CPE_PL1_pptw
Content
Basic Knowledge
Customer Premises Equipment
Knowledge Management PL-1
TELKOMRisTi
2004
1
Pengantar Teknologi Informasi &
Komunikasi
Informasi Real Time & Non Real Time
Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
Konvergensi Teknologi Jaringan
2
TUJUAN
Memahami prinsip dasar circuit switched
& packet switched
Mengetahui perbedaan mendasar serta
latar belakang dua platform jaringan
berbasis circuit switched & packet
switched
Mengetahui konvergensi teknologi
jaringan
3
PRINSIP DASAR CIRCUIT SWITCHED
Latar belakang :
Informasi real time (voice/video) kritis
terhadap waktu (delay)
Diperlukan platform jaringan yang menjamin
kontinuitas transfer informasi selama komunikasi
berlangsung
Maka lahirlah jaringan berbasis circuit switched
(jaringan telekomunikasi)
4
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched
Sebelum transfer informasi, dilakukan pembentukan jalur
koneksi dari ujung ke ujumg (call set up / signaling)
STP
1
1
3
2
1
4 3
2 1
2 1
2
4
TE1
LE2
A
4 3 2 1
3
4 3
LE1
STP
3
4
1
4 3 2
STP
2
LE2
TE3
LE3
LE1
B
TE2
LE1
LE3
LE2
5
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched (cont)
Setelah terbangun hubungan, dilakukan transfer
informasi (berbicara)
LE1
TE1
1 2
3 4
LE2
LE2
2 1
TE3
3
speech
LE3
1
2
A
3 4
1 2
4
sp
ee
ch
2 1
4 3
4 3
2 1
3 4
LE1
B
TE2
LE1
LE3
LE2
6
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched (cont)
Selama transfer informasi (bicara) kanal bicara
digenggam secara exclusive
4 3
2 1
TE1
1 2
3 4
2 1
TE3
3
LE2
3 4
1 2
4
sp
ee
ch
2 1
4 3
speech
1
2
A
3 4
LE1
B
7
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched (cont)
Selesai fase transfer informasi dilakukan pembubaran
STP
STP
1
1
3
1
4 3
2 1
1
2
3
2
2 1
4
4 3 2 1
4
1
4 3 2
4 3
LE2
STP
3
STP
2
TE1
TE3
A
LE1
B
8
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Terdapat dua elemen dasar dalam jaringan circuit switched
terkait dengan pembentukan koneksi yakni :
Elemen switch (dalam sentral)
Link (kanal penghubung) antar sentral atau jalur transmisi
Elemen switch bertugas melakukan ruting dan koneksi
(penyambungan). Sedangkan link transmisi meembawa
informasi
9
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen Switch
T
SM-A1
5
10
A2
SM-A2
A3
CM-C1
5
20
15
10
15
SM-A2
CM-A2
10
15
20
2
CM-A3
3
20
15
-Space switch (S)
SM-C2 15 25
20
10
C2
20
1
15 20
20
C1
CM-A1
10
15 20
15
-Time switch (T)
20
15
10
10
SM-C1
15
5
A1
Terdiri dari :
T
S
15
SM-C3
15
20 25
CM-C2
Dalam Time switch
10
20
15
C3
20
CM-C3
15
15
terjadi perubahan time
slot, dengan space tetap
Dalam Space switch
15
2
CM-B1
10
1
20
3
CM-B2
15
3
Ket : T = Time switch module
S = Space switch module
A1-3 = input speech highway
C1-3 = output speech highway
SM = speech memory
CM = connection memory
terjadi perubahan space,
dengan time slot tetap
CM-B3
10
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen Switch (Cont)
Dalam contoh gambar di atas, pola hubungan antara input dan output :
T
DATA
S
T
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
Ts 5
Ts 10
Hw 1
Hw 2
Ts 10
Ts 25
Ts 10
Ts 15
Hw 2
Hw 1
Ts 15
Ts 20
Ts 15
Ts 20
Hw 3
Hw 2
Ts 20
Ts 15
Ts 20
Ts 15
Hw 3
Hw 3
Ts 15
Ts 20
11
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen link (kanal) penghubung
digital form (TDM)
E1 (32 ts)
E1
EXCHANGE A
Z
OOM
EXCHANGE B
E1
No. time slot !
0
No. kanal voice /data!
1
15 16 17
31
1
15
16
17
17
Utk kanal signaling (CAS)
Utk sinkronisasi
1 MULTI FRAME
(=16 FRAME)
Frame 0
No. time slot!
0
No. kanal voice /data!
Frame 1
1
15 16 17
31
1
15
30
16
syn
Ts 16 frame 0 :
utk service word
(info alarm )
0
1
15 16
17
31
1
15
16
30
syn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 bit = 1 sampel suara
(pada kanal voice no 15)
8
0
1
15 16
17
31
1
15
16
30
syn
kanal signaling
1
bit no.!
Frame 15
2
3
4
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 1
5
6
kanal signaling
7
8
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 16
1
2
3
4
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 15
5
6
7
8
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 30
12
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen kanal penghubung (Cont)
Link penghubung antar sentral di Indonesia umumnya berbasis
PCM 30 (disebut jalur E1)
Struktur kanal PCM30 :
Satu Frame terdiri dari 32 time slot (TS) dengan laju bit tiap TS :
64Kbps
Tiap 16 Frame (Frame 0 s/d 15) disebut 1 Multi Frame
Time slot 0 untuk sinkronisasi,
Time slot 16 Frame 0 untuk Multi frame Alignment & Service Word
Time sot lainnya dapat digunakan untuk invormasi (voice, data,
video dl) dan signaling
13
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched
Struktur Jaringan PSTN
Hirarki Sentral
TC
TC
TC = Tertiary Center
TC
Di Indonesis terdapat 7 TC :
Jkt, Sb, Bjm, Mks, Mdn, Pb, Ab
SC
PC
LE
SC
SC
PC
PC
LE
LE
PBX
SC
PC
LE
SC
PC
LE
SC
PC
SC = Secondary Center
PC = Primary Center
LE = Local Exchange
PBX = Private Branch Exchange
LE
PBX
14
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Struktur Jaringan PSTN (cont)
LO
AR
EA
-3
ARE
A
A
RE
A
R
TE
A
TI
1
EA
AR
T3
TER
TIAR
Y
T1
-1
S1
S1
P1
L
SECONDARY
RY
RY
A
ND
L
3
P1
AREA
AREA)
L
1
IA
RT
TE
CO
SE
Y
AR
IM AL
PR LOC
(
L
2
AR
EA
C
AL
Struktur Wilayah Jaringan
RY
T2
A R E A -2
S2
S EC
OND
A RY
S1
AR E
A
SECONDARY AREA
P2
L
4
PRIMARY/LOCAL
AREA
Ket
:
P3
PRIMARY/LOCAL
AREA
L
6
L
5
Subscriber
L Local Exchange
P
Primary (Trunk ) Center
Secondary (Trunk ) Center
T
Tertiary (Trunk ) Center
P
15
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Contoh Circuit Switched
Pada PSTN
TE2A
LEA
15
26
3
4
7
8
09
#
∗
PSTN
TE2B
TE1A
TE1B
LEB
35
21
6
984
7
#0
∗
TE
TE
1
42
5 3
6
7
8
9
0 #
∗
A
35
21
6
984
7
#0
∗
1
42
53
6
78
09
#
35
2 4
1
6
9
#8
0 7
∗
∗
STP
STP
SS7
Network
STP
STP
B
Ket :
Speech path
Signaling path
A : Calling party
B : Called party
LE : Local Exchange
TE : Trunk Exchange
STP : Signaling Transfer Point
16
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Contoh Circuit Switched
Pada PLMN
VLR
VLR
MSCA
BTS
BSC
PLMN
MSCB
MSC
MSC
MS
BTS
BSC
MSB
BTS
MSA
VLR
BTS
VLR
MS
Ket :
STP
HLR
STP
STP
SS7
Network
STP
Speech path
Signaling path
MS : Mobile Station
BTS : Base Transceiver Station
BSC : Base System Controller
MSC : Mobile Switching Center
VLR : Visitor Location Register
HLR : Home Location Register
STP : Signaling Transfer Point
17
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Contoh Circuit Switched (cont)
Lintas Jaringan (PSTN-PLMN)
PSTN
A
TE1A
LEA
123
48
59
6
7
0#
∗
TE2B
TE2A
TE1B
LEB
321
68
54
9
#07
∗
1
42
53
6
78
09
#
∗
32 1
68
5 4
9
#0 7
∗
15
2 6
3
4
7
∗80 9#
35
24
1
6
9
87
#0∗
1
Ket :
Speech path
Signaling path
MS : Mobile Station
BTS : Base Transceiver Station
BSC : Base System Controller
MSC : Mobile Switching Center
VLR : Visitor Location Register
HLR : Home Location Register
STP : Signaling Transfer Point
LE : Local Exchange
TE ; Trunk Exchange
STP
SS7
Network
STP
STP
STP
VLR
5
3
VLR
6
BTS
BTS
MS
BSC
MS
MSC
PLMN
MSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
MSB
BTS
BSC
BSC
BTS
MS
HLR
2
4
MS
BTS
MS
MS
MS
18
PRINSIP DASAR PACKET SWITCHED
Informasi dalam jaringan packet switched umumnya
berupa data non real time (walaupun data real time pun
sudah bisa seperti VoIP dll) namun pada prinsipnya
yang paling dominan berupa data :
Tekstual
Gambar (image)
Video clip
dll
19
Prinsip dasar
Transfer data melalui jaringan tanpa dibangun koneksi
terlebih dahulu.
Informasi disegmentasi (paketisasi) kemudian dikirim
dengan menempuh rute yang berbeda-beda sehingga
sangat mungkin kedatangan paket tidak berurut
Di tempat tujuan paket disusun kembali seperti urutan
aslinya.
20
Tahap Paketisasi Informasi (segmentasi)
Contoh : panjang informasi : 1 MB (Mega Byte)
Ukuran paket : 50 KB/paket
Maka informasi disegmentasi menjadi 20 segmen
(disebut payload) dan diberi tambahan informasi
(disebut header) a.l berisi : alamat tujuan, nomor
paket, sistim deteksi error dll.
informasi (user data)
payload
header
paket no 1
payload
header
paket no 2
payload
header
paket no 20
21
Tahap Transfer Melalui Jarinagan
Paket dikirim melalui jaringan melewati sejumlah
Router dengan prinsip sharing bandwidth/resources
(rebutan kanal).
11
R3
R5
12
10
13
6
R1
A
20 19
14
Ket :
R2
9
Terminal data (PC)
Router
2
R7
5
7
3
Antrian pada
Router no 2
8
R4
R6
4
1
2
B
Paket no 2
22
Semakin tinggi tingkat kesibukan trafik (laju
kedatangan paket) dan atau semakin terbatasnya
resources (kapasitas jaringan) maka semakin lama
paket berada dalam jaringan yang berarti semakin
besarnya wktu tempuh dalam jaringan (end-to-end
.delay)
Kondisi inilah yang membuat jaringan paket
“kurang cocok” untuk informasi real time.
23
Jaringan Berbasis Paket
Komunitas pengguna jaringan paket mayoriotas
adalah pengguna komputer (PC)
Karenanya jaringan paket tumbuh dan berkembang
secara alamiah lebih banyak didasarkan atas
prakarsa individu yang berawal dari terbentuknya
Local Area Network (LAN), kemudian antar LAN
saling dihubungkan membentuk Wide Area
Network (WAN) dst hingga ke jaringan global.
24
Hal ini sangat berbeda dengan jaringan
telekomunikasi yaing lebih banyak diprakarsai oleh
penyedia jaringan/layanan, sehingga jaringannya
lebih
terstruktur karena lebih terencana denhgan
baik.
25
Struktur Jaringan Berbasis Paket
Struktur jaringan paket/data secara struktural :
Jenis
Jaringan
LAN
Lingkup wilayah
Suatu gedung/
area perkantoran,
kampus, sentra bisnis
Jangkauan
s/d ratusan meter
Kota s/d negara
WAN
Internet
s/d ratusan km
Internasional/interconti
nental (global)
s/d puluhan ribu
km
26
Topologi LAN (Local Area Network):
FDDI
(a) Ethernet
(c) FDDI
TokenRing
Server
(b) Token Ring
27
Contoh Local Area Network:
28
WAN (Wide Arwa Network)
LAN
WAN
LAN
LAN
29
KONVERGENSI JARINGAN
Latar Belakang
Semenjak keberhasilan transfer informasi real time
(Voice) melalui jaringan IP dengan kualitas yang cukup
acceptable, mulai terjadi adanya kecenderungan
transfer informasi lainyang lain (video, messaging dll)
melalui jaringan IP
Untuk voice sendiri ditandai dengan semakin banyaknya
dibangun gateway-gateway VoIP
30
Kondisi sebelum VoIP
Separate IP & Voice / Fax Networks
Headquarters
Remote Site
Leased Line,
Satellite, Frame
relay, ATM,
SMDS, ISDN
LAN
LAN
IP
IP
Router / Switch /
FRAD / Hub...
WAN
IP
56/64 k - 600 Mbps+
Router / Switch /
FRAD / Hub ...
PBX or KTS
PBX or KTS
PSTN
FAX
FAX
31
Sejak diluncurkannya VoIP
Integrated IP & Voice/Fax Networks
Headquart
Remote Site
Leased Line,
Satellite, Frame
relay, ATM,
SMDS, ISDN
LAN
32
Mengapa over IP ?
Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched
CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK
PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK
♦ Dedicates capacity of ‘channels’ for duration of connection.
♦ Channels remain idle when there are no calls .
♦ Inefficient use of available capacity.
♦
♦
Available transmission capacity shared by all forms of information
More efficient utilization of capacity
● no individual channels
● can use one ‘pipe’ for data , fax, voice and video
Karena efisiensi BW lebih baik ! layanan dapat dideliver
ke konsumen lebih murah.
Dalam era kompetisi, faktor harga jual menjadi
pertimbangan utama bagi provider
Maka mulailah era pergeseran dari circuit ke packet sw
33
Convergence… the before
picture
Data
Network
Separate voice, data
and wireless
networks
Backbone
Routers
Distribution
Routers
Wireless
Network (Cellular)
Class 4
Switch
Class 5
Switch
Voice
Network (PSTN)
34
After Convergence
Soft IP
Phone
DSL Modem
Partners and
Content Providers
Voice
Call
Server
IP Phone
DSLAM
DSL
Modem
Backbone
Routers
Distribution
Routers
IAD /
Res Gateway
IP Phones
Gateway
IP Phone
TELUS
IP Network
Internet
Data
Centres
TELUS Wireless
Network (Cellular)
Soft IP
Phone
PSTN
Switches
POTS
Phones
Legacy
Voice
Network
35
• Teknologi baru sebagai solusi yang lebih komprehensip
untuk menjgawal evolusi circuit switched ke total packet
switched secara smooth (atau bisa juga radikal), adalah
teknologi softswitch.
• Mengapa softswitch ?
Soft-Switched
Circuit-Switched
P
R
O
P
I
E
T
A
R
Y
•
•
Services, Applications & Features
(Management, Provisioning and
Back Office
Service &
Applications
Open
Open
Call Control &
Switching
APIs
Softswitch Call Control
Open
Open
Transpotrt
Hardware
Solutions come from a single
vendor that supplied
everythingin one proprietary
box : software , hardware and
applications
Customer were locked – in to
their vendor – no room for
innovation , expensive to
implement and maintain
Protocols
Protocols
APIs
Protocols
Protocols
Transport Hardware
•
•
Solutions come from multiple
vendors , at a levels who supply
open standards – based
products
Customer are free to choose
best-in-class product to build
their network . Open standards
enable innovationand reduce
costs
Source: Softsw itch
Consortium
36
Contoh implementasi softswitch
Softswitch Implementation
Configuration
oss
Softswitch
SGW
SS7
Aplication Server
Residential
Green Field
HFC
Packet Network
AGW (CMTS)
MSC
•xDSL
•FTTB
CDMA
AGW
(xDSL/
IAD)
AGW (CGW)
TGW
PSTN
Internet
37
Perangkat CPE
Positioning CPE dalam jaringan
Signaling
Gateway
IP Appliance
SS7/C7
SS7/C7
Media
Gateway
xDSL
Circuit
Circuit
Packet
Packet
PBX
Concentrator
Cable
PBX
Wireless
CU
ST
O
M
PBX
ER
C
P
E
PREMISES EQU IPMENT
38
Jenis Perangkat CPE
Terminal POTS (PSTN)
Modem Analog
PBX (DID dan non DID)
IP PBX
NT-ISDN
Leased Line
CPE xDSL
CPE Cable Modem
CPE HFC
Terminal WLL
PCMCIA
Router/Switch
39
Terminal POTS
• Telepon Analog
DP
Sentral
MDF
KTB
RK
Roset
Pes Tlp
CPE
(POTS)
Kabel
sekunder
Kabel
primer
40
• Rangkaian dasar telepon analog
PES TLP
nsi
a
h1
SAL LUAR
(JAR AKSES)
MDF
SENTRAL
a
Ra
C
T
3
4
C2 R2
h2
L
1
R1
0
2
W
M
b
C1
Ket : M = Mikropon (transmitter )
T= Telepon (receiver)
W= Wekker (bell)
h1, h2 = kontak kait (hook)
nsi = pembentuk pulsa dekadik
R2 C2 = rangkaian peredam bunga api (spark suppressor) akibat buka tutup nsi
R1 C1 = balancing circuit terhadap impedansi saluran luar (Z 0)
L0-1 L0-2 bersama-sama R1 C1 = komponen-komponen pembentuk anti side tone
C= blokade arus DC
b
Rb
Ref
X
Compa
rator
R1
- 48 V
R2
0V
event
41
Deteksi on hook/offhook/off-hook
OnOn-hook
C
= open circuit
Rbell
OffOff-hook
Rpes
loop
! pada test point X = - 48 V! pelanggan bebas
Ra
a
Batas-batas
Rloop (utk sentral digital ) : (Ra + Rb + Rpes) ≤ 2 KΩ
Rpes umumnya : (100Ω ≤ Rpes≤ 300Ω)
Rb
Ref
b
X
Compa
rator
event
R1
- 48 V
R2
0V
42
Dialling (decadic pulses)
Rangk
pes tlp
Rpes
Buka tutup selama deretan pulsa dekadik
nsi
Ra
a
loop
Rb
b
Ref
Terhub singkat selama deretan pulsa (dialing)
! utk proteksi rangk pesawat tlp
X
Compa
rator
R1
R2
- 48 V
0V
event
Loop
a-b
Tutup
Buka
On-hook
Pilih angka 3
3 x open a 60 ms
dg perioda 100ms
Off-hook
40 ms
60 ms
60 ms
40 ms
60 ms
t
43
Dialling (DTMF)
Cradle switch unit
EXCHANGE
Ringer
Vab
On-hook
Off-hook
1477 Hz
Tekan tombol
(angka 3)
1633 Hz
Dialler
1336 Hz
4 witre
to
2 wire
hybrid
Rec
1209 Hz
Mic
697 Hz
1
2
3
A
770 Hz
4
5
6
B
852 Hz
7
8
9
C
941 Hz
∗
0
#
D
697
100
1477
100
Waktu (t)
Key pad
44
• Pesawat Facsimile (3G FAX)
DOKUMEN
FACSIMILE - A
4G FAX
CCD
SCANNER
A/D
CONVERTER
THERMAL
PRINTER
MH/MR/MMR
COMPRESSION
TRANSMIT
MODEM
MH/MR/MMR
EXPANSION
RECEIVE
MODEM
P
S
T
N
DOKUMEN
(copy)
FACSIMILE - B
4G FAX
45
BagianBagian-bagian & Fungsi :
•
CCD SCANNER : sejenis camera recorder yang memiliki 1728 photosensor,
digunakan untuk membaca (scanning) dokumen yang mau dikirim
•
A/D CONVERTER : pengubah sinyal analog hasil scanning ke digital untuk
proses kompresi
•
MH/MR/MMR COMPRESSION : Modified Huffman/Modified Read/ Modified
Modified Huffman : merupakan subsistem yang melakukan fungsi kompresi
terhadap data/sinyal informasi untuk tujuan efisiensi bandwidth dalam
pentransmisian melalui saluran pelanggan analog.
•
TRANSMIT MODEM : mengkonversi sinyal digital hasil kompresi ke analog agar
dapat disalurkan melaluisaluran pelanggan analog.
•
RECEIVE MODEM : melakukan fungsi kebalikan dari RECEIVE MODEM agar
dapat diproses lebih lanjut untuk printing..
•
MH/MR/MMR EXPANSION : mengembalikan data terkompres menjadi data asli
(=dekompresi)
•
THERMAL PRINTER : melakukan fungsi pencetakan dokumen
46
•PBX
PBX
• Aesitektur
PBX
Automated
Attendant
(IVR)
Analog
extension
ELU-A
TLU-A
Hunting
Group
SW
Digital
extension
ELU-D
TLU-D
Digital
Trunk
SU
Operator
Console
Ket :
- ELU-A : Extension Line Unit – Analog
- ELU-D : Extension Line Unit – Digital
- SU : Signaling Unit
- SW : Switching Unit
- TLU-A : Trunk Line Unit – Analog
- TLU-D : Trunk Line Unit Digital
- CU : Control Unit
- IOU : Input-Output Unit
- MU : Memory Unit
CU
IOU
OM Terminal
HDU
Billing
MU
47
PBX
Berdasarkan modus panggilan masuk, terdapat 2 jenis :
Hunting Group
10 subscriber lines
(hunting group).
Call number :
1
7564108
Operator
LOCAL
EXCHANGE
PBX
Extension
2xxx
10
i/c call 7564108
•Tekan call number (contoh : 7564108)
•Operator menjawab dan minta sambung (misal ke extension 2330)
•Catatan : operator dpt diganti mesin (Automated Attendan atau
Interactive Voice Response)
O/G CALL :
•Tekan kode akses (biasanya “0”)
•Dapat nada pilih dari Local exchange
•Selanjutnya seperti dari rumah (lokal, sljj, hp dll
1 7564108
Call number
2 7561234
Auxiliary number
3 7562468
Auxiliary number
10 7561357
Auxiliary number
Search
(hunting)
I/C CALL :
48
Direct Inward Dialling (DID)
LOCAL
EXCH
DIG
TRUNK
PBX
DID
30 ch
(2 Mbps)
TRUNK LINES
(incoming only)
I/C call
ELU
DIG
TRUNK
SW
EXTENSION
SUBSCRIBER
SUB LINE
MODUL
SUB LINE
MODUL
O/G call
O/G call
Using
subscriber lines
ELU
ANALOG
TRUNK
ELU
ANALOG
TRUNK
I/C CALL :
•Tekan Group nomor PBX diikuti nomor extension (misal : 7564123) !
langsung nyambung ke extension 123
O/G CALL :
•Sama persis seperti hunting group
49
Sistem Penomoran PBX DID
• Mengikuti pola penomoran wilayah lokal setempat
PBX Group 7511
PBX1
No Ext 100 – 500
• Struktur : S1S2S3 S4 S5S6S7
Trunk
(E1)
PBX group
Hunting
Sistem penomoran lokal
75 xxxxx – 75 xxxxx
dari/ke
sentral lain
E1
Tru
( E nk
1
Hu )
n tin
g
PBX Group 7513
No Ext 100 – 800
PBX3
Panggilan masuk (DID) :
7513 100
s/d
7513 800
Nomor yg sudah digunakan
PBX (Group + Ext) tdk boleh
dipakai di pelanggan biasa
LOCAL
EXCHANGE
Trunk
(E1)
• Contoh :
Panggilan masuk (DID) :
7511 100
s/d
7511 500
Extension
Number
Hunting
Office code
PBX2
PBX Group 7512
No Ext 100 – 400
Panggilan masuk (DID) :
7512 100
s/d
7512 400
50
Arsitektur PBX
PBX
Automated
Attendant
(IVR)
Analog
extension
ELU-A
TLU-A
Hunting
Group
SW
Digital
extension
ELU-D
TLU-D
Digital
Trunk
SU
Operator
Console
Ket :
- ELU-A : Extension Line Unit – Analog
- ELU-D : Extension Line Unit – Digital
- SU : Signaling Unit
- SW : Switching Unit
- TLU-A : Trunk Line Unit – Analog
- TLU-D : Trunk Line Unit Digital
- CU : Control Unit
- IOU : Input-Output Unit
- MU : Memory Unit
CU
IOU
OM Terminal
HDU
MU
51
Billing
CPE ISDN
Evolusi Jaringan menuju ISDN
PSTN
ISDN (Inegrated
Service Digital
Network)
PSPDN
Jaringan
terpisah
OTHER
Ide dasar :
penggabungan semua
service (voice, data,
video) ke dalam satu
jaringan (saat itu
jaringan voice & data
terpisah)
Integrasi jaringan
secara bertahap
PSTN
NT
ISDN
PSPDN
Penggabungan
tahap awal
OTHER
NT
JARINGAN
TUBGGAL
Jaringan
terintegrasi
52
Model referensi akses ISDN
Reference
points
R
(interface)
S
TE1
T
NT2
U
NT1
V
LT
ISDN
EXCH
TE2
TA
Equipment Located
at
Customer Premisys
Equipment Located
in
Central Office
• TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2) : terminal non ISDN. Akses ISDN via TA
• TA (Terminal Adapter) : penyesuai terminal non ISDN
• TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1) : terminal tang dirancang untuk ISDN
• NT1 (Network Terminal 1) : Melakukan fungsi layer 1 OSI
• NT2 (Network Terminal 2) : Melakukan fungsi layer 2 OSI, contoh PBX
• LT (Line Termination) : merupakan terminasi saluran pelanggan doi sentral
53
Tipe kanal akses ISDN
Basic Rate Access (BRA)
D
B1
B2
Basic Rate
B1 64 kbit/s : voice/data
B2 64 kbit/s : voice/data
D 16 kbit /s : signaling plus packet data
Disebut juga kanal 2B+1D (=2x 64 Kbps untuk user
informasi + 1 x 16 Kbps untuk signaling)
• Contoh implementasi :
a) Model Konfigurasi Eropa
•
PSTN/
ISDN
ISDN Modem
(TA )
PC
(TE 2)
ISDN Phone
(TE 1)
NT 1
54
b) Model Konfigurasi Amerika
PSTN/
ISDN
ISDN Modem
(TA + NT 1)
PC
(TE2)
Analog Phone
(TE2)
Primary Rate Access (PRA)
Primary Rate
D1
D2
B1
B 64 kbit/s : voice /data
D 64 kbit/s : signaling plus
packet data
B30
Disebut juga kanal 30B + 2d (=30 x 64 Kbps + 2 x 64 Kbps)
55
• Contoh konfigurasi kanal PRA
ANALOG
TELEPHONE
TA + NT1
3G FAX
PRA
30B+2D
PC
ISDN PBX
= NT2
ISDN EXCHANGE
ISDN
PHONE
4G FAX
ISDN DATA
TERMINAL
CPE
56
Perangkat CPE ISDN
• Konfigurasi perangkat CPE ISDN :
Analog Phone
TA
4G FAX
PC
ISDN
PSTN
BRA
NT 1
ISDN
PHONE
X.25
Analog
Phone
ISDN
TA
PRA
ISDN
EXCHANGE
3G FAX
NT 1
ISDN PBX
=
NT2
PC
ISDN Phone
ISDN DATA
TERMINAL
4G FAX
57
Pesawat Telepon Digital
• Posisi dalam jaringan
DTE
R
TE2
Digital
Telephone
TE1
+
TA
PBX
T
S
NT2
NT1
Transmission
liines
ISDN
• Diagram blok funsional
ManMachine
Controller
Handset
Speaker
Speech
Path
Controller
Microphone
Key
Display
To/from
DTE
B ch
B ch
Digital
Telephone
Controller
ISDN
Interface
Circuit with 4 wire
Layers 1 &
To/from
2 Protocol
Interface
Controller
Controller
Key &
display
Controller
DTE
Interface
Rate
Adaption
Controller
B ch
58
• Bagian-bagian & fungsinya
1) ISDN Interface Circuit with Layers 1 and 2 Protocol Controller
Controller
- Melakukan fungsi layer 1 antara lain terminasi dari saluran melalui
kupling induktif (transformator) dan memberi catuan.
- bMelakukan fungsi Layer 2, yakni dengan menggunakan protokol LAPD.
- Memilih kanal B yang akan digunakan
2) Digital Telephone Controller
- Melakukan fungsi protokol Layer 3
- Mengontrol keseluruhan elemen fungsional dalam pesawat telepon
digital.
3) Man
Man--machine Interface Controller
- Mengontrol jalur speech termasuk proses CODEC sinyal suara
- Mengontrol sinyal-sinyal digit dari Keypad dan mengontrol penampilan
angka-angka dalam display
- Mengontrol sinyal-sinyal nada/dering berdasarkan sinyal message yang
diterima.
3) Rate Adaption Controller and DTE Interface
- Interworking dengan DTE dan melakukan penyesuaian laju bit yang
berasal dari < 64 Kbps ke laju bit 64 Kbps pada B channel.
- Melakukan konversi protokol DTE ke ISDN user-network interface.
59
• Prosedur Koneksi
ISDN EXCH
Calling
Party
Off-hook &
Dialing
Called
Party
Set up
Call Proceeding
Set up
Set up Ack
Awaiting
Answer
Indication
Alerting
Alerting
Connect
Call Arrival
Indication
Off-hook
Connect Ack
Connect
Connect Ack
COMMUNICATION
On-hook
Disconnect
Release
Disconnect
Release Complete
Release
Release Complete
On-hook
60
Videophone
• Bagian-bagian panel depan
Camera
Display
Key
Handset
61
• Diagram blok fungsional
B1 ch
Video Camera
Motion Vidoe
CODEC
B2 ch
Display
ISDN Interface
Circuit with
Layers 1 & 2
Videophone
Controller
Handset
4 Wire
S/T
Voice CODEC
D ch
Key
Key Controller
62
ISDN
Packet
• Prosedur koneksi
Calling
Party
Off -hook &
- dialing
Called
Party
Set up (B1)
Call Proceeding
Set up (B1)
Set up Ack
Set up (B2)
Call Proceeding
Set up (B2)
Set up Ack
Alerting
Call Arrival
Indication
Alerting
Connect
Off-hook
Connect Ack
Connect
Connect Ack
C O M M U N I C A T I O N (B1 + B2)
On-hook
Disconnect B1
Release B1
Release complete B1
Disconnect B2
Release B1
Release B2
Release complete B2
Disconnect B1
On-hook
Release B1
Release complete B1
Disconnect B2
Release B1
Release B2
Release complete B2
63
Videoconference / Teleconference
• Videoconference
64
• Teleconference
Controller
Monitor
Monitor
Speaker
Speaker
Camera
Video
Controller
Video
CODEC
Camera
Audeo
Controller
Audeo
CODEC
Mikropon
Electronic
Blackboard
Digital
Multiplexing
Circuit
ISDN
Interface
Circuit
Layer 1
Layer 2
4 wire
S/T
Gaphic
Controller
Handwriting Tablet
Dial Key
Display
Printer
Key &
Display
Controller
Information
Control signal
Monitor TV
65
Terminal Adapter (TA)
• Positioning
• Jenis TA
(bdsk fungsinya)
Contoh
TE2
R
Tlp
Analog
TE2
PC
TE2
Terminal
Data
TE2
S/T
ISDN
NT
TA
S/T
R
TA
Analog Telephone
B ch CS
Analogue
TA
Personal Computer
V.24
(PAD)
B ch CS
D ch PS
TA
TV Conference
B ch CS
V.35
ISDN
TA
G4 FAX
B ch CS
X.21
TA
X.25 HOST
B ch CS
D ch PS
X.25
TA
X.25 DTE
B ch CS
D ch PS
X.25
CS : Circuit Switching
PS : Packet Switching
66
• Contoh TA untuk telepon analog & terminal data
TERMINAL ADAPTER
L
INTF
Analogue
Telephone
S/T
RS-232C
Data
Terminal
SEL
RA
S/T
INTF
V.24
INTF
LAP-D
CPU
DISP/KBD
DiISP/KBD : Display & Keyboard for operation
LAP-D
: LAP-D Handler (Layer 2)
L INTF
: Line Interface Circuit
RA
: Rate Adapter
SEL
: Selector Circuit for B channel correspondence
S/T INTF : S/T bus interface controller (Layer)
V24INTF : V24 Interface Circuit
CPU
: Microprocessor for Layer 3 control and
additional function control
67
• Contoh TA untuk telepon analog & PC
TERMINAL ADAPTER
L
INTF
Analogue
Telephone
S/T
PC BUS
INTF
PC BUS
RA
SEL
S/T
INTF
PC
LAPD
CPU
LAP-D
: LAP-D Handler (Layer 2)
L INTF
: Line Interface Circuit
PC Bus INTF : PC Bus Interface
RA
: Rate Adapter
SEL
: Selector Circuit for B channel correspondence
S/T INTF : S/T bus interface controller (Layer)
CPU
: Microprocessor for Layer 3 control and
additional function control
68
• Prosedur koneksi pada Interface V.25bis
R
S/T
S/T
R
ISDN
Packet
TA
TA
DTE
DTE
ER ON
ER OFF
CD/CS ON
“CRN”
SET UP
SET UP
CALL PROC
CI ON
RT
ALE
ER ON
CD/CS ON
ALERT
“INC”
CONN
CONN
CONN ACK
CONN ACK
CI OFF
CD/CS OFF
CD/CS OFF
DATA TRANSFER
ER OFF
DISC
DISC
REL
REL
REL COM
REL COM
CD/CS/DR OFF
CD/CS/DR OFF
ER OFF
69
• Prosedur koneksi pada Interface X.21
R
S/T
S/T
R
ISDN
TA
TA
DTE
DTE
DCE ready (1,OFF)
DCE ready (1, OFF)
DTE ready (1, OFF)
DTE ready (1,OFF)
Call origination request
(0, ON)
Selective signal
Instruction (+, OFF)
Selective signal
(IA5, ON)
DTE wait
(1, ON)
DCE wait
(SYN, OFF)
SETUP
SETUP
CALL PROC
DCE information
(IA5, OFF)
ALERT
ALERT
DCE wait
(SYN, OFF)
Connection
(1, OFF)
Call termination
(BELL, OFF)
Call accepted
(1, ON)
CONN
CONN
CONN ACK
CONN ACK
Data ready
(1, ON)
DCE wait
(SYN, OFF)
Connection
(1, OFF)
Data ready
(1, ON)
DATA TRANSFER
DTE release request
(0,OFF)
DCE release ack
(0,OFF)
DCE ready
(1, OFF)
DTE release request
(0,OFF)
DISC
DISC
REL
REL
REL COM
REL COM
DTE disconnect
Instruction (0, OFF)
DTE disconnection ack
(0, OFF)
DCE ready
(1, OFF)
DTE ready
(1, OFF)
70
CPE ISDN
CPE Jaringan CATV
Frequency
Translator
Cable Headend
downstream
(forward direction)
Combiners
&
Filters
Trunk Amplifier
Distribution Amplifier
(Line Extender)
Trunk splitter
Subscriber tap
STB
Setop Box
STB
Trunk
coax
TV
Distribution
coax
Drop
cable
71
CPE Jaringan HFC
Small business
Home
STB
CM
Fiber trunk cable
(analog transmission )
500-2000
homes
CM
125-500
homes
upstream
downstream
PSTN
LE/
EO
Video
server
Modulator
CMTS
Frequency
Translator
Fiber Node
Combiner
&
Filters
O/E
CABLE HEADEND
GW
Internet
Bidirectional Amplifier
O/E : Optical/electrical converter
CM : Cable Modem
CMTS : Cable Modem Termination System
STB : Setop Box
LE/EO : Local Exchange / End Office
Coax
distribution
cable
72
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System
PSTN
LE/
EO
Telephony
(H323)
gateway
Local
Server
Internet
Internet
access
gateway
Fast
Ethernet
Switch
Modulator
Downstream
channel
Demodulator
Upstream
channel
CMTS
73
CPE ADSL
Local Echange
(a)
POTS
transmission
&
switching
network
POTS
LTU
04
Hz
NT
Low Pass
Filter
POTS
splitter
0-4 25
1100 Hz
Low Pass
Filter
High Pass
Filter
High Pass
Filter
ADSL
modem
25
1100 Hz
ADSL
modem
STB of
TV or PC
(b)
POTS
LTU
Video server
ADSL
termination
network
The Internet
Low Pass
Filter
0 4 25
500
NT
High Pass
Filter
STB
ADSL
modem
High Pass Filter
POTS=Plain Old Telephone Service
NT = Network Terminal
ADSL = Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line
74
Customer Premises Equipment
Knowledge Management PL-1
TELKOMRisTi
2004
1
Pengantar Teknologi Informasi &
Komunikasi
Informasi Real Time & Non Real Time
Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
Konvergensi Teknologi Jaringan
2
TUJUAN
Memahami prinsip dasar circuit switched
& packet switched
Mengetahui perbedaan mendasar serta
latar belakang dua platform jaringan
berbasis circuit switched & packet
switched
Mengetahui konvergensi teknologi
jaringan
3
PRINSIP DASAR CIRCUIT SWITCHED
Latar belakang :
Informasi real time (voice/video) kritis
terhadap waktu (delay)
Diperlukan platform jaringan yang menjamin
kontinuitas transfer informasi selama komunikasi
berlangsung
Maka lahirlah jaringan berbasis circuit switched
(jaringan telekomunikasi)
4
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched
Sebelum transfer informasi, dilakukan pembentukan jalur
koneksi dari ujung ke ujumg (call set up / signaling)
STP
1
1
3
2
1
4 3
2 1
2 1
2
4
TE1
LE2
A
4 3 2 1
3
4 3
LE1
STP
3
4
1
4 3 2
STP
2
LE2
TE3
LE3
LE1
B
TE2
LE1
LE3
LE2
5
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched (cont)
Setelah terbangun hubungan, dilakukan transfer
informasi (berbicara)
LE1
TE1
1 2
3 4
LE2
LE2
2 1
TE3
3
speech
LE3
1
2
A
3 4
1 2
4
sp
ee
ch
2 1
4 3
4 3
2 1
3 4
LE1
B
TE2
LE1
LE3
LE2
6
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched (cont)
Selama transfer informasi (bicara) kanal bicara
digenggam secara exclusive
4 3
2 1
TE1
1 2
3 4
2 1
TE3
3
LE2
3 4
1 2
4
sp
ee
ch
2 1
4 3
speech
1
2
A
3 4
LE1
B
7
Prinsip Dasar Circuit Switched (cont)
Selesai fase transfer informasi dilakukan pembubaran
STP
STP
1
1
3
1
4 3
2 1
1
2
3
2
2 1
4
4 3 2 1
4
1
4 3 2
4 3
LE2
STP
3
STP
2
TE1
TE3
A
LE1
B
8
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Terdapat dua elemen dasar dalam jaringan circuit switched
terkait dengan pembentukan koneksi yakni :
Elemen switch (dalam sentral)
Link (kanal penghubung) antar sentral atau jalur transmisi
Elemen switch bertugas melakukan ruting dan koneksi
(penyambungan). Sedangkan link transmisi meembawa
informasi
9
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen Switch
T
SM-A1
5
10
A2
SM-A2
A3
CM-C1
5
20
15
10
15
SM-A2
CM-A2
10
15
20
2
CM-A3
3
20
15
-Space switch (S)
SM-C2 15 25
20
10
C2
20
1
15 20
20
C1
CM-A1
10
15 20
15
-Time switch (T)
20
15
10
10
SM-C1
15
5
A1
Terdiri dari :
T
S
15
SM-C3
15
20 25
CM-C2
Dalam Time switch
10
20
15
C3
20
CM-C3
15
15
terjadi perubahan time
slot, dengan space tetap
Dalam Space switch
15
2
CM-B1
10
1
20
3
CM-B2
15
3
Ket : T = Time switch module
S = Space switch module
A1-3 = input speech highway
C1-3 = output speech highway
SM = speech memory
CM = connection memory
terjadi perubahan space,
dengan time slot tetap
CM-B3
10
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen Switch (Cont)
Dalam contoh gambar di atas, pola hubungan antara input dan output :
T
DATA
S
T
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
Ts 5
Ts 10
Hw 1
Hw 2
Ts 10
Ts 25
Ts 10
Ts 15
Hw 2
Hw 1
Ts 15
Ts 20
Ts 15
Ts 20
Hw 3
Hw 2
Ts 20
Ts 15
Ts 20
Ts 15
Hw 3
Hw 3
Ts 15
Ts 20
11
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen link (kanal) penghubung
digital form (TDM)
E1 (32 ts)
E1
EXCHANGE A
Z
OOM
EXCHANGE B
E1
No. time slot !
0
No. kanal voice /data!
1
15 16 17
31
1
15
16
17
17
Utk kanal signaling (CAS)
Utk sinkronisasi
1 MULTI FRAME
(=16 FRAME)
Frame 0
No. time slot!
0
No. kanal voice /data!
Frame 1
1
15 16 17
31
1
15
30
16
syn
Ts 16 frame 0 :
utk service word
(info alarm )
0
1
15 16
17
31
1
15
16
30
syn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 bit = 1 sampel suara
(pada kanal voice no 15)
8
0
1
15 16
17
31
1
15
16
30
syn
kanal signaling
1
bit no.!
Frame 15
2
3
4
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 1
5
6
kanal signaling
7
8
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 16
1
2
3
4
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 15
5
6
7
8
Utk signaling
kanal voice no 30
12
Elemen Dasar Circuit Switched (Cont)
Elemen kanal penghubung (Cont)
Link penghubung antar sentral di Indonesia umumnya berbasis
PCM 30 (disebut jalur E1)
Struktur kanal PCM30 :
Satu Frame terdiri dari 32 time slot (TS) dengan laju bit tiap TS :
64Kbps
Tiap 16 Frame (Frame 0 s/d 15) disebut 1 Multi Frame
Time slot 0 untuk sinkronisasi,
Time slot 16 Frame 0 untuk Multi frame Alignment & Service Word
Time sot lainnya dapat digunakan untuk invormasi (voice, data,
video dl) dan signaling
13
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched
Struktur Jaringan PSTN
Hirarki Sentral
TC
TC
TC = Tertiary Center
TC
Di Indonesis terdapat 7 TC :
Jkt, Sb, Bjm, Mks, Mdn, Pb, Ab
SC
PC
LE
SC
SC
PC
PC
LE
LE
PBX
SC
PC
LE
SC
PC
LE
SC
PC
SC = Secondary Center
PC = Primary Center
LE = Local Exchange
PBX = Private Branch Exchange
LE
PBX
14
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Struktur Jaringan PSTN (cont)
LO
AR
EA
-3
ARE
A
A
RE
A
R
TE
A
TI
1
EA
AR
T3
TER
TIAR
Y
T1
-1
S1
S1
P1
L
SECONDARY
RY
RY
A
ND
L
3
P1
AREA
AREA)
L
1
IA
RT
TE
CO
SE
Y
AR
IM AL
PR LOC
(
L
2
AR
EA
C
AL
Struktur Wilayah Jaringan
RY
T2
A R E A -2
S2
S EC
OND
A RY
S1
AR E
A
SECONDARY AREA
P2
L
4
PRIMARY/LOCAL
AREA
Ket
:
P3
PRIMARY/LOCAL
AREA
L
6
L
5
Subscriber
L Local Exchange
P
Primary (Trunk ) Center
Secondary (Trunk ) Center
T
Tertiary (Trunk ) Center
P
15
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Contoh Circuit Switched
Pada PSTN
TE2A
LEA
15
26
3
4
7
8
09
#
∗
PSTN
TE2B
TE1A
TE1B
LEB
35
21
6
984
7
#0
∗
TE
TE
1
42
5 3
6
7
8
9
0 #
∗
A
35
21
6
984
7
#0
∗
1
42
53
6
78
09
#
35
2 4
1
6
9
#8
0 7
∗
∗
STP
STP
SS7
Network
STP
STP
B
Ket :
Speech path
Signaling path
A : Calling party
B : Called party
LE : Local Exchange
TE : Trunk Exchange
STP : Signaling Transfer Point
16
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Contoh Circuit Switched
Pada PLMN
VLR
VLR
MSCA
BTS
BSC
PLMN
MSCB
MSC
MSC
MS
BTS
BSC
MSB
BTS
MSA
VLR
BTS
VLR
MS
Ket :
STP
HLR
STP
STP
SS7
Network
STP
Speech path
Signaling path
MS : Mobile Station
BTS : Base Transceiver Station
BSC : Base System Controller
MSC : Mobile Switching Center
VLR : Visitor Location Register
HLR : Home Location Register
STP : Signaling Transfer Point
17
Jaringan Berbasis Circuit Switched (cont)
Contoh Circuit Switched (cont)
Lintas Jaringan (PSTN-PLMN)
PSTN
A
TE1A
LEA
123
48
59
6
7
0#
∗
TE2B
TE2A
TE1B
LEB
321
68
54
9
#07
∗
1
42
53
6
78
09
#
∗
32 1
68
5 4
9
#0 7
∗
15
2 6
3
4
7
∗80 9#
35
24
1
6
9
87
#0∗
1
Ket :
Speech path
Signaling path
MS : Mobile Station
BTS : Base Transceiver Station
BSC : Base System Controller
MSC : Mobile Switching Center
VLR : Visitor Location Register
HLR : Home Location Register
STP : Signaling Transfer Point
LE : Local Exchange
TE ; Trunk Exchange
STP
SS7
Network
STP
STP
STP
VLR
5
3
VLR
6
BTS
BTS
MS
BSC
MS
MSC
PLMN
MSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
MSB
BTS
BSC
BSC
BTS
MS
HLR
2
4
MS
BTS
MS
MS
MS
18
PRINSIP DASAR PACKET SWITCHED
Informasi dalam jaringan packet switched umumnya
berupa data non real time (walaupun data real time pun
sudah bisa seperti VoIP dll) namun pada prinsipnya
yang paling dominan berupa data :
Tekstual
Gambar (image)
Video clip
dll
19
Prinsip dasar
Transfer data melalui jaringan tanpa dibangun koneksi
terlebih dahulu.
Informasi disegmentasi (paketisasi) kemudian dikirim
dengan menempuh rute yang berbeda-beda sehingga
sangat mungkin kedatangan paket tidak berurut
Di tempat tujuan paket disusun kembali seperti urutan
aslinya.
20
Tahap Paketisasi Informasi (segmentasi)
Contoh : panjang informasi : 1 MB (Mega Byte)
Ukuran paket : 50 KB/paket
Maka informasi disegmentasi menjadi 20 segmen
(disebut payload) dan diberi tambahan informasi
(disebut header) a.l berisi : alamat tujuan, nomor
paket, sistim deteksi error dll.
informasi (user data)
payload
header
paket no 1
payload
header
paket no 2
payload
header
paket no 20
21
Tahap Transfer Melalui Jarinagan
Paket dikirim melalui jaringan melewati sejumlah
Router dengan prinsip sharing bandwidth/resources
(rebutan kanal).
11
R3
R5
12
10
13
6
R1
A
20 19
14
Ket :
R2
9
Terminal data (PC)
Router
2
R7
5
7
3
Antrian pada
Router no 2
8
R4
R6
4
1
2
B
Paket no 2
22
Semakin tinggi tingkat kesibukan trafik (laju
kedatangan paket) dan atau semakin terbatasnya
resources (kapasitas jaringan) maka semakin lama
paket berada dalam jaringan yang berarti semakin
besarnya wktu tempuh dalam jaringan (end-to-end
.delay)
Kondisi inilah yang membuat jaringan paket
“kurang cocok” untuk informasi real time.
23
Jaringan Berbasis Paket
Komunitas pengguna jaringan paket mayoriotas
adalah pengguna komputer (PC)
Karenanya jaringan paket tumbuh dan berkembang
secara alamiah lebih banyak didasarkan atas
prakarsa individu yang berawal dari terbentuknya
Local Area Network (LAN), kemudian antar LAN
saling dihubungkan membentuk Wide Area
Network (WAN) dst hingga ke jaringan global.
24
Hal ini sangat berbeda dengan jaringan
telekomunikasi yaing lebih banyak diprakarsai oleh
penyedia jaringan/layanan, sehingga jaringannya
lebih
terstruktur karena lebih terencana denhgan
baik.
25
Struktur Jaringan Berbasis Paket
Struktur jaringan paket/data secara struktural :
Jenis
Jaringan
LAN
Lingkup wilayah
Suatu gedung/
area perkantoran,
kampus, sentra bisnis
Jangkauan
s/d ratusan meter
Kota s/d negara
WAN
Internet
s/d ratusan km
Internasional/interconti
nental (global)
s/d puluhan ribu
km
26
Topologi LAN (Local Area Network):
FDDI
(a) Ethernet
(c) FDDI
TokenRing
Server
(b) Token Ring
27
Contoh Local Area Network:
28
WAN (Wide Arwa Network)
LAN
WAN
LAN
LAN
29
KONVERGENSI JARINGAN
Latar Belakang
Semenjak keberhasilan transfer informasi real time
(Voice) melalui jaringan IP dengan kualitas yang cukup
acceptable, mulai terjadi adanya kecenderungan
transfer informasi lainyang lain (video, messaging dll)
melalui jaringan IP
Untuk voice sendiri ditandai dengan semakin banyaknya
dibangun gateway-gateway VoIP
30
Kondisi sebelum VoIP
Separate IP & Voice / Fax Networks
Headquarters
Remote Site
Leased Line,
Satellite, Frame
relay, ATM,
SMDS, ISDN
LAN
LAN
IP
IP
Router / Switch /
FRAD / Hub...
WAN
IP
56/64 k - 600 Mbps+
Router / Switch /
FRAD / Hub ...
PBX or KTS
PBX or KTS
PSTN
FAX
FAX
31
Sejak diluncurkannya VoIP
Integrated IP & Voice/Fax Networks
Headquart
Remote Site
Leased Line,
Satellite, Frame
relay, ATM,
SMDS, ISDN
LAN
32
Mengapa over IP ?
Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched
CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK
PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK
♦ Dedicates capacity of ‘channels’ for duration of connection.
♦ Channels remain idle when there are no calls .
♦ Inefficient use of available capacity.
♦
♦
Available transmission capacity shared by all forms of information
More efficient utilization of capacity
● no individual channels
● can use one ‘pipe’ for data , fax, voice and video
Karena efisiensi BW lebih baik ! layanan dapat dideliver
ke konsumen lebih murah.
Dalam era kompetisi, faktor harga jual menjadi
pertimbangan utama bagi provider
Maka mulailah era pergeseran dari circuit ke packet sw
33
Convergence… the before
picture
Data
Network
Separate voice, data
and wireless
networks
Backbone
Routers
Distribution
Routers
Wireless
Network (Cellular)
Class 4
Switch
Class 5
Switch
Voice
Network (PSTN)
34
After Convergence
Soft IP
Phone
DSL Modem
Partners and
Content Providers
Voice
Call
Server
IP Phone
DSLAM
DSL
Modem
Backbone
Routers
Distribution
Routers
IAD /
Res Gateway
IP Phones
Gateway
IP Phone
TELUS
IP Network
Internet
Data
Centres
TELUS Wireless
Network (Cellular)
Soft IP
Phone
PSTN
Switches
POTS
Phones
Legacy
Voice
Network
35
• Teknologi baru sebagai solusi yang lebih komprehensip
untuk menjgawal evolusi circuit switched ke total packet
switched secara smooth (atau bisa juga radikal), adalah
teknologi softswitch.
• Mengapa softswitch ?
Soft-Switched
Circuit-Switched
P
R
O
P
I
E
T
A
R
Y
•
•
Services, Applications & Features
(Management, Provisioning and
Back Office
Service &
Applications
Open
Open
Call Control &
Switching
APIs
Softswitch Call Control
Open
Open
Transpotrt
Hardware
Solutions come from a single
vendor that supplied
everythingin one proprietary
box : software , hardware and
applications
Customer were locked – in to
their vendor – no room for
innovation , expensive to
implement and maintain
Protocols
Protocols
APIs
Protocols
Protocols
Transport Hardware
•
•
Solutions come from multiple
vendors , at a levels who supply
open standards – based
products
Customer are free to choose
best-in-class product to build
their network . Open standards
enable innovationand reduce
costs
Source: Softsw itch
Consortium
36
Contoh implementasi softswitch
Softswitch Implementation
Configuration
oss
Softswitch
SGW
SS7
Aplication Server
Residential
Green Field
HFC
Packet Network
AGW (CMTS)
MSC
•xDSL
•FTTB
CDMA
AGW
(xDSL/
IAD)
AGW (CGW)
TGW
PSTN
Internet
37
Perangkat CPE
Positioning CPE dalam jaringan
Signaling
Gateway
IP Appliance
SS7/C7
SS7/C7
Media
Gateway
xDSL
Circuit
Circuit
Packet
Packet
PBX
Concentrator
Cable
PBX
Wireless
CU
ST
O
M
PBX
ER
C
P
E
PREMISES EQU IPMENT
38
Jenis Perangkat CPE
Terminal POTS (PSTN)
Modem Analog
PBX (DID dan non DID)
IP PBX
NT-ISDN
Leased Line
CPE xDSL
CPE Cable Modem
CPE HFC
Terminal WLL
PCMCIA
Router/Switch
39
Terminal POTS
• Telepon Analog
DP
Sentral
MDF
KTB
RK
Roset
Pes Tlp
CPE
(POTS)
Kabel
sekunder
Kabel
primer
40
• Rangkaian dasar telepon analog
PES TLP
nsi
a
h1
SAL LUAR
(JAR AKSES)
MDF
SENTRAL
a
Ra
C
T
3
4
C2 R2
h2
L
1
R1
0
2
W
M
b
C1
Ket : M = Mikropon (transmitter )
T= Telepon (receiver)
W= Wekker (bell)
h1, h2 = kontak kait (hook)
nsi = pembentuk pulsa dekadik
R2 C2 = rangkaian peredam bunga api (spark suppressor) akibat buka tutup nsi
R1 C1 = balancing circuit terhadap impedansi saluran luar (Z 0)
L0-1 L0-2 bersama-sama R1 C1 = komponen-komponen pembentuk anti side tone
C= blokade arus DC
b
Rb
Ref
X
Compa
rator
R1
- 48 V
R2
0V
event
41
Deteksi on hook/offhook/off-hook
OnOn-hook
C
= open circuit
Rbell
OffOff-hook
Rpes
loop
! pada test point X = - 48 V! pelanggan bebas
Ra
a
Batas-batas
Rloop (utk sentral digital ) : (Ra + Rb + Rpes) ≤ 2 KΩ
Rpes umumnya : (100Ω ≤ Rpes≤ 300Ω)
Rb
Ref
b
X
Compa
rator
event
R1
- 48 V
R2
0V
42
Dialling (decadic pulses)
Rangk
pes tlp
Rpes
Buka tutup selama deretan pulsa dekadik
nsi
Ra
a
loop
Rb
b
Ref
Terhub singkat selama deretan pulsa (dialing)
! utk proteksi rangk pesawat tlp
X
Compa
rator
R1
R2
- 48 V
0V
event
Loop
a-b
Tutup
Buka
On-hook
Pilih angka 3
3 x open a 60 ms
dg perioda 100ms
Off-hook
40 ms
60 ms
60 ms
40 ms
60 ms
t
43
Dialling (DTMF)
Cradle switch unit
EXCHANGE
Ringer
Vab
On-hook
Off-hook
1477 Hz
Tekan tombol
(angka 3)
1633 Hz
Dialler
1336 Hz
4 witre
to
2 wire
hybrid
Rec
1209 Hz
Mic
697 Hz
1
2
3
A
770 Hz
4
5
6
B
852 Hz
7
8
9
C
941 Hz
∗
0
#
D
697
100
1477
100
Waktu (t)
Key pad
44
• Pesawat Facsimile (3G FAX)
DOKUMEN
FACSIMILE - A
4G FAX
CCD
SCANNER
A/D
CONVERTER
THERMAL
PRINTER
MH/MR/MMR
COMPRESSION
TRANSMIT
MODEM
MH/MR/MMR
EXPANSION
RECEIVE
MODEM
P
S
T
N
DOKUMEN
(copy)
FACSIMILE - B
4G FAX
45
BagianBagian-bagian & Fungsi :
•
CCD SCANNER : sejenis camera recorder yang memiliki 1728 photosensor,
digunakan untuk membaca (scanning) dokumen yang mau dikirim
•
A/D CONVERTER : pengubah sinyal analog hasil scanning ke digital untuk
proses kompresi
•
MH/MR/MMR COMPRESSION : Modified Huffman/Modified Read/ Modified
Modified Huffman : merupakan subsistem yang melakukan fungsi kompresi
terhadap data/sinyal informasi untuk tujuan efisiensi bandwidth dalam
pentransmisian melalui saluran pelanggan analog.
•
TRANSMIT MODEM : mengkonversi sinyal digital hasil kompresi ke analog agar
dapat disalurkan melaluisaluran pelanggan analog.
•
RECEIVE MODEM : melakukan fungsi kebalikan dari RECEIVE MODEM agar
dapat diproses lebih lanjut untuk printing..
•
MH/MR/MMR EXPANSION : mengembalikan data terkompres menjadi data asli
(=dekompresi)
•
THERMAL PRINTER : melakukan fungsi pencetakan dokumen
46
•PBX
PBX
• Aesitektur
PBX
Automated
Attendant
(IVR)
Analog
extension
ELU-A
TLU-A
Hunting
Group
SW
Digital
extension
ELU-D
TLU-D
Digital
Trunk
SU
Operator
Console
Ket :
- ELU-A : Extension Line Unit – Analog
- ELU-D : Extension Line Unit – Digital
- SU : Signaling Unit
- SW : Switching Unit
- TLU-A : Trunk Line Unit – Analog
- TLU-D : Trunk Line Unit Digital
- CU : Control Unit
- IOU : Input-Output Unit
- MU : Memory Unit
CU
IOU
OM Terminal
HDU
Billing
MU
47
PBX
Berdasarkan modus panggilan masuk, terdapat 2 jenis :
Hunting Group
10 subscriber lines
(hunting group).
Call number :
1
7564108
Operator
LOCAL
EXCHANGE
PBX
Extension
2xxx
10
i/c call 7564108
•Tekan call number (contoh : 7564108)
•Operator menjawab dan minta sambung (misal ke extension 2330)
•Catatan : operator dpt diganti mesin (Automated Attendan atau
Interactive Voice Response)
O/G CALL :
•Tekan kode akses (biasanya “0”)
•Dapat nada pilih dari Local exchange
•Selanjutnya seperti dari rumah (lokal, sljj, hp dll
1 7564108
Call number
2 7561234
Auxiliary number
3 7562468
Auxiliary number
10 7561357
Auxiliary number
Search
(hunting)
I/C CALL :
48
Direct Inward Dialling (DID)
LOCAL
EXCH
DIG
TRUNK
PBX
DID
30 ch
(2 Mbps)
TRUNK LINES
(incoming only)
I/C call
ELU
DIG
TRUNK
SW
EXTENSION
SUBSCRIBER
SUB LINE
MODUL
SUB LINE
MODUL
O/G call
O/G call
Using
subscriber lines
ELU
ANALOG
TRUNK
ELU
ANALOG
TRUNK
I/C CALL :
•Tekan Group nomor PBX diikuti nomor extension (misal : 7564123) !
langsung nyambung ke extension 123
O/G CALL :
•Sama persis seperti hunting group
49
Sistem Penomoran PBX DID
• Mengikuti pola penomoran wilayah lokal setempat
PBX Group 7511
PBX1
No Ext 100 – 500
• Struktur : S1S2S3 S4 S5S6S7
Trunk
(E1)
PBX group
Hunting
Sistem penomoran lokal
75 xxxxx – 75 xxxxx
dari/ke
sentral lain
E1
Tru
( E nk
1
Hu )
n tin
g
PBX Group 7513
No Ext 100 – 800
PBX3
Panggilan masuk (DID) :
7513 100
s/d
7513 800
Nomor yg sudah digunakan
PBX (Group + Ext) tdk boleh
dipakai di pelanggan biasa
LOCAL
EXCHANGE
Trunk
(E1)
• Contoh :
Panggilan masuk (DID) :
7511 100
s/d
7511 500
Extension
Number
Hunting
Office code
PBX2
PBX Group 7512
No Ext 100 – 400
Panggilan masuk (DID) :
7512 100
s/d
7512 400
50
Arsitektur PBX
PBX
Automated
Attendant
(IVR)
Analog
extension
ELU-A
TLU-A
Hunting
Group
SW
Digital
extension
ELU-D
TLU-D
Digital
Trunk
SU
Operator
Console
Ket :
- ELU-A : Extension Line Unit – Analog
- ELU-D : Extension Line Unit – Digital
- SU : Signaling Unit
- SW : Switching Unit
- TLU-A : Trunk Line Unit – Analog
- TLU-D : Trunk Line Unit Digital
- CU : Control Unit
- IOU : Input-Output Unit
- MU : Memory Unit
CU
IOU
OM Terminal
HDU
MU
51
Billing
CPE ISDN
Evolusi Jaringan menuju ISDN
PSTN
ISDN (Inegrated
Service Digital
Network)
PSPDN
Jaringan
terpisah
OTHER
Ide dasar :
penggabungan semua
service (voice, data,
video) ke dalam satu
jaringan (saat itu
jaringan voice & data
terpisah)
Integrasi jaringan
secara bertahap
PSTN
NT
ISDN
PSPDN
Penggabungan
tahap awal
OTHER
NT
JARINGAN
TUBGGAL
Jaringan
terintegrasi
52
Model referensi akses ISDN
Reference
points
R
(interface)
S
TE1
T
NT2
U
NT1
V
LT
ISDN
EXCH
TE2
TA
Equipment Located
at
Customer Premisys
Equipment Located
in
Central Office
• TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2) : terminal non ISDN. Akses ISDN via TA
• TA (Terminal Adapter) : penyesuai terminal non ISDN
• TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1) : terminal tang dirancang untuk ISDN
• NT1 (Network Terminal 1) : Melakukan fungsi layer 1 OSI
• NT2 (Network Terminal 2) : Melakukan fungsi layer 2 OSI, contoh PBX
• LT (Line Termination) : merupakan terminasi saluran pelanggan doi sentral
53
Tipe kanal akses ISDN
Basic Rate Access (BRA)
D
B1
B2
Basic Rate
B1 64 kbit/s : voice/data
B2 64 kbit/s : voice/data
D 16 kbit /s : signaling plus packet data
Disebut juga kanal 2B+1D (=2x 64 Kbps untuk user
informasi + 1 x 16 Kbps untuk signaling)
• Contoh implementasi :
a) Model Konfigurasi Eropa
•
PSTN/
ISDN
ISDN Modem
(TA )
PC
(TE 2)
ISDN Phone
(TE 1)
NT 1
54
b) Model Konfigurasi Amerika
PSTN/
ISDN
ISDN Modem
(TA + NT 1)
PC
(TE2)
Analog Phone
(TE2)
Primary Rate Access (PRA)
Primary Rate
D1
D2
B1
B 64 kbit/s : voice /data
D 64 kbit/s : signaling plus
packet data
B30
Disebut juga kanal 30B + 2d (=30 x 64 Kbps + 2 x 64 Kbps)
55
• Contoh konfigurasi kanal PRA
ANALOG
TELEPHONE
TA + NT1
3G FAX
PRA
30B+2D
PC
ISDN PBX
= NT2
ISDN EXCHANGE
ISDN
PHONE
4G FAX
ISDN DATA
TERMINAL
CPE
56
Perangkat CPE ISDN
• Konfigurasi perangkat CPE ISDN :
Analog Phone
TA
4G FAX
PC
ISDN
PSTN
BRA
NT 1
ISDN
PHONE
X.25
Analog
Phone
ISDN
TA
PRA
ISDN
EXCHANGE
3G FAX
NT 1
ISDN PBX
=
NT2
PC
ISDN Phone
ISDN DATA
TERMINAL
4G FAX
57
Pesawat Telepon Digital
• Posisi dalam jaringan
DTE
R
TE2
Digital
Telephone
TE1
+
TA
PBX
T
S
NT2
NT1
Transmission
liines
ISDN
• Diagram blok funsional
ManMachine
Controller
Handset
Speaker
Speech
Path
Controller
Microphone
Key
Display
To/from
DTE
B ch
B ch
Digital
Telephone
Controller
ISDN
Interface
Circuit with 4 wire
Layers 1 &
To/from
2 Protocol
Interface
Controller
Controller
Key &
display
Controller
DTE
Interface
Rate
Adaption
Controller
B ch
58
• Bagian-bagian & fungsinya
1) ISDN Interface Circuit with Layers 1 and 2 Protocol Controller
Controller
- Melakukan fungsi layer 1 antara lain terminasi dari saluran melalui
kupling induktif (transformator) dan memberi catuan.
- bMelakukan fungsi Layer 2, yakni dengan menggunakan protokol LAPD.
- Memilih kanal B yang akan digunakan
2) Digital Telephone Controller
- Melakukan fungsi protokol Layer 3
- Mengontrol keseluruhan elemen fungsional dalam pesawat telepon
digital.
3) Man
Man--machine Interface Controller
- Mengontrol jalur speech termasuk proses CODEC sinyal suara
- Mengontrol sinyal-sinyal digit dari Keypad dan mengontrol penampilan
angka-angka dalam display
- Mengontrol sinyal-sinyal nada/dering berdasarkan sinyal message yang
diterima.
3) Rate Adaption Controller and DTE Interface
- Interworking dengan DTE dan melakukan penyesuaian laju bit yang
berasal dari < 64 Kbps ke laju bit 64 Kbps pada B channel.
- Melakukan konversi protokol DTE ke ISDN user-network interface.
59
• Prosedur Koneksi
ISDN EXCH
Calling
Party
Off-hook &
Dialing
Called
Party
Set up
Call Proceeding
Set up
Set up Ack
Awaiting
Answer
Indication
Alerting
Alerting
Connect
Call Arrival
Indication
Off-hook
Connect Ack
Connect
Connect Ack
COMMUNICATION
On-hook
Disconnect
Release
Disconnect
Release Complete
Release
Release Complete
On-hook
60
Videophone
• Bagian-bagian panel depan
Camera
Display
Key
Handset
61
• Diagram blok fungsional
B1 ch
Video Camera
Motion Vidoe
CODEC
B2 ch
Display
ISDN Interface
Circuit with
Layers 1 & 2
Videophone
Controller
Handset
4 Wire
S/T
Voice CODEC
D ch
Key
Key Controller
62
ISDN
Packet
• Prosedur koneksi
Calling
Party
Off -hook &
- dialing
Called
Party
Set up (B1)
Call Proceeding
Set up (B1)
Set up Ack
Set up (B2)
Call Proceeding
Set up (B2)
Set up Ack
Alerting
Call Arrival
Indication
Alerting
Connect
Off-hook
Connect Ack
Connect
Connect Ack
C O M M U N I C A T I O N (B1 + B2)
On-hook
Disconnect B1
Release B1
Release complete B1
Disconnect B2
Release B1
Release B2
Release complete B2
Disconnect B1
On-hook
Release B1
Release complete B1
Disconnect B2
Release B1
Release B2
Release complete B2
63
Videoconference / Teleconference
• Videoconference
64
• Teleconference
Controller
Monitor
Monitor
Speaker
Speaker
Camera
Video
Controller
Video
CODEC
Camera
Audeo
Controller
Audeo
CODEC
Mikropon
Electronic
Blackboard
Digital
Multiplexing
Circuit
ISDN
Interface
Circuit
Layer 1
Layer 2
4 wire
S/T
Gaphic
Controller
Handwriting Tablet
Dial Key
Display
Printer
Key &
Display
Controller
Information
Control signal
Monitor TV
65
Terminal Adapter (TA)
• Positioning
• Jenis TA
(bdsk fungsinya)
Contoh
TE2
R
Tlp
Analog
TE2
PC
TE2
Terminal
Data
TE2
S/T
ISDN
NT
TA
S/T
R
TA
Analog Telephone
B ch CS
Analogue
TA
Personal Computer
V.24
(PAD)
B ch CS
D ch PS
TA
TV Conference
B ch CS
V.35
ISDN
TA
G4 FAX
B ch CS
X.21
TA
X.25 HOST
B ch CS
D ch PS
X.25
TA
X.25 DTE
B ch CS
D ch PS
X.25
CS : Circuit Switching
PS : Packet Switching
66
• Contoh TA untuk telepon analog & terminal data
TERMINAL ADAPTER
L
INTF
Analogue
Telephone
S/T
RS-232C
Data
Terminal
SEL
RA
S/T
INTF
V.24
INTF
LAP-D
CPU
DISP/KBD
DiISP/KBD : Display & Keyboard for operation
LAP-D
: LAP-D Handler (Layer 2)
L INTF
: Line Interface Circuit
RA
: Rate Adapter
SEL
: Selector Circuit for B channel correspondence
S/T INTF : S/T bus interface controller (Layer)
V24INTF : V24 Interface Circuit
CPU
: Microprocessor for Layer 3 control and
additional function control
67
• Contoh TA untuk telepon analog & PC
TERMINAL ADAPTER
L
INTF
Analogue
Telephone
S/T
PC BUS
INTF
PC BUS
RA
SEL
S/T
INTF
PC
LAPD
CPU
LAP-D
: LAP-D Handler (Layer 2)
L INTF
: Line Interface Circuit
PC Bus INTF : PC Bus Interface
RA
: Rate Adapter
SEL
: Selector Circuit for B channel correspondence
S/T INTF : S/T bus interface controller (Layer)
CPU
: Microprocessor for Layer 3 control and
additional function control
68
• Prosedur koneksi pada Interface V.25bis
R
S/T
S/T
R
ISDN
Packet
TA
TA
DTE
DTE
ER ON
ER OFF
CD/CS ON
“CRN”
SET UP
SET UP
CALL PROC
CI ON
RT
ALE
ER ON
CD/CS ON
ALERT
“INC”
CONN
CONN
CONN ACK
CONN ACK
CI OFF
CD/CS OFF
CD/CS OFF
DATA TRANSFER
ER OFF
DISC
DISC
REL
REL
REL COM
REL COM
CD/CS/DR OFF
CD/CS/DR OFF
ER OFF
69
• Prosedur koneksi pada Interface X.21
R
S/T
S/T
R
ISDN
TA
TA
DTE
DTE
DCE ready (1,OFF)
DCE ready (1, OFF)
DTE ready (1, OFF)
DTE ready (1,OFF)
Call origination request
(0, ON)
Selective signal
Instruction (+, OFF)
Selective signal
(IA5, ON)
DTE wait
(1, ON)
DCE wait
(SYN, OFF)
SETUP
SETUP
CALL PROC
DCE information
(IA5, OFF)
ALERT
ALERT
DCE wait
(SYN, OFF)
Connection
(1, OFF)
Call termination
(BELL, OFF)
Call accepted
(1, ON)
CONN
CONN
CONN ACK
CONN ACK
Data ready
(1, ON)
DCE wait
(SYN, OFF)
Connection
(1, OFF)
Data ready
(1, ON)
DATA TRANSFER
DTE release request
(0,OFF)
DCE release ack
(0,OFF)
DCE ready
(1, OFF)
DTE release request
(0,OFF)
DISC
DISC
REL
REL
REL COM
REL COM
DTE disconnect
Instruction (0, OFF)
DTE disconnection ack
(0, OFF)
DCE ready
(1, OFF)
DTE ready
(1, OFF)
70
CPE ISDN
CPE Jaringan CATV
Frequency
Translator
Cable Headend
downstream
(forward direction)
Combiners
&
Filters
Trunk Amplifier
Distribution Amplifier
(Line Extender)
Trunk splitter
Subscriber tap
STB
Setop Box
STB
Trunk
coax
TV
Distribution
coax
Drop
cable
71
CPE Jaringan HFC
Small business
Home
STB
CM
Fiber trunk cable
(analog transmission )
500-2000
homes
CM
125-500
homes
upstream
downstream
PSTN
LE/
EO
Video
server
Modulator
CMTS
Frequency
Translator
Fiber Node
Combiner
&
Filters
O/E
CABLE HEADEND
GW
Internet
Bidirectional Amplifier
O/E : Optical/electrical converter
CM : Cable Modem
CMTS : Cable Modem Termination System
STB : Setop Box
LE/EO : Local Exchange / End Office
Coax
distribution
cable
72
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System
PSTN
LE/
EO
Telephony
(H323)
gateway
Local
Server
Internet
Internet
access
gateway
Fast
Ethernet
Switch
Modulator
Downstream
channel
Demodulator
Upstream
channel
CMTS
73
CPE ADSL
Local Echange
(a)
POTS
transmission
&
switching
network
POTS
LTU
04
Hz
NT
Low Pass
Filter
POTS
splitter
0-4 25
1100 Hz
Low Pass
Filter
High Pass
Filter
High Pass
Filter
ADSL
modem
25
1100 Hz
ADSL
modem
STB of
TV or PC
(b)
POTS
LTU
Video server
ADSL
termination
network
The Internet
Low Pass
Filter
0 4 25
500
NT
High Pass
Filter
STB
ADSL
modem
High Pass Filter
POTS=Plain Old Telephone Service
NT = Network Terminal
ADSL = Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line
74
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