Computer Hardware

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Definition of computer:  A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.  A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.  Computer Systems: 1. Computer Hardware 2. Computer Software  Hardware = the physical components (electrical circuits) that make up the computer machinery and equipment & how they operate and how they are used in solving problems. Refers to computer as well as peripheral devices.  Software = the computer programs (sequences of instructions) that tell the computer what to do in response to a command or some event.  Networking = two or more computers and other devices that are connected, for the purpose of sharing data and programs.  Peripheral devices= used to expand the computer’s input, output and storage capabilities Basic terminology  Input= whatever is put into a computer system.  Data= refers to a symbols that represent facts, objects, or ideas.  Information= the results of computer storing data as bits and bytes; the words, numbers, sounds, and graphics.  Output= consist of processing by a computer.  Processing= manipulation of the data in many ways.  Memory= area of the computer That temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output.  Storage= area of computer that holds data on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. How do we communicate with computers?

Language called BINARY The only thing a computer understands is 1 0 What is Computer Software? Programming -is about Software.  Computer Software is programs that tell the computer what to do. Examples  Microsoft Word-word processing program  Microsoft PowerPoint-presentation program  Microsoft Excel-work book program used to track, calculate, and analyze numeric data

Components of a Computer System Types of hardware Types of software Candidates should be able to: define the terms hardware, software, input device, storage device and output device; describe the purpose of input devices, storage devices and output devices; describe the different roles and functions of systems software and applications packages. How are computer systems different from a -HUMAN? : How are computer systems different from a -HUMAN? Human Beings: Body (Flesh) Soul (Mind, Emotions etc) Spirit (Spiritual)

Computer Input Devices Computer Devices that input information in the computer Examples  Key Board  Mouse  Scanner  Digital Camera Computer Output Devices Computer Devices that output information from the computer. Examples  Monitor  Printer

How your computer works!  Overview to understand anything it helps to break it down into it's basic components. Then you need to know how each component works. Finally you look at how all the components work together to achieve the desired end product or result. Motherboard it is the main circuit board inside the CPU case. It holds the microprocessor, memory and other crucial circuits and components that control the operation of the Personal Computer. Every device inside or connected to a Personal Computer finds its way to this board.  Memory The mother board takes the input you give it like mouse clicks, and produces output for you like displaying or printing a file. It can't do this without memory. The PC operating system used by the PC is copied from storage to memory at power up. The OS copy in memory then runs the PC. Memory is volatile which means that when your PC is turned off the contents of memory are lost. It is completely blank and must reloaded each time the PC is powered up.  Storage Storage is non-volatile which means it retains information even when it is powered off. It stores programs which run the PC as well as data, which is a digital form of everything you use like documents, music, pictures, etc

 Input Devices the keyboard and mouse are the main input devices you use to control your PC.  Output Devices when you send inputs into the PC, it processes them and produces useful output for you. The primary output devices are the video display, printer and speakers. Software

some people want to use the power of their computer to create works of art, others want to create music, or play games, surf the web, or play the stock market. Whatever you want to do with your computer, software is the key to doing it. What happens when your PC is powered on? With a simple push of a button, your computer comes to life.

Components of a Computer: INPUT DEVICES For processing the data PROCESSOR For reading data into Main Memory MAIN MEMORY For permanent storage of programs and data The program currently being executed is stored here. (it is divided into storage units called BYTES)

AUXILIARYSTORAGE for permanent storage of programs and data. OUTPUT DEVICES For printing, displaying, or out-put of information.

Components of a Computer: Components of a Computer MAIN MEMORY PROCESSOR INPUT DEVICES AUXILIARYSTORAGE OUTPUT DEVICES For reading data into Main “{Memory For processing the data For printing, displaying Or out-put of info For permanent storage of programs and data The program currently being executed is stored here. (it is divided into storage units called BYTES) Think of the Brain (System): Think of the Brain (System) INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT Exam Results! Information for the Exam…. Computer Systems are the same: Computer Systems are the same Data is INPUT Data is PROCESSED something is OUTPUT GIGO (Garbage in…Garbage out...) Types of Computer:

Types of Computer Minicomputers Mainframe Computers Supercomputers Minicomputers: Minicomputers Multi-user systems 100’s of workstations or terminals attached to central minicomputer E.g. EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale) Systems Mainframe computers: Mainframe computers Large Organizations –banks, building societies, airlines, governments May have 1000’s of terminals –geographically remote locations Could occupy a whole site 100’s of disk drives & hardware units Location often kept secret! (Terrorist attacks) Supercomputers: Supercomputers Largest Category of computer Cost Millions Mostly used by scientific and industrial research departments NASA –government agencies Weather Centres Stock Exchanges Large Commercial Organisations PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? : PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? : PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? NASA Goddard Space Centre: NASA Goddard Space Centre Fourth Largest Supercomputer in the world Linux Operating System Huge Memory Processing Power –unparalleled! PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? : PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? : PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer? Dr. Mark Seager of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inspects the world's fastest __________________a 64-rack Blue Gene complex. : Dr. Mark Seager of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inspects the world's fastest __________________a 64-rack Blue Gene complex. From picasaweb.google.com/.../KyPjMrKhtXMLpvIkZ4Jhtw The processor :

The processor PROCESSES! Faster the processor, better the PC? What is the equivalent (in humans) to the processor? : What is the equivalent (in humans) to the processor? How does the Brain process?receives an instruction (stimulus) -decodes & produces an appropriate instructionexecutes the instruction! -slap on the cheek –anger/revenge etc logged-anger decoded –instruction to slap back-slap back! (OR TURN THE OTHER CHEEK?) Processor : Processor Brain of the computer Processes instructions THREE STEPS 1) Fetches Instructions 2) Decodes Instruction 3) Executes Instruction What is a Processor? : What is a Processor? Most computers use integrated chips….or integrated circuits for their processors or main memory A chip is about 1cm square…and can hold MILLIONS of electronic components such as transistors and resistors CPU of a microcomputer is a microprocessor Processor and MAIN MEMORY of a PC are held on a single board called a motherboard. PROCESSORS : PROCESSORS Either chips or integrated circuits Integrated circuits are also found in almost every modern electrical device such as cars, television sets, CD players, cellular phones, etc. CHIP : CHIP A computer chip is an electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. An electric circuit is made from different electrical components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes, that are connected to each other in different ways. These components have different behaviors. The transistor acts like a switch Resistor –resists electricity –so you can control current Capacitor –controls electricity Diode –also allows control of current and flow Why Integrated Circuits (transistors)? : Why Integrated Circuits (transistors)? Before –there were VACUUM TUBE They were huge –costly –bulky –easily burned out The first Computer –ENIAC –huge 30 ton monster! *use of 18000 or so vacuum tubes* Types of Processors:

Types of Processors INTEL A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. : A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. Jack Kilby's Integrated circuit, the first working Integrated circuit created New Super-Efficient Chip Could Run on Body Heat: New Super-Efficient Chip Could Run on Body Heat MAIN MEMORY: MAIN MEMORY The program currently being executed and the data used by the program is held in MAIN MEMORY MM is divided into millions of individually addressable storage units called BYTES One byte can hold one character Or one byte can hold a code representing something –i.e a part of a picture, or a sound, or a program instruction. The total number of bytes in MM = The computers MEMORY SIZE. Computer Memory Sizes: Computer Memory Sizes 1 KB (KB) =1024 Bytes 1 MB =1024KB 1 GB =1024MB 1Tb =1024GB (about 1 trillion bytes) Main Memory: Main Memory Processing power and Main Memory in a computer has increased exponentially in the past year! It has grown at a rate that no one could have predicted. 1980 –Microcomputers with 32K of memory were bought for thousands of homes and schools! Bill Gates made the famous remark…: Bill Gates made the famous remark… “640 K ought to be enough for anybody...” 1981….Things have changed drastically! 2004 –PC with 512 MB of MM was standard…. Today? : Today?

Watch this (hilarious!) Notice how excited they were on unveiling this machine…: Watch this (hilarious!) Notice how excited they were on unveiling this machine… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ12vNZ5yMY *also notice how the audience CLAPS when the floppy Disk is taken out of his pocket! (In those days the thought Of storage that could be moved around was revolutionary!) RAM and ROM: RAM and ROM There are two kinds of Memory RAM –Random Access Memory (MM) (this is used for storing programs that are currently running and data that is being processed) ROM –Read Only Memory (its contents are PERMANENTLY etched into the memory chip at the manufacturing stage. It is used –for example – to load the bootstrap loader (the program that loads as soon as you start the machine) RAM: RAM Random Access memory Main Memory Stores info about applications that are open and data VOLATILE –When you switch off the machine, it disappears!!! ROM: ROM Read only memory Non-Volatile (does not change) Programs that are necessary for the computer to run Boot up program etc Cache Memory: Cache Memory this is a very FAST type of memory that is used to improve the spped of a computer, DOUBLING it ….in some cases. Acts as an intermediate store between CPU and MM It works by storing most frequently or recently used instructions so that it is fast to retrive them again. Cache is usually between 1KB and 512KB Internet Explorer –Clearing the Cache: Internet Explorer –Clearing the Cache Clearing the Cache: Clearing the Cache Netscape Navigator Cache Size –between 1KB and 512KB Disk Storage: Disk Storage Auxiliary storage is also called SECONDARY MEMORY BACKING STORE EXTERNAL MEMORY the most common secondary memory (auxiliary storage) is DISK!

Hard disk & Floppy Disk: Hard disk & Floppy Disk All standalone PC’s come equipped with an in-built hard disk –the capacity of which is also measured in BYTES. A typical hard disk nowadays is several gigabytes - - is used for storing software including the OPERATING SYSTEM..And other systems software. Other types of Storage: Other types of Storage Flash Memory Cards Sticks Floppy discs Disks INPUT AND OUTPUT devices: INPUT AND OUTPUT devices Input devices are the means whereby computers can accept data or instructions Keyboards, magnetic strip cards, smart cards, magnetic ink character recognition devices, Output –printer, VDU monitors, speakers, etc Embedded Computers and special-purpose computers : Embedded Computers and special-purpose computers Not necessarily all computers are general purpose compuers with a screen, keyboard and disk drive. Special-purpose or dedicated computers can do all sorts of things from controlling the temperature in a greenhouse to controlling traffic lights or using a cash point Embedded Computers are used in household goods automobiles and in industry All Computer Systems: All Computer Systems Have the same basic components (INPUT, OUTPUT, PROCESSING, MEMORY) Special-purpose computers however usually have the programs etched onto the ROM so that they cannot be altered. (Firmware) What is this an example of? : What is this an example of? Combined Washing machine-Toilet: Combined Washing machine-Toilet Household goods…all examples of..? : Household goods…all examples of..? Devices/Machines with Embedded Computers Programs are in ROM (cannot be altered) All Examples of…!? :

All Examples of…!? Wireless Temperature Control unit for Greenhouse Special Purpose or Dedicated Computers. Traffic Light Control Board All Examples of? : All Examples of? INPUT DEVICES Odd one out? : Odd one out? Scanner is INPUT, the rest are OUTPUT devices Monitor Printers Scanner Storage Devices: Storage Devices Edison cylinder phonograph ca. 1899. The Phonograph cylinder is a storage medium. The phonograph may or may not be considered a storage device. Many different consumer electronic devices can store data. The Future of Storage? : The Future of Storage? Genetics! : Genetics! Storage Medium and Memory: Storage Medium and Memory From the Specification…. : From the Specification…. describe the different roles and functions of systems software and applications packages.

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