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PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND CRIME AGAINST WOMEN FOR HAPPY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY “

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PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND CRIME AGAINST WOMEN FOR HAPPY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY

“PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND CRIME AGAINST WOMEN FOR HAPPY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY “

Women in India
There is no doubt that we are in the midst of a great revolution in the history of women. The evidence is everywhere; the voice of women is increasingly heard in Parliament, courts and in the streets. While women in the West had to fight for over a century to get some of their basic rights, like the right to vote, the Constitution of India gave women equal rights with men from the beginning. Unfortunately, women in this country are mostly unaware of their rights because of illiteracy and the oppressive tradition. Names like Kalpana Chawla: The Indian born, who fought her way up into NASA and was the first women in space, and Indira Gandhi: The Iron Woman of India was the Prime Minister of the Nation, Beauty Queens like Aishwarya Rai and Susmita Sen, and Mother Teresa are not representative of the condition of Indian women.

Women's Contribution to the Economy:
Although most women in India work and contribute to the economy in one form or another, much of their work is not documented or accounted for in official statistics. Women plow fields and harvest crops while working on farms, women weave and make handicrafts while working in household industries, women sell food and gather wood while working in the informal sector. Additionally, women are traditionally responsible for the daily household chores (e.g., cooking, fetching water, and looking after children). Since Indian culture hinders women's access to jobs in stores, factories and the public sector, the informal sector is particularly important for women. There are estimates that over 90 percent of workingwomen are involved in the informal sector. The informal sector includes jobs such as domestic servant, small trader, artisan, or field laborer on a family farm. Most of these jobs are unskilled and low paying and do not provide benefits to the worker. More importantly, however, cultural practices vary from region to region. Though it is a broad generalization, North India tends to be more patriarchal and feudal than

South India. Women in northern India have more restrictions placed on their behavior, thereby restricting their access to work. Southern India tends to be more egalitarian, women have relatively more freedom, and women have a more prominent presence in society. Cultural restrictions however are changing, and women are freer to participate in the formal economy, though the shortage of jobs throughout the country contributes to low female employment. But in the recent years, conditions of working women in India have improved considerably. More and more women find themselves in positions of respect and prestige, more and more workplaces are now populated with women who work on equal terms as men. Working is no longer an adjustment, a mere necessity; but a means to self worth and growth. Women have now not only found their place in work places but are also party to governance. In recent years there have been explicit moves to increase women's political participation. Women have been given representation in the Panchayati Raj system as a sign of political empowerment. There are many elected women representatives at the village council level. At the central and state levels too women are progressively making a difference. Today we have women Chief Ministers in five large states of India. The Women's reservation policy bill is slated to further strengthen political participation.

ALCOHOLISM
Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness, and in psychiatry several other terms are used, specifically "alcohol abuse" and "alcohol dependence," which have slightly different definitions. In 1979 an expert World Health Organization committee discouraged the use of "alcoholism" in medicine, preferring the category of "alcohol dependence syndrome". In the 19th and early 20th centuries, alcohol dependence in general was called dipsomania, but that term now has a much more specific meaning. People suffering from alcoholism are often called "alcoholics". Many other terms, some of the insulting or informal, have been used throughout history.

Identifying alcoholism is difficult for the individual afflicted because of the social stigma associated with the disease that causes people with alcoholism to avoid diagnosis and treatment for fear of shame or social consequences. The evaluation responses to a group of standardized questioning is a common method for diagnosing alcoholism. These can be used to identify harmful drinking patterns, including alcoholism. In general, problem drinking is considered alcoholism when the person continues to drink despite experiencing social or health problems caused by drinking.

Control measures of alcoholism
Prevention measures:
     Use of mass media ( like TV, radio , newspapers) to create awareness about ill effects of alcoholism Ban on drinking and sale of alcohol in public places and educational institutions . Ban on advertisements for alcohol. Heavy taxation on alcohol to make them costly Law against alcoholism.

Medical measures:
  Chlorodiazepoxide prevents withdrawal symptoms Disulfiram tablet is given to patient. Now, if the patient drinks even small amount of alcohol, he suffers from nausea, vomiting, headache, flushing, palpitation, mental confusion, etc. Hence, he avoids alcohol.  Emetine hydrochloride injection is given to patient. Now, if the patient sees smells or drinks alcohol he starts vomiting.

Psychosocial measures:
   Psychotherapy: Counseling of an addict to quit alcohol. Social therapy: The family member and friend should be counseled and should encourage alcoholics to quit alcohol. Occupational therapy: Rehabilitation of alcoholic after de-addiction.

Incest, Rape and Domestic Violence: Some females fall prey to violence before they are born, when expectant parents abort their unborn daughters, hoping for sons instead. In other societies, girls are subjected to such traditional practices as circumcision, which leave them maimed and traumatized. In others, they are compelled to marry at an early age, before they are physically, mentally or emotionally mature. Women are victims of incest, rape and domestic violence that often lead to trauma, physical handicap or death. And rape is still being used as a weapon of war, a strategy used to subjugate and terrify entire communities. Soldiers deliberately impregnate women of different ethnic groups and abandon them when it is too late to get an abortion. The Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women declared that rape in armed conflict is a war crime -- and could, under certain circumstances, be considered genocide. "There is a deplorable trend towards the organized humiliation of women, including the crime of mass rape", the Secretary-General said. "We will press for international legal action against those who perpetrate organized violence against women in time of conflict."

Focus is on three areas of concern where women are particularly vulnerable: in the family (including domestic violence, traditional practices, infanticide); in the community (including rape, sexual assault, commercialized violence such as trafficking in women, labour exploitation, female migrant workers etc.); and by the State (including violence against women in detention as well as violence against women in situations of armed conflict and against refugee women). violence against women and the human rights of women are 2 of the 12 critical areas of concern identified as the main obstacles to the advancement of women.

PREVENTION OF CRIME AGAINST WOMEN
Woman is the companion of man, gifted with equal rights, mental abilities. She has the right of freedom and liberty as that of her male counterpart. Then why in today’s world she doesn’t feel safe and secure? Why?

CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN: Crimes against women are there in our society from the starting, but remain unheard due to:    Unawareness Social stigma Lack of media

Various crime against women can be stated as :     Rape Domestic violence Sexual harassment Female Feticides Trafficking Dowry

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:

A case of deprival of right to life, right to be human and right to live with human dignity Includes physical, mental, emotional, verbal, sexual, economic as well as psychological abuse. Impact of Domestic Violence:      Exhibit Behavioral & Physical Health Problems Suicide Attempt Addiction of Drugs & Alcohol Run Away From Home Engage in Teenage Prostitution

  

Commit Sexual Crimes Lack of trust on close friends and relatives. Loneliness

SEXUAL HARRASMENT Intimidation , bullying of a sexual nature and Includes a range of behaviours . Often ,the harasser is in a position of power or authority over the victim.

Harassment experiences-classified into 5 categories :    Verbal Psychological Sexual gestures and exposure Unwanted touch Rape

Impact of Sexual Harassment  Decreased work performance     


Victim becomes the "accused, “her dress, lifestyle, private life often comes under attack. Being objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip Extreme stress upon relationships with significant others, or relationships with colleagues Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles Having to relocate to another city, or another job Loss of references/recommendations

FEMALE FOETICIDE
Aborting a Female fetus after sex determination tasks. Reasons for high number of incidence of female foeticide include   deep rooted traditional son preference continued practice of dowry



concern for safety of the girl child and exploitation and abuse of women and girl children.

Trafficking: Trafficking is defined as a trade in something that should not be traded in for various social, economic or political reasons. Thus we have terms like drug trafficking, arms trafficking and human trafficking. The concept of human trafficking refers to the criminal practice of exploiting human beings by treating them like commodities for profit. Even after being trafficked victims are subjected to long term exploitation. According to a recent survey women are bought and sold with impunity and trafficked at will to other countries from different parts of India. These girls and women are sourced from Dindigal, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli, and Chengalpattu in TamilNadu, Gaya, Kishanganj, Patna, Katihar, Purnea, Araria and Madhubani from Bihar, Murshidabad and 24 Parganas in West Bengal, Maharajgunj from UP, Dholpur, Alwar, Tonk from Rajasthan, Mangalore, and Gulbarga and Raichur from Karnataka. These women and girls are supplied to Thailand, Kenya, South Africa and Middle East countries like Bahrin, Dubai, Oman, Britain, South Korea and Philippines. They are forced to work as sex workers undergoing severe exploitation and abuse. These women are the most vulnerable group in contracting HIV infection. Due to unrelenting poverty and lack of unemployment opportunities there is an increase in the voluntary entry of women into sex work.

Trafficking both for commercial sexual exploitation and for non-sex based exploitation is a transnational and complex challenge as it is an organized criminal activity, an extreme form of human rights violation and an issue of economic empowerment and social justice. The trafficking of women and children causes untold miseries as it violates the rights and dignity of the individual in several ways. It violates the individual's rights to life, dignity, security, privacy, health, education and redressal of grievances.

Women and children from India are sent to nations of the Middle East daily. Girls in prostitution and domestic service in India, Pakistan and the Middle East are tortured, held in virtual imprisonment, sexually abused, and raped. In Bombay, children as young as 9 are bought for up to 60,000 rupees, or US$2,000, at auctions where Arabs bid against Indian men who believe sleeping with a virgin cures gonorrhea and syphilis.

About 5,000-7,000 Nepalese girls are trafficked to India every day. 100,000-160,000 Nepalese girls are prostituted in brothels in India. About 45,000 Nepalese girls are in the brothels of Bombay and 40,000 in Calcutta. Calcutta is one of the important transit points for the traffickers for Bombay and to Pakistan. 99% women are trafficked out of Bangladesh through land routes along the border areas of Bangladesh and India, such as Jessore, Satkhira, and Rajshahi.

MEASURES FOR SAFETY OF WOMEN
     Installation of closed circuit cameras in public places. Avoiding going to lonely places at night. Encourage women oriented shows like ‘ Aap ki Kachehri ’. Appointment of more female police officers. Self- defence techniques (Marshal Arts, Pepper Spray).

LEGAL FRAMEWORK
 Delhi commission for women Set up under the Delhi Commission for Women Act, 1994 Started functioning from June 1996 Includes investigation and examination of all matters relating to the safeguards provided for women Its objectives are to ensure Security Development Well being

 Under DCW, requirements to ensure safety: Full co-operation and assistance from the police Net-working with NGOs and the community neighborhood groups. Legal assistance from the Commission through legal aid centers.  Various projects under DCW:       Telephonic helpline Sahyogini Crisis Intervention Centres Rape Crisis Cell Mahila Panchayat Twenty-four Hour Mobile Helpline

 Crisis Intervention Centers: Scheme for providing support to victims of rape, domestic violence and torture. Its objectives are     To provide support structure to the CICs of police department To ensure transparency in the professional investigation, registration of FIR and medical examination To reduce trauma and provide counseling help to the victim To provide financial assistance to victim

 Rape crisis cell Started by DCW in September 2005 to provide assistance to rape victims      Free legal service for rape victims . Its services include : Availability of advocates to the victims Lodging the complaint at the police station, recording the statement Ensuring sensitive handling of the case by the police Opposing bail applications made by the accused



Assisting the prosecutor in the case

 The Indian penal code, 1860:      376: Punishment for rape 376A: Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation 376B: Intercourse by public servant with woman in his custody 376C: Intercourse by Superintendent of Jail, remand home etc 376D: Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital

Methods and strategies of prevention: State parties are required to establish policies, programmes and other measures aimed at preventing trafficking and protecting trafficked persons from re-victimization. The existence of vulnerable situations of inequality and injustice coupled with the exploitation of the victim's circumstances by the traffickers and others cause untold harm to the trafficked victim who faces a multiplicity of rights violations. Therefore policies, programmes and strategies that address prevention have to be unique with a focus on and an orientation towards all these issues. Accordingly the prevention of trafficking needs to be addressed not only in relation to the source areas but also in the demand areas the transit points and the trafficking routes. Strategies in all these areas have to be oriented towards the specific characteristics of the situation and the target groups. · The best method of prevention is its integration it with prosecution and protection. Prosecution includes several tasks like the identification of the traffickers bringing them to the book, confiscating their illegal assets. Protection of the trafficked victim includes all steps towards the redressal of their grievances thus helping the victim survive, rehabilitate and establish herself/himself. Thus prosecution and protection contribute to prevention.

· The strategies should address the issues of livelihood options and opportunities by focusing on efforts to eradicate poverty, illiteracy etc. There should be special packages for women and

children in those communities where entry into CSE may be perceived as the only available option. Education and other services should be oriented towards capacity building and the consequent empowerment of vulnerable groups. · Gender discrimination and patriarchal mindset are important constituents and catalysts of the vulnerability of women and girl children. This manifests itself in several serious violations of women's rights such as high incidence of female foeticide and infanticide and the discrimination against women in healthcare, education and employment. Since these are vulnerability factors that trigger trafficking prevention strategies need to be oriented accordingly.

· Natural calamities and manmade disturbances do exacerbate the vulnerability situation. Therefore relief and aftercare programmes need to have specific components focused on the rights of women and children. At the micro level the prevention of trafficking in the source areas requires a working partnership between the police and NGOs. Public awareness campaigns and community participation are key to prevention programmes. Prevention is best achieved by community policing. · Political will is an essential requirement to combat trafficking.

· Creating legal awareness is one of the most important functions of any social action programme because without legal awareness it is not possible to promote any real social activism. Legal awareness empowers people by making them aware of their rights, and can work towards strengthening them to develop zero tolerance towards abuse and exploitation.

· Immigration officials at the borders need to be sensitized so that they can network with the police as well as with NGOs working on preventing trafficking.

Help lines and help booths are very important for providing timely help to any person in distress. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is considering collaboration between

government agencies and NGOs for setting up help lines and help booths that can provide timely assistance to child victims. It will be appropriate if the Child lines all over India, NGOs working on child rights, missing person bureaus and police help lines are linked together as a formidable tool against trafficking.

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