Bio MCAT Notes
Content
Glucose Humans eat α-linkages, bacteria and some animals eat β-linkages β-linkages – cellulose, amylopectin
Nucleotides: pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group Enzymes: some need cofactors (minerals or coenzymes) to function ; coenzymes are vitamins or derivatives of vitamins. Glycolysis: glucose 2 pyruvate in cytosol + 2 ATP + 2 NADH Fermentation: recycle NADH –> NAD+ Pyruvate Acetyk-coA + CO2 + NADH TCA Cycle – mitochondrial matrix each turn 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 NADH 2-3 ATP FADH2 2 ATP Purines: A and G Pyrimidines: T and C GATC Replication 1. Helicase unzips the double helix 2. RNA polymerase builds a primer 3. DNA pol assembles the leading and lagging strands 4. The primers are removed 5. Okazaki fragments are joined Template/ anti-sense strand Coding/sense strand Prokaryotes – polycistronic mRNA – several gene in one transcript Euk pre-mRNA mRNA (5’ cap GTP, 3’ poly A tail) Introns remain in and are degraded in nucleus Start Codon – AUG Stop Codon – UAA, UAG, UGA RNA pol 1 – rRNA Rna pol 2 – mRNA RNA pol 3 – tRNA ER bound ribosomes – proteins to become membrane bound, nuclear envelope, golgi, ER, lysosomes, plasma membrane or secreted Signal peptide (20 AA sequence ) recognized by SRP
Mutations: Single base pair – point mutation Missense – change base new codon, may change AA sequence (silent, neutral) Frameshift – add or remove base Non-sense – stop codon Diploid = homologous pairs Haploid = doesn’t contain homologues Interphase [G1SG2 ] M repeat S phase – replicate DNA Mitosis (PMAT) Prophase – chromatin condense to chromosomes , centrioles opposite ends, spindle apparatus Metaphase- chromosomes align at equator Anaphase – sister chromatid split, cytokinesis – actual splitting of cytoplasm Telophase – nuclear envelope reform Meiosis After S phase – primary oocyte or primary spermatocyte Prophase I Page 60
Nucleotides: pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group Enzymes: some need cofactors (minerals or coenzymes) to function ; coenzymes are vitamins or derivatives of vitamins. Glycolysis: glucose 2 pyruvate in cytosol + 2 ATP + 2 NADH Fermentation: recycle NADH –> NAD+ Pyruvate Acetyk-coA + CO2 + NADH TCA Cycle – mitochondrial matrix each turn 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 NADH 2-3 ATP FADH2 2 ATP Purines: A and G Pyrimidines: T and C GATC Replication 1. Helicase unzips the double helix 2. RNA polymerase builds a primer 3. DNA pol assembles the leading and lagging strands 4. The primers are removed 5. Okazaki fragments are joined Template/ anti-sense strand Coding/sense strand Prokaryotes – polycistronic mRNA – several gene in one transcript Euk pre-mRNA mRNA (5’ cap GTP, 3’ poly A tail) Introns remain in and are degraded in nucleus Start Codon – AUG Stop Codon – UAA, UAG, UGA RNA pol 1 – rRNA Rna pol 2 – mRNA RNA pol 3 – tRNA ER bound ribosomes – proteins to become membrane bound, nuclear envelope, golgi, ER, lysosomes, plasma membrane or secreted Signal peptide (20 AA sequence ) recognized by SRP
Mutations: Single base pair – point mutation Missense – change base new codon, may change AA sequence (silent, neutral) Frameshift – add or remove base Non-sense – stop codon Diploid = homologous pairs Haploid = doesn’t contain homologues Interphase [G1SG2 ] M repeat S phase – replicate DNA Mitosis (PMAT) Prophase – chromatin condense to chromosomes , centrioles opposite ends, spindle apparatus Metaphase- chromosomes align at equator Anaphase – sister chromatid split, cytokinesis – actual splitting of cytoplasm Telophase – nuclear envelope reform Meiosis After S phase – primary oocyte or primary spermatocyte Prophase I Page 60
