Cancer Different Types
Content
Cancer: Different Types
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Bone Cancer
Paige Mitchell-Spears David Schmidt
History
• Strontium was discovered in 1798 and metallic strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 using electrolysis. • The radioactive 90Sr can lead to various bone disorders and diseases, including bone cancer.
Osteosarcoma
• • • • • • • • • • most common type develops in new tissue in growing bones originates in the Osteoid tissue commonly located in the knees, upper legs, and upper arms common between the ages of 10 and 25 about 50% more common in males than in females about 900 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year about 400 of these cases occur in children and adolescents younger than 20 years old most occur between the ages of 10 and 30 teenagers are the most commonly affected age group, but it can occur at any age about 10% occur in people over the age of 60
Chondrosarcoma
• arises in cartilage located in the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders common between the ages of 50 and 60
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Ewing’s Sarcoma
• begins in immature nerve tissue in bone marrow located in the pelvis, upper legs, ribs, and arms common between the ages of 10 and 20
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• First the doctor will ask about the patients personal and medical history and then perform a medical exam. • There are 3 different types of medical exams that can be performed to diagnose bone cancer:
– A blood test to determine the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (vital for child growth, mending broken bones, and production of abnormal bone tissue). Because there is a high abundancy of this enzyme in growing children, this test is not very reliable. – An x-ray to show the location, size, and shape of a bone tumor. If it suggests that a tumor may be cancer, the doctor may recommend special imaging tests such as a bonescan, a CT scan, an MRI, or an angiogram. – A needle biopsy or an incisional biopsy where a piece of the cancerous tissue is removed for study by an oncologist or a pathologist.
Diagnosis
Causes
• not known • radiation or chemotherapy for other conditions may increase the risk of bone cancer • adults with Paget’s disease (a noncancerous condition characterized by abnormal development of new bone cells) may be at increased risk for osteosarcoma • a small number of bone cancers are due to heredity.
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Symptoms of the cancer vary depending on the location and size
• pain is the most common • tumors in or near joints may cause swelling or tenderness in that area • bone cancer can interfere with normal movements and weaken the bones, sometimes leading to a fracture. • fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia • none are reliable signs of cancer, they can also be caused by other, less serious conditions.
Treatments
• depend on the type, size, location, stage of the cancer, and the person’s age and general health • surgery is often the primary treatment • amputation of a limb is sometimes necessary
– to avoid amputation, a surgeon will only remove the cancerous section of the bone and replace it with a prosthesis
• Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used together or alone
• The overall 5-year relative survival rate for 1996-2002 from 17 SEER geographic areas was 67.9%. • Five-year relative survival rates by race and sex were:
– 64.4% for white men – 72.1% for white women – 65.5% for black men – 67.5% for black women
Survival Stats
Morality Rate
• In 2006, about 2,760 new cases of cancer of the bones and joints will be diagnosed, and about 1,260 deaths from these cancers are expected. • From 2000-2003, the median age at death for cancer of the bones and joints was 59 years of age 4. – Approximately 14.8% died under age 20; 14.1% between 20 and 34; 7.3% between 35 and 44; 8.9% between 45 and 54; 11.2% between 55 and 64; 13.7% between 65 and 74; 18.6% between 75 and 84; and 11.3% 85+ years of age. • Death rates by race and sex were:
Race/Ethnicity Men Women All Races 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000 women White 0.6 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000 women Black 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000 women Asian/Pacific Islander 0.3 per 100,000 men 0.2 per 100,000 women American Indian ^ per 100,000 men ^ per 100,000 women Hispanic 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000 women
Branden Lombardi
•17-years-old •Osteosarcoma •Chemotherapy •Replacement of cancerous portion of tibia with donor bone •Lead to nodules in lungs •Has been cancer free for 2.5 years with help of chemotherapy
Works Cited
• • • • • http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonecancer.html#statistics http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/bone http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/bone/mortality/ http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails? invocationType=imageDetails&query=bone+cancer&img=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.sarcoma.org%2Fpathology_review%2Fcourse%2520materials %2Fanatomic%2520locations.gif&site=www.mic.ki.se&host=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.mic.ki.se%2FDiseases%2FC04 http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails? invocationType=imageDetails&query=osteosarcoma&img=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fosteosarcoma%2Fimages%2Fosteosarcomalg.jpg&site=www.mayoclinic.org&host=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fosteosarcoma%2Fdetailsosteosarcoma.html&b=image%3Fquery%3Dosteosarcoma%26invocationType %3Dbottomsearchbox.image
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Colon Cancer
Katie Asman Chris Johnson
Timeline of Cancer
• The earliest indications of cancer were described in seven papyri discovered in the 19th century. The cancer descriptions were written around 1600 BC and are believed to date back to sources as early as 2500 B. C. Ancient Egyptians were able to determine whether or not tumors were benign or malignant. Hippocrates named “cancer” “karkinioma” because he saw that malignant tumors looked like a crab which is also why it is known as cancer today Back in the 17th century Gaspare Aselli found the vessels of the lymphatic system and believed that cancer was caused by abnormalities in the lymph. Oncology was established as a science with the research in cell culture, diagnostic treatments and chemotherapy. • Finally in 1971, Richard M. Nixon signed the National Cancer Act which launched a program administered by the National Cancer Institute which contains the United State legislative cancer policies from 1937
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Who it afftects
• Colorectal cancer affects men and women usually 50 years or older • Cancer of the colon and rectum is the third most diagnosed cancer in the US.
How its diagnosed
• Symptoms of colon cancer include abdominal pain, diarreha, constipation and blood in the feces • Symptoms vary from case to case and some do not have any symptoms
Causes
• Causes of most colorectal cancers are unknown but certain risk factors have been identified • factors include older age, ulcerative colitis (causes inflammation of the colon), and family history of colon cancer • Most colorectal cancers start as a benign tumor on the wall of the rectum
Affected Body Parts
• The cancer can begin in any of the 4 regions of the colon or the rectum • Each section is made up of several layers of tissue, cancer begins in the inner layer and grows through some if not all of the layers • The spread of cancer depends on which layer it begins in
Treatments
• The treatments depend on what stage the cancer is at, radiation is a rare treatment of colon cancer • Primary treatment is to remove the portion of the colon where the cancer lies along with the lymph nodes and blood supply • Surgery is the primary option when the cancer is in the first three stages • After the portion of the colon is removed it is rebuilt called anastomosis • Chemotherapy is used on patients who had a tumor removed and is in danger of getting another
Survival Statistics
• 50% of patients treated for colon cancer survive • 15% of people are at stage 1 and 85-90% survive • 20-30% are at stage 2 65-75% survival • 30-40% at stage 3 55% survive • 20-25% at stage 4 and is rarely cured
Mortality
• 94,000 cases of colon cancer are diagnosed each year • it accounts for 10% of cancers in men and 11% of cancers in women • it occurs second most in both sexes behind cancer • 49,000 died from colon cancer in the US in 2000 • The disease has occurred less in the US but the mortality rate has increased
Cheryl’s Story
• In 1999 and even before that, my doctor was very concerned about why I was so anemic. I was put on iron supplements, but nothing seemed to change the anemia. My doctor had also questioned me about my bowel movements. I actually thought they were quite normal. I guess I had not really had a normal one in so long that I did not know what normal was. Actually, they were quite loose most of the time and not really very formed. But, as I said, my doctor was quite concerned about the anemia. After a few visits, he insisted I have a colonoscopy, so I did. The procedure itself was no problem; the prep was the worst part of the whole thing. Then on March 16, 1999, I had the colonoscopy and the physician told me I had a tumor that might or might not be cancerous (I am sure he knew that it most likely was.). He also told me it had to come out surgically, regardless. He then said to call my doctor in a week for the results. The next week my doctor called me and said it was cancer. I really don't know how I felt. A little shocked, I guess. How could this be? It was a very large polyp that now was cancer. On April 1, 1999, I had surgery to remove this cancer by taking out the section with the tumor and several feet of my colon. I am not sure what stage cancer this was, but I do know it started through the wall and that is why I see the cancer doctor frequently for blood tests to see if there are any cancer cells in my body. So far, he tells me that I am in remission. I still have trouble thinking of myself as a cancer patient. Thank goodness for my doctor and the colonoscopy. It saved my life. Colonoscopy: such a simple thing to do to save your life.
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LUNG CANCER
By Josh Lee and Josh Feaster
HISTORY
• Lung cancer was very rare before people started smoking cigarettes. There are only 100 cases of lung cancer in medical history before the 1900’s. After WWI (1918), cigarette smoking became very popular. Doctors began seeing a sudden epidemic of lung cancer in the 1930’s. Doctors began seeing a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, and they determined that smoking causes one’s chances to develop the disease to increase greatly. By the 1970’s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest cancers to the number one killer cancer in the U.S.
WHO DOES IT AFFECT?
• Lung cancer affects all men and women of all ethnicities. • In the US, 175,000 new cases are expected in 2006: 90,700 in men and 80,000 in women. • Although lung cancer was previously an illness that affected predominately men, the lung cancer rate for women has been increasing in the last few decades .
HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED?
• Performing a chest X-ray is the first step if a patient reports symptoms that may be suggestive of lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (infection) and pleural effusion. If there are no X-ray findings but the suspicion is high, bronchoscopy and/or a CT Scan may provide the necessary information. In any case, bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often necessary to identify the tumor type. • Blood tests and spirometry (lung function testing) are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough to be operated on.
CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER
• There are four major causes of lung cancer (and cancer in general): • Carcinogens such as those in cigarette smoke • Radiation exposure • Genetic susceptibility • Viral infection • In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 79% in women).
WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY ARE AFFECTED?
• If the cancer grows into the lumen it may obstruct the airway, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, allowing the patient to pneumonia. • Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to changed sweating patterns and eye muscle problems (a combination known as Horner's syndrome), as well as muscle weakness in the hands due to invasion of the brachial plexus.
COMMON TREATMENTS
• Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific cell type, how far it has spread, and the patient's performance status. • Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
CASE STUDY
• Ann Shnur was diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in 2002. Her doctors told her that her chances of curing the cancer were very slim, so all they could do was try to manage it. When she found out, she immediately quit smoking. She started to undergo chemotherapy and radiation, but it was having little effect on her tumor. She was given an experimental drug called Iressa to treat the cancer instead of the chemo. She says that she made a point to savor every moment with family and friends because she did not know what could happen next. Everything seemed to be under control until April of 2006, when a routine scan revealed that a lymph node near her original tumor had become cancerous as well. Her doctors immediately switched her treatment from Iressa to Tarceva, and since this switch, the tumor has not grown any larger. Doctors say they would do a biopsy, but the surgery would be life threatening based on the location of the tumor. Shnur and her doctors have already planned that she will add Avastin to her treatment if the cancer spreads. Shnur, in the meantime, is continuing to live her normal life.
SURVIVAL RATE
• Only 14% of patients with lung cancer survive for more than five years after diagnosis. If the lung cancer is detected before it has had a chance to spread to other organs, and if it is treated appropriately, at least 49% of patients can survive five years or longer after the initial diagnosis. Only 15% of lung cancers, however, are found at this early stage. About 10% of patients can expect to be cured.
MORTALITY RATE
• Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer is declining in western countries, it is actually increasing for women due to the increased takeup of smoking by this group. Among lifetime non-smokers, men who have never smoked have higher age-standardized lung cancer death rates than women. Of the 80,000 women who are diagnosed with lung cancer in 2006, approximately 70,000 are expected to die from it.
Healthy Lung
• This is an image of a very healthy lung.
Cancerous Lung
• This is a cancerous lung.
Melanoma
Skin Cancer
Jackie Ardalan / Brian Ramsey
General Information
• Most serious type of skin cancer • Begins in skin cells called melanocytes • Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives the skin its color • With too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous
What causes it
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the most recognized cause of all types of skin cancer • Tanning lamps are another source of UV radiation • The invisible effects of UV radiation accumulate over a lifetime
Who it affects
• Both sexes are affected • In America, it is the sixth most common cancer in men and the seventh most common in women • Race plays a large role • White Americans are 20 times more likely to develop melanoma than African Americans • Worldwide, white populations have the highest risk of developing melanoma, and Asian populations the lowest risk • General rule: fair skin is more susceptible
How it is spotted
• Doctors often spot melanoma during a skin inspection or annual physical • Among men, melanoma most often shows up on the upper body and on the head and neck • In women, melanoma often develops on the fingernails, on the palms of hands, and on the soles of the feet • However, it can appear anywhere on the skin
What to look for (the ABCD’s)
• A = Asymmetry: Melanoma lesions are typically irregular in shape (asymmetrical) / benign (non-cancerous) moles are typically round (symmetrical) • B = Border: Melanoma lesions often have irregular borders (ragged or notched edges) / benign moles have smooth, even borders. • C = Colors: Melanoma lesions often contain many shades of brown or black / benign moles are usually a single shade of brown. • D = Diameter: Melanoma lesions are often more than one fourth an inch or six millimeters in diameter (about the size of a pencil eraser) / benign moles are usually less than that
Treatment
• The treatment for melanoma depends on the person’s age, health, and stage of the disease • Surgery is the first treatment for all stages of melanoma • Later stages of melanoma (thick melanoma or those that have spread to the nearby lymph nodes), call for other treatments, such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
Statistics
• The average five-year survival rate for melanoma patients is about 89 percent • Once the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the survival rate drops to a range of 13 to 70 percent, depending on how many lymph nodes are affected • An estimated 62,000 Americans are diagnosed with melanoma each year • Nearly 8,000 people die from the disease annually
Pancreatic Cancer
Maddie Norman and Amy Kim
• Cancer was first recorded in Egypt in 2500 B.C. (tumors on breasts) • majority of pancreatic cancer occurs in people older than 65 • Black men and women have a higher risk • More men than women
Illustration of healthy pancreas
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Difficult to diagnose Complete physical exam Feces can become clay-colored Ultrasound imaging, CT scan, MRI, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatiography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), biopsy, laparoscopy
• 3 stages
– respectable: all the tumor nodules can be removed – locally advanced: because the cancer has spread to tissues around the pancreas or into the blood vessels, it can no longer be completely removed – metastatic: at this stage, the cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs and liver
• Unsure what causes the DNA to become damaged thus causing cancer in most cases • Genetic predisposition (only 10%) • Most cases caused by lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet
• Stage 1; pancreatic cancer is confined only to the pancreas. • Stage 2; pancreatic cancer has spread somewhere, possibly to the lymph nodes, but not into large blood vessels nearby. • Stage 3, pancreatic cancer has invaded lardge blood vessels, may be in the lymph nodes, but hasn’t spread to distant sites. • Stage 4, means the cancer has spread to a distant site or sites in your body.
Cancerous pancreas
• Can only be treated in very early stages • Pancreatic cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy (like most other cancers) • one-year relative survival rate is 20%, and the fiveyear rate is 4% • fewer than 10% of patients' tumors are confined to the pancreas at the time of diagnosis (no surgery option) • average survival rate is 18 to 20 months if surgery is possible. The overall five-year survival rate is about 10%, although can be as high as 20% to 25% if the tumor is removed completely and cancer has not spread to lymph nodes
• Patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have a poor prognosis because the cancer usually causes no symptoms early on, leading to metastatic disease at time of diagnosis. • Median survival from diagnosis is around 3 to 6 months; 5-year survival is much less than 5%. • 32,180 new diagnoses in the United States every year • 31,800 deaths • mortality approaches 99%, giving pancreatic cancer the #1 fatality rate of all cancers and the #4 cancer killer in the United States amongst both men and women
In Real Life
My mom’s cousin was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer after being in the hospital for 1-2 months with severe abdominal pain. It took that long to figure out the source of the pain and by the time they did, the cancer had already spread all over her body. The only practical treatment option was medication to ease the pain. She lived in the hospital for the 4 months following her diagnosis (the rest of her life) with a distended belly and unable to keep food down. My mom compared it to a baby constantly spitting up food. She was aware that she was very ill but because of her severe autism could not communicate very well and was relatively unaware of her treatment and treatment options.
Sources
• http://www.pancreatic.org/site/c.htJYJ8MPIwE/b.891917/k.ECAD htm • www.mayoclinic.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/DS00357 • www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/pa tient • www.pancreatica.org • www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer • http://cancer.about.com/od/historyofcancer/a/cancerhistory .htm • Jill Norman provided the information for the real-life story
Testicular Cancer
By: Justin Cho Raj Bhatt
Who does it affect?
-Testicular cancer affects over 8000 people a year in the US. -Caucasian males ages 15-40 are the most affected while it would be extremely rare to see a African American male with TC.
How is it diagnosed?
-Many methods of diagnosing, but self-diagnosis is primary method before people consult professional help. -First symptoms of TC: -pain/tenderness in testicles -build-up of fluid in scrotum -hard lump gradually growing in size
What are the chances of survival?
-TC is one of the most curable cancers (90% cure rate) -If it is caught in Stage 1, the cure rate is virtually 100% if it is treated properly. -After patients are treated there is a less than 5% chance of the cancer coming back.
How is TC treated?
-3 methods -surgery -chemotherapy -radiation therapy
Surgery
-In surgery, one or both testicle are surgically removed in order to stop the spread of the cancer. -most popular treatment choice -success rate; very high -early stage of cancer - < 5% of chance of chance spreading again.
Chemotherapy
-2nd most popular treatment choice -compatible with all stages of TC -high success rate
Radiation Therapy
-rarely used because high doses are dangerous for sensitive testicular area. -when used, used for stage 2/3 patients. -50% average survival rate
wrap up
-TC is responsible for about 300 deaths a year( US only) -every male should self-examine themselves at least once a year
Cervical Cancer
Autumn Thomson Derek McConnell
What is Cervical Cancer?
• Malignancy of the cervix • The cancer begins at the lining of the cervix • The cancer is not suddenly formed, but progresses in transitional stages
Cervix connects the uterus to the vagina
History/Facts
Naked HPV
• 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women • HPV is responsible for 90% of Cervical Cancer • HPV - 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52 and 58 are the 7 most common strands
Symptoms
• Symptoms may be completely asymptomatic • Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding, or vaginal masses may indicate malignancy • In advanced cases, metastases may spread to the lungs or abdomen
Picture of Cervical Cancer
Treatment
• Hysterectomy (IA) • Lymph Nodes (IA2) • Trachelectomy (early stages) • Cone Biopsy
Hysterectomy Stages
Future
• On June 6, 2006 the FDA approved Gardasil • GlaxoSmithKline and Cervarix
LUNG CANCER
A Presentation by
Megan Hanson
and
Cameron Hostetter
Healthy Lung
Lung Cancer
Smoking is cool!!!
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• Not Common Before WWI • Tobacco companies gave away free cigarettes to millions of soldiers • After the war that it became popular in America
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• Influx of lung cancer cases in the 1930s • Soon the correlation between smoking and lung cancer was discovered
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest forms of cancers to the number one killer cancer in the Western World
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest forms of cancers to the number one killer cancer in the Western World
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• Although initially many believed that lung cancer had only to do with smoking, • Recent studies are revealing even more regarding the causes of the disease
Demographics
• African-American men who smoke more at risk than among Caucasian men • Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a female’s disease.
Demographics
• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a female’s disease • Women now account for nearly half of all new lung cancer cases • Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men Dana Reeves
Demographics
• Those who quit smoking reduce risk of lung cancer • Also, exposure to other carcinogens such as asbestos and radon gas increases risk
How Is It Diagnosed?
• Perform a chest Xray if a patient reports symptoms of lung cancer • Symptoms: – swollen lymph nodes – a chronic cough – shortness of breath – chest pain
How Is It Diagnosed?
• X-ray may reveal:
– an obvious mass – a widening of the mediastinum, – infection and excess fluid
• CT scan can be used if the X-ray in unable to reveal anything
Types of Lung Cancer
• Commonly divided into two types:
– Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) which is the most common and the cause of 80% of all lung cancer case – Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) the cause of 20% of all cases.
Types of Lung Cancer
• Small Cell Lung Cancer is almost always a result of smoking and its tumors can spread from the lungs to the entire body.
Treatments
• Three main forms of treatment for lung cancer: – Surgery – Chemotherapy – Radiation
Mortality Rate
• Only 14% of patients with lung cancer survive for more than five years after diagnosis. • Only about 10% of patients can expect to be 'cured' Peter Jennings
Mortality Rate
• Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in America, claiming more lives than breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers combined.
Thank You
Breast Cancer
Hershel Mehta Jessica Roan Kacey Kim
Breast Cancer
• • • Breast cancer is a serious issue in society today. However, the cancer of the breast tissue is not only a recent problem; Cases of breast cancer have dated back to ancient Egypt in 1600 BC.
• The first surgery done to remove the tumor over the breast was done in the early 1700s by Jean Louis Petit. His successful work was carried on by William Stewart Halsted who started performing mastectomies in 1882. He became known for his Halsted radical mastectomy, a surgical procedure that remained popular up to the 1970s. • Now breast cancer has become a major epidemic amongst women, there are many charity walks and events to help find a cure.
• Breast cancer can affect both men and women, but is much more common with women. It affects one out of every nine to thirteen women. Breast cancer only affects 1% of the male population. • It is the second most common in mortality rate after lung cancer. The chances of obtaining breast cancer increase with age.
Detecting Breast Cancer
• There are many ways to detect breast cancer at an early stage. For instance, there are self breast exams or a mammograms which are extremely useful in early discovery which is essential for surviving breast cancer. Also one can get an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), but this is sometimes expensive and can give a false positive because of its acute sensitivity. Ultrasound is sometimes, but rarely used.
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Causes
• • • • There are many theories as to what exactly causes breast cancer. Some believe that two genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the formation of the cancerous tumor. Another theory is that excessive alcohol consumption leads to an increase in the risk of getting breast cancer. Hormones is another theory flying around estrogen, androgen, and testosterone levels may also be a reason for someone acquiring breast cancer.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
By: Jack Ferguson Brittany Morphew
When, Who and Where
• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is named after the British physician Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the disease in 1832 and noted several characteristics that distinguish it from other lymphomas.
Who does it affect?
• Hodgkin’s disease most commonly affects people between the ages of 15 and 40 and people older than age 55. It’s one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. • It is most common in white people but affects every race. • Males are “slightly” more likely to develop Hodgkin’s. • People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, such as mononucleosis may be four times more likely to develop Hodgkin’s.
How is it diagnosed?
• There are many ways to detect Hodgkin’s lymphoma. • Often a lymph node swells, especially in the upper body area. Other times on feels they have a lack of energy. • More serious symptoms can include weight loss, fever, and drenching night sweats. • Many, many more!
Medical Diagnosis
• A biopsy of the area is taken and is searched for the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. • Other exams include: chest x-rays, collecting medical history, CT scans, PET scans, and gallium scans.
Suspected Causes
• Abnormal B Cells • Genetics • Medical History
Affected Body Parts
• Hodgkin’s disease commonly begins in the lymph nodes. Some lymph nodes are in areas readily noticed, such as in your neck, above your collarbone, under your arms, groin area, and in the chest cavity. • Lymphomas may spread outside the lymph nodes to virtually any part of your body.
Pics
Stages
I) Involves one lymph node region. II) Involves two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm. III) Involves lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm. IV) Involves other organs besides the lymph system.
Treatment and Survival Rates
• Radiation, Chemotherapy, Bone Marrow Transplant. • More than 80% of people with stage 1 or stage 2 Hodgkin’s disease for 10 years or more with proper treatment. • The five-year survival rate for those with widespread Hodgkin’s disease is about 60%.
Survival Rates
• • • • Stage I- 90% to 95% Stage II- 90% to 95% Stage III 85% to 90% Stage IV 80% to 85%
Mortality Rates
• Each year, about 1,300 Americans die of Hodgkin’s disease.
References
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http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-dise http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/diagnosi http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.html http://www.lymphomainfo.net/tests/gallium scan.html
Leukemia
Corinne Watson Elieka Ghafari
Period: 4
History
• Cancer of the blood that develops in the bone marrow (soft tissue that fills the inside of bones and produces new blood cells) • First diagnosed in 1845 by John Hughs Benett • One of the ten most common types of cancer • Most common type of cancer diagnosed in childern • Predicted that 30,000 people will be diagnosed this year
Causes
• No known cause of leukemia • Possible causes: radiation, chemicals, viruses, and genetic factors. • Result from somatic mutations in the DNA, which disrupt the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. • Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia.
Symptons
• Lack of red blood cells
– anemia
• Damage to the bone marrow • Suppressed or Dysfunctional white blood cells
– infections
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Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms Weakness and fatigue Easy bruising/bleeding Loss of appetite and/or weight Swollen or bleeding gums Neurological symptoms (headache) Enlarged liver and spleen
Acute vs. Chronic
Acute Leukemia
• • • • rapid growth of immature blood cells Crowding disables production of healthy blood cells Can occur in children and young adults. Immediate treatment is required due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which can spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body If left untreated, the patient can die in a few months, or even weeks • •
Chronic
excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells Typically taking months to years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Mostly occurs in older people Unlike acute leukemia, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy
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Lymphoid vs. Myeloid
• • • • Diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood. When leukemia affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells), it is called lymphocytic leukemia. When myeloid cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) are affected, the disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leukemia. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (also known as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially those age 65 and older. Acute myelogenous leukemia (also known as Acute Myeloid Leukemia, or AML) occurs more commonly in adults than in children. This type of leukemia was previously called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small number of children also develop this disease.
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Treatments
• Combination of drugs • Bone Marrow/Stem Cell Transplants • Chemotherapy • 43% overall survival rate (for all ages)
Steve Sprague
Surviving Leukemia...One Man's Cord Blood Miracle. • Steve was diagnosed with CML in 1995 when he was 47 years old. In those pre-Gleevec days, the standard chemo for leukemia failed after only 17 months when Steve went into blast crisis. An only child and unable to find a matched unrelated donor for transplant, he became one of the first to participate in a clinical trial for end-stage adult CMLers using matching stem cells obtained from umbilical cord blood (UCB) and expanded ex vivo (in the lab). Now a 4+ year survivor, Steve volunteers his time as a cord blood advocate and has published a short story about his unique transplant experience. His tale may be helpful to patients, caregivers and even prospective parents interested in donating their infant's umbilical cord blood.
lymphoma
by: rebecca choi troy manansala
• broad term for a variety of cancers in the lymphatic system • lymphatic system-important for fighting disease and filtering out bacteria
what is it?
• Lymph nodes are oval, pea-sized organs • Found beneath skin along large blood vessels and grouped at the neck, underarms, groin, abdomen, and pelvis • Also in spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, adenoids, and tonsils
lymphatic system
• two main types of lymphoma:
-Hodgkin’s Disease -Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
two types
Cause: unknown
Suspected causes: -viral/bacterial infections -pesticides, solvents, arsenate, lead, hair dyes, radiation, paint thinners
NOT CONTAGIOUS.
• Can occur in both children and adults • Most common in early adulthood (15-40) and late adulthood (after 55). • High survival rate • Effects more men than women. • Especially high among Jewish populations and low among Asian pop. • Approx. 25,000 die from this cancer worldwide
Some information
Hodgkin’s disease in • malignant (cancerous) growth of cells
• • • • the lymph system Has Reed-Stemberg cells in the cancerous area (while Non-Hodgkin’s doesn’t) better known form of lymphoma High survival rate number of cases:
– 7880 cases in US this year
• 4330 men • 3550 women
• Lymph nodes can swell, upper body area • Feeling of lack of energy • Weight loss, fever, drenching night sweats, itching, lower back pain • Usually a shock and surprise • Take tissue sample (biopsy) and search for Reed-Stemberg cells • X-rays or PET scans or CT scans
Hodgkin’s Diagnosis
Hodgkin’s Treatment
• Chemotherapy • Bone marrow and peripheral blood transplants • Immunotherapy
– Trys to help body fight cancer
• Radiation therapy
– High energy x-rays kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
– SURVIVAL STATISTICS UNKNOWN
Non-Hodgkin’s Disease
• Is also malignant • Growth of B or T cells in lymph system • Cases outweigh those of Hodgkin’s disease • 29 types of lymphoma are nonHodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s Diagnosis
• Some symptoms: lymph node swelling, unexplained itching, fever, weight loss, lack of energy • Will be tested and doctor will determine which type of lymphoma • Take biopsy (surgical preferred over needle biopsy)
Non-Hodgkin’s Treatment
• Several types of treatment
– – – – – Chemotherapy is most common Radiation therapy Immunotherapy Bone marrow transplants Watch and wait
– The survival statistics of treatments are unknown
the history of Hodgkin’s
• Disease named after Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866) • English scholar and Quaker physician working at Guy’s Hospital in England • Publishes paper on lymphatic disease • 1666 first recorded description of HD by Malpight
• Frank Choi
case study
– Diagnosed at age 27 with lymphatic cancer – Symptoms: turning an unhealthy shade of yellow, indigestion, bloating – Needed surgery but doctors unable to operate because of the unbelievably huge tumor near his stomach (15 cm in diameter)
• Underwent one session of chemotherapy no hope of getting rid of cancer • Tumor growing controllably • Was given two weeks to live • Five days after the failed surgery, his cancer was miraculously released through excrement and he was healed.
Case study contd.
And he’s definitely healthy now
peectures
Tissue sample of HD
Dividing Hodgkin’s disease Normal lymph tissue cells
sites visited
• http://www.oncologychannel.com/nonhodgkins/ • http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/descripti • http://www.lymphomainfo.net/nhl /treatment.html
Ovarian Cancer
By: Fred Ghamyan and Charmaine Terania
Basic History Basic History
Who can get affected?
• Women (Usually of older age) • American Indians and Alaska Native women show both a higher ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rate than white American women according to statistics developed by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, but not included in
How do you know if you have the cancer?
• One of the most difficult cancers to trace • Some symptoms that might encourage a woman to seek if she has ovarian cancer:
– – – – – pain in the abdomen a feeling of being bloated fatigue weight loss or problems with urination
If I think I have it, then what?
• First, an ultrasound scan of the abdomen is performed. Sometimes the scan is taken from inside the vagina. • The second test is to measure the level of the CA125 marker in the blood. • However, neither of these tests gives a definite diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but if both tests are positive, the patient is usually referred to a surgeon who will operate to see if the ovaries show any signs of cancer
What can cause this cancer?
• There is some evidence that being overweight can increase your risk of ovarian cancer. Some research has suggested that beta-carotene in the diet can reduce the risk of this cancer, although this finding has not yet been confirmed. • Genes also have a great deal to do with it
– Overall, if you have one close relative (mother, sister or daughter) who has had ovarian cancer, your risk goes up about 4-
What does the cancer affect?
• The part of the body affected is the female's ovaries located in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system. However, it also provides pain to parts of the abdomen.
Is there treatment?
• The treatment used will depend on how advanced the cancer is and how old the patient is.
– For younger patients with early cancer, limited surgery is used to preserve their fertility. – For older patients with more advanced cancers, the ovaries and the womb are usually removed. If the cancer has spread, further tissue may need to be removed to get out as much of the cancer as possible.
• Chemotherapy is normally used after the surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Sometimes it is also used before the surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove completely.
What are the chances that I will be cured if I do get cancer?
• Overall, only about two out of every five women with ovarian cancer can be cured. Like all other cancers, the stage at which ovarian cancer is diagnosed determines how easily it is to cure. If diagnosed and treated while the cancer is still confined to the ovaries, nearly 75% of women can be cured. However, once it has spread into the pelvic cavity, the cure rate drops to one third. If it has spread further, only one quarter to on sixth of patients can be
• In 2005, more than 22,000 women were diagnosed with the disease. • An estimated 16,000 women died from ovarian cancer in 2005.
Cancer Cells Dividing >>
How many people are affected by this cancer per year?
Case Study Case Study
Prostate Cancer
By Chandler Sheilds and Joshua Im
History Timeline
• The prostate organ was first described by Venetian anatomist Niccolò Massa in 1536 and illustrated by Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius in 1538. • Prostate cancer was identified in 1853. • The prostate gland was first removed through radical perineal prostatectomy in 1904 by Hugh Young at Johns Hopkins Hospital. • Removal of the prostate and lymph nodes while allowing penile function (radical retropubic prostatectomy) was developed in 1983 by Patrick Walsh.
Who Does it Affect?
• Prostate cancer is most common amongst men over fifty (exclusively restricted to infecting men). • Prostate cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world, • Prostate cancer is the number one non-skin cancer that is found amongst United States men. • Prostate cancer is least common among Asian males and most common among black males.
Diagnosis
• Prostate cancer is most commonly diagnosed by physical examination or by screening blood tests, such as the PSA ( prostate specific antigen) test. • Suspected prostate cancer is most of the time confirmed by removing a piece of the prostate and examining it under a microscope. • Other tests, such as X-rays and bone scans, are utilized in order to determine whether prostate cancer has spread.
Suspected Causes
• Even though the cause of prostate cancer is ultimately unknown, a man's risk of attaining prostate cancer is related to his age, genetics, race, diet, lifestyle, medications, and other factors.
Body Parts Affected
• This particular cancer infects the prostate gland in the male’s reproductive system. • The cancer will usually spread to the bones and the lymph nodes. • Prostate cancer can cause pain, difficulty in urinating, erectile dysfunction, and other symptoms.
Common Treatments
• Prostate cancer can be treated through surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy , sometimes chemotherapy, watchful waiting, or some combination of these methods.
Survival Statistics
• The success rate of each of these tactics depends upon such criteria as the stage of the cancer, the PSA level, and the Gleason score. • As the result of prostate cancer’s relatively slowgrowing nature, the 5-year survival rate for prostate cancer diagnosed at all stages is 98%, the relative 10-year survival rate is 84% and the 15year survival rate drops to 56%.
Mortality Rate
• In 2006, over 232,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, and over 30,000 men will be killed by it.
Case Study: William Greenberg
PRESENTED BY: AUGUSTA CLEMENT JUSTIN KO
BREAST CANCER
THE ORIGIN OF BREAST CANCER
• • The origin of breast cancer goes as far as 1600 BC in Egypt. In Edwin Smith Papyrus’ paper, he described 8 cases of cancer where breast had to be treated by cauterization-process of removing body parts by burning it. The discovery of breast cancer was founded by French surgeon Jean Louis Petit and Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell in 17th century where they had removed a lymph gland, breast tissue and chest muscle.
•
• Age/gender The older you are, the more likely you are to develop breast cancer. A woman who is 90 years old have the chances of getting breast cancer increases to 14.3%. For men on the other hand, generally are invulnerable to breast cancer but happens to every 1000 males. As you increase in age, the chances of you getting breast cancer increases. Also, the potency tends to be greater.
THE EPIDOMIOLOGY OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS
RACE
• It has been reported that Caucasian women have the overall risk of developing breast cancer compared to African American women. • The breast cancer is twice as much in Caucasian women compared to Hispanic and Asian women. • Although occurrence of breast cancer is lower among African Americans compared to Caucasians, their mortality rate is higher than that of Caucasians.
• The diagnosis of breast cancer can be done by examining breast tissue removed from a patient. Other methods such as fineneedle aspiration, nipples asiprates, ductal lavage, core needle biopsy, nd local surgical biopsy. • Imagining tests are also used to detect breast cancer such as chest x-ray, CT, MRI, and PET scanning.
THE DIAGNOSIS
THE CAUSE OF BREAST CANCER
• The cause of breast cancer is suspected to be a result from DNA damage. Ionizing radiation or natural mutation of BCRA1, BCRA2, p53 genes contribute to the cause of DNA damage and breast cancer.
AFFECTED PARTS OF THE BODY
• The affected parts of the body are the breast unless the cancer the metastasized, it may spread to other organs via blood stream. • Symptoms-on the picture right
COMMON TREATMENTS
• Surgery The first choice of treatment to remove the affected area. • Radiation therapy It applies to the affected area with high-energy rays to destroy the cancerous cells. Side effects occur during this process. • Chemotherapy It uses anti-cancer drugs (cytotoxic) to destroy cancer cells. • Hormonal Therapy Since most breast cancers need estrogen to grow, hormones that help the production of estrogen are used as an effective hormonal treatment.
SURVIVAL STATISTIC
• With the help of treatment, women are able to survive by 86%. • Without the treatment only 1% survive.
MORTALITY RATE
• 41,619 women die annually. • According to the chart, Breast cancer is ranked 6th as the leading caused deaths.
THE END
Colon Cancer
Stephanie Granillo Jeremy Lazarus
Group Affected
• Those with history of colon cancer in family • Risk increases with age
– 60-70 yrs
• Smokers • Physically inactive at high risk • Alcohol increases risks
Symptoms
• Often, patients are asymptomatic (have no symptoms) • Lesion
– The nearer the lesion is the anus, the more bowel symptoms
• Anemia • Anorexia • Asthenia
Diagnosis
• Early detection recommended since there may be no symptoms • Fecal occult blood tests • Endoscopy • Colonoscopy
Causes
• Mushroom like growths (adenomatous polyps) in colon • Hereditary onpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndromes (heredity)
Affected Areas
• Colon
Treatments
• Surgically remove all or part of colon • Chemotherapy after surgery prolongs survival
Survival and Mortality Rates
Survival rates for early stage detection is about 5 times that of late stage cancers.
Janice MacAfee
The MacAfees have a strong history of cancer in their family, so Janice has been routinely having cancer screenings. She learned she had uterine cancer and then, 11 years later, was diagnosed with colon cancer. She had to have 1/3 of her colon removed after a polyp was found. The doctor told her of another, controversial treatment, called colectomy, which requires having the entire colon removed. She decided to remove only a very large portion of her colon because it is recommended for those with inherited cancer
Janice MacAfee
Janice eventually took a test for HNPCC to see if she carried the gene that causes colon cancer because she was worried about the well being of her children Although her results were inconclusive, she convinced her children to take the tests and continues to encourage the rest of their family to do so as well so they can detect their cancer in the beginning stages
Skin Cancer
Mia Reyes Patricia Rodriguez
Get your facts straight..
unprotected exposure to the sun in the first 15 years of life more than doubles the chances of getting skin cancer later in life - skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, probably accounting for at least half of all cancers. - about half of all Americans who live to age 65 will be diagnosed with skin cancer - according to the ACS, men are about twice as likely to develop nonmelanoma as women - The American Cancer Society estimates there will be about 10,710 deaths from skin cancer in 2006 – 7,910 from melanoma and 2,800 from other skin cancers. - Skin cancer was first described as an inhibitor of tubular morphogenesis in cells grown in culture.
Causes.
• Sunburn • UV light • Tanning • .. Or anything else that can damage your skin • Heredity & environment could also be contributing factos
Different types of Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Is the most common form of skin cancer and accounts for 90% of all skin cancer in the US These cancers almost never spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. However, they can cause damage by growing and invading surrounding tissue.
Removal
Basal call carcinoma cont’d
The doctor's main goal is to remove or destroy the cancer completely with as small a scar as possible.
Different types of Skin Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
is cancer in the squamous cells (think, flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope and found in tissue that forms on surface of skin) occurs roughly one-quarter as often as basal cell carcinoma cells can metastasize
Do you have skin cancer?
• Doctors often can recognize and distinguish skin cancer just by looking at it. • Sometimes many people could just detect it by themselves -It first appears as a growth, or abnormal accumulation of
cells. It sometimes takes the form of a sore or pimple that does not heal. The sore may bleed or ooze fluid, crust or scab over, and then ooze or bleed again. - Skin cancer usually is painless.
Oh no. I have skin cancer.. What do I do?
• If melanoma is caught early, it could easily be treated through surgery, medications, or radiation. • If melanoma is caught during its advanced stages when the cancers have metastasized through the blood, lymph system,or even in organs and bones, cures are less likely. • As for basal cell or squamous cell cancers, a cure is highly likely if detected early.
Prevention
- limit recreational sun exposure - Avoid unprotected exposure to the sun during peak radiation times (the hours surrounding noon) - Wear broad-brimmed hats & tightly-woven protective clothing while outdoors in the sun - Regular use of a waterproof or water resistant sunscreen with UVA
Got sunblock?
________________
M Y T H s
Myth: In order for sunlight to cause skin cancer, you must get a sunburn.
Truth: People who sunburn are more likely to get skin cancer than those who do not, but sunlight damages the skin whether a sunburn occurs or not.
______________________
Myth: You can prevent skin cancer, by putting on one application of sunscreen at the start of each day
______________________
Myth: If a mole is flat, It can’t be dangerous.
________________
Truth: As mentioned above, Sunscreens do not block 100% Of the sun’s rays.
Truth: most melanomas start off flat and spread peripherally before becoming bumpy.
http://neelabh1221.googlepages.com
Bone Cancer
Paige Mitchell-Spears David Schmidt
History
• Strontium was discovered in 1798 and metallic strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 using electrolysis. • The radioactive 90Sr can lead to various bone disorders and diseases, including bone cancer.
Osteosarcoma
• • • • • • • • • • most common type develops in new tissue in growing bones originates in the Osteoid tissue commonly located in the knees, upper legs, and upper arms common between the ages of 10 and 25 about 50% more common in males than in females about 900 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year about 400 of these cases occur in children and adolescents younger than 20 years old most occur between the ages of 10 and 30 teenagers are the most commonly affected age group, but it can occur at any age about 10% occur in people over the age of 60
Chondrosarcoma
• arises in cartilage located in the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders common between the ages of 50 and 60
•
Ewing’s Sarcoma
• begins in immature nerve tissue in bone marrow located in the pelvis, upper legs, ribs, and arms common between the ages of 10 and 20
•
• First the doctor will ask about the patients personal and medical history and then perform a medical exam. • There are 3 different types of medical exams that can be performed to diagnose bone cancer:
– A blood test to determine the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (vital for child growth, mending broken bones, and production of abnormal bone tissue). Because there is a high abundancy of this enzyme in growing children, this test is not very reliable. – An x-ray to show the location, size, and shape of a bone tumor. If it suggests that a tumor may be cancer, the doctor may recommend special imaging tests such as a bonescan, a CT scan, an MRI, or an angiogram. – A needle biopsy or an incisional biopsy where a piece of the cancerous tissue is removed for study by an oncologist or a pathologist.
Diagnosis
Causes
• not known • radiation or chemotherapy for other conditions may increase the risk of bone cancer • adults with Paget’s disease (a noncancerous condition characterized by abnormal development of new bone cells) may be at increased risk for osteosarcoma • a small number of bone cancers are due to heredity.
•
Symptoms of the cancer vary depending on the location and size
• pain is the most common • tumors in or near joints may cause swelling or tenderness in that area • bone cancer can interfere with normal movements and weaken the bones, sometimes leading to a fracture. • fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia • none are reliable signs of cancer, they can also be caused by other, less serious conditions.
Treatments
• depend on the type, size, location, stage of the cancer, and the person’s age and general health • surgery is often the primary treatment • amputation of a limb is sometimes necessary
– to avoid amputation, a surgeon will only remove the cancerous section of the bone and replace it with a prosthesis
• Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used together or alone
• The overall 5-year relative survival rate for 1996-2002 from 17 SEER geographic areas was 67.9%. • Five-year relative survival rates by race and sex were:
– 64.4% for white men – 72.1% for white women – 65.5% for black men – 67.5% for black women
Survival Stats
Morality Rate
• In 2006, about 2,760 new cases of cancer of the bones and joints will be diagnosed, and about 1,260 deaths from these cancers are expected. • From 2000-2003, the median age at death for cancer of the bones and joints was 59 years of age 4. – Approximately 14.8% died under age 20; 14.1% between 20 and 34; 7.3% between 35 and 44; 8.9% between 45 and 54; 11.2% between 55 and 64; 13.7% between 65 and 74; 18.6% between 75 and 84; and 11.3% 85+ years of age. • Death rates by race and sex were:
Race/Ethnicity Men Women All Races 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000 women White 0.6 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000 women Black 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000 women Asian/Pacific Islander 0.3 per 100,000 men 0.2 per 100,000 women American Indian ^ per 100,000 men ^ per 100,000 women Hispanic 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000 women
Branden Lombardi
•17-years-old •Osteosarcoma •Chemotherapy •Replacement of cancerous portion of tibia with donor bone •Lead to nodules in lungs •Has been cancer free for 2.5 years with help of chemotherapy
Works Cited
• • • • • http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonecancer.html#statistics http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/bone http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/bone/mortality/ http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails? invocationType=imageDetails&query=bone+cancer&img=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.sarcoma.org%2Fpathology_review%2Fcourse%2520materials %2Fanatomic%2520locations.gif&site=www.mic.ki.se&host=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.mic.ki.se%2FDiseases%2FC04 http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails? invocationType=imageDetails&query=osteosarcoma&img=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fosteosarcoma%2Fimages%2Fosteosarcomalg.jpg&site=www.mayoclinic.org&host=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fosteosarcoma%2Fdetailsosteosarcoma.html&b=image%3Fquery%3Dosteosarcoma%26invocationType %3Dbottomsearchbox.image
•
Colon Cancer
Katie Asman Chris Johnson
Timeline of Cancer
• The earliest indications of cancer were described in seven papyri discovered in the 19th century. The cancer descriptions were written around 1600 BC and are believed to date back to sources as early as 2500 B. C. Ancient Egyptians were able to determine whether or not tumors were benign or malignant. Hippocrates named “cancer” “karkinioma” because he saw that malignant tumors looked like a crab which is also why it is known as cancer today Back in the 17th century Gaspare Aselli found the vessels of the lymphatic system and believed that cancer was caused by abnormalities in the lymph. Oncology was established as a science with the research in cell culture, diagnostic treatments and chemotherapy. • Finally in 1971, Richard M. Nixon signed the National Cancer Act which launched a program administered by the National Cancer Institute which contains the United State legislative cancer policies from 1937
• •
•
•
Who it afftects
• Colorectal cancer affects men and women usually 50 years or older • Cancer of the colon and rectum is the third most diagnosed cancer in the US.
How its diagnosed
• Symptoms of colon cancer include abdominal pain, diarreha, constipation and blood in the feces • Symptoms vary from case to case and some do not have any symptoms
Causes
• Causes of most colorectal cancers are unknown but certain risk factors have been identified • factors include older age, ulcerative colitis (causes inflammation of the colon), and family history of colon cancer • Most colorectal cancers start as a benign tumor on the wall of the rectum
Affected Body Parts
• The cancer can begin in any of the 4 regions of the colon or the rectum • Each section is made up of several layers of tissue, cancer begins in the inner layer and grows through some if not all of the layers • The spread of cancer depends on which layer it begins in
Treatments
• The treatments depend on what stage the cancer is at, radiation is a rare treatment of colon cancer • Primary treatment is to remove the portion of the colon where the cancer lies along with the lymph nodes and blood supply • Surgery is the primary option when the cancer is in the first three stages • After the portion of the colon is removed it is rebuilt called anastomosis • Chemotherapy is used on patients who had a tumor removed and is in danger of getting another
Survival Statistics
• 50% of patients treated for colon cancer survive • 15% of people are at stage 1 and 85-90% survive • 20-30% are at stage 2 65-75% survival • 30-40% at stage 3 55% survive • 20-25% at stage 4 and is rarely cured
Mortality
• 94,000 cases of colon cancer are diagnosed each year • it accounts for 10% of cancers in men and 11% of cancers in women • it occurs second most in both sexes behind cancer • 49,000 died from colon cancer in the US in 2000 • The disease has occurred less in the US but the mortality rate has increased
Cheryl’s Story
• In 1999 and even before that, my doctor was very concerned about why I was so anemic. I was put on iron supplements, but nothing seemed to change the anemia. My doctor had also questioned me about my bowel movements. I actually thought they were quite normal. I guess I had not really had a normal one in so long that I did not know what normal was. Actually, they were quite loose most of the time and not really very formed. But, as I said, my doctor was quite concerned about the anemia. After a few visits, he insisted I have a colonoscopy, so I did. The procedure itself was no problem; the prep was the worst part of the whole thing. Then on March 16, 1999, I had the colonoscopy and the physician told me I had a tumor that might or might not be cancerous (I am sure he knew that it most likely was.). He also told me it had to come out surgically, regardless. He then said to call my doctor in a week for the results. The next week my doctor called me and said it was cancer. I really don't know how I felt. A little shocked, I guess. How could this be? It was a very large polyp that now was cancer. On April 1, 1999, I had surgery to remove this cancer by taking out the section with the tumor and several feet of my colon. I am not sure what stage cancer this was, but I do know it started through the wall and that is why I see the cancer doctor frequently for blood tests to see if there are any cancer cells in my body. So far, he tells me that I am in remission. I still have trouble thinking of myself as a cancer patient. Thank goodness for my doctor and the colonoscopy. It saved my life. Colonoscopy: such a simple thing to do to save your life.
•
•
LUNG CANCER
By Josh Lee and Josh Feaster
HISTORY
• Lung cancer was very rare before people started smoking cigarettes. There are only 100 cases of lung cancer in medical history before the 1900’s. After WWI (1918), cigarette smoking became very popular. Doctors began seeing a sudden epidemic of lung cancer in the 1930’s. Doctors began seeing a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, and they determined that smoking causes one’s chances to develop the disease to increase greatly. By the 1970’s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest cancers to the number one killer cancer in the U.S.
WHO DOES IT AFFECT?
• Lung cancer affects all men and women of all ethnicities. • In the US, 175,000 new cases are expected in 2006: 90,700 in men and 80,000 in women. • Although lung cancer was previously an illness that affected predominately men, the lung cancer rate for women has been increasing in the last few decades .
HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED?
• Performing a chest X-ray is the first step if a patient reports symptoms that may be suggestive of lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (infection) and pleural effusion. If there are no X-ray findings but the suspicion is high, bronchoscopy and/or a CT Scan may provide the necessary information. In any case, bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often necessary to identify the tumor type. • Blood tests and spirometry (lung function testing) are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough to be operated on.
CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER
• There are four major causes of lung cancer (and cancer in general): • Carcinogens such as those in cigarette smoke • Radiation exposure • Genetic susceptibility • Viral infection • In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 79% in women).
WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY ARE AFFECTED?
• If the cancer grows into the lumen it may obstruct the airway, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, allowing the patient to pneumonia. • Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to changed sweating patterns and eye muscle problems (a combination known as Horner's syndrome), as well as muscle weakness in the hands due to invasion of the brachial plexus.
COMMON TREATMENTS
• Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific cell type, how far it has spread, and the patient's performance status. • Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
CASE STUDY
• Ann Shnur was diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in 2002. Her doctors told her that her chances of curing the cancer were very slim, so all they could do was try to manage it. When she found out, she immediately quit smoking. She started to undergo chemotherapy and radiation, but it was having little effect on her tumor. She was given an experimental drug called Iressa to treat the cancer instead of the chemo. She says that she made a point to savor every moment with family and friends because she did not know what could happen next. Everything seemed to be under control until April of 2006, when a routine scan revealed that a lymph node near her original tumor had become cancerous as well. Her doctors immediately switched her treatment from Iressa to Tarceva, and since this switch, the tumor has not grown any larger. Doctors say they would do a biopsy, but the surgery would be life threatening based on the location of the tumor. Shnur and her doctors have already planned that she will add Avastin to her treatment if the cancer spreads. Shnur, in the meantime, is continuing to live her normal life.
SURVIVAL RATE
• Only 14% of patients with lung cancer survive for more than five years after diagnosis. If the lung cancer is detected before it has had a chance to spread to other organs, and if it is treated appropriately, at least 49% of patients can survive five years or longer after the initial diagnosis. Only 15% of lung cancers, however, are found at this early stage. About 10% of patients can expect to be cured.
MORTALITY RATE
• Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer is declining in western countries, it is actually increasing for women due to the increased takeup of smoking by this group. Among lifetime non-smokers, men who have never smoked have higher age-standardized lung cancer death rates than women. Of the 80,000 women who are diagnosed with lung cancer in 2006, approximately 70,000 are expected to die from it.
Healthy Lung
• This is an image of a very healthy lung.
Cancerous Lung
• This is a cancerous lung.
Melanoma
Skin Cancer
Jackie Ardalan / Brian Ramsey
General Information
• Most serious type of skin cancer • Begins in skin cells called melanocytes • Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives the skin its color • With too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous
What causes it
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the most recognized cause of all types of skin cancer • Tanning lamps are another source of UV radiation • The invisible effects of UV radiation accumulate over a lifetime
Who it affects
• Both sexes are affected • In America, it is the sixth most common cancer in men and the seventh most common in women • Race plays a large role • White Americans are 20 times more likely to develop melanoma than African Americans • Worldwide, white populations have the highest risk of developing melanoma, and Asian populations the lowest risk • General rule: fair skin is more susceptible
How it is spotted
• Doctors often spot melanoma during a skin inspection or annual physical • Among men, melanoma most often shows up on the upper body and on the head and neck • In women, melanoma often develops on the fingernails, on the palms of hands, and on the soles of the feet • However, it can appear anywhere on the skin
What to look for (the ABCD’s)
• A = Asymmetry: Melanoma lesions are typically irregular in shape (asymmetrical) / benign (non-cancerous) moles are typically round (symmetrical) • B = Border: Melanoma lesions often have irregular borders (ragged or notched edges) / benign moles have smooth, even borders. • C = Colors: Melanoma lesions often contain many shades of brown or black / benign moles are usually a single shade of brown. • D = Diameter: Melanoma lesions are often more than one fourth an inch or six millimeters in diameter (about the size of a pencil eraser) / benign moles are usually less than that
Treatment
• The treatment for melanoma depends on the person’s age, health, and stage of the disease • Surgery is the first treatment for all stages of melanoma • Later stages of melanoma (thick melanoma or those that have spread to the nearby lymph nodes), call for other treatments, such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
Statistics
• The average five-year survival rate for melanoma patients is about 89 percent • Once the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the survival rate drops to a range of 13 to 70 percent, depending on how many lymph nodes are affected • An estimated 62,000 Americans are diagnosed with melanoma each year • Nearly 8,000 people die from the disease annually
Pancreatic Cancer
Maddie Norman and Amy Kim
• Cancer was first recorded in Egypt in 2500 B.C. (tumors on breasts) • majority of pancreatic cancer occurs in people older than 65 • Black men and women have a higher risk • More men than women
Illustration of healthy pancreas
• • • •
Difficult to diagnose Complete physical exam Feces can become clay-colored Ultrasound imaging, CT scan, MRI, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatiography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), biopsy, laparoscopy
• 3 stages
– respectable: all the tumor nodules can be removed – locally advanced: because the cancer has spread to tissues around the pancreas or into the blood vessels, it can no longer be completely removed – metastatic: at this stage, the cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs and liver
• Unsure what causes the DNA to become damaged thus causing cancer in most cases • Genetic predisposition (only 10%) • Most cases caused by lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet
• Stage 1; pancreatic cancer is confined only to the pancreas. • Stage 2; pancreatic cancer has spread somewhere, possibly to the lymph nodes, but not into large blood vessels nearby. • Stage 3, pancreatic cancer has invaded lardge blood vessels, may be in the lymph nodes, but hasn’t spread to distant sites. • Stage 4, means the cancer has spread to a distant site or sites in your body.
Cancerous pancreas
• Can only be treated in very early stages • Pancreatic cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy (like most other cancers) • one-year relative survival rate is 20%, and the fiveyear rate is 4% • fewer than 10% of patients' tumors are confined to the pancreas at the time of diagnosis (no surgery option) • average survival rate is 18 to 20 months if surgery is possible. The overall five-year survival rate is about 10%, although can be as high as 20% to 25% if the tumor is removed completely and cancer has not spread to lymph nodes
• Patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have a poor prognosis because the cancer usually causes no symptoms early on, leading to metastatic disease at time of diagnosis. • Median survival from diagnosis is around 3 to 6 months; 5-year survival is much less than 5%. • 32,180 new diagnoses in the United States every year • 31,800 deaths • mortality approaches 99%, giving pancreatic cancer the #1 fatality rate of all cancers and the #4 cancer killer in the United States amongst both men and women
In Real Life
My mom’s cousin was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer after being in the hospital for 1-2 months with severe abdominal pain. It took that long to figure out the source of the pain and by the time they did, the cancer had already spread all over her body. The only practical treatment option was medication to ease the pain. She lived in the hospital for the 4 months following her diagnosis (the rest of her life) with a distended belly and unable to keep food down. My mom compared it to a baby constantly spitting up food. She was aware that she was very ill but because of her severe autism could not communicate very well and was relatively unaware of her treatment and treatment options.
Sources
• http://www.pancreatic.org/site/c.htJYJ8MPIwE/b.891917/k.ECAD htm • www.mayoclinic.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/DS00357 • www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/pa tient • www.pancreatica.org • www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer • http://cancer.about.com/od/historyofcancer/a/cancerhistory .htm • Jill Norman provided the information for the real-life story
Testicular Cancer
By: Justin Cho Raj Bhatt
Who does it affect?
-Testicular cancer affects over 8000 people a year in the US. -Caucasian males ages 15-40 are the most affected while it would be extremely rare to see a African American male with TC.
How is it diagnosed?
-Many methods of diagnosing, but self-diagnosis is primary method before people consult professional help. -First symptoms of TC: -pain/tenderness in testicles -build-up of fluid in scrotum -hard lump gradually growing in size
What are the chances of survival?
-TC is one of the most curable cancers (90% cure rate) -If it is caught in Stage 1, the cure rate is virtually 100% if it is treated properly. -After patients are treated there is a less than 5% chance of the cancer coming back.
How is TC treated?
-3 methods -surgery -chemotherapy -radiation therapy
Surgery
-In surgery, one or both testicle are surgically removed in order to stop the spread of the cancer. -most popular treatment choice -success rate; very high -early stage of cancer - < 5% of chance of chance spreading again.
Chemotherapy
-2nd most popular treatment choice -compatible with all stages of TC -high success rate
Radiation Therapy
-rarely used because high doses are dangerous for sensitive testicular area. -when used, used for stage 2/3 patients. -50% average survival rate
wrap up
-TC is responsible for about 300 deaths a year( US only) -every male should self-examine themselves at least once a year
Cervical Cancer
Autumn Thomson Derek McConnell
What is Cervical Cancer?
• Malignancy of the cervix • The cancer begins at the lining of the cervix • The cancer is not suddenly formed, but progresses in transitional stages
Cervix connects the uterus to the vagina
History/Facts
Naked HPV
• 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women • HPV is responsible for 90% of Cervical Cancer • HPV - 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52 and 58 are the 7 most common strands
Symptoms
• Symptoms may be completely asymptomatic • Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding, or vaginal masses may indicate malignancy • In advanced cases, metastases may spread to the lungs or abdomen
Picture of Cervical Cancer
Treatment
• Hysterectomy (IA) • Lymph Nodes (IA2) • Trachelectomy (early stages) • Cone Biopsy
Hysterectomy Stages
Future
• On June 6, 2006 the FDA approved Gardasil • GlaxoSmithKline and Cervarix
LUNG CANCER
A Presentation by
Megan Hanson
and
Cameron Hostetter
Healthy Lung
Lung Cancer
Smoking is cool!!!
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• Not Common Before WWI • Tobacco companies gave away free cigarettes to millions of soldiers • After the war that it became popular in America
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• Influx of lung cancer cases in the 1930s • Soon the correlation between smoking and lung cancer was discovered
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest forms of cancers to the number one killer cancer in the Western World
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest forms of cancers to the number one killer cancer in the Western World
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer
• Although initially many believed that lung cancer had only to do with smoking, • Recent studies are revealing even more regarding the causes of the disease
Demographics
• African-American men who smoke more at risk than among Caucasian men • Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a female’s disease.
Demographics
• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a female’s disease • Women now account for nearly half of all new lung cancer cases • Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men Dana Reeves
Demographics
• Those who quit smoking reduce risk of lung cancer • Also, exposure to other carcinogens such as asbestos and radon gas increases risk
How Is It Diagnosed?
• Perform a chest Xray if a patient reports symptoms of lung cancer • Symptoms: – swollen lymph nodes – a chronic cough – shortness of breath – chest pain
How Is It Diagnosed?
• X-ray may reveal:
– an obvious mass – a widening of the mediastinum, – infection and excess fluid
• CT scan can be used if the X-ray in unable to reveal anything
Types of Lung Cancer
• Commonly divided into two types:
– Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) which is the most common and the cause of 80% of all lung cancer case – Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) the cause of 20% of all cases.
Types of Lung Cancer
• Small Cell Lung Cancer is almost always a result of smoking and its tumors can spread from the lungs to the entire body.
Treatments
• Three main forms of treatment for lung cancer: – Surgery – Chemotherapy – Radiation
Mortality Rate
• Only 14% of patients with lung cancer survive for more than five years after diagnosis. • Only about 10% of patients can expect to be 'cured' Peter Jennings
Mortality Rate
• Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in America, claiming more lives than breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers combined.
Thank You
Breast Cancer
Hershel Mehta Jessica Roan Kacey Kim
Breast Cancer
• • • Breast cancer is a serious issue in society today. However, the cancer of the breast tissue is not only a recent problem; Cases of breast cancer have dated back to ancient Egypt in 1600 BC.
• The first surgery done to remove the tumor over the breast was done in the early 1700s by Jean Louis Petit. His successful work was carried on by William Stewart Halsted who started performing mastectomies in 1882. He became known for his Halsted radical mastectomy, a surgical procedure that remained popular up to the 1970s. • Now breast cancer has become a major epidemic amongst women, there are many charity walks and events to help find a cure.
• Breast cancer can affect both men and women, but is much more common with women. It affects one out of every nine to thirteen women. Breast cancer only affects 1% of the male population. • It is the second most common in mortality rate after lung cancer. The chances of obtaining breast cancer increase with age.
Detecting Breast Cancer
• There are many ways to detect breast cancer at an early stage. For instance, there are self breast exams or a mammograms which are extremely useful in early discovery which is essential for surviving breast cancer. Also one can get an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), but this is sometimes expensive and can give a false positive because of its acute sensitivity. Ultrasound is sometimes, but rarely used.
•
Causes
• • • • There are many theories as to what exactly causes breast cancer. Some believe that two genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the formation of the cancerous tumor. Another theory is that excessive alcohol consumption leads to an increase in the risk of getting breast cancer. Hormones is another theory flying around estrogen, androgen, and testosterone levels may also be a reason for someone acquiring breast cancer.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
By: Jack Ferguson Brittany Morphew
When, Who and Where
• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is named after the British physician Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the disease in 1832 and noted several characteristics that distinguish it from other lymphomas.
Who does it affect?
• Hodgkin’s disease most commonly affects people between the ages of 15 and 40 and people older than age 55. It’s one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. • It is most common in white people but affects every race. • Males are “slightly” more likely to develop Hodgkin’s. • People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, such as mononucleosis may be four times more likely to develop Hodgkin’s.
How is it diagnosed?
• There are many ways to detect Hodgkin’s lymphoma. • Often a lymph node swells, especially in the upper body area. Other times on feels they have a lack of energy. • More serious symptoms can include weight loss, fever, and drenching night sweats. • Many, many more!
Medical Diagnosis
• A biopsy of the area is taken and is searched for the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. • Other exams include: chest x-rays, collecting medical history, CT scans, PET scans, and gallium scans.
Suspected Causes
• Abnormal B Cells • Genetics • Medical History
Affected Body Parts
• Hodgkin’s disease commonly begins in the lymph nodes. Some lymph nodes are in areas readily noticed, such as in your neck, above your collarbone, under your arms, groin area, and in the chest cavity. • Lymphomas may spread outside the lymph nodes to virtually any part of your body.
Pics
Stages
I) Involves one lymph node region. II) Involves two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm. III) Involves lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm. IV) Involves other organs besides the lymph system.
Treatment and Survival Rates
• Radiation, Chemotherapy, Bone Marrow Transplant. • More than 80% of people with stage 1 or stage 2 Hodgkin’s disease for 10 years or more with proper treatment. • The five-year survival rate for those with widespread Hodgkin’s disease is about 60%.
Survival Rates
• • • • Stage I- 90% to 95% Stage II- 90% to 95% Stage III 85% to 90% Stage IV 80% to 85%
Mortality Rates
• Each year, about 1,300 Americans die of Hodgkin’s disease.
References
• • • •
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-dise http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/diagnosi http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.html http://www.lymphomainfo.net/tests/gallium scan.html
Leukemia
Corinne Watson Elieka Ghafari
Period: 4
History
• Cancer of the blood that develops in the bone marrow (soft tissue that fills the inside of bones and produces new blood cells) • First diagnosed in 1845 by John Hughs Benett • One of the ten most common types of cancer • Most common type of cancer diagnosed in childern • Predicted that 30,000 people will be diagnosed this year
Causes
• No known cause of leukemia • Possible causes: radiation, chemicals, viruses, and genetic factors. • Result from somatic mutations in the DNA, which disrupt the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. • Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia.
Symptons
• Lack of red blood cells
– anemia
• Damage to the bone marrow • Suppressed or Dysfunctional white blood cells
– infections
• • • • • • •
Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms Weakness and fatigue Easy bruising/bleeding Loss of appetite and/or weight Swollen or bleeding gums Neurological symptoms (headache) Enlarged liver and spleen
Acute vs. Chronic
Acute Leukemia
• • • • rapid growth of immature blood cells Crowding disables production of healthy blood cells Can occur in children and young adults. Immediate treatment is required due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which can spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body If left untreated, the patient can die in a few months, or even weeks • •
Chronic
excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells Typically taking months to years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Mostly occurs in older people Unlike acute leukemia, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy
• •
•
Lymphoid vs. Myeloid
• • • • Diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood. When leukemia affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells), it is called lymphocytic leukemia. When myeloid cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) are affected, the disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leukemia. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (also known as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially those age 65 and older. Acute myelogenous leukemia (also known as Acute Myeloid Leukemia, or AML) occurs more commonly in adults than in children. This type of leukemia was previously called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small number of children also develop this disease.
•
• •
Treatments
• Combination of drugs • Bone Marrow/Stem Cell Transplants • Chemotherapy • 43% overall survival rate (for all ages)
Steve Sprague
Surviving Leukemia...One Man's Cord Blood Miracle. • Steve was diagnosed with CML in 1995 when he was 47 years old. In those pre-Gleevec days, the standard chemo for leukemia failed after only 17 months when Steve went into blast crisis. An only child and unable to find a matched unrelated donor for transplant, he became one of the first to participate in a clinical trial for end-stage adult CMLers using matching stem cells obtained from umbilical cord blood (UCB) and expanded ex vivo (in the lab). Now a 4+ year survivor, Steve volunteers his time as a cord blood advocate and has published a short story about his unique transplant experience. His tale may be helpful to patients, caregivers and even prospective parents interested in donating their infant's umbilical cord blood.
lymphoma
by: rebecca choi troy manansala
• broad term for a variety of cancers in the lymphatic system • lymphatic system-important for fighting disease and filtering out bacteria
what is it?
• Lymph nodes are oval, pea-sized organs • Found beneath skin along large blood vessels and grouped at the neck, underarms, groin, abdomen, and pelvis • Also in spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, adenoids, and tonsils
lymphatic system
• two main types of lymphoma:
-Hodgkin’s Disease -Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
two types
Cause: unknown
Suspected causes: -viral/bacterial infections -pesticides, solvents, arsenate, lead, hair dyes, radiation, paint thinners
NOT CONTAGIOUS.
• Can occur in both children and adults • Most common in early adulthood (15-40) and late adulthood (after 55). • High survival rate • Effects more men than women. • Especially high among Jewish populations and low among Asian pop. • Approx. 25,000 die from this cancer worldwide
Some information
Hodgkin’s disease in • malignant (cancerous) growth of cells
• • • • the lymph system Has Reed-Stemberg cells in the cancerous area (while Non-Hodgkin’s doesn’t) better known form of lymphoma High survival rate number of cases:
– 7880 cases in US this year
• 4330 men • 3550 women
• Lymph nodes can swell, upper body area • Feeling of lack of energy • Weight loss, fever, drenching night sweats, itching, lower back pain • Usually a shock and surprise • Take tissue sample (biopsy) and search for Reed-Stemberg cells • X-rays or PET scans or CT scans
Hodgkin’s Diagnosis
Hodgkin’s Treatment
• Chemotherapy • Bone marrow and peripheral blood transplants • Immunotherapy
– Trys to help body fight cancer
• Radiation therapy
– High energy x-rays kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
– SURVIVAL STATISTICS UNKNOWN
Non-Hodgkin’s Disease
• Is also malignant • Growth of B or T cells in lymph system • Cases outweigh those of Hodgkin’s disease • 29 types of lymphoma are nonHodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s Diagnosis
• Some symptoms: lymph node swelling, unexplained itching, fever, weight loss, lack of energy • Will be tested and doctor will determine which type of lymphoma • Take biopsy (surgical preferred over needle biopsy)
Non-Hodgkin’s Treatment
• Several types of treatment
– – – – – Chemotherapy is most common Radiation therapy Immunotherapy Bone marrow transplants Watch and wait
– The survival statistics of treatments are unknown
the history of Hodgkin’s
• Disease named after Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866) • English scholar and Quaker physician working at Guy’s Hospital in England • Publishes paper on lymphatic disease • 1666 first recorded description of HD by Malpight
• Frank Choi
case study
– Diagnosed at age 27 with lymphatic cancer – Symptoms: turning an unhealthy shade of yellow, indigestion, bloating – Needed surgery but doctors unable to operate because of the unbelievably huge tumor near his stomach (15 cm in diameter)
• Underwent one session of chemotherapy no hope of getting rid of cancer • Tumor growing controllably • Was given two weeks to live • Five days after the failed surgery, his cancer was miraculously released through excrement and he was healed.
Case study contd.
And he’s definitely healthy now
peectures
Tissue sample of HD
Dividing Hodgkin’s disease Normal lymph tissue cells
sites visited
• http://www.oncologychannel.com/nonhodgkins/ • http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/descripti • http://www.lymphomainfo.net/nhl /treatment.html
Ovarian Cancer
By: Fred Ghamyan and Charmaine Terania
Basic History Basic History
Who can get affected?
• Women (Usually of older age) • American Indians and Alaska Native women show both a higher ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rate than white American women according to statistics developed by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, but not included in
How do you know if you have the cancer?
• One of the most difficult cancers to trace • Some symptoms that might encourage a woman to seek if she has ovarian cancer:
– – – – – pain in the abdomen a feeling of being bloated fatigue weight loss or problems with urination
If I think I have it, then what?
• First, an ultrasound scan of the abdomen is performed. Sometimes the scan is taken from inside the vagina. • The second test is to measure the level of the CA125 marker in the blood. • However, neither of these tests gives a definite diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but if both tests are positive, the patient is usually referred to a surgeon who will operate to see if the ovaries show any signs of cancer
What can cause this cancer?
• There is some evidence that being overweight can increase your risk of ovarian cancer. Some research has suggested that beta-carotene in the diet can reduce the risk of this cancer, although this finding has not yet been confirmed. • Genes also have a great deal to do with it
– Overall, if you have one close relative (mother, sister or daughter) who has had ovarian cancer, your risk goes up about 4-
What does the cancer affect?
• The part of the body affected is the female's ovaries located in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system. However, it also provides pain to parts of the abdomen.
Is there treatment?
• The treatment used will depend on how advanced the cancer is and how old the patient is.
– For younger patients with early cancer, limited surgery is used to preserve their fertility. – For older patients with more advanced cancers, the ovaries and the womb are usually removed. If the cancer has spread, further tissue may need to be removed to get out as much of the cancer as possible.
• Chemotherapy is normally used after the surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Sometimes it is also used before the surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove completely.
What are the chances that I will be cured if I do get cancer?
• Overall, only about two out of every five women with ovarian cancer can be cured. Like all other cancers, the stage at which ovarian cancer is diagnosed determines how easily it is to cure. If diagnosed and treated while the cancer is still confined to the ovaries, nearly 75% of women can be cured. However, once it has spread into the pelvic cavity, the cure rate drops to one third. If it has spread further, only one quarter to on sixth of patients can be
• In 2005, more than 22,000 women were diagnosed with the disease. • An estimated 16,000 women died from ovarian cancer in 2005.
Cancer Cells Dividing >>
How many people are affected by this cancer per year?
Case Study Case Study
Prostate Cancer
By Chandler Sheilds and Joshua Im
History Timeline
• The prostate organ was first described by Venetian anatomist Niccolò Massa in 1536 and illustrated by Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius in 1538. • Prostate cancer was identified in 1853. • The prostate gland was first removed through radical perineal prostatectomy in 1904 by Hugh Young at Johns Hopkins Hospital. • Removal of the prostate and lymph nodes while allowing penile function (radical retropubic prostatectomy) was developed in 1983 by Patrick Walsh.
Who Does it Affect?
• Prostate cancer is most common amongst men over fifty (exclusively restricted to infecting men). • Prostate cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world, • Prostate cancer is the number one non-skin cancer that is found amongst United States men. • Prostate cancer is least common among Asian males and most common among black males.
Diagnosis
• Prostate cancer is most commonly diagnosed by physical examination or by screening blood tests, such as the PSA ( prostate specific antigen) test. • Suspected prostate cancer is most of the time confirmed by removing a piece of the prostate and examining it under a microscope. • Other tests, such as X-rays and bone scans, are utilized in order to determine whether prostate cancer has spread.
Suspected Causes
• Even though the cause of prostate cancer is ultimately unknown, a man's risk of attaining prostate cancer is related to his age, genetics, race, diet, lifestyle, medications, and other factors.
Body Parts Affected
• This particular cancer infects the prostate gland in the male’s reproductive system. • The cancer will usually spread to the bones and the lymph nodes. • Prostate cancer can cause pain, difficulty in urinating, erectile dysfunction, and other symptoms.
Common Treatments
• Prostate cancer can be treated through surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy , sometimes chemotherapy, watchful waiting, or some combination of these methods.
Survival Statistics
• The success rate of each of these tactics depends upon such criteria as the stage of the cancer, the PSA level, and the Gleason score. • As the result of prostate cancer’s relatively slowgrowing nature, the 5-year survival rate for prostate cancer diagnosed at all stages is 98%, the relative 10-year survival rate is 84% and the 15year survival rate drops to 56%.
Mortality Rate
• In 2006, over 232,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, and over 30,000 men will be killed by it.
Case Study: William Greenberg
PRESENTED BY: AUGUSTA CLEMENT JUSTIN KO
BREAST CANCER
THE ORIGIN OF BREAST CANCER
• • The origin of breast cancer goes as far as 1600 BC in Egypt. In Edwin Smith Papyrus’ paper, he described 8 cases of cancer where breast had to be treated by cauterization-process of removing body parts by burning it. The discovery of breast cancer was founded by French surgeon Jean Louis Petit and Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell in 17th century where they had removed a lymph gland, breast tissue and chest muscle.
•
• Age/gender The older you are, the more likely you are to develop breast cancer. A woman who is 90 years old have the chances of getting breast cancer increases to 14.3%. For men on the other hand, generally are invulnerable to breast cancer but happens to every 1000 males. As you increase in age, the chances of you getting breast cancer increases. Also, the potency tends to be greater.
THE EPIDOMIOLOGY OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS
RACE
• It has been reported that Caucasian women have the overall risk of developing breast cancer compared to African American women. • The breast cancer is twice as much in Caucasian women compared to Hispanic and Asian women. • Although occurrence of breast cancer is lower among African Americans compared to Caucasians, their mortality rate is higher than that of Caucasians.
• The diagnosis of breast cancer can be done by examining breast tissue removed from a patient. Other methods such as fineneedle aspiration, nipples asiprates, ductal lavage, core needle biopsy, nd local surgical biopsy. • Imagining tests are also used to detect breast cancer such as chest x-ray, CT, MRI, and PET scanning.
THE DIAGNOSIS
THE CAUSE OF BREAST CANCER
• The cause of breast cancer is suspected to be a result from DNA damage. Ionizing radiation or natural mutation of BCRA1, BCRA2, p53 genes contribute to the cause of DNA damage and breast cancer.
AFFECTED PARTS OF THE BODY
• The affected parts of the body are the breast unless the cancer the metastasized, it may spread to other organs via blood stream. • Symptoms-on the picture right
COMMON TREATMENTS
• Surgery The first choice of treatment to remove the affected area. • Radiation therapy It applies to the affected area with high-energy rays to destroy the cancerous cells. Side effects occur during this process. • Chemotherapy It uses anti-cancer drugs (cytotoxic) to destroy cancer cells. • Hormonal Therapy Since most breast cancers need estrogen to grow, hormones that help the production of estrogen are used as an effective hormonal treatment.
SURVIVAL STATISTIC
• With the help of treatment, women are able to survive by 86%. • Without the treatment only 1% survive.
MORTALITY RATE
• 41,619 women die annually. • According to the chart, Breast cancer is ranked 6th as the leading caused deaths.
THE END
Colon Cancer
Stephanie Granillo Jeremy Lazarus
Group Affected
• Those with history of colon cancer in family • Risk increases with age
– 60-70 yrs
• Smokers • Physically inactive at high risk • Alcohol increases risks
Symptoms
• Often, patients are asymptomatic (have no symptoms) • Lesion
– The nearer the lesion is the anus, the more bowel symptoms
• Anemia • Anorexia • Asthenia
Diagnosis
• Early detection recommended since there may be no symptoms • Fecal occult blood tests • Endoscopy • Colonoscopy
Causes
• Mushroom like growths (adenomatous polyps) in colon • Hereditary onpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndromes (heredity)
Affected Areas
• Colon
Treatments
• Surgically remove all or part of colon • Chemotherapy after surgery prolongs survival
Survival and Mortality Rates
Survival rates for early stage detection is about 5 times that of late stage cancers.
Janice MacAfee
The MacAfees have a strong history of cancer in their family, so Janice has been routinely having cancer screenings. She learned she had uterine cancer and then, 11 years later, was diagnosed with colon cancer. She had to have 1/3 of her colon removed after a polyp was found. The doctor told her of another, controversial treatment, called colectomy, which requires having the entire colon removed. She decided to remove only a very large portion of her colon because it is recommended for those with inherited cancer
Janice MacAfee
Janice eventually took a test for HNPCC to see if she carried the gene that causes colon cancer because she was worried about the well being of her children Although her results were inconclusive, she convinced her children to take the tests and continues to encourage the rest of their family to do so as well so they can detect their cancer in the beginning stages
Skin Cancer
Mia Reyes Patricia Rodriguez
Get your facts straight..
unprotected exposure to the sun in the first 15 years of life more than doubles the chances of getting skin cancer later in life - skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, probably accounting for at least half of all cancers. - about half of all Americans who live to age 65 will be diagnosed with skin cancer - according to the ACS, men are about twice as likely to develop nonmelanoma as women - The American Cancer Society estimates there will be about 10,710 deaths from skin cancer in 2006 – 7,910 from melanoma and 2,800 from other skin cancers. - Skin cancer was first described as an inhibitor of tubular morphogenesis in cells grown in culture.
Causes.
• Sunburn • UV light • Tanning • .. Or anything else that can damage your skin • Heredity & environment could also be contributing factos
Different types of Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Is the most common form of skin cancer and accounts for 90% of all skin cancer in the US These cancers almost never spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. However, they can cause damage by growing and invading surrounding tissue.
Removal
Basal call carcinoma cont’d
The doctor's main goal is to remove or destroy the cancer completely with as small a scar as possible.
Different types of Skin Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
is cancer in the squamous cells (think, flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope and found in tissue that forms on surface of skin) occurs roughly one-quarter as often as basal cell carcinoma cells can metastasize
Do you have skin cancer?
• Doctors often can recognize and distinguish skin cancer just by looking at it. • Sometimes many people could just detect it by themselves -It first appears as a growth, or abnormal accumulation of
cells. It sometimes takes the form of a sore or pimple that does not heal. The sore may bleed or ooze fluid, crust or scab over, and then ooze or bleed again. - Skin cancer usually is painless.
Oh no. I have skin cancer.. What do I do?
• If melanoma is caught early, it could easily be treated through surgery, medications, or radiation. • If melanoma is caught during its advanced stages when the cancers have metastasized through the blood, lymph system,or even in organs and bones, cures are less likely. • As for basal cell or squamous cell cancers, a cure is highly likely if detected early.
Prevention
- limit recreational sun exposure - Avoid unprotected exposure to the sun during peak radiation times (the hours surrounding noon) - Wear broad-brimmed hats & tightly-woven protective clothing while outdoors in the sun - Regular use of a waterproof or water resistant sunscreen with UVA
Got sunblock?
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M Y T H s
Myth: In order for sunlight to cause skin cancer, you must get a sunburn.
Truth: People who sunburn are more likely to get skin cancer than those who do not, but sunlight damages the skin whether a sunburn occurs or not.
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Myth: You can prevent skin cancer, by putting on one application of sunscreen at the start of each day
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Myth: If a mole is flat, It can’t be dangerous.
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Truth: As mentioned above, Sunscreens do not block 100% Of the sun’s rays.
Truth: most melanomas start off flat and spread peripherally before becoming bumpy.
