Cloud Computing New One Project

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

REPORT ON “SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING” AT

HCL TECHNOLOGIES LTD
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Information Technology)

“CLOUD COMPUTING”
Advanced Institute of Technology & Management

SUBMITTED BY:
Mr.Rahul Upadhyay(It08070)

SUPERVISED BY:
Mr.rajeev lochan HCL T echnologies Ltd. A 9,Sector 3 Noida

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

INDEX
Declaration Acknowledgement 1. Organization Profile…………………………………..7 1.1 National e-Governance plan(NEGP)……………….7 1.2 State wide area network(SWAN)…………………..7 1.3 Elitex 2007…………………………………………8 1.4 National informatics centre………………………...8 2. Introduction to Cloud Computing 2.1 Infrastructure as service………………...…….……..9 2.2 Platform as service…………………………………..9 2.3 Software as service…………………………………..9 3. Comparisons 3.1 Grid Computing 3.2 Utiltiy Computing 3.3 Autonomic Computing 3.4 Virtualization 3.4.1 Advantage 4. External and Internal Clouds 4.1 4.2 4.3 5. Growth of Cloud Computing 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6. Benefits of Cloud Computing 6.1
2

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 10. Advantages as Calculated by Altius IT 11. Cloud computing service delivery considerations 12. Cloud –By Intel Corporation 13. Drawbacks 14. Concerns 15. World Privacy Forum 16. Summary

Batch 2007-2011

DECLARATION
This is to certify that the report on seven months training in “CC&BT department part of HCL Technologies Ltd.” which is being submitted for partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor Of Technology, information Technology, Maharshi dyanand University, Rohtak is an authentic work carried out by me at HCL Technologies Ltd., A 9, Sector 3,Noida under the guidance of Mr. Rajeev Lochan

3

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

The matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree or diploma.

Rahul Upadhay(It08070) V Semester, Advanced Institute of Technology and Management, Palwal

It is certified that the above statements made by the candidate are correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Rajeev Lochan
Senior Director & HoD Dept. of Information Technology HCL Technologies Ltd., A 9, Sector-3, Noida,UP .

4

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

5

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Acknowledgement
Industrial practical training is a period to strengthen our theoretical, practical & technical concepts, which enhances our skills in the field of technology. The successful realization of the project is an outgrowth of a consolidated effort of the people from disparate fronts. It’s only with their support and guidance that the developer could meet the end. I am deeply indebted to Mr.Rajeev Lochan (Senior Director & HoD) and. Mr. Arvind das (Lab incharge), who gave me the opportunity to work on “Cloud Computing” Project. The faith and confidence they have kept in me have been the driving force behind my each step taken for the development of this project. Without their abiding inspiration, generous guidance and encouragement, I would not have been able to cope with project work and corporate environment. I pay my regards to both of them for giving me a chance to work in CC & BT Department and enhance my knowledge and capabilities. I am also thankful to him for helping time to time in getting the certificates and documents.

No words could adequately convey my thanks to all the members of CC & BT-group, Department of IT, HCL Technologies Ltd. for creating such a friendly environment that I never felt as a project trainee there. They all were so friendly with me that I never thought even a moment before asking them anything. Lastly, I thank the almighty, my family members and friends who indirectly co-operated me and tolerate my negligence for them during the period of Training.
• Rahul Upadhyay

6

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

1. Organization Profile
Overview
The year 2006 witnessed a revalidation of Indian Information TechnologyBusiness Process Outsourcing (IT-BPO) growth story, driven by a maturing appreciation of India’s role and growing importance in global services trade. Industries performance was marked by sustained double-digit revenue growth, steady expansion into newer service-lines and increased geographic penetration, and an unprecedented investment by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) - in spite of lingering gaps about gaps in talent and infrastructure impacting India’s cost competitiveness. The Indian IT-BPO sector is committed to extend its unmatched reputation in quality, to information security and is working on a four-pronged programmer to achieve this objective. This comprises: a) engaging key stakeholders (policy makers, industry players, enforcement agencies, etc). To build a common understanding of key issues relating to information security- in the context of global service delivery; b) educating industry constituents about developments in information security policies and practices; c) enactment of policy reform required to ensure compliance; d) addicting in the effective enforcement of policy frameworks by encouraging the practice of periodic security audits and certification, developing and maintaining an incident response database and facilitating greater cooperation with enforcement agencies.

1.1 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
The National Common Minimum Programmer adopted by the Government accords high priority to improving the quality of basic governance and in that context has proposed to promote e-Governance on a massive scale in areas of concern to the common man. At the State-level the Mission Mode Project (MMP) would include services around road transport, land records, commercial taxes, employment exchanges, agriculture, civil supplies, treasuries, land registration, policy and education, while at Central Level, it will cover areas such as insurance, Central Excise, National ID, pensions, e-Posts, banking, passport, visa and income-tax.

1.2 State Wide Area Network (SWAN)
Government has already approved a scheme for the establishment of State Wide Area Networks (SWANs) at a total outlay of Rs. 3,334 crore over a period of 5yaers. These SWANs will extend data connectivity of 2Mbps up-to the block level in all States and Union Territories in country. The block level nodes in turn, will have a provision to extend connectivity further to village level using contemporary wireless technology. Under the scheme, proposal for 24 states/UTs have already been sanctioned.

7

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

1.3 ELITEX 2007
Electronics and Information Technology Expansion 2007 (ELITEX 2007), an exhibition and seminar to showcase technologies, products and services developed under the aegis of Department of Information Technology, was held during 10-11 January 2007 at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. This event provided an opportunity to close interaction between academia, R&D institutions and industries. Three technologies developed by the Department institutions were transferred to industries for commercialization and 16 new products/technologies were released during the Exposition.

1.4 National Informatics Centre
For timely and faster delivery/retrieval of information, NIC has connected all the State Centers with leased line/fiber optics of capacity ranging from 2-45 Mbps with backup links in 19 States. The districts have been provided 2 Mbps leased lines. e-Filing of cases has been started in Supreme Court. IT based Attendance Recording System has also been in implemented for all employees of Supreme Court.

8

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

CLOUD COMPUTING
What is cloud computing?
Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable
and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the "cloud" that supports them. The concept generally incorporates combinations of the following:
• • • •

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Platform as a service (PaaS) Software as a service (SaaS) Other recent (ca. 2007–09) technologies that rely on the Internet to satisfy the computing needs of users. Cloud computing services often provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.

The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.

9

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Comparisons
Cloud computing can be confused with: a) Grid computing - "a form of distributed computing whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks". b) Utility computing - the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity". c) Autonomic computing - "computer systems capable of self-management". d) Virtualization - The Cloud Computing concept has become a reality today due to the technology core that made it happen. The real effectiveness of Cloud comes from its core called ‘Virtualization’, which provides abstraction for the user. Indeed, many cloud computing deployments as of 2009[update] depend on grids, have autonomic characteristics, and bill like utilities — but cloud computing tends to expand what is provided by grids and utilities. Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralized infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever, including peer-to-peer networks such as Bit Torrent and Skype, and volunteer computing such as SETI@home. Furthermore, many analysts are keen to stress the evolutionary, incremental pathway between grid technology and cloud computing, tracing roots back to Application Service Providers (ASPs) in the 1990s and the parallels to SaaS, often referred to as applications on the cloud. Some are of the persuasion that the true difference between these terms is marketing and branding; that the technology evolution was incremental and the marketing evolution discrete.

3.1 GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing (or the use of computational grids) is the application of
several computers to a single problem at the same time — usually to a
10

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles or access to large amounts of data. One of the main strategies of grid computing is using software to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing is distributed, large-scale cluster computing, as well as a form of network-distributed parallel processing. The size of grid computing may vary from being small — confined to a network of computer workstations within a corporation, for example — to being large, public collaboration across many companies and networks. "The notion of a confined grid may also be known as an intra-nodes cooperation whilst the notion of a larger, wider grid may thus refer to an inter-nodes cooperation". This inter-/intra-nodes cooperation "across cyber-based collaborative organizations are also known as Virtual Organizations". It is a form of distributed computing whereby a “super and virtual computer” is composed of a cluster of networked loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks. This technology has been applied to computationally intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through volunteer computing, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as drug discovery, economic forecasting, seismic analysis, and back-office data processing in support of e-commerce and Web services. What distinguishes grid computing from conventional cluster computing systems is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. Also, while a computing grid may be dedicated to a specialized application, it is often constructed with the aid of general-purpose grid software libraries and middleware.

11

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

3.2 UTILITY COMPUTING
12

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation
and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility (such as electricity, water, natural gas, or telephone network). This system has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire hardware; instead, computational resources are essentially rented. Customers with very large computations or a sudden peak in demand can also avoid the delays that would result from physically acquiring and assembling a large number of computers. Conventional Internet hosting services have the capability to quickly arrange for the rental of individual servers, for example to provision a bank of web servers to accommodate a sudden surge in traffic to a web site. "Utility computing" has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. Multiple servers are used on the "back end" to make this possible. These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized supercomputer. The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing. The term "grid computing" is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing, where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains. To provide utility computing services, a company can "bundle" the resources of members of the public for sale, who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients. One model, common among volunteer computing applications, is for a central server to dispense tasks to participating nodes, on the behest of approved endusers (in the commercial case, the paying customers). Another model, sometimes called the Virtual Organization (VO) is more decentralized, with organizations buying and selling computing resources as needed or as they go idle.

13

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

3.3 AUTONOMIC COMPUTING

14

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Autonomic Computing is an initiative started by IBM in 2001. Its ultimate
aim is to develop computer systems capable of self-management, to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of computing systems management, and to reduce the barrier that complexity poses to further growth. In other words, autonomic computing refers to the self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources, adapting to unpredictable changes whilst hiding intrinsic complexity to operators and users. An autonomic system makes decisions on its own, using high-level policies; it will constantly check and optimize its status and automatically adapt itself to changing conditions. As widely reported in literature, an autonomic computing framework might be seen composed by Autonomic Components (AC) interacting with each other [1]. An AC can be modeled in terms of two main control loops (local and global) with sensors (for self-monitoring), effectors (for self-adjustment), knowledge and planer/adapter for exploiting policies based on self- and environment awareness. Driven by such vision, a variety of architectural frameworks based on “selfregulating” autonomic components has been recently proposed. A very similar trend has recently characterized significant research work in the area of multiagent systems. However, most of these approaches are typically conceived with centralized or cluster-based server architectures in mind and mostly address the need of reducing management costs rather than the need of enabling complex software systems or providing innovative services. Autonomic systems: A possible solution could be to enable modern, networked computing systems to manage themselves without direct human intervention. The Autonomic Computing Initiative (ACI) aims at providing the foundation for autonomic systems. It is inspired by the autonomic nervous system of the human body. This nervous system controls important bodily functions (e.g. respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure) without any conscious intervention. In a self-managing Autonomic System, the human operator takes on a new role: He does not control the system directly. Instead, he defines general policies and rules that serve as an input for the self-management process. For this process, IBM has defined the following four functional areas:
15

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

• • • •

Self-Configuration: Automatic configuration of components; Self-Healing: Automatic discovery, and correction of faults; Self-Optimization: Automatic monitoring and control of resources to ensure the optimal functioning with respect to the defined requirements; Self-Protection: Proactive identification and protection from arbitrary attacks.

Control loops:
A basic concept that shall be applied in Autonomic Systems are closed control loops. This well-known concept stems from Process Control Theory. Essentially, a closed control loop in a self-managing system monitors some resource (software or hardware component) and autonomously tries to keep its parameters within a desired range. According to IBM, hundreds or even thousands of these control loops are expected to work in a large-scale self-managing computer system.

3.4 VIRTUALIZATION
The Cloud Computing concept has become a reality today due to the technology core that made it happen. The real effectiveness of Cloud comes from its core called ‘Virtualization’, which provides abstraction for the user. This third article in Cloud Computing dives into details of Virtualization.

16

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

The Cloud offers a single delivery pipe called Internet using which services are delivered. Even though it appears very simple from the user’s perspective, there are lot of computing marvel happen in the service provider end. One of the main objectives of Cloud Computing is to improve the resource utilization by sharing the available resources to multiple different on demand needs. The core technology which eased the need of improving resource utilization, sharing resources and also satisfying on demand needs is Virtualization – which means abstracting the underlying resources (Ex: processor, memory, network and storage devices ) so that multiple operating systems (Ex: Windows, Linux, etc., ) can be run on a single physical system simultaneously. These individual operating system instances are called as ‘Virtual Machines’. Depending upon the layer whether the resources abstracted, virtualization is can be applies to various resources which includes Storage, Network, Operating System and Application level Virtualization. All these virtualization techniques enable Cloud Computing service provider to design the datacenter in flexible, scalable manner so that end user demands are met with ease. For number of years, the virtualization technique was large experimented for test and development purposes as the industry felt that the technology is not relatively matured enough to run production systems. At these times, only few players (VMware and Microsoft) were in the market to expedite the process of maturing the technology.

17

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

3.4.1

Advantage

The advantage of Virtualization goes beyond resource utilization and technology service provider. It offers environmental advantage is that reduction in energy consumption. These Virtualized server mechanism consumes lesser power compared to the customer hosting the service by themselves. This eventually implies that the Virtualization is helping to make the environment greener. For example Energy consumption of running ten physical machines compared to energy consumption running five virtual machines on two physical machines is significantly high. As one requires fewer physical machines with virtualization and so the need for real estate space also reduces. With global warming and ‘go-green’ initiatives taking center stage of every corporation, the need to become environmental friendly goes beyond mere profitability of the company. Thanks to effective resource utilization achieved by Virtualization, it helps customers and their organizations to go in the ‘green’ way.

18

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

4 External and Internal Clouds
Many technical and legal issues prevent broader enterprise adoption of external clouds. These issues are largely addressed if the cloud operates inside the enterprise, where there is greater control over the cloud. Because of this, an internal cloud is the ideal place to start proving cloud-related technologies and is a logical first step before attempting more widespread migration to an external cloud. A large enterprise can gain many benefits from the greater abstraction of applications and infrastructure that accompanies a migration to an internal cloud. Once standard interfaces and protocols exist and technical and legal obstacles have been overcome, IT organizations can start to make greater use of external cloud-based capabilities with minimal disruption to users, while reducing the data center footprint of their internal physical infrastructure. This progression means that IT organizations need to balance three broad areas of computing while making the transition to the external cloud: Current, conventional computing Internal cloud External cloud 4.1 Conventional Computing Conventional computing will continue to provide the enterprise with capabilities for many years, with a gradual migration of applications to internal and external clouds. Some conventional computing resources are likely to remain in long-term use, including those that need to be physically located on isolated segments or associated with specific hardware. 4.2 Internal Cloud Internal clouds can have most of the features of external clouds. They can use similar technologies to host cloud-aware applications and to provide a dynamic infrastructure that responds to demand and fault signals. IT organizations can try out new chargeback billing methods; these also provide a benchmark for measuring the value of moving a service to external suppliers. Internal clouds can act as a bridge to a future based on the external cloud. Applications can be developed to standards supported by both internal and external clouds, so that they may be readily migrated to an external cloud as
19

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

necessary to support business strategy. It should be possible to move an application between locations within the internal cloud without disruption to users. In the same way, it should ideally be possible to perform live migration of an application from an internal IaaS cloud to an external cloud without disruption to users. Much of an enterprise’s infrastructure could be serviced by a single internal cloud comprised of multiple physical data centers. The internal cloud could be logically and physically subdivided if necessary for business continuity or regulatory purposes. 4.3 External Cloud Ultimately, external clouds will play a significant role in delivering conventional enterprise compute needs, but the internal cloud is expected to remain a critical part of the IT infrastructure for the foreseeable future. Key differentiating applications may never move completely out of the enterprise because of their mission-critical or business-sensitive nature.

GROWTH OF CLOUD COMPUTING:20

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

An Opportunity In Its Infancy – But, Even Conservatively, Poised to Drive Big Marginal Growth

Of the $383 billion customers will spend this year within the five major IT segments noted above, $16.2 billion – or a mere 4% – will be consumed as cloud services. By 2012, customer spending on IT cloud services will grow almost threefold, to $42 billion. By 2012 – based on a conservative forecasting approach (see “fine print” below) – customer spending on IT cloud services will grow almost threefold, to $42 billion, accounting for 9% of customer spending.

One reason IT suppliers are sharpening their focus on the “cloud” model is its growth trajectory, which – at 27% CAGR – is over five times the growth rate of the traditional, on-premise IT delivery/consumption model. Spending on IT cloud services is growing at over five times the rate of traditional, on-premise IT.As noted in our recent user survey, this rapid growth is being driven by the ease and speed with which users can adopt these offerings, as well as the cloud model’s economic benefits (for users and suppliers alike) – which will have even greater resonance in the current economic crisis. Even more striking than this high growth rate, is the contribution cloud offerings’ growth will soon make to the IT market’s overall growth. By 2012 – even at only 9% of user spending – cloud services growth will account for fully 25% of the industry’s year-over-year growth in these five major segments. In 2013, if the same growth trajectories continue, IT cloud services growth will generate about one-third of the industry’s net new growth in these segments.
21

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

The implication for IT suppliers is clear: during the next several years, IT suppliers must position IT suppliers must position as leaders in IT cloud services or forfeit an ever-expanding portion of the industry’s growth.themselves as leaders in IT cloud services or forfeit an ever-expanding portion of the industry’s growth. Cloud services’ accelerating impact on IT industry growth is consistent with the key insight from our cloud services user survey data: that IT cloud services are at a “crossing the chasm” moment, the point at which suppliers must step up their commitment to the new technology or model, and the point at which failure to do so starts to exact harsher penalties on supplier performance.
Applications Are Leading the Way – and Will Continue To Do So Among the five enterprise IT segments we analyzed, Business Applications dominate cloud services spending, both in 2008 (57%) and in 2012 (52%).

22

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

•

An ”End-User-Centric” View: These figures represent enterprise enduser demand for IT products and solutions, through both on-premise and cloud services models. By “end users” we mean businesses that consume these IT products and solutions either for their internal use, or as an “under-the-covers” ingredient within their offerings to the marketplace. Excluded from this forecast is spending by cloud services providers who are simply reselling the product/solution, without value-add other than the delivery model transform; we consider such services providers as resellers – the true “end-users” are their customers. In contrast, cloud services providers who are not explicitly reselling the forecasted IT product/solution as a service, but are using it as a supporting ingredient within their offerings, are considered end-users (e.g., Salesforce.com, a cloud services provider of CRM software, is counted as an end-user within the storage, server, and other IT segments outside of its own primary product/service segments [business applications, application development/deployment]).

•

A Conservative Approach and Track Record: This forecast is on the conservative end of the spectrum. Our goal, as usual, is to be “anti-hype” – to recognize and highlight the disruptive trends in the market, but to
23

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

avoid a forecast “bubble”. That was our track record in forecasting Internet adoption in the late 1990s, and our Internet forecasts have held up extremely well – through, and beyond, the Internet Bubble period. We have also had a conservative track record in forecasting the SaaS market, for which we have traditionally underestimated growth, and increased our forecast significantly each of the past several years. If you have a more aggressive view of IT Cloud Services adoption, the other end of the spectrum – a more aggressive forecast – could well be 1.5-2 times the spending level in the forecast above.

•

Watch “Conditions On the Ground”: The ramp-up scenario for IT cloud services is very fluid – the forecast will be greatly impacted by: 1) major vendors’ degree of aggressiveness in developing and promoting cloud offerings, 2) the rate at which partner ecosystems morph to adapt to – and drive – the cloud model, and 3) macroeconomic factors – such as impact of the current global economic crisis. In our view, while the economic crisis could negatively impact the growth of this market, it is more likely that it will accelerate the roll out and adoption of Cloud IT services, because of the model’s greater affordability (vs. traditional IT offerings), and IT’s critical role in supporting much-needed innovation and economic growth.

•

IT Cloud Services Adoption Will Drive (but Shift) On-Premise Demand: It is important to note that while end-users certainly consider “on-premise” vs. “cloud services” as alternative (and competitive) options for specific solutions, the cloud services delivery model for those solutions will not, for the most part, subtract from on-premise IT demand. In fact, end user IT cloud services demand will actually drive demand for on-premise IT products and solutions – but it will shift that demand to cloud services providers. This makes it extremely important for suppliers of IT products and solutions to develop detailed understanding of the changing routes to market, including the role of
24

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

cloud services providers, both as end-users and as a new and growing channel.

•

Some Definitional Details: Here are the submarkets we included in each of the five major IT segments in the forecast: o Business Applications: includes Collaborative applications (such as Messaging, Conferencing and Team collaboration software), and Business applications (such as CRM, ERP, Financial, HCM, PLM and SCM). o Application Development & Deployment Software: includes Application Development software, Application Lifecycle Management software, Enterprise Mashup & Portal software, Information Management & Data Integration software, and Middleware & Business Process Management software. o Systems Infrastructure Software: includes System and Network Management software, Security software, Storage Management software, and System software. o Storage: includes Disk Storage. o Servers: includes all classes of Servers.

25

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

26

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Reduced Cost
Cloud technology is paid incrementally, saving organizations money.

• • • • •

Increased Storage
Organizations can store more data than on private computer systems.

Highly Automated
No longer do IT personnel need to worry about keeping software up to date.

•

Flexibility
Cloud computing offers much more flexibility than past computing methods.

•

More Mobility
Employees can access information wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks.

•

Allows IT to Shift Focus
No longer having to worry about constant server updates and other computing issues, government organizations will be free to concentrate on innovation.

27

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

WHAT THE BIGGIES /TECHIES HAVE TO SAY?
Advantages as Calculated by Altius IT
Cloud advantages over desktop software

Many SAAS applications are available at little to no cost. In addition to lower software costs, IT administration labor costs are reduced as software does not need to be installed and constantly patched. SAAS applications tend to be supported by paid advertisers, thus subsidizing the cost to the software user. Another benefit is group collaboration. In the past, software was loaded on many distributed devices. With the Internet cloud, software and data can be stored on centralized servers facilitating access to data by a large group of users. Cloud computing offers almost unlimited storage of applications and data. No longer must users and IT staff be concerned about collecting and archiving volumes of data.
Mobile applications Employees want functionality and access to data from a number of different

locations. The Internet cloud allows hand held Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and laptop users to access applications and data from a variety of locations. Internet cloud computing allows information to be accessed by a number of different devices (desktop, laptop, mobile phone, GPS, etc.) since the applications and data are stored at Internet data centers. Mobile computing will drive more applications to the Internet cloud. The cloud is an ideal way of supplying software and data to small computing devices that don’t have the storage and processing power to hold volumes of applications and information.

28

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Application interfaces

Internet applications leverage the power of end user devices by introducing to browsers features commonly found in the graphical interfaces on desktop applications. Better software development tools support applications that can run on a wide range of devices from desktop browsers to smart phones.
Malware protection

A cloud computing approach may offer better malware protection. Unlike traditional anti-virus and anti-spyware solutions installed on an organization’s servers and desktops, cloud computing malware protection is delivered as a service. Cloud computing may offer better protection over traditional solutions: 1) No time lag between when a threat surfaces and when the malware service is updated to protect against the threat. 2) Cloud malware service offers real time protection by combining detection services from a number of different sources. By using a variety of malware protection engines (Symantec, McAfee, Trend Micro, etc.), the cloud service approach increases the ability to detect and prevent malware threats. In recent test, traditional solutions using only one antivirus application were 83% successful at detecting risks. Success rates using cloud computing malware protection were as high as 98%.

29

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Cloud computing service delivery considerations:
IT managers should take professional care and due diligence when evaluating cloud computing applications: • Service levels - your organization should determine if the outsourced provider has professional, high performance infrastructures that can guarantee levels of performance delivery.
•

Support – user and technical support must be determined up front. Will first level user support be provided by their staff or yours? Redundancy – organizations should have redundant solutions that allow systems to continue operating even during single component failure. This includes the Internet software application as well as the organization’s connectivity to the Internet. Contingency plans – business continuity and disaster recovery plans must be updated and tested on a regular basis. Private clouds – IT departments have the administration costs and responsibilities of acquiring, installing, managing, and securing data centers. Security – public and private clouds must ensure information availability, confidentiality, and integrity.

•

•

•

•

30

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

BY INTEL CORPORATION
Cloud computing technology is a significant trend with implications for Intel IT. A growing number of suppliers are starting to provide cloud computing offerings, and analysts project that some enterprises will purchase a significant percentage of their applications and infrastructure as cloud computing services within a few years. We have determined that cloud computing could provide significant benefits to Intel, including increased agility.

Benefits
Potential benefits of cloud computing include: Agility, Adaptability, and Flexibility A business group that wants to deploy a new application can do so relatively quickly using cloud computing services, compared with weeks or months it can take with the traditional enterprise model of buying servers, installing them, and then deploying the application to the new servers. In many cases, users can purchase cloud services with a credit card and begin to use them almost immediately. Because cloud computing is built on a massively scalable shared infrastructure, cloud suppliers can in theory quickly provide the capacity required for very large applications without long lead times. Purchasers of IaaS capacity can run applications on a variety of virtual machines (VMs), with flexibility in how the VMs are configured. Some cloud computing service providers have developed their own ecosystem of services and service providers that can make the development and deployment of services easier and faster. Adding SaaS capacity can be as easy as getting an account on a supplier’s host. Cloud computing is also appealing when we need to quickly add computing capacity to handle a temporary surge in requirements. Rather than building additional infrastructure, cloud computing could in principle be used to provide on-demand capacity when needed.

31

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Cost Savings:
There is a perception that cloud computing can reduce cost. To date, savings have generally been more clearly shown for small to medium-size businesses (SMBs). However, we have achieved cost savings with some of our SaaS deployments, indicating that cost savings can be a factor in propelling enterprise cloud adoption. The relatively low upfront cost of IaaS and PaaS services, including VMs, storage, and data transmission, can be attractive—especially for addressing tactical, transient requirements such as unanticipated workload spikes. An additional advantage is that businesses pay only for the resources reserved; there is no need for capital expenditure on servers or other hardware. Intel IT’s evolving cloud computing strategy is based on growing the cloud from the inside out: building an internal cloud, then migrating to an external cloud as the market matures and security and privacy concerns are addressed. Meanwhile, we are already taking advantage of SaaS for specific applications where there are clear benefits. Applications Suitable for External Clouds Not all applications are suitable for external clouds today. Good candidates are applications that do not provide a competitive advantage, are not missioncritical, and are not tightly integrated with other important applications. To minimize security risks, they should not contain sensitive information. In general, the set of applications deemed to have low security risk should grow over time as more sophisticated techniques to secure cloud-based applications are developed. Our current view of the key decision-making criteria is summarized in Table 1. We expect to re-evaluate these criteria over time as the market matures.

Risks
32

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

The features that make cloud computing so appealing, combined with the fact that services are publicly accessible, can also lead to many potential risks.

Risks for Public Cloud:
•

Employee productivity – applications and data that are stored on

•

•

•

•

user hard drives tend to have fast response times with little impact on the employee. Internet applications may experience delays and not be able to manage volumes of data. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with the cloud computing vendors can provide response time, throughput, and other metrics that help protect the organization. Lack of availability – there are risks related to having a critical software application programmed and managed by an outside entity. If a vendor’s software application ceases to function, the organization may experience financial losses as well as damage to its image and reputation. Confidentiality – SAAS vendors may store data in a central repository. This repository may hold data from many different businesses, even competitors. The organization should determine if it is appropriate to store the type of information (client lists, pricing, intellectual property, etc.) on external servers. Integrity – since data is stored on outside servers, the organization must ensure information integrity. Balancing controls, managing information stored on external servers, monitoring, and other controls must be used to protect the organization. Compliance – information collected, stored, archived, and secured must meet regulatory requirements.

Cloud computing service delivery considerations:

IT managers should take professional care and due diligence when evaluating cloud computing applications:

33

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

•

Service levels - your organization should determine if the outsourced provider has professional, high performance infrastructures that can guarantee levels of performance delivery. Support – user and technical support must be determined up front. Will first level user support be provided by their staff or yours? Redundancy – organizations should have redundant solutions that allow systems to continue operating even during single component failure. This includes the Internet software application as well as the organization’s connectivity to the Internet. Contingency plans – business continuity and disaster recovery plans must be updated and tested on a regular basis. Private clouds – IT departments have the administration costs and responsibilities of acquiring, installing, managing, and securing data centers. Security – public and private clouds must ensure information availability, confidentiality, and integrity.

•

•

•

•

•

34

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

•

Drawbacks

o Main drawback, especially when using cloud service at a relatively high level (development environment or SaaS instead of virtual machines) is delivery through a web browser instead of running with native code


Performance impacts (diminishing as technology improves)

 Lack of access to features of the operating system


Restrictions on user interface (diminishing as technology improves)

Other drawbacks are the same as for other organizations :

Administration may be more difficult, at least at current stages of the field's development Costs of using a virtual service may be higher than stand-alone servers for large projects Development tailored to a particular development environment such as Google App Server or Windows Azure may limit portability

35

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

CONCERNS: Is Using the Cloud Information Security Suicide for Enterprises?
On the face of it, the apparent hacking of Sarah Palin’s Yahoo mail account may have hurt the cloud’s onward march into enterprise credibility. By using services in the cloud to hold corporate data, as opposed to within our corporate walls, the concern is we are automatically exposing the corporate to additional risk. And it is a concern we must take seriously. But this is far from the full story. Computer hacking is as old as computers, and social engineering as old as, well, people. With thanks to the head of enterprise architecture of one of the organizations I’m collaborating with for sharing the link, here’s a well written perspective on the hack itself. I’ve also had a couple of colleagues mention, quite rightly, that this high profile event serves as a timely reminder for us to think very carefully about the cloud’s enterprise viability. The argument often goes that by definition a service in the cloud has ubiquitous potential access for both the authorised and the hackers alike, whereas the corporate network has restricted access (to employees) and so hacking is intrinsically harder. The reality is somewhat different. In fact, when you assume any real level of connectivity (and which business can afford not to be connected), the security model of the Web is intrinsically more secure than the security model pre-Web most corporates have in place today – ask your trusted security expert about application centric and moat security compared with document centric and de-perimeterisation security.
36

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Many years ago, the best and brightest security experts figured out that, while there are many levels of security (as they went on to describe in the Orange Book), if you want the best level of security over your data, you have to put your computer in a bunker with cameras recording who uses it and whatever you do you never ever, under any circumstances, connect it to a network. Back in the mainstream world, the technical aspects aren’t perhaps the most important factors here. The real issue is not with the cloud, it is of course with us, the ‘wetware’.

I.B.M. to Push ‘Cloud Computing,’ Using Data From Afar
plans to build a sizable business by bringing Google-style computing to mainstream corporate customers.
I.B.M.

The I.B.M. strategy, to be announced today, seeks to exploit the technical work and commercial interest in large data centers that can be run more efficiently, searched for information and programmed from remote locations over the Internet. This model of Internet-based supercomputing is known as cloud computing because vast stores of information and processing resources can be tapped from afar — by a laptop personal computer, cellphone or other device. I.B.M. is calling its initiative Blue Cloud. Most of the basic software needed for cloud computing is open source, meaning that the code is freely available and can be modified by users. The hardware used in the data centers is typically many thousands of industry-standard server computers, powered by processors made by Intel or Advanced Micro Devices
37

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

and produced by many hardware makers. But I.B.M., analysts say, is trying to position itself as a leader in the corporate market for cloud computing, which many specialists regard as the next evolutionary step in information technology. The business strategy, they say, is to sell more I.B.M. hardware, software and services tailored for cloud computing. Starting in spring 2008, I.B.M. will offer versions of its server computers, including mainframes, that are adapted for cloud computing. The game plan, I.B.M. executives say, is similar to the one the company followed in supporting Linux, an open-source operating system and an alternative to Microsoft’s operating systems. I.B.M.’s endorsement of Linux, which began in 2000 and included investments in technical development and marketing, sped the adoption of that technology among corporate customers. “To me, this feels like Linux in 2000,” said William M. Zeitler, senior vice president in charge of the systems and technology group. I.B.M. now has 200 researchers working on cloud technology, and Mr. Zeitler said the company had a staged plan over the next three years that would involve a large investment, though he would not elaborate on the amount. Several customers, including corporations and government agencies, have been working with I.B.M. in pilot projects on cloud computing. Mr. Zeitler did not identify the companies, but said, “Large financial services companies are going to be among the first to be interested.” Companies with fast-growing data centers, like banks and securities firms, are facing the same headaches as the large Internet companies, like Google and Yahoo. Efficiency, power consumption and management costs are mounting. And companies of all kinds are increasingly adopting some of the technologies of Internet companies like searching, mobile commerce and communication, and collaboration tools like blogs, wikis and social networks. In recent years, I.B.M. has championed efforts to make data centers more efficient and to centralize more computing tasks in the data centers, with desktops and devices tapping in. These have had names like “autonomic,” “utility” and grid computing.
38

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Those concepts and research efforts have made a contribution to cloud computing. Experts say tools have been added to spread computing tasks across clusters of many machines and to make programming simpler. Advances likely to broaden the reach of cloud computing have often come from researchers tackling the challenges posed by Internet searches. “In some ways, the cloud is a natural next step from the grid-utility model,” said Frank Gens, an analyst at the research firm IDC. “What’s different is the Google programming model, and that really opens things up. You don’t have to be a Stanford or Carnegie Mellon Ph.D. to program cloud applications.” The software that I.B.M. is packaging in its cloud offering is called Hadoop, running on the Linux operating system. Hadoop is based on an open-source search project called Nutch, and an open-source version of Google’s MapReduce software for spreading complex computer tasks across clusters of machines.

ALTIUS IT
Cloud Computing – Thunder and Lightening on Your Horizon?
Overview

As organizations automate more and more of their manual processes, the Internet is increasingly becoming an important tool in the delivery of IT services. Several years ago, organizations purchased software on CD-ROMs and DVD media. Today, users have the choice of downloading software from the Internet or using their browser to access software that runs outside the organization on Internet servers. The use of external software on Internet servers is called Software as a Service (SAAS). Instead of writing software for a workstation, software developers are now writing software programs that run on Internet servers. This software may run on servers outside the organization on other companies’ data centers. Familiar examples include web sites such as Amazon.com and Salesforce.com.
39

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

In the past, individual applications ran in the Internet cloud. Now, entire data centers are moving to the cloud, accessible by a wide range of users. Cloud computing describes a grouping of service offerings that includes application software, data storage, and computing. The computing can be delivered over the Internet (public cloud computing) or within an organization (private cloud computing).

Some Major Firms providing Cloud Computing :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. GOOGLE AMAZON IBM MICROSOFT SUN MICROSYSTEMS SALESFORCE.COM NIVIO.COM AT&T

With ‘cloud computing’ gaining more importance across the business communities, many companies have started making significant presence in the new business from the cloud computing business. The IT major Tata Consultancy Services is no exception which has been gaining more business opportunities The company, which is keen on making it big in the ‘cloud computing’ business, said it would probably put its cloud computing revenues separately. Many companies believe that cloud computing would be a feasible option for business houses for their IT requirements than some traditional methods.
40

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Earlier, before cloud computing had arrived, if a company requires IT enabled services for any of its division, it would buy a new hardware, licence for software and lastly the implementation of it would drain much of the company’s financial resources. But now, with the arrival of cloud computing the enterprise customers need not have to own the infrastructure for their IT requirements. Instead they can rent the concerned IT infrastructure from the provider for which they pay only for the amount of resources utilized. The cloud computing thereby reduces companies’ capital expenses.

GOOGLE’S CLOUD
What is Google Cloud Print? In Google Chrome OS, all applications are web apps. Therefore, in designing the printing experience for Google Chrome OS, we want to make sure printing from web apps is as natural as printing from traditional native apps is today. Additionally, with the proliferation of web-connected mobile devices such as those running Google Chrome OS and other mobile operating systems, we don't believe it is feasible to build and maintain complex print subsystems and print drivers for each platform. In fact, even the print subsystems and drivers on existing PC operating systems leave a lot of room for improvement. Our goal is “to build a printing experience that enables any app (web, desktop, or mobile) on any device to print to any printer anywhere in the world”. This goal is accomplished through the use of a cloud print service. Apps no longer rely on the local operating system (and drivers) to print. Instead, as shown in the diagram below, apps (whether they be a native desktop/mobile app or a web app) use Google Cloud Print to submit and manage print jobs. Google Cloud Print is then responsible for sending the print job to the appropriate printer, with the particular options the user selected, and providing job status to the app.

41

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Google Cloud Print Components Here's a brief summary of each component in the diagram above.

Applications
Any type of application can use Google Cloud Print, including web apps (such as Gmail) and native apps (such as a desktop word processor or an Android/iPhone app). These apps call Google Cloud Print APIs. They can use these APIs to collect the necessary data to show their own user interface for custom print options or simply use the common print dialog that Google Cloud Print will provide (see the section on "User Interface," later in this page). There are also APIs for querying print job status. We will have more details to share about which Google web apps will integrate with Google Cloud Print in the coming months. Additionally, when the APIs are available, thirdparty app developers will be able to use Google Cloud Print in their web, desktop, and mobile apps as well.

Google Cloud Print Service

Google Cloud Print is a web service offered by Google. We expect other entities to provide their own cloud print services as well. Users associate printers with their Google Account via the service. Printers are treated in much the same way as documents are in Google Docs. Therefore, it is very easy to share printers with your coworkers, friends, and family anywhere in the world. No need for complex network setups to make print sharing work! In addition to associating printers with a user's Google Account, the capabilities of each particular printer model are stored so they can be shown to the user to select appropriate options when submitting a print job. Once the service receives a print job, it sends it to the printer. It also receives regular updates on the status of the print job which it makes available to the app.

User Interface
As mentioned earlier, Google is developing a common print dialog (web UI) that apps can use to allow the user to select the printer and appropriate print options. Similarly, the printer/job status and management UI will enable users to view which printers they have registered (or have been shared with them), print job status, etc. We will have more details to share about these UIs in the coming months.

Printers
And, finally, the number one question people ask is, "How do the printers communicate with Google Cloud Print?" The answer is, "It depends on whether the printer is a cloudaware printer or a legacy printer."
42

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Cloud-aware Printer The ideal experience is for your printer to have native support for connecting to cloud print services. Under this model, the printer has no need for a PC connection of any kind or for a print driver. The printer is simply registered with one or more cloud print services and awaits print jobs. Cloud-aware printers don't exist yet, but one of our main goals in publishing this information at an early stage is to begin engaging industry leaders and the community in developing cloud-aware printers and the necessary open protocols for these printers to communicate with cloud print services. We believe cloud printing has tremendous benefits for end users and for the industry and is essential, given the rapid shift toward cloud-based applications and data storage. We also believe that the only way that the benefits of cloud printing can be realized is if the protocols are open, freely implementable, and, when possible, based on existing industry standards. We expect there to be multiple cloud print services, and users should have a choice in which services they use and which printers they can connect to a service. Stay tuned for more details. We are confident that cloud-aware printers will soon be a reality. Legacy Printer Every printer in existence today falls into this category. (This situation will change, of course, when someone—perhaps you?—updates the firmware to make the printer cloudaware.) This category includes printers connected directly to PCs (for example, via USB cable) as well as networked printers (Ethernet or WiFi). This category also includes the recent crop of "web-connected" printers that provide users with access to certain web services (such as maps and movie tickets) directly from the on-printer LCD. While these are "web connected," they are not cloud-aware printers in the way we describe above because they don't know how to talk to a cloud print service to get print jobs, etc. We want users to be able to print to legacy printers via Google Cloud Print. This is accomplished through the use of a proxy, a small piece of software that sits on a PC where the printer is installed. The proxy takes care of registering the printer with Google Cloud Print and awaiting print jobs from the service. When a job arrives, it submits the print job to the printer using the PC operating system's native print stack and sends job status back to the printer. Currently, we are developing a proxy for Windows and will support Mac and Linux later on as well. To help users avoid the trouble of having to install yet another piece of software on their PCs, we will distribute the proxy with Google Chrome. So, by simply installing Google Chrome on their PC and enabling the feature (it is off by default), users will be able to print via Google Cloud Print. An obvious downside to this approach is that the PC must be powered on and connected to the Internet in order for print jobs to get to the proxy (and hence the printer). This current requirement is why we are excited about working with the industry to build native support for cloud print services into their printers. We are also hoping some clever folks in the community will build proxies-in-a43

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

box (like routers with print server abilities) so users get all the benefits of the proxy without needing to leave their PC powered on.

Google Chrome OS printing
Google Chrome OS will use Google Cloud Print for all printing. There is no print stack and there are no printer drivers on Google Chrome OS! When users print from a web app that directly integrates with Google Cloud Print, then that works as described earlier with no involvement from Chrome OS. When users are printing a web page that is not making use of Google Cloud Print (such as a boarding pass, movie tickets, a magazine article, etc.), the app that is printing is the Google Chrome browser on Chrome OS. In this case, Google Chrome on Chrome OS is a native app that uses Google Cloud Print and common print dialog. The content to be printed is uploaded to the Google Cloud Print along with the job ticket information and then sent to the printer. More details are in the design document.

Cloud Computing By IBM
Overview - selected tab, Services Systems Consulting & Design Resource library
Our planet is getting smarter. IT infrastructure is reaching a breaking point. As the planet gets smarter, demands on IT will grow.

Cloud computing is here

This new IT delivery model can significantly reduce enterprise IT costs & complexities while improving workload optimization and service delivery. Cloud computing is massively scalable, provides a superior user experience, and is characterized by new, internet-driven economics.
44

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Information technology is changing rapidly, and now forms an invisible layer that increasingly touches every aspect of our lives. Power grids, traffic control, healthcare, water supplies, food and energy, along with most of the world's financial transactions, now depend on information technology.

Cloud workloads from IBM
IBM has cloud options. Whether you choose to build private clouds, use the IBM cloud, or create a hybrid cloud that includes both, these secure workload solutions provide superior service management and new choices for deployment.

Development and Testing
IBM Smart Business Development and Test on the IBM Cloud: Accelerate your application development and test efforts with this security-rich, cloudbased enterprise development environment on the IBM Cloud. This infrastructure as a service (IaaS) solution can help you reduce costs, shorten cycle times and improve quality. IBM Smart Business Development and Test Cloud: Now available for installation behind your corporate firewall. Realize cost savings and faster time to value in your private cloud environment.

Information solutions
IBM Smart Analytics Cloud: Discover real-time business insights. Access and analyze multi-source data with this on-site analytics solution for the enterprise. IBM Smart Business Storage Cloud: Manage massive information demands while reducing costs and enabling enterprise-wide file sharing and collaboration. IBM Information Archive: Archive all types of information (e.g., regulatory) controlling IT costs, managing risk and improving productivity.
45

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Desktop & Collaboration
IBM Smart Business Desktop: Provides anytime, anywhere access to applications, information and resources. A resilient and secure desktop environment behind your firewall or on the IBM Cloud. IBM LotusLive™: Unleash employee potential with world-class social networking services and on-line collaboration tools including file sharing, web conferencing and instant messaging. IBM LotusLive iNotes™: Enable the entire enterprise with secure, cloud-based service for e-mail, scheduling and contact management.

IBM CloudBurst 1.2
Built on the IBM System x BladeCenter® platform, IBM CloudBurst 1.2 expands core service management capabilities across hardware, middleware and applications. • • • • Provides the tools to extend cloud offerings into production Self-service portal for rapid access to cloud services Track system usage with built-in metering and accounting Active management of server power consumption for increased efficiency • Manage workloads and systems through a single interface • Redundancy layers in the hardware platform eliminate points of failure • Optional security to protect your production cloud

46

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. Amazon EC2’s simple web service interface allows you to obtain and configure capacity with minimal friction. It provides you with complete control of your computing resources and lets you run on Amazon’s proven computing environment. Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity, both up and down, as your computing requirements change. Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity that you actually use. Amazon EC2 provides developers the tools to build failure resilient applications and isolate themselves from common failure scenarios.

This page contains the following categories of information. Click to jump down:
• • • • •

Amazon EC2 Functionality Service Highlights Features Instance Types Operating Systems and Software
47

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

• • • •

Pricing Resources Detailed Description Intended Usage and Restrictions

Amazon EC2 Functionality
Amazon EC2 presents a true virtual computing environment, allowing you to use web service interfaces to launch instances with a variety of operating systems, load them with your custom application environment, manage your network’s access permissions, and run your image using as many or few systems as you desire. To use Amazon EC2, you simply:
•

• •

• •

Select a pre-configured, templated image to get up and running immediately. Or create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) containing your applications, libraries, data, and associated configuration settings. Configure security and network access on your Amazon EC2 instance. Choose which instance type(s) and operating system you want, then start, terminate, and monitor as many instances of your AMI as needed, using the web service APIs or the variety of management tools provided. Determine whether you want to run in multiple locations, utilize static IP endpoints, or attach persistent block storage to your instances. Pay only for the resources that you actually consume, like instance-hours or data transfer.

Service Highlights
Elastic – Amazon EC2 enables you to increase or decrease capacity within minutes, not hours or days. You can commission one, hundreds or even thousands of server instances simultaneously. Of course, because this is all controlled with web service APIs, your application can automatically scale itself up and down depending on its needs.
48

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Completely Controlled – You have complete control of your instances. You have root access to each one, and you can interact with them as you would any machine. You can stop your instance while retaining the data on your boot partition and then subsequently restart the same instance using web service APIs. Instances can be rebooted remotely using web service APIs. You also have access to console output of your instances. Flexible – You have the choice of multiple instance types, operating systems, and software packages. Amazon EC2 allows you to select a configuration of memory, CPU, instance storage, and the boot partition size that is optimal for your choice of operating system and application. For example, your choice of operating systems includes numerous Linux distributions, Microsoft Windows Server and OpenSolaris. Designed for use with other Amazon Web Services – Amazon EC2 works in conjunction with Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon SimpleDB and Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) to provide a complete solution for computing, query processing and storage across a wide range of applications. Reliable – Amazon EC2 offers a highly reliable environment where replacement instances can be rapidly and predictably commissioned. The service runs within Amazon’s proven network infrastructure and datacenters. The Amazon EC2 Service Level Agreement commitment is 99.95% availability for each Amazon EC2 Region. Secure – Amazon EC2 provides numerous mechanisms for securing your compute resources. • Amazon EC2 includes web service interfaces to configure firewall settings that control network access to and between groups of instances. • When launching Amazon EC2 resources within Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC), you can isolate your compute instances by specifying the IP range you wish to use, and connect to your existing IT infrastructure using industry-standard encrypted IPsec VPN. • For more information on Amazon EC2 security refer to our Amazon Web Services: Overview of Security Process document. Inexpensive – Amazon EC2 passes on to you the financial benefits of Amazon’s scale. You pay a very low rate for the compute capacity you
49

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

actually consume. See Amazon EC2 Instance Purchasing Options for a more detailed description.
•

•

•

On-Demand Instances – On-Demand Instances let you pay for compute capacity by the hour with no long-term commitments. This frees you from the costs and complexities of planning, purchasing, and maintaining hardware and transforms what are commonly large fixed costs into much smaller variable costs. On-Demand Instances also remove the need to buy “safety net” capacity to handle periodic traffic spikes. Reserved Instances – Reserved Instances give you the option to make a low, one-time payment for each instance you want to reserve and in turn receive a significant discount on the hourly usage charge for that instance. After the one-time payment for an instance, that instance is reserved for you, and you have no further obligation; you may choose to run that instance for the discounted usage rate for the duration of your term, or when you do not use the instance, you will not pay usage charges on it. Spot Instances – Spot Instances allow customers to bid on unused Amazon EC2 capacity and run those instances for as long as their bid exceeds the current Spot Price. The Spot Price changes periodically based on supply and demand, and customers whose bids meet or exceed it gain access to the available Spot Instances. If you have flexibility in when your applications can run, Spot Instances can significantly lower your Amazon EC2 costs. See here for more details on Spot Instances.

Features
Amazon EC2 provides a number of powerful features for building scalable, failure resilient, enterprise class applications, including:
•

Amazon Elastic Block Store – Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) offers
50

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

persistent storage for Amazon EC2 instances. Amazon EBS volumes provide off-instance storage that persists independently from the life of an instance. Amazon EBS volumes are highly available, highly reliable volumes that can be leveraged as an Amazon EC2 instance’s boot partition or attached to a running Amazon EC2 instance as a standard block device. When used as a boot partition, Amazon EC2 instances can be stopped and subsequently restarted, enabling you to only pay for the storage resources used while maintaining your instance’s state. Amazon EBS volumes offer greatly improved durability over local Amazon EC2 instance stores, as Amazon EBS volumes are automatically replicated on the backend (in a single Availability Zone). For those wanting even more durability, Amazon EBS provides the ability to create point-in-time consistent snapshots of your volumes that are then stored in Amazon S3, and automatically replicated across multiple Availability Zones. These snapshots can be used as the starting point for new Amazon EBS volumes, and can protect your data for long term durability. You can also easily share these snapshots with co-workers and other AWS developers. See Amazon Elastic Block Store for more details on this feature.
1.

Multiple Locations – Amazon EC2 provides the ability to place instances in multiple locations. Amazon EC2 locations are composed of Regions and Availability Zones. Availability Zones are distinct locations that are engineered to be insulated from failures in other Availability Zones and provide inexpensive, low latency network connectivity to other Availability Zones in the same Region. By launching instances in separate Availability Zones, you can protect your applications from failure of a single location. Regions consist of one or more Availability Zones, are geographically dispersed, and will be in separate geographic areas or countries. The Amazon EC2 Service Level Agreement commitment is 99.95% availability for each Amazon EC2 Region. Amazon EC2 is currently available in four regions: US East (Northern Virginia), US West (Northern California), EU (Ireland), and Asia Pacific (Singapore). Elastic IP Addresses – Elastic IP addresses are static IP addresses designed for dynamic cloud computing. An Elastic IP address is associated with your account not a particular instance, and you control that address until you choose to explicitly release it. Unlike traditional
51

•

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

static IP addresses, however, Elastic IP addresses allow you to mask instance or Availability Zone failures by programmatically remapping your public IP addresses to any instance in your account. Rather than waiting on a data technician to reconfigure or replace your host, or waiting for DNS to propagate to all of your customers, Amazon EC2 enables you to engineer around problems with your instance or software by quickly remapping your Elastic IP address to a replacement instance. In addition, you can optionally configure the reverse DNS record of any of your Elastic IP addresses by filling out this form.
•

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud – Amazon VPC is a secure and seamless bridge between a company’s existing IT infrastructure and the AWS cloud. Amazon VPC enables enterprises to connect their existing infrastructure to a set of isolated AWS compute resources via a Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection, and to extend their existing management capabilities such as security services, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems to include their AWS resources. See Amazon Virtual Private Cloud for more details. Amazon CloudWatch – Amazon CloudWatch is a web service that provides monitoring for AWS cloud resources, starting with Amazon EC2. It provides you with visibility into resource utilization, operational performance, and overall demand patterns—including metrics such as CPU utilization, disk reads and writes, and network traffic. To use Amazon CloudWatch, simply select the Amazon EC2 instances that you’d like to monitor; within minutes, Amazon CloudWatch will begin aggregating and storing monitoring data that can be accessed using web service APIs or Command Line Tools. See Amazon CloudWatch for more details. Auto Scaling – Auto Scaling allows you to automatically scale your Amazon EC2 capacity up or down according to conditions you define. With Auto Scaling, you can ensure that the number of Amazon EC2 instances you’re using scales up seamlessly during demand spikes to maintain performance, and scales down automatically during demand lulls to minimize costs. Auto Scaling is particularly well suited for applications that experience hourly, daily, or weekly variability in usage. Auto Scaling is enabled by Amazon CloudWatch and available at no
52

•

3)

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

additional charge beyond Amazon CloudWatch fees. See Auto Scaling for more details.
•

Elastic Load Balancing – Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple Amazon EC2 instances. It enables you to achieve even greater fault tolerance in your applications, seamlessly providing the amount of load balancing capacity needed in response to incoming application traffic. Elastic Load Balancing detects unhealthy instances within a pool and automatically reroutes traffic to healthy instances until the unhealthy instances have been restored. You can enable Elastic Load Balancing within a single Availability Zone or across multiple zones for even more consistent application performance. Amazon CloudWatch can be used to capture a specific Elastic Load Balancer’s operational metrics, such as request count and request latency, at no additional cost beyond Elastic Load Balancing fees. See Elastic Load Balancing for more details. High Performance Computing (HPC) Clusters – Customers with complex computational workloads such as tightly coupled parallel processes, or with applications sensitive to network performance, can achieve the same high compute and network performance provided by custom-built infrastructure while benefiting from the elasticity, flexibility and cost advantages of Amazon EC2. Cluster Compute Instances have been specifically engineered to provide high-performance network capability and can be programmatically launched into clusters – allowing applications to get the low-latency network performance required for tightly coupled, node-to-node communication. Cluster Compute Instances also provide significantly increased network throughput making them well suited for customer applications that need to perform network-intensive operations. Learn more about Cluster Compute Instances as well as other AWS services that can be used for HPC Applications.

•

53

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Instance Types
Standard Instances

Instances of this family are well suited for most applications.
•

•

•

Small Instance (Default) 1.7 GB of memory, 1 EC2 Compute Unit (1 virtual core with 1 EC2 Compute Unit), 160 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit platform Large Instance 7.5 GB of memory, 4 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each), 850 GB of local instance storage, 64bit platform Extra Large Instance 15 GB of memory, 8 EC2 Compute Units (4 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform

High-Memory Instances

Instances of this family offer large memory sizes for high throughput applications, including database and memory caching applications.
•

•

•

High-Memory Extra Large Instance 17.1 GB memory, 6.5 ECU (2 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 420 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform High-Memory Double Extra Large Instance 34.2 GB of memory, 13 EC2 Compute Units (4 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 850 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform High-Memory Quadruple Extra Large Instance 68.4 GB of memory, 26 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform

High-CPU Instances

Instances of this family have proportionally more CPU resources than memory (RAM) and are well suited for compute-intensive applications. • High-CPU Medium Instance 1.7 GB of memory, 5 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each), 350 GB of local
54

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

instance storage, 32-bit platform • High-CPU Extra Large Instance 7 GB of memory, 20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
Cluster Compute Instances

Instances of this family provide proportionally high CPU with increased network performance and are well suited for High Performance Compute (HPC) applications and other demanding network-bound applications. Learn more about use of this instance type for HPC applications. • Cluster Compute Quadruple Extra Large 23 GB memory, 33.5 EC2 Compute Units, 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform, 10 Gigabit Ethernet EC2 Compute Unit (ECU) – One EC2 Compute Unit (ECU) provides the equivalent CPU capacity of a 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon processor. See Amazon EC2 Pricing for details on costs for each instance type. See Amazon EC2 Instance Types for a more detailed description of the differences between the available instance types, as well as a complete description of an EC2 Compute Unit.

Operating Systems and Software
Operating Systems

Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) are preconfigured with an ever-growing list of operating systems. We work with our partners and community to provide you with the most choice possible. You are also empowered to use our bundling tools to upload your own operating systems. The operating systems currently available to use with your Amazon EC2 instances include:
55

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Operating Systems
Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenSolaris Fedora Windows Server 2003/2008 openSUSE Linux Gentoo Linux Oracle Enterprise Linux Ubuntu Linux Debian

Software Amazon EC2 enables our partners and customers to build and customize Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) with software based on your needs. We have hundreds of free and paid AMIs available for you to use. A small sampling of the software available for use today within Amazon EC2 includes:
Databases IBM DB2 IBM Informix Dynamic Server Batch Processing Hadoop Condor Web Hosting Apache HTTP IIS/Asp.Net IBM Lotus Web Content Management IBM WebSphere Portal Server

Microsoft SQL Server Standard 2005 Open MPI MySQL Enterprise Oracle Database 11g

Application Development Environments IBM sMash

Application Servers

Video Encoding & Streaming Wowza Media Server Pro Windows Media Server

IBM WebSphere Application Server JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Java Application Server Ruby on Rails Oracle WebLogic Server

↑ Top

Pricing
Pay only for what you use. There is no minimum fee. Estimate your monthly bill using AWS Simple Monthly Calculator. The prices listed are based on the Region in which your instance is running. For a detailed comparison between
56

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

On-Demand Instances, Reserved Instances and Spot Instances, see Amazon EC2 Instance Purchasing Options.
On-Demand Instances

On-Demand Instances let you pay for compute capacity by the hour with no long-term commitments. This frees you from the costs and complexities of planning, purchasing, and maintaining hardware and transforms what are commonly large fixed costs into much smaller variable costs. The pricing below includes the cost to run private and public AMIs on the specified operating system (“Windows Usage” prices apply to both Windows Server® 2003 and 2008). Amazon also provides you with additional instances with other option for Amazon EC2 running Microsoft and Amazon EC2 running IBM that are priced differently.
• • • • US – N. Virginia US – N. California EU – Ireland APAC – Singapore

US – N. Virginia Linux/UNIX Standard On-Demand Instances Usage Small (Default) $0.085 per hour Large $0.34 per hour Extra Large $0.68 per hour High-Memory On-Demand Instances Extra Large $0.50 per hour Double Extra Large $1.20 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $2.40 per hour High-CPU On-Demand Instances Medium $0.17 per hour Extra Large $0.68 per hour

Windows Usage $0.12 per hour $0.48 per hour $0.96 per hour

$0.62 per hour $1.44 per hour $2.88 per hour

$0.29 per hour $1.16 per hour
57

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Cluster Compute Instances Quadruple Extra Large $1.60 per hour N/A* * Windows is not currently available for Cluster Compute Instances. US – N. California Linux/UNIX Standard On-Demand Instances Windows Usage Usage Small (Default) $0.095 per hour $0.13 per hour Large $0.38 per hour $0.52 per hour Extra Large $0.76 per hour $1.04 per hour High-Memory On-Demand Instances Extra Large $0.57 per hour $0.69 per hour Double Extra Large $1.34 per hour $1.58 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $2.68 per hour $3.16 per hour High-CPU On-Demand Instances Medium $0.19 per hour $0.31 per hour Extra Large $0.76 per hour $1.24 per hour Cluster Compute Instances Quadruple Extra Large N/A N/A * Cluster Compute Instances are currently only available in the US – N. Virginia Region. EU – Ireland Linux/UNIX Standard On-Demand Instances Windows Usage Usage Small (Default) $0.095 per hour $0.12 per hour Large $0.38 per hour $0.48 per hour Extra Large $0.76 per hour $0.96 per hour High-Memory On-Demand Instances Extra Large $0.57 per hour $0.62 per hour Double Extra Large $1.34 per hour $1.44 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $2.68 per hour $2.88 per hour High-CPU On-Demand Instances Medium $0.19 per hour $0.29 per hour Extra Large $0.76 per hour $1.16 per hour Cluster Compute Instances
58

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Quadruple Extra Large N/A N/A * Cluster Compute Instances are currently only available in the US – N. Virginia Region. APAC – Singapore Linux/UNIX Standard On-Demand Instances Windows Usage Usage Small (Default) $0.095 per hour $0.12 per hour Large $0.38 per hour $0.48 per hour Extra Large $0.76 per hour $0.96 per hour High-Memory On-Demand Instances Extra Large $0.57 per hour $0.62 per hour Double Extra Large $1.34 per hour $1.44 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $2.68 per hour $2.88 per hour High-CPU On-Demand Instances Medium $0.19 per hour $0.29 per hour Extra Large $0.76 per hour $1.16 per hour Cluster Compute Instances Quadruple Extra Large N/A N/A * Cluster Compute Instances are currently only available in the US – N. Virginia Region. Pricing is per instance-hour consumed for each instance type, from the time an instance is launched until it is terminated. Each partial instance-hour consumed will be billed as a full hour. Reserved Instances

Reserved Instances give you the option to make a low, one-time payment for each instance you want to reserve and in turn receive a significant discount on the hourly usage charge for that instance. After the one-time payment for an instance, that instance is reserved for you, and you have no further obligation; you may choose to run that instance for the discounted usage rate for the duration of your term, or when you do not use the instance, you will not pay usage charges on it. • US – N. Virginia • US – N. California • EU – Ireland
59

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

• APAC – Singapore

US – N. Virginia
One-time Fee 1 yr 3 yr Linux/UNIX Standard Reserved Instances Term Term Usage Small (Default) $227.50 $350 $0.03 per hour Large $910 $1400 $0.12 per hour Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.24 per hour High-Memory Reserved Instances Extra Large $1325 $2000 $0.17 per hour Double Extra Large $3185 $4900 $0.42 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $6370 $9800 $0.84 per hour High-CPU Reserved Instances Medium Extra Large Cluster Compute Reserved Instances $455 $1820 $700 $2800 $0.06 per hour $0.24 per hour Windows Usage $0.05 per hour $0.20 per hour $0.40 per hour

$0.24 per hour $0.55 per hour $1.10 per hour $0.125 per hour $0.50 per hour

60

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Quadruple Extra Large $4290 $6590 $0.56 per hour N/A* * Windows is not currently available for Cluster Compute Instances. US – N. California One-time Fee 1 yr 3 yr Linux/UNIX Windows Standard Reserved Instances Term Term Usage Usage Small (Default) $227.50 $350 $0.04 per hour $0.06 per hour Large $910 $1400 $0.16 per hour $0.24 per hour Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.32 per hour $0.48 per hour High-Memory Reserved Instances Extra Large $1325 $2000 $0.24 per hour $0.32 per hour Double Extra Large $3185 $4900 $0.56 per hour $0.69 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $6370 $9800 $1.12 per hour $1.38 per hour High-CPU Reserved Instances $0.145 per Medium $455 $700 $0.08 per hour hour Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.32 per hour $0.58 per hour Cluster Compute Reserved Instances Quadruple Extra Large N/A N/A N/A N/A * Cluster Compute Instances are currently only available in the US – N. Virginia Region. EU – Ireland One-time Fee 1 yr 3 yr Linux/UNIX Windows Standard Reserved Instances Term Term Usage Usage Small (Default) $227.50 $350 $0.04 per hour $0.06 per hour Large $910 $1400 $0.16 per hour $0.24 per hour Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.32 per hour $0.48 per hour High-Memory Reserved Instances Extra Large $1325 $2000 $0.24 per hour $0.32 per hour Double Extra Large $3185 $4900 $0.56 per hour $0.69 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $6370 $9800 $1.12 per hour $1.38 per hour High-CPU Reserved Instances Medium $455 $700 $0.08 per hour $0.145 per
61

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.32 per hour Cluster Compute Reserved Instances Quadruple Extra Large N/A N/A N/A N/A * Cluster Compute Instances are currently only available in the US – N. Virginia Region.

hour $0.58 per hour

APAC – Singapore
One-time Fee 1 yr 3 yr Linux/UNIX Standard Reserved Instances Term Term Usage Small (Default) $227.50 $350 $0.04 per hour Large $910 $1400 $0.16 per hour Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.32 per hour High-Memory Reserved Instances Extra Large $1325 $2000 $0.24 per hour Double Extra Large $3185 $4900 $0.56 per hour Quadruple Extra Large $6370 $9800 $1.12 per hour High-CPU Reserved Instances Medium Extra Large Cluster Compute Reserved $455 $1820 $700 $2800 $0.08 per hour $0.32 per hour Windows Usage $0.06 per hour $0.24 per hour $0.48 per hour

$0.32 per hour $0.69 per hour $1.38 per hour $0.145 per hour $0.58 per hour
62

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Instances Quadruple Extra Large

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

* Cluster Compute Instances are currently only available in the

US – N. Virginia Region. Reserved Instances can be purchased for 1 or 3 year terms, and the one-time fee per instance is non-refundable. Usage pricing is per instance-hour consumed. Instance-hours are billed for the time that instances are in a running state; if you do not run the instance in an hour, there is zero usage charge. Partial instance-hours consumed are billed as full hours. If Microsoft chooses to increase the license fees that it charges for Windows, we may correspondingly increase the per-hour usage rate for previously purchased Reserved Instances with Windows. The initial one-time payment for a Reserved Instance will be unaffected in this situation. Any such changes would be made between Dec 1 – Jan 31, and with at least 30 days’ notice. If the per-hour usage rate does increase, you may continue to use your Reserved Instance with Windows with the new per-hour usage rate, convert your Reserved Instance with Windows to a Reserved Instance with Linux, or request a pro rata refund of the upfront fee you paid for the Reserved Instance with Windows. Reserved Instances are available for Linux/UNIX and Windows operating systems. We do not currently offer a Reserved Instance that can be used with Microsoft SQL Server.
Spot Instances

Spot Instances enable you to bid for unused Amazon EC2 capacity. Instances are charged the Spot Price, which is set by Amazon EC2 and fluctuates periodically depending on the supply of and demand for Spot Instance capacity. To use Spot Instances, you place a Spot Instance request, specifying the instance type, the Region desired, the number of Spot Instances you want to run, and the maximum price you are willing to pay per instance hour. To determine how that maximum price compares to past Spot Prices, the Spot Price history is available via the Amazon EC2 API and the AWS Management Console. If your maximum price bid exceeds the current Spot Price, your request is fulfilled and your instances will run until either you choose to
63

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

terminate them or the Spot Price increases above your maximum price (whichever is sooner). Click here to learn more about Spot Instances. For information on how to get started, click here. every 30 minutes). Note that Cluster Compute Instances are not currently available as Spot The following table displays the Spot Price per Region and instance type (updated
If you would like to go straight to a view of the latest Spot Instance pricing:
1. Log in to the AWS Management Console, then click the “Amazon EC2” tab.

2. Click on “Spot Requests” in the navigation pane on the left. 3. Click on “Pricing History” to open a view of pricing selectable by instance type. Data Transfer

Internet Data Transfer
The pricing below is based on data transferred "in" and "out" of Amazon EC2. US & EU Regions APAC Region Free until Nov 1, 2010 Free until Nov 1, 2010 All Data Transfer * * Data Transfer Out US & EU APAC Region ** Regions First 1 GB per Month $0.00 per GB $0.00 per GB Up to 10 TB per $0.15 per GB $0.19 per GB Month Next 40 TB per Month $0.11 per GB $0.15 per GB Next 100 TB per $0.09 per GB $0.13 per GB Month Over 150 TB per $0.08 per GB $0.12 per GB Month * Data Transfer In will be $0.10 per GB after November 1, 2010. ** Rate tiers take into account your aggregate Data Transfer Out usage across Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon SimpleDB, Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS, and Amazon VPC. There is no Data Transfer charge between Amazon EC2 and other Amazon Web Services within the same region (i.e. between Amazon EC2 US West and Amazon S3 in
64

Data Transfer In

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

US West). Data transferred between Amazon EC2 instances located in different Availability Zones in the same Region will be charged Regional Data Transfer. Data transferred between AWS services in different regions will be charged as Internet Data Transfer on both sides of the transfer. Usage for other Amazon Web Services is billed separately from Amazon EC2.

Availability Zone Data Transfer
• $0.00 per GB – all data transferred between instances in the same Availability Zone using private IP addresses.

Regional Data Transfer
• $0.01 per GB in/out – all data transferred between instances in different Availability Zones in the same region.

Public and Elastic IP and Elastic Load Balancing Data Transfer
• $0.01 per GB in/out – If you choose to communicate using your Public or Elastic IP address or Elastic Load Balancer inside of the Amazon EC2 network, you’ll pay Regional Data Transfer rates even if the instances are in the same Availability Zone. For data transfer within the same Availability Zone, you can easily avoid this charge (and get better network performance) by using your private IP whenever possible. See Availability Zones for tools to describe instance location. Amazon Elastic Block Store • • • • US – N. Virginia US – N. California EU – Ireland APAC – Singapore US – N. Virginia Amazon EBS Volumes • $0.10 per GB-month of provisioned storage • $0.10 per 1 million I/O requests Amazon EBS Snapshots to Amazon S3 (priced the same as
65

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Amazon S3) • $0.15 per GB-month of data stored • $0.01 per 1,000 PUT requests (when saving a snapshot) • $0.01 per 10,000 GET requests (when loading a snapshot) US – N. California Amazon EBS Volumes • $0.11 per GB-month of provisioned storage • $0.11 per 1 million I/O requests Amazon EBS Snapshots to Amazon S3 (priced the same as Amazon S3) • $0.18 per GB-month of data stored • $0.012 per 1,000 PUT requests (when saving a snapshot) • $0.012 per 10,000 GET requests (when loading a snapshot) EU – Ireland Amazon EBS Volumes • $0.11 per GB-month of provisioned storage • $0.11 per 1 million I/O requests Amazon EBS Snapshots to Amazon S3 (priced the same as Amazon S3) • $0.15 per GB-month of data stored • $0.01 per 1,000 PUT requests (when saving a snapshot) • $0.01 per 10,000 GET requests (when loading a snapshot) APAC – Singapore Amazon EBS Volumes • $0.11 per GB-month of provisioned storage
66

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

• $0.11 per 1 million I/O requests Amazon EBS Snapshots to Amazon S3 (priced the same as Amazon S3) • $0.15 per GB-month of data stored • $0.01 per 1,000 PUT requests (when saving a snapshot) • $0.01 per 10,000 GET requests (when loading a snapshot) Elastic IP Addresses
No cost for Elastic IP addresses while in use

• $0.01 per non-attached Elastic IP address per complete hour • $0.00 per Elastic IP address remap – first 100 remaps / month • $0.10 per Elastic IP address remap – additional remap / month over 100 Amazon CloudWatch • • • • US – N. Virginia US – N. California EU – Ireland APAC – Singapore US – N. Virginia Amazon EC2 Monitoring • $0.015 per instance-hour (or partial hour) US – N. California Amazon EC2 Monitoring • $0.015 per instance-hour (or partial hour) EU – Ireland Amazon EC2 Monitoring • $0.015 per instance-hour (or partial hour)
67

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

APAC – Singapore Amazon EC2 Monitoring • $0.015 per instance-hour (or partial hour) Auto Scaling Auto Scaling is enabled by Amazon CloudWatch and carries no additional fees. Each instance launched by Auto Scaling is automatically enabled for monitoring and the Amazon CloudWatch monitoring charge will be applied. Elastic Load Balancing • • • • US – N. Virginia US – N. California EU – Ireland APAC – Singapore

US – N. Virginia • $0.025 per Elastic Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour) • $0.008 per GB of data processed by an Elastic Load Balancer US – N. California • $0.028 per Elastic Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour) • $0.008 per GB of data processed by an Elastic Load Balancer EU – Ireland • $0.028 per Elastic Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour) • $0.008 per GB of data processed by an Elastic Load Balancer APAC – Singapore • $0.028 per Elastic Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour)
68

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

• $0.008 per GB of data processed by an Elastic Load Balancer

Resources
Developer Resources • AWS Management Console • WSDL • Release Notes • Documentation • Sample Code & Libraries • Developer Tools • Articles & Tutorials • Amazon Machine Images • Public Data Sets on AWS • ElasticFox Firefox Extension • Community Forum

Additional Product Information
• • • • • • • • • • •

FAQs Amazon EC2 Service Level Agreement Amazon Elastic Block Store Instance Types Amazon CloudWatch Auto Scaling Elastic Load Balancing Amazon EC2 running Microsoft Amazon EC2 running IBM Amazon Web Services Customer Agreement Service Health Dashboard

Related Services
• Amazon DevPay 69

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

• AWS Premium Support • Amazon Simple Storage Service • Amazon Simple Queue Service

Detailed Description
Using Amazon EC2 to Run Instances Amazon EC2 allows you to set up and configure everything about your instances from

your operating system up to your applications. An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is simply a packaged-up environment that includes all the necessary bits to set up and boot your instance. Your AMIs are your unit of deployment. You might have just one AMI or you might compose your system out of several building block AMIs (e.g., webservers, appservers, and databases). Amazon EC2 provides a number of tools to make creating an AMI easy including the AWS Management Console. You can also choose from a library of globally available AMIs that provide useful instances. For example, if you just want a simple Linux server, you can choose one of the standard Linux distribution AMIs. Once you have set up your account and uploaded your AMIs, you are ready to boot your instance. You can start your AMI on any number and any type of instance by calling the RunInstances API. If you wish to run more than 20 On-Demand or Reserved Instances or 100 Spot
Instances, create more than 100 EBS volumes, need more than 5 Elastic IP addresses or 5 Elastic Load Balancers, or need to send large quantities of email from your EC2 account, please complete the Amazon EC2 instance request form, Amazon EBS volume request form, Elastic IP request form, Elastic Load Balancers, or the Email request form respectively and your request will be considered. Paying for What You Use

You will be charged at the end of each month for your EC2 resources actually consumed. As an example, assume you launch 100 instances of the Small type costing $0.085 per hour at some point in time. The instances will begin booting immediately, but they won’t necessarily all start at the same moment. Each
70

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

instance will store its actual launch time. Thereafter, each instance will charge for its hours (at $.085/hour) of execution at the beginning of each hour relative to the time it launched. Each instance will run until one of the following occurs: you terminate the instance with the TerminateInstances API call (or an equivalent tool), the instance shuts itself down (e.g. UNIX “shutdown” command), or the host terminates due to software or hardware failure. Partial instance hours consumed are billed as full hours.

SUN’S CLOUD
71

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

Sun Cloud is an on-demand Cloud computing service operated by Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation. The Sun Cloud Compute Utility provides access to a substantial computing resource over the Internet for US$1 per CPU-hour. It is based on and supports open source technologies such as Solaris 10, Sun Grid Engine, and the Java platform. Sun Cloud delivers enterprise computing power and resources over the Internet, enabling developers, researchers, scientists and businesses to optimize performance, speed time to results, and accelerate innovation without investment in IT infrastructure. The Sun Cloud is available worldwide. Since Sunday, March 7, 2010, the network.com web site has been inaccessible.

Suitable applications A typical application that can run on the Compute Utility fits the following parameters:
• must be self-contained • runs on the Solaris 10 Operating System (OS) • is implemented with standard object libraries included with the Solaris 10 OS or

user libraries packaged with the executable o all executable code must be available on the Compute Utility at time of execution • runs to completion under control of shell scripts (no requirement for interactive access) • has a total maximum size of applications and data that does not exceed 10 gigabytes • can be packaged for upload to Sun Cloud as one or more ZIP files of 300 megabytes or smaller Resources, jobs and runs
Resources are collections of files that contain the user's data and executable.

Jobs are a Compute Utility concept that define the elements of the unit of work that is submitted to the Sun Cloud Compute Utility. The major elements of a job include the name of the shell script controlling program execution, required arguments to the shell script, and a list of resources that must be in place for the job to run. A run is a specific instantiation of a Job description submitted to the Sun Cloud Compute Utility. Runs occur when the job is submitted to the Compute Utility for execution.
72

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

CPU-hour For each job one submits and runs on the Cloud, the Sun Cloud CPU usage is aggregated and then rounded up to the nearest whole hour. For example, if a job used 1000 CPUs for one minute, it would be aggregated as 1000 CPU minutes or 16.67 CPU hours. The software rounds this up to 17 hours and the job would be billed as US $17. The Application Catalog On March 13, 2007, Sun announced the launch of Application Catalog, an online service that allows developers and ISVs to develop and publish their applications, enabling communities of scientists and academics in life sciences, education, engineering, and other fields to accelerate innovation and complete research projects quickly and less expensively.[citation needed] The Network.com Application Catalog gives users immediate online access to popular ISV and open source applications through an easy-to-use Web portal with no contractual obligation. Users can upload and run their own applications and create a personal library of favorites or take advantage of the pre-installed and configured applications giving them instant productivity. The portal gives them everything they need to conduct analysis and complete complex computational tasks to help speed scientific discovery and shorten the time to market for new products. They simply select the application, upload their data, and get results fast. Network.com enables anyone to publish applications to the Application Catalog and take advantage of the powerful Solaris 10-based Cloud platform. Users can publish their own applications to a private library and access them whenever they want; they can also share their applications with others while retaining their data securely in their private space. Available Applications Applications available on the Catalog include(by category):
• General - Blender, FDS • Computer Aided Engineering - Calculix, deal.II, Elmer Solver, Impact, FreeFEM,

OFELI • Life Sciences - BLAST, FASTA, GROMACS, Clustalw, eHITS, T-Coffee, fastDNAml, READSEQ Examples of types of suitable applications include:
• • • •

Bio informatics Financial domain applications, like Monte Carlo method, Black-Scholes option pricing models Computer Arts, like Fractal landscape generation Speech synthesis applications, like Festival
73

HCL TECHNOLOGIES

Ltd.

•

Scientific applications, like Computer simulation

74

Summary While outsourcing software applications to the Internet cloud isn’t for every organization, many firms have found that cloud computing can be a simple, reliable, and cost effective solution. Both the Internet cloud vendors (SAAS) and the organization should have audits performed on a periodic basis. • SAAS vendors - audits help ensure system availability, information confidentiality, and data integrity. • Organizations - audits ensure organization management that the firm is managing its cloud computing risks. Risk assessments and audits help organizations identify, manage, and reduce their risks. Publication and Author Information Jim Kelton is president of Altius IT, an IT risk management consulting company based in Santa Ana, California. Mr. Kelton has over 30 years of experience in the Information Technology industry and is recognized as a security expert. He is certified by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) as a Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA). He is also Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT (CGEIT).