Biology of the Cell

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Biology

Bianca Pauline S. Cipriano

How to Define Life?

Non-living things = chemical elements
All living things = cell
unicellular
multicellular

Levels of
Biological
Organization
emergent species

Diversity of Life
Energy

Photosynthesis
Metabolism

How to Define Life?
Homeostasis –
ability to
maintain
internal state

How to Define Life?
Reproduce and Develop

Adaptation

Organizing Diversity
Evolutionary Tree of Life

Organizing Diversity
Taxonomy- identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules
Systematics– evolutionary relationships between organisms
Domain Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

Organizing Diversity
Scientific name

Evolution is "common descent with
modification"
Charles Darwin > Natural Selection
-adaptation

Homo sapiens
Helianthus sp

Biodiversity
Ecosystems cannot function properly unless they remain biologically diverse

Tropical rainforest

Coral reef

The Process of Science
Scientific Theory- concepts that
join together well-supported
and related hypothesis

Hypothesis- inductive reasoning
to formulate possible
explanation

Carbon
Pure carbon exists free in nature and has been known since
prehistoric time
occurs in all living organisms

Carbon is a nonmetal that can bond with itself and many other
chemical elements, forming nearly ten million compounds.
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe

Types of Bonds
Ionic Bonding
Attraction between negatively and positively charged ions

Types of Bonds
Covalent Bonding
Two atoms share
electrons in such a
way that each atom
has an octet of
electrons in the outer
shell
CO2

Non-polar and
Polar Covalent Bonds

H2O

C2H4

Types of Bonds
Hydrogen bonding

Properties of Water
1.
2.
3.
4.

High Heat Capacity
High Heat of Evaporation
Water is a Solvent
Water Molecules are
Cohesive and Adhesive
5. Ice is less Dense than liquid
water

Acid

High [H+]
Dissociates in water
Sour

Base

Low [H+]
take/release H/OH ions
Bitter

Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates- immediate energy source of living things
Monosaccharides (glucose) cellular fuel
Disaccharides (sucrose) table sugar
Polysaccharides (starch) energy storage molecules
as Structural Molecules
Plants = Cellulose
Crustaceans = Chitin
Bacteria = Peptidoglycan

Organic Molecules
Lipids- insoluble in water
due to hydrocarbon chains

Cell Structure and Function
• Animal Cell

Plasma Membrane
2 Components
Lipids & Proteins

Transport:
Passive- simple diffusion
(osmosis)

Facilitated- Channels, Carrier
CHON pumps
Active- (ATP)

Tonicity of Solutions

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