. Deering
• "Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships", The New York Times, June 21, 1921.
• "Bath Owners Skeptical", The New York Times, June 22, 1921. piera antonella
Bermuda Triangle
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• "Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation", The New York Times, June 22, 1921.
• "More Ships Added To Mystery List", The New York Times, June 22, 1921.
• "Hunt On For Pirates", The Washington Post, June 21, 1921
• "Comb Seas For Ships", The Washington Post, June 22, 1921.
• "Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly", The Washington Post, July 10, 1921.
Wreckers
• "'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago", The New York Times, March 30,
1969.
S.S. Suduffco
• "To Search For Missing Freighter", The New York Times, April 11, 1926.
• "Abandon Hope For Ship", The New York Times, April 28, 1926.
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
• "Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner", The New York Times, January 31, 1948.
• "72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner", The New York Times, January 19, 1949.
DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance
• "30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami", The New York Times, December 29,
1948.
• "Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner", The New York Times, December 30, 1948.
• "Airliner Hunt Extended", The New York Times, December 31, 1948.
Harvey Conover and Revonoc
• "Search Continuing For Conover Yawl", The New York Times, January 8, 1958.
• "Yacht Search Goes On", The New York Times, January 9, 1958.
• "Yacht Search Pressed", The New York Times, January 10, 1958.
• "Conover Search Called Off", The New York Times, January 15, 1958.
KC-135 Stratotankers
• "Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets", The New York Times, August 31, 1963.
• "Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted", The New York Times, September 3, 1963.
• "Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt", The Washington Post, August 30, 1963.
B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)
• "U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success", The New York Times, October 16, 1961.
• "Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area", The New York Times, October 17, 1961.
• "Bomber Hunt Pressed", The New York Times, October 18, 1961.
• "Bomber Search Continuing", The New York Times, October 19, 1961.
• "Hunt For Bomber Ends", The New York Times, October 20, 1961.
Charter vessel Sno'Boy
• "Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea", The New York Times, July 7, 1963.
• "Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean", The New York Times, July 11, 1963.
• "Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean", The Washington Post, July 6, 1963.
• "Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat", The Washington Post, July 7, 1963.
SS Marine Sulphur Queen
• "Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard", The Washington Post, February 9, 1963.
• "Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida", The New York Times, February 11, 1963.
• "2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster", The Washington Post, February 19, 1963.
• "Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery", The New York Times, April 14, 1964.
Bermuda Triangle
10
• "Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here", The New York Times, June 4, 1969.
• "10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End", The New York Times, February 4, 1973.
SS Sylvia L. Ossa
• "Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S.", The New York Times, October 18, 1976.
• "Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea", The New York Times, October 19, 1976.
• "Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days", The New York Times, October 31, 1976.
Website links
The following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, or
documents published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the United
States Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; for
example, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval Historical
Center.
• Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by Vincent Gaddis (http:/ / www. physics. smu. edu/ ~pseudo/
BermudaTriangle/ vincentgaddis. txt)
• United States Coast Guard database of selected reports and inquiries (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/
reportindexcas. htm)
• Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle researcher Gian Quasar (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org)
• U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle FAQ (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm)
• U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/
faq8-2. htm), Sci Fi Channel documentary (November 2005)
• Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm)
• on losses of heavy ships at sea (http:/ / www. docksideconsultants. com/ wavessup. html)
• Bermuda Shipwrecks (http:/ / www. aquaexplorers. com/ Bermuda_shipwrecks. htm)
• Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck listings page (http:/ / uwex. us/ wreckinfo. html)
• Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ )
• List of lost aircraft (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org/ html/ aircraft_losses. html)
Books
Most of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased used
at bookstores, or through eBay or Amazon.com. These books are often the only source material for some of the
incidents that have taken place within the Triangle.
• Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian J. Quasar,
International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of missing craft as
researched in official records. (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6).
• The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however it's commonly available
second-hand.
• The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975). Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2)
• Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X)
• The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984), David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X)
• The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.
• Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN 0-9616167-4-1)
• The Devil's Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10688-0); this particular book sold well over a million
copies by the end of its first year; to date there have been at least 17 printings.
• The Devil's Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-02464-7)
• From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10860-3)
Bermuda Triangle
11
• Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN
0-425-17548-0)
• The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0-446-59961-1)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bermuda Triangle.
• "Database of selected reports and inquiries" (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/ reportindexcas. htm). United
States Coast Guard.
• "Bermuda Triangle Mystery" (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org). Gian Quasar, author of Into the Bermuda
Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.
• "Bermuda Triangle FAQ" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm). US Navy Historical Center.
• "Selective Bibliography" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-2. htm). US Navy Historical Center.
• "The Loss Of Flight 19" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm). US Navy Historical Center.
• "On losses of heavy ships at sea" (http:/ / www. docksideconsultants. com/ wavessup. html).
• "Bermuda Shipwrecks" (http:/ / www. aquaexplorers. com/ Bermuda_shipwrecks. htm).
• Barnette, Michael C.. "Shipwreck listings page" (http:/ / uwex. us/ wreckinfo. html). Association of Underwater
Explorers.
• SigmaDocumentaries. "The Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle" (http:/ / www. youtube. com/
watch?v=A6DQiNQI8S4). Sigma Documentaries.
Coordinates: 25‚N 71‚W (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Bermuda_Triangle&
params=25_N_71_W_scale:10000000_type:waterbody)
Article Sources and Contributors
12
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Bermuda Triangle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618982007  Contributors: *drew, - ), 2fort5r, 600ml, 7, 777sms, A3RO, A412, A8UDI, AJ.iitm, AKGhetto, ALACE,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Bermuda Triangle.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bermuda_Triangle.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bermudan_kolmio.jpg: Alphaios derivative
work: -Majestic- (talk)
File:Gulfstream1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gulfstream1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipedia
File:Gas hydrates 1996.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gas_hydrates_1996.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Gov, recreated by me
File:deering2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Deering2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipedia
File:TBF (Avengers) flying in formation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TBF_(Avengers)_flying_in_formation.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Denniss,
NiD.29, PMG, Shyam, W.wolny, € • ‚ ƒ „ , 5 anonymous edits
Image:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: Anomie
License
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