Civil Services in India

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CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA
Overview
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Running the administration of a vast and diverse country requires efficient management of natural, economic and
human resources. This is the primary responsibility of the civil services
Civil Services in India originated in the eighteenth century under the rule of the East India Company
Civil services in India comprise three types of services
All India Services
Central Civil Services – Group A
Central Civil Services – Group B
State Civil Services
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According to the Constitution, more Civil Services can be set up by the Rajya Sabha with a 2/3 majority
vote. This applies to All India and Central Services, while the State Services can be constituted by similar act of
state legislatures. The Indian Forest Service and the Indian Foreign Service were set up in this fashion

Civil Services under British rule
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The civil services were first constituted under the East India Company as the Honourable East India Company
Civil Servants (HEICS)
At this stage there were two groups of civil servants: covenanted (who entered into covenants with the Company)
and theuncovenanted. The covenanted civil servants occupied higher positions in the hierarchy while the
uncovenanted occupied lower levels
This service evolved to become the Indian Civil Service (ICS), which later became the Indian Administrative
Service (IAS) after Independence
The Public Service Commission 1886-1887 (Aitchison Commission), was constituted to guide the evolution of
the civil service. The recommendations of the Aitchison Commission included
Two-tier classification of covenanted/uncovenanted to be replaced by three tier classification – Imperial Civil
Service, Provincial Civil Service and Subordinate Civil Service
Maximum age of entry to be 23 years
Statutory system of recruitment to be abolished
Competitive exam should not be held simultaneously in England and India
Certain percentage of posts in the Imperial Civil Service to be filled by promotion from Provincial Civil
Services
The basic pattern of the cadre system in the civil service was established by the Aitchison Commission
In 1912, the Islington Commission was appointed, however its recommendations were not considered
By 1934, the system had evolved to consist of seven All India Services
The first Indian to rank first in the ICS examination was Gurusaday Dutt in 1905

All India Services
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The All India Services are those civil services that serve all of India, under both the Union Government and the
state governments
There are three All India Services:
Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
Indian Police Service (IPS)
Indian Forest Service (IFS)
The officers of the All India Services are recruited and trained by the Union Government, but work under the Centre
as well as the states
Officers of the All India Services are organised into cadres. 24 states have their own cadres. There are also three
joint cadres:
Assam-Meghalaya cadre
Manipur-Tripura cadre
Arunchal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories (AGMUT) cadre

Central Civil Services
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Central Civil Services function under the Central government
The Central services are categorised into two groups: Group A and Group B
There are more than 30 Central Services Group A. Prominent services in the Central Civil Services – Group A
include
Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Indian Revenue Service (IRS)
Indian Postal Service
Indian Economic Service
Indian Audits and Accounts Service (IA&AS)
Military Engineering Service
Survey of India Service
Central Secretariat Service
The Central Civil Service – Group B consists of three services
Defence Secretariat Service
Union Territories Administrative Service
Union Territories Police Service

State Civil Services
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Each state has its own civil service
State level civil services include
State Civil/Administrative Service
State Police Service
State Forest Service
Public Works Department

UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (UPSC)
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The UPSC is a constitutional body authorised to conduct exams for appointment to the civil services. It was
established under Part XIV of the Constitution
The Constitution provides for a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for
every state
The first Public Service Commission was set up in 1926, with the aim of indigenising the civil services
The Government of India Act 1935 provided for the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission
and Provincial Public Service Commissions
Membership to the Commission

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The Chairman and other members of the UPSC are appointed by the President of India
At least half the members are civil servants with at least 10 years experience in Central or state services
The tenure of each member is six years or age 65, whichever is earlier
Members of the UPSC can be removed by the President on charges of misbehaviour, if these charges are upheld
by the Supreme Court
Functions of the UPSC

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Recruitment to services and posts under the Union Government through conduct of competitive exams
Recruitment to services and posts under the Union Government by direct selection. This type of recruitment
is done to fill immediate/irregular job vacancies.
Advice on the suitability of officers for appointment, promotion and transfer
Advice the government on all matters relating to recruitment to various posts and services
Handle disciplinary cases related to different civil services

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