Biofuel Production From Biodegradable Resources
Content
Biofuel Production from biodegradable resources
Biofuel type
Specific name
Biodiesel
-
-
Biodiesel
from energy
crops: methyl
and ethyl
esters of fatty
acids
Biodiesel
from waste
Feedstock
-
-
Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil
palm, soy, canola, jatropha,
castor, …)
Waste cooking/frying oil &
other biomass/waste
biomass
Conversion
Technologies
-
-
Cold and
w a rm
pressing
extraction,
transesterific
ation ,
esterification
(may include
hydrolysis as
a preprocessing
step)
Bioethanol
Biogas
Pyrolytic biooil
Conventional bioethanol
Sugar beet, sugar cane, grain
Biogas/CH
organic waste
Bio-oil/ pyro-oil
lignocellulosic biomass
4
fermentation
Acid
fermentation
and
methane
formation
pyrolysis
Typical Biomass Pyrolysis Products
Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass:
•
Fast pyrolysis is a thermal process that rapidly heats biomass to a carefully controlled temperature
(~500°C), then very quickly cools the volatile products (<2 sec) formed in the reactor
•
Offers the unique advantage of giving a liquid that can be stored and transported.
•
Has been developed in many configurations
Typical characteristics of Bio-oil (pyro-oil):
Water miscible and is comprised of many oxygenated organic chemicals.
•
Combustible,
•
Not miscible with hydrocarbons,
•
Heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg,
•
Density ~ 1.2 kg/l,
•
Acid, pH ~ 2.5,
Some demerits of pyro-oil: Pungent odor, water miscibility, “Ages” - viscosity increases with time, much
lower CV(heating value) compared to biodiesel/other petroleum fuels, Acid, pH ~ 2.5.
Blending with alcohol/additives may improve certain properties.
BIODIESEL
Environmental and Energy Issues
• Combustion of fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels
of carbon dioxide/GHG emission/global warming
• Fossil fuels are finite resources
Advantages of Biodiesel:
Renewable, eco-friendly & Sustainable source of
energy
Foreign Exchange Savings
Can be blended in any ratio with petroleum
diesel.
Can be used in existing diesel engines without
modification.
Similar calorific value as petroleum diesel.
Also eliminates the huge cost of revamping the
nationwide fuel distribution infrastructure.
Environmental Benefits
Reduction in GHG Emission/ Global warming
Effective solid and liquid waste management
Biodiesel, a fuel, which consists of mono-alkylester(s) of long chain fatty acid(s) derived from
vegetable oils or animal fat(s) designated B100.
Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins Are the
major Feed Stocks
1. Refined vegetable Oils
2. Acidic Oils/fats of Low or High FFA(free fatty
acids)
(i)Virgin Oils (Soybean, Rice bran, Mustard,
palm)
(ii)Used Frying Oils/waste cooking Oils.
(iii) Animal fats with high FFA
Homogeneous Base Catalyzed Conversions
Base catalyzed processes dominate current
commercial production : Sensitive to water and free
fatty acids;Typical alcohol to oil ratio varies
between 6:1 and 10:1 (mole ratio);Typical catalyst
concentrations (w/w, %)
NaOH/KOH
0.3-1.4%
Na-Methoxide
0.5% or less
Homogeneous Acid Catalyzed Conversions
Direct esterification, oils with high free fatty acid
content
Requires water removal
Requires high alcohol: free fatty acid ratio, i.e. 40:1
Requires large amount of catalyst (5-25%)
Heterogeneous Catalytic Process Highlights
Batch/Continuous technology based on solid
catalyst
High glycerol purity >98%
Very high ester yield: close to 100%
No waste production of low-value fatty acids
No waste saline streams that require disposal
Much lower catalyst requirements (per ton of
FAME) compared with other processes, as the
heterogeneous catalysts are reusable.
Biodiesel Specifications
Fuel Property
Method
Limits
Units
ASTM
Flash point, closed cup
D 93
130 min
°C
Water and sediment
D 2709
0.050 max
% volume
Kinematic viscosity, 40 ° C
D 445
1.9 – 6.0
Sulfated ash
D 874
0.020 max
wt. %
Total Sulfur
D 5453
0.05 max
wt. %
Copper strip corrosion
D 130
No. 3 max
Cetane number
D 613
47 min
Cloud point
D 2500
Report to customer
°C
Carbon residue
D 4530
0.050 max
wt. %
Acid number
D 664
0.80 max
mg KOH/g
Free glycerin
D 6584
0.020
wt. %
Total glycerin
D 6584
0.240
wt. %
Phosphorus
D 4951
0.0010
wt. %
Vacuum distillation end point
D 1160
360 max
°C
2
mm /s
Conclusion:
1. Waste cooking oil/ animal fat/vegetable oil(s) can be
potential feedstock(s) for production of Biodiesel
2. Highly efficient, cost-effective, reusable
heterogeneous (acid/base/ bi-functional) catalyst(s) can
be prepared from solid municipal and industrial wastes
which can be applied to produce fuel grade biodiesel
from various grades of oil/fat (waste/virgin/mixed)
3. Waste valorization and eco-friendly operation,
paving the path to a greener and cleaner world .
Note: For further study, read paper
no.2,1,3,4(communicated in earlier email).
You may exclude portions pertaining to catalyst and
statistical optimization (Response surface method) in
paper 3 and paper 4.
Biofuel type
Specific name
Biodiesel
-
-
Biodiesel
from energy
crops: methyl
and ethyl
esters of fatty
acids
Biodiesel
from waste
Feedstock
-
-
Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil
palm, soy, canola, jatropha,
castor, …)
Waste cooking/frying oil &
other biomass/waste
biomass
Conversion
Technologies
-
-
Cold and
w a rm
pressing
extraction,
transesterific
ation ,
esterification
(may include
hydrolysis as
a preprocessing
step)
Bioethanol
Biogas
Pyrolytic biooil
Conventional bioethanol
Sugar beet, sugar cane, grain
Biogas/CH
organic waste
Bio-oil/ pyro-oil
lignocellulosic biomass
4
fermentation
Acid
fermentation
and
methane
formation
pyrolysis
Typical Biomass Pyrolysis Products
Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass:
•
Fast pyrolysis is a thermal process that rapidly heats biomass to a carefully controlled temperature
(~500°C), then very quickly cools the volatile products (<2 sec) formed in the reactor
•
Offers the unique advantage of giving a liquid that can be stored and transported.
•
Has been developed in many configurations
Typical characteristics of Bio-oil (pyro-oil):
Water miscible and is comprised of many oxygenated organic chemicals.
•
Combustible,
•
Not miscible with hydrocarbons,
•
Heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg,
•
Density ~ 1.2 kg/l,
•
Acid, pH ~ 2.5,
Some demerits of pyro-oil: Pungent odor, water miscibility, “Ages” - viscosity increases with time, much
lower CV(heating value) compared to biodiesel/other petroleum fuels, Acid, pH ~ 2.5.
Blending with alcohol/additives may improve certain properties.
BIODIESEL
Environmental and Energy Issues
• Combustion of fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels
of carbon dioxide/GHG emission/global warming
• Fossil fuels are finite resources
Advantages of Biodiesel:
Renewable, eco-friendly & Sustainable source of
energy
Foreign Exchange Savings
Can be blended in any ratio with petroleum
diesel.
Can be used in existing diesel engines without
modification.
Similar calorific value as petroleum diesel.
Also eliminates the huge cost of revamping the
nationwide fuel distribution infrastructure.
Environmental Benefits
Reduction in GHG Emission/ Global warming
Effective solid and liquid waste management
Biodiesel, a fuel, which consists of mono-alkylester(s) of long chain fatty acid(s) derived from
vegetable oils or animal fat(s) designated B100.
Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins Are the
major Feed Stocks
1. Refined vegetable Oils
2. Acidic Oils/fats of Low or High FFA(free fatty
acids)
(i)Virgin Oils (Soybean, Rice bran, Mustard,
palm)
(ii)Used Frying Oils/waste cooking Oils.
(iii) Animal fats with high FFA
Homogeneous Base Catalyzed Conversions
Base catalyzed processes dominate current
commercial production : Sensitive to water and free
fatty acids;Typical alcohol to oil ratio varies
between 6:1 and 10:1 (mole ratio);Typical catalyst
concentrations (w/w, %)
NaOH/KOH
0.3-1.4%
Na-Methoxide
0.5% or less
Homogeneous Acid Catalyzed Conversions
Direct esterification, oils with high free fatty acid
content
Requires water removal
Requires high alcohol: free fatty acid ratio, i.e. 40:1
Requires large amount of catalyst (5-25%)
Heterogeneous Catalytic Process Highlights
Batch/Continuous technology based on solid
catalyst
High glycerol purity >98%
Very high ester yield: close to 100%
No waste production of low-value fatty acids
No waste saline streams that require disposal
Much lower catalyst requirements (per ton of
FAME) compared with other processes, as the
heterogeneous catalysts are reusable.
Biodiesel Specifications
Fuel Property
Method
Limits
Units
ASTM
Flash point, closed cup
D 93
130 min
°C
Water and sediment
D 2709
0.050 max
% volume
Kinematic viscosity, 40 ° C
D 445
1.9 – 6.0
Sulfated ash
D 874
0.020 max
wt. %
Total Sulfur
D 5453
0.05 max
wt. %
Copper strip corrosion
D 130
No. 3 max
Cetane number
D 613
47 min
Cloud point
D 2500
Report to customer
°C
Carbon residue
D 4530
0.050 max
wt. %
Acid number
D 664
0.80 max
mg KOH/g
Free glycerin
D 6584
0.020
wt. %
Total glycerin
D 6584
0.240
wt. %
Phosphorus
D 4951
0.0010
wt. %
Vacuum distillation end point
D 1160
360 max
°C
2
mm /s
Conclusion:
1. Waste cooking oil/ animal fat/vegetable oil(s) can be
potential feedstock(s) for production of Biodiesel
2. Highly efficient, cost-effective, reusable
heterogeneous (acid/base/ bi-functional) catalyst(s) can
be prepared from solid municipal and industrial wastes
which can be applied to produce fuel grade biodiesel
from various grades of oil/fat (waste/virgin/mixed)
3. Waste valorization and eco-friendly operation,
paving the path to a greener and cleaner world .
Note: For further study, read paper
no.2,1,3,4(communicated in earlier email).
You may exclude portions pertaining to catalyst and
statistical optimization (Response surface method) in
paper 3 and paper 4.
