Different types of collapsible
Content
DISSERTATION 1
Convertible Spaces using Convertible Furniture
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
" this chapter discusses about how a product can be considered collapsible and about various types
of collapsible systems , their everyday application. "
Size adjustments to meet functional requirements is a space saving principle in nature . It alters to
suit itself to a new change or alters o suit others . Smart man-made objects have capacity to adjust its
volume to meet practical needs. They grow shrink, expand and contract to function well.
Collapsible and expandable are basic form of size adjustment principle .Collapsible structure expands
several hundred times its original size and improves drastically in appearances .
Clever type of collapsible system perform one function when collapse and quite another when
expanded. Size adjustments to meet functional requirements is also a time saving principle.
2.1 CONDITIONS TO BE CONSIDERED COLLAPSIBLE
A structure can be called collapsible if it undergoes the following conditions:
1.Volume change
2.Occupation of practical space, internal and external volume
3.Degree of space saving
4.Measure of convenience
5.Number of Type of Use
Collapsible could be arraying of function, fulfilling the multiple requirement both primary and
secondary and so on. for example a car have different kinds of tools, head lamps , wipers, indicator
but it is of no use if it does not perform its primary function which is to drive.
2.2 SYSTEM OF COLLAPSIBLE STRUCTURE - CLASSIFICATION
Collapsible systems can be classified into basically 12 types which are
stressing,folding,creasing,bellowing,assembling,hinging,rolling,sliding,nesting,inflating,fanning&
concertina.. some are very alike ,the classification of creasing and folding are obscure .where \as
some system will have applied more than one of these principles, sometimes one principle maybe
dominating than others.
[References ]
DISSER
RTATION 2
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
a) Stressing
w
as co
ompression
n and expa
ansion and result from
m pressure
e and tensiion. This principle
p
no
ormally
It works
actss as a com
mpress statte for stora
age and relaxes state
e for action
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Collapsible La
aundry Bas
sket.
Fig 1 . Lau
undry Basket in Open condition
Fiig 2 . Laundry B
Basket in Closed
d Conditions
The La
aundry Bas
sket works on collaps
sible princ
ciple. When
n the baske
et is opene
ed or on wo
orking
ndition the collapsible
e system iss in a UNS
STRESSED
D state (fig
g 1) and When it is no
ot in use orr when
con
it is stored in ssomeplace
e the syste
em of the basket
b
is in STRESSE
ED conditio
on(fig 2)
Rub
bber Bandss.
Fig 3
3 Rubber band under stress
Fig 4 Rubber band in relaxeed state
Rub
bber Band is also a collapsible
c
system tha
at works under stress principle. But it follo
ows the op
pposite
to tyypical stresss systems
s. Rubber band is in RELAXED
D state whe
en not in use and is in STRESS
SED
statte when un
nder action
n.
b)F
Folding
ding generrally apply to soft material, like cloth and plastic.
p
This principle
e allow for directionle
ess
Fold
flex
xibility of so
oft material. Softness
s can be strength for collapsibiliity. Normally it folds to
t storage and
unfo
old to expa
and.
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 3
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Parrachute.
Fig
n unfolded stat
rg 5 Parachute i
saving Liffe
from a break
bte Fig 6 Pa
down
narachute in Fold
aircraft aded state inside
pilot may e bag
need to us
se a parach
hute. Usua
ally in aircra
afts
For
are equipped with parac
chutes which are storred by fold
ding them in
nside a ba
ag pack wh
hich can be
e
ejec
cted to unffold the parachute.
c)C
Creasing
Insttead of being random
mly wrinkled, creasing
g is a meth
hod to fold along the preset line
e, to produc
ce a
nea
ater appearrance. Cre
easing facillitate an arrt of folding
g. Origami is creasing
g. This prin
nciple would have
som
me chance to break along
a
the crease
c
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Pop
pcorn Conttainer
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 4
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Fig 8 Finished Contaainer after folding along the crreases
Fig 7 Paper with creases readyy to be folded.
ufactured as
a sheets o
of paper which are th
hen folded to make a container to hold
A popcorn casse is manu
pcorns. Cre
eases are made alon
ng differentt parts of th
he paper which
w
make
es it easy to
t be folded into
pop
Con
ntainer.
d)B
Bellows
It works
w
as to contract and
a expand
d with a so
oft bag. It has flexible sealed co
onnection between
b
the two
plan
nes. The flexibility alllows it to be
b used as a pump and make itt adjustable
e in active use. It was
som
metimes re
educe size for storage
e. But it is not necess
sary.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Stra
aws , Automotive Parts and Purses
Figg 9 Bellowing u
used to bend sttraws
Fig 9 Bellowing used in wallets
Fig 9 Bellowing used
d in automotive Parts
nciple of Be
ellowing is
s used in evveryday ap
pplication which
w
requ
uire a seale
ed and flex
xible bending.
Prin
Assemblin
ng
e)A
sembling is
s a time an
nd space sa
aving princciple. When an objec
ct is used, one
o can as
ssemble
Ass
sep
parate partss into a wh
hole, and th
hen later to
o dismantle
e that who
ole again in
nto its part for storage
e. The
ass
sembling prroducts are
e very wide
e range, frrom industrrial to everryday use to
t product for kids
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Kids
s Toys.
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 5
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Fig 9 Assembling TToy found inside
e Potato Chips Packet
Fiig 10 Assemblin
ng Toy found in
nside Popular C
Chocolate Candyy
ny of toys for
f kids us
ses principlle of Assem
mbling. Its for easy storage and
d transportt. Food pro
oduct
Man
com
mpanies lik
ke Kinder Surprise
S
an
nd Cheetoss etc uses complimen
ntary toys to promote
e their prod
ducts
amo
ong kids. They
T
pack the toys along with the packet.. Toys arriv
ve in piece
es with insttruction ma
anual
on how
h
to ass
semble the
em.
f)Hiinging
sts of two o
or more metal parts while
w
mode
ern hinge made
m
of single piece
e of
Hinging generrally consis
stic. The difference between
b
crreasing and
d hinging is
s quite blurred, but architectura
a
al speaking
g;
plas
hing
ging will be
e more pop
pular than creasing b
because off structural means.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Um
mbrella & Sh
hades
Fig 11 Umbrrella in open co
ondition
Figg 12 Hinges in
nside umbrella
Fig 13 Hinge
es enable legs o
of sunglasses to
o be folded
An Umbrella is folded in
nto compac
ct sizes to be fit into even
e
smalll handbags
s. The supporting sys
stem of
umb
brella uses
s principle of hinging to undergo
o folding in
nto compac
ct forms. Spectacles
S
s also uses
s same
prin
nciple to be
e folded intto compact forms forr easy stora
age
g)R
Rolling
Rolling is a co
ompletely different
d
mechanism to folding and
a unfold
ding again and again. That rules
s out
b rule in reels of fis
shing line o
or hoses. Itt does not normally le
eave trace for changing of
reels of yarn but
chanism; itt does not provide crrease and hinging joint which means
m
it ve
ery suitable
e for appea
arance,
mec
while you can
n roll from the
t other side. Rolling
g could save space and
a also fo
or protectio
on.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Mea
asuring Ta
ape
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 6
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Figg 14 Measuringg tape Rolled Condition
Fiig 15 Metal Measuring Tape R
Rolled inside w
when not in use
asuring tap
pe should not get cre
eased or sh
hould have
e any hinge
es otherwis
se would affect
a
accuracy of
Mea
mea
asurementt. Hence it uses rollin
ng mechan
nism to storre the tape
e in a comp
pact form. Rolling
mec
chanism also help in easy unfo
olding also,,
Sliding
8)S
ding expand and conttract as the
eir parts slide. It open
n and close to save space
s
and sliding up to use
Slid
and
d sliding do
own for sto
orage. Som
metimes pro
oduct contains diminishing partts, and it is
s not neces
ssarily
tube
e shaped, which it co
ould slide or
o twist into
o each other.
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Tele
escope & Flash
F
Drive
es
F
Fig 16 A Telesc
cope in open an
nd closed condition
Fig 17 Flash drive Heaad Slides inside its body
for safee storage
Slid
ding one pa
art inside other
o
reduc
ces the occcupied volu
ume of the
e object into
o the size and form of
o the
lastt part. This
s principle is
i used to ccompact lo
ong produc
cts like tele
escope. or sometimes even to protect
p
an important
i
p by slid
part
ding it insid
de other pa
arts like in a flash driv
ve where the head is
s safely sided
inside the bod
dy for prote
ection afterr use.
N
9) Nesting
Nes
sting is a grouping
g
prrinciple. Tw
wo or more
e nesting objects occupy a less practical space
s
than
n they
do individually
i
y. To class
sify as a ne
esting object, one mu
ust have the capacity
y that can be
b occupie
ed by
ano
other objec
ct. Less spa
ace is prod
duce and itt follows:
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 7
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
1 + 1 = 1.5
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Cha
airs and Gllasses
Fig 18 Shows Nesting of 3 chaiirs take only thee
space required ffor single chair
Fig 199 Nested Glasse
es
Fig 20 Staccked Glasses taaking more spacce
Two
o chairs orr glasses when
w
Neste
ed over or inside ano
other one Uses
U
only practical
p
sp
pace of 1 Chair
C
or glass
g
. Thu
us Nesting can be use
ed for stora
age when not in use.
10)Inflation
atable Infla
ation produ
uce creativve product which could be very neck cush
hion scientiifically rela
ated.
Infla
Infla
ation trap air
a for floatting with low density (Collapsible, 2002) of
o air and air
a trap partticles to ke
eep
warrm. It struc
cture also fulfilled entertaining p
purpose. In
nflation is sometimes
s
not econo
omically
favo
orable.
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Air Rafts ,Pillo
ows and So
ofas
Fig 21 Inflated Boat , Pillow and Soffa
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 8
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Man
ny productts uses the
e pressure of air as a load bearring medium
m. In Inflatted produc
cts, the majjor part
volu
ume of the
e products is filled witth air . It re
equires a se
ealed conttainer to ho
old the air inside.
i
Onc
ce air
esc
capes the products
p
co
ollapses in
nto very minimal prac
ctical volum
me
11)Fanning
Fan
nning is a very
v
feminiine principle. A true ffan has a pivot
p
that holds
h
its lea
aves togeth
her and alllows
mulltiple leave
es to be vie
ew at the same time. Fanning has
h two use
es one is that
t
it could
d be for dis
splay
and
d for storag
ge.
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Han
nd fans and Multi fun
nction knife
e
Fiig 22 Hand Fan
n in Open condiition
Fiig 23 Multi function knife in fu
ully opened con
ndition
Botth hand fan
n and multii function kknife uses fanning principle for its working
g. where ea
ach of the
e
leav
ves or each of the kn
nives are pivoted
p
at one
o end an
nd slide un
nder one another whe
en not in use.
This
s enables it to be use
ed with sin
ngle hand also.
a
12)Concertin
na
Con
ncertina ha
ave a no off equal rod
ds connecte
ed by pivot to form a string of Xs
X or XXX, it could be
e
exp
pand and re
etracted by
y changing
g its angle between th
hem. The classificatio
c
on betwee
en the conc
certina
and
d the bellow
w is blurred
d.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Collapsible Ha
angers Or Metal Grills
Fig 24 Show
ws Closed Metal Grill with arrayy of X Lattices
Fig 25 Sho
ows Open Cloth
hes Hanger usin
ng Concertina
system
[Refe
erences ]
DISSERTATION 9
Convertible Spaces using Convertible Furniture
The security grills and collapsible hangers use concertina mechanism for its working. The vertical
members of gate are inter connected with string of X lattice which enables them to be folded or
expanded by shrinking and expansion of XXX string.
[References ]
Convertible Spaces using Convertible Furniture
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
" this chapter discusses about how a product can be considered collapsible and about various types
of collapsible systems , their everyday application. "
Size adjustments to meet functional requirements is a space saving principle in nature . It alters to
suit itself to a new change or alters o suit others . Smart man-made objects have capacity to adjust its
volume to meet practical needs. They grow shrink, expand and contract to function well.
Collapsible and expandable are basic form of size adjustment principle .Collapsible structure expands
several hundred times its original size and improves drastically in appearances .
Clever type of collapsible system perform one function when collapse and quite another when
expanded. Size adjustments to meet functional requirements is also a time saving principle.
2.1 CONDITIONS TO BE CONSIDERED COLLAPSIBLE
A structure can be called collapsible if it undergoes the following conditions:
1.Volume change
2.Occupation of practical space, internal and external volume
3.Degree of space saving
4.Measure of convenience
5.Number of Type of Use
Collapsible could be arraying of function, fulfilling the multiple requirement both primary and
secondary and so on. for example a car have different kinds of tools, head lamps , wipers, indicator
but it is of no use if it does not perform its primary function which is to drive.
2.2 SYSTEM OF COLLAPSIBLE STRUCTURE - CLASSIFICATION
Collapsible systems can be classified into basically 12 types which are
stressing,folding,creasing,bellowing,assembling,hinging,rolling,sliding,nesting,inflating,fanning&
concertina.. some are very alike ,the classification of creasing and folding are obscure .where \as
some system will have applied more than one of these principles, sometimes one principle maybe
dominating than others.
[References ]
DISSER
RTATION 2
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
a) Stressing
w
as co
ompression
n and expa
ansion and result from
m pressure
e and tensiion. This principle
p
no
ormally
It works
actss as a com
mpress statte for stora
age and relaxes state
e for action
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Collapsible La
aundry Bas
sket.
Fig 1 . Lau
undry Basket in Open condition
Fiig 2 . Laundry B
Basket in Closed
d Conditions
The La
aundry Bas
sket works on collaps
sible princ
ciple. When
n the baske
et is opene
ed or on wo
orking
ndition the collapsible
e system iss in a UNS
STRESSED
D state (fig
g 1) and When it is no
ot in use orr when
con
it is stored in ssomeplace
e the syste
em of the basket
b
is in STRESSE
ED conditio
on(fig 2)
Rub
bber Bandss.
Fig 3
3 Rubber band under stress
Fig 4 Rubber band in relaxeed state
Rub
bber Band is also a collapsible
c
system tha
at works under stress principle. But it follo
ows the op
pposite
to tyypical stresss systems
s. Rubber band is in RELAXED
D state whe
en not in use and is in STRESS
SED
statte when un
nder action
n.
b)F
Folding
ding generrally apply to soft material, like cloth and plastic.
p
This principle
e allow for directionle
ess
Fold
flex
xibility of so
oft material. Softness
s can be strength for collapsibiliity. Normally it folds to
t storage and
unfo
old to expa
and.
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 3
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Parrachute.
Fig
n unfolded stat
rg 5 Parachute i
saving Liffe
from a break
bte Fig 6 Pa
down
narachute in Fold
aircraft aded state inside
pilot may e bag
need to us
se a parach
hute. Usua
ally in aircra
afts
For
are equipped with parac
chutes which are storred by fold
ding them in
nside a ba
ag pack wh
hich can be
e
ejec
cted to unffold the parachute.
c)C
Creasing
Insttead of being random
mly wrinkled, creasing
g is a meth
hod to fold along the preset line
e, to produc
ce a
nea
ater appearrance. Cre
easing facillitate an arrt of folding
g. Origami is creasing
g. This prin
nciple would have
som
me chance to break along
a
the crease
c
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Pop
pcorn Conttainer
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 4
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Fig 8 Finished Contaainer after folding along the crreases
Fig 7 Paper with creases readyy to be folded.
ufactured as
a sheets o
of paper which are th
hen folded to make a container to hold
A popcorn casse is manu
pcorns. Cre
eases are made alon
ng differentt parts of th
he paper which
w
make
es it easy to
t be folded into
pop
Con
ntainer.
d)B
Bellows
It works
w
as to contract and
a expand
d with a so
oft bag. It has flexible sealed co
onnection between
b
the two
plan
nes. The flexibility alllows it to be
b used as a pump and make itt adjustable
e in active use. It was
som
metimes re
educe size for storage
e. But it is not necess
sary.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Stra
aws , Automotive Parts and Purses
Figg 9 Bellowing u
used to bend sttraws
Fig 9 Bellowing used in wallets
Fig 9 Bellowing used
d in automotive Parts
nciple of Be
ellowing is
s used in evveryday ap
pplication which
w
requ
uire a seale
ed and flex
xible bending.
Prin
Assemblin
ng
e)A
sembling is
s a time an
nd space sa
aving princciple. When an objec
ct is used, one
o can as
ssemble
Ass
sep
parate partss into a wh
hole, and th
hen later to
o dismantle
e that who
ole again in
nto its part for storage
e. The
ass
sembling prroducts are
e very wide
e range, frrom industrrial to everryday use to
t product for kids
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Kids
s Toys.
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 5
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Fig 9 Assembling TToy found inside
e Potato Chips Packet
Fiig 10 Assemblin
ng Toy found in
nside Popular C
Chocolate Candyy
ny of toys for
f kids us
ses principlle of Assem
mbling. Its for easy storage and
d transportt. Food pro
oduct
Man
com
mpanies lik
ke Kinder Surprise
S
an
nd Cheetoss etc uses complimen
ntary toys to promote
e their prod
ducts
amo
ong kids. They
T
pack the toys along with the packet.. Toys arriv
ve in piece
es with insttruction ma
anual
on how
h
to ass
semble the
em.
f)Hiinging
sts of two o
or more metal parts while
w
mode
ern hinge made
m
of single piece
e of
Hinging generrally consis
stic. The difference between
b
crreasing and
d hinging is
s quite blurred, but architectura
a
al speaking
g;
plas
hing
ging will be
e more pop
pular than creasing b
because off structural means.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Um
mbrella & Sh
hades
Fig 11 Umbrrella in open co
ondition
Figg 12 Hinges in
nside umbrella
Fig 13 Hinge
es enable legs o
of sunglasses to
o be folded
An Umbrella is folded in
nto compac
ct sizes to be fit into even
e
smalll handbags
s. The supporting sys
stem of
umb
brella uses
s principle of hinging to undergo
o folding in
nto compac
ct forms. Spectacles
S
s also uses
s same
prin
nciple to be
e folded intto compact forms forr easy stora
age
g)R
Rolling
Rolling is a co
ompletely different
d
mechanism to folding and
a unfold
ding again and again. That rules
s out
b rule in reels of fis
shing line o
or hoses. Itt does not normally le
eave trace for changing of
reels of yarn but
chanism; itt does not provide crrease and hinging joint which means
m
it ve
ery suitable
e for appea
arance,
mec
while you can
n roll from the
t other side. Rolling
g could save space and
a also fo
or protectio
on.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Mea
asuring Ta
ape
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 6
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Figg 14 Measuringg tape Rolled Condition
Fiig 15 Metal Measuring Tape R
Rolled inside w
when not in use
asuring tap
pe should not get cre
eased or sh
hould have
e any hinge
es otherwis
se would affect
a
accuracy of
Mea
mea
asurementt. Hence it uses rollin
ng mechan
nism to storre the tape
e in a comp
pact form. Rolling
mec
chanism also help in easy unfo
olding also,,
Sliding
8)S
ding expand and conttract as the
eir parts slide. It open
n and close to save space
s
and sliding up to use
Slid
and
d sliding do
own for sto
orage. Som
metimes pro
oduct contains diminishing partts, and it is
s not neces
ssarily
tube
e shaped, which it co
ould slide or
o twist into
o each other.
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Tele
escope & Flash
F
Drive
es
F
Fig 16 A Telesc
cope in open an
nd closed condition
Fig 17 Flash drive Heaad Slides inside its body
for safee storage
Slid
ding one pa
art inside other
o
reduc
ces the occcupied volu
ume of the
e object into
o the size and form of
o the
lastt part. This
s principle is
i used to ccompact lo
ong produc
cts like tele
escope. or sometimes even to protect
p
an important
i
p by slid
part
ding it insid
de other pa
arts like in a flash driv
ve where the head is
s safely sided
inside the bod
dy for prote
ection afterr use.
N
9) Nesting
Nes
sting is a grouping
g
prrinciple. Tw
wo or more
e nesting objects occupy a less practical space
s
than
n they
do individually
i
y. To class
sify as a ne
esting object, one mu
ust have the capacity
y that can be
b occupie
ed by
ano
other objec
ct. Less spa
ace is prod
duce and itt follows:
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 7
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
1 + 1 = 1.5
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Cha
airs and Gllasses
Fig 18 Shows Nesting of 3 chaiirs take only thee
space required ffor single chair
Fig 199 Nested Glasse
es
Fig 20 Staccked Glasses taaking more spacce
Two
o chairs orr glasses when
w
Neste
ed over or inside ano
other one Uses
U
only practical
p
sp
pace of 1 Chair
C
or glass
g
. Thu
us Nesting can be use
ed for stora
age when not in use.
10)Inflation
atable Infla
ation produ
uce creativve product which could be very neck cush
hion scientiifically rela
ated.
Infla
Infla
ation trap air
a for floatting with low density (Collapsible, 2002) of
o air and air
a trap partticles to ke
eep
warrm. It struc
cture also fulfilled entertaining p
purpose. In
nflation is sometimes
s
not econo
omically
favo
orable.
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Air Rafts ,Pillo
ows and So
ofas
Fig 21 Inflated Boat , Pillow and Soffa
[Refe
erences ]
DISSER
RTATION 8
Con
nvertible Spaaces using Convertible FFurniture
Man
ny productts uses the
e pressure of air as a load bearring medium
m. In Inflatted produc
cts, the majjor part
volu
ume of the
e products is filled witth air . It re
equires a se
ealed conttainer to ho
old the air inside.
i
Onc
ce air
esc
capes the products
p
co
ollapses in
nto very minimal prac
ctical volum
me
11)Fanning
Fan
nning is a very
v
feminiine principle. A true ffan has a pivot
p
that holds
h
its lea
aves togeth
her and alllows
mulltiple leave
es to be vie
ew at the same time. Fanning has
h two use
es one is that
t
it could
d be for dis
splay
and
d for storag
ge.
EVE
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
Han
nd fans and Multi fun
nction knife
e
Fiig 22 Hand Fan
n in Open condiition
Fiig 23 Multi function knife in fu
ully opened con
ndition
Botth hand fan
n and multii function kknife uses fanning principle for its working
g. where ea
ach of the
e
leav
ves or each of the kn
nives are pivoted
p
at one
o end an
nd slide un
nder one another whe
en not in use.
This
s enables it to be use
ed with sin
ngle hand also.
a
12)Concertin
na
Con
ncertina ha
ave a no off equal rod
ds connecte
ed by pivot to form a string of Xs
X or XXX, it could be
e
exp
pand and re
etracted by
y changing
g its angle between th
hem. The classificatio
c
on betwee
en the conc
certina
and
d the bellow
w is blurred
d.
ERYDAY APPLICAT
A
TION:
EVE
Collapsible Ha
angers Or Metal Grills
Fig 24 Show
ws Closed Metal Grill with arrayy of X Lattices
Fig 25 Sho
ows Open Cloth
hes Hanger usin
ng Concertina
system
[Refe
erences ]
DISSERTATION 9
Convertible Spaces using Convertible Furniture
The security grills and collapsible hangers use concertina mechanism for its working. The vertical
members of gate are inter connected with string of X lattice which enables them to be folded or
expanded by shrinking and expansion of XXX string.
[References ]
