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Definition of unemployment
A .An economic condition marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired. Unemployment is expressed as a percentage of the total available work force. The level of unemployment varies with economic conditions and other circumstances.

B. 1. (Business / Industrial Relations & HR Terms) the condition of being unemployed 2. (Business / Industrial Relations & HR Terms) the number of unemployed workers, often as a percentage of the total labour force

causes of unemployment
In a modern economy unemployment has a variety of causes. Some of them relate to the general level of economic activity, others are the result of a failure of the labour market in an economy to work optimally.

Among the main types of unemployment we can consider:

Real wage unemployment

Demand deficient unemployment

Frictional unemployment

Structural unemployment

Hidden unemployment

Real wage (classical) unemployment

Real wage unemployment is a form of dis-equilibrium unemployment that occurs when real wages for jobs are forced above the market clearing level.

Traditionally, trade unions and wages councils are seen as the institutions causing this type of unemployment although the importance of trade unions in the UK labour market has diminished significantly over recent years and this has not stopped unemployment reaching nearly three million twice in the last twenty years.

Classical unemployment is thought to be the result of real wages being above their market clearing level leading to an excess supply of labour. Some economists believe that the introduction of the national minimum wage may create some classical unemployment in industries where average wage rates are closer to the NMW level and where international competition from low-labour cost producers is severe

Demand deficient (or cyclical) unemployment

Cyclical unemployment is involuntary unemployment due to a lack of aggregate demand for goods and services. This is also known as Keynesian "demand deficient" unemployment and is associated with the transition of the economy through the business cycle. When there is an economic recession we expect to see a rising level of unemployment because of plant closures and worker lay-offs. This is due to a fall in demand leading to a contraction in output across many industries.

Although demand deficient unemployment is usually associated with economic recessions it can also exist in the long run when the economy is constantly run below capacity. As the economy recovers from a downturn, we expect to see the problem of cyclical unemployment decline. This has certainly been the case in the Uk over recent years as the recovery of output from the early 1990s recession gathered momentum. Nine years of sustained economic growth has led to the lowest recorded unemployment levels since the end of 1985. Unemployment fell below one million (using the claimant count measure) in February 2001

Frictional unemployment

Frictional unemployment is transitional unemployment due to people moving between jobs: For example, newly redundant workers or workers entering the labour market (such as university graduates) may take time to find appropriate jobs at wage rates they are prepared to accept. Many are unemployed for a short time whilst involved in job search. Imperfect information in the labour market may make frictional unemployment worse if the jobless are unaware of the available employment opportunities.

Some of the frictionally unemployed may opt not to accept jobs if they believe the tax and benefit system will reduce significantly the net increase in income from taking paid work. When this happens there are dis-incentives for the unemployed to accept work.

Structural unemployment

Structural unemployment occurs when people are made unemployed because of capital-labour substitution (which reduces the demand for labour) or when there is a long run decline in demand in their particular industry. Structural unemployment exists where there is a mismatch between their skills and the requirements of the new job opportunities. Many of the unemployed from heavy manufacturing industry (e.g. in coal, steel and heavy engineering) have found it difficult to gain re-employment without an investment in re-training. This problem is one of occupational immobility. The Labour Government's New Deal programme has focused attempts to reduce long-term unemployment by increasing the human capital of the unemployed and improving their employability in the eyes of potential employers.

Hidden unemployment

Whatever the published figures for unemployment, there are bound to be people who are interested in taking paid work but who, for one reason or another, are not classified as unemployed.

An example of this is discouraged workers - people who have effectively given up active search for jobs perhaps because they have been out of work for a long time and have lost both the motivation to apply for jobs and also the skills required.

The poverty trap can also act to increase hidden unemployment. Jobless workers may not apply for jobs because of financial disincentives created by the interaction of the income tax and state benefits system.

Depression of 1930
1. Stock Market Crash of 1929 In fact, it was one of the major causes that led to the Great Depression. Two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had lost more than $40 billion dollars. Even though the stock market began to regain some of its losses, by the end of 1930, it just was not enough and America truly entered what is called the Great Depression.

2. Bank Failures Throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed. Bank deposits were uninsured and thus as banks failed people simply lost their savings. Surviving banks, unsure of the economic situation and concerned for their own survival, stopped being as willing to create new loans. This exacerbated the situation leading to less and less expenditures. 3. Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board With the stock market crash and the fears of further economic woes, individuals from all classes stopped purchasing items. This then led to a reduction in the number of items produced and thus a reduction in the workforce. As people lost their jobs, they were unable to keep up with paying for items they had bought through installment plans and their items were repossessed. More and more inventory began to accumulate. The unemployment rate rose above 25% which meant, of course, even less spending to help alleviate the economic situation. 4. American Economic Policy with Europe As businesses began failing, the government created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930 to help protect American companies. This charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation. 5. Drought Conditions

While not a direct cause of the Great Depression, the drought that occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 was of such proportions that many could not even pay their taxes or other debts and had to sell their farms for no profit to themselves. The area was nicknamed "The Dust Bowl." This was the topic of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath

Suggestions to remove unemployment from Pakistan

1. Economic Awakening amalgamation should advertise by the government for the awakening of industries sector, to activate assembly and investment.

2. Government should try to addition exports through adorning the tax abject and blurred tariffs.

3. Government should advertise assorted bales for the development of agronomic sector.

4. A amount of budgetary and budgetary measures should yield allure industrialists and decidedly adopted investment.

5. Technical training accessories should be provided. In this way unemployed humans will get a adventitious to enhance their abilities and become able to acquire added acumen able income. But as these canicule software companies are growing and new companies are starting their business actual rapidly so, I achievement arrangement of unemployment will become low soon.

6. Bread-and-butter Growth: Govt. should accomplish efforts to advance bread-and-butter advance process. For this purpose Bread-and-butter Awakening Amalgamation should advertise for the awakening of industries sector, to activate assembly and investment.

7. Exports: Government should actively try to addition exports through adorning the tax abject and blurred tariffs.

8. Agronomic Sector: Govt. should advertise a amalgamation for the development of agronomic sector.

9. Budgetary and Monitory Policies: Beside this a amount of budgetary and budgetary measures should yield to allure industrialists and decidedly adopted investment.

10. Abstruse Training: More abstruse and abstruse training accessories should be provided. In this way unemployed humans will get the adventitious to enhance their abilities and become able to acquire reasonable income. 11. Self-Employment Schemes: With a appearance to abate brainwash unemployment; self-employment arrangement should be encouraged in accurate manners.

Whether it's the nerve-racking board exams, wedding planning or just those crazy deadlines at work, all of us have gone through stressful situations at some point of time in our lives.

What's worse, stress can trigger all kinds of lifestyle diseases like depression, diabetes, hair loss, heart disease and more. That's why you must be careful not to let stress get the better of you. Here's how you can get rid of stress from your everyday life.

Tips to Reduce Stress Through The Day

We all have our good days and bad days. But, we all are faced by everyday situations that seem to take a toll on us each time we face them. Here are a few tips that'll help you face them with ease.

We all have our good days and bad days. But, we all are faced by everyday situations that seem to take a toll on us each time we face them. Like, dealing with a nagging relative, a sulky boss or the prospect of meeting an ex. Don't let any of them bog you down. Here are a few tips that'll help you face them with ease.

Deep Breathing: Have an important meeting in a few minutes? Heading out for a first date with a guy you really like? The best way to kill the butterflies in your stomach is to take a few deep breaths. Taking deep breaths increases supply of oxygen to our brain and helps reduce stress levels. Regular practice of breathing exercises or pranayam can help you stay lean too!

Happy Thought: Bothered by the colleague who cribs always or a friend who constantly nags you? Try to block them out with happy thoughts. Think of the time you will spend with your spouse when you get home or plan the dinner. Or think about watching a re-run of your favourite sitcom or movie. Thinking about happy thoughts blocks the negative energy of unpleasant emotions. Try it for a less hassled you.

Vitamin C:

Feel like you cannot complete the given task within the deadline? Give yourself a lime break. Cut up a sweet lime or just squeeze some lime water. Anything with vitamin C will help you calm frayed nerves as they are rich in antioxidants. Vitamin C also helps produce anti stress hormones.

Distract Yourself: Find your mind cluttered with thoughts every time you need to be thinking clearly? Listen to your favourite peppy number or pick up your phone and call a friend. Small breaks or distractions clear your mind and help you get back on track quickly.

It's All about Attitude: Going to a party where you will probably meet you ex? Don't expect the meeting to be awkward. Instead, put on a stylish outfit and top it with a smile. It will make you confident in minutes. You can pass off any awkward/odd moment just with a change in attitude.

Dropped some curry on yourself at a party? Laugh with your friends, if you are not at a formal do. People who can laugh at their own clumsiness are viewed as satisfied, self-assured individuals.

Do a Review: Does your to-do list look like a winding, messed up list of tasks? Review them, one at a time. Be it a household chore or sending an email, ask yourself, does it have to be done immediately? Tackle those that need to be done urgently first- like picking up kids from the school or sending out that important email. You can do the rest like picking up laundry and preparing for dinner later.

Keep these tips in mind and don't let any situation get the better of you. Do you have any happy living tips to share? Leave us a comment and let us know.

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