Computer Hardware

System & Hardware

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Introduction to Computer Science (uGeysLwmodyrwquf) f HÜ d f

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Computer (uGeysLwm) f History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) Types of Computer (uGeysLwmtrsK;tpm;rsm;) f d

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Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3 Program (y½dk*&rf) Generations of Programming Languages

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Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance

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Components of a Computer

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System Unit Computer System One Set (uGeysLwmpepfwpfp) f kH Mother Board / Main Board

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System & Hardware

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Bus, Slot and I/O Card Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) Memory (rSwfÓPf) Monitor (armfeDwm) Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card

wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; 13 19/ 20/ 21/ 22/ 23/ 24/ 25/ 26/ 27/ 28/ 29/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifh ñTefMum;csuf

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Mouse Printer Impact Printer Daisy Wheel Printer Dot Matrix Printer Non-Impact Printer Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 18 18

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Rear Panel of AT System Unit Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)

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Rear Panel of ATX System Unit

System & Hardware

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30/ 31/ 32/ 33/ 34/ 35/ 36/ 37/ 38/ 39/ 40/

Starting the Computer (For Windows XP)

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Shut Down the Computer (For Windows XP)

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Start-Up Procedure for PC

20 22 24

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Power On Self Test (POST)

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Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25 Low Level Interface

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 26
Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)

(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)
Protecting Electrical Power Problem

27 34 35 36 37

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Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System

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Notice of the Computer Users

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Fault finding for PC

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PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading

41/ 42/ 43/ 44/ 45/ 46/ 47/ 48/ 49/ 50/ 51/ 52/ 53/

Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors Desktop Board Components Intel's Microprocessor Intel Processor Specifications Intel Compatible Processors Chipset Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) Intel South Bridge Chips Mother Board Upgrading Processor Sockets / Slots

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 45 45

Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications 46 Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm

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Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;)

47

48 49 50 50 51

54/ 55/ 56/ 57/

Conventional Graphics Architecture How Accelerated Graphics Port Works PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

System & Hardware

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Hard Disk Storage Hard Disk Features Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh

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Floppy Disk Drives Floppy Disk Diskette on its Capacity Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;

56 57 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66

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CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk MultiBeam Technology CD-ROM Drive Specification CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; CD-ROM Format CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfh

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High Capacity Removable Storage LS-120 Specifications Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) Jaz Specifications

System & Hardware

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DAT and 8mm Tape specifications SparQ Specifications Removeable Drive Specifications DVD Formats and Standards

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 1

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Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)
Computer (uGefysLwm)

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Data

→

Processing

→ Information

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)

Computer Hardware
- Input Hardware - Output Hardware - Processing & Memory Hardware - Secondary storage Hardware - Communications Devices - etc.

Software
System Software Application Software

( Customize / Packages ) - Operating System - Utility Programs - Word Processing - Language Translators - Spread Sheet - Database - Graphic , etc.

History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) 2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonfpOf ckEpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; S tjrefEIef; 1/ 1200 Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom

ayoD;wGufcsufrI 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 1800 1896 1950 1960 1965 1970 1980 1st Gen: 2nd Gen: 3rd Gen: 4th Gen: 5th Gen: Automatic Mechanical Calculator Punch Card Machine Vaccum tube Transistors Integreated Circuit(IC) Microprocessor Artificial Intelligence(AI)

1000 cal/sec 10×1st Gen 100×2nd Gen 50×3rd Gen Million Inst/sec

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 2

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Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;

tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvG e f j rif h r m;aom pGr;f aqmifEir&NdS y;D a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefz;dk &Sygonf/ Super Computer dk f I d rsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe jyKvyjf cif; ponfvyief;rsm;wGif tok;H jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGeysLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg k h k f f oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum; (2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP (3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm (4) tjrifrm;qk;H wefz;dk h ( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf rjrifrm;aomfvnf; Bu;D rm;aompGr;f aqmifEirI ESihf odavSmifEirI &Sygonf/ Mainh dk f k kd f d frame rsm;tm; tzJ G U tpnf ; BuD ; rsm;wG i f Data rsm;tm; A[k d w G u f c suf r I jyKvyay;&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vki;f rsm;? tmrcH vkyief; k f d f rsm;? pmykvyief;rsm;? wuúovrsm;? taumuftcGersm;ponfwwif tok;H jyKonf/ Yd k f dk f f Ykd G ( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf cswqufEiaomTerminal d f kd f ta&twGuf ESihf pGr;f aqmifEirKS enf;onf/ uGeysLwmjzifh wGucsuvyaqmifjcif; kd f f f f k f vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ (C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfcoYdk cswqufíTerminal tjzpf tok;jyKjcif; k d f H jzifh Personal Computer ESihf Workstation tjzpf(2)rsKd ; tok;H jyKEionf/ Micro dk f Computer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,yrmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwki;f f d cJGjcm;xm;ygonf(1) Desktops (2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 3

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(3) (4) (5)
Parts of Computer

Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data

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uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf(u) Hardware / uGeysLwm&Sd xdawGUukiw,í&aom ypön;f ud&,mrsm;ukd ac:qkd f d f G f d ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor ( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)? Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/ ( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS

Program (y½dk*&rf) 5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;ñTeMf um;csursm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programming f language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonfGenerations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

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Generation Language 1st Generation Machine language 2nd Generation Assembly language 3rd Generation High-level language 4th Generation Very high-level language 5th Generation Natural language

Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) 6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 4

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rsm;ESioufqi&mbmom&yf uRr;f usioynm&Sirsm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,&ygonf/ AI onf hf dk f f l f l odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqi&m uRr;f usiol Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:? dk f f tawGUtBuKH ? A[kowrsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sirsm;\tultnDjzifh Program k f rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/ Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuKH A[kowrsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usiwif us,jf yefpm tok;cs k f G Y G H Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/ ( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\ wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computer tm; cki;f apjcif;? Computer ESihf tjyeftvSequfo,aqmif½ujf cif;ukd pGr;f aqmif d f G f G Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf(1) Natural Language Understanding (2) Natural Language Generation ( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay; vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/ (C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kcrI enf;ynmESihf puf½yenf;ynmrsm;ukd H H k f aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm; Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK; vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/ (2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd tm½kcjH cif;? toHudk tm½kcjH cif; ponfpepfrsm;tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&SEiygonf/ H H h d dk f Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kcí H H olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic Machine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 5

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Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m owif; tcsutvufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfoi;f xm;aom A[kowtajccH f h G k onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/ Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm

wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm; (Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowledge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk) 7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wk;wufxe;um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wk;wuf d G f d xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semiconductor Technology wk d ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf h t wG u f a Mumif h tvG e f j ref q ef j cif ; ? pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hardd f f Yd ware qki&menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGioYdk ykaqmif ay;aeygonf/ *syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \

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Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

6

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Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance

(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)
Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)

1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf(u) System Unit ( c) Monitor ( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse (C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
System Unit 2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-

(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q) ( Z) (ps) (n) ( #) ( X) ( !) ( ¡) (P)

PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ] FDD (Floppy Disk Drive) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ] CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ] Mother Board [ AT/ATX] Interface Card / Controller Card Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP] Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM] Cache Memory CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip] ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX] Backup Battery Others

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

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Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

System Unit

yHk (1)

Monitor Speaker Scanner
Scanner Tower System

Speaker

Dot- Matrix Printer
Dot-matrix printer

Mouse

uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef
Keyboard Personal Computer

trsK;d tpm;rsm;

Pen Computer

PDA

Laptop Computer

Pen computer

PD Pocket organizer (PersonalA Digital (Handheld computer) (Per ersonal Digital Asistant)

Laptop computer

Computer Casing

trsKd;tpm;rsm;

Desktop Casing
Desktop box

Tower Casing

Plotter Computer Accessories
Tower box

uGeysLwmqufpyfypön;f rsm; f

Modem
Plotter

Modem

Laser Printer

Laser printer

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

8

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Mother Board / Main Board 3/ Personal Computer wpfv;wGif ta&;Bu;qH; tpdwtydi;rSm Main Board (odr[kw) kH D k f k f Yk f Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD; ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0if ygonf/ Mother Board wpfcka½G;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;

&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm (u) Processor trsKd;tpm; ( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm; ( *) Mother Board Speed (C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI ( i) Main Memory yrmP ( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm; (q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX) ( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial, (ps) (n) ( #) ( X)
Parallel, Interface ..... ) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI Mother Board Chip Set Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Bus, Slot and I/O Card 4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfonf/ Mother Board twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK; tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSequfo,í tvkyvyygonf/ Mother Board \ Bus Design f G f f k f EIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg Bus

trsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf(u) Processor Bus ( c) Address Bus ( *) Memory Bus (C) I/O Bus

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance
CPU Processor Bus
480-528MBPS

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Half (or) Full of CPU Speed CPU Processor Bus Back Side Bus
800-1064MBPS

External Cache

L2 Cache

60/66MHz

Front Side Bus

PC 100/133 Memory Memory RAM

Chipset

Memory

RAM PC 66 Memory

AGP
528MBPS

Chipset

I/O Bus

yHk (2) 5/

tjcm; Device rsm;ESihf CPU tjyeftvSef qufo,aqmif½uEi&ef I/O Bus (odr[kw) G f G f kd f Yk f Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;ü atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf(u) Sound Card ( c) Video Card ( *) Network Interface Card (NIC) (C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/O Bus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf

jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm (u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif; ( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif; ( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ (u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture) ( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture) 7/

I/O Bus

Classic Mother Board Design

Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design (Dual Independend Bus)

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( *) (C) ( i) ( p) 8/

EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)

Personal Computer wGiyg&Saom omref Mother Board wpfcwif CPU, Chipset, f d k G f f G f G f k S k f Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsi;csi; qufo,aqmif½uaeyHrm atmufygtwdi; jzpfygonf/

CPU External Cache

Processor Bus (High Speed)

Built-In I/O

I/O Bus (Slow Speed)

Bus Controller Chips

I/O Bus (Slow Speed)

Slotted I/O

yHk (3)

Memory Bus (High Speed)

RAM

Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) 9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPU jzpfygonf/ CPU qdonfrm A[dxe;f csKyonfh ,lepfwpfcjk zpfNy;D Computer wpfv;kH \ OD;aESmuf k S k d f [kvnf; ac:qkEiygonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfv;kH \ 'ór*Pef;qdi&m wGucsurrty d kd f k f f f I S tjcm;wGucsurEihf Processing qdi&mrsm;udk vkyaqmifay;Ediygonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGucsuf f f I S k f f k f f Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;í wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/

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Processor CPU Clock Std. Voltage

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MaxMultimedia Memory Instructions 1M 1M 16M 16M 16M 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G MMX 64G 64G MMX 64G MMX 64G SSE(MMX,3D)

8088 1x 8086 1x 286 1x 386SX 1x 386SL 1x 386DX 1x 486SX 1x 486SX2 2x 487SX 1x 486DX 1x 486SL** 1x 486DX2 2x 486DX4 2-3x Pentium OD 2-5x Pentium 60/66 1x Pentium 75+ 1.5-3x PentiumMMX1.5-4.5x Pentium Pro 2-3x Pentium II 3.5-4.5x Celeron 3.5-7x Pentium !!! 4.5-8x

Intel Processor Specifications Internal Data-Bus AddressRegister Width Bus Size Width 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit

MMX=Multi Media Extensions SSE=Streaming Instruction Data) SSE=Streaming SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data) Extensions

Z,m; (1) 10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ 11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t& Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ 12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEe;f onf Mother Board \tjrefEe;f ESihf rwlnEiyg/ Processor I I D kd f \tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board \tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSB Speed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf-

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CPU Clock 1x 1x 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2x 2x 2.5x 2.5x 3x 3x 3.5x 4.5x 3.5x 4.5x 5x 4x 5x 5.5x 8x

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Motherboard Speed 60MHz 66MHz 50MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 66MHz 66MHz 100MHz 100MHz 100MHz 133MHz 133MHz 133MHz 100MHz

Z,m; (2)

CPU Type/Speed Pentium 60 Pentium 66 Pentium 75 Pentium 90 Pentium 100 Pentium 120 Pentium 133 Pentium 150 Pentium 166/P6 Pentium 180/P6 Pentium 200/P6 Pentium 233/PII Pentium II 300 Pentium II 350 Pentium II 450 Pentium !!! 500 Pentium !!! 533 Pentium !!! 667 Pentium !!! 733 Pentium !!! 800

Memory (rSwfÓPf) 13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPU

rSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;? tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ 14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory Card trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí cGJjcm;edkifygonf/ 15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory Card rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/

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Monitor (armfeDwm) 16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm

atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf(u) Monochrome ( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor ) ( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor ) (C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array ) ( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array ) ( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array ) 17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yH&y\tvif;tarSmifEihf rsuEmjyifukd tay: k d f S f S atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;? aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/
9 Pin 0 0 0 0 Mono, CGA, EGA 0 0 0 0 0 Connector 00000 00000 00000 15 Pin VGA, SVGA, XVGA Connector

yHk (4)

18/

Monitor ESiwzuftoH;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGirrtoH;jyKvaom hf JG k f d d k kd Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;
Resolution 640 x 480(VGA) 800 x 600(SVGA) 1024 x 768(XGA) 1280 x 1024(SXGA) 1600 x 1200 16 Colors 0.15MB 0.23MB 0.38MB 0.63MB 0.92MB 256 Colors 0.29MB 0.46MB 0.75MB 1.25MB 1.83MB 64K Colors 0.59MB 0.92MB 1.5MB 2.5MB 3.66MB 16.7M Colors 0.88MB 1.37MB 2.25MB 3.75MB 5.94MB

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

Z,m;(5)

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½Sif;vif;csuf/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESihf 16 Million Color az:jyEdiaom Frame wpfcukd k f k Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MB vdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;) 19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95 Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/

PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )

yHk (5)

101 Keyboard

AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )

Mouse 20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/ toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Serial Mouse Connector

PS2 Mouse Connector

yHk (6)

Mouse & Mouse Pad

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Printer 21/ Printer qdonfrm Data rsm;? ½kyyrsm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Guay:odYk k S f kH f xkw,aompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdi;f ESprsK;d cJjG cm;Ediygonff l k f k f (u) Impact Printer ( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/ Impact Printer 22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif (u) Daisywheel Printer ( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/

23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
Daisy Wheel Printer 24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf; ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf

aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/
Dot Matrix Printer 25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin ta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/

24 Pin Printer Head

9 Pin Printer Head

Dot Matrix Printer

yHk (7)

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Non-Impact Printer 26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif (u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl) ( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf) ( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [lí awGU½SdEdkifygonff/

Laser Jet Printer

yHk (8)
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg twdkif; jzpfygonf (u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGi½aom f dS AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet d f Yk f Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh cswquf wyfqifyg/ (odr[kw) (2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ ( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGA Interface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ ( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/

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( p) (q) ( Z) ( ps)

System Unit wGi½dS Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ f AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector

tm; wyfqifyg/
UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ AC Source rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf

(n) ( #)

wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC Source ESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/ wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/ Rear Panel of AT System Unit
DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F) AC OUTLET (B) ( TO MONITOR) AC INLET (A) DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

KEYBOARD INPUT (D) VGA INTERFACE (C)
SERIAL 2

PARALLEL PORT (F)
SERIAL 1

PARALLEL

GAME

IN MIC

SPK

tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef Speaker wyfqif&ef
SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)

PARALLEL & SERIAL INTERFACE SERIAL PORT (E)

..... .....

OUT

VGA Port

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&ef ae&m MIC wyfqif&ef
VGA INTERFACE (C)

○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

.... .....

............ ............. ............ ............. ....... ........

yHk (9)

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Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS System Unit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet d f Yk f Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh cswqufwyfqifyg/ (odr[kw) (2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ Rear Panel of ATX System Unit
PS/2 Keyboard (F) PS/2 Mouse (E)

AC OUTLET (B) AC INLET (A)

USB PORT

o

o

○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○

yHk (10)
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef Speaker wyfqif&ef
VGA INTERFACE (C)
IN SPK

Game Port

MIC

OUT

SOUND CARD INTERFACE (D)

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&efae&m
MIC

○ ○ ○ ○ ○

............. ............ ..... .... .... ..... ..... .....

COM B

LPT PORT (G)

O/P

o o

....... ........

COM A

o

o

wyfqif&ef

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance 19

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( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom VGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wG i f csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqif toH;k jyKvygu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHí kd toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odr[kw) tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqif Yk f toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ (q) AC Source ESihf Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdu½uf k f kd csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ (n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGif Surge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/ ( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;) 29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkifygonf/ (u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/ ( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance 20

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( *) (C)

Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/

acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemuf Computer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x, desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)

Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf(u) ( c) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyyg/ f
Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start Button udk Click vkyyg/ (odr[kw) Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc f Yk f Key ud k w G J í ES d y f y g/ (od k Y r [k w f ) Windows Keyboard rsm;wG i f Windows Key udEyyg/ k Sd f Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyyg/ f Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off

( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q) ( Z)

jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyyg/ f AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyyg/ f

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yHk(11)

yHk(12)

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yHk(13)

Startup Procedure for PC

(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 31/ uGeysLwmwpfv;Hk ukd rD;zGivuonfEihf atmufygtqifrsm;twki;f aqmif&uNf y;D f hf dk f S h d G Ready tqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p)
Power Supply Unit Motherboard/Mainboard Crystal (X'tal) Clock Generator Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)

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(u)

( c)

( *)

Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNy;D DC Voltage (4) rsKd; (+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4) rsK;d udk ±5% Error twGi;f tNr&aeatmif Maintainvkyay;aejcif;jzifh ReguJ dS f lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkway; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode f Power Supply trsK;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdonfrm 5V Output d k S twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qH; &S&rnfjzpfNy; 12.6V tjrifq;&S&rnfjzpfonf/ k d D h kH d Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh 5.25V twGi;&SromvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odjYk yefyay;onf/ f d S Ykd PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSU tvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysuwi; Mother Board udk rxdcuap&efEihf f kd f kd f S Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;

(C) ( i)

( p)

ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818 f I f f k MHz)xkway;onf/ 4if;vdi;udk Digital Clock toGiajymif;,l&ef vdtyfonf/ Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk Clock Generator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/ Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory, h f k f Yk Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponftpdwtydi; toD;oD;odYk ay;ydonf/ ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/ Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if; twGi;f wGif Program udk puf½rxwvypOfuwnf;u owfrway;vduygonf/ kH S k f k f S f k f ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

24

uuuGef

(1) (2) (3)

Power On Self Test (uGeysLwmrD;zGicserpí pwifppfaq;rIjyKvyjf cif;) f hf d f S k Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsi;csi; tjyeftvSef qufo,rI f f G f udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)

Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 32/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports, f Yk f d Parallel Ports rSwÓPf (Memory) wdukd ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyí&&Saom Hardware tajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS Boot dS f dS f H Strap odYk a&muf&ygonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gi;rI&ygu Monitor ay:wGieygwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? Error Message ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/

33/

Start -Up Procedure For PC (PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqihf)
MOTHER BOARD Regulated DC Output CMOS

Internal Battery 3V
ROM-BIOS

Clock Generator

Switched Mode Power Supply

→

230V/110V

7654321 7654321 7654321 7654321

→

AC

P S U

→ -5 → +12 → -12 → PG
+5

(± 5% Error) Analog

Digital Clock

(i) POST
(Power On Self Test)

(ii) Boot Strap

Crystal (Oscillator)

→ → Other Devices →

(iii) Low Level
Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System Interface

yH(14) k

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance

25
Boot Strap Program Code Boot Strap Program

uuuGef

(ii) Boot Strap

Main Memory
Seg F ROM-BIOS Program Loader

I/O.SYS
3

2

MSDOS.SYS CONFIG.SYS COMMAND.COM
1

4 5 6

yH(15) k
Seg 2 Seg 1

7

AUTOEXEC.BAT WIN.COM

Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 34/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/

35/

Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/ ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR) odr[kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Saeaom Yk d Master Boot Record (MBR) rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k Ykd f d uGeysLwm\rSwÓPf (Memory) ay:odYk wifyay;Ny;D 4if;wGiyg&Sonfh Instrucf f tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/ ( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&Sd System File (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS (4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odYk quf

vufwifay;onf/ 36/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD; vkyaqmifay;aom IO.SYS File udyxrOD;pGm Memory ay:odYk wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh f k IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance

26

uuuGef

37/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:oda&muf&NdS yjD zpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udajz&Si;f Yk k aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/ 38/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNy;D Memory ay:odYk wifay; onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif Hardware k f G h G f Device topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdiwif xnfoi; ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwonfh Device rsm; wyfqif f xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/ 39/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdiukd qufvuf&mazGNy;D Memory k f S ay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh Directory wGif &SaMumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdionf/ COMMAND.COM zdionf d k f k f DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&SvQif "Missing Command Interpreter" d [k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/ qufvufíaemufq;kH tqifwif COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT h G File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfppnf;íxnfoi;f xm;onfzif jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk k h G h kd COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh jzpfapygonf/
Low Level Interface

40/

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 41/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f udk tjyeftvSef qufo,aqmif½urukd G f G f I OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard Disk rS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 27

uuuGef

Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP) (Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)

42/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf(u) Start→All Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Disk Defragmentor udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyyg/ (odr[kw) f Yk f

yHk(16) ( c)
Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyyg/ f (1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/ (2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C: ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyyg/ f (3) Shortcut Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 28

uuuGef

yHk(17) (4) (5) (6) (7) ( *)
Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyyg/ f Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools uda½G;yg/ k Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyyg/ f Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (19) (1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udxyfNy;D a½G;cs,f k

Edkifygonf/ (2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragments Button udk Click vkyyg/ f

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 29

uuuGef

yHk(18)

yHk(19)

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 30

uuuGef

(C)

rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)

( i) ( p)

yHk(20) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif; vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyyg/ f teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Saeaom zdirsm;udk d k f vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/ Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)

(q)

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 31

uuuGef

yHk(21)

( Z)

NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdk ygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report udMk unf½vygu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif atmufyg h I kd Defragmentation Report Window yHk(22 ) ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/

yHk(22)

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 32

uuuGef

(ps)

Defragmentation Report ygtcsutvufrsm;tm; odr;qnf;vdygu f f k Save As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xGuvygu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyf f kd

aqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGmNyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/ 43/ DOS Mode rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf(u) Start→Command Prompt udk yH(23 )ygtwdi;f a&G;cs,f Click vkyyg/ k k f ( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yH(24 ) k

yHk(23)

( *)

Command Prompt wGif rdrd Defragmentation vkyfvdkaom Drive ES i f h o uf q d k i f a om Command ud k ½ d k u f í Enter Key ud k E S d y f y gu Defragmenting vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>DEFRAG F: )

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 33

uuuGef

yHk(24) 44/
DOS Mode rS Check Disk jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-

(u) ( c) ( *)

Start→Command Prompt udk yH(23 )ygtwdi;a&G;cs,f Click vkyyg/ k k f f DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yH(25) k Command Prompt wGif rdrd Check Disk vk y f v d k a om Drive ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udk½dkufí Enter Key udEyygu Check k dS f Disk vkyom;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>CHKDSK C: ) f G

yHk(25)

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

34

uuuGef

45/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm; ½SdEdkifygonf(u) User Error (toH;k jyKorsm;rS pufukd pepfwus zGi^ydwf rjyKvyjf cif;? toH;k jyKpOf l hf k ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;) ( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;) ( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zk e f r I e f Y r sm;? Temperature -tyl c sd e f ? Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyppfovuf f H kd qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif; aESmuf,SufrIrsm;) (C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;) (2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI) (3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhwufoGm;jcif;) (4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;) (5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;) (6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;) (7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )
Protecting Electrical Power Problem

(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 46/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdrumuG,&ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESihf Yk S f Surge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply) udwqifcí toH;jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem k h H k rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(26)

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

35

uuuGef

Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;

600VA

yH(26) k rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternal AVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor) twGuf yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/ 47/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf5v Power Less 20.0 Amps Motherboard (5.0 amps) 4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) 4.0 amps 8.0 Amps 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp) Cooling fan (0.1 amp) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) 4.2 amps Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)

=Remaining power 12v Power Less

=Ramaining power 14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) 15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA)

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

36

uuuGef

Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)

48/

uGeysLwmtoH;k jyKorsm; owdjyKvuem&rnftcsursm;rSm atmufygtwdi;f jzpfygonff l kd f h f k (u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/ ( c) uGeysLwmwpfv;kH tm; rzGirD Cable rsm;cswqufxm;rI rSerrSeppfaq;yg/ (110 f hf d f f f V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/ ( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/ (C) uGeysLwm ON/OFF jyKvyjf cif;rsm;udk Procedure twdi;f pepfwus vkyaqmifyg/ f k k f ( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd^r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS^r&dS wdkYudk ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/ ( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/ (q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton Disk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/ ( Z) uGeysLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,fruif;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufq;kH ay: Anti Virus f S Program tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifh rSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/ ( ps) jyifyrS,aqmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq; l NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/ (n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm; vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif; rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/ ( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½avhvmNy;D rS toH;k jyKyg/ I ( !) System ydi;f qdi&mESihf Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrrsm; k k f I udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/ ( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/

Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance

37

uuuGef jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;)

Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm;

49/ uGeysLwm\ vkyaqmifrtqifrsm;udk atmufygvG,u&i;f vif;aomyHjk zifh rnfonftydi;f f f I h f l S h k wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory, ( c) ( *) (C) ( i)
Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk, Application Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ O/S POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif KeyFirmware(ROMBIOS) board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;) Hardware Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/

tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKUd udk atmufygtwdi;f jypfcsu&mazGEiygonfk f S kd f pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm; 1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) PSU 2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) Monitor 3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif; (odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf 4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY) VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY) Mother Board/ CPU raumif; 5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm; rwlnD 6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)Hard Disk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif; (odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf; 7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD; 8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virus zsufqD; interpreter

Contents
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 38

PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 50/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connector rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(27)ESifhyHk(28)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonfATX Power Supply Connector

.......... ..........

Floppy Disk Connector Hard Disk Connector

}

South Bridge

}
North Bridge

DIMM Memory Bank

Backup Battery

AGP Slot

PCI Slots

PCI Slots

PCI Slots

Slot 1(CPU)

A

C

F

B
A B C D PS2/ mouse PS2/ keyboard USB Port 1 USB Port 2

D
E F G H

E

G

PCI Slots

H

I

J

Serial Port A Parallel Port Serial Port B MIDI/Game Port (optional)

I Audio Line Out (optional) J Audio Line in (optional) K Audio Mic in (optional)

Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard

yHk (27)

ISA Slots

K

ISA Slots

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39
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Desktop Board Components
A BCDE

F G Y H I

USB Device

Line In

X W V UT S R Q P O NM L K

J

Socket Type Intel DX15EEA Motherboard

yHk (28)
A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional) B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2) D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connector F. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3) H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socket J. DIMM sockets K. Power connector L. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connector N. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connector P. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connector R. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternate T. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1) V. Battery W. SCSI LED connector X. Speaker Y. PCI expansion

The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors:
Processor Type Intel Pentium Processors Intel Celeron Processors Celeron Processors Socket Type FC-PGA FC-PGA FC-PGA Processor Designation (MHz) 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 600EB, and 533EB 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600E, 550E, and 500E 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 533A, and 500A 533 and 500 System Bus Freq. (MHz) 133 100 66 L2 Cache Size (KB) 256 256 128

PPGA

66

128

For the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:

Z,m;(1)

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 40

Intel's Microprocessor 51/ Computer wpfv;\ Model ukd ¤if;wGiwyfqifxm;aomCPU \Model jzifowfrwf Hk f h S qkH;jzwfMuygonf/ ¤if; CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESifh RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfMuNyD; Special Purpose Computer rsm;wGif tokH;rsm;Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Intel,AMD,Cyrix ukrPrsm;rS tjyKd itqkixwvyvm&m ,cktcgwGif 1000 MHz(1 GHz) Ü D f d f k f k f tjrefEIef;txd a&muf½SdvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onf Intel rSxkwfvkyfaom Microprocessor rsm;ESifh tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom Processor rsm;\ pufrIqkdif&m

tcsuftvufrsm;? pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 52/ Z,m;(2)t& atmufaz:jyygtxl;od½Sd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGY½SdEkdifygonf(u) 486 DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGif; 'ór*Pef;rsm;ukd wGufcsuf aqmif&GufEkdifonfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) (okdU) Co-Math Processor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ( c) 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ ( *) Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm ( 57 MMX Instruction ) aygif;pyf wnfaqmufvkdufaomtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjyD; Multimedia qkdif&mñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd CPU rSajz½Sif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifonf/ (C) P6 Architecture udk MMX Instruction Set (57 Instruction) aygif;vduaom k f tcg PII Processor [líjzpfay:vmonf/ ( i) P II Processor wG i f 3D Instruction (SSE-Streaming SIMD) aygif;pyffvdkufaomtcg P!!! Processor [líjzpfay:vmum 3D Instruction rsm;udk CPU rSajz&Sif;aqmif½GufvmEdkifonf/ ( p) Pentium Pro (P6) Microprocessor twGif;ü L2 Cache udk built-in wnf aqmufxm;jcif;jzifh L2 Cache rS access vkyfonfh Performance udkwdk;wuf aponf/ (q) Pentium Pro (P6) rSpí L2 Cache ESifh CPU wdkY\ access vkyfonfhEIH;udk CPU Core Speed \w0uf (odkY) tjynfhjzifh aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh Performance udk ydkrdkwdk;wufaponf/

Intel Processor Specifications

41

Z,m; (2)
1.8-2.8v 1.6v 1.8-2.8v 1.5-2v 1.3-1.6v 1.8-2v 1.3-1.7v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB WB WB WB WB WB WB WB 1/2Core Core3 Core3 Core3 1/2Core Core3 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB Core 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB Core 1.65v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB Core3 2MB

Processor 8088 8086 286 386SX 386SL 386DX 486SX 486SX2 487SX 486DX 486SL 2 486DX2 486DX4 486Pentium OD Pentium 60/66 Pentium 75-200 Pentium MMX Pentium Pro

CPU Clock 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 2x 1x 1x 1x 2x 2-3x 2.5x 1x 1.5-3x 1.5-4.5x 2-3x Voltage 5v 5v 5v 5v 3.3v 5v 5v 5v 5v 5v 3.3v 5v 3.3v 5v 5v 3.3-3.5v 1.8-2.8v 3.3v

Internal Register Size 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit Max Memory 1MB 1MB 16MB 16MB 16MB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 64GB L1 Cache 0KB 1 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 16KB 2x16KB 2x8KB 2x8KB 2x16KB 2x8KB Integral FPU Yes Yes Opt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multimedia Instructions MMX No. of Tsransistors 29,000 29,000 134,000 275,000 855,000 275,000 1.185M 1.185M 1.2M 1.2M 1.4M 1.2M 1.6M 3.1M 3.1M 3.3M 4.5M 5.5M

Data Bus Width 8-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit

L1 Cache Type WT WT WT WT WT WT WT WT WB WB WB WB WB

L2 Cache Speed Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Core

Date Introduced Jun'79 Jun'78 Feb'82 Jun'88 Oct'90 Oct'85 Apr'91 Apr'94 Apr'91 Apr'89 Nov'92 Mar'92 Feb'94 Jan'95 Mar'93 Oct'94 Jan'97 Nov'95

Contents

Pentium II Pentium II PE Celeron Celeron A Celeron III Pentium III Pentium III E

3.5-4.5x 3.5-6x 3.5-4.5x 3.5-8x 4.5-9x 4-6x 4-9x

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

MMX MMX MMX MMX SSE SSE SSE

7.5M 27.4M 7.5M 19M 28.1M 9.5M 28.1M

May'97 Jan'99 Apr'98 Aug'98 Feb'2000 Feb'99 Oct'99

Pentium II Xeon

4-4.5x

Yes

MMX

7.5M

Apr'98

Pentium III Xeon

5-6x

Yes

SSE

9.5M

Mar'99

Pentium III E Xeon

4.5-6.5x

L2 Cache 256KB 512KB 1MB 512KB 256KB 0KB 128KB 128KB 256KB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 256KB 1MB Yes SSE 28.1M 84M 140M

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Oct'99 May2000

Intel Compatible Processors
Internal Data Register Bus Voltage Size 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x8KB WB 4GB 2x32KB WB 4GB 2x32KB WB 4GB 2x16KB WB 4GB 64KB WB 256KB Core3 Bus Bus Core3 Bus 4GB 64KB WB Bus 4GB 16KB WB Bus Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8TB 2x64KB WB 256KB Core3 Yes 8TB 2x64KB WB 64KB Core
3

L1 Max Memory Cache 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 8TB Yes 2x64KB WB 512KB
1/2-1/3CoreYes

L2 Cache FPU Yes Yes Yes Yes 3DNow 3DNow MMX 4.3M 8.8M 9.3M 21.3M Instructions Tsransistors Mar'96 Apr'97 May'98 Feb'99 Jun'99 Ench.3DNow 25M Ench.3DNow 37M MMX 3DNow MMX 3DNow MMX 3M 6.5M 22M 3.5M 5.4M 5.9M 3.6M Jun'2000 Jun'2000 Feb'96 May'97 Feb'2000 Mar'94 Oct'97 Sep'98 Oct'98 Integral Multimedia No. of Date Cache Speed 256KB Core Bus Bus Bus

Processor Width 64-bit 2x32KB WB 2x32KB WB 2x32KB WB 16+8KB WB Type

CPU

L1

Cache L2

Introduced

Clock

AMD K5 2.2-3.2v 32-bit 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 1.6-1.8v 32-bit 1.5-1.8v 32-bit 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 2.9v 2.2v 4v 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 2.8v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit

1.5-1.75x 3.5v

AMD K6

2.5-4.5x

AMD-K6-2

3.5-5x

AMD-K6-3

4.5x

AMD-Athlon

5-10x

Ench.3DNow 22M

AMD-Duron

5-10x

AMD-Athlon 4

5-10x

Cyrix 6x86

2x

Cyrix 6x86MX/MII 2.3-5x

Cyrix III

2.5-7x

42

Contents

Nexgen Nx586

2x

Z,m; (3)

IDT Winchip

3.4x

IDT Winchip2/2a 2.33-4x

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Rise mP6

2-3.5x

FPU = Floating Point Unit (internal math coprocessor) WT = Write - Through Cache (caches read only) WB = Write-Back cahce (caches both reads and writes) Bus = Processor external bus speed (motherboard speed) Core = Processor internal core speed (CPU speed) MMX = Multimedia extensions, 57 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 3DNow = MMX plus 21 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing Enh.3DNow= 3DNow plus 24 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing SSE = Streaming SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) Extensions, MMX plus 70 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 1 = The 386SL contains an Itegral-cache controller, but the cache memory must be provided outside the chip. 2 = Intel later marketed SL Enhance version of the SX, DX, and DX2 processors.These processors were available in both 5 v and 3.3 v versions and included power-management capabilities. 3 = On-die integrated L2 cache-runs at full-core speed. 4 = 128 KB functional L2 cache (265 KB total, 128 KB disabled), use same die as Pentium 333 E.

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43 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

(Z)

P II / P!!! Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI 1024 KB rS 2048 KB xd &SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; Server rsm;wGiftusKd;jyK

Edkifonf/
Chipset 53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd t"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSm Chipset jzpfyg onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slot rsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh South Bridge [lí½Sdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset, VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m

t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/ 54/ Z,m; (4)ESifh(5)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGU½SdEkdifygonf(u) Chipset ukdMunfhí Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ ( c) Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( *) Chipset ay:rlwnfí trsm;qkH;wyfqifEkdifonfh t"durSwfOmPfyrmP Memory Bank ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ (C) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ ( i) 440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf 2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK Ekdifonf/ ( p) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU trsdK;tpm;uGmjcm;onf/ (q) Chipset ay:rlwnfí BUS Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO, SDRAM, RDRAM) uGmjcm;onf/ ( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnfí UDMA 33 / UDMA 66/ UDMA 100 Hard Disk wyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/ (n) Chipset ay:rlwnfí AGP Support(1X/ 2X/ 4X) vkyfEdkifjcif;? rvkyfEdkifjcif; uGmjcm;ygonf/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 44

Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BX
Codename Date Introduced Port Number Natoma May 1996 82441 FX 82442 FX Bus Speed 66 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Memory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO Parity/ECC Both Maximum Memory 1 GB Memory Banks PCI Support AGP Support South Bridge 4 2.1 No 82371AB(PIIX4) none Aug 1997 82443 LX 66 MHz Pentium II Yes FPM/EDO/SDRAM Both 1 GB EDO/ 512 MB SDRAM 4 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB(PIIX4E) none Apr 1998 82443 EX 66 MHz Celeron No EDO/SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB(PIIX3) none Apr 1999 82443 BX 66/100 MHz Pentium II/III, Celeron Yes SDRAM Both 1 GB 4 2.1 AGP-2x 82371SB(PIIX4E)

Chipset
Codename Date Introduced Port Number

440GX
none Jun 1998 82443 GX

450NX
none Jun 1998 82451 NX 82452 NX 82453 NX 82454 NX 100 MHz Pentium II/III Xeon Yes, up to 4 FPM/EDO Both 8 GB 4 2.1 No 82371EB (PIIX4E)

440ZX
none Nov 1998 82443 ZX

810
Whitney Apr 1999 82810/ 82810-DC100 82802 AB/AC

Bus Speed 100 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II/III, Xeon SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Memory Types SDRAM Parity/ECC Both Maximum Memory 2 GB Memory Banks 4 PCI Support 2.1 AGP Support AGP-2x South Bridge 82371EB (PIIX4E)

66/100 MHz* Celeron, Pentium II/III No SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB (PIIX4E)

66/100 MHz Celeron, Pentium II/III No SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.2 Direct AGP 2801AA/AB (ICH/ICH0)

SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors ) FPM = Fast Page Mode EDO = Extended Data Out BEDO = Burst EDO SDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM Pburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous )

PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port SIO = System I/O PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator ICH = I/O Controller Hub

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45 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Intel South Bridge Chips
Chip Name SIO
Port Number IDE Support USB Support CMOS/Clock Power Management 82378IB/ZB None None No SMM

PIIX
82371FB BMIDE None No SMM

PIIX3
82371SB BMIDE Yes No SMM

PIIX4
82371AB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM

PIIX4E
82371EB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI

ICHO
82801AB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI

ICH
82801AA UDMA-66 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI

SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDE PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDE ICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management Mode USB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power Interface IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)

Z,m; (5)
Mother Board Upgrading 55/ Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed ? Memory Bus Speed uGmjcm;onfh twGuf Mother Board wGif wyfqif&rnfh t"durSwOmPf (Main Memory) \tjrefEe;f rsm; f I onfvnf; Mother Board Speed ?Memory Bus Speed ESihf udun&efvtyfygonf/ odjYk zpfí k f D kd Mother Board udk Upgrade jyKvkyf&mwGif topfwyfqifrnfh Mother Board rSvufcHonfh Memory trsKd;tpm;(FPM / EDO / SDRAM / RDRAM) ESifh Memory Speed (PC 66 MHz / PC 100 MHz / PC 133 MHz) wdkYudkudkufnDatmifa½G;cs,f&rnf jzpfygonf/Z,m;(7) Processor Sockets / Slots 56/ CPU udk Socket wGifvnf;aumif;? tcsKdU SEC Type CPU rsm;udk Slot wGif vnf;aumif; wyfqif&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m CPU Upgrade jyKvkyf&mü Motherboard ay:½Sd Socket eHygwfuMdk unfjh cif;jzifh rnfonfh CPU jzifh Upgrade vkyEiaMumif; od½Eiygonf/ f f dk f dS dk f qkdvkdonfrSm Socket 7 Motherboard ay:wGif Slot 1, PGA 370, Slot 2 Processor rsm;jzifh Upgrade rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ tu,fí Upgrade jyKvkyfvkdygu CPU omru Motherboard ukdyg Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ (Memory ukdvnf; Motherboard \tjrefEIef;ESifhukdufnDaom Memory jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/) CPU Socket rsm;\pufrIqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk

Z,m;(6)wGifawGUEdkifygonf/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 46

Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications Socket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported Processors Number
Socket 1 Socket 2 Socket 3 Socket 4 Socket 5 Socket 6** Socket 7 Socket 8 PGA370 Slot 1 Slot 2 169 238 237 273 320 235 321 387 370 242 330 17x17 PGA 19x19 PGA 19x19 PGA 21x21 PGA 37x37 SPGA 19x19 PGA 37x37 SPGA dual pattern SPGA 37x37 SPGA Slot Slot 5v 5v 5v/3.3v 5v 3.3v/3.5v 3.3v VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive, 486 Pentium Overdrive 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86 Pentium 60/66, Overdrive Pentium 75-133, Overdrive 486 DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive, AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/II Pentium Pro Celeron Pentium II/III, Celeron Pentium II/III, Xeon

PGA = Pin Grid Array

SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module

Z,m; (6)
CPU Type Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX Pentium/PenitumPro Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX Pentium-MMX/Pentium II Pentium-MMX(Mobile)/ Pentium II/Celeron Pentium II/Celeron Pentium II/Celeron Pentium II/Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron CPU Speed (MHz) 60 60 75 90 100 120 133 150 166 180 200 233 266 300 333 366 400 433 466 500 533 566 600 633 CPU Clock Multiplier 1x 1x 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2x 2x 2.5x 2.5x 3x 3x 3.5x 4x 4.5x 5x 5.5x 6x 6.5x 7x 7.5x 8x 8.5x 9x 9.5x Mainboard Speed (MHz) 60 66 50 60 66 60 66 60 66 60 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 CPU Type Celeron Pentium II Pentium II/Xeon Pentium II/III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon CPU Speed (MHz) 667 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 533 600 667 733 800 866 933 1000 1066 1133 1200 1266 1333 CPU Clock Multiplier 10x 3.5x 4x 4.5x 5x 5.5x 6x 6.5x 7x 7.5x 8x 8.5x 4x 4.5x 5x 5.5x 6x 6.5x 7x 7.5x 8x 8.5x 9x 9.5x 10x Mainboard Speed (MHz) 66 66 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133

Z,m; (7)

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47 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGmpGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 57/ PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf atmufaz:jyygenf;vrf;(5)rsdK;jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEkdifygonf2 CPUESifh L2 Cahce (BackSide Bus)

qufo,rvrf;aMumif; G f I oD;jcm;xm;½Sdjcif;/ 1 CPU \System I/O Bus speed tm; 66 MHz rS 100 ~133~200 MHz xd
Backside bus

CPU I/O BUS

Accelerated Graphic Port

L2 cache (old)

5 PCI Graphic Controller tpm; Accelerated Graphic Port

PCI Bus

3 Main Memory Speed ukdjrefqefap&eftwGuf
SDRAM, RDRAM
PCI device PCI Device

uk d tok H ; jyKjcif ; jzif h Graphic Speed uk d jrefqefapjcif; yHk (29)

Graphics Controller (old)

wkjYdziftpm;xk;d jyKvyapjcif; h kf

Yd 4 PCI BUS Width ukd 32-bit 64-bit ok¤if;? Speed ukd 33 MHz rS 66 MHz xd¤if; ESpfqwifjcif;jzifh Speed jrefqefapjcif;

rS w f c suf /

P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf txufygtcsuf(5)csufESifh ukdufnDatmif Design jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh ¤if;Motherboard rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif; jzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 48

Two Buses are Better than One ( BUS vrf ; aMumif ; ES p f c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;onf BUS vrf ; aMumif ; wpf c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;xuf y k d r k d p G r f ; aqmif E k d i f j cif ; ) P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;xuf 58/

ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonfIntel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7

Private backside bus (64 bits wide)

CPU I/O bus (64 bits wide)

CPU I/O bus (64 bits wide)

PCI bus

PCI bus

PCI device

PCI device PCI device

PCI device

PCI device PCI device

Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, improving cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.

yHk (30)
Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (DualIndependence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memory ukd wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpfí ,cif Pentium ESifh Pentium xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/

59/

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49 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Conventional Graphics Architecture 60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk toHk;jyKí PCI Slot wGif wyfqifvkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rate

om tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
3-D Program rsm; onfh 3-D Texture rsm;udFrame Buffer k wnfaqmufí Main Memory twG i f ; ü okdavSmifonf/

Graphic Controller rSvmaom PCI Memory Request rsm;udk Chipset rS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/

PCI rS Data yk d Y v T w f EI e f ; onf One Cycle wG i f w pf B ud r f o myk d Y v T w f Ek d i f j cif ; aMumif h yk d Y v T w f r I tjrefEIef;enf;aponf/ Graphic Controller \Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnf aqmufjyD; ¤if; twGif;ü Main Memory wGif ½S d N yD ; jzpf a om 3-D Texture rsm;ukd xyfrH í od r f ; qnf ; xm;&o jzifhMemory okH;pGJrI rsm;onf/

yHk (31)

PCI Graphic Card onftjcm; PCI Device rsm;ESifh PCI Bus ukd rQa0okH;pGJ &onf h t wG u f a Mumif h Bandwidth uefYowfcsufukdjzpfaponf/

d f I Yd T f h I 61/ PCI Graphic Card tok;H jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qki&mtjrefEe;f (Data ykvwonfEe;f ) aES;onfh jyóemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyóemukd ajz½Sif;&ef AGP Card, AGP Slot tok;H jyKoifygonf/ Pentium ESi¤if;xuferaom Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGP h hf d hf uk d raqmif & G u f Ek d i f o jzif h AGP Chipset ygaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h Upgrade jyKvyaqmif&uf &efvtyfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKUd AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifomtvkyvyEif k f G dk h f k f dk jyD;aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x jzifhtvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/ AGP \ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 50

How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonfAGP onf tjcm; Bus rsm;ESifh rQa0okH;pGJ &efrvkdbJ Chipset, Main Memory wk d Y E S i f h wk d u f ½ k d u f tvk y f v k y f E k d i f o nf / (Program ESifhTexture rsm;ukd Main Memory rS AGP okdYwkduf½kduf ay;ykdY Ekdifonf)/

CPU I/O Bus

Graphic Controller rSvmaom PCI Memory Request rsm;udk Chipset rS vuf c H o d r f ; qnf í tjrefqkH;tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/

AGP
Graphics Controller (old)

PCI Bus Graphic Controller \ Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;twGif;ü Main Memory ½Sd 3-D Texturersm;ukd xyfrHí odrf;qnf;&ef rvkdawmhbJ 3-D Dataukdom odrf;qnf; xm; ojzifh MemoryvktyfrI enf;onf/ d 3-D Program rsm; onf 3 -D Texture rsm; udk Frame Buffer wGif odrf;p&mrvkdawmhbJ Main Memory t wG i f ; vk d t yf o avmuf om okdavSmifonf/

PCI PCI PCI Device Device Device AGP \ Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf One Cycle wGif ESpfBudrfykdYvTwfEkdifjcif;aMumifh tjrefEIef; (Band width) ukd ESpfq yHk (32) jrifhwufaponf/

63/ okdYjzpfí Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&mü AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twki;f awG½&ojzifh Graphic qki&m? Animation qki&m? Video qki&m? d Y dS d f d f d f Presentation rsm;ESifh Editing vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;wGif AGP 2x, 4x Graphic Card wkdYukd okH;pGJoifhygonf/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf (AGP 2x onf PCI xuf av;qjrefjyD;? AGP 4x onf PCI xuf ½Spfqjrefonf)
Bits per transfer Transfer per clock cycle Clock cycles per second Band Width PCI 32 One 33.3Million 133 MByte/Sec AGP 2x 32 Two 66.6 Million 533 MByte/Sec

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51 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 64/ uGefysLwm Hardware qdkif&mESifh Software qdkif&mwdkY\ wdk;wufajymif;vJrIonf tvGef

jrefqefonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;jyKolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; waeYwjcm; wdk;wufvmonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmpepftm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifjcif; (Upgrading) udkvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfvmygonf/ Upgrading jyKvkyfjcif;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tBuHjyKygonf/ (u) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKonfh vkyfief;twGuf Software qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf aqmif½Guf&ef vdk^rvdk/ Oyrm / Windows 98 rS Windows 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ Office 97 rS Office 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ ( c) Software qdi&m Upgrading vkyaqmif&mwGif Hardware qdi&m Upgrading k f f k f jyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ( *) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Memory (FPM / EDO / SDRAM) yrmP jr§ifhwifjcif;udk yxrOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ (C) Performance aumif ; rG e f a &;twG u f Hard Disk yrmPES i f h tjref E I e f ; jr§ifhwifa&;udk 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Board jr§ifhwifa&;udk wwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( p) Mother Board jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif Casing ESifh Power Supply trsKd;tpm; tm; AT (odkY) ATX Casing & Power Supply udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf ygonf/ (q) Graphic Performance jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf Graphic Card wGifyg&Sdaom Memory jr§ifhwifa&; (odkY) ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom Graphic Card jzifh tpm;xdk; aqmif½Gufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/ ( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? Application Program rsm;udk Install jyKvkyfí toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf? OS qdi&mvdtyfcsursm;udk udunatmifaqmif½uay;&ojzifh ,if; Program k f k f k f D G f rsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/ Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3D Graphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 52

Contents

Hard Disk Storage

65/

uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGif tcsuftvufodkavSmif ypönf;wpfckjzpfonfh Hard Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif; qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf? rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif ½Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ 66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf(u) Disk Platters ( c) Logic Board ( *) Read/Write Heads (C) Cable and Connector ( i) Head Actuator Mechanism ( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches) (q) Spindle Motor 67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,f twGif;wGif&Sdaom ypönf;rsm;udk atmufaz:jyygyHktwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

yHk (33)

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53 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

68/

f kd D D txufygyHt& Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyxm;aom puf0i;f yHk tvlre,rfjym;rsm;udk k Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD; Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh ñdIUízwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpD wyfqifxm;NyD; 4if; Head rsm;onf Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY tuGmta0; (3 µ in) rSñdIUízwfonf/ 69/ ,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf) User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrI½kwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh Head Crack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ 70/ rD;tm;jyóemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif; Head Crack jzpfEiouJoYkd Logic Card udvnf; ysup;cRw,i;Ediygonf/ odjYk zpfí vQyppfr; kd f h k f D f G f k f f D jyóemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ 71/ Hard Disk onf atmufaz:jyygyHkrsm;twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD;í " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/ Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Track rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
Head Arm Spindle

321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321

Platter

Head

Cylinder

yHk (34)

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 54

Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf? Head ta&twGu?f Sector ta&twGuay:wGif rlwnfí wGucsuEiyg onf/ atmufaz:jyyg f f f kd f yH(9)onf Capacity rsm;rsm; odr;f qnf;Edi&eftwGuf wpfvufrwGif &Saom Track ta&twGuf k k f d udk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif; jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP

72/

enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/
Tracks per Inch ( TPI ) Bits per Inch (BPI) Track Lower Bits Areal Density Tracks per Inch ( TPI ) Bits per Inch (BPI)

Higher Areal Density

yHk (35) 73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGiatmufaz:jyyg yH(10)twdi;f puf0i;f yHvrf; aMumif; f k k kd k (Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/
Track

}
yHk (36)

Sector

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55 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

74/

Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (System Area) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfom;ygu tcsutvufrsm; ysuq;qH;½I;Ny; Hard Disk wpfcv; G f f D k H D k kH oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ (eg : Track 1024)
Outer Track Middle Track

yHk (37)
Inner Track

Cylinders

Outer Cylinder

MiddleCylinder

Inner Cylinder

yHk (38)

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 56

Hard Disk Features 75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI) ( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP) ( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf) (C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique) ( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm) ( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv) ( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;) ( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;) ( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/

76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh wdkif;wm onf/ MTBF rSm 20000 rS 50000 em&D txufwGif&SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm/ MTBF t& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu (17)ESpfMumtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD; (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefY toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif; wGucsucefre;f Ediygonf/) 4if;onf oDt&t& oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm; f f Y S k f kd D xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ 77/
Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;

(u) ( c) ( *)

(C) ( i)

uGeysLwmtm; rD;zGijhf cif;? rD;ydwjf cif;wdukd owfrwcsuEitnD vkyaqmif&rnf/ f Yk S f f S hf f Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf rydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/ Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif ruRr;f usibJ toH;k rjyKoifyg/ owdjyK&rnftcsursm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½NI y;D rSom f h h f oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom oHk;pGJoifhygonf/) CMOS Setup &S d Hard Disk ES i f h y wf o uf a om tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k jyKjyifajymif; vJrIjyKvkyf&mwGif owdjyKyg/ Hard Disk udoifawmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvyjf cif;? k h k Defragment jyKvyjf cif;rsm;jzifh yHrexe;odr;rI aqmif½uay;&ef vdtyfygonf/ k k S f d f f G f k (Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed Disk jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/)

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57 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Floppy Disk Drives

78/ Flopy Disk Drives rsm;wGif a&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Head onf rsuEmjyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfcp½onf/ Floopy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (39) f S k D dS jzifazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floopy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQif tywfaygif; 300 ESifh 360 h xdvnfywfEionf/ Head ESihf Diskette \rsuEmjyifukd xdízwfjcif;aMumifh zHrsm;aom kd f f S k ae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdum Diskette ESifh Head rsm;ysup;Ediygonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfí f D k f oefY ½Sif;rIaqmif ½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBurBf urtoH;k jyK&efroifyg/ d d f h 79/ Floppy Drive wpfckwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm; atmuf az:jyyg yHk(39)wGif awGU&SdavhvmEdkifygonf/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 58

Floppy Disk

31/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf \ puf0dkif;;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;pdyfydkif;xm;yHkudk atmufygtwdkif;awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf-

Platter

Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rI

yHk (40)

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59 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

81/

Floopy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm; Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm; udkodrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floopy Disk wdkY\

odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonfDiskette on its Capacity For 5¼" 1. Single Sided Double Density (SSDD) 2. Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) 3. Double Sided High Density (DSHD) For 3½" 1. Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) 2. Double Sided Quad Density (DSQD) 3. Double Sided High Density (DSHD) Track Sector Byte/Sector Total 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB

Track Sector Byte/Sector Total (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB (80 x (80 x 18 36 x x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB

Z,m; (8) 82/ Floppy Disk & Drive ud k t oH k ; jyKaepOf o wd j yKxd e f ; od r f ; &rnf h t csuf r sm;/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toH;k jyKrnfqygu Virus &S^r&Sd ppfaq;Ny;D rStoH;k jyK&rnf/ kd d ( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm; toHkrjyK&yg/ ( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ (C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvupufui;f &Saom? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif rxm;&yg/ kd f G d ( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm;txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( p) Diskette tm;ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ (q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay:í zwfr&ygu Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ ( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; Diskette xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 60

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 34/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onf Optical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD; 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwf½Hk oufoufom toH;k jyKEiygonf/,cktcg Plane CD ay:ü Record vkyumodr;f qnf; kd f f Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;t*Fvdyftu©&m rsm;jzifh ½dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;ygu Text pmrsuEm 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr [kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toH f S udor;f qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudor;f qnf;xm;Ediygonf/ wpfpuúetwGuf Block k d k d k f Yf wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&Sonf/ d

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61 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

85/

CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk

(u) ( c)

( *)

(C)

( i)

( p)

avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom &Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/ Servo Motor rScsdefn§djcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydvwf Yk T aom ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk a½GUvsm; apjcif;jzifh csdefñd§yg onf/ avqm"gwfjym;ufkxd½dkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkpkHapjcif;/tvif;a&mif wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xd½dkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/ jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/ jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf jyef v maoma&mif j cnf w ef ; uk d pk q k H r I a umif ; ap&ef t wG u f pk q k H r S e f b D v l ; aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/ tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH; tqifhwGif avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detecotr okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photo detector onf tvif;a&mifudk jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyppfvi; tcsujf yrsm; f dI f tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/ CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjcif;/ Microprocessor onf¤if;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;ukd uGefysLwmokdY datarsm; tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 62

MultiBeam Technology

86/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonf wpfBurwif puf0i;f yHvrf;aMumif;wpfcom or½k;d uszwfonfenf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGm d f G kd k k h udk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udk Zer Research ukrÜPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ atmufaz:jyygyHkonf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif; (7)ckukd avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifwpfNyKd iwnf;zwf&ef rnfovyaqmifonfukd &Si;f vif; h f Ykd k f jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/

Multi-beam Dector

Beam Splitter

Lenses

Laser Diode

MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.

yHk (47)

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63 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

CD-ROM Drive Specification 87/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP) ( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef) ( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwåodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd

rSwfÓPfyrmP) (C) ( i) ( p) (q)
CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyKí CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk;

jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)

CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) 1x 153,600 150 2x 307,200 300 3x 460,800 450 4x 614,400 600 6x 921,600 900 8x 1,228,800 1,200 10x 1,536,000 1,500 12x 1,843,200 1,800 16x 2,457,600 2,400 18x 2,764,800 2,700 24x 3,686,400 3,600 32x 4,915,200 4,800 36x 5,529,600 5,400 40x 6,114,000 6,000 48x 7,372,800 7,200 52x 7,987,200 7,500 100x 15,360,000 15,000

}

Access Time (ms) 400 300 200 150 150 100 100 100 90 90 90

85~75 or less

Z,m; (9)

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CD-ROM Format
Format Red Book Yellow Book Used For Digital audio CDs Computer CDs Notes This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and Sony Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode 1:9660 Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVI Level 2: CDTV ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with Yellow Book to define file and directory structures. See also Mode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which define sector formats. Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources. Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flim distribution Port I-Magneto-Optical Drives Port II-CD-R

White Book

VideoCD

Orange Book

Writable CDs including CD-R, magneto-optical, single and multisession recording and packet writing Green Book Combination of Red Book and Yellow Book - for CD-I (Interactive CD) CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer data on single CD

CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I or CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive sales presentations and kiosks Used by musical artists to incoporate video and interviews on music CDs

88/

CD

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65 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

( Z)

CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm;csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/

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Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;

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Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)

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120MB 290KB/sec 484KB/sec 70ms 720rpm 2,490tpi 1,736×2 sides

1.44MB 45KB/sec n/a 84ms 300rpm 135tpi 80×2 sides

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 66

Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) Model (Interface) Formatted capacity Substained transfer rate Substained transfer rate Maximum throughput Average seek time Disk rotational speed Buffer size SCSI and/or Parallel 100MB or 250MB 1.40MB/sec 0.79MB/sec 60MB/min(SCSI); 20MB/min(parallel) 29ms 2,941 rpm 32KB Eide 100MB or 250MB 1.40 maximum MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/sec 84MB/min 29ms 2,941 rpm 16KB

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Jaz Specifications Model Formatted Capacity Transfer rate: Maximum Average Minimum Burst Average seek time read Average seek time write Acess Time Disk Rotational speed Buffer size Interface 1GB 1070 million bytes 6.62MB/sec 5.4MB/sec 3.41MB/sec 10MB/sec 10 ms 12 ms 15.5-17.5ms 5400rpm 256KB Fast SCSI II 2GB 2000 million bytes 8.7MB/sec 7.35MB/sec 3.41MB/sec 20MB/sec 10 ms 12 ms 15.5-17.5ms 5394rpm 512KB Ultra SCSI

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67 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

DAT and 8mm Tape specifications
Tape Capacity Standard (w/o Com- Data pression) Density Tracks Appro- Tape Recording Encoding ximate Length Technology Format Interface

DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* (Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT Video Tape

SCSI

14GB

n/a

n/a

120m

Helical Scan

*DDS=Digital Data Storage DDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed) DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression) DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed

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SparQ Specifications Formatted Capacity Transfer rate: Maximum Minimum Burst (PIO mode 4) Substained transfer rate: parallel version Average seek time Disk rotational speed Burst (PIO mode 4) Substained transfer rate: parallel version Average seek time Disk rotational speed 1008 milion bytes

6.9MB/sec 3.7MB/sec 16.6MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 12ms 5,400rpm 16.6MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 12ms 5,400rpm

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 68

Removeable Drive Specifications Drive Type lomega Zip Parallel lomega Zip IDE lomega Zip SCSI Imation LS-120 Internal SyQest 235 Parallel Avatar Shark 250 Parallel SyQest 235 SCSI/IDE lomega Jaz (SCSI) Avatar Shark IDE SyQest Syjet SISC SyQest Syjet IDE SyQest SparQ Parallel CD-R Drives Disk/Cartridge Capacity 100MB 100MB 100MB 120MB 235MB 250MB 235MB 2GB 250M 1.5GB 1.5GB 1GB 650MB Average Seek Time 29ms 29ms 29ms 70ms 13.5ms 12ms 13.5ms 12ms 12ms 12ms 12ms 12ms <150ms Data Transfer Rate 1.4MB/sec 1.4MB/sec 1.4MB/sec 4.0MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 2.0MB/sec 2.4MB/sec 5.4MB/sec 2.5MB/sec 5.3MB/sec 5.3MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 150KB/sec

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69 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

DVD Formats and Standards Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Data Format DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-14 DVD-18 DVD-1 DVD-2 DVD-3 DVD-4 DVD-R1.0 DVD-R2.0 DVD-RAM 1.0 DVD-RAM1.0 DVD-RAM2.0 DVD-RAM2.0 DVD-RAM2.0 CD-ROM CD-ROM Disk Size 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 80 mm 80mm 80mm 80mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm Sides Single Single Double Double Double Single Single Double Double Single Single Single Double Single Double Double Single Single Layers Single Double Single Double Double Single Double Single Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Capacity 4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 13.24GB 17 GB 1.4 GB 2.7 GB 2.9 GB 5.3 GB 3.95 GB 7.4 GB 2.58 GB 5.16 GB 4.7 GB 9.4 GB 1.4 GB 0.65 GB 0.194 GB DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities 2+ hours 4 hours 4.5 hours 6.5 hours 8+ hours 0.5 hours 1.3 hours 1.4 hours 2.5 hours Video Capacity

Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities

CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison)

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