Bluetooth Technology

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INTRODUCTION IN BLUETOOTH
Since Bluetooth was established in the early 1990s, it has grown into the most successful short-range wireless technology in use today. Bluetooth already features in over 50% of mobile handsets in Western Europe, and the number of Bluetooth accessories and gadgets now available is staggering.

Bluetooth is now at a crossroads. The potential market for wireless is immense - but different new applications have requirements that necessitate differing technologies. The health and medical, sports and fitness, as well as the home automation market, and even devices such as watches are requiring a much lower power form of wireless technology. At the other end of the scale the potential applications for a higher speed technology are vast, from digital cameras, TVs and PCs, to PDAs, laptops and even smartphones.

As a result Bluetooth is now moving into two new distinct areas: the Bluetooth v3.0 standard is taking on the market for consumer devices that deal with large data files; while its ultra low power sister technology, Bluetooth low energy, is opening wireless connectivity to devices and applications that could have never considered it before.

LOW POWER BLUETOOTH

Taking the lead for low power wireless is Bluetooth low energy, formerly known as Ultra Low Power (ULP) or Wibree. Already successfully demonstrated by CSR in a mobile handset, Bluetooth low energy consumes tiny amounts of power - the battery life of devices with this technology could run into years rather than days. This opens up Bluetooth and wireless to a whole range of products that been previously discounted due to short battery lives. For example, Bluetooth low energy could be put into heart monitors, trainers, weighing scales and watches to synchronise and upload data to your phone or laptop. The technology uses fewer frequencies (3 rather than 32) to make connections compared with standard Bluetooth, resulting in significantly lower power consumption when connectable.

Bluetooth low energy is an attractive proposition for manufacturers because of its compatibility and interoperability with standard Bluetooth. Unlike other technologies such as Zigbee, Bluetooth low energy can build on the existing billions of Bluetooth devices already in the market. Bluetooth low energy is being added to existing Bluetooth silicon for negligible cost and with no need for redesign. Compared to alternative technologies this is a massive advantage.

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BLUETOOTH IN MOBILES
The mobile phone is increasingly becoming an important piece of technology with a role in many aspects of our lives. Smartphones already support email and internet access, sharing information with PCs or other phones, satellite navigation, and even for receiving location-specific information in restaurants and stations. If Bluetooth low energy is integrated into watches, lights, central heating thermostats, heart rate monitors, microwaves, even running shoes, as predicted by the Bluetooth SIG, then people will be able to coordinate all of these applications through a single 'remote control' - their mobile phone. For most people, a mobile phone is almost always within arm's reach, if you want to control the lights and heating you'll reach for your mobile. Bluetooth low energy is the best technology to provide this sort of connectivity. Low energy can also enable gateways from small devices such as weighing scales, out onto the internet via these same mobile phones. This not only increases data revenues for operators but also connects your devices to websites and the internet to your devices. When everything is connected, using low energy, everything can be monitored and controlled from almost anywhere.

What about the higher speed data transfer? When Bluetooth was established in the early 1990s it had a data rate of just 1Mbps, which has now evolved into v2.1+EDR that offers up to 3Mbps. However, modern smart phones can take 6 megapixel photos (with even higher resolution camera phones on the way) and feature high-resolution video camera functions, meaning files on mobile phones are constantly increasing in size. Also the potential for wireless in devices such as cameras and PDAs has

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always been restricted by the data rates offered by Bluetooth and the battery life restraints of other technologies.

BLUETOOTH 3
With this in mind Bluetooth v3.0 was launched late last year and will ultimately allow the wireless transfer of large files such as music and video to and from devices that were previously limited to transferring smaller files, as anything larger would have taken forever and drained the battery if using standard Bluetooth. This works by using a Wi-Fi radio to transfer the larger file, but the proven lowpower Bluetooth radio to monitor for and establish the connection. The inclusion of the Wi-Fi radio in the Bluetooth v3.0 specification brings a proven technology and one that already exists in many consumer devices today. Wi-Fi is a tested and understood technology both from a technical and end-user point of view. The inclusion of Bluetooth over IEEE 802.11 a/b/g with the Wi-Fi radio acting as an AMP (Alternative MAC and PHY) - delivers the quick transfer speeds demanded by modern consumer devices - without suffering from battery drain issues.

By using the low power Bluetooth radio to monitor for connections the Wi-Fi radio is only used for the actual file transfer and therefore for the smallest time possible. This will allow wireless technology to be used by many more consumer devices that previously dismissed it due to power consumption issues. For example, a user could stream video from their camcorder to their TV, or upload a whole music album from their phone to their MP3 player in just a few seconds. Managing the successful coexistence of embedded Bluetooth and Wi-Fi radios brings a whole new set of issues and challenges. Because both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi operate in the same 2.4GHz spectrum, it www.shajuwebs.do.am Page 4

is quite a challenge making them work well together, especially if the radios need to be active at the same time. Current single-chip Bluetooth and Wi-Fi solutions on the market today are burdened with coexistence issues and cannot provide performance on par with standalone variants. The key to ensuring coexistence lies in the software stack used by the device. While in theory the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi silicon can come from different vendors, because of the difficulties in managing the coexistence between the radios this is often not the case. Therefore, both radios and the software stack need to come from the same vendor, and this software needs to be carefully developed to manage the two radios without requiring additional input from the end user.

BLUETOOTH SIG
The Bluetooth SIG knows that ease of use is a key requirement for devices. Features such as Secure Simple Pairing that is also used by Bluetooth v3.0, allows devices to find each other much more easily and then secure the connections with the best user experience. Similarly, Bluetooth v3.0 hides the radio used from the user. This means that if a large file needs to be transferred, the Wi-Fi radio will be turned on, the data transferred, and if not needed anymore will be turned off to conserve power. This increases data transfer speeds for Bluetooth and saves power, without confusing the user and it is the software stack's function to work out the best radio for the transfer. Bluetooth v3.0 therefore relies on an intelligent software stack, such as CSR's Synergy, to be effective. CSR Synergy is the only software stack on the market that has been ratified by the Bluetooth SIG as being compliant with Bluetooth v3.0.

Bluetooth v3.0 takes Bluetooth to the next step and will open up the market to hundreds of different consumer applications where previously wireless was not considered, or the application may not have even been thought of. While wireless in cameras has been tried without success before, the new standard could allow you to stream video from your phone to your TV or to upload a whole music album to your media centre in just a couple of minutes - both of which were previously impossible due to the battery drain of a phone trying to upload or stream this much data.

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UPCOMING MOBILES WITH LATEST BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY APPLE I 4

This is one of the no-brainers on the list. The Bluetooth 3.0 specification will be released this year and brainers devices will start to hit the shelves by 2010. At this point, it's expected that the 3.0 spec will include faster speeds, reportedly transferring files at 480 megabits per second in close proximity and 100 megabits per second at 10 meters. It will also feature an ultra-low power mode that Gartner predicts will enable new peripherals, low-power sensors, and applications, such as health monitoring. The technology will be backwards compatible, allowing old devices to communicate with new ones, so there's no reason for it not take off in the upcoming years.

NOKIA Q3
At this point, it's expected that the 3.0 spec will include faster speeds, reportedly transferring files at 480 megabits per second in close proximity and 100 megabits per second at 10 meters. www.shajuwebs.do.am Page 6

It will also feature an ultra-low-power mode that Gartner predicts will enable new peripherals, sensors, and applications, such as health monitoring.

The technology will be backwards compatible, allowing old devices to communicate with new ones, so there's no reason for it not take off in the upcoming years. uns on Symbian OS v9.3, Series 60 rel. 3.2 and this full QWERTY phone is available in Carbon Black, Chalk White, Sky Blue, Copper Brown, Silver Grey.It has a robust 1200 mAh battery and 5MP camera. It has 3G and WLAN features in configuration of HSDPA 900 / 1900 / 2100 HSDPA 850 / 900 / 2100 and Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g, UPnP & DLNA technology respectively. ETC…………………….

BLUETOOTH TO TRANSFER JET
TransferJet is a new type of close proximity wireless transfer technology developed by Sony and initially demonstrated publicly in early 2008[1]. By touching (or bringing very close together) two electronic devices, TransferJet allows high speed exchange of data. The concept of TransferJet consists of a touch-activated interface which can be applied for applications requiring high-speed data transfer between two devices in a peer-to-peer mode without the need for external physical connectors[2]. TransferJet's maximum physical layer transmission rate is 560 Mbit/s. After allowing for error correction and other protocol overhead, the effective maximum throughput is 375 Mbit/s. TransferJet will adjust the data rate downward according to the wireless environment, thereby maintaining a robust link even when the surrounding wireless condition fluctuates. www.shajuwebs.do.am Page 7

TransferJet has the capability of identifying the unique MAC addresses of individual devices, enabling users to choose which devices can establish a connection. By allowing only devices inside the household, for example, one can prevent data theft from strangers while riding a crowded train. If, on the other hand, one wishes to connect the device with any other device at a party, this can be done by simply disabling the filtering function. TransferJet uses the same frequency spectrum as UWB, but occupies only a section of this band available as a common worldwide channel. Since the RF power is kept under -70 dBm/MHz, it can operate in the same manner as that of UWB devices equipped with DAA functionality. In addition, this low power level also ensures that there will be no interference to other wireless systems, including other TransferJet systems, operating nearby. By reducing the RF power and spatial reach down to about 3 cm (1.25 inches), a TransferJet connection in its most basic mode does not require any initial setup procedure by the user for either device, and the action of spontaneously touching one device with another will automatically trigger the data transfer. More complex usage scenarios will require various means to select the specific data to send as well as the location to store (or method to process) the received data. TransferJet utilizes a newly developed TransferJet Coupler based on the principle of electric induction field as opposed to radiation field for conventional antennas. The functional elements of a TransferJet Coupler consist of a coupling electrode or plate, a resonant stub and ground. Compared to conventional radiating antennas, the TransferJet Coupler achieves high transmission gain and efficient coupling in the near-field while providing sharp attenuation over longer distances. Because the Coupler generates longitudinal electric fields, there is no polarization and the devices can be aligned at any angle.

TRANSFERJET SPECIFICATIONS

Center Frequency 4.48 GHz

Below -70 dBm/MHz (average) Transmission Power Corresponds to low-intensity radio wave regulation in Japan, and with local regulations in other countries and regions. 560 Mbit/s (max) / 375 Mbit/s (effective throughput) Transmission Rate Connection Distance System can adjust the transmission rate depending on the wireless environment. About 3 cm (nominal)

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Topology Antenna Element

1-to-1, Point-to-Point Electric induction field coupler

Although sometimes confused with Near Field Communication, TransferJet depends on an entirely different technology and is also targeted for different usage scenarios focusing on high-speed data transfer. Thus the two systems will not interfere with each other and can co-exist in the same location. The TransferJet Consortium was established in July 2008 to advance and promote the TransferJet Format, by developing the technical specifications and compliance testing procedures as well as creating a market for TransferJet-compliant, interoperable products. As of August 2009, the Consortium is led by nineteen Promoter member companies, consisting of: Canon, Casio, Eastman Kodak, Hitachi Ltd,JVC-Kenwood Holdings, KDDI, NEC, Nikon, NTT docomo, Olympus, Panasonic, Pioneer, Samsung, Seiko Epson, Sharp, SoftBank Mobile,Sony, Sony Ericsson and Toshiba. Since May 2009, the Consortium is accepting applications for Adopter membership.

TRANSFER JET VS. BLUETOOTH
In many ways the new Transfer Jet technology is similar to the current Bluetooth standard, however the Transfer Jet system has the advantage of operating at a much higher throughput rate while not having the security concerns that can be found in a Bluetooth connection. For example, with Bluetooth, transfer of data takes place over a range of several feet. Since the signal is not encrypted, it can be intercepted by other Bluetooth devices.

SAFER, MORE SECURE DATA TRANSFER THAN BLUETOOTH
The Transfer Jet connection requires very close proximity of only a few centimeters. This close quarters communication greatly limits the possibility of electronic eavesdropping of the wireless transmission while still providing the benefits of very fast data transfer. Similar to Bluetooth, Transfer Jet will offer users the ability to restrict their equipment to communicating with only approved devices, preventing accidental data sharing with other non-approved equipment. As bandwidth requirements on digital devices become more and more demanding, Transfer Jet will definitely fill a need. What remains to be seen is if this prototype technology will actually make it to market and if the promises will live up to the hype.

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CONCLUSION
Bluetooth has reached a tipping point, and it could be argued that the technology has been pushed to its limit. The incorporation of Bluetooth low energy and the release of Bluetooth v3.0 open up new avenues to both Bluetooth and wireless technology as a whole. Bluetooth has evolved to provide the best adhoc wireless transfer technology around, and the latest adaptations are proof that it continues to be a powerful and evolutionary wireless technology.

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REFERENCE

^ "Bluetooth traveler". www.hoovers.com. Retrieved 9 April 2010.

1. ^ Monson, Heidi (1999-12-14). "Bluetooth Technology and Implications". SysOpt.com. Retrieved 200902-17. 2. ^ "About the Bluetooth SIG". Bluetooth SIG. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 3. ^ Kardach, Jim (2008-05-03). "How Bluetooth got its name". Retrieved 2009-02-24. 4. ^
a b

Newton, Harold. (2007). Newton’s telecom dictionary. New York: Flatiron Publishing.

5. ^ "How Bluetooth Technology Works". Bluetooth SIG. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 6. ^ http://www.amperordirect.com/pc/r-electronic-resource/z-reference-bluetooth-class1-myth.html 7. ^ http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Works/Pages/Profiles_Overview.aspx 8. ^ Hypertag.com 9. ^ "Wii Controller". Bluetooth SIG. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 10. ^ Telemedicine.jp 11. ^ http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Products/Pages/Watch.aspx 12. ^ Apple (2002-07-17). "Apple Introduces "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac OS X". Press release. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 13. ^
a b c d

Bluetooth Wireless Technology FAQ - 2010

14. ^ "Network Protection Technologie". Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft Technet. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 15. ^ BlueZ - Official Linux Bluetooth protocol stack 16. ^ OMTP.org 17. ^ "The Bluetooth Blues". Information Age. 2001-05-24. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 18. ^ IEEE Std 802.15.1-2002 – IEEE Standard for Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks – Specific requirements Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) 19. ^
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Guy Kewney (2004-11-16). "High speed Bluetooth comes a step closer: enhanced data rate

approved". Newswireless.net. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 20. ^ IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005 – IEEE Standard for Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks – Specific requirements Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

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