Cell Phone Operated Landrover
Content
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction [ A ] Block Diagram [ B ] CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
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INTRODUCTION :
Radio control (often abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use of radio signals to remotely control a device. The term is used frequently to refer to the control of model vehicles from a hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial, military, and scientific research organizations make [traffic] use of radiocontrolled vehicles as well.A remote control vehicle is defined as any mobile device that is controlled by a means that does not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is often a radio control device, cable between control and vehicle, or an infrared controller. A remote control vehicle (Also called as RCV) differs from a robot in that the RCV is always controlled by a human and takes no positive action autonomously. One of the key technologies which underpin this field is that of remote vehicle control. It is vital that a vehicle should be capable of proceeding accurately to a target area; maneuvering within that area to fulfill its mission andretur ning equally accurately and safely to base.
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[A] BLOCK DIAGRAM :
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[B] CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
The important components of this robot are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver. A CM8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the CM8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of pre-filtering. When the input signals are given at pins 1(IN+) & 2(IN-) , a differential input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to (pin11) through (pin14) outputs. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of microcontroller (P1.4 to P1.7). The 89V51RD2 is a 8-bit 80C51, 5V low power 64 kB Flash microcontroller with 1 kB RAM. it provides the following features: 64 kB of on-chip Flash program memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and IAP (In-Application Programming), Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA each),Three 16-bit timers/counters. Outputs from port pins P0.0 through P0.3 and P0.7 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D IC, respectively to drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation.
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The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-h driver designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the dc motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are the input and output pins, respectively of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input EN1 (pin1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin9) enables drivers 3 and 4. The motors are rotated according to the status of IN1 to IN4 pins of L293D which in turn are depending on output pins of microcontroller, viz., P0.0 - P0.3.
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CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
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COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS : (1)ATMega16
AtMega16 is a 40 pin 8-bit microcontroller. It have 4 port for input and output. In this project application port 1 is used for input and port 3 for output. When output of DTMF Decoder Ic MT8870 is inverted by inverter Ic 74LS04 which also work as schimt trigger given to port1.Controller take this input and give output on port 3 as per program. And finally output of controller is given to Ic L293D which drive the motor. Input and output from all Ics and motor rotation are works as per table shown below:
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(2)DTMF DECODER
DTMF means ´ Dual tone multiple frequency ´. The robot perceives this dtmf tone with the help of phone stack in the robot. The received tone is processed by the ATmega16 microcontroller with the help of DTM decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent bi-nary digit and this binary number is sent to the micro-controller. The microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a decision for any given input and out-puts its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or a turn. DTMF output is generated as per table shown below:
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(3)IC 74LS04:
It works as four in one NOT gate and also works as schimt trigger. It invert the input, which are come from DTMF Decoder, which are in analog form into inverted digital output.
(4)MOTOR DRIVER IC:
The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive DC motor so here Ic L293D is used to drive motor. Input is given from port 3 of microcontroller.Driver are enabled in pair with driver 1 and 2 enabeled by 1, 2EN and driver 3 and 4 enable by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enable,their output are active and in phase with their input.
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(5) CRYSTAL
In this project two crystals of value 12MHz and 3.57MHz are used for pulse generation. 12MHz crystal is connected to microcontroller and 3.57MHz crystal is connected with DTMF decoder.
(6)RESISTOR
Resistor are used for bias control and over load protection.
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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION FLOWCHART
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SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION :
(C PRORAGRAM CODE)
Source program: Robit.c #include <mega16.h> void main(void) {unsigned int k, h; DDRA=0x00; DDRD=0XFF; while (1) { k =~PINA; h=k & 0x0F; switch (h) { case 0x02: //if I/P is 0x02 { PORTD=0x89;//O/P 0x89 ie Forward break; } case 0x08: //if I/P is 0x08
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{ PORTD=0x86; //O/P 0x86 ie Backward break; } case 0x04: { PORTD=0x85; // Left turn break; } case 0x06: { PORTD=0x8A; // Right turn break; } case 0x05: { PORTD=0x00; // Stop break; } } } }
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FLOWCHART :
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CHAPTER -5
PCB LAYOUT
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CHAPTER 6
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
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TROUBLE SHOOTING :
Although the concept & design of the project seemed perfect, there were some problems faced while actual implementation: 1. Connecting HandsFree of cell phone to DTMF decoder IC input: There were several types of HandsFree cords available in the market, the right one had to be chosen from them. Several ways to break up the cords and connect them to the input of IC 8870 were tried & some were newly developed by us (e.g. Connecting Audio Jack of PC!s speakers to the cellphone with help of an extender). Solution: Finally HandsFree cord!s !Earplugs! were removed & resulting set of wires were connected in an appropriate manner tothe Decoder IC!s input.
2. Designing of PCB is very difficult : In to the designing of PCB many problems are faced. In this some tracks are damage so there are no proper conection established. Solution : Finally PCB design another time with very carefully. And take care on eatching of PCB.
P a g e | 22
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION
FUTURE SCOPE
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APPLICATION :
SCIENTIFIC
Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments, working in the deep ocean, and space exploration. The sophistication of these devices has fueled greater debate on the need for manned spaceflight and exploration.
MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
Remote controlled vehicles are used by many police department bomb-squads to defuse or detonate explosives. See Dragon Runner, Military robot.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
This can be a great asset to save lives of both people along with soldiers in case of terrorist attacks.
RECREATION AND HOBBY
There are many types of radio controlled vehicles. These include on-road cars, off-road trucks, boats, airplanes, and even helicopters Radio-controlled submarine also exist.
P a g e | 24
FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS & FUTURE SCOPE :
1. IR Sensors:
IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if the robot goes beyond line of sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it from a distant place.
2. Password Protection:
Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only if correct password is entered. Either cell phone should be password protected or necessary modification should be made in the assembly language code. This introduces conditioned access & increases security to a great extent.
3. Alarm Phone Dialer:
By replacing DTMF Decoder IC CM8870 by a 'DTMF Transceiver IC· CM8880, DTMF tones can be generated from the robot. So, a project called 'Alarm Phone Dialer'can be built which will generate necessary alarms for something that is desired to be monitored (usually by triggering a relay). For example, a high water alarm, low
P a g e | 25
temperature alarm, opening of back window, garage door, etc When the system is activated it will call a number of programmed numbers to let the user know the alarm has been activated. This would be great to get alerts of alarm conditions from home when user is at work.
4. Adding a Camera:
If the current project is interfaced with a camera (e.g. a Webcam) robot can be driven beyond line-of-sight & range becomes practically unlimited as GSM networks have a very large range.
P a g e | 26
CHAPTER 8
COST OF THE PROJECTS
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COST OF THE PROJECT :
COMPONENT 1) IC - ATmega16 AVR microcontroller 2) IC - MT8870 DTMF decoder 3) IC - L293D motor driver 4) IC - 74LS04 NOT gate 5) D1 - 1N4007rectifier diode RESISTORS 6) R1, R2 - 100-kilo-ohm 7) R3 - 330-kilo-ohm 8) R4-R8 - 10-kilo-ohm CAPACITOR 9) 0.47µF ceramic disk 10) 22pF ceramic cap. 11) 0.1µF ceramic disk CRYSTAL 12) XTAL1- 3.57MHz crystal 13) XTAL2- 12MHz crystal 14) DC SERVO MOTOR 15) Batt.- 6V, 4.5Ah battery 16) All ICs sockets 17) On- off Switch 18) PCB Designing 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 10.00 01.00 01.00 10.00 10.00 40.00 15.00 20.00 05.00 60.00 PIECES 1 1 1 1 1 PRICE 250.00 38.00 90.00 18.00 02.00
2 1 5
01.00 01.00 03.00
TOTAL = 575
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CHAPTER - 9
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY
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REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY :
1. WWW.GOOGLE.COM 2. WWW.DATASHEET.COM 3. WWW.EFYMAG.COM 4. WWW.8051.COM
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CHAPTER 10
DATASHEET
CHAPTER 1
Introduction [ A ] Block Diagram [ B ] CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Page |2
INTRODUCTION :
Radio control (often abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use of radio signals to remotely control a device. The term is used frequently to refer to the control of model vehicles from a hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial, military, and scientific research organizations make [traffic] use of radiocontrolled vehicles as well.A remote control vehicle is defined as any mobile device that is controlled by a means that does not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is often a radio control device, cable between control and vehicle, or an infrared controller. A remote control vehicle (Also called as RCV) differs from a robot in that the RCV is always controlled by a human and takes no positive action autonomously. One of the key technologies which underpin this field is that of remote vehicle control. It is vital that a vehicle should be capable of proceeding accurately to a target area; maneuvering within that area to fulfill its mission andretur ning equally accurately and safely to base.
Page |3
[A] BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Page |4
[B] CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
The important components of this robot are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver. A CM8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the CM8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of pre-filtering. When the input signals are given at pins 1(IN+) & 2(IN-) , a differential input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to (pin11) through (pin14) outputs. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of microcontroller (P1.4 to P1.7). The 89V51RD2 is a 8-bit 80C51, 5V low power 64 kB Flash microcontroller with 1 kB RAM. it provides the following features: 64 kB of on-chip Flash program memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and IAP (In-Application Programming), Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA each),Three 16-bit timers/counters. Outputs from port pins P0.0 through P0.3 and P0.7 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D IC, respectively to drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation.
Page |5
The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-h driver designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the dc motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are the input and output pins, respectively of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input EN1 (pin1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin9) enables drivers 3 and 4. The motors are rotated according to the status of IN1 to IN4 pins of L293D which in turn are depending on output pins of microcontroller, viz., P0.0 - P0.3.
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CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page |7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Page |8
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
Page |9
COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS : (1)ATMega16
AtMega16 is a 40 pin 8-bit microcontroller. It have 4 port for input and output. In this project application port 1 is used for input and port 3 for output. When output of DTMF Decoder Ic MT8870 is inverted by inverter Ic 74LS04 which also work as schimt trigger given to port1.Controller take this input and give output on port 3 as per program. And finally output of controller is given to Ic L293D which drive the motor. Input and output from all Ics and motor rotation are works as per table shown below:
P a g e | 10
(2)DTMF DECODER
DTMF means ´ Dual tone multiple frequency ´. The robot perceives this dtmf tone with the help of phone stack in the robot. The received tone is processed by the ATmega16 microcontroller with the help of DTM decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent bi-nary digit and this binary number is sent to the micro-controller. The microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a decision for any given input and out-puts its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or a turn. DTMF output is generated as per table shown below:
P a g e | 11
(3)IC 74LS04:
It works as four in one NOT gate and also works as schimt trigger. It invert the input, which are come from DTMF Decoder, which are in analog form into inverted digital output.
(4)MOTOR DRIVER IC:
The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive DC motor so here Ic L293D is used to drive motor. Input is given from port 3 of microcontroller.Driver are enabled in pair with driver 1 and 2 enabeled by 1, 2EN and driver 3 and 4 enable by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enable,their output are active and in phase with their input.
P a g e | 12
(5) CRYSTAL
In this project two crystals of value 12MHz and 3.57MHz are used for pulse generation. 12MHz crystal is connected to microcontroller and 3.57MHz crystal is connected with DTMF decoder.
(6)RESISTOR
Resistor are used for bias control and over load protection.
P a g e | 13
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION FLOWCHART
P a g e | 14
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION :
(C PRORAGRAM CODE)
Source program: Robit.c #include <mega16.h> void main(void) {unsigned int k, h; DDRA=0x00; DDRD=0XFF; while (1) { k =~PINA; h=k & 0x0F; switch (h) { case 0x02: //if I/P is 0x02 { PORTD=0x89;//O/P 0x89 ie Forward break; } case 0x08: //if I/P is 0x08
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{ PORTD=0x86; //O/P 0x86 ie Backward break; } case 0x04: { PORTD=0x85; // Left turn break; } case 0x06: { PORTD=0x8A; // Right turn break; } case 0x05: { PORTD=0x00; // Stop break; } } } }
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FLOWCHART :
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CHAPTER -5
PCB LAYOUT
P a g e | 19
P a g e | 20
CHAPTER 6
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
P a g e | 21
TROUBLE SHOOTING :
Although the concept & design of the project seemed perfect, there were some problems faced while actual implementation: 1. Connecting HandsFree of cell phone to DTMF decoder IC input: There were several types of HandsFree cords available in the market, the right one had to be chosen from them. Several ways to break up the cords and connect them to the input of IC 8870 were tried & some were newly developed by us (e.g. Connecting Audio Jack of PC!s speakers to the cellphone with help of an extender). Solution: Finally HandsFree cord!s !Earplugs! were removed & resulting set of wires were connected in an appropriate manner tothe Decoder IC!s input.
2. Designing of PCB is very difficult : In to the designing of PCB many problems are faced. In this some tracks are damage so there are no proper conection established. Solution : Finally PCB design another time with very carefully. And take care on eatching of PCB.
P a g e | 22
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION
FUTURE SCOPE
P a g e | 23
APPLICATION :
SCIENTIFIC
Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments, working in the deep ocean, and space exploration. The sophistication of these devices has fueled greater debate on the need for manned spaceflight and exploration.
MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
Remote controlled vehicles are used by many police department bomb-squads to defuse or detonate explosives. See Dragon Runner, Military robot.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
This can be a great asset to save lives of both people along with soldiers in case of terrorist attacks.
RECREATION AND HOBBY
There are many types of radio controlled vehicles. These include on-road cars, off-road trucks, boats, airplanes, and even helicopters Radio-controlled submarine also exist.
P a g e | 24
FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS & FUTURE SCOPE :
1. IR Sensors:
IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if the robot goes beyond line of sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it from a distant place.
2. Password Protection:
Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only if correct password is entered. Either cell phone should be password protected or necessary modification should be made in the assembly language code. This introduces conditioned access & increases security to a great extent.
3. Alarm Phone Dialer:
By replacing DTMF Decoder IC CM8870 by a 'DTMF Transceiver IC· CM8880, DTMF tones can be generated from the robot. So, a project called 'Alarm Phone Dialer'can be built which will generate necessary alarms for something that is desired to be monitored (usually by triggering a relay). For example, a high water alarm, low
P a g e | 25
temperature alarm, opening of back window, garage door, etc When the system is activated it will call a number of programmed numbers to let the user know the alarm has been activated. This would be great to get alerts of alarm conditions from home when user is at work.
4. Adding a Camera:
If the current project is interfaced with a camera (e.g. a Webcam) robot can be driven beyond line-of-sight & range becomes practically unlimited as GSM networks have a very large range.
P a g e | 26
CHAPTER 8
COST OF THE PROJECTS
P a g e | 27
COST OF THE PROJECT :
COMPONENT 1) IC - ATmega16 AVR microcontroller 2) IC - MT8870 DTMF decoder 3) IC - L293D motor driver 4) IC - 74LS04 NOT gate 5) D1 - 1N4007rectifier diode RESISTORS 6) R1, R2 - 100-kilo-ohm 7) R3 - 330-kilo-ohm 8) R4-R8 - 10-kilo-ohm CAPACITOR 9) 0.47µF ceramic disk 10) 22pF ceramic cap. 11) 0.1µF ceramic disk CRYSTAL 12) XTAL1- 3.57MHz crystal 13) XTAL2- 12MHz crystal 14) DC SERVO MOTOR 15) Batt.- 6V, 4.5Ah battery 16) All ICs sockets 17) On- off Switch 18) PCB Designing 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 10.00 01.00 01.00 10.00 10.00 40.00 15.00 20.00 05.00 60.00 PIECES 1 1 1 1 1 PRICE 250.00 38.00 90.00 18.00 02.00
2 1 5
01.00 01.00 03.00
TOTAL = 575
P a g e | 28
CHAPTER - 9
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY
P a g e | 29
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY :
1. WWW.GOOGLE.COM 2. WWW.DATASHEET.COM 3. WWW.EFYMAG.COM 4. WWW.8051.COM
P a g e | 30
CHAPTER 10
DATASHEET
