Cost Accounting

Published on December 2016 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 34 | Comments: 0 | Views: 351
of 4
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content





















1. Cost Accounting CA is a formal system of accounting for costs in the books of accounts by means of which costs of products and services are ascertained and controlled. Cost means “the price paid for something” Cost ascertainment is computation of actual costs incurred Cost estimation is a process of predetermining costs of goods and service. 2. Objectives of Cost Accounting Ascertainment of cost Control of cost Guide to business policy such as make or buy, introduction of new product etc Determination of selling price 3. CA and FA - Comparison Purpose Statutory requirements Analysis of cost and profit Periodicity of reporting Control aspect Historical and predetermined costs Format of presenting information Types of transactions recorded 4. Cost Centre Cost center is a location, person, or item of equipment (or group of these) for which costs may be ascertained and used for the purpose of control It refers to a section of the business to which costs can be charged. Types: Personal and Impersonal cost centre Production and Service cost centre 5. Cost Unit Cost units are the things, that the business is set up to provide, of which cost is ascertained. Unit of product, service or time in relation to which cost may be ascertained or expressed Types: Units of production such as a ream of paper, a tonne of steel, a meter of cable etc. Units of services such as passenger miles, consulting hours, room per day, bed per day 6. Methods of costing It refers to the techniques and processes employed in the ascertainment of costs Choice of the method depends upon the type and nature of manufacturing activity Types: Broadly, Job costing or job order costing Process Costing Other methods are variations of one of these methods. 7. Methods of costing - Types Job Order Costing – Applies where work is undertaken to customers special requirements. Contract Costing or Terminal Costing: It is same as Job order costing; however, job is small and contract is big contract. Contract is of long duration and may continue for more than a financial year. Batch costing: Cost of a batch or group of identical products is ascertained; each batch of products is a cost unit for which costs are ascertained. 8. Methods of costing – Types….. Process Costing – Applies to a context where there is a continuous process. Costs are accumulated for each process. And then total cost of a process is divided by the number of units produced to arrive at cost per unit. Operations Costing: Involves cost ascertainment for each operation. Operating or services costing: It is applied to services; cost units are passenger –kilometer, room per day, bed per day. 9. Methods of costing – Types….. Multiple or composite costing – Application of more than one method of costing in respect of the same product. Used in industries where a number of components are separately manufactured and then assembled into a final product. Single, output or unit costing: Applied to a context where output produced are identical, the cost per unit is found by dividing the total cost by the number of units produced. E.g. Steel output is identical but differentiated by grades. 10. Techniques of costing – Types….. Standard costing – Standard cost is predetermined as target of performance and actual performance is measured against the standard. Budgetary control: By comparing actual with planned / budgeted performance Marginal costing: Only variable cost is allocated to individual cost centers or cost units









 









11. Techniques of costing – Types….. Total Absorption costing – Both fixed and variable costs are charged to products. Uniform Costing: It is not a technique but a situation wherein several undertakings use the same costing principle and practices. 12. Elements of costs - Materials Material cost : cost of commodities supplied to an undertaking Direct materials cost: those costs which are incurred for and conveniently identified with a particular cost unit, process or department. Ex: cost of raw material Indirect materials cost: those costs which cannot be conveniently identified with a particular cost unit, process or department. Ex: cost of material that are inexpensive but may or may not physically become part of the finished goods 13. Elements of costs – Labour cost Labour cost : cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, etc etc) of the employees of an undertaking Direct labour cost : wages paid to workers directly engaged in the production process. Eg: Wages of machine operator Indirect labour cost : those wages which cannot be conveniently identified with a particular cost unit, process or department 14. Elements of costs – Expenses Expenses: The cost of services provided to an undertaking Direct Expenses: those expenses which can be identified with and allocated to cost centers or units. . Eg: Royalty paid, depreciation of a plant used Indirect Expenses: All indirect costs other than indirect materials and labor. They cannot be directly identified with a particular job, process or work order and are common to cost units or cost centers Ex: Rent and rates, lighting and power 15. Elements of costs – Price cost Direct Material + Direct labour + Direct Expenses 16. Elements of costs – Over heads Indirect Material + Indirect labour + Indirect expenses Overheads are divided into Production overheads Office and administration overheads Selling and distribution overheads 17. Elements of costs – Production overheads Indirect Material such as coal, oil grease, stationary in factory office+ Indirect labour such as work manager’s salary, salary of factory office staff, salary of inspector and supervisors, watchman, sweeper Indirect Expenses such as factory rent, depreciation of plant, repairs and maintenance of plant, insurance of factory building, factory lighting and power, internal transport expenses 18. Elements of costs – Office and administration overheads Indirect Material such as stationary used in administration office, postage, etc Indirect labour such as salary of office staff, salary of of MD, Directors, watchman, sweeper Indirect Expenses such as office rent, insurance of office building, office lighting and power, telephone, depreciation of office furniture, office a/c, sundry office expenses 19. Elements of costs – Selling and distribution overheads Selling cost: cost of seeking to create and stimulate demand and of securing orders such as ads, samples and free gifts, salaries of salesmen Distribution cost: cost of making packed product available for dispatch and returning of empty packages for reuse Indirect Material such as stationary used in sales office, packing mat, cost of samples, price list, oil for delivery vans Indirect labour such as salary of sales staff, salary of of MD, Directors, watchman, sweeper Indirect Expenses such as advertising, traveling expenses, showroom expenses, carriage outwards, rent of warehouse, bad debts, insurance of goods in transit etc. 20. Components of total cost 1 Prime Cost 2. Works cost or factory cost Prime cost + Factory Overheads Cost of production Work cost + Administration Overheads Total cost or cost of sales Cost of production + Selling and distribution overhead

LEMENTS OF COST :
ELEMENTS OF COST TOTAL COST DIRECT COST INDIRECT COST DIRECT LABOUR COST DIRECT EXPENSES COST INDIRECT MATERIAL COST INDIRECT LABOUR COST INDIRECT EXPENSES COST PRIME COST OVERHEADS DIRECT MATERIAL COST

DIRECT COST :
DIRECT COST direct cost are three types : 1-direct material cost 2- direct labour cost 3- direct expenses cost or Prime Cost = direct material cost + direct labour cost + direct expenses cost

DIRECT MATERIAL COST :
DIRECT MATERIAL COST The direct material cost are those which can be indentified easily and indisputably with a unit of operation or costing unit or cost centre . It is a cost of materials which enter into and form part of product. e.g. timber in furniture – making - clay in brick making - Wood used in production of table and chairs - steel bars used in steel factory etc.

DIRECT LABOUR COST :
DIRECT LABOUR COST The labour cost incurred on the employees who are engaged directly in making the product , their work can be indentified clearly in the process of converting the raw materials into finished product is called direct labour cost. e.g.- wages paid to workers engaged in machining department , assembling department etc.

DIRECT EXPENSES COST :
DIRECT EXPENSES COST The direct expenses cost refers to expenses that are specifically incurred and charged for specific or particular job , process , service , cost unit or cost centre .these expenses are also called chargeable expenses. e.g.-cost of drawings , architects , surveyors and other consultation fees of particular job or work.

INDIRECT COST :
INDIRECT COST There are three types of indirect cost:-1- Indirect material cost 2- Indirect labour cost 3- Indirect expenses cost Or These three types of indirect costs are involve in ‘overhead’.

INDIRECT MATERIAL COST :
INDIRECT MATERIAL COST It is the cost of material which do not from the part of product but which help the production . e.g.- lubricating oil , fuel etc. -Small items like thread, gum , nails , cotton , button etc

INDIRECT LABOUR COST :
INDIRECT LABOUR COST The cost of indirect labour consist of all salaries and wages paid to the staff for the purpose of carrying out tasks incidental to goods or services provided which will not form part of salaries and wages paid in working directly upon the product. e.g.- supervisors , manager , clerical staff , salesman etc.

INDIRECT EXPENSES COST :
INDIRECT EXPENSES COST Indirect expenses are those which are incurred by the organization in carrying out their total business activities and can not be conveniently allocated to job , process, cost unit or cost centre , rent , rates & tax , insurance , lighting , telephone , postage or telegrams , depreciation etc. are the examples of indirect expenses.

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close