Data

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DATA ² COLLECTION, CLASSIFICATION & REPRESENTATION

Data
‡ Data can be described as unstructured raw facts, observations or unevaluated messages in isolation ‡ Data are facts & figures which are not currently being used in decision process ‡ Information is defined as data that is collected, processed, logically organized and analyzed so as to be of use to the decision maker

Information
‡ Information brings clarity and creates an intelligent human response in the mind ‡ Some of the characteristics of Information:
± Improves representation of an entity ± Updates the level of knowledge ± Has a surprise value ± Reduces uncertainty ± Aids in decision making

Information Process
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Capturing Verifying Classifying Arranging/sorting Summarizing Calculating Storing Retrieving Reproducing Dissemination / Communication

Types of Data
‡ Primary Data
± Data collected for the first time by the researcher ± Techniques include observations, questionnaires, interviews, etc

‡ Secondary Data
± Data borrowed by the researcher from other sources

Primary data collected by one person may become the secondary data for another

Types of Data
‡ Qualitative Data:
± Data that are expressed by a non-numerical property ± For example
‡ Satisfaction of a customer ‡ Rich ‡ Poor

‡ Quantitative Data:
± Data that are numerically expressed ± For example:
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Weight Height Income Expenditure

Types of Data
‡ Further more, Quantitative Data are again of two types:
± Measurements or Scores ± Frequencies

Some terms to be remembered
‡ Population: All possible observations ‡ Sample: A portion of population, taken for further analysis and are used to draw conclusions ‡ Parameter: Characteristics of whole population ‡ Statistic: Characteristics of sample and is presumably measurable ‡ Variable ± Continuous and Discrete ‡ Constant ‡ Domain

Secondary Data
‡ Advantages of Secondary Data ‡ Disadvantages of Secondary Data ‡ Sources of Secondary Data

Primary Data
‡ Two main methods to collect primary data are Observation and Communication ‡ OBSERVATION: Advantages and Limitations ‡ COMMUNICATION: Questionnaire

Questionnaire
‡ Types of Questionnaire: Structured / Nonstructured ± Disguised/Non-disguised ‡ Designing a Questionnaire:
± Type of information to be collected ± Type of questions ± Open ended, Dichotomous and MCQ ± Phrasing of the questions ± Order of questions ± No. of questions ± Layout of the questionnaire

The Frequency Table: Discrete Series
‡ Relative Frequency ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Class Limits Class Interval Class Frequency Class mid-point

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Methods of Classifying Data
‡ Exclusive Method ‡ Inclusive Method

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Formation of a Grouped Frequency Table
The formation of a frequency distribution table comprises the following steps: 1. Deciding the groupings appropriate number of class

2. Choosing a suitable size or width of a class interval 3. Establishing the boundaries of each class interval 4. Classifying the data into the appropriate classes 5. Counting the number of items (i.e. frequency) in each class.
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Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions
Frequency Relative Frequency = Total Number of observations

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Cumulative Frequency Distribution

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Two-Way and Three-Way Frequency Distribution

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Main Parts of a Statistical Table
Guidelines Regarding Structure of a Table ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Table Number Title Captions and Stubs Main Body of the Table Ruling and Spacing Head Note Footnote Source-note
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