Diverse Skull and Bones Mitglieder aus der Vergangenheit.pdf

Contents
Articles
Skull and Bones 1
Frederick Ellsworth Mather 6
Phineas Timothy Miller 8
William Huntington Russell 9
Alphonso Taft 12
George Ingersoll Wood 16
John W. Houston 17
John Hubbard Tweedy 20
William Henry Washington 21
John E. Seeley 22
Thomas Anthony Thacher 23
Henry C. Deming 25
William M. Evarts 27
Chester Lyman 32
Allen Ferdinand Owen 33
Benjamin Silliman, Jr. 34
Morrison Waite 37
Joseph B. Varnum, Jr. 43
Richard D. Hubbard 45
James Mason Hoppin 47
John Perkins, Jr. 48
William T. S. Barry 49
John A. Peters (1822€1904) 50
Benjamin T. Eames 51
Roswell Hart 52
Henry Stevens (bibliographer) 53
Orris S. Ferry 56
William B. Washburn 62
Constantine C. Esty 65
Richard Taylor (general) 67
Leonard Eugene Wales 72
Henry Baldwin Harrison 73
Stephen Wright Kellogg 75
Rensselaer Nelson 76
John Donnell Smith 77
Dwight Foster (1828€1884) 78
Augustus Brandegee 81
Timothy Dwight V 83
Francis Miles Finch 85
Lowndes Henry Davis 87
William Walter Phelps 88
Simeon Eben Baldwin 93
Anthony Higgins (politician) 99
Edward Rowland Sill 102
Daniel Henry Chamberlain 104
Franklin MacVeagh 107
Henry F. Dimock 109
William Collins Whitney 111
Charles Fraser MacLean 115
John William Sterling 116
George Chandler Holt 118
Henry Morton Dexter 119
Albert Elijah Dunning 120
Thomas Hedge 120
George P. Wetmore 122
Chauncey B. Brewster 125
LeBaron Bradford Colt 126
Wilson S. Bissell 128
William H. Welch 130
Frederick Collin 132
Edwin F. Sweet 133
Thomas Thacher 134
William Kneeland Townsend 135
George Foot Moore 136
Theodore Salisbury Woolsey 137
Eben Alexander 138
Samuel O. Prentice 139
Frank Bigelow Tarbell 140
Almet Francis Jenks 141
John Patton, Jr. 142
Edward Curtis Smith 144
Walker Blaine 147
Charles N. Fowler 149
Arthur Twining Hadley 151
Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster 154
Tudor Jenks 156
William Howard Taft 162
Edward Baldwin Whitney 185
Lloyd Wheaton Bowers 186
Ambrose Tighe 187
Timothy L. Woodruff 189
Walter Camp 191
Sidney Catlin Partridge 196
Henry Waters Taft 198
E. E. Aiken 200
Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist) 201
Benjamin Brewster (bishop) 202
William Phelps Eno 204
Elihu B. Frost 205
E. H. Moore 206
Joseph R. Parrott 208
Horace Dutton Taft 209
Wilbur F. Booth 209
Maxwell Evarts 210
Frank B. Brandegee 211
Alfred Cowles, Jr. 214
Edward Johnson Phelps 215
Clinton L. Hare 216
George G. Haven, Jr. 219
Oliver Gould Jennings 220
William Kent (U.S. Congressman) 220
Irving Fisher 222
Richard Melancthon Hurd 230
Amos Alonzo Stagg 232
Charles O. Gill 239
Henry L. Stimson 242
Gifford Pinchot 251
George Washington Woodruff 261
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. 265
Fairfax Harrison 269
Percy Hamilton Stewart 276
Frederic C. Walcott 277
Hugh Aiken Bayne 279
Howell Cheney 280
Clive Day 281
Henry S. Graves 282
James W. Husted (Representative) 284
Pierre Jay 286
Lee McClung 287
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet 290
Thomas Cochran (banker) 292
Ralph Delahaye Paine 293
Harry Payne Whitney 296
Frank Butterworth 299
Francis Burton Harrison 301
Frank Hinkey 306
Jules Henri de Sibour 308
Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist) 310
Sam Thorne 312
Henry Sloane Coffin 314
Clarence Fincke 316
Amos Pinchot 317
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr. 320
Payne Whitney 323
James McDevitt Magee 324
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I 325
Frederick Baldwin Adams 329
Ashley Day Leavitt 331
Percy Avery Rockefeller 335
Charles Edward Adams (industrialist) 336
Russell Cheney 337
Thomas D. Thacher 339
John Magee (missionary) 341
Foster Rockwell 343
William M. Blair 343
Hugh Knox 346
Samuel Finley Brown Morse 347
Lucius Horatio Biglow 350
Charles Seymour 352
Harold Stanley 354
Harvey Hollister Bundy 355
Allen T. Klots 356
Ted Coy 358
Albert DeSilver 360
George L. Harrison 361
Stephen Philbin 363
Robert Taft 364
Robert A. Gardner (golfer) 374
Gerald and Sara Murphy 377
Alfred Cowles 380
W. Averell Harriman 382
Hank Ketcham (American football) 390
Edwin Arthur Burtt 391
Archibald MacLeish 393
Wesley Oler 401
Phelps Putnam 401
Donald Ogden Stewart 403
Prescott Bush 406
E. Roland Harriman 411
Harry LeGore 413
Henry Neil Mallon 415
Kenneth F. Simpson 416
Howard M. Baldrige 418
F. Trubee Davison 420
John C. Farrar 423
Artemus Gates 425
Robert A. Lovett 427
Charles Phelps Taft II 432
John Martin Vorys 435
Alexander McCormick, Jr. 436
Lewis Greenleaf Adams 438
Briton Hadden 440
Thayer Hobson 442
David Sinton Ingalls 443
Henry Luce 447
Charles H. Bradley, Jr. 450
Stanley Woodward 452
John Sherman Cooper 453
Russell Davenport 470
F. O. Matthiessen 471
Edwin F. Blair 476
Walter Houghton 477
Charles Spofford 478
John Allen Miner Thomas 478
Mal Stevens 479
James Jeremiah Wadsworth 481
George Herbert Walker, Jr. 483
John Rockefeller Prentice 484
Lanny Ross 485
Granger K. Costikyan 487
George Crile, Jr. 487
Ralph Paine, Jr. 489
Charles Alderson Janeway 490
H. J. Heinz II 491
Lewis A. Lapham 493
John M. Walker 494
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr. 496
Samuel Hazard Gillespie, Jr. 497
Tex McCrary 499
Eugene O'Neill, Jr. 500
Francis Judd Cooke 501
Sam Collier 503
Lyman Spitzer 505
Sonny Tufts 508
Jonathan Brewster Bingham 512
Brendan Gill 515
John Hersey 517
J. Merrill Knapp 523
William Horsley Orrick, Jr. 524
Potter Stewart 525
J. Richardson Dilworth 530
Clint Frank 532
Al Hessberg 534
William Bundy 535
William Welch Kellogg 537
McGeorge Bundy 539
Andrew Downey Orrick 543
Barry Zorthian 544
Harold H. Healy, Jr. 548
James L. Buckley 549
John B. Goodenough 553
Townsend Hoopes 556
William S. Moorhead 558
James Whitmore 559
John Chafee 565
Josiah Spaulding 571
Charles S. Whitehouse 572
Thomas W. L. Ashley 576
George H. W. Bush 578
William Sloane Coffin 603
Daniel P. Davison 608
Tony Lavelli 610
David McCord Lippincott 613
Charles Lord 613
William F. Buckley, Jr. 615
William Henry Draper III 629
Evan G. Galbraith 632
Thomas Guinzburg 633
Victor Henningsen 634
Ray Price (speechwriter) 636
Reid Buckley 637
Charles S. Haight, Jr. 638
Jonathan Bush 640
William H. Donaldson 642
John Marshall (swimmer) 644
Jimmy McLane 645
George Herbert Walker III 646
David McCullough 647
Caldwell Esselstyn 653
Jack McGregor 656
R. Inslee Clark, Jr. 659
Linden Blue 661
Robert Morey (rower) 662
Stephen Adams (business) 663
Winston Lord 666
Gene Scott (tennis) 668
Mike Pyle 670
John Walsh (art historian) 672
William Hamilton (cartoonist) 673
David L. Boren 675
How Starbucks Saved My Life 681
William Nordhaus 682
Orde M. Coombs 685
John Shattuck 686
John Kerry 689
David Rumsey 711
Frederick W. Smith 714
David Thorne (diplomat) 718
Victor Ashe 720
Roy Austin 723
George W. Bush 724
Rex Cowdry 755
Robert McCallum, Jr. 756
Don Schollander 759
Brian Dowling (American football) 761
Stephen A. Schwarzman 763
Douglas P. Woodlock 767
Charles Levin (actor) 768
George Lewis (trombonist) 769
Christopher Buckley (novelist) 776
Robert Kagan 779
Michael Cerveris 782
Earl G. Graves, Jr. 788
Edward Lampert 789
James E. Boasberg 791
Paul Giamatti 794
Dana Milbank 802
Austan Goolsbee 804
References
Article Sources and Contributors 809
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 834
Article Licenses
License 842
Skull and Bones
1
Skull and Bones
For other uses, see Skull and crossbones (disambiguation).
Skull and Bones
The logo of Skull and Bones
Formation 1832
Type Secret society
Headquarters Yale University
Location New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the
oldest senior class landed society at Yale. The society's alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the
society's real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as "Bones", and members are
known as "Bonesmen".
History
Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute between Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity,
and the Calliopean Society over that season's Phi Beta Kappa awards. It was co-founded by William Huntington
Russell and Alphonso Taft as "the Order of the Skull and Bones".
The society's assets are managed by the society's alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in
1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a
Skull and Bones member, and later president of the University of California, first president of Johns Hopkins
University, and the founding president of the Carnegie Institution.
The first extended description of Skull and Bones, published in 1871 by Lyman Bagg in his book Four Years at
Yale, noted that "the mystery now attending its existence forms the one great enigma which college gossip never tires
of discussing." Brooks Mather Kelley attributed the interest in Yale senior societies to the fact that underclassmen
members of then freshman, sophomore, and junior class societies returned to campus the following years and could
share information about society rituals, while graduating seniors were, with their knowledge of such, at least a step
removed from campus life.
[1]
Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale University's "Tap Day", and has
done so since 1879. Since the society's inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull and Bones selects fifteen men
Skull and Bones
2
and women of the junior class to join the society. Skull and Bones "taps" those that it views as campus leaders and
other notable figures for its membership.
The Tomb
Exterior view of Skull and Bones, 64 High Street, New Haven, early
20th century
The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the
"Tomb".
The building was built in three phases: the first wing
was built in 1856, the second wingWikipedia:Please
clarify in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers
were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and
side facades are of Portland brownstone in an
Egypto-Doric style.Wikipedia:Citation needed The
1912 tower additions created a small enclosed
courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts
Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and
Swartwout, New York.
[2]
Evarts was not a Bonesman, but his paternal grandmother Martha Sherman Evarts and
maternal grandmother Mary Evarts were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts, an 1837 Bonesman.
The architectural attribution of the original hall is in dispute.Wikipedia:Citation needed The architect was possibly
Alexander Jackson Davis (1803€1892) or Henry Austin (1804€1891). Architectural historian Patrick Pinnell
includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus
history. Pinnell speculates that the re-use of the Davis towers in 1911 suggests Davis's role in the original building,
and, conversely, Austin was responsible for the architecturally similar brownstone Egyptian Revival Grove Street
Cemetery gates built in 1845. Pinnell also discusses the "Tomb's" aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors,
including the Yale University Art Gallery.
[3]
Wikipedia:Please clarify In the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape
architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that currently surrounds a portion of the complex.
[4]
The society owns and manages Deer Island, an island retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author
of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote:
The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to "get together and rekindle old
friendships." A century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb
plants and gooseberry bushes. Catboats waited on the lake. Stewards catered elegant meals. But although each
new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, the place leaves something to be desired. "Now it is just
a bunch of burned-out stone buildings," a patriarch sighs. "It's basically ruins." Another Bonesman says that to
call the island "rustic" would be to glorify it. "It's a dump, but it's beautiful."
• Alexandra Robbins
Coordinates: 41.30857•N 72.930092•W
[5]
Skull and Bones
3
Bonesmen
Main article: List of Skull and Bones members
Yearbook listing of Skull and Bones membership for 1920. The 1920
delegation included co-founders of Time magazine, Briton Hadden
and Henry Luce
Skull and Bones's membership developed a reputation
in association with the "Power Elite". Regarding the
qualifications for membership, Lanny Davis wrote in
the 1968 Yale yearbook:
If the society had a good year, this is what the
"ideal" group will consist of: a football captain; a
Chairman of the Yale Daily News; a conspicuous
radical; a Whiffenpoof; a swimming captain; a
notorious drunk with a 94 average; a film-maker;
a political columnist; a religious group leader; a
Chairman of the Lit; a foreigner; a ladies' man
with two motorcycles; an ex-service man; a
negro, if there are enough to go around; a guy
nobody else in the group had heard of, ever ...
•Lanny Davis, quoted by Alexandra Robbins
Like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones
membership was almost exclusively limited to white
Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale
itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular
ethnic and religious groups, the senior societies were
even more exclusionary. While some Catholics were
able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these excluded groups eventually entered Skull and
Bones by means of sports, through the society's practice of tapping standout athletes. Star football players included
the first Jewish (Al Hessberg, class of 1938) and African-American (Levi Jackson, class of 1950, who turned down
the invitation for the Berzelius Society) students to be tapped for Skull and Bones.
Yale became coeducational in 1969, yet Skull and Bones remained fully male until 1992. The Bones class of 1971's
attempt to tap women for membership was opposed by Bones alumni, who dubbed them the "bad club" and quashed
their attempt. "The issue", as it came to be called by Bonesmen, was debated for decades.
[6]
The class of 1991 tapped
seven female members for membership in the next year's class, causing conflict with their own alumni association,
the Russell Trust.
[7]
The Trust changed the locks on the Tomb and the Bonesmen instead met in the Manuscript
Society building. A mail-in vote by members decided 368-320 to permit women in the society, but a group of alumni
led by William F. Buckley obtained a temporary restraining order to block the move, arguing that a formal change in
bylaws was needed. Other alumni, such as John Kerry and R. Inslee Clark, Jr., spoke out in favor of admitting
women. The dispute was highlighted on an editorial page of The New York Times. A second alumni vote in October
1991 agreed to accept the Class of 1992, and the lawsuit was dropped.
Judith Ann Schiff, Chief Research Archivist at the Yale University Library, has written: "The names of its members
weren't kept secret • that was an innovation of the 1970s • but its meetings and practices were." While resourceful
researchers could assemble member data from these original sources, in 1985, an anonymous source leaked rosters to
Antony C. Sutton. This membership information was kept privately for over 15 years, as Sutton feared that the
photocopied pages could somehow identify the member who leaked it. He wrote a book on the group, America's
Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones. The information was finally reformatted as
an appendix in the book Fleshing out Skull and Bones, a compilation edited by Kris Millegan and published in 2003.
Skull and Bones
4
Among prominent alumni are former President and Supreme Court Justice William Howard Taft (a founder's son);
former Presidents George H. W. Bush and his son, George W. Bush; Supreme Court Justices Morrison R. Waite and
Potter Stewart; James Jesus Angleton, "mother of the Central Intelligence Agency"; Henry Stimson, U.S. Secretary
of War (1940-1945); U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett, who directed the Korean War; and Henry Luce,
founder and publisher of Time, Life, Fortune, and Sports Illustrated magazines.Wikipedia:Citation needed
John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State and former U.S. Senator; Stephen A. Schwarzman, founder of Blackstone Group;
Austan Goolsbee, Chairman of Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers; Harold Stanley, co-founder of
Morgan Stanley; and Frederick W. Smith, founder of FedEx, are all reported to be members.
Lore
One legend is that the numbers in the society's emblem ("322") represent "founded in '32, 2nd corps", referring to a
first Corps in an unknown German university.
[8]
Others suggest that 322 refers to the death of Demosthenes and that
documents in the Tomb have purportedly been found dated to "Anno-Demostheni".
Members are assigned nicknames (e.g., "Long Devil", the tallest member, and "Boaz", a varsity football captain, or
"Sherrife" prince of future). Many of the chosen names are drawn from literature (e.g., "Hamlet", "Uncle Remus"),
religion, and myth. The banker Lewis Lapham passed on his nickname, "Sancho Panza", to the political adviser Tex
McCrary. Averell Harriman was "Thor", Henry Luce was "Baal", McGeorge Bundy was "Odin", and George H. W.
Bush was "Magog".
In the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, both the Democratic and Republican nominees were alumni. George W. Bush
wrote in his autobiography, "[In my] senior year I joined Skull and Bones, a secret society; so secret, I can't say
anything more." When asked what it meant that he and Bush were both Bonesmen, former Presidential candidate
John Kerry said, "Not much, because it's a secret."
[9]
The society's current class meets every Thursday and Sunday night during their senior year.
Crooking
See also: Geronimo ‚ Alleged theft of skull
Skull and Bones has a reputation for stealing keepsakes from other Yale societies or from campus buildings; society
members reportedly call the practice "crooking" and strive to outdo each other's "crooks".
The society has been accused of possessing the stolen skulls of Martin Van Buren, Geronimo, and Pancho Villa.
Conspiracy theories
The group Skull and Bones is featured in conspiracy theories, which claim that the society plays a role in a
globalist/corporatist conspiracy for world control.Wikipedia:Citation needed Theorists such as Alexandra Robbins
suggest that Skull and Bones is a branch of the Illuminati,Wikipedia:Disputed statement or that Skull and Bones
itself controls the Central Intelligence Agency. Books written about the society include economist Antony C.
Sutton's America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones and Kris Millegan's 2003
Fleshing Out Skull and Bones.
Skull and Bones
5
References in fiction
ƒ Skull and Bones has been satirized from time to time in the Doonesbury comic strips by Garry Trudeau, Yale
graduate and Scroll and Key member. There are overt references, especially in 1980 and December 1988, with
reference to George H. W. Bush, and again when the society first admitted women.
ƒ In The Simpsons, the character Montgomery Burns attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones.
[10]
ƒ In Family Guy Season 5, Episode 16 "No Chris Left Behind" Carter Pewterschmidt is revealed to be a member of
the Society and briefly admits Chris into the society until he asks to attend his old school.
ƒ In American Dad Season 2, Episode 10 "Bush Comes To Dinner", George W. Bush arrives to dinner at Stan's
home. He is distracted by Roger and handed 2 alcoholic drinks; as Bush is portrayed as a recovering alcoholic he
then runs around town performing zany antics and "doing the Skull and Bones", which involves a wacky dance
and melody.
ƒ The Good Shepherd contains many references to Skull and Bones.
ƒ The Skulls (2000) and The Skulls II (2002) films are based on the conspiracy theories surrounding Skull and
Bones.
[11]
A third film, The Skulls III (2004), is based on the first woman to be "tapped" to join the society.
ƒ The society is also referenced in F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise (1920).Wikipedia:Citation needed
ƒ In the Baz Luhrmann version of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby Nick Carraway calls Tom Buchanon
Boaz. Tom in turn calls Nick Shakespear. Nick has said earlier that he met Tom at Yale. It is thereby implied that
they were in Skulls and Bones together. In the book version, Yale is not explicitly mentioned (rather, they were in
New Haven together) and it is only stated that they were in the same senior society.
[12]
ƒ In the 2008 "New Haven Can Wait" episode of Gossip Girl, Chuck Bass is recruited as a possible Skull and
Bones prospect while visiting the Yale campus.Wikipedia:Citation needed
ƒ The Veronica Mars finale, "The Bitch is Back", describes the founding of a college secret society by a former
member of Yale's Skull and Bones.
References
[1] Yale: A History, Brooks Mather Kelley, (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, Ltd.), 1974.
[2] "Yale University" 1999 Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1-56898-167-8 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=alnup81pmkAC&
pg=PA123& lpg=PA123& dq=patrick+ pinnell+ yale+ bones& source=web& ots=Mzn6w25dre& sig=KRPoISsYFKMPZl6SIOhSU_aDMtE)
[3] "Yale University" 1999 Princeton Architectural Press, p. 42, ISBN 1-56898-167-8 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=alnup81pmkAC&
pg=PA123)
[4] Fence information (http:/ / www. saucierflynn.com/ clients/ nonprofit/ scullandbones. php)
[5] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Skull_and_Bones& params=41. 30857_N_-72. 930092_E_type:landmark&
title=Skull+ and+ Bones+ Hall
[6] [6] Robbins, pp. 152-9
[7] Andrew Cedotal, Rattling those dry bones (http:/ / www. yaledailynews. com/ articles/ view/ 17505), Yale Daily News, April 18, 2006.
[8] Robbins, Alexandra. Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Back Bay Books, 2003.
[9] Meet the Press (http:/ / video. google.com/ videoplay?docid=-6905368727547377435)
[10] Forbes Fictional Fifteen: "C. Montgomery Burns." (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ lists/ 2005/ 12/ 06/
montomery-burns-wealt_cx_de_05fict15_1206burnsprofile. html) Retrieved April 9, 2007.
[11] Ebert, Roger. (2013-07-10) The Skulls Movie Review & Film Summary (2000) | Roger Ebert (http:/ / rogerebert. suntimes. com/ apps/ pbcs.
dll/ article?AID=/ 20000331/ REVIEWS/ 3310306). Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
[12] http:/ / www.publicbookshelf.com/ fiction/ great-gatsby/ younger-vulnerable-8
Skull and Bones
6
Further reading
ƒ Hodapp, Christopher; Alice Von Kannon (2008). Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies.
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-18408-6.
ƒ Klimczuk, Stephen & Warner, Gerald. Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sites, Symbols,
and Societies. Sterling Publishing, 2009, New York and London. ISBN 978-1-4027-6207-9. pp. 212€232
("University Secret Societies and Dueling Corps").
ƒ Robbins, Alexandra. Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Back
Bay Books, 2003. ISBN 0-316-73561-2.
ƒ Sutton, Antony C. America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones. Walterville,
OR: Trine Day, 2003. ISBN 0-9720207-0-5.
ƒ Tedford, Cody. Powerful Secrets. Hannover, 2008. ISBN 1-4241-9263-3.
ƒ Sutton, Antony et al., Fleshing Out Skull & Bones Investigations Into America's Most Powerful Secret Society
TrineDay LLC, 2003 ISBN 0-9720207-2-1 hardcover ISBN 0-9752906-0-6 softcover
External links
ƒ Yale University archives of Skull and Bones (http:/ / images. library. yale. edu/ madid/ showthumb.
aspx?q=skull+ and+ bones)
Frederick Ellsworth Mather
Frederick Ellsworth Mather (May 23, 1809 € November 9, 1900) was an American military officer, lawyer and
philanthropist
Early life
The son of Ellsworth and Laura (Wolcott) Mather, he was born in Windsor, Connecticut. He was a lineal descendant
of the nonconformist, Rev. Richard Mather, who came from England to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1635, and on his
father's side he was the grandson of the sister of Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth.
His father died when he was five years of age, and he was reared as a farmer's boy by his grandfather, Colonel Oliver
Mather. At the age of eleven years he rescued a man and boy from drowning in a freshet.
Education
After the death of his grandfather in 1829, he spent a few months in the office of Judge Miller, of Ellington,
Connecticut, but desiring a college training he soon commenced a preparatory course, and was admitted to Yale in
the second term of Sophomore year. He was a founding member of the Skull and Bones Society.
[1]
Career
After graduation he resumed the study of law in the office of Judge Parsons and of Governor William W. Ellsworth
of Hartford, Connecticut, and then entered the Yale Law School. Toward the close of 1835 he became law clerk in a
New York office, and after his admission as Counselor at Law in 1838 he immediately began practice by himself.
After thirty-five years of successful practice he partially withdrew from business in 1872.
In 1837 he entered the 264th Regiment, 64th Brigade, New York State Infantry, of which he was commissioned
successively First Lieutenant, Captain, Lieutenant Colonel, and in 1842 General.
Frederick Ellsworth Mather
7
In 1845 he was a Democratic member of the New York State Assembly, from 1854 to 1857 a member of the
Common Council of New York City, and for a number of years inspector and later trustee of the public schools.
For many years he devoted much attention to the conduct of public charities, and was an officer of the Prison
Association, the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, the Sanitary Association, the Rose Beneficent
Association, and others. But he was most deeply interested in medical charities. From 1851 to the close of 1889 he
was President of the Demilt Dispensary, of which he was the originator. The results of a tour of inspection of
hospitals and dispensaries abroad were embodied in the 25th Annual Report of this institution. He was one of the
founders of the Roosevelt Hospital, and served many years as a trustee. He aided in starting the Northeastern and
Northwestern Dispensaries.
Later life
He was a member of the American Geographical Society, of the Wisconsin Historical Society, and an officer of
several important business enterprises.
He was one of the originators of the New York Yale Alumni Association, and assisted in the organization of the Yale
Law School Alumni Association, and of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York.
In 1882 he retired from his law practice entirely, and made a long visit abroad.
Family
He married, in Hartford, Conn., on May 3, 1837, Ellen Poraeroy Goodrich, who died in 1871, by whom he had two
sons and six daughters. He afterward married Charlotte Foster of Cumberland County, England, who died in 1884.
Death
General Mather died of paralysis at his home in New York City, in his 92nd year. He had been unable to leave his
house for six years, but had retained full possession of his faculties and a keen interest in current events until the last
week.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
Phineas Timothy Miller
8
Phineas Timothy Miller
Phineas Timothy Miller (May 3, 1810€February 21, 1850) Was an American physician and a founding member of
Yale's Skull and Bones Society.
[1]
Early life
Phineas Timothy Miller, son of Samuel and Mary (Gilbert) Miller, of Middletown, Connecticut, was born on 3rd
May, 1810.
Career
He remained in New Haven after graduation, for study in the Yale Medical School, where he received his degree in
medicine in 1835, And along with notable classmates such as Alphonso Taft, he helped to found Skull and Bones in
1832.
In 1841 he was made the Director of the New Haven Hospital.
He continued to practice his profession as a physician until 1849, with the exception of a short time spent operating
an apothecary in New York City.
In January, 1849, he sailed from this city in the schooner Montague with a company bound for California. While in
the mining region he was seized with chronic dysentery, and after being much enfeebled he embarked for home on
the ship Clarissa Perkins. He died on shipboard, on February 21, 1850, in his 40th year, and was buried at sea.
Family
He married, in Rocky Hill parish, in Wethersfield, Connecticut, on August 31, 1836, Elvira, daughter of Henry and
Anna (Butler) Whitmore, who survived him. Their children were three daughters and a son. The son and one
daughter died in infancy.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
William Huntington Russell
9
William Huntington Russell
This article is about William Huntington Russell. For the architect, see William Hamilton Russell.
William Huntington Russell
William Huntington Russell, Co-Founder of Skull and Bones, Founder of Collegiate and Commercial Institute, New Haven, Connecticut;
Connecticut Legislator (1846-7); Major General, Connecticut National Guard (1862€70)
Born August 12, 1809
Middletown, Connecticut
Died May 19, 1885 (aged 75)
New Haven, Connecticut
Cause of death
Aneurysm
Resting place
Grove Street Cemetery
41•18‚44.532ƒN 72•55‚33.6ƒW
[1]
Nationality American
Alma mater ƒ A.L.S. & M. Academy
ƒƒ Yale College
Occupation ƒƒ Businessman
ƒƒ Educator
ƒƒ Politician
Known for Co-founder of Yale secret society Skull & Bones
Religion Protestant Christian
Denomination Congregationalist
Spouse(s) Mary E. Hubbard
Children ƒƒ Frances Harriet Russell
ƒƒ Talcott Huntington Russell
ƒƒ Philip Gray Russell
ƒƒ Edward Hubbard Russell
Parents ƒƒ Matthew Talcott Russell
ƒƒ Mary Huntington Russell
Relatives Rev. Noadiah Russell
William Huntington Russell
10
William Huntington Russell (12 August 1809 € 19 May 1885) was an American businessman, educator, and
politician. He was the founder of the Yale University secret society Skull and Bones.
:82
He was a descendant of
several old New England families, including those of Pierpont, Hooker, Willett, Bingham, and Russell. His ancestor
Rev. Noadiah Russell was a founder and original trustee of Yale College.
Early life
Born in Middletown, Connecticut, Russell was a cadet at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy
(later Norwich University) from 1826 until graduation in 1828, where he was taught under strict military discipline.
In 1828, William's father died, piling family responsibility on to him. Under severe financial restraints, he entered
Yale College. He supported himself throughout his college years. In 1823 Samuel Russell, his cousin founded Russel
& Co.
Career
Russell had planned on entering the ministry, but his financial problems forced him to obtain an immediate income
through teaching. In September 1836, he opened a private prep school for boys in a small dwelling house. The
school would become known as the New Haven Collegiate and Commercial Institute. To begin with, the school was
only attended by a small number of boys, but by the time of Russell's death the school had become well known and
had graduated around 4,000 boys. In about 1840, Russell introduced a very thorough military drill and discipline into
his school. He foresaw a Civil War in the future, and wanted to make sure his boys were prepared to fight for the
Union. His students were so well schooled in military affairs that on the outbreak of Civil War some were enlisted as
drill instructors.
He not only gave his students to the Union army, but also his own services. Governor Buckingham realized that
Russell was one of the most knowledgeable men in military affairs. For this reason, Russell was hired to organize the
Connecticut militia. He was later made a major-general by act of the legislature.
From 1846 to 1847, Russell served as a Whig in the Connecticut state legislature. Upon the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise in 1854, he became active as one of the leaders of the movement which resulted in the organization of
the Republican Party. He was a strong abolitionist and a friend of John Brown. Russell was named as a trustee in the
will of John Brown. He was also the Connecticut representative on the National Kansas Committee.
Later life
In 1856, with several other Bonesmen, he incorporated Skull and Bones as the Russell Trust, later the Russell Trust
Association. The Russell Trust Association is a tax-exempt association; it holds possession of the Skull and Bones
Hall at Yale University and the society's holiday island, Deer Island.
Death
In May 1885, Russell saw some boys throwing stones at birds in the park in New Haven, Connecticut. Russell
sought to protect the birds from the boys. The activity was too much for him and he fell unconscious from a fatal
rupture of a blood vessel and died several days later.
William Huntington Russell
11
References
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=William_Huntington_Russell& params=41_18_44. 532_N_72_55_33.
6_W_type:landmark
ƒ Whitlock, Reverdy. "William Huntington Russell and the Collegiate and Commercial Institute," Journal of the
New Haven Colony Historical Society 18, no. 4 (December 1969): 83€89.
External links
"William Huntington Russell" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=14261055). Patriot
& Teacher. Find a Grave. May 11, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
Alphonso Taft
12
Alphonso Taft
Alphonso Taft
31st United States Secretary of War
In office
March 8, 1876 € May 22, 1876
President Ulysses S. Grant
Preceded by William W. Belknap
Succeeded by J. Donald Cameron
34th United States Attorney General
In office
May 22, 1876 € March 4, 1877
President Ulysses S. Grant
Preceded by Edwards Pierrepont
Succeeded by Charles Devens
Personal details
Born November 5, 1810
Townshend, Vermont, U.S.
Died May 21, 1891 (aged 80)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Fanny Phelps
Louise Taft (1827-1907)
Children Charles Phelps Taft (1843-1929)
Peter Rawson Taft, II (1846-1889)
William Howard Taft (1857-1930)
Henry Waters Taft (1859-1945)
Horace Dutton Taft (1861-1943)
Frances Louis "Fanny" Taft (1865-1950)
Alma mater Yale University
Profession Lawyer, Tutor, Politician
Signature
Alphonso Taft (November 5, 1810 € May 21, 1891) was a jurist, the Attorney General and Secretary of War under
President Ulysses S. Grant, a diplomat, and the founder of an American political dynasty. Secretary of War Taft
Alphonso Taft
13
reformed the War Department by allowing commanders at Indian forts to choose who could start and run post
traderships. Attorney General Taft strongly believed that African Americans should not be denied the right to vote
through intimidation and violence.
[1]
Attorney General Taft coauthored a bill to Congress, signed into law by
President Grant, that created the Elections Commission that settled the controversial Hayes-Tilden election.
[2]
Taft
served as minister to Austria-Hungary having been appointed by Chester A. Arthur in 1882 and served until July 4,
1884. Taft was transferred by President Arthur to Minister of Russia in St. Petersburg and served until August, 1885.
Taft had a reputation for serving political office with integrity and character. Taft was the father of President William
H. Taft.
Early life
Alphonso Taft was born in Townshend, Vermont, the only child and son of Peter R. Taft of the powerful Taft family
and Sylvia Howard, on November 5, 1810. He was descended from Robert Taft who had migrated to America from
England in 1640. His mother Sylvia was either of Scotch or Irish descent. The Taft family was of substance and
education, however, were not considered wealthy. Taft attended local schools until the age of sixteen. He then taught
school to earn money to attend Amherst Academy. Taft entered Yale College in 1829 and he graduated four years
later in 1833. Taft helped create the secret society known as Skull and Bones in 1832 with William H. Russell. Upon
graduation, again to earn money, Taft was an instructor at Elington, Connecticut from 1835 to 1837. He
subsequently studied law at the Yale Law School and was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1838. While studying
law Taft held a tutorship at Yale. Taft had no desire to remain New England, and he stated to his father Peter in a
letter written on July 22, 1837 that Vermont was a "noble state to emigrate from." Taft did not want to practice law
in New York because he believed people were under the corrupting influence of wealth. In 1839 Taft migrated to
Cincinnati where he was a member of the Cincinnati City Council, and became one of the most influential citizens of
Ohio. He was a member of the boards of trustees of the University of Cincinnati and of Yale College.
[3]
Marriages, family, estate
Alphonso was married twice. His first wife was the daughter of Judge Charles Phelps, of Townshend, Vermont,
Fanny, whom he married in 1841 and with whom he had five children, three of whom died in infancy. She died in
1851. On December 26, 1853, he married again to Louisa Maria (n„e Torrey), the daughter of Samuel Davenport
Torrey, of Millbury, Massachusetts. They also had five children, one of whom died in infancy.
[4]
The estate of Alphonso Taft and family, in Mount Auburn, one mile north of downtown Cincinnati, has been
restored to its original appearance. It is open to the public. It is now called the William Howard Taft National
Historic Site.
Cincinnati attorney and career
He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1856, and also that year made an unsuccessful run for
the United States House of Representatives against George H. Pendleton. Taft did not serve in the Union Army
during the Civil War. He was a judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati from 1866 to 1872 when he resigned to
practise law with two of his sons. He was the first president of the Cincinnati Bar Association, serving in 1872.
In 1870 court case Board of Education of Cincinnati vs. Minor, Taft played a role in overturning the decision made
by the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1869 regarding the reading the Bible in public schools.
[5]
Taft asserted that the
school board had overstepped their boundaries in their decision to continue the reading of the Bible in public
schools. Taft„s discourse made at the Ohio Supreme Court challenged the previous ruling, arguing that according to
the United States Constitution, Protestants did not have the right to control religion in the public education sphere.
[6]
In his discourse, Taft specifically referenced Jewish groups opposed to the reading of the Bible in public schools. As
tax payers Taft argued that Jews also had the right to take advantage of a public secular education.
[7]
In addition,
Alphonso Taft
14
religion was a matter of the home and protected by the Bill of Rights.
[8]
To suggest that the Bill of Rights only
reflects Protestant values was inappropriate, according to Taft, as religious liberty was give to all religious
denominations and Christianity …is not to be regarded as sectarian under our constitution.†
Many believe that his opinion was the cause of much opposition to him, and contributed to his 1875 loss of the
Republican nomination for Governor of Ohio to Rutherford B. Hayes. However, the opinion that defeated his
nomination was unanimously affirmed by the Supreme Court of Ohio. The independence of his opinion commanded
widespread respect, a sentiment freely expressed when President Grant in March 1876 made him Secretary of War
and three months later Attorney General of the United States.
Secretary of War
Secretary of War Alphonso Taft
When President Grant's Secretary of War William W. Belknap resigned in 1876
over receiving profit money from the Fort Sill Indian tradership, Grant needed to
find a replacement. Initially, Grant had Secretary George M. Robeson run both the
War Department and the Naval Department. Robeson, however, had told Grant that
the two Cabinet positions were difficult to manage by one person. Grant then asked
Taft to be Secretary of War. After consultation, Taft, who was of good reputation,
accepted the position and was confirmed handily by the Senate without objection.
Taft found that as Secretary of War he was very busy and was unable to attend a
convention in New York. The U.S. military was fighting the Great Sioux War when
Taft became Secretary of War. Taft reformed and reversed War Department policy
by having commanders at U.S. military forts in the West to choose who would run
post traderships.
U.S. Attorney General
Grant appointed Taft U.S. Attorney General after he had made a Cabinet shift by appointing Edwards Pierrepont
Minister to England. Taft was replaced by J. Donald Cameron as Secretary of War. In October 1876, after the highly
contested Hayes-Tilden Presidential Election, U.S. Attorney General Taft supported President Grant's use of the
military in South Carolina and Mississippi to suppress violence against African Americans in the South. Taft gave a
lengthly speech in New York outlining the atrocities committed by Southerers against blacks in the South. In order to
prevent the U.S. from fighting a second Civil War, Taft cosponsored a bill, signed into law by Grant, that peacefully
settled the 1876 Election with an Electoral Commission.
Alphonso Taft
15
Bid for office
Taft was again an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1879, this time against Charles Foster.
U.S. Minister
Taft was appointed U.S. Minister by President Chester A. Arthur to Austria-Hungary from 1882 to 1884 and to
Imperial Russia from 1884 to 1885.
Death
On May 21, 1891 Alphonso Taft died in California.
Family dynasty
Taft was the first in the Taft family political dynasty. His son, William Howard Taft, was the 27th President of the
United States and was a member of Yale's Skull and Bones like his founder father; another son, Charles Phelps Taft,
supported the founding of Wolf's Head Society at Yale; both his grandson and great-grandson, Robert A. Taft I (also
Skull and Bones) and Robert Taft Jr., were U.S. Senators; his great-great-grandson, Robert A. Taft II, was the
Governor of Ohio from 1999 until 2007. William Howard Taft III was ambassador to Ireland; William Howard Taft
IV worked in several Republican administrations, most recently that of George W. Bush.
Alphonso and his family were members of Cincinnati's First Congregational-Unitarian Church; he served as one of
the congregation's trustees for many years, and was for a time the chairman of the board of trustees. Although
government business kept him out of town and thus frequently away from the church in his later years, he remained
in contact with the church's minister on the occasions that he was able to return to Cincinnati.
[9]
At a famous 1874
Taft family reunion at Elmshade, at Uxbridge, Mass., Alphonso delivered an impassioned speech on his family
history and his father's origins in this community, as recorded in his biography.
References
[1] [1] New York Times (October 26, 1876)
[2] [2] Dictionary of American Biography (1935), p. 264
[3] [3] Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy. Vol. 1. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007),
149.
[4] Ancestry of William Howard Taft, Library of Congress (Archive.org) (https:/ / archive. org/ stream/ ancestryofwillia00wash/
ancestryofwillia00wash_djvu. txt)
[5] [5] Mark A. Noll, A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1877, 3 ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
2003), 49.
[6] [6] Mark A. Noll, A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1877, 3 ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
2003), 52.
[7] [7] Mark A. Noll, A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1877, 3 ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
2003), 51.
[8] [8] IBID.
[9] " Taft Once Unitarian Fairy (http:/ / query.nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=F00A13FA395A17738DDDAD0894D0405B888CF1D3)", The New York Times 1908-08-04, A3.
Alphonso Taft
16
Sources
Biographical dictionaries
ƒ Dumas Malone, ed. (1936). Dictionary of American Biography Taft, Alphonso. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
Newspapers
ƒ "The Rebel War Claims Speech of Hon. Alphonso Taft". The New York Times. October 26, 1876.
Further reading
ƒ "Alphonso Taft" (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ books/ sw-sa/ TaftA. htm). Secretaries of War and Secretaries
of the Army (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ books/ sw-sa/ SWSA-Fm. htm). United States Army Center of
Military History. 1992. CMH Pub 70-12.
External links
ƒ  "Taft, Alphonso". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
George Ingersoll Wood
George Ingersoll Wood (20 May 1814-9 January 1899), was an American clergyman and a founding member of
Yale's Skull and Bones Society.
[1]
Rev. George Ingersoll Wood was born in Stamford, CT. He was the son of Hon. Joseph Wood and Frances
Ellsworth.
He graduated from Yale in 1833 and the Union Theological Seminary in New York City in 1838. While at Yale he
was a founding member of The Skull and Bones Society.
He was the pastor of The Congregational Churches at Hartford, CT, Branford, CT and Guilford, CT, St. Cloud, MN.
He died at age 84 in Washington, DC.
Family
He was married Susan Townsend Merwin, daughter of Rev. Samuel Merwin and Clarina B. Taylor, on 28 April
1840 at New Haven, CT.
Children of Rev. George Ingersoll Wood and Susan Townsend Merwin:
ƒƒ Emily Merwin Wood+ b. 11 Feb 1841, d. 18 May 1916
ƒƒ Brig. Gen. Oliver Ellsworth Wood+ b. 6 Jun 1844, d. 4 Dec 1910
ƒƒ George Ingersoll Wood b. 12 Feb 1850, d. 15 Apr 1877
ƒƒ Joseph Wolcott Wood b. 12 Oct 1851, d. 3 May 1877
George Ingersoll Wood
17
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
John W. Houston
For other people named John Houston, see John Houston (disambiguation).
John W. Houston
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Delaware's At-large district
In office
March 4, 1845 € March 4, 1851
Preceded by George B. Rodney
Succeeded by George R. Riddle
Personal details
Born May 4, 1814
Concord, Delaware
Died April 26, 1896
(aged 81)
Georgetown, Delaware
Political party Whig
Democratic
Residence Georgetown, Delaware
Alma mater Yale College
Profession lawyer
John Wallace Houston (May 4, 1814 - April 26, 1896) was an American lawyer and politician from Georgetown, in
Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party, who served as U.S.
Representative from Delaware and a Justice of Delaware Superior Court.
Early life and family
Houston was born on May 4, 1814 in Concord, Delaware, attended the country schools and Newark Academy, and
graduated from Yale College in 1834. While at Yale he was initiated into one of the earliest gatherings of the Skull
and Bones Society.
[1]
He studied law in Dover, Delaware and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1837. He then
moved to Georgetown, Delaware in 1839 and commenced the practice of law.
Professional and political career
Houston was Secretary of State of Delaware from 1841 to 1844, and was elected as a Whig to the 29th, 30th, and
31st Congress, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1851. While in the House he was chairman of the
Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds for the 30th Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in
1850, and was appointed associate judge of the Delaware Superior Court on May 4, 1855, retiring in 1893. Houston
was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, held in Washington, D.C. in an effort to devise means to prevent the
impending Civil War.
John W. Houston
18
Death and legacy
Houston died at Georgetown, and is buried in the Lewes Presbyterian Church cemetery at Lewes, Delaware. His
nephew, Robert G. Houston, was also a U.S. Representative from Delaware.
Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year
term.
Public Offices
Office Type Location Began office Ended office notes
U.S. Representative Legislature Washington March 4, 1845 March 3, 1851
Associate Justice Judiciary Georgetown May 4, 1855 1893 Delaware
United States Congressional service
Dates Congress Chamber Majority President Committees Class/District
1845€1847 29th U.S. House Democratic James K. Polk at-large
1847€1849 30th U.S. House Whig James K. Polk Public Buildings and Grounds at-large
1849€1851 31st U.S. House Democratic Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
at-large
Election results
Year Office Subject Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes %
1844 U.S. Representative John W. Houston Whig 6,229 51% George R. Riddle Democratic 6,023 49%
1846 U.S. Representative John W. Houston Whig 6,254 51% John I. Dilworth Democratic 6,007 49%
1848 U.S. Representative John W. Houston Whig 6,630 50% William G. Whiteley Democratic 6,026 49%
1852 U.S. Representative John W. Houston Whig 6,360 44% George R. Riddle Democratic 6,692 50%
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
ƒ Martin, Roger A. (2003). Delawareans in Congress: The House of Representatives, Vol. One 1789-1900. Newark:
Roger A. Martin. ISBN 0-924117-26-5.
ƒ Wilson, W. Emerson (1969). Forgotten Heroes of Delaware. Cambridge, MA: Deltos Publishing Company.
John W. Houston
19
Places with more information
ƒ Delaware Historical Society; website (http:/ / www. hsd. org/ ); 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware
19801; (302) 655-7161
ƒ University of Delaware; Library website (http:/ / www. lib. udel. edu/ ); 181 South College Avenue, Newark,
Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965
External links
ƒ Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.
pl?index=H000825)
ƒ Delaware's Members of Congress (http:/ / www. russpickett. com/ history/ sentbio. htm#patten)
ƒ Find A Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=Johns& GSfn=Kensey&
GSbyrel=in& GSdyrel=in& GSst=10& GScntry=4& GSob=n& GRid=10985424& )
ƒ The Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ houston. html#R9M0J13EF)
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
George B. Rodney
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Delaware's at-large congressional
district
March 4, 1845 € March 4, 1851
Succeeded by
George R. Riddle
John Hubbard Tweedy
20
John Hubbard Tweedy
See also: John Tweedy
John H. Tweedy
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Wisconsin Territory's at-large district
In office
March 4, 1847 € May 28, 1848
Preceded by Morgan L. Martin
Succeeded by Henry H. Sibley
Personal details
Born November 9, 1814
Danbury, Connecticut
Died November 12, 1891
(aged 77)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Political party Whig Party
John Hubbard Tweedy (November 9, 1814 € November 12, 1891) was a delegate to the United States Congress
from Wisconsin Territory from September 1847 to June 1848 being elected from the Whig Party.
Career
Tweedy was born in Danbury, Connecticut.
[1]
He graduated from Yale in 1834, where he was a member of the secret
society Skull and Bones;
[2]
he then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1836, where he practiced law. He served in
the Wisconsin Territorial Council, the upper house of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature in 1841-1842, and later
served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1853. Tweedy was also a member of the first Wisconsin Constitutional
Convention of 1846. Tweedy was elected as a non-voting representative to the Thirtieth Congress to represent the
Wisconsin Territory serving from March 4, 1847, until the Territory of Wisconsin in which he resided was admitted
as a State into the Union on May 29, 1848. Tweedy was prominent in business involving railroads and public affairs.
He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, aged 77, and was buried in Danbury.
[3]
Private papers
His son, John H. Tweedy, Jr., donated his papers to the Wisconsin Historical Society.
[4]
Notes
[1] Minnesota History Bulletin Volume 2 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ncwUAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA580& dq="john+ hubbard+
tweedy"& hl=en& ei=Jw6nTYLsEILi0gGOiOX5CA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3&
ved=0CDMQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage& q="john hubbard tweedy"& f=false) (Google eBook) Theodore Christian Blegen, Minnesota
Historical Society
[2] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[3] Tweedy, John Hubbard 1814 - 1891 (http:/ / www. wisconsinhistory. org/ dictionary/ index. asp?action=view& term_id=2575&
keyword=tweedy)
[4] The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Volume 2 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=E8MyAQAAIAAJ& pg=PA115& dq="john+
hubbard+ tweedy"& hl=en& ei=Jw6nTYLsEILi0gGOiOX5CA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5&
John Hubbard Tweedy
21
ved=0CD4Q6AEwBDgK#v=onepage& q="john hubbard tweedy"& f=false) (Google eBook)
External links
ƒ John Hubbard Tweedy (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=T000441) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Morgan L. Martin
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Wisconsin Territory's at-large congressional
district
March 4, 1847 € May 28, 1848
Succeeded by
Henry H. Sibley
William Henry Washington
William Henry Washington (7 February 1813 € 12 August 1860) was a Whig U.S. Congressman from North
Carolina between 1841 and 1843.
Born near Goldsboro, North Carolina, he graduated from Yale College in 1834, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones.
[1]
He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1835. Washington practiced law in New Bern. He was
elected as a Whig to the 27th United States Congress in 1840, and served a single term before declining re-election.
Following his term in Congress, Washington served in the North Carolina House of Commons in 1843 and 1846 and
in the North Carolina Senate in 1848, 1850, and 1852. After his time in politics, he returned to law and died in New
Bern in 1860.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
ƒ William Henry Washington (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=W000182) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
John E. Seeley
22
John E. Seeley
For other people of the same name, see John Seeley (disambiguation).
John E. Seeley, Congressman from New York
John Edward Seeley (August 1, 1810 - March 30, 1875) was a U.S.
Representative from New York.
Born in Ovid, New York, Seeley attended Ovid Academy and was
graduated from Yale College in 1835, where he was a member of Skull
and Bones.
[1]
He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and
commenced practice in Monroe, Michigan. He returned to Ovid, New
York, in 1839. Supervisor of Ovid in 1842. County judge and surrogate
of Seneca County, New York from 1851 to 1855. He served as
delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1856.
Seeley was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second Congress
(March 4, 1871-March 3, 1873). He resumed the practice of his
profession in Ovid, New York, and died there March 30, 1875. He was
interred on his farm near Ovid.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership
books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973
Deceased Members books. The last year the members were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
Source
ƒ John E. Seeley (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=S000223) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
?
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York
?€?
Succeeded by
?
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
Thomas Anthony Thacher
23
Thomas Anthony Thacher
For other people named Thomas Thacher, see Thomas Thacher (disambiguation).
Thomas Anthony Thacher (January 11, 1815 - April 7, 1886) was an American classicist and college administrator.
Early life
Thomas A. Thacher was born in Hartford, Conn., the son of Anne (n„e Parks) and Peter Thacher. His first American
ancestor on his father's side was Thomas Thacher who emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1635, and later
became minister of the Old South Church in Boston; on his mother's side he was descended from the Rev. Thomas
Buckingham of Saybrook, one of the founders of the Collegiate School of Connecticut, since known as Yale
College. He had his preparatory training at the Hopkins Grammar School, Hartford, and graduated from Yale with
the class of 1835; where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:47
Career
For a short time he held a temporary teaching position in New Canaan, Connecticut, and then went to a school in
Georgia, which was later to become Oglethorpe University. In all he spent three years teaching in two academies in
Georgia, returning to Yale College on Dec. 1, 1838, to take the position of tutor. He was appointed assistant
professor of Latin and Greek in 1842 and one year later the title was restricted to Latin and he was given a year's
leave of absence for study in Europe. This year was eventually extended to two years and from 1843 to 1845 he
studied in Germany and Italy. While in Berlin he instructed the Crown Prince of Prussia, and his cousin, Prince
Frederick Charles. Six years after his return to Yale he was made professor of Latin. He was long a trustee of
Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven and was a member of the state board of education 1866-77. He was on the
committee for building the Yale Art School, serving with President Noah Porter and Professor Daniel Coit Gilman
[qq.v.].
Thacher was identified with Yale College more closely than any of his contemporaries. President Timothy Dwight V
said of him, "His influence with the Faculty and the Corporation equaled or even surpassed that of any other
College officer." This extraordinary position was due not primarily to his scholarship, although he had the reputation
of being a sound and thorough scholar, but to his keen interest and constant activity in the management of college
affairs both faculty and undergraduate. Before the day of deans, Thacher did much of the work which a dean would
perform today. He was known as one of the best disciplinarians that the college ever had and yet he retained the
devotion and affection of undergraduates to an extraordinary degree. As an undergraduate he had been "exuberant in
spirit," and one who was a student under him in Yale writes of "Tutor Thacher, the florid and fiery, of perpetual
youth and enthusiasm."
He and Professor Theodore Dwight Woolsey [q.v.] were the first advocates at Yale of graduate instruction in
non-technical fields and he himself was one of the first classicists to go abroad for the advancement of his
scholarship. This scholarship was never very productive. He edited Cicero's De Officiis in 1850, and largely as a
result of his work with Karl Zumpt in Berlin he published in 1871 A Latin Grammar for the Use of Schools, a
translation of the work of Johan Nikolai Madvig. Aside from these productions, a few slight essays and book reviews
in the New Englander make up his professional output. A teacher always, rather than an investigator, he seems even
to have had a slightly suspicious attitude toward those who gave too much time to research.
Even in his teaching he was possibly too much of a disciplinarian and was sometimes thought to stick too rigorously
to the grammar. To his work as administrator, Thacher brought exceptional qualifications and in this line lay his
great achievements. As a teacher he contributed his share to the department's prestige while, with his strong
convictions and fearless courage, his energy in raising and administering funds, his interest in people, his wide
acquaintance with Yale alumni, and his devout and conscientious character, he played a larger role in the building of
Thomas Anthony Thacher
24
modern Yale than that of any one of his contemporaries. -- Clarence W. Mendell
Family
On Sept. 16, 1846, he married Olivia Day, better known as Livy, the daughter of President Jeremiah Day [q.v.] of
Yale. She died on May 18, 1858, leaving five sons, and on Aug. 1, 1860, he married her cousin Elizabeth Baldwin
Sherman, who with three sons and one daughter survived him. Both wives were granddaughters of founding father
Roger Sherman.
His son Thomas Thacher was a prominent lawyer. His sons Sherman Day Thacher and William Larned Thacher
were the founder of the Thacher School in Ojai, California; and his daughter Elizabeth Sherman Thacher married
William Kent (U.S. Congressman). He was also the paternal grandfather of US Solicitor General Thomas D. Thacher
and Molly Kazan, and the great-great-grandfather of actress and writer Zoe Kazan.
Further reading
ƒƒ D. W. Allen, Geneal. and Biog. Sketches of the Descendants of Thomas and Anthony Thacher (1872)
ƒƒ T. T. Sherman, Sherman Geneal. (1920)
ƒƒ Obit. Record, Grads. of Yale Coll., 1886; Biog. and Hist. Record of the Class of 1835 in Yale Coll. (1881)
ƒƒ W. L. Kingsley, Yale Coll.: A Sketch of Its Hist. (1879)
ƒƒ Timothy Dwight, Memories of Yale Life and Men (1903)
ƒƒ J. L. Chamberlain, Universities and Their Sons, Yale Univ. (1900)
ƒƒ Noah Porter, in New Englander and Yale Review, May 1886
ƒƒ New Haven Evening Register, Apr. 7, 1886
ƒƒ files in the secretary's office, Yale Univ.
Source citation
"Thomas Anthony Thacher." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies,
1928-1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005. http:/ /
galenet.galegroup. com. ezproxy. sfpl. org/ servlet/ BioRC
References
External links
ƒ Thomas Anthony Thacher Papers (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ findaids/ stream. php?xmlfile=mssa. ms. 1697.
xml)
Henry C. Deming
25
Henry C. Deming
Henry C. Deming, 1865 photograph by Mathew Brady
& Co.
Henry Champion Deming (May 23, 1815 € October 8, 1872)
was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.
Early life
Born in Colchester, Connecticut, Deming pursued classical
studies. He was graduated from Yale College in 1836 where he
was an 1836 initiate into the Skull and Bones Society
:112
, and
from the Harvard Law School in 1839.
Career
He was admitted to the bar in 1839 and began practice in New
York City but devoted his time chiefly to literary work. He moved
to Hartford, Connecticut, in 1847.
Politics
He served as member of the State House of Representatives in
1849, 1850, and 1859€1861. He served as member of the State
Senate in 1851. He served as mayor of Hartford, Connecticut from
1854 to 1858 and 1860€1862.
Military
He entered the Union Army in September 1861 as colonel of the Twelfth Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers. He
served as mayor of New Orleans under martial law from October 1862 to February 1863, when he resigned from the
Army.
Return to Politics
Deming was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1863 € March 3,
1867).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth
Congresses).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1866 to the Fortieth Congress.
He was appointed collector of internal revenue in 1869.
Henry C. Deming
26
Death
He continued in this posting and served until his death in Hartford, Connecticut, October 8, 1872. He was interred in
Spring Grove Cemetery.
His children by his first wife Sarah Clerc (daughter of Laurent Clerc, co-founder of the first permanent school for the
deaf in North America):
ƒ Henry Champion Deming, Jr. (November 25, 1850 € January 19, 1931), president Mercantile Trust Company
ƒ Charles Clerc Deming (May 22, 1852 € July 23, 1924), lawyer and railroad executive.
:1314€15
ƒ Laurent Clerc Deming (November 21, 1860 € October 12, 1945), railroad executive
[1]
ƒ Mary Shipman Deming (d. November 11, 1861)
[2]
References
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1945-46. pdf
[2] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=NlwoAAAAYAAJ
ƒ Henry C. Deming (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=D000227) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
William M. Evarts
27
William M. Evarts
William M. Evarts
27th United States Secretary of State
In office
March 12, 1877 € March 7, 1881
President Rutherford B. Hayes
Preceded by Hamilton Fish
Succeeded by James G. Blaine
29th United States Attorney General
In office
July 17, 1868 € March 4, 1869
President Andrew Johnson
Preceded by Henry Stanbery
Succeeded by Ebenezer R. Hoar
United States Senator
from New York
In office
March 4, 1885 € March 4, 1891
Preceded by Elbridge G. Lapham
Succeeded by David B. Hill
Personal details
Born William Maxwell Evarts
February 6, 1818
Boston, Massachusetts
Died February 28, 1901 (aged 83)
New York City, New York
Resting place Ascutney Cemetery, Windsor, Vermont
Political party Whig
Republican
Spouse(s) Helen Minerva Bingham Wardner
Alma mater Yale College
Harvard Law School
Profession Law
William M. Evarts
28
William Maxwell Evarts (February 6, 1818 € February 28, 1901) was an American lawyer and statesman who
served as U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator from New York. He was born in Boston,
Massachusetts, the son of author, editor, and Indian removal opponent Jeremiah Evarts, and the grandson of
Declaration of Independence signer Roger Sherman.
School, family, and early career
William attended Boston Latin School, graduated from Yale College in 1837 and then attended Harvard Law School.
While at Yale he became a member of the Linonian Society and the secret society Skull and Bones , but later in life
spoke out against such societies at the 1873 Yale commencement alumni meeting, claiming they bred snobbishness.
He was admitted to the bar in New York in 1841, and soon took high rank in his profession. He married Helen
Minerva Bingham Wardner in 1843. She was the daughter of Allen Wardner, a prominent businessman and banker
who served as Vermont State Treasurer. They had 12 children between 1845 and 1862, all born in New York City.
Early political career
A Whig Party supporter before joining the fledgling Republican Party, Evarts was appointed an assistant United
States district attorney and served from 1849-1853. In 1860 he was chairman of the New York delegation to the
Republican National Convention where he placed Senator William H. Seward's name in nomination for President.
He served on New York's Union Defense Committee during the Civil War. In 1861 he was an unsuccessful
candidate for the United States Senate from New York. He was a member of the New York state constitutional
convention in 1867-1868.
Service in the Johnson, Grant, and Hayes administrations
He was chief counsel for President Andrew Johnson during the impeachment trial. Evarts served as United States
Attorney General for Johnson from July 1868 until March 1869.
[1]
Evarts was appointed Attorney General after the
Senate declined to re-confirm Henry Stanbery to the office, which Stanbery had resigned from in order to participate
in the defense of Johnson in the impeachment trial.
In 1872 he was counsel for the United States before the tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama claims at Geneva,
Switzerland. Evarts was also a founding member of the New York City Bar Association, and served as its first
president from 1870 to 1879, by far the longest tenure of any president since.
The Hayes Cabinet. Evarts is on the left.
Evarts served as counsel for President-elect Rutherford B. Hayes, on
behalf of the Republican Party, before the Electoral Commission in the
disputed presidential election of 1876. During President Hayes's
administration he was Secretary of State. He was a delegate to the
International Monetary Conference at Paris 1881.
U.S. Senator
From 1885 to 1891 he was a U.S. Senator from New York. While in
Congress (49th, 50th and 51st Congresses), he served as chairman of
the U.S. Senate Committee on the Library from 1887 to 1891. He was
also a sponsor of the Judiciary Act of 1891 also known as the Evarts Act, which created the United States courts of
appeals. As an orator Senator Evarts stood in the foremost rank, and some of his best speeches were published.
William M. Evarts
29
Chair of the American Committee for the Statue of Liberty
He led the American fund-raising effort for the pedestal for the Statue of Liberty, serving as the chairman of the
American Committee. He spoke at its unveiling on October 28, 1886. His speech was entitled "The United Work of
the Two Republics." "Taking a breath in the middle of his address, he was understood to have completed his speech.
The signal was given, and Bartholdi, together with Richard Butler and David H. King Jr., whose firm built the
pedestal and erected the statue, let the veil fall from her face. A 'huge shock of sound' erupted as a thunderous
cacophony of salutes from steamer whistles, brass bands, and booming guns, together with clouds of smoke from the
cannonade, engulfed the statue for the next half hour."
[2]
Retirement
Senator Evarts retired from public life due to ill health in 1891. He was also part of a law practice in New York City
called Evarts, Southmoyd and Choate. He died in New York City and was buried at Ascutney Cemetery in Windsor,
Vermont.
Evarts owned a large number of properties in Windsor, Vermont including Evarts Pond and a group of historic
homes often referred to as Evarts Estate. The homes included 26 Main St. in Windsor, Vermont. The house was
purchased from John Skinner in the 1820s for $5,000 by William M. Evarts and was passed down to his daughter,
Elizabeth Hoar Evarts Perkins, who left the house to family members, including her son Maxwell Perkins. The house
stayed in the family until 2005. 26 Main Street in Windsor, Vermont was recently restored and reopened as
Snapdragon Inn. Snapdragon Inn is open to the public and features a library that displays and collects items related
to the history of William M. Evarts and his extended family.
Portrait of William M. Evarts
Extended family
William was a descendant of the English emigrant John
Everts, the family settled in Salisbury, Connecticut in
the 17th century.
[3]
William was a member of the extended Baldwin, Hoar
& Sherman family, which had many members in
American politics.
Ebenezer R. Hoar, a first cousin of Evarts, was a U.S.
Attorney General, Associate Justice of the Supreme
Judicial Court of Massachusetts and representative in
Congress. The two were best friends, and shared
similar professional pursuits and political beliefs. Each
served, in succession, as United States Attorney
General. Some of Evarts's other first cousins include
U.S. Senator & Governor of the State of Connecticut,
Roger Sherman Baldwin; U.S. Senator for
Massachusetts (brother of Ebenezer R.) George F.
Hoar; and California state senator and founding trustee
of the University of California, Sherman Day.
Son Maxwell Evarts graduated from Yale College in
1884, where he was also a member of Skull and Bones
William M. Evarts
30
. He served as a New York City District attorney, and then later as General Counsel for E. H. Harriman, which later
became the Union Pacific Railroad, president of two (2) Windsor, VT banks, and the chief financial backer of the
Gridley Automatic Lathe (manufactured by the Windsor Machine Co.). In politics, Maxwell served as a
representative in the Vermont state legislature and was a Vermont State Fair Commissioner.
Allen Wardner Evarts, another son, graduated from Yale College in 1869. He supported the founding of Wolf's Head
Society, and was first president of its alumni association and held the position for 20 years over two separate terms.
He was a law partner, corporate president, and trustee of Vassar College.
Grandson Maxwell E. Perkins was the famed Charles Scribner's Sons editor of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest
Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and James Jones.
Great nephew Evarts Boutell Greene was the famed American historian appointed Columbia University's first De
Witt Clinton Professor of History 1923 and department chairman from 1926 to 1939. He was then chairman of the
Columbia Institute of Japanese Studies from 1936€39. He was a noted authority on the American Colonial and
Revolutionary War periods. Another relative, Henry Sherman Boutell, was a member of the Illinois State House of
Representatives, 1884, a member of the U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1897 to 1911 (6th District
1897-1903, 9th District 1903-11), a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Illinois in 1908 and U.S.
Minister, Switzerland, 1911-13.
Great great nephew Roger Sherman Greene II, the son of Daniel Crosby Greene and Mary Jane (Forbes) Greene;
was the U.S. Vice Consul in Rio de Janeiro, 1903€04; Nagasaki, 1904€05; Kobe, 1905; U.S. Consul in Vladivostok,
1907; Harbin, 1909€11; U.S. Consul General in Hankow, 1911-14.
Great great nephew Jerome Davis Greene (1874€1959): President, Lee, Higginson & Company from 1917 to 1932;
Secretary, Harvard University Corporation from 1905 to 1910 & 1934-1943; General Manager of the Rockefeller
Institute 1910-1012, assistant and secretary to John D. Rockefeller Jr. as Trustee, Rockefeller Institute; Trustee,
Rockefeller Foundation; Trustee, Rockefeller General Education Board from 1910 to 1939. executive secretary,
American Section - Allied Maritime Transport Council, 1918 Joint Secretary of the Reparations, Paris Peace
Conference, 1919; Chairman, American Council Institute of Pacific Relations, 1929€32; Trustee, Brookings
Institution of Washington from 1928 to 1945; and a founding member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Great-grandson Archibald Cox served as a U.S. Solicitor General and special prosecutor during President Richard
Nixon's Watergate Scandal, whereas Evarts defended a U.S. President Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial. In
a sense, they both successfully argued their cases, which represent two of the three U.S. Presidential impeachment
efforts. An impeachment trial was not held in Nixon's case: Nixon resigned before the House of Representatives
acted on the House Judiciary committee's recommendation that Nixon be impeached
Notes
[1] [1] Chisholm 1911, p. 4.
[2] [2] Khan (2010), p. 179.
[3] Malcolm Day Rudd, A historical Sketch of Salisbury, Connecticut (New York: Sanford's, 1890), 5.
References
Attribution
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Evarts, William Maxwell". Encyclop€dia Britannica 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
William M. Evarts
31
Further reading
ƒ William M. Evarts (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=E000262) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Sherman Evarts (editor/introduction), Arguments and Speeches of William Maxwell Evarts. In Three Volumes.
Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919.
External links
ƒ EVARTS, William Maxwell (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=E000262) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ William Maxwell Evarts (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6653990) Find A
Grave
ƒ The Ebenezer Hoar Papers (http:/ / www. clements. umich. edu/ Webguides/ D/ DiHoar. html)
ƒ Evarts, William Maxwell from 1818 to 1901. Papers from 1849 to 1887 (http:/ / oasis. harvard. edu:10080/ oasis/
deliver/ ~law00148) Harvard Law School Library
ƒ Eulogy on Chief-Justice Chase by William Maxwell Evarts at Project Gutenberg Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase
ƒ Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=papRAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA345& lpg=PA345& dq="Henrietta+ Perkins+ Baldwin"& source=web&
ots=8ARWStctl8& sig=UTAAWbdJojTQFxCRMR2dkohbkzw& hl=en& ei=Tj6PSc2JAoHwsAPBrdWKCQ&
sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=9& ct=result#PPA345,M1) By Thomas Townsend Sherman
ƒ Hoar-Baldwin-Foster-Sherman family of Massachusetts (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ families/ 10064. html)
at Political Graveyard
ƒ William Maxwell Evarts Letters, 1839-1905 (bulk 1839-1879) MS 235 (http:/ / cdm16099. contentdm. oclc.org/
cdm/ compoundobject/ collection/ p16099coll5/ id/ 4532) held by Special Collection & Archives (http:/ / www.
usna.edu/ Library/ sca/ ), Nimitz Library (http:/ / www. usna. edu/ Library/ ) at the United States Naval Academy
(http:/ / www. usna. edu)
ƒ Works related to William M. Evarts at Wikisource
Legal offices
Preceded by
Henry Stanbery
U.S. Attorney General
Served under: Andrew Johnson
1868€1869
Succeeded by
Ebenezer R. Hoar
Political offices
Preceded by
Hamilton Fish
U.S. Secretary of State
Served under: Rutherford B. Hayes
March 12, 1877 € March 7, 1881
Succeeded by
James G. Blaine
United States Senate
Preceded by
Elbridge G. Lapham
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from New York
1885€1891
Served alongside: Warner Miller, Frank Hiscock
Succeeded by
David B. Hill
Chester Lyman
32
Chester Lyman
Chester Lyman circa 1874
Chester Smith Lyman (January 13, 1814€January 29, 1890) was an
American teacher, clergyman and astronomer.
Early life and education
He was born in Manchester, Connecticut to Chester and Mary Smith
Lyman. Chester is the descendant of Richard Lyman, a settler who
arrived in America in 1631. Chester's early education was in a country
school, but at an early age he showed a strong interest in astronomy
and the sciences. By 1833 he had gained admittance to Yale, and
graduated in 1837. In his junior year he became editor of the Yale
Literary Magazine and he was a member of Skull and Bones.
[1]
He
served for two years as Superintendent of Ellington School, then
studied theology at the Union and Yale Seminaries. For health reasons
he then began to travel.
In 1846 he sailed to Hawaii and remained for a year While there he
visited missionaries, including his distant cousin David Belden Lyman.
:75
In 1847 he sailed to California. There he
became a surveyor, mapping ranches and towns. For a few months he joined in the California Gold Rush, then
returned to his surveying work. In 1850 he was married to Delia W. Wood, and settled in New Haven. The couple
would have six children, with four surviving to adulthood.
Career
He became a professor of Industrial Mechanics and Physics at Yale's Sheffield Scientific School, and was considered
an eminent scholar. He invented the combined transit instrument and zenith telescope that was used to determine
latitude, including that of Hawaii. He was on the board of managers for the Yale Observatory, and in December 1866
he was the first to observe the delicate ring of light surrounding Venus when the planet is in inferior conjunction.
This observation helped confirm the presence of an atmosphere around the planet. He patented a design for a wave
machine in 1867. In 1871 he became a professor of astronomy and physics at the same institution, then exclusively
of astronomy in 1884 as his health began to fail. He retired as professor emeritus in 1889. He became the director of
the Yale Observatory and held that post until his death. He died as the result of a stroke, which had kept him
home-bound for the last two years of his life.
Chester Lyman was an honorary member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He served as
president of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences for 20 years. His son, Chester W. Lyman, established the
Chester S. Lyman Lecture Series at Yale in memory of his father.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
Allen Ferdinand Owen
33
Allen Ferdinand Owen
Allen Ferdinand Owen (October 9, 1816 € April 7, 1865) was an American politician and lawyer who served in the
United States Congress.
Owen was born near the Yadkin River in Wilkes County, North Carolina. He graduated from Franklin College at the
University of Georgia in Athens where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He then graduated from
Yale College in 1837, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
[1]
and from the Dane Law School at Harvard
University in 1839. He was admitted to the bar in Boston, Massachusetts in 1839 and began the practice of law in
Talbotton, Georgia in 1840.
In 1843, Owen was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives and served in that position until 1847. The next
year, he served as the clerk of the state House of Representatives and was delegate to the Whig National Convention.
Owen was elected as to U.S. House of Representatives as a Whig in 1848 serving one term from March 4, 1849
through March 3, 1851; however, he became associated with the Democratic party. After his congressional career,
Owen was a consul in Havana, Cuba from May through December 1851 and then resumed the practice of law in
Talbotton. He died in Upatoi in Muscogee County, Georgia in 1865 while visiting relatives and was buried in Oak
Hill Cemetery in Talbotton.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
ƒ Allen Ferdinand Owen (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=O000148) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
John William Jones
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 3rd congressional district
March 4, 1849 - March 3, 1851
Succeeded by
David J. Bailey
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
34
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
Benjamin Silliman, Jr. c. 1865
Born December 4, 1816
New Haven, Connecticut
Died January 14, 1885
New Haven, Connecticut
Fields chemistry
Alma mater Yale University
Known for oil
Influences Benjamin Silliman
Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (December 4, 1816 € January 14, 1885) was a professor of chemistry at Yale University and
instrumental in developing the oil industry.
His father Benjamin Silliman Sr., also a famous Yale chemist, developed the process of fractional distillation that
enabled the economical production of kerosene. In 1855, Silliman Jr. wrote a report for $526.08 on Pennsylvania
rock oil and its usefulness as an illuminant that convinced investors to back George Bissell's search for oil.
Introduction
In the 1850s the market for light-producing liquid fuels was dominated by coal oil and by an increasingly inadequate
supply of whale oil. However, George Bissell, a lawyer from New York, and his partner Jonathan Greenleaf Eveleth
had a revolutionary idea. They thought there was a possibility of the crude …rock oil† (now petroleum) that had been
cropping up in western Pennsylvania being used as an illuminatory substance. At the time, rock oil was nothing but a
smelly hindrance to the well-diggers of the region, with some limited medicinal properties. Yet Bissell and Eveleth,
after realizing how flammable the liquid was, believed there was great money to be made in producing rock oil
commercially, marketed as lamp fuel and such. But they needed someone•an important, well-respected
scientist•whose name they could attach to their financial venture, to research the material to find out whether or not
it could be used in such a manner. They found Benjamin Silliman Jr., professor of chemistry at Yale.
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
35
Chemical contribution
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
Benjamin Silliman„s primary contribution to the chemical world, and
certainly the world as a whole, involved the fractional distillation of
petroleum, analyzed mainly for the purpose of its qualities of
illumination. He was asked to do this as one of the most prominent
chemists of his time, and his report on the subject afterwards had
extremely far-reaching influences. The immensely important main idea
of his report was that distilled petroleum burned far brighter than any
fuel on the market, except those that were far more expensive and less
efficient. His conclusion was that petroleum is …a raw material from
which...they may manufacture a very valuable product.† Silliman also
noted that this material was able to survive through large ranges of
temperature, and the possibility of it being used as a lubricant.
Impact of contribution
The impact of the discovery of petroleum as a high-quality illuminator
is obvious. At the time, however, Bissell and Eveleth simply brought
some people together to form the …Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company†-
shortly after to be renamed the …Seneca Oil Company,† after another common, regional name for petroleum. Edwin
Drake was in charge of drilling the well, and after many setbacks, generally revolving around the lack of money, he
struck oil in quiet, rural, Titusville, Pennsylvania on August 27, 1859. The scenery of Titusville changed almost
overnight. Oil derricks and towns filled with get-rich-quick speculators filled the newly named Oil Creek. The holes
were generally unremarkable, especially by the standards of today; the first probably only gathered less than 20
barrels of oil a day. However, the influence of these oil wells, and Benjamin Silliman Jr.„s report confirming the use
of petroleum as an illuminant, was massive. Almost equally important in Bissell„s idea and Silliman„s discovery was
the use of rock oil for lubrication of the many moving parts in the mechanical age soon to come.
Mining consultant
Silliman's fame as an oil pioneer put him in great demand as a consultant to mining companies, a line of work in
which he was much less successful. His great overestimate of the ore reserves in the Emma mine near Alta, Utah
contributed to a financial fiasco for British investors when the mine exhausted its ore years ahead of Silliman's
prediction. He also reported very optimistically on the mines at Lake Valley, New Mexico, which were also
money-losers for shareholders.
[1]
Influenced by
Benjamin Silliman Sr. was clearly the largest inspiration in Benjamin Silliman Jr.„s career. Both Sillimans were
eminent chemists and professors of the subject at Yale University. The father was the first professor of chemistry at
Yale in 1802, and studied the subject at the Medical College of the University of Pennsylvania. He was also
professor of natural history -- which was defined as geology, mineralogy, zoology, and botany -- all of which he
studied at the University of Edinburgh. His work in those areas established Yale„s rock and mineral collection as the
most significant in America at the time. With his help, Yale became the foremost center of science in 19th-century
America. Benjamin Silliman Sr. is considered by many to be the father of American chemistry. With the exception
of Silliman Jr.„s involvement in the oil boom, there are many similarities between the careers of both Sillimans.
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
36
References
[1] Dan Plazak A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top (2006) ISBN 978-0-87480-840-7
ƒ "Benjamin Silliman." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies,
1928€1936.
ƒ Wright, Arthur W. (1911). Biographical Memoir of Benjamin Silliman (http:/ / www. nasonline. org/ publications/
biographical-memoirs/ memoir-pdfs/ silliman-benjamin-jr. pdf). Washington, DC: National Academy of
Sciences. pp. 115€141.
Morrison Waite
37
Morrison Waite
"Justice Waite" redirects here. For other uses, see Justice Waite (disambiguation).
Morrison Remick Waite
7th Chief Justice of the United States
In office
March 4, 1874 € March 23, 1888
Nominated by Ulysses S. Grant
Preceded by Salmon P. Chase
Succeeded by Melville Fuller
Personal details
Born November 29, 1816
Lyme, Connecticut, United States
Died March 23, 1888 (aged 71)
Washington, D.C., United States
Spouse(s) Amelia Warner
Children Henry Seldon
Christopher Champlin
Edward T
Mary F
Alma mater Yale University
Religion Episcopalian
Signature
Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite (November 29, 1816 € March 23, 1888) was an attorney and politician in Ohio.
He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888. Chief Justice Waite was
primarily known for overturning federal laws passed during Reconstruction that protected African
Americans.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Morrison Waite
38
Early life and education
Morrison Remick Waite was born in 1816 at Lyme, Connecticut, the son of Henry Matson Waite, an attorney, and
his wife. His father later was appointed as a judge of the Superior Court and associate judge of the Supreme Court of
Connecticut, serving 1834€1854; and appointed as chief justice of the latter from 1854€1857. Morrison had a
brother Richard, with whom he later practiced law.
Waite attended Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut, where one of his classmates was Lyman Trumbull. He
graduated from Yale University in 1837 in a class with Samuel J. Tilden, who later was the 1876 Democratic
presidential nominee. As a student at Yale, Waite became a member of the Skull and Bones Society and was elected
to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1837.
[1]
Soon afterward Waite moved to Maumee, Ohio, where he studied law as an apprentice in the office of Samuel L.
Young. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, and went into practice with his mentor. He was elected to one term as
mayor of Maumee.
Marriage and family
He married Amelia Warner in 1840. They had three sons together: Henry Seldon, Christopher Champlin, Edward T,
and one daughter Mary F.
Political and legal career
In 1850, Waite and his family moved to Toledo, where he set up a branch office of his law firm with Young. He
soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar. When Young retired in 1856, Waite built a prosperous new
firm with his brother Richard Waite.
An active member of the Whig Party, Waite was elected to a term in the Ohio Senate in 1849€1850. He made two
unsuccessful bids for the United States Senate, and was offered (but declined) a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court. In
the mid-1850s, because of his opposition to slavery, Waite joined the fledgling Republican Party and helped to
organize it in his home state.
In 1871, Waite received a surprise invitation to represent the United States (along with William M. Evarts and Caleb
Cushing) as counsel before the Alabama Tribunal at Geneva. In his first national role, he gained acclaim when he
successfully won a $15 million award from the tribunal. In 1872, he was selected to preside over the Ohio
constitutional convention.
Morrison Waite
39
Supreme Court nomination
Waite's Chief Justice nomination
President Ulysses S. Grant nominated Waite as Chief Justice on
January 19, 1874, after a political circus related to the appointment.
Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase died in May 1873, and Grant waited six
months before first offering the seat in November to the powerful
Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York, who declined.
After ruling out a promotion of a sitting Associate Justice to Chief
(despite much lobbying from the legal community for prominent
Justice Samuel Freeman Miller), Grant offered the Chief Justiceship to
senators Oliver Morton of Indiana and Timothy Howe of Wisconsin,
then to his Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish. He finally submitted his
nomination of Attorney General George H. Williams to the Senate on
December 1. A month later, however, Grant withdrew the nomination,
at Williams' request, after charges of corruption made his confirmation
all but certain to fail. One day after withdrawing Williams, Grant
nominated Democrat and former Attorney General Caleb Cushing, but
withdrew it after Republican Senators alleged Civil War-era
connections between Cushing and the Confederate President Jefferson
Davis.
Finally, after persistent lobbying from Ohioans, including Interior Secretary Columbus Delano, on January 19, 1874,
Grant nominated the little-known Waite. He was notified of his nomination by a telegram.
The nomination was not well received in political circles. The former Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles,
remarked of Waite that, "It is a wonder that Grant did not pick up some old acquaintance, who was a stage driver or
bartender, for the place," and the political journal The Nation, said "Mr Waite stands in the front-rank of second-rank
lawyers." Nationwide sentiment, however, was relief that a non-divisive and competent choice had been made, and
Waite was confirmed unanimously as Chief Justice on January 21, 1874, receiving his commission the same day.
Waite took the oaths of office on March 4, 1874.
The Waite Court, 1874€1888
See also: List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court
Chief Justice Waite never became a significant intellectual force on the Supreme Court. Nevertheless, managerial
and social skill, "especially his good humor and sensitivity to others, helped him to maintain a remarkably
harmonious and productive court."
[2]
During Waite's tenure, it decided some 3,470 cases. In part, the large number of
cases decided and the variety of issues confronted reflected the lack of discretion the Court had at the time in hearing
appeals from lower federal and state courts. However, Waite demonstrated an ability to get his brethren to reach
decisions and write opinions without delay. His own work habits and output were formidable•he drafted one-third
of these opinions.
In matters of regulation over economic activity, he supported broad national authority, stating his opinion that
federal commerce powers must …keep pace with the progress of the country.† In the same vein, a primary theme in
his opinions was the balance of federal and state authority. These opinions influenced Supreme Court jurisprudence
well into the 20th century.
This notion was also evident in the Waite Court's decisions dealing with the scope and meaning of the
Reconstruction Amendments and the rights of blacks in the south.
Morrison Waite
40
In United States v. Cruikshank the court overturned the convictions of three men accused of massacring at least 105
blacks and three whites in the Colfax massacre outside the Grant Parish, Louisiana, courthouse on Easter 1873. The
convictions were thrown out not because the statutes themselves were unconstitutional but because the indictments
under which the men were charged were infirm, and did not specifically allege that the murders were committed on
account of the victims' race (…We may suspect that race was the cause of the hostility, but it is not so averred.†
Waite's social and political orientation was apparent in the Court's response to claims by other groups. In Minor v.
Happersett (1875), using the restricted definition of national citizenship and the 14th Amendment as set forth in the
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), Waite upheld the states' right to deny women the franchise. However, Waite also
sympathized with the women's rights movement and supported the admission of women to the Supreme Court bar.
After suffering a breakdown, probably due to overwork, he refused to retire. Almost to the moment of his death, he
was still drafting opinions and leading the Court.
[2]
In the cases that grew out of the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and especially in those that involved the
interpretation of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, he sympathized with the general tendency of
the court to restrict the further extension of the powers of the Federal government. In a particularly notable ruling in
United States v. Cruikshank, the court struck down the Enforcement Act, ruling that "The very highest duty of the
States, when they entered into the Union under the Constitution, was to protect all persons within their boundaries in
the enjoyment of these 'unalienable rights with which they were endowed by their Creator.' Sovereignty, for this
purpose, rests alone with the States. It is no more the duty or within the power of the United States to punish for a
conspiracy to falsely imprison or murder within a State, than it would be to punish for false imprisonment or murder
itself." He concluded that "We may suspect that race was the cause of the hostility but is it not so averred." His belief
was that white moderates should set the rules of racial relations in the South, which reflected the majority of the
Court and the people of the United States, who were tired of the bitter racial strife involved with the affairs of
Reconstruction. This belief backfired when arch-segregationists in the South regained power and legislated the
infamous Jim Crow laws that disenfranchised African-Americans in the South. These laws lasted well into the 20th
century.
In his opinion of Munn v. Illinois (1877), which was one of a group of six Granger cases involving Populist-inspired
state legislation to fix maximum rates chargeable by grain elevators and railroads, he said that when a business or
private property was "affected with a public interest" it was subject to governmental regulation. Thus, the Court was
ruling against charges that Granger laws constituted encroachment of private property without due process of law
and conflicted with the Fourteenth Amendment. This famous opinion was often regarded as a milestone in the
growth of federal government regulation. The ardent New Dealers in the Franklin Roosevelt administration looked to
Munn v. Illinois to guide them in matters like due process, commerce and contract clauses.
Waite concurred with the majority in the Head Money Cases (1884), the Ku-Klux Case (United States v. Harris,
1883), the Civil Rights Cases (1883), Pace v. Alabama (1883), and the Legal Tender Cases (including Juillard v.
Greenman) (1883). Among his own most important opinions were those in the Enforcement Act Cases (1875), the
Sinking Fund Cases (1878), the Railroad Commission Cases (1886) and the Telephone Cases (1887).
In 1876, when there was talk about a third term for President Grant, some Republicans turned to Waite as they
believed he was a better presidential nominee for the Republican Party than the scandal-tainted Grant. Waite turned
down the idea arguing "my duty was not to make it a stepping stone to someone else but to preserve its purity and
make my own name as honorable as that of any of my predecessors." In the aftermath of the presidential election of
1876, he refused to sit on the Electoral Commission that decided the electoral votes of Florida because of his close
friendship of GOP presidential nominee Rutherford B. Hayes and his classmateship with the Democratic presidential
nominee Samuel J. Tilden with whom Waite studied at Yale College.
As Chief Justice he swore in Presidents Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur and Grover Cleveland.
Morrison Waite
41
Role in corporate personhood controversy
See also: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.
Justice Waite's remark during a Fourteenth Amendment case, Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad
Company, 118 U.S. 394
[3]
(1886), inserted dictum in the headnotes by court reporter John Chandler Bancroft Davis,
may be the original basis for the recognition of corporations having the legal rights of a person: "The court does not
wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution,
which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these
corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does."
[4]
Champion of education opportunities for blacks
He was one of the Peabody Trustees of Southern Education and was a vocal advocate to aiding schools for the
education of blacks in the south. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Frankfurter's view of Waite
Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter said of him:
"He did not confine the constitution within the limits of his own experience.... The disciplined and
disinterested lawyer in him transcended the bounds of the environment within which he moved and the
views of the client whom he served at the bar".
Death and legacy
Chief Justice Waite died unexpectedly of pneumonia. This created a stir in Washington, as there had been no hint
that his illness was serious. His condition had been treated as confidential, in part to avoid alarming his wife who
was in California. The Washington Post devoted its entire front page to his demise. Large crowds joined in the
mourning. Except for Justices Bradley and Matthews, all the justices accompanied his body on the special train that
went to Toledo. Mrs. Waite came by train from California, arriving just in time for the funeral. Published reports
indicated the Chief Justice would be buried in a family plot he had purchased in Forest Hill Cemetery, but he was not
in fact interred there.
[5][6]
For unknown reasons, his remains were not interred in the family plot, but are interred under a handsome monument
in Woodlawn Cemetery, Plot: Section 42, by the river in Toledo, Ohio.
[7]
Waite High School (Toledo, Ohio) is named in his honor.
Quotations
•
For protection against abuses by legislatures the People must resort to the polls, not the courts.
[8]
‚
Notes
[1] Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members (http:/ / www. pbk. org/ userfiles/ file/ Famous Members/
PBKSupremeCourtJustices. pdf), Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009
[2] Grand Concourse, The Ohio Judicial Center, Supreme Court of Ohio (http:/ / www. ohiojudicialcenter. gov/ m_r_waite. asp)
[3] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 118/ 394/ case.html
[4] [4] 118 U.S. 394 (1886) - Official court Syllabus in the United States Reports
[5] Supreme Court Historical Society.
[6] Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 - 41 (Feb
19, 2008), University of Alabama.
Morrison Waite
42
[7] Morrison Waite memorial at (http:/ / www.findagrave.com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=5579) Find a Grave.
[8] Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (http:/ / caselaw. lp.findlaw. com/ scripts/ getcase. pl?navby=CASE& court=US& vol=94& page=113), as
quoted by Paul Rodgers, United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction (http:/ / books. google. gr/ books?id=xZ-61GFZE1kC& dq=),
McFarland, 2011, p. 202.
References
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Waite, Morrison Remick". Encyclop€dia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading
ƒ Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
ƒ Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789€1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme
Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
ƒ Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court:
Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
ƒ Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
ƒ Magrath, C. Peter, ed. (1963). Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character. New York: Macmillan.
ƒ Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
ƒ Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland
Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
External links
ƒ Supreme Court Historical Society:
ƒ Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888 (http:/ / www. supremecourthistory. org/ history-of-the-court/ chief-justices/
morrison-waite-1874-1888/ ).
ƒ The Waite Court, 1874-1888 (http:/ / www. supremecourthistory. org/ history-of-the-court/
history-of-the-court-2/ the-waite-court-1874-1888/ ).
ƒ Morrison R. Waite Biography, official Supreme Court media, (http:/ / www. oyez. org/ justices/
morrison_r_waite) Oyez
Legal offices
Preceded by
Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice of the United
States
1874-1888
Succeeded by
Melville Fuller
Joseph B. Varnum, Jr.
43
Joseph B. Varnum, Jr.
Joseph Bradley Varnum, Jr. (June 9, 1818 Washington, D.C. € December 31, 1874 Astoria, Queens, then Long
Island City, now in Queens, New York City) was an American lawyer and politician.
Life
He was a grandson of Joseph Bradley Varnum. He graduated from Yale College in 1838, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones.
[1]
He studied law at Yale and with Roger B. Taney in Baltimore, Maryland, and was admitted to
the bar in 1840. He practiced law in Baltimore for several years before moving to New York City, where he acquired
a large practice.
He was a Whig member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co.) in 1849, 1850 and 1851. Varnum was
chosen Speaker pro tempore in June 1851, and presided over the Assembly for the duration of the special session.
[2]
He was again a member of the State Assembly (New York Co., 13th D.) in 1857, and was the Know Nothing
candidate for Speaker. At one time he was a member of the Common Council of New York City.
In 1871 he took an active part in the agitation against corruption in the government of New York City. He was a
contributor to magazines and newspapers, and published in book form The Seat of Government of the United States
(New York, 1848) and The Washington Sketch-Book.
Varnum died on New Year's Eve, 1874. He was buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Notes
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] Speaker Henry Jarvis Raymond, the Publisher of the New York Times, spent that summer travelling about Europe, and did not attend the
special session.
References
ƒ (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/ pdf?res=9F05EED9173DE43BBC4953DFB766838E669FDE)
Obit, in NYT on January 1, 1875 (misspelling the name of his grandfather)
ƒ (http:/ / www. congressionalcemetery. org/ obituary-varnum-joseph-b) Obituaries of J.B. Varnum, Jr. and other
family members buried at Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
ƒ Google Book (http:/ / books. google. com. br/ books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA240) The New York Civil List
compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (Weed, Parsons & Co., Albany NY, 1858)
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John,
eds. (1889). "Varnum, James Mitchel". Appletons' Cyclop€dia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Joseph B. Varnum, Jr.
44
New York Assembly
Preceded by
Erastus C. Benedict
New York State Assembly
New York County, 13th District
1849€1851
Succeeded by
William Taylor
Political offices
Preceded by
Henry Jarvis Raymond
Speaker of the New York State
Assembly
Acting
1851
Succeeded by
Jonas C. Heartt
New York Assembly
Preceded by
William A. Guest
New York State Assembly
New York County, 13th District
1857
Succeeded by
David J. Chatfield
Richard D. Hubbard
45
Richard D. Hubbard
Richard Dudley Hubbard
48th Governor of Connecticut
In office
January 3, 1877 € January 9, 1879
Preceded by Charles R. Ingersoll
Succeeded by Charles B. Andrews
Personal details
Born September 7, 1818
Berlin, Connecticut
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Mary Juliana Morgan Hubbard
Alma mater Yale University
Profession Attorney, legislator
Richard Dudley Hubbard (September 7, 1818 € February 28, 1884) was a United States Representative and the
48th Governor of Connecticut.
Biography
Born in Berlin, Connecticut, he was orphaned while young, he pursued preparatory studies at East Hartford and
graduated from Yale College in 1839, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
[1]
He studied law, was admitted
to the bar in 1842 and commenced practice in Hartford. He married Mary Juliana Morgan and they had six children.
Career
Hubbard was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1842, 1855, and again in 1858, and was
prosecuting attorney for Hartford County from 1846 to 1868. A lifelong Democrat, he nevertheless supported the
Federal government throughout the Civil War.
Hubbard was elected as a Democrat to the Fortieth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1867 to March 3, 1869.
He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1868 and resumed the practice of law in Hartford. He was a
delegate to Democratic National Convention from Connecticut, 1876 and a member of the Resolutions Committee.
In November 1876 Hubbard was elected Governor of Connecticut, the first to be elected to a two-year term. He
successfully advocated for legislation that altered the property rights of women, "making husband and wife equal in
property rights."
[2]
Also, a bill was constituted that formed the State Board of Health; a commission was formed that
managed Connecticut's dams and reservoirs, and regulations were amended that benefited the insurance industry. He
was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1878. He engaged in the practice of law from 1877 until his death in
Hartford.
Richard D. Hubbard
46
Death and legacy
Hubbard died of Bright's disease on February 28, 1884. He is interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery.
A statue of Hubbard is on the east lawn of the Connecticut State Capitol building in Hartford Connecticut with a
plaque that describes him as "Lawyer, Orator, Stateman."
[3]
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] [2] Norton, 295
[3] Connecticut General Assembly: "Richard D. Hubbard (1818€1884)" (http:/ / www. cga. ct. gov/ capitoltours/ photohtmpages/
StatuaryPhoto6. htm), accessed September 18, 2010
External links
ƒ Richard D. Hubbard (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=H000888) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Dwight Loomis and J. Gilbert Calhoun, The Judicial and Civil History of Connecticut (Boston: Boston History
Company, 1895)
ƒ Frederick Calvin Norton, The Governors of Connecticut (New Haven, CT: Connecticut Magazine Company,
1905), available online (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hPFdttKYQG8C& )
ƒ Robert Sobel and John Raimo, Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789€1978.
Greenwood Press, 1988, ISBN 0-313-28093-2
ƒ The Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ hubbard. html#787. 00. 89)
ƒ Govtrack US Congress (http:/ / www. govtrack. us/ congress/ members/ richard_hubbard/ 405734)
ƒ National Governors Association (http:/ / www. nga. org/ cms/ home/ governors/ past-governors-bios/
page_connecticut/ col2-content/ main-content-list/ title_hubbard_richard. html)
Political offices
Preceded by
Charles Roberts Ingersoll
Governor of
Connecticut
1878€1879
Succeeded by
Charles B. Andrews
James Mason Hoppin
47
James Mason Hoppin
James Mason Hoppin (1820-1906) was an American educator and writer. He was born at Providence, Rhode
Island; graduated from Yale in 1840 (where he was a member of Skull and Bones), from Harvard Law School in
1842, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1845; studied for some time abroad; and was pastor of a
Congregational church at Salem, Mass., from 1850 to 1859. From 1861 to 1879 he was professor of homiletics at
Yale, where he was also professor of art history from 1879 to 1899, when he became professor emeritus.
Selected writings
ƒ Old England: Its Art, Scenery, and People (1857)
ƒ The Office and Work of the Christian Ministry (1869)
ƒ Life of Rear-Admiral Andrew Hull Foote (1874)
ƒ The Early Renaissance and Other Essays on Art Subjects (1892)
ƒ Greek Art on Greek Soil (1897)
ƒ The Reading of Shakespeare (1904)
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.;
Moore, F., eds. (1905). "
article name needed
". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
References
John Perkins, Jr.
48
John Perkins, Jr.
John Perkins, Jr.
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Louisiana's 3rd district
In office
March 4, 1853 € March 4, 1855
Preceded by Alexander Gordon Penn
Succeeded by Thomas Green Davidson
Personal details
Born July 1, 1819
Natchez, Mississippi
Died November 28, 1885
(aged 66)
Baltimore, Maryland
Resting place Natchez Cemetery
Political party Democratic
Occupation Lawyer, planter, politician
John Perkins, Jr. (July 1, 1819 € November 28, 1885) was an antebellum U.S. Representative from Louisiana, and
then a senator in the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War.
Biography
Early life
John Perkins, Jr. was born on July 1, 1819 in Natchez, Mississippi. He received his early education from private
tutors. He graduated from Yale College in 1840 and was initiated, his senior year, into the Skull and Bones
Society.
[1]
He then graduated from the law department of Harvard University in 1842.
Career
He was admitted to the bar in 1843 and commenced practice in New Orleans, Louisiana. He also engaged in cotton
planting. He was appointed judge of the circuit court for the district comprising Tensas and Madison Parishes in
1851.
He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress (March 4, 1853-March 3, 1855). He was not a candidate
for renomination in 1854. He served as chairman of the state secession convention in 1861. He served in the
Confederate States Senate 1862€65.
Following the war, he traveled extensively in Mexico and Europe. He returned to the United States in 1878 and spent
the remaining years of his life in Louisiana and Canada.
John Perkins, Jr.
49
Death
He died in Baltimore, Maryland, November 28, 1885, and was interred in Natchez Cemetery, Natchez, Mississippi.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
ƒ John Perkins, Jr. (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=P000236) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Alexander Gordon Penn
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Louisiana's 3rd congressional district
1853 € 1855
Succeeded by
Thomas Green Davidson
William T. S. Barry
William Taylor Sullivan Barry (December 10, 1821 € January 29, 1868) was a U.S. Representative from
Mississippi.
Born in Columbus, Mississippi, Barry was graduated from Yale College in 1841 and was initiated into Skull and
Bones.
:67
Society in his last year. Barry was admitted to the bar in 1844 and then practiced law in Columbus, Ohio.
On of his many interests was horticulture.
He served as member of the State house of representatives 1849€1851. Barry was elected as a Democrat to the
Thirty-third Congress (March 4, 1853 € March 3, 1855).
He served as president of the State secession convention in 1861.
He served as member of the Provisional Confederate Congress. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Confederate
States Army and raised the Thirty-fifth Regiment of Mississippi Infantry, at times acting as brigade commander. He
was captured and paroled at the Vicksburg. He broke parole and commanded his regiment, and at times Sears's
Brigade, during the Atlanta Campaign. He was seriously wounded at the Battle of Allatoona, Georgia on October 5,
1864.
He was captured in the Union Army attack on Fort Blakely at Mobile, Alabama on April 9, 1865. He was held in
prison at New Orleans until May 1, 1865.
After his release, he resumed the practice of law in Columbus, Mississippi, where he died January 29, 1868. Barry is
interred in Odd Fellows Cemetery.
References
ƒ Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. ISBN
0-8071-3148-2 (pbk.).
ƒ William T. S. Barry (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B000193) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
John A. Peters (18221904)
50
John A. Peters (1822€1904)
John Andrew Peters (October 9, 1822 - April 2, 1904) was a U.S. Congressman from Maine, and the uncle of John
Andrew Peters. He was also Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.
Born the son of a lumber merchant in Ellsworth, Maine, Peters attended Gorham Academy, Yale College (grad.
1842), where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and Harvard Law School (1843€44). He was admitted to the bar
in 1844 and commenced practice in Bangor, Maine. He represented Bangor in the Maine State Senate in 1862 and
1863, and then the Maine House of Representatives in 1864. He was Attorney General of Maine 1864-1866.
[1]
Following the war Peters was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth, Forty-first, and Forty-second U.S. Congresses
(March 4, 1867-March 3, 1873), but declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1872. He then served as justice of
the Maine Supreme Judicial Court (1873€1883), becoming chief justice from 1883 until January 1, 1900, when he
resigned. He was succeeded as Chief Justice by his nephew, Andrew Peters Wiswell.
While serving in the U.S. Congress, Peters was Chairman of the Committee on the Congressional Library (the
Library of Congress), and a member of the Judiciary Committee.
Peters' first wife, Mary Ann Hathaway, was the daughter of his law partner, Joshua W. Hathaway, who became judge
of the Bangor District Court in 1849. His second wife was Fannie E. Roberts, daughter of Bangor "lumber baron"
Amos M. Roberts. His brother-in-law, Charles W. Roberts of Bangor, was a Civil War general and post-war
Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Maine.
Peters died in Bangor, Maine on April 2, 1904 and was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery.
References
[1] Obituary, Record of Graduates of Yale University (New Haven, 1903-04), p. 305
ƒ John A. Peters (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=P000252) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
External links
ƒ John A. Peters (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=19168) at Find a Grave
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
John H. Rice
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 4th congressional district
March 4, 1867 € March 3, 1873
Succeeded by
Samuel F. Hersey
Legal offices
Preceded by
Edward Kent
Associate Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial
Court
May 20, 1873-September 20, 1883
Succeeded by
Lucilius A. Emery
Preceded by
John Appleton
Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court
September 20, 1883- January 1, 1900
Succeeded by
Andrew Peters Wiswell
Benjamin T. Eames
51
Benjamin T. Eames
Benjamin Tucker Eames (June 4, 1818 € October 6, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from Rhode Island.
Born in Dedham, Massachusetts, Eames attended the common schools of Providence, Rhode Island, and academies
in Massachusetts and Connecticut. He was employed as a bookkeeper for several years. He graduated from Yale
College in 1843, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:69
He engaged as a teacher in the academy at North
Attleboro, studying law at the same time. He was admitted to the bar in 1845 and commenced practice in
Providence, Rhode Island. He served as recording and reading clerk of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
1845-1850, and was a member of the Rhode Island Senate 1854-1857, 1863, and again in 1864. He was one of the
commissioners on the revision of the public laws of the State of Rhode Island in 1857. He served in the Rhode Island
House of Representatives in 1859, 1860, 1868, and 1869.
Eames was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4,
1871-March 3, 1879). He served as chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims (Forty-third Congress). He
was not a candidate for renomination. He was again a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
1879-1881, and served again in the Rhode Island Senate in 1884 and 1885. He died in East Greenwich, Rhode
Island, October 6, 1901. He was interred in Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, Rhode Island.
References
External links
ƒ Benjamin T. Eames (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=E000005) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
Roswell Hart
52
Roswell Hart
Roswell Hart (August 4, 1824 € April 20, 1883) was a United States
Representative from New York. Born in Rochester, he completed
preparatory studies and was graduated from Yale College in 1843,
where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
[1]
He studied law, was
admitted to the bar in 1847, and engaged in commercial pursuits.
Hart was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress, holding
office from March 4, 1865 to March 4, 1867. He was an unsuccessful
candidate for reelection in 1866 to the Fortieth Congress and was
superintendent of the Railway Mail Service for the States of New York
and Pennsylvania from 1869 to 1876. In 1883 he died in Rochester;
interment was in Mount Hope Cemetery.
References
ƒ Roswell Hart
[2]
at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.pl?index=H000292
External links
ƒƒ Template:1848 Treaty of Fond du Lac (Minnesota) has Roswell Hart as witness to the treaty agreement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty of Fond du Lac
ƒ Roswell Hart (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7257918) at Find a Grave
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
?
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York
?€?
Succeeded by
?
Henry Stevens (bibliographer)
53
Henry Stevens (bibliographer)
Henry Stevens (August 24, 1819 € February 28, 1886), American bibliographer, was born in Barnet, Vermont.
He studied at Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1838€1839, graduated at Yale in 1843, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones,
[1]
and studied at Harvard Law School in 1843€1844. In 1845 he went to London, where he was
employed during most of the remainder of his life as a collector of Americana for the British Museum and for
various public and private American libraries.
He was engaged by Sir Anthony Panizzi, librarian of the British Museum, to collect historical books, documents,
journals, etc., concerning North and South America; and he was purchasing agent for the Smithsonian Institution and
for the Library of Congress, as well as for James Lenox, of New York, for whom he secured much of the valuable
Americana in the Lenox library in that city, and for the John Carter Brown library, at Providence, Rhode Island. He
became a member of the Society of Antiquaries in 1852, and in 1877 was a member of the committee which
organized the Caxton Exhibition, for which he catalogued the collection of Bibles. He died at South Hampstead,
England, on the 28th of February 1886. His brother, Benjamin Franklin Stevens, also a bibliographer.
His principal compilations and publications were:
ƒ an Analytical Index to the Colonial Documents of New Jersey in the State Paper Office in England (1858),
constituting vol. v. of the New Jersey Historical Society's Collections
ƒ Collection of Historical Papers relating to Rhode Island ... 1640€1775 (6 vols), for the John Carter Brown
Library
ƒƒ historical indexes of the colonial documents relating to Maryland (10 vols), now in the library of the Maryland
Historical Society
ƒ a collection of papers relating to Virginia for the period 1585€1775, incomplete, deposited in the Virginia state
library in 1858
ƒ a valuable Catalogue of American Maps in the Library of the British Museum (1856)
ƒƒ catalogues of American, of Mexican and other Spanish-American and of Canadian and other British North
American books in the library of the British Museum
ƒ Historical and Geographical Notes on the Earliest Discoveries in America, 1153€1530, with Comments on the
Earliest Maps and Charts, etc. (1869)
ƒ Sebastian Cabot/John Cabot (1870)
ƒ The Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition, 1877 (1878)
ƒ Recollections of Mr James Lenox, of New York, and the Formation of his Library (1886).
ƒ The unpublished papers of Henry Stevens, bookdealer, (2… linear feet) are deposited in the William L. Clements
Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Some additional papers are deposited in the Yale University
Library.,
[2]
and the Charles E. Young Research Library at the University of California, Los Angeles.
[3]
The Life of Thomas Hariot and the "Hercules Club"
"In the year 1877 the late Mr. Henry Stevens of Vermont, under the pseudonym of ' Mr. Secretary Outis,' projected
and initiated a literary Association entitled THE HERCULES CLUB. The following extracts from the original
prospectus of that year explain this platform:
"The objects of this Association are literary, social, antiquarian, festive and historical ; and its aims are thoroughly
independent research into the materials of early Anglo-American history and literature. The Association is known as
THE HERCULES CLUB, whose Eurystheus is Historic Truth and whose appointed labours are to clear this field for
the historian of the future." The founders of the club believed that many valuable historical documents of the Age of
Discovery still awaited publication and selected ten topics for which members would contribute research and
writings. The ambitious list of topics which they selected for their initial publication were as follows:
Henry Stevens (bibliographer)
54
1. Waymouth (Capt. George) Voyage to North Virginia in 1605. By James Rosier. London, 1605, 4•
2. Sil. Jourdan's Description of Barmuda. London, 1610, 4•
3. Lochinvar. Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee Vndertakers in the new plantation of
Cape Breton, now New Galloway. Edinburgh, 1625, 4•
4. Voyage into New England in 1623-24.. By Christopher Levett. London, 1628, 4•
5. Capt. John Smith's True Relation of such occurrences of Noate as hath hapned in Virginia. London, 1608,
4•
6. Gosnold's Voyage to the North part of Virginia in 1602. By John Brereton. London, 1602, 4•
7. A Plain Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Islands. London, 1613, 4•
8. For the Colony in Virginia Brittania, Lavves Divine Morall and Martiall, &c. London, 1612, 4•
9. Capt. John Smith's Description of NewEngland, 16l4-15, map. London, 1616, 4•
10. Hariot (Thomas) Briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia. London, 1588, 4•
"The co-operative objects of the Association, however, appear never to have been fully inaugurated, although a large
number of literary men, collectors, societies and libraries entered their names as Members of the Club. All were
willing to give their pecuniary support as subscribers to the Club's publications, but few offered the more valuable
aid of their literary assistance; hence practically the whole of the editing also devolved upon Mr. Henry Stevens.
"He first took up No. 10 on the above list, Hariot's Virginia. His long and diligent study for the introduction thereto,
resulted in the discovery of so much new and important matter relative to Hariot and Raleigh, that it became
necessary to embody it in a separate volume, as the maximum dimensions contemplated for the introduction to each
work had been exceeded tenfold or more."
On the death of Mr. Stevens in 1886, the completion of the project devolved upon his son Henry N. Stevens who
assessed the situation as follows: "Ever since 1886 I have from time to time unsuccessfully endeavoured to enlist the
services of various editors competent to complete the projected eleven volumes of the Hercules Club publications,
but after a lapse of nearly fourteen years I have awakened to the fact that no actual progress has been made, and that
I have secured nothing beyond the vague promise of future assistance." However all was not lost. Mr Stevens (Jr.)
found that "On collating the printed stock I found that the two volumes, Hariot's Virginia and the Life of Hariot,
were practically complete, the text of both all printed off, and the titles and preliminary leaves and the Index to
Hariot's Virginia actually standing in type at the Chiswick Press just as my father left them fourteen years ago!"
Thus it was not until 1900, almost 300 years after Hariot's death that the first serious biography appeared.
Even so the work was not widely distributed, only 162 copies had been printed and one of these deposited in the
Harvard College Library. In 1972 the Burt Franklin Press, NYC, issued a reprint edition of the 'Life of Hariot"
making it finally available to the literary public. And so 350 years after Hariot's death the true story of his life began
slowly to appear. The volume here referred to is titled:
THOMAS HARIOT THE MATHEMATICIAN THE PHILOSOPHER AND THE SCHOLAR
DEVELOPED CHIEFLY FROM DORMANT MATERIALS WITH NOTICES OF HIS ASSOCIATES
INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DISQUISITIONS UPON THE MATERIALS
OF THE
HISTORY OF 'OULD VIRGINIA'
BY HENRY STEVENS OF VERMONT
[]
Stevens consulted the records in the British Museum and found Hariot's will, but did not visit Petworth where the
bulk of Hariot's papers were located. Also Stevens was not a mathematician and not equipped to evaluate properly
Hariot's mathematical writings including his book on algebra (Artis Analyticae Praxis) which was published
posthumously (1631).
[4]
In fact it is only in 2007 that a full translation into English has been completed.
[5]
Henry Stevens (bibliographer)
55
References
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Encyclop€dia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[1] "Henry Stevens." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 13 Apr.
2011.
[2] Henry Stevens Papers, Yale University (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ findaids/ eadPDF/ mssa. ms. 1117. pdf)
[3] Henry Stevens Papers, UCLA (http:/ / content.cdlib.org/ view?docId=ft258003k1& chunk. id=c02-1. 8. 7. 4. 17& brand=oac)
[4] Thomas Hariot's Manuscripts (history) (http:/ / www-groups. dcs. st-and. ac. uk/ ~history/ HistTopics/ Harriot. html)
[5] Thomas Harriot„s Artis analyticae praxis : an English translation with commentary / Muriel Seltman, Robert Goulding, editors and translators,
New York: Springer, 2007 (http:/ / catdir.loc. gov/ catdir/ enhancements/ fy0818/ 2006938536-d. html)
External links
ƒ Inventory of the Henry Stevens Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library (http:/ / cdi. uvm. edu/
findingaids/ viewEAD. xql?pid=stevenshenry. ead. xml)
ƒ Works by Henry Stevens (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Henry+ Stevens) at Project Gutenberg
Orris S. Ferry
56
Orris S. Ferry
Orris Sanford Ferry
Member of the United States Senate from Connecticut
In office
March 4, 1867 € November 21, 1875
Preceded by Lafayette S. Foster
Succeeded by James E. English
Member of the United States House of Representatives
from Connecticut's 4th district
In office
March 4, 1859 € March 4, 1861
Preceded by William D. Bishop
Succeeded by George C. Woodruff
Member of the Connecticut Senate
from Connecticut's 12th Senate district
In office
1855€1857
Preceded by William T. Minor
Succeeded by James H. Hoyt
Personal details
Born August 15, 1823
Bethel, Connecticut, USA
Died November 21, 1875 (aged 52)
Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
Resting place Union Cemetery
Norwalk, Connecticut
Political party Republican, Liberal Republican
Spouse(s) Charlotte Bissell
Orris S. Ferry
57
Alma mater Yale College
Profession Politician, Lawyer, Judge
Religion Congregational Christian
Military service
Service/branch Union Army
Rank Brigadier General
Unit 5th Connecticut Infantry Regiment
Battles/wars American Civil War
Orris Sanford Ferry (August 15, 1823 € November 21, 1875) was a Republican American lawyer and politician
from Connecticut who served in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was
also a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Early life
Ferry was born on August 15, 1823 in Bethel, Connecticut.
[1]
He attended the Hopkins School, and worked at his
father's shoe factory as a boy. It was here that he realized his love of books. At age 17, Ferry entered Yale, where he
served as one of the editors of the Yale Literary Magazine
[2]
and was a member of Skull and Bones.
:70
He graduated
in 1844. Ferry first settled in Fairfield, Connecticut, where he studied law under Thomas B. Osborne. He then settled
in Norwalk, Connecticut, and served in the office of Thomas B. Butler. Ferry married Charlotte Bissell, the daughter
of Governor Clark Bissell. He was admitted to the bar in 1846. The following year, he was commissioned a
lieutenant colonel in the 12th Regiment of Connecticut Militia. During his time in the militia, Ferry did not fight in
any battle or war.
Early political career
Ferry served as a probate judge soon after being admitted to the bar. At age 32, he was elected to a term in the
Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District. He then served as the State's Attorney for Fairfield County from
1856 to 1859. Ferry was a member of the Toleration Party, but in 1856 became a Republican. After joining the party,
he campaigned for John C. Fr„mont. In 1857, Ferry was nominated to serve in the United States House of
Representatives, but lost the election. In 1859, he was again nominated, and this time he won.
House of Representatives
During his time in Congress, Ferry was known for extemporaneous speaking. He gave numerous speeches against
slavery. Ferry was chosen as Connecticut's representative to the Committee of Thirty-Three. This Committee was
created in the hopes that peace could be settled between the Northern and Southern states. However, Southern states
continued to secede from the Union, and the committee was disbanded.
[]
Ferry also served on the Committee of
Revolutionary Claims. In 1861, he was renominated for his seat, but lost the election.
Orris S. Ferry
58
Battle of Winchester, 1862 Ferry served in McDowell's Division
  Confederate  Union
American Civil War
At the outbreak of the American Civil War,
and before regiments of Northern troops had
arrived to defend Washington, there was a
report of a plot to burn the capital. On April
18, 1861 this report mobilized loyal citizens,
including Ferry, and state senator A. Homer
Byington, also of Norwalk to form a militia.
This militia was led by Cassius Marcellus
Clay, and came to be known as the Cassius
Clay Guard.
[][3]
On July 23, 1861 he was put in command of
the 5th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, and
given the rank of colonel.
[4]
The original
regiment was the 1st Regiment Colts
Revolving Rifles of Connecticut and was
supposed to be led by Samuel Colt, but the
unit never took the field. Its organization
failing, the regiment was reorganized in May 1861.
[]
In early March 1862, Ferry led his troops across the Potomac
River, and attacked the Confederates at Winchester, Virginia. This action would later lead to what became the First
Battle of Winchester. Ferry was well praised for his ability as a leader and as a military strategist. Ferry was
promoted to brigadier general on March 17, 1862. He was then put under the command of General James Shields,
whose division joined that of Gen. Irvin McDowell. It was under McDowell that Ferry fought at the First Battle of
Winchester. Ferry continued to serve under Shields, during the Valley Campaign.
[5]
Battle of Cedar Mountain
Orris Ferry during the American
Civil War.
Shortly after the First Battle of Winchester, Ferry and the 5th Connecticut Infantry
were put under the command of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks.
[6]
On August 9,
Ferry, under Banks, encountered Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Cedar
Mountain. The Union troops attacked to gain early advantage, but a Confederate
counterattack repulsed Banks's corps and won the day.
[7]
Later that day, Union
reinforcements under Maj. Gen. John Pope arrived. This led to a two day stand-off
between the two armies. The battle ended in a Confederate victory.
[8]
Services and resignation
During the war, Ferry served in the VII Corps, X Corps, and XVIII Corps. He was
also the head of the District of Lehigh, from August 20, 1863 until May 1864,
[9]
and served as the head of the District of Philadelphia from December 16, 1864
until July 15, 1865.
[10]
Ferry was brevetted a major general of volunteers in
recognition of his services during the Peninsula Campaign. He resigned from the
military on July 15, 1865. His resignation followed the Confederate surrender.
Orris S. Ferry
59
Senate career
After the Civil War, Ferry returned to both his political career and law practice. In 1866, he ran against Lafayette S.
Foster, the current incumbent of the Class III Connecticut Senate seat. Ferry won the election, and took his place in
the U.S. Senate on March 4, 1867. He became very active in committees, and favored amnesty for members of the
Confederacy. Ferry participated in the Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson, voting to convict. In 1869, Ferry
was attacked by a rare disease of his spine. This disease led to a slow deterioration of his spine. This slowed his
workings in the Senate, but he continued to play an active role. From 1870 to 1871, he served as the chairman of the
Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses. From 1871 to 1875, he was chairman of the Committee
on Patents. Ferry also served on the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
Ferry was considered a Liberal Republican, but he declined to be officially considered a Liberal Republican.
[11]
In
1872, Ferry was reelected for a second term. His main supporters were Democrats and Liberal Republicans.
Alexander Caldwell scandal
In 1871, Alexander Caldwell was elected to the Senate from Kansas. From the start, allegations of corruption and
pay-offs emerged.
[12]
In 1873, Congressman Sidney Clarke, who assisted in Caldwell's election, testified that
Caldwell's campaign had claimed that it would pay $250,000 to secure the election. Kansas Governor Thomas
Carney testified that he was paid $15,000 to drop out of the race. An investigation followed; its final report asked the
Senate to expel Caldwell for not being "duly and legally elected". On March 21, 1873, Ferry took to the floor of the
Senate and gave a speech asking the Senate to expel Caldwell: "The crime of bribery goes down to the very
foundations of the institutions under which we live. We all know it and...we shall stifle our consciences if we do not
vote to expel." After a survey of the Senate, Caldwell saw his inevitability of being expelled, and resigned, on March
23.
I see around me the life-long friends and neighbors of Senator Ferry, now no more; a man whom I cherished as a dear companion
and associate, and to whom I looked up as one of the foremost men of the republic, in talent, integrity and patriotic spirit. More than
almost any one I knew did he possess those qualities of mind and character which just at this period of our history are so greatly
needed for the guidance of public affairs... Had his body been as strong as his mind and heart, he would beyond doubt have
compelled universal recognition as one of the very first of statesmen in American history.
Senator Carl Schurz, from his speech during Ferry's funeral, 1875
Later Senate career
In 1874, Ferry gave a speech against the future Civil Rights Act of 1875. After speaking, Senator Charles Sumner,
both a friend of Ferry's and the proposer of the bill, stood up and said, "Mr. Ferry, your speech is far the most
damaging blow my measure has yet received". The Civil Rights Act would eventually pass, but was deemed
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, on the basis that Congress did not have the power to regulate the conduct of
individuals. His last speech in Congress was considered an uncommonly eloquent dissertation on his former friend,
William Alfred Buckingham.
Orris S. Ferry
60
Death
After his final speech, Ferry left the capital for a new medical treatment. The treatment was to help heal his decaying
spine, but the procedure failed. On November 20, 1875 Ferry's friends and doctors helped take him home. He died of
his spine disease the next day. His funeral was attended by dignitaries such as Schurz. Ferry was interred at Union
Cemetery in Norwalk.
Notes
[1] Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Orris S. Ferry (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=F000094)
[2] Williams pp. 277€281
[3] Norwalk Patch (http:/ / norwalk.patch.com/ groups/ editors-picks/ p/ norwalkers-orris-ferry-and-a-homer-byington-help-guar5be1584424)
[4] Eicher pp. 233€234
[5] [5] Warner pp. 151-152
[6] [6] Sixties p. 83
[7] [7] Salmon pp. 134-135
[8] [8] McDonald p. 81
[9] [9] Eicher p. 831
[10] [10] Eicher p. 842
[11] New York Times Obituary of Orris S. Ferry, 1875 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=9F02E2DF163BE333A25751C2A9679D946490D7CF)
[12] [12] Grossman p. 44
References
ƒ Croffut, William Augustus, Morris, John Moses; The military and civil history of Connecticut during the war of
1861-65: comprising a detailed account of the various regiments and batteries, through march, encampment,
bivouac, and battle; also instances of distinguished personal gallantry, and biographical sketches of many heroic
soldiers... (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3TUyuhpp9zoC& pg=PA32& dq=Orris+ Ferry+ house+ of+
representatives& lr=& cd=21#v=onepage& q=Orris Ferry house of representatives& f=false), Ledyard Bill, 1869
ƒ Eicher, John H., Eicher, David J.; Civil War High Commands (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC& pg=PA15& dq=Orris+ Ferry+ Civil+ War+ High+ Commands& lr=&
cd=1#v=onepage& q=Orris Ferry& f=false), Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3
ƒ Grossman, Mark; Political corruption in America: an encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=DxupZ6O0p64C& pg=PA44& dq=Orris+ Ferry+ resignation& lr=& cd=4#v=onepage&
q=Orris Ferry resignation& f=false), ABC-CLIO, 2003 ISBN 1-57607-060-3
ƒ History of Battle-Flag Day, September 17, 1879 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=QiowAAAAYAAJ&
pg=PA139& dq=Orris+ Ferry+ lieutenant+ colonel& lr=& cd=1#v=onepage& q=Orris Ferry colonel& f=false),
Lockwood & Merritt, 1879
ƒ Hutchins, Edward Ridgeway; The War of the Sixties (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nT8vAAAAYAAJ&
pg=PA83& dq=Orris+ Ferry+ civil+ war& cd=8#v=onepage& q=Orris Ferry civil war& f=false), The Neale
Publishing Co., 1912
ƒ McDonald, William N., A History of the Laurel Brigade (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=mhZCAAAAIAAJ), 1907.
ƒ Obituary of Orris S. Ferry (http:/ / www. cslib. org/ memorials/ ferryo. htm)
ƒ Orris S. Ferry (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=F000094) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-02-12
ƒ Orris S. Ferry Obituary in the New York Times, November 22 1875 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9F02E2DF163BE333A25751C2A9679D946490D7CF)
ƒ Salmon, John S., The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide (http:/ / books. google. com/
booksid=f_B3ToTmp1oC& printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ Official+ Virginia+ Civil+ War+ Battlefield+
Orris S. Ferry
61
Guide& lr=& cd=1#v=onepage& q=Cedar Mountain& f=false), Stackpole Books, 2001, ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
ƒ Warner, Ezra J.; Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=2PSgcaLic-AC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Ezra+ Warner& hl=en& ei=lFOlS_68D4Sdlgfdlrx0&
sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=& f=false), LSU Press,
1964, ISBN 0-8071-0822-7
ƒ Williams, H. Clay; Biographical encyclopaedia of Connecticut and Rhode Island of the nineteenth century (http:/
/ books. google. com/ books?id=vK4rAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA281& dq=Orris+ Ferry+ spine& lr=&
cd=2#v=onepage& q=& f=false), Metropolitan Pub. and Engraving Co., 1881
External links
ƒ Orris S. Ferry (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=5840246) at Find a Grave
ƒ Orris S. Ferry Obituary in the New York Times, November 22 1875 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9F02E2DF163BE333A25751C2A9679D946490D7CF)
ƒ  "Ferry, Orris Standford". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
Political offices
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
William D. Bishop
Member of the U.S. House of
Representatives
from Connecticut's 4th congressional
district
March 4, 1859 € March 4, 1861
Succeeded by
George C. Woodruff
United States Senate
Preceded by
Lafayette S. Foster
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Connecticut
March 4, 1867 € November 21, 1875
Succeeded by
James E. English
Connecticut Senate
Preceded by
William T. Minor
Member of the Connecticut Senate
from Connecticut's 12th Senate district
1855€1856
Succeeded by
James H. Hoyt
William B. Washburn
62
William B. Washburn
William Barrett Washburn
28th Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 4, 1872 € April 29, 1874
Lieutenant Joseph Tucker (1872€1873)
Thomas Talbot (1873€1874)
Preceded by William Claflin
Succeeded by Thomas Talbot
as Acting Governor
William Gaston
Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 9th district
In office
March 4, 1863 € December 5, 1871
Preceded by Amasa Walker
Succeeded by Alvah Crocker
United States Senator
from Massachusetts
In office
April 17, 1874 € March 4, 1875
Preceded by Charles Sumner
Succeeded by Henry L. Dawes
Personal details
Born January 31, 1820
Winchendon, Massachusetts
Died October 5, 1887 (aged 67)
Springfield, Massachusetts
Political party Republican
Alma mater Yale College
William B. Washburn
63
Signature
William Barrett Washburn (January 31, 1820 € October 5, 1887) was an American politician from Massachusetts
who served in the United States House of Representatives and as the 28th Governor of Massachusetts.
Early life
William Barrett Washburn was born on January 31, 1820 in Winchendon, Massachusetts, to Asa and Phoebe
(Whitney) Washburn. His father was a hat maker from a family with deep colonial roots; Emory Washburn, who was
Governor of Massachusetts in 1854, was a distant cousin. Asa Washburn died in 1823.
Washburn was educated in the academies at Hancock and Westminster, and then attended Yale College, graduating
in 1844. He was a member of the Skull and Bones Society.
[1]
He was employed as a store clerk from 1844 to 1847 in
the business of his uncle in Orange. He established a chair factory in Erving, operating it from 1847 to 1857 and
parlaying a $10,000 investment into a business whose annual production exceeded $150,000.
Political career
Washburn became a member of the Massachusetts Senate in 1850 and was a member of the Massachusetts House of
Representatives from 1853 to 1855.
He moved to Greenfield in 1858 and engaged in banking. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and to
the four succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1863 to December 5, 1871. He served as chairman of the
Committee on Claims during the Forty-first Congress.
In 1871 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts and served in that post until 1874. He was elected as a
Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles Sumner and served from
April 17, 1874 to March 4, 1875. He was not a candidate for reelection.
Other activities
He was president of the Greenfield National Bank; he was a trustee of Yale, the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
and Smith College, of which he was also a benefactor, and a member of the board of overseers of Amherst College
from 1864 to 1877. Harvard University conferred the degree of EL. D. upon him in 1872. He served on the board of
directors of the Connecticut River Railroad.
He was a member of the American board of the American Home Missionary Society, and the American Missionary
Association Residuary legatees, leaving each society about $50,000 in his will. He was a benefactor of the
Greenfield Public Library.
He died in Springfield, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1887 while attending a session of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), of which he was also a member.
William B. Washburn
64
References
ƒ Biographical Encyclopedia of Massachusetts in the 19th Century
[2]
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=OAK9V2zi_ZwC& pg=PA34#v=onepage& f=false
External links
ƒ Commonwealth of Massachusetts Official Governor Biography (http:/ / www. mass. gov/ portal/
government-taxes/ laws/ interactive-state-house/ historical/ governors-of-massachusetts/
commonwealth-of-massachusetts-1850-1900/ william-barrett-washburn-1820-1887. html)
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Amasa Walker
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 9th congressional
district
March 4, 1863 € December 5, 1871
Succeeded by
Alvah Crocker
Political offices
Preceded by
William Claflin
Governor of Massachusetts
January 4, 1872 € April 29, 1874
Succeeded by
Thomas Talbot
Acting Governor
United States Senate
Preceded by
Charles Sumner
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts
April 17, 1874 € March 4, 1875
Served alongside: George S. Boutwell
Succeeded by
Henry L. Dawes
Constantine C. Esty
65
Constantine C. Esty
Constantine C. Esty
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 7th district
In office
2 December 1872 € 3 March 1873
Preceded by George M. Brooks
Succeeded by Ebenezer R. Hoar
Personal details
Born December 26, 1824
Framingham, Massachusetts
Died December 27, 1912 (aged 88)
Framingham, Massachusetts
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Emily Susanna (March) Esty
Relations Alexander Rice Esty, brother
Children Mary LeBaron Esty, Frederick March Esty, Charles Canaris Esty, Catherine Monroe Esty, Alexander N. Esty
Alma mater Yale College
Profession Attorney
Constantine Canaris Esty (December 26, 1824 - December 27, 1912) was a U.S. Representative from
Massachusetts.
Born in Framingham, Massachusetts to Dexter Esty, Esty attended the local academies of Framingham and
Leicester. His brother was architect Alexander Rice Esty. Esty was a descendant of Edmund Rice an early immigrant
to Massachusetts Bay Colony,
[1]
and a direct descendant of Mary Towne Esty who was executed during the Salem
Witch Trials.
Esty was graduated from Yale College in 1845 where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:71
He studied law. He
was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Framingham, Massachusetts, in 1847. He served in the State
senate in 1857 and 1858. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1867. He was appointed
Constantine C. Esty
66
assessor of internal revenue by President Lincoln in 1862 and served until he was removed for political reasons by
President Johnson in 1866. Reappointed by him in 1867. He resigned in 1872.
Esty was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
George M. Brooks and served from December 2, 1872, to March 3, 1873. He was not a candidate for renomination
in 1872. He continued the practice of his profession in Framingham, Massachusetts, until his death there December
27, 1912. He was interred in Edgell Grove Cemetery.
References
[1] Edmund Rice (1638) Association, 2010. Descendants of Edmund Rice: The First Nine Generations. (CD-ROM). Available from Edmund
Rice (1638) Association (http:/ / www. edmund-rice. org/ genealogy. htm)
ƒ Constantine C. Esty (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=E000225) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
External links
ƒ Constantine C. Esty (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7087371) at Find a Grave
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
George M. Brooks
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 7th congressional
district
1872€1873
Succeeded by
Ebenezer R. Hoar
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
Richard Taylor (general)
67
Richard Taylor (general)
Lieutenant-General
Richard Taylor
Richard Taylor
photo taken between 1860 and 1870
Born January 27, 1826
present-day St. Matthews, Kentucky
Died April 12, 1879 (aged 53)
New York City, New York
Place of burial Metairie Cemetery
New Orleans, Louisiana
Allegiance United States of America
Confederate States of America
Service/branch Confederate States Army
Years of service 1861€1865
Rank
Lieutenant General
Commands held 9th Louisiana Infantry
Louisiana Tigers
Battles/wars American Civil War
ƒƒ First Battle of Bull Run
ƒƒ Jackson's Valley Campaign
ƒƒ Seven Days Battles
ƒƒ Siege of Port Hudson
ƒƒ Red River Campaign
Other work Louisiana state senate (1855-1861)
Richard Taylor (January 27, 1826 € April 12, 1879) was an American plantation owner, politician, military
historian and Confederate general during the American Civil War. He was the son of Zachary Taylor, a general in
the United States Army and later President of the United States, and his wife Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor.
Following the outbreak of the Civil War, Taylor joined the Confederate States Army, serving first as a brigade
commander in Virginia, and later as an army commander in the Trans-Mississippi Theater.
Richard Taylor (general)
68
Antebellum
Richard Taylor was born at the "Springfield" family plantation near Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his
paternal grandfather, Richard Lee Taylor, a Virginian who had served in the American Revolution. He had five older
sisters, Margaret Smith, Ann Mackall, Sarah Knox, Octavia Pannell, and Mary Elizabeth Taylor. Much of his early
life was spent on the American frontier, as his father was a career military officer and commanded several forts,
where his family could live with him. As a youth, Richard was sent to private schools in Kentucky and
Massachusetts.
After starting college studies at Harvard College, he completed them at Yale, where he graduated in 1845. He was a
member of Skull and Bones, a social club.
[1]
He received no scholastic honors, but spent the majority of his time
reading books on classical and military history. During the Mexican-American War, Taylor served as the military
secretary to his father.
Having to leave the war because of rheumatoid arthritis, Richard Taylor agreed to manage the family cotton
plantation in Jefferson County, Mississippi. In 1850, he persuaded his father (then President after being elected in
1848) to purchase "Fashion", a large sugar cane plantation in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana. After his father's death in
July 1850, Taylor inherited Fashion.
On February 10, 1851, Richard Taylor married Louise Marie Myrthe Bringier (d. 1875), a native of Louisiana and
daughter of a wealthy French Creole matriarch Aglae Bringier. Taylor and Marie had five children, two sons and
three daughters; Richard, Zachary, Louise, Elizabeth, and Myrthe. Their two sons died of scarlet fever during the
American Civil War, for which both Taylors suffered deeply.
Steadily Taylor added to the land of the plantation. He improved its sugar works (at considerable expense), and
expanded its labor force to nearly 200 slaves. He became one of the wealthiest men in Louisiana for his holdings.
The freeze of 1856 ruined his crop, forcing him into heavy debt with a large mortgage on the plantation. His
mother-in-law Aglae Bringier aided Taylor and his wife at the time.
In 1855, Taylor entered local politics; he was elected to the Louisiana Senate, in which he served until 1861. First
affiliated with the Whig Party, he shifted to the American (Know Nothing) Party, and finally joined the Democratic
Party. He was sent to the Democratic Convention of 1860 in Charleston, South Carolina as a delegate from
Louisiana and witnessed the splintering of the Democrats. While in Charleston, he tried to make a compromise
between the two Democratic factions, but his attempts failed.
Civil War
When the Civil War erupted, Taylor was asked by Confederate General Braxton Bragg to assist him, as a civilian, at
Pensacola, Florida. Bragg had known Taylor from before the war, and thought his knowledge of military history
could help him to organize and train the Confederate forces. Taylor had been opposed to secession, but accepted the
appointment. Confederate President Jefferson Davis would later comment that the soldiers being sent from Pensacola
were some of the best trained soldiers in the Confederacy.Wikipedia:Citation needed
While serving there, Taylor was commissioned as a colonel of the 9th Louisiana Infantry, and served at the First
Battle of Bull Run. The members of the 9th Louisiana voted for Taylor because they thought that with Taylor's
connections to President Davis, widower of his late sister Sarah, the unit would be sent out sooner and see battle
more quickly.
On October 21, 1861, Taylor was promoted to brigadier general. He commanded a Louisiana brigade under Richard
S. Ewell in the Shenandoah Valley campaign and during the Seven Days. when Taylor was promoted over three
more senior regimental commanders, they complained of favoritism. Davis noted Taylor's leadership capabilities and
promise, and said that he had been recommended by General Stonewall Jackson. During the Valley Campaign,
Jackson used Taylor's brigade as an elite strike force that set a rapid marching pace and dealt swift flanking attacks.
At the Battle of Front Royal on May 23, the First Battle of Winchester on May 25, and finally at the climactic Battle
Richard Taylor (general)
69
of Port Republic on June 9, Taylor led the 9th Infantry in timely assaults against strong enemy positions. Afterward,
he traveled with the rest of Jackson's command to the Peninsula Campaign.
His brigade consisted of various Louisiana regiments, as well as Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat's "Louisiana
Tiger" battalion. The undisciplined lot was known for its hard fighting on the battlefield, but also for its hard living
outside. Taylor instilled discipline into the Tigers and, although Major Wheat did not agree with his methods, Taylor
won his respect.
When Taylor was promoted to the rank of major general on July 28, 1862, he was the youngest major general in the
Confederacy. He was ordered to Opelousas, Louisiana, to conscript and enroll troops in the District of Western
Louisiana, part of the Trans-Mississippi Department. The historian John D. Winters wrote that Taylor was to
"command all troops south of the Red River and was to prevent the enemy from using the rivers and
bayous in the area. Troops were to be gathered and sent to fill up the ranks of Louisiana regiments
serving in Virginia. After this, Taylor was to retain as many recruits as would be needed in the state.
Light batteries of artillery were to be organized to harass passing enemy vessels on the streams. ... The
enemy was to be confined to as narrow an area as possible, and communications and transportation
across the Mississippi River were to be kept open."
[2]
After his service as a recruit officer, Taylor was given command of the tiny District of West Louisiana. Governor
Thomas Overton Moore had insistently requested a capable and dedicated officer to assemble the state's defenses and
to help counter Federal forays into the state. Attacks of rheumatoid arthritis had left him crippled for days at a time
and unable to command in battle. For instance, during the Seven Days battles, Taylor was unable to leave his camp
and command his brigade. He missed the Battle of Gaines Mill, and Col. Isaac Seymour, commanding the brigade in
his absence, was killed in action.
Before Taylor returned to Louisiana, Federal forces in the area had raided throughout much of southern Louisiana.
During the spring of 1862, Union forces came upon Taylor's Fashion plantation and plundered it.
Taylor found the district almost completely devoid of troops and supplies. However, he did the best with these
limited resources by securing two capable subordinates, veteran infantry commander (Jean Jacques Alexandre)
Alfred Mouton, and veteran cavalry commander Thomas Green. These two commanders would prove crucial to
Taylor's upcoming campaigns in the state.
During 1863, Taylor directed an effective series of clashes with Union forces over control of lower Louisiana, most
notably at Battle of Fort Bisland and the Battle of Irish Bend. These clashes were fought against Union Maj. Gen.
Nathaniel P. Banks for control of the Bayou Teche region in southern Louisiana and his ultimate objective of Port
Hudson. After Banks had successfully pushed Taylor's Army of Western Louisiana aside, he continued on his way to
Port Hudson via Alexandria, Louisiana. After these battles, Taylor formulated a plan to recapture Bayou Teche,
along with the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, and to halt the Siege of Port Hudson.
Operations to recapture New Orleans
Taylor's plan was to move down the Bayou Teche, capturing the lightly defended outposts and supply depots, and
then capturing New Orleans, which would cut off Nathaniel P. Banks's army from their supplies. Although his plan
met with approval from Secretary of War James A. Seddon and President Jefferson Davis, Taylor's immediate
superior, Edmund Kirby Smith, felt that operations on the Louisiana banks of the Mississippi across from Vicksburg
would be the best strategy to halt the Siege of Vicksburg. From Alexandria, Louisiana, Taylor marched his army up
to Richmond, Louisiana. There he was joined with Confederate Maj. Gen. John G. Walker's Texas Division, who
called themselves "Walker's Greyhounds". Taylor ordered Walker's division to attack Federal troops at two locations
on the Louisiana side of the Mississippi. The ensuing Battle of Milliken's Bend and Battle of Young's Point failed to
accomplish the Confederate objectives. After initial success at Milliken's Bend, that engagement ended in failure
after Federal gunboats began shelling the Confederate positions. Young's Point ended prematurely as well.
Richard Taylor (general)
70
After the battles, Taylor marched his army, minus Walker's division, down to the Bayou Teche region. From there
Taylor captured Brashear City (Morgan City, Louisiana), which yielded tremendous amounts of supplies, materiel,
and new weapons for his army. He moved within the outskirts of New Orleans, which was being held by a few green
recruits under Brig. Gen. William H. Emory. While Taylor was encamped on the outskirts and preparing for his
attack against the city, he learned that Port Hudson had fallen. He withdrew his forces all the way up Bayou Teche to
avoid the risk of being captured.
Red River Campaign
In 1864, Taylor defeated Union General Nathaniel P. Banks in the Red River Campaign with a smaller force,
commanding the Confederate forces in the Battle of Mansfield and the Battle of Pleasant Hill. He pursued Banks
back to the Mississippi River and, for his efforts, received the thanks of the Confederate Congress. At these two
battles, the two commanders whom Taylor had come to rely on: Brigadier Generals Alfred Mouton and Thomas
Green, were killed while leading their men into combat. On April 8, 1864, Taylor was promoted to lieutenant
general, despite having asked to be relieved because of his distrust of his superior in the campaign, General Edmund
Kirby Smith.
Last days of the war
Taylor was given command of the Department of Alabama and Mississippi and commanded the defenses around the
city of Mobile, Alabama. After John Bell Hood's disastrous campaign into Tennessee, Taylor was given command of
the Army of Tennessee.
[3]
He surrendered his department at Citronelle, Alabama, the last major Confederate force
remaining east of the Mississippi, to Union General Edward Canby on May 8, 1865, and was paroled three days
later.
Postbellum life
After the war, Richard Taylor wrote his memoirs, Destruction and Reconstruction, which is one of the most credited
reports of the Civil War. The memoir was published a week prior to his death in New York City in April of 1879.
[4]
He was active in Democratic Party politics, interceded on behalf of Jefferson Davis with President Andrew Johnson,
and was a leading political opponent of Northern Reconstruction policies. He died in New York
CityWikipedia:Please clarify and is buried in Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans.
Most of Taylor's contemporaries, subordinates, and fellow generals make mention many times of his military
prowess. Nathan Bedford Forrest commented that "He's the biggest man in the lot. If we'd had more like him, we
would have licked the Yankees long ago." "Dick Taylor was a born soldier", asserted a close friend. "Probably no
civilian of his time was more deeply versed in the annals of war." Stonewall Jackson and Richard S. Ewell frequently
commented on their conversations with Taylor. Ewell stated that he came away from his conversations with Taylor
more knowledgeable and impressed with the amount of information Taylor possessed.
Family
Richard Taylor was the only son of Margaret Mackall Smith and President Zachary Taylor. His sister Sarah Knox
Taylor was the first wife of Jefferson Davis for three months until her death in 1835. His other sister, Mary Elizabeth
Bliss, who had married William Wallace Smith Bliss in 1848, served as her father's White House hostess.
Although Richard chose to serve the Confederacy, his uncle, Joseph Pannell Taylor, served on the opposite side as a
Brigadier-General in the Union Army.
Richard Taylor (general)
71
Honors
The Lt. General Richard Taylor Camp #1308, Sons of Confederate Veterans in Shreveport, Louisiana, is named for
General Taylor. The camp was chartered in 1971.
Notes
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] [2] Winters, p. 152
[3] [3] Eicher, p. 523.
[4] GENERAL RICHARD TAYLOR, CSA, Historycentral.com (http:/ / www. historycentral. com/ Bio/ CWcGENS/ CSATaylor. html)
References
ƒ Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
ƒ Parrish, T. Michael. Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1992. ISBN 978-0-8078-2032-2.
ƒ Prushankin, Jeffery S. A Crisis in Confederate Command: Edmund Kirby Smith, Richard Taylor and the Army of
the Trans-Mississippi. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8071-3088-5.
ƒ Taylor, Richard. Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War (http:/ / docsouth. unc.
edu/ fpn/ taylor/ menu. html). J.S. Sanders & Co., 2001. ISBN 1-879941-21-X. First published 1879 by D.
Appleton.
ƒ Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
University Press, 1959. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5.
ƒ Winters, John D. The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. ISBN
0-8071-0834-0.
External links
ƒ Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. (http:/ / docsouth. unc. edu/ fpn/ taylor/
menu. html) New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1879.
ƒ New Texas Handbook biography (http:/ / www. angelfire. com/ tx/ RandysTexas/ page70. html)
Leonard Eugene Wales
72
Leonard Eugene Wales
Leonard Eugene Wales (November 26, 1823 - February 8, 1897) was a United States federal judge in Delaware.
Born in Wilmington, Delaware, Wales graduated from Yale University in 1845, where he was a member of Skull
and Bones
:71
, and then read law to enter the bar in 1848. He was an editor of the Delaware State Journal in
Wilmington, Delaware from 1848€50, and a clerk of the United States district court and United States circuit court
for the District of Delaware from 1849-864. He was also city solicitor for the City of Wilmington from 1853-1854.
During the American Civil War, he was a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army, in the First Delaware
Volunteers, in 1861.
Wales was made a judge if the Superior Court of Delaware in 1864, and held that position until 1884. He was
nominated by President Chester A. Arthur on March 6, 1884, to a seat on the United States District Court for the
District of Delaware vacated by Edward Green Bradford. On March 20, 1884, Wales was confirmed by the United
States Senate and received his commission, thereafter serving until his death, in Wilmington.
References
Sources
ƒ Leonard Eugene Wales (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=2477& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at
the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Legal offices
Preceded by
Edward Green Bradford
Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of
Delaware
March 20, 1884 € February 8, 1897
Succeeded by
Edward Green Bradford II
Henry Baldwin Harrison
73
Henry Baldwin Harrison
Henry Baldwin Harrison
52nd Governor of Connecticut
In office
January 08, 1885 € January 07, 1887
Lieutenant Lorrin A. Cooke
Preceded by Thomas M. Waller
Succeeded by Phineas C. Lounsbury
Personal details
Born September 11, 1821
New Haven, Connecticut
Died October 29, 1901
New Haven, Connecticut
Political party Whig, Republican
Spouse(s) Mary Elizabeth Osborne Harrison
Alma mater Yale College
Profession lawyer, politician
Henry Baldwin Harrison (September 11, 1821 - October 29, 1901) was a Republican politician and the 52nd
Governor of Connecticut.
Biography
Harrison was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale College as valedictorian in 1846, where he
was a member of Skull and Bones,
[1]
and studied at Yale Law School.
[2]
He was a member of Connecticut Sons of
the American Revolution. He married Mary Elizabeth Osborne (the daughter of Yale Law School professor and U.S.
Representative Thomas Burr Osborne and Ann Sherwood.)
Career
Harrison ran for office as a Whig, and in 1854, he won a seat in the Connecticut Senate (4th District). Active in the
Whig Party, and author of the Personal Liberty Bill, he was instrumental in bringing about the nullification of the
Fugitive Slave Law. During the years from 1855 to 1856, he was one of the men who organized the Republican
Party in Connecticut. He lost a bid for Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1857, and in 1874, but he returned to
the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1865, 1873, and 1883; during his last term, he was Speaker of the
House.
From 1885-1887, Harrison served as Governor of Connecticut. His contributions included initiatives on prohibition
and abolition of slavery. Issues of great concern to him were education and workers' rights. He served in the
Legislature at the time of the Industrial Revolution and witnessed the growing problems caused by industrialization.
As Governor, he created the state Bureau of Labor Statistics, and he pushed for compulsory education to the age of
16 for Connecticut's children.
Henry Baldwin Harrison
74
Death and legacy
Harrison died in New Haven on October 29, 1901 and is interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven. Harrison
gave a moving eulogy at the funeral of his cousin, also a Governor of the State of Connecticut, Roger Sherman
Baldwin. Harrison said, "It has been well said that Governor Baldwin was a great lawyer. He was an upright, a just, a
conscientious and honorable man. Governor Baldwin was a true son of Connecticut. His memory deserves all honors
from Connecticut, and from every one of her children."
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] "Henry Baldwin Harrison." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale Biography In Context. Web.
13 Apr. 2011.
External links
ƒ Connecticut Sons of the American Revolution, 1892-1903 Yearbooks (http:/ / www. ancestorinfo. com/ Conn.
SAR. htm)
ƒ Harrison (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ harrison. html) at Political Graveyard
ƒ National Governors Association (http:/ / www. nga. org/ cms/ home/ governors/ past-governors-bios/
page_connecticut/ col2-content/ main-content-list/ title_harrison_henry. html)
ƒ The governors of Connecticut: biographies of the chief executives (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=cyQWAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA322-IA1& dq=Henry+ Baldwin+ Harrison& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=XxDCUJnLLMLL0AHA0IGADQ& sqi=2& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg)
ƒ Find A Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=12649674)
Political offices
Preceded by
Thomas M. Waller
Governor of
Connecticut
1885€1887
Succeeded by
Phineas C. Lounsbury
Stephen Wright Kellogg
75
Stephen Wright Kellogg
For the children's author, see Steven Kellogg. For the musician, see Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers.
Stephen Wright Kellogg (b. Shelburne, Massachusetts, April 5, 1822 € d. Waterbury, Connecticut, January 27,
1904) was an American politician, attorney, and judge.
[1][2]
He worked on his father's farm until he was twenty, in the winter attending or teaching school. In the fall of 1842 he
entered Amherst College, but remained there only two terms; then he joined the class of 1846 at Yale College, where
he was a member of Skull and Bones
[3]
and was graduated with highest honors. Among his classmates and fellow
Bonesmen was the Hon. Henry Baldwin Harrison, his lifelong friend.
After a few months of school teaching he entered the Yale Law School, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1848.
First he began to practice in Naugatuck, Connecticut where he remained until 1854, and then having been elected
judge of probate for the district of Waterbury, he removed to that then small city. He held this office for seven years.
In 1854 the legislature appointed him judge of the New Haven County Court. From 1866 to 1869, and 1877 to 1883,
he was the City Attorney of Waterbury, Connecticut; and until a short time before his death he was constantly
occupied in the practice of his profession.
Meantime his active mind and restless energy found congenial occupation in the stirring political events of the times.
In 1851 he was clerk of the State Senate; in 1853 a senator; in 1856 a member of the House; and he was a delegate to
the Republican National Conventions of 1860, of 1868, and of 1876. Three times he was elected to US Congress
from the usually Democratic second district, and his perseverance and success in protecting and advancing both the
public and personal interests of his constituents were remarkable. In 1875 he lost his bid for re-election to James
Phelps, but even in this election Kellogg received over 45% of the vote.
He was Colonel of the Second Regiment, Connecticut National Guard, from 1863 to 1866, and Brigadier-General
from 1866 to 1870. He was the author and promoter of legislation organizing the active militia in an efficient body
known as the Connecticut National Guard. He never lost interest in public affairs, and to them, until within a few
weeks of his death, aged 81, his voice and pen were often devoted.
Notes
[1] http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ kellian-kellum.html
[2] http:/ / www. cslib.org/ memorials/ kelloggs. htm
[3] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
External links
ƒ Stephen Wright Kellogg (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=K000067) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Rensselaer Nelson
76
Rensselaer Nelson
Rensselaer R. Nelson
Rensselaer Russell Nelson (May 12, 1826 € October 15, 1904) was a
United States federal judge. He was the son of U.S. Supreme Court
justice Samuel Nelson.
Born in Cooperstown, New York, Nelson graduated from Yale College
in 1846 and read law to enter the bar in 1849. He was in private
practice in Buffalo, New York from 1849 to 1850, and then in St. Paul,
Minnesota Territory until 1853. He was a county attorney of Douglas
County, Wisconsin from 1853 to 1855, returning to private practice in
St. Paul until 1857. He was an associate justice of the Minnesota
Territorial Supreme Court from 1857 to 1858.
On May 20, 1858, Nelson was nominated by President James
Buchanan to a new seat on the United States District Court for the
District of Minnesota created by 11 Stat. 285. He was confirmed by the
United States Senate on May 30, 1858, and received his commission
on May 20, 1858. Nelson served in that capacity until his retirement
from the bench, on May 16, 1896.
He then returned to his private practice in St. Paul, Minnesota, until his
death in that city in 1904.
Sources
ƒ Rensselaer Nelson
[1]
at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal
Judicial Center.
References
[1] http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=1744& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na
John Donnell Smith
77
John Donnell Smith
Photo as First Lieutenant following the Battle of Chancellorsville
Captain John Donnell Smith (June 5, 1829 € December
2, 1928) of Baltimore, Maryland was a biologist and
taxonomist. He was also an officer in the Confederate
army.
He was a graduate of Yale in 1847, where he was a
member of Skull and Bones.
In January 1906, he presented his herbarium consisting of
more than 100,000 mounted specimens and his botanical
library of over 1600 bound volumes to the Smithsonian
Institution. The books pertain mostly to the systematic
botany of Mexico and Central America and remain in
Baltimore. The herbarium now forms part of the U.S.
National Herbarium reference.
Botanical Researcher; trustee of Peabody Institute in
Baltimore (1888€1915); Captain in the Confederate
Army; Commander of Battery A, 10th Battalion (Huger's
Battalion) of Virginia Artillery (known as the Bedford
Light Artillery); Served in every campaign and battle of
the Army of Northern Virginia; Severely wounded at
Gettysburg; present at the surrender at Appomattox in
April 1865
He died at age 99. In his last years he was celebrated as
the oldest living graduate of Yale.
References
External links
ƒ (https:/ / archive. org/ stream/ cataloguebotani01unkngoog/ cataloguebotani01unkngoog_djvu. txt) - Catalogue of
the Botanical Library of John Donnell Smith, presented in 1905 to the Smithsonian Institution
Dwight Foster (18281884)
78
Dwight Foster (1828€1884)
For other people named Dwight Foster, see Dwight Foster (disambiguation).
Dwight Foster
Massachusetts Attorney General
In office
1861€1864
Preceded by Stephen Henry Phillips
Succeeded by Chester L. Reed
Associate Justice of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
In office
1866€1869
Preceded by Charles Augustus Dewey
Succeeded by Seth Ames
Personal details
Born December 13, 1828
Worcester, Massachusetts
Died April 18, 1884 (aged 55)
Boston, Massachusetts
Resting place Rural Cemetery
Worcester, Massachusetts
Spouse(s) Henrietta Perkins Baldwin
Relations Theodore Foster
Dwight Foster
Roger Sherman Baldwin
Dwight Foster (18281884)
79
Children Burnside Foster
Emily B. Foster
Mary Rebecca Foster
Henrietta Baldwin Foster
Roger Sherman Baldwin
Foster
Reginald Foster
Elizabeth Skinner Foster
Alma mater Yale
Profession Lawyer
Politician
Dwight Foster (December 13, 1828 € April 18, 1884) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts.
He served as Massachusetts Attorney General and was an Associate Justice on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial
Court.
Early life
Foster was born in Worcester, Worcester County, Massachusetts and attended the common schools there and
completed preparatory studies in Newport, Rhode Island. He graduated from Yale College in 1848, where he was a
member of Skull and Bones.
[1]
He was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts the following year, and attended
Harvard Law School in 1851. He began the practice of law in Worcester.
Career
In 1854, he served in the Massachusetts State Militia and was Governor Emory Washburn's aide-de-camp. Foster
held various positions in the government in Massachusetts, including probate judge. In 1864, he moved to Boston,
Massachusetts and was elected Massachusetts Attorney General, serving from 1861€1864. He returned to practicing
law until 1866 when he was appointed Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court by Governor
Alexander Bullock. He served as Associate Justice from 1866€1869.
After leaving office he served as Associate Counsel for the New England Mutual Life Insurance Company.
Foster died on April 18, 1884 in Boston, Massachusetts, and is interred in the Rural Cemetery in Worcester.
Family life
Foster was the son of Alfred Dwight Foster (1800€1852) and Lydia Stiles. His father was a representative on the
Massachusetts General Court and was involved with various civic organizations including the Worcester town
council, Massachusetts Governor's Council, Leicester Academy, Amherst College, the State Lunatic Asylum, and the
State Reform School. Foster married Henrietta Perkins Baldwin (1830-1910), the daughter of Connecticut Governor
& U.S. Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin. They had eight children: Burnside Foster, Emily B. Foster, Mary Rebecca
Foster, Henrietta Baldwin Foster, Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster, Reginald Foster and Elizabeth Skinner Foster.
Their son Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster (1857€1924) was a prominent lawyer.
His grandfather, Judge Dwight Foster (1757€1823), was a Representative and a Senator from Massachusetts; born in
Brookfield, Worcester County, Mass., December 7, 1757; completed preparatory studies and graduated from Brown
University, Providence, R.I., in 1774; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1778 and commenced practice in
Providence, R.I.; justice of the peace for Worcester County 1781€1823; special justice of the court of common pleas
1792; sheriff of Worcester County 1792; member, State house of representatives 1791€1792; elected to the Third
and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1793, to June 6, 1800, when he resigned;
chairman, Committee on Claims (Fourth through Sixth Congresses); delegate to the State constitutional convention
Dwight Foster (18281884)
80
in 1799; elected to the United States Senate as a Federalist to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Samuel
Dexter and served from June 6, 1800, to March 2, 1803, when he resigned; chief justice of the court of common
pleas 1801€1811; member, State house of representatives 1808€1809; member of the Governor„s council and held
other state and local offices chief justice of Worcester County, Massachusetts, a member of the Massachusetts
Constitutional Convention, the Massachusetts State Legislature, and the Massachusetts Executive Council, and was a
U.S. senator serving as a Federalist from 1800 to 1803.
His great uncle Theodore Foster was a Senator from Rhode Island; born in Brookfield, Worcester County, Mass.,
April 29, 1752; pursued classical studies and graduated from Rhode Island College (now Brown University),
Providence, R.I., in 1770; studied law; admitted to the bar about 1771 and commenced practice in Providence, R.I.;
town clerk of Providence 1775€1787; member, State house of representatives 1776€1782; appointed judge of the
court of admiralty in May 1785; appointed Naval Officer of Customs for the district of Providence, R.I., 1790;
appointed to the United States Senate in 1790; elected in 1791 and again in 1797 as a Federalist and served from
June 7, 1790, to March 3, 1803; was not a candidate for reelection in 1802; retired from public life and engaged in
writing and historical research; member, State house of representatives 1812€1816; trustee of Brown University
1794€1822.
References
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
External links
ƒ MHS Foster Family Autograph Collection: Guide to the Collection (http:/ / www. masshist. org/ findingaids/ doc.
cfm?fa=fa0213)
ƒ Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (http:/ / www. massreports. com/ memorials/ 137ma597. htm) Dwight
Foster
ƒ Portraits! Worcester Portraits in the American Antiquarian Society (http:/ / www. americanantiquarian. org/
Exhibitions/ Portraits/ stilesandfosterminis. htm)
ƒ Descendants of Captain John Sherman (http:/ / homepages. rootsweb. com/ ~bowers/ SOY/ CaptJohn/ d3190.
htm)
ƒ Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=papRAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA345& lpg=PA345& dq="Henrietta+ Perkins+ Baldwin"& source=web&
ots=8ARWStctl8& sig=UTAAWbdJojTQFxCRMR2dkohbkzw& hl=en& ei=Tj6PSc2JAoHwsAPBrdWKCQ&
sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=9& ct=result#PPA345,M1) By Thomas Townsend Sherman
Legal offices
Preceded by
James Colt
Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial
Court
1866 € 1869
Succeeded by
Seth Ames
Preceded by
Stephen Henry Phillips
Massachusetts Attorney General
1861 € 1864
Succeeded by
Chester L. Reed
Augustus Brandegee
81
Augustus Brandegee
Augustus Brandegee (July 12, 1828, New London, Connecticut €
November 10, 1904, New London, Connecticut) was an American
lawyer and politician who served in the House of Representatives for
Connecticut.
Early life
Brandegee was the son of a New Orleans cotton broker. His first place
of education was the Union Academy in New London. Following this,
he was sent to Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven and entered
Yale University in 1845. At Yale he was elected membership to Delta
Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones.
:87
He was graduated in 1849, and
spent the next year in study at Yale Law School.
In 1850 he entered the law office of Andrew C. Lippitt and after
admission to the bar in 1851 entered a partnership with Lippitt. In 1854
he was chosen to represent New London in the Connecticut House of Representatives. Although a young member of
the House, he was selected as a member of the important judiciary committee. He was also chairman of the select
committee to carry through the "bill for the defense of liberty," which was aimed at preventing the enforcement of
the Fugitive Slave Law in Connecticut. Later, Brandegee chaired the committee on the Maine Law, and was
responsible for passing the only propitiatory liquor law ever passed in Connecticut.
In 1855 he was elected Judge of New Haven's criminal court. During this time Brandegee began speaking in many
towns on slavery issues. In 1860 he was chosen as one of the electors of Connecticut on a ticket headed by former
Governor Roger Sherman Baldwin.
Brandegee was again elected to the Connecticut House as a Republican in 1858 to represent New London. He was
reelected in 1859, but declined the office because of the death of his father. The following year he was elected to the
House again, this time being chosen as Speaker of the House. During this first "War" session of the House,
Brandegee managed to keep favor with both Democrats and Republicans. At the end of the year, fellow Bonesman
and leader of the opposition, Henry C. Deming presented him with a silver service as a token of appreciation for his
impartiality in presiding over the House.
At the start of the Civil War, Brandegee was active in supporting the Union cause. He traveled all over Connecticut
addressing meetings, raising troops and arousing public sentiment.
United States House of Representatives
In 1863 he was elected to Congress from the 3rd district of Connecticut. Although the youngest member of the
House, he was selected as a member of the House Committee on Naval Affairs, and later the Military Affairs
Committee. Brandegee was also on the Committee on Naval Accounts, and Chairman of a Special Committee on
constructing a post office and military route from New York City to Washington, D.C.
Respected as an ardent abolitionist as well as a friend of President Abraham Lincoln, he and a fellow Representative,
Democrat James E. English of New Haven voted in favor of the momentous 13th Amendment in 1864 that outlawed
slavery. Unfortunately Steven Spielberg's 2012 epic film Lincoln bestows Brandegee and English with fictional
names and changes history to erroneously depict them both as Democrats voting against the amendment.
Also in 1864, Brandegee was a member of the Connecticut delegation to the National Republican Convention in
Baltimore, which re-nominated President Lincoln, and nominated Andrew Johnson for the Vice Presidency.
Augustus Brandegee
82
Brandegee continued in Congress throughout the Reconstruction Era. In 1866 he attended the National Union
Convention at Philadelphia. He did not stand for reelection to Congress in 1866, his term expired in January 1867.
Post Civil War
In 1871 he was nominated for the office of Mayor of New London. He won and served a single two-year term. He
was Chairman of the Connecticut delegation to the Republican National Conventions of 1880 and 1884.
In 1892 he was a founding partner of Noyes & Brandegee, which was one of the leading law firms in New London.
After his service as Mayor his fellow Republicans had tried to convince him to run for Governor or Senator, but
Brandegee declined any further elected offices, although he served as Corporation Counsel of New London in 1897
and 1898.
Legacy
At a special meeting of the superior court on December 31, 1904, Judge George D. Stanton said of Brandegee:
•
August Brandegee, a leader of the New London county bar for half a century, is dead. During all that time he reflected honor upon this bar. He
gave to its member an example for emulation. He has left us a memory which is a benediction. We strive through this memorial to show that
we appreciate what he was and what he stood for.
He was a learned lawyer. Coming to the bar filled with the learning of the classics, he readily absorbed the law written in the books, and yet
was always more than the book lawyer. He never failed to appreciate that the law is not an abstract science, but a rule of action of men. Mercy
and charity ever came to him as the hand maidens of legal principle. He approached the real of a cause with diffidence. He participated in the
trial as a master. ‚
He was a brilliant orator. Convention, legislature, congress and the courts thrilled with his eloquence. In manner unexcelled he clothed his
thoughts in language chaste and beautiful, and drove his words deep into the hearts of his hearers. He stood for high ideals through all his
public life. At a time when the Abolitionist met scorn and contumely, he laboured zealously to free the slave. A member of Congress through
the war, he became the trusted friend of Lincoln, and rendered signal service for the cause of the Union. And then and ever after he put aside
official station for the simple life.
He was a knightly man - hypocrisy, shame, expedients, pretensions - the whole brood of lies and deceits - were his enemies. He fought them
all his days and when the end came, passed over God's threshold with escutcheon unstained and with plume untarnished.
Family
Brandegee's son Frank also served as a Member of the United States House of Representatives and United States
Senate.
References
External resources
ƒ Augustus Brandegee (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B000768) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Augustus Brandegee (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=Brandegee& GSiman=1&
GScid=103253& GRid=7370785& ) at Find A Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ index. html)
Timothy Dwight V
83
Timothy Dwight V
Timothy Dwight V
President of Yale University
Term 1886 € 1899
Predecessor Noah Porter
Successor Arthur Twining Hadley
Born November 16, 1828
Norwich, Connecticut
Died May 26, 1916 (aged 87)
New Haven, Connecticut
Timothy Dwight V (November 16, 1828 € May 26, 1916) was an American academic, an educator, a
Congregational minister, and president of Yale College (1886€1898).
[1]
During his years as head of the institution,
Yale developed as a university.
Biography
Dwight was born in Norwich, Connecticut, the son of James Dwight, whose father, Timothy Dwight IV, served as
president of Yale College from 1795 to 1817. He was the great-grandson of Major Timothy Dwight and Mary
(Edwards) Dwight, the latter's father being Rev. Jonathan Edwards, the third president of Princeton University. His
mother was Susan, daughter of John McLaren Breed, by his second wife Rebecca (Walker) Breed, who was the
daughter of Robert Walker, a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut.
Timothy Dwight entered Yale in 1845, and during his undergraduate course received prizes in mathematics and
Latin, and was a member of the Linonian Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Skull and Bones.
[2]:50
As the Clark Scholar,
he spent the period from 1849 to 1851 in graduate work at Yale, in the fall of the latter year entering the Theological
Department, where he studied for two years. He served as a tutor in the College from 1851 to 1855, and then went
abroad to continue his studies at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin.
Timothy Dwight V
84
Career
Returning to America in July, 1858, he became professor of sacred literature at Yale at the opening of the next
college year. His work in the Divinity School continued until 1886, when he was elected president of Yale College.
Yale had begun to develop the departments of professional study•particularly of theology and medicine•at the
beginning of the nineteenth century, during the administration of the elder President Dwight; and the institution, long
a University in fact, became one in name at the inauguration of the younger Dwight. During the thirteen years of his
presidency, from 1886 to 1899, the University began that rapid development in scope, in numbers of students and
faculty, in material prosperity, and in national influence.
Dr. Dwight was licensed to preach May 22, 1855; and ordained to the ministry of the Congregational Church six
years later. In 1869, Chicago Theological Seminary conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity upon him,
and Yale honored him with a similar degree in 1886. He also received the degree of LLD from Harvard in 1886 and
from Princeton in 1888. He was an associate member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and elected an
honorary member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati in 1895.
Dr. Dwight was a member of the American committee for the revision of the English version of the Bible, and for a
number of years he was one of the editors of the New Englander. He had contributed extensively to various
publications on theological and educational subjects. In 1886, he translated and edited, with additional notes,
Fr„d„ric Louis Godet's Commentary on the Gospel of John, and he had also edited several of Meyer's commentaries,
including those on Romans, on several other Pauline Epistles, on Hebrews, and on the Epistles of James, Peter, John,
and Jude.
He was the author of "Thoughts of and for the Inner Life" (1899), and in 1903 published "Memories of Yale Life and
Men" Address Delivered at the Funeral of President Porter (1892) and a Commemorative Address in honor of W. D.
Whitney and J. D. Dana (1895).
On April 19, 1889 he was a delegate to the organizational meeting of the National Society of the Sons of the
American Revolution at Fraunces Tavern in New York City. He was elected as the first chaplain of the National
Society.
He served as Secretary of the Class of 1849 continuously from graduation until his death, which occurred, without
warning, at his home in New Haven, May 26, 1916, as the result of infirmities incident to his advanced age. Burial
was in Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven.
Dwight's full-length portrait by Edmund C. Tarbell hangs in the stairwell of Woodbridge Hall, the Yale
administration building.
Family
He was married in that city, December 31, 1866, to Jane Wakeman, daughter of Roger Sherman Skinner, who
graduated from the Yale in 1813, and Mary Lockwood (DeForest) Skinner. She survived him with their son,
Winthrop Edwards (BA 1893, Ph D 1895, LL B 1896). Their daughter, Helen Rood, died October 16, 1909. John
Breed Dwight, a graduate of the Yale in 1840, and James McLaren Breed Dwight (BA 1846, LL.B. Columbia 1861)
were his brothers. He was a cousin of Theodore Dwight Woolsey (B.A. 1820), who for twenty-five years was the
president of Yale. In 1935, Yale constructed the ninth of its twelve residential colleges, Timothy Dwight College. It
was named for Dwight and his grandfather, who were both regarded as particularly important presidents of Yale.
Jane Wakeman (Skinner) Dwight was the great-granddaughter of American founding father Roger Sherman.
Timothy Dwight V
85
References
[1] Welch, Lewis et al. (1899). Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics, p. 445. (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=V8wWAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA301& dq=Yale+ and+ Noah+ Porter& lr=& client=firefox-a#PPA445,M1)
[2] [2] Robbins, Alexandra (2002). Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Boston: Little, Brown.
ISBN 0-316-72091-7.
ƒ Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). Yale: A History. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=B2aDRhohtx8C&
client=firefox-a) New Haven: Yale University Press. 10-ISBN 0-300-07843-9: 13-ISBN 978-0-300-07843-5;
OCLC 810552 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ wcpa/ oclc/ 810552)
ƒ F. Parsons, Six Men of Yale (1936, repr. 1971).
ƒ Yale Obituary Record, 1915-16 (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ obituary_record/ 1859_1924/ 1915-16. pdf)
ƒ Welch, Lewis Sheldon and Walter Camp. (1899). Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics. (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=V8wWAAAAIAAJ& client=firefox-a) Boston: L. C. Page and Co. OCLC 2191518
(http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ wcpa/ oclc/ 2191518)
External links
ƒ Timothy Dwight V (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=54736562) at Find a Grave
Academic offices
Preceded by
Noah Porter III
President of Yale College/Yale
University
1886€1899
Succeeded by
Arthur Twining Hadley
Francis Miles Finch
Francis Miles Finch
Francis Miles Finch (June 9, 1827 € July 31, 1907) was an American
judge, poet, and academic associated with the early years of Cornell
University. One of his poems, "The Blue and the Gray", is frequently
reprinted to this day.
Biography
Francis Miles Finch was born in on June 9, 1827, in Ithaca, New York.
He was educated at Yale University, where, according to a
contemporary, he was a "thoughtful scholar in the class-room, a
prizeman in the essay competitions, an influential editor of the Yale Lit
an impressive speaker in the Linonian Society, hail-fellow-well-met on
the campus, sedate, impulsive, big-hearted, wise, witty, everywhere he
was the ideal collegian." Because of his achievements, he became a
member of Skull and Bones.
:74
Having been graduated in 1849, he
returned to Ithaca, became a lawyer, and speedily distinguished himself
in his profession. He soon became as a speaker in the political
campaigns which preceded and followed the Civil War.
[1]
Francis Miles Finch
86
He was a friend of Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, and at the organization of Cornell University, he
became warmly interested in the institution, was one of its trustees, and its counsel and friendly adviser through its
early troubles.
[2]
As Secretary of the Board of Trustees, Finch was left in charge when both Cornell and White were
travelling out of town. He also lent the university his literary skills, as a contemporary relates: "His indignation at the
attacks upon Mr. Cornell by the enemies of the university aroused him to fight strenuously and successfully in the
courts, in the press, and in public meetings, while the music of the university chime, heard at dawn, noon, and
nightfall above the ripple or roar of the adjacent waters, inspired him to write songs which have been sung by
Cornell students from their first arrival forty years ago until the present hour."
Early in Ulysses S. Grant's first presidential term (circa 1870) he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the
Twenty-sixth District, New York, which office he resigned after holding it for four years.
In May 1880, he was appointed a judge of the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the
appointment of Charles J. Folger as Chief Judge. In January 1881, he was re-appointed to fill the vacancy that
continued after Folger's election as Chief Judge in November 1880. In November 1881, Finch was elected to a full
fourteen-year term, and remained in office until December 31, 1895. He lectured at the Cornell's School of Law from
1887 onwards, and on the death of Hon. Douglass Boardman in the year 1891, was unanimously elected as dean of
the Law School.
Fitch wrote poetry throughout his life, but declined a chair in rhetoric literature at Cornell, thinking his poetry was
"only incidents along the line of a busy and laborious life."
[3]
Perhaps his best known poem, "The Blue and the
Gray", written in remembrance of the dead of the American Civil War, was inspired by a women's memorial
association in Columbus, Mississippi, who on April 25, 1866 tended the graves of Confederate and Union soldiers,
treating the dead as equals despite the lingering rancor of the war.
[4]
Francis Finch was married May 25, 1853 to Elizabeth A. Brook, who died on March 28, 1892. They had three
children: a son, Robert Brooke, and two daughters, Mary Sibley and Helen Elizabeth. He died in 1907, and a
collection of his poems, The Blue and the Gray, and other verses, was published by friends two years posthumously
in 1909 (see 1909 in poetry).
References
[1] The Blue and the Grey and other verses (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ blueandgrey00fincrich), by Francis M. Finch, foreword by Andrew D.
White, 1909
[2] Landmarks of Tompkins County, New York (http:/ / nytompki. org/ Landmarks/ landmarks_Part2-10. htm) by John H. Selkreg, 1894
[3] Francis Miles Finch (http:/ / myweb.wvnet.edu/ ~jelkins/ lp-2001/ finch. html) from the Strangers to Us All - Lawyers and Poetry website
[4] Conversations in Management (http:/ / www.trinityriverseminars. com/ CM/ Memorial Day_5_27_07. htm) from Trinity River Seminars and
Consulting
Notes
ƒ This article contains text from Landmarks of Tompkins County, New York, a publication in the public domain
ƒ This article contains text from The Blue and the Gray, and other verses, a publication in the public domain
Francis Miles Finch
87
External links
ƒ The life and services of Ezra Cornell : an address delivered at Cornell University on Founder's Day (January
11th, 1887) (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ lifeservicesofez00fincrich) by Francis M. Fitch, from the Internet
Archive
ƒ The Blue and the Gray, and other verses (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ blueandgrey00fincrich) by Francis M.
Fitch, 1909, from the Internet Archive
ƒ Works by or about Francis Miles Finch (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n85-158201) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
Lowndes Henry Davis
Lowndes Henry Davis (December 13, 1836 € February 4, 1920) was an American politician who served the state of
Missouri in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1879 and 1885. He was born on December 13, 1836 in
Jackson, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri. He graduated from Yale College in 1860, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones,
[1]
and from Louisville University Law School in 1863. He was admitted to the bar and practiced
law in Jackson, Missouri. Between 1868 and 1872, Davis served as state attorney for the tenth judicial district of
Missouri. He served as a member of the Missouri constitutional convention in 1875, and as a member of the
Missouri House of Representatives between 1876 and 1878.
Davis was elected in 1878 as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri. He served three terms,
until 1885, and was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury for the 48th
Congress) (1883€1885). He died in Cape Girardeau, Missouri on February 4, 1920, and was buried in Maple Hill
Cemetery in Huntsville, Alabama.
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
References
ƒ Lowndes Henry Davis
[2]
at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[2] http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.pl?index=D000124
External links
ƒ Lowndes Henry Davis (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6420362) at Find a
Grave
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Robert Anthony Hatcher
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 4th congressional district
1879-1883
Succeeded by
James N. Burnes
William Walter Phelps
88
William Walter Phelps
For other people of the same name, see William Phelps (disambiguation).
William Walter Phelps
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Jersey's 5th district
In office
March 4, 1873 € March 3, 1875
Preceded by George A. Halsey
Succeeded by Augustus W. Cutler
In office
March 4, 1883 € March 3, 1889
Preceded by John Hill
Succeeded by Charles D. Beckwith
United States Ambassador to Austria-Hungary
In office
May 5, 1881 € June 30, 1882
Preceded by John A. Kasson
Succeeded by Alphonso Taft
United States Ambassador to Germany
In office
September 26, 1889 € June 4, 1893
Preceded by George H. Pendleton
Succeeded by Theodore Runyon
Personal details
Born August 24, 1839
New York City, New York, USA
Died June 17, 1894 (aged 55)
Teaneck, New Jersey, USA
William Walter Phelps
89
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Ellen Maria Sheffield Phelps
Profession Politician, Lawyer, Judge, Banker
William Walter Phelps (August 24, 1839 € June 17, 1894), the son of John Jay Phelps, a successful New York City
merchant and financier, was born in Dundaff, Pennsylvania. During his successful banking career in Manhattan, he
settled in Teaneck, New Jersey, across the Hudson River. He was elected to the United States House of
Representatives and served as United States Ambassador to Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Early life
Young Phelps' first school experience was at Mount Washington Institute in New York. He was described by
contemporaries as a round-faced, rosy-cheeked boy, with sparkling dark eyes; active though not physically strong.
Phelps then attended private school at Golden Hill near Bridgeport, Connecticut, where his academic advancement
was so rapid that he was fully prepared for college at the age of 15.
He graduated from Yale University in 1860, valedictorian of his class and a member of Skull and Bones.
:92
In the
same year he married Ellen Maria Sheffield of New Haven, Connecticut. They traveled in Europe, where, in Paris, in
1861, their first child, John Jay II, was born. Phelps attended Columbia Law School, graduating in 1863. Following
this, he practiced corporate law in New York City. In 1864, their second child, Sheffield, was born.
Phelps followed the family career in banking and industry, serving as a director for the National City Bank, the
Second National Bank of New York, the United States Trust Co., the Farmer's Loan & Trust Co. and nine railroads.
After the birth of his two sons, he bought a summer home in Bergen County an old-fashioned Dutch farmhouse on
the "Teaneck Ridge," an area of Teaneck now adjacent to Route 4 that had been the Garret-Brinkerhoff House in
Revolutionary War days. Phelps extensively renovated the old homestead, converting it into one of the most
beautiful and celebrated mansions of its time. In 1868, the last child, Marian, was born; she would go on to give birth
to his grandson Phelps Phelps. In 1869, following the death of his father, John Jay, Phelps retired from his law
practice and moved the family full-time to Teaneck.
William Walter Phelps
90
Congressman
William Walter Phelps
Combining eloquence with an interest in politics, Phelps, a Republican,
sought and won a seat in the United States House of Representatives in
1872 at the age of 34, representing New Jersey in the 43rd congress.
During his first term in Congress. Phelps was considered by his
colleagues to be a serious, well-versed and mature public servant - a
successful young lawyer, ambitious, with money and energy who was
expected to make his mark on politics and statesmanship.
Phelps failed in his first bid for reelection, in 1874. After his term
ended, Phelps returned in 1875 to his Teaneck home, where he planned
improvements to the homestead and looked for additional land
investments nearby. In the next year, he embarked upon a European
tour, partly to regain his health which had suffered from a bout of
typhoid fever. While abroad, Phelps investigated institutions of
learning and art in England, France and Germany, and enjoyed the
society of scholars, authors and scientists.
Arborculturist
Returning to the United States, Phelps spent most of his time resting and working on his most important hobby•his
estate. His great passion was trees and the woods; he was a devotee of arboriculture. Between 1875 and 1880 Phelps
was responsible for planting approximately 600,000 trees of numerous varieties.
In 1880 Phelps was selected to manage the Republican Presidential campaign but he was unable to complete the
assignment because of feeble health. In 1881, President James A. Garfield named Phelps as Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria-Hungary, but he held this post for only a few months, resigning after Garfield
was assassinated.
Still active in politics, Phelps was re-elected to Congress in 1883, 1885 and again in 1887.
Art collector
In 1886 the Phelps mansion was completed. At Christmas time the family held a glorious celebration with people
from all over the country viewing the mansion for the first time. Phelps' favorite room was a gallery which he had
designed himself to hold his priceless collection of art treasures from the ends of the earth.
It was nearly midnight on April 1, 1888 when Phelps, returning to his apartments in Washington, D.C. after an
evening with friends, found on the table in his bedroom two telegrams which told him that his mansion in Teaneck,
where his family then was, had been totally destroyed by fire, with a loss of nearly all its valuable contents. He
disturbed no one upon receiving this startling news, but very early in the morning awakened his secretary, told him
what had happened, and said that he was going to take an immediate train for New York. He left on the train without
once alluding to the great calamity.
The mansion, once the most beautiful in the area, became known as "Phelps' Ruin" and local residents picnicked near
the destroyed home, marveling at what it once had been. Phelps immediately began renovation of the house.
William Walter Phelps
91
German Ambassador
In 1889, William Phelps was appointed by President Benjamin Harrison as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary to Germany. On October 11, 1889, William Phelps was presented to the German Empress at a gala
performance at the Royal Opera House, given in honor of the Czar of Russia. Phelps remained in the post for one
year until a case of homesickness prompted his request for a short leave of absence. He sailed for America in
September 1890.
In his diary Phelps wrote,
•
I have come home to rest and enjoy myself. I intend to spend my vacation upon my Teaneck farm. I feel as if I were already a Jersey farmer
again. See, there is one of my farm wagons on the pier, ready to take off my luggage and those lusty-looking fellows have come down fresh
from Teaneck to give me an early welcome. I expect to live among the trees until I get rested, and then hunt up my friends to see that they
have not forgotten me. No Politics this time, only that I shall vote the Republican ticket in Bergen County at the coming election, and soon
after return to my official duties at Berlin. ‚
Phelps returned to Germany a year later, remaining in this post until January 1893, when his health began to suffer
due to the climate. He traveled south, vacationing in Spain, Morocco, Tunis, Algiers and Italy, hoping the climate
would improve his health.
State judge and final days
While Phelps was vacationing, Governor of New Jersey George T. Werts appointed him Judge of the New Jersey
Court of Errors and Appeals, then the state's highest court. Turning over the affairs of the legation to his successor,
Phelps again returned to the United States to be sworn into his judicial role on June 20, 1893.
In February 1894, Phelps' throat began to trouble him seriously, and the illness confined him to his home for days.
He continued to try to keep up with his work and was present until the adjournment of the term. A few days later he
traveled to the Hygeia Hotel at Old Point Comfort in Virginia, a resort that in the past had been a place of rest for
him.
Phelps became withdrawn and quiet, an attitude brought on by his physical inability to converse. The last entry in his
diary is dated April 10, 1894. Phelps moved himself to Hot Springs, Virginia, where he enjoyed a temporary return
of strength. Finding no lasting improvement in his health in Hot Springs, Phelps returned to his home in Teaneck on
May 18. By May 31 he was bedridden, and in June he lapsed into a coma. He died June 17, 1894.
Hundreds of people lined the streets of Teaneck and Englewood to honor his funeral procession. The trees he had
planted himself lined the path of this final journey. At the time of his death, Phelps owned half of what is presently
Teaneck.
References
External links
ƒ William Walter Phelps (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=P000302) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Teaneck Public Library Virtual Village Website (http:/ / www. teaneck. org/ virtualvillage/ index. htm)
ƒ William Walter Phelps, Congressman, Ambassador, and Judge (http:/ / family. phelpsinc. com/ bios/
william_walter_phelps. html)
ƒ William Walter Phelps (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ phelps. html#R9M0J9FDX) at The Political
Graveyard
ƒ William Walter Phelps (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7376303) at Find a
Grave
William Walter Phelps
92
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
George A. Halsey
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Jersey's 5th congressional district
March 4, 1873 € March 3, 1875
Succeeded by
Augustus W. Cutler
Preceded by
John Hill
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Jersey's 5th congressional district
March 4, 1883 € March 3, 1889
Succeeded by
Charles D. Beckwith
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
John A. Kasson
United States Ambassador to
Austria-Hungary
May 5, 1881 € June 30, 1882
Succeeded by
Alphonso Taft
Preceded by
George H. Pendleton
United States Ambassador to Germany
September 26, 1889 € June 4, 1893
Succeeded by
Theodore Runyon
Simeon Eben Baldwin
93
Simeon Eben Baldwin
Simeon Eben Baldwin
65th Governor of Connecticut
In office
1911€1915
Lieutenant Dennis A. Blakeslee
(1911-1913)
Lyman T. Tingier (1913-1915)
Preceded by Frank B. Weeks
Succeeded by Marcus H. Holcomb
Personal details
Born February 5, 1840
New Haven, Connecticut
Died January 30, 1927 (aged 86)
Political party Democratic
Alma mater Yale College
Simeon Eben Baldwin (February 5, 1840 € January 30, 1927), jurist, law professor and the 65th Governor of
Connecticut, was the son of jurist, Connecticut governor and U.S. Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin and Emily Pitkin
Perkins. He was born in New Haven, which continued to be his home throughout his long life; in spite of his
participation in activities of national and international importance, he was associated in a peculiar and intimate way
with the political, legal, and intellectual life of his native town and state for more than half a century. On 19 October
1865 he married Susan Mears Winchester, daughter of Edmund Winchester and Harriet Mears. Simeon and Susan
had three children: Florence, Roger and Helen.
[1]
Simeon Eben Baldwin
94
Education
As a boy he attended the Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut. Ties of loyalty and interest bound
him to this school for the rest of his life. Active in all its alumni work, he was, more specifically, for many years
president of its board of trustees; in 1910, on the occasion of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding
of the school, he delivered a discourse on its history; when shortly before his death it became necessary to house the
school in new quarters, he was one of the largest, if not the largest, of the individual donors whose contributions
made possible a set of modern buildings for what he was fond of referring to as the fourth oldest institution of
learning in the United States.
From the Hopkins Grammar School he went to Yale College, from which he was graduated with the class of 1861.
There is scant information as to his four years at college. During that period he kept a diary from which he read
extracts on the fifty-fifth reunion of his class, but this diary is not at present available. That the studious traits which
he later manifested were not altogether lacking at this time may be inferred from the fact that he was elected a
member of Phi Beta Kappa. Such records as we have do not indicate that there was anything unusual about this
young student who had among his classroom contemporaries the poet Edward Rowland Sill, and two others who like
himself were later to have much to do with the life of the university, his friends Tracy Peck and Franklin Bowditch
Dexter.
Early years
For the two years following his graduation from college he studied law at Yale, at Harvard, and in his father's office.
In 1863 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. His seventeen years of service as an associate
justice and chief justice of the supreme court of his state and his four years as governor, coming as they did in the
latter part of his life, may have had a tendency to obscure for his later contemporaries the fact that he was at least as
much as anything else an eminently successful lawyer. In the practice of the law he won distinction both in his own
state and outside, and with it the financial emoluments that usually accompany success at the bar. He was keenly
alive to the practical side of the lawyer's work and never lost his zest for it. Till almost the very end of his life he
maintained a law office, which he visited daily as long as his health would permit, and kept adding to his law library.
As late as 1919 his book The Young Man and the Law revealed him still at heart a lawyer. In 1878, he was one of the
founders of the American Bar Association and served as President of the American Bar Association from 1890-1891.
For twelve years (1907€1919) he was the director of the American Bar Association's Comparative Law Bureau (as
well as its Annual Bulletin's editor for general jurisprudence).
During the middle portion of his life he was actively engaged in teaching law. Here also he showed ability. One who
studied law under him and like him became chief justice of the supreme court of errors of Connecticut says that his
old pupils regard his work as a teacher "as more distinctive and weightier in influence upon human life than any
other portion of his work. Probably in his day not a half dozen teachers of the law in our country could be placed in
his class" (American Bar Association Journal, February 1927, p. 74).
To the same effect may be interpreted the action of the Association of American Law Schools, which in 1902 elected
him its president. In 1869 he was appointed to the faculty of the Yale Law School, then in a moribund condition. His
active participation in the affairs of that school was to continue for just fifty years, for it was not until 1919 that he
retired as professor emeritus. The revival of the law school was largely his work. He increased the size of the faculty,
instituted new courses, developed graduate work, and for a long time carried much of the financial responsibility for
the school's existence (Yale Law Journal, March 1927, p. 680). It was characteristic of him that when shortly before
his retirement the method of teaching was changed to the so-called "case system," to which Judge Baldwin, like most
of his contemporaries, objected, he never for an instant changed his attitude of loyalty to the school, which some
years later was to be most generously remembered in his will.
Simeon Eben Baldwin
95
In addition to his work as lawyer and teacher he took an active part in the public affairs of New Haven. He served on
the Public Parks commission, on the New Haven common council, and on the board of directors of the New Haven
Hospital. Deeply interested in religious work, he was president of the New Haven Congregational Club and of the
YMCA. From 1884 until 1896 he was president of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, for which he wrote
many papers mostly on subjects of history.
Political life
Even more diversified than his activities in local affairs was his participation in those that concerned the state as a
whole. Never a politician, and to the end of his days allowing such honors and offices as came to him to come
unsought and unfought for, he nevertheless early became identified with the political life of his state. Starting as a
Republican, he was nominated for state senator from the fourth district in 1867, but was not elected. In 1884 he was
one of the "independents" who refused to support James G. Blaine, and was chosen president of the Republican
organization in Connecticut. The greatest of his political honors came to him when he was an old man.
Automatically retired from the position of chief justice of the supreme court, February 5, 1910, because he had
reached the age limit of seventy years, he that year was nominated for governor on the Democratic ticket and was
elected. At the Democratic National Convention in June 1912 he received twenty votes for the presidential
nomination. In November of the same year he was elected governor of his state, nominally strongly Republican, for a
second term of two years. He was Democratic candidate for United States senator from Connecticut for the term
beginning March 4, 1915. Caught in a Republican landslide and defeated by incumbent Senator Frank B. Brandegee,
he nevertheless ran ahead of his party ticket by several thousand votes.
It was inevitable that the high regard in which he was held as a lawyer should lead to his being named on various
state commissions of reform. In 1872, less than a decade after he began to practice law, the Connecticut legislature
elected him one of a commission of five that made the Revision of 1875, the General Statutes of the State of
Connecticut. In the same year he was a member of a state commission appointed to revise the education laws. Six
years later he was named by the governor of Connecticut acting under a resolution of the state legislature one of a
commission of five to inquire into the feasibility of simplifying legal procedure. This commission drew up a set of
rules and forms which were approved and adopted by the court as the basis of pleading in civil cases.
In 1886 a commission was appointed to report on a better system of state taxation. He was a member of that
commission and drew the report. Again in 1915-17 he was chairman of a commission established by the State to
revise its system of taxation. But his participation in state affairs was not merely political and legal; he was also
actively associated with charitable and religious organizations. At one time or another he was a director of the
General Hospital Society of Connecticut and a director of the Missionary Society of Connecticut; he served as
moderator of the General Conference of Congregational Churches of Connecticut, and he was a delegate of the
Congregational Churches to the national council.
His scholarship and his interest in questions of the day led him into affiliations with many of the learned societies.
Nor were these affiliations perfunctory only. He regularly attended the society meetings, wrote papers for them, and
rose to the highest places in their councils. He was president of the American Social Science Association (1897),
International Law Association (1899), American Historical Association (1905), Political Science Association (1910),
American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes (1911), Connecticut Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Connecticut Society of the Archeological Institute of America (1914). He was vice-president of the
Archeological Institute of America (1898) and of the social and economic science section of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science (1903). He was an associate of the Institute of International Law. He
was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1912. He was a member also of the National
Institute of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, American Antiquarian Society, and a corresponding
member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Colonial Society of Massachusetts, and L'Institut de Droit
Compar„.
Simeon Eben Baldwin
96
His connections with national and international matters touching law and its ramifications were not restricted to
membership in learned societies. In 1899 he was appointed by the State Department a delegate from the United
States to the Sixth International Prison Congress, which met the next year at Brussels. Again in 1905 he was United
States delegate to a similar congress held at Budapest and was made its vice-president. At this congress he presented
his report on the question "By what principles and in what manner may convicts be given work in the fields, or other
public work in open air?" In 1904, appointed by President Roosevelt one of the delegates to represent the United
States, he was elected vice-president of the Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists held in connection with the
St. Louis Exposition of that year.
His writings cover a number of fields. Among his more pretentious works are: A Digest of All the Reported Cases...
of Conn. (2 vols., 1871, 1882), Cases on Railroad Law (1896), Modern Political Institutions (1898), American
Railroad Law (1904), The American Judiciary (1905), The Relations of Education to Citizenship (1912), Life and
Letters of Simeon Baldwin (1919), The Young Man and the Law (1919). He was a most prolific writer of articles and
pamphlets. Some ten years before his death he collected and presented to the Yale Law School nearly a hundred of
these in four bound volumes which he entitled in order of numbering: Law and Law Reform, Studies in History,
International and Constitutional Law, and Studies in Legal Education and Social Sciences. While these titles very
aptly classify his literary output the volumes themselves do not contain all his miscellaneous publications.
Baldwin circa 1910.
He was not above medium height, somewhat slight of figure
and seemingly frail in physique, though this frailty was in
appearance only as he was a man of tremendous, tireless
energy. Although in no sense athletic, he made some sort of
exercise in the open air each day almost a religious duty. At
one time this took the form of bicycle rides, though he soon
gave these up in favor of walking. His rule was to cover at
least four miles a day, rain or shine, and there was no part of
the less congested portions of New Haven and its environs
over which he had not many times traveled as he walked
unhurriedly alone, stooping somewhat, buried in thought,
compelled by poor eyesight to keep his gaze fixed upon his
path a few feet ahead of him. This methodical exercise he
kept up until, in his last years, injuries received as the result
of a fall confined him to his home.
His personality, externally at least, was cold, dignified, and
grave. Some of those who knew him best say that he was in
reality warm-hearted but the characteristics that made an
impression on every one were his reserve and his austerity; in general he was an object of respect rather than of
affection; he had none of the weaknesses that make men lovable. As deeply religious as any of his Puritan ancestors,
he was most broadly tolerant of the beliefs of others. His conception of civic duty was Roman, but he was ever
willing to oppose even the State in defending what he regarded as the constitutional and legal rights of the
individual. He was frugal to such a degree that on one occasion when traveling as governor with his staff, instead of
partaking of a sumptuous dinner in a dining car specially provided for them, he rode in a coach and ate a sandwich
which he had brought from home. With this frugality he combined a generosity even more marked. Part of his life
was lived in the days of high hats. Such hats, when they became old, were usually donated to the missionaries. To
quote from one who for many years served with Judge Baldwin on the committee of a missionary society, "He used
to turn in his old high hat at the shop for fifteen cents, but he would give $1,500 to the committee for missions." He
was unyielding where a principle was involved; but in matters of mere policy he had the remarkable ability, once he
was outvoted, to make the policy of the majority his own even though he had strenuously opposed it.
Simeon Eben Baldwin
97
Quiet and unassuming in manner he could be aggressive when he deemed it necessary, as he did in his controversy
with Roosevelt when the latter dared to ridicule his ability as a judge. Prompt and unfailing in meeting appointments,
unimportant though they might be, he demanded the same consideration from others, even refusing to wait for dinner
guests who might be late. Both by nature and training he was conservative, but not reactionary; his mind was open as
well as active. If his plea for castration and whipping as generally applicable methods of punishing criminals savors
of the archaic (Yale Law Journal, June 1899), he was capable also of starting nation-wide comment, as on the
radically new ideas embodied in his "The Natural Right to a Natural Death" (Journal of Social Science, 1889).
In January 1910 he published "The Law of the Airship" (American Journal of International Law), and in November
"Liability for Accidents in Aerial Navigation" (Michigan Law Review, IX, 20). At his suggestion the Connecticut
legislature (1911) passed a law regulating the use of flying machines, the first law to be enacted on this subject.
France shortly afterward modeled her law on that of Connecticut.
In 1911 he had two articles on airship law in foreign journals (Revue de l'Institut de Droit Compar• and Zeitschrift
f‚r Vƒlkerrecht und Bundesstaatsrecht). Notwithstanding his work in many fields, his real interest was always in
modern law. He has been called an antiquarian, but his studies in this line did not go beyond colonial history, more
particularly Connecticut history. Few men have played a more important part in so many activities that concerned
their own community. When he was presented for the degree of LL.D. at the Yale Commencement in 1916 he was
called, inter alia, "the first citizen of Connecticut." No designation could have fitted him better. € George Edward
Woodbine
He was the son of Roger Sherman Baldwin, grandson of Simeon Baldwin, and the great-grandson of Roger
Sherman.
Notes
[1] "Susan developed a mental illness following the death of a daughter, Florence, in 1872, and in 1873 she was placed in an institution. Her
sister Charlotte helped rear the two remaining children, Roger and Helen, and served as the manager of the household." David O. White,
Museum of Connecticut History, Connecticut State Library. Edited and revised by CSL Staff, September 2002. Connecticut State Library
(http:/ / www. cslib. org/ gov/ baldwins.htm)
References
ƒ "Simeon Eben Baldwin. Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies,
1928-1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005. http:/ /
galenet. galegroup. com/ servlet/ BioRC
ƒ David O. White, Museum of Connecticut History, Connecticut State Library. Edited and revised by CSL Staff,
September 2002. http:/ / www. cslib. org/ gov/ baldwins. htm Accessed March 14, 2008
Further reading
[Good likenesses of Baldwin in his later years in American Bar Association Journal, February 1927, p. 73, and in
Yale Alumni Weekly, February 11, 1927, p. 555; for an estimate of the man and his achievements see the articles
accompanying these and also Yale Law Journal, March 1927, p. 680; New Haven Journal-Courier, Hartford Times,
Hartford Courant, January 31, February 1, 2, 1927; Who's Who in America, 1899-1927. There is a complete list of
his writings in Yale University Library; partial lists, together with considerable biog. material, are given in the
records of the class of 1861, Yale College, published by the class secretary, especially those for the years 1888,
1903, 1907, 1916. His legal bibliography, fairly complete through 1901, was printed in Yale Law Journal, November
1901, pp. 14€16. His opinions and decisions written while he was on the bench will be found in Conn. Reports,
volumes LXIII-LXXXIII. For the facts in regard to his controversy with Roosevelt, see Outlook, volume XCVII,
Jan. 1911, pp. 240€44.
Simeon Eben Baldwin
98
External links
ƒ Works by Simeon E. Baldwin (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Simeon_E. _Baldwin) at Project Gutenberg
ƒ Governor Simeon Eben Baldwin (http:/ / www. cslib. org/ gov/ baldwins. htm) Connecticut State Library
ƒ Governor Simeon Eben Baldwin (http:/ / www. ctheritage. org/ encyclopedia/ ct1865_1929/ admin_baldwin. htm)
Connecticut Heritage Gateway
ƒ Baldwin Family Papers (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ findaids/ stream. php?xmlfile=mssa. ms. 0055. xml) at
Yale University
ƒ Simeon Eben Baldwin (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6873157) Find A Grave
ƒ The Administration of Governor Simeon E. Baldwin, 1911-1915 (http:/ / www. ctheritage. org/ encyclopedia/
ct1865_1929/ admin_baldwin. htm) Connecticut Heritage
ƒ Simeon Eben Baldwin: Lawyer, Social Scientist, Statesman by Frederick H. Jackson (http:/ / links. jstor. org/
sici?sici=0010-1958(195612)56:8<1248:SEBLSS>2. 0. CO;2-8) Jstor
ƒ Yale Law School - Center for Corporate Law (http:/ / www. law. yale. edu/ cbl/ 3075. htm) Yale University
ƒ Religion still the Key to History - Presidential Address to the American Historical Association, 1906 (http:/ /
www. historians. org/ info/ AHA_History/ sebaldwin. htm) American Historical Association
ƒ American Business Corporations Before 1786 (http:/ / socserv2. mcmaster. ca/ ~econ/ ugcm/ 3ll3/ misc/ baldwin.
html)
ƒ Skull & Bones 1861 (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ madid/ showzoom. php?imgNum=5591) Yale University
ƒ Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=papRAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA345& lpg=PA345& dq="Henrietta+ Perkins+ Baldwin"& source=web&
ots=8ARWStctl8& sig=UTAAWbdJojTQFxCRMR2dkohbkzw& hl=en& ei=Tj6PSc2JAoHwsAPBrdWKCQ&
sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=9& ct=result#PPA345,M1) By Thomas Townsend Sherman
ƒ Hoar-Baldwin-Foster-Sherman family of Massachusetts (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ families/ 10064. html)
at Political Graveyard
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
Political offices
Preceded by
Frank B. Weeks
Governor of
Connecticut
1911€1915
Succeeded by
Marcus H. Holcomb
Anthony Higgins (politician)
99
Anthony Higgins (politician)
Anthony C. Higgins
United States Senator
from Delaware
In office
March 4, 1889 € March 3, 1895
Preceded by Eli M. Saulsbury
Succeeded by
Richard R. Kenney
[1]
Personal details
Born October 1, 1840
New Castle, Delaware
Died June 26, 1912 (aged 71)
New York, New York
Political party Republican
Residence Wilmington, Delaware
Alma mater Delaware College
Yale University
Harvard Law School
Profession lawyer
Anthony C. Higgins (October 1, 1840 - June 26, 1912) was a lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle
County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the Civil War and a member of the Republican, who served as United States
Senator from Delaware.
Anthony Higgins (politician)
100
Early life and family
Higgins was born in Red Lion Hundred in New Castle County, Delaware. He attended Newark Academy and
Delaware College, and graduated from Yale College in 1861, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:94
After
studying law at the Harvard Law School, he was admitted to the bar in 1864 and began practice in Wilmington,
Delaware. He also served for a time in the Union Army in 1864.
Professional and public career
Higgins was appointed deputy Attorney General in 1864 and was the United States attorney for Delaware from 1869
until 1876. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election to the 49th Congress in 1884, but was elected
to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1889 until March 3, 1895, when he unsuccessfully sought
reelection. During his tenure he was Chairman of the Committee to Examine Branches of the Civil Service in the
51st and 52nd Congress, and a member of the Committee on Manufactures in the 52nd Congress. Subsequently, he
resumed the practice of law in Wilmington, including service as one of the attorneys for the respondent in the
impeachment proceedings of United States District Court Judge Charles Swayne of Florida in 1904/05.
Death and legacy
Higgins died while at New York, New York, and is buried at the St. Georges Cemetery, near St. Georges in New
Castle County.
Almanac
Elections are held the first week of November. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office
March 4 for a six-year term.
Public Offices
Office Type Location Began office Ended office notes
U.S. Senator Legislature Washington March 4, 1889 March 3, 1895
United States Congressional service
Dates Congress Chamber Majority President Committees Class/District
1889€1891 51st U.S. Senate Republican Benjamin Harrison class 2
1891€1893 52nd U.S. Senate Republican Benjamin Harrison class 2
1893€1895 53rd U.S. Senate Democratic Grover Cleveland class 2
Election results
Year Office Subject Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes %
1884 U.S. Representative Anthony Higgins Republican 12,878 43% Charles B. Lore Democratic 17,054 57%
Anthony Higgins (politician)
101
Notes
[1] [1] This seat was vacant until January 19, 1897.
References
ƒ Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609-1888. 2 vols. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co.
ƒ Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware, 3 vols. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham
Company.
External links
ƒ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.
pl?index=H000577)
ƒ Delaware„s Members of Congress (http:/ / www. russpickett. com/ history/ sentbio2. htm#higgins)
ƒ Find a Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7472980)
ƒ Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ higgins. html#R9M0J0GNL)
Places with more information
ƒ Delaware Historical Society; website (http:/ / www. hsd. org/ ); 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware
19801; (302) 655-7161
ƒ University of Delaware; Library website (http:/ / www. lib. udel. edu/ ); 181 South College Avenue, Newark,
Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965
United States Senate
Preceded by
Eli M. Saulsbury
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from
Delaware
March 4, 1889 € March 3, 1895
Served alongside: George Gray
Succeeded by
Richard R. Kenney
Edward Rowland Sill
102
Edward Rowland Sill
Edward Rowland Sill
Edward Rowland Sill (April 29, 1841 € February 27, 1887) was an
American poet and educator.
Biography
Born in Windsor, Connecticut, he graduated from Yale in 1861, where
he was Class Poet and a member of Skull and Bones.
:112
He engaged in
business in California, and entered the Harvard Divinity School in
1867 but soon left for a position on the staff of the New York Evening
Mail. After teaching at Wadsworth and Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
(1868-1871), he became principal of Oakland High School in Oakland,
California.
From 1874 to 1882, Sill was professor of English literature at the
University of California. His health failing, he returned to Cuyahoga
Falls in 1883. He devoted himself to literary work, abundant and
largely anonymous, until his death in 1887 in Cleveland, Ohio.
Works
Much of his poetry was contributed to The Atlantic Monthly, the Century Magazine, and the Overland Monthly.
Many of his prose essays appeared in The Contributors Club, and others appeared in the main body of the Atlantic.
Among his works are:
ƒ A translation of Rau's Mozart (1868)
ƒ The Hermitage and Other Poems (1868)
ƒ The Venus of Milo and Other Poems (1883), a farewell tribute to his California friends
ƒ Poems (1887)
ƒ The Hermitage and Later Poems (1889)
ƒ Hermione and Other Poems (1900)
ƒ The Prose of Edward Rowland Sill (1900)
ƒ Poems (1902)
A memorial volume was privately printed by his friends in 1887. A biographical sketch in The Poetical Works of
Edward Rowland Sill, edited by William Belmont Parker with Mrs Sill's assistance was printed in 1906, and his
poem "The Fool's Prayer" (1879) was selected for inclusion in the Yale Book of American Verse in 1912.
[1]
In 1911
the Encyclop€dia Britannica praised him, stating, "He was a modest and charming man, a graceful essayist, a sure
critic. His contribution to American poetry is small but of fine quality. His best poems, such as "The Venus of Milo,"
"The Fool's Prayer" and "Opportunity," gave him a high place among the minor poets of America, which might have
been higher but for his early death."
Sill was the subject of biographies by William Belmont Parker in 1915
[2]
and by Alfred Riggs Ferguson in 1955.
[3]
Edward Rowland Sill
103
References
[1] " The Fool's Prayer (http:/ / www. bartleby.com/ 102/ 206. html)," in Thomas R. Lounsbury, ed., Yale Book of American Verse, Yale
University Press, New Haven CT, 1912. ISBN 1-58734-031-3.1912.
[2] William Belmont Parker, Edward Roland Sill: His Life and Work, Houghton Mifflin, Boston and New York 1915.
[3] Alfred Riggs Ferguson, Edward Roland Sill: The Twilight Poet, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands, 1955.
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Encyclop€dia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
ƒ Selected Poems and Songs by Edward Rowland Sill (http:/ / www. angelfire. com/ ks/ landzastanza/ ers. html)
with MIDI sequences for "The Lover's Song"
Daniel Henry Chamberlain
104
Daniel Henry Chamberlain
Daniel Henry Chamberlain
76th Governor of South Carolina
In office
December 1, 1874 € December 14, 1876
Lieutenant Richard Howell Gleaves
Preceded by Franklin J. Moses, Jr.
Succeeded by Wade Hampton III
Attorney General of South Carolina
In office
July 6, 1868 € December 7, 1872
Governor Robert K. Scott
Preceded by I.W. Hayne
Succeeded by Samuel W. Melton
Personal details
Born June 23, 1835
West Brookfield, Massachusetts
Died April 13, 1907 (aged 71)
Charlottesville, Virginia
Political party Republican
Alma mater Yale University
Harvard Law School
Military service
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1863 € 1865
Rank Second Lieutenant
Daniel Henry Chamberlain
105
Unit Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry
Battles/wars American Civil War
Daniel Henry Chamberlain (June 23, 1835 € April 13, 1907) was a planter, lawyer, author and the 76th Governor
of South Carolina from 1874 until 1877.
Daniel H. Chamberlain was born in West Brookfield, Massachusetts, the ninth of ten children born to Eli
Chamberlain and Achsah Forbes. In 1862, he graduated with honors from Yale University, where he was a member
of the Skull and Bones society.
:95
He then attended Harvard Law School, leaving in 1863 to serve as a second
lieutenant in the United States Army with the Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry, a regiment of black troops. In 1866,
Chamberlain moved to South Carolina to tend to the affairs of a deceased classmate.
He entered politics in 1868 as a delegate to the state constitutional convention from the Berkeley District. He served
as Attorney General of South Carolina from 1868€1872 in Governor Robert K. Scott„s administration. After he
failed to win the Republican nomination for governor in 1872, Chamberlain practiced law in Charleston. In 1873, he
was elected to the board of trustees of the University of South Carolina as the first black students and faculty joined
the institution.
He was elected Republican governor on November 3, 1874 when he defeated John T. Green. Chamberlain received
80,403 votes (53.9%) to Green's 68,818 votes (46.1%). Chamberlain was noted for his support of civil rights, and
opposition to excessive spending and patronage. After a bitterly fought 1876 campaign, his second term hinged on
disputed votes from Laurens and Edgefield counties, where the counts greatly exceeded the population, and
overwhelmingly favored his opponent, ex-Confederate Wade Hampton III. Chamberlain left South Carolina in April
1877 when President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew Federal troops that had occupied the state since the Civil War.
Chamberlain eventually became disillusioned with Reconstruction.
Chamberlain moved to New York City and became a successful Wall Street attorney. He was a professor of
constitutional law at Cornell University from 1883 until 1897. Chamberlain authored the 1902 book Charles Sumner
and the Treaty of Washington, as well as numerous articles.
Upon his retirement, he traveled extensively in Europe. He moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, where he died of
cancer on April 13, 1907. He was buried in Pine Grove Cemetery in West Brookfield, Massachusetts.
Chamberlain was the last Republican to fill a high office in South Carolina until the late 1960s.
References
ƒ South Carolina Encyclopedia article and photo (http:/ / www. scencyclopedia. com/ chamberlain. htm)
ƒ Chamberlain on Reconstruction in South Carolina (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/
moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0087-72)
ƒ Governor Chamberlain's Administration in South Carolina. New Englander and Yale review. Volume 49, Issue
221, August 1888. Library of Congress [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html American Memory archive
(http:/ / rs6. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?ammem/ ncps:@field(DOCID+ @lit(ABQ0722-0049-22))::). Retrieved
September 20, 2006.
ƒ SCIway Biography of Daniel Henry Chamberlain (http:/ / www. sciway. net/ hist/ governors/ chamberlain. html)
ƒ NGA Biography of Daniel Henry Chamberlain (http:/ / www. nga. org/ portal/ site/ nga/ menuitem.
29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/ ?vgnextoid=6d92d049cb48a010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&
vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD)
Daniel Henry Chamberlain
106
External links
ƒ Daniel Henry Chamberlain (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7808139) at Find a
Grave
Political offices
Preceded by
Franklin J. Moses, Jr.
Governor of South
Carolina
1874€1876
Succeeded by
Wade Hampton III
Franklin MacVeagh
107
Franklin MacVeagh
Franklin MacVeagh
45th United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
March 8, 1909 € March 5, 1913
President William Howard Taft
Preceded by George B. Cortelyou
Succeeded by William G. McAdoo
Personal details
Born November 22, 1837
Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, United States
Died July 6, 1934 (aged 96)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Resting place Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Emily Eames MacVeagh
Relations Isaac Wayne MacVeagh
U.S. Attorney General
Parents John MacVeagh
Margaret Lincoln MacVeagh
Alma mater Yale University, Columbia Law School
Profession Politician, Lawyer, Grocer, Banker
Religion Methodist
Franklin MacVeagh (November 22, 1837 € July 6, 1934) was an American politician, lawyer, grocer and banker.
He was served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury under President William Howard Taft.
Franklin MacVeagh
108
Biography
MacVeagh was born on November 22, 1837, in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, to Major John MacVeagh and the
former Margaret Lincoln. His brother, Isaac Wayne MacVeagh, became the U.S. Attorney General under Presidents
James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.
MacVeagh graduated from Yale University in 1858, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:182
He graduated
from Columbia Law School in 1864. He worked as a wholesale grocer and lawyer. MacVeagh was the Methodist, to
married Emily Eames in 1868, with whom had five children.
Franklin MacVeagh brown medal by George
Morgan, (c. 1910).
He had been director of the Commercial National Bank of Chicago for
29 years when President and fellow bonesman William Howard Taft
asked him to be Secretary of the Treasury in 1909. He did not tackle
the pressing problem of currency reform, leaving it to the National
Monetary Commission, which had been established by the
Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908. He did, however, stress the urgency of
reform in his annual report. He is remembered for increasing the
efficiency and general progressiveness of the Treasury Department: He
abolished 450 unnecessary positions, rehabilitated the U.S. Customs
Service with the introduction of electric automatic weighing devices
and accepted certified checks instead of currency for customs and
internal revenue payments. He was also involved in the creation of the
buffalo nickel.
His Washington D.C., home at 2600 16th St., NW, was designed and
built in 1906 by noted architect George Oakley Totten, Jr., and was known as the "Pink Palace." It is now home to
the Inter-American Defense Board. He also owned a large summer estate in Dublin, New Hampshire (now listed on
the National Register of Historic Places) known as Knollwood.
Franklin MacVeagh died in Chicago, Illinois, on July 6, 1934, at age 96, and was interred in Graceland Cemetery in
Chicago, Illinois.
References
External links
ƒ Franklin MacVeagh at the Find a Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=10749)
ƒ Franklin MacVeagh profiles for NNDB (http:/ / www. nndb. com/ people/ 393/ 000167889/ )
ƒ Franklin MacVeagh biography for Department of the Treasury (http:/ / www. treasury. gov/ offices/ management/
curator/ collection/ secretary/ macveagh. htm)
ƒ Rice on History profiles for Nomination by Secretary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh (http:/ / riceonhistory.
wordpress. com/ 2012/ 01/ 15/ franklin-macveagh-secretary-of-the-treasury-nomination-1909/ )
Political offices
Preceded by
George B. Cortelyou
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
Served under: William Howard
Taft
March 8, 1909 € March 5, 1913
Succeeded by
William G. McAdoo
Henry F. Dimock
109
Henry F. Dimock
Henry F. Dimock (March 28, 1842 € April 10, 1911) was a lawyer in New York City who was closely associated
with the Whitney family business interests.
Dimock was born in South Coventry, Connecticut, the son of Timothy and Laura F. (Booth) Dimock. The family
were descended from Thomas Dimock, who came from England to Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1637, and later
settled in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Henry Dimock was a distant cousin of Ira Dimock (1827-1917), silk
manufacturer, and Dr. Susan Dimock (1847-1875), early female physician who perished in the wreck of the SS
Schiller in the Scilly Islands.
[1]
He was graduated from Yale University in 1863, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
[2]
and from Harvard
Law School in 1865. In the latter year he commenced the practice of law in New York City.
He married Susan Collins Whitney, whose siblings included Henry Melville Whitney, industrialist; William Collins
Whitney, financier and Secretary of the Navy: and Lucy Collins "Lily" Whitney, wife of banker Charles T. Barney.
They resided in New York City at 25 60th Street, corner of Madison Avenue, and also had a summer home at Bar
Harbor, Maine. Henry and Susan Dimock were the parents of a daughter, Susan M. Dimock, whose marriage to Cary
Talcott Hutchinson was solemnized at the Dimock residence on April 30, 1901.
[3]
From 1875 until 1881 he was dock commissioner for the Port of New York. In 1875 Governor Samuel J. Tilden
appointed Dimock to a committee to devise plans for the improvement of city government in the state. It was in this
capacity that he took part in a debate on municipal finance reform in October 1877.
[4]
In May 1881 he declined
reappointment as dock commissioner by Mayor William R. Grace.
[5]
Dimock became interested in the Metropolitan Steamship Company, serving as the line's New York agent. He was
also a director and a large shareholder, and in 1884 the company honored him by naming its new 2,625-ton steamer
H.F. Dimock.
In 1890 Dimock joined William C. Whitney, Charles T. Barney, W.E.D. Stokes, Francis W. Jenks, and others in
forming the New York Loan and Improvement Company. He served on the board of directors of this concern, which
was responsible for the development of the Washington Heights section of New York City.
While on her customary voyage from New York to Boston when on July 24, 1892, in the Vinyard Sound the H.F.
Dimock collided with William K. Vanderbilt's yacht, the Alva, sinking her. Captain Morrison of the Alva filed suit
against the H.F. Dimock, but both the United States District Court for Massachusetts and the United States Supreme
Court ruled against him.
[6]
Dimock joined Henry Melville Whitney in establishing the Dominion Coal Company Ltd. in 1893 and the Dominion
Iron and Steel Company Ltd. in 1899 to exploit the mineral resources of the Sydney district of Cape Breton Island.
Dimock served on the boards of both companies.
He was also a director of the McCall Ferry Power Company, Boston & Maine Railroad, Knickerbocker Trust
Company, and the Metropolitan Steamship Company. Dimock was a member of the Society of Mayflower
Descendants and of the University, Manhattan, Metropolitan, Down Town, Barnard, Lawyers, and Democratic clubs
of New York City. He was also holder of box 19 at the Metropolitan Opera.
[7]
Dimock was elected a director of the Yale Corporation, the governing body of Yale University, in 1899 and
reelected in 1905. His name had already been placed in nomination for another term when he suffered a heart attack
on March 4, 1911. He suffered a paralytic stroke that affected his right side on April 1. After two days in a coma, he
died at his residence on April 10, 1911.
[8]
Some five years after his death, the site of his home at Madison Avenue and 60th Street was leased to the Guaranty
Trust Company for the construction of a new office building.
[9]
Henry F. Dimock
110
Notes
[1] Another kinswoman was Heartie Dimock, wife of Chauncey Griggs of Toland, Connecticut. The Griggs' son, Colonel Chauncey W. Griggs
(1832-1910), was an early business associate of James J. Hill's. Henry Hunt and F.C. Kaylor, Washington, West of the Cascades, Vol. II, p.
128. Seattle: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1917.
[2] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[3] "Hutchinson-Dimock", The New York Times, May 1, 1901.
[4] The New York Times, October 23, 1877.
[5] "Mr. Dimock Makes Reply. A Justification of His Conduct as Dock Commissioner", The New York Times, May 8, 1881.
[6] "The Alva-Dimock Decision. Points Made in It That Are Interesting to Lawyers", The New York Times, January 5, 1893.
[7] Eric Homberger, Mrs. Astor's New York. Money and Social Power in a Gilded Age, pp. 233-234. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
[8] "Henry F. Dimock Dead. Financier and Yale Corporation Director and Former Dock Commissioner", The New York Times, April 11, 1911.
[9] "The Real Estate Field. Guaranty Trust Company Leases Dimock Home on Madison Avenue for New Uptown Branch", The New York Times,
August 16, 1916.
William Collins Whitney
111
William Collins Whitney
William Collins Whitney
31st United States Secretary of the Navy
In office
March 7, 1885 € March 4, 1889
Preceded by William E. Chandler
Succeeded by Benjamin F. Tracy
Personal details
Born July 5, 1841
Conway, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died February 2, 1904 (aged 62)
U.S.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) 1) Flora Payne (m. 1869)
2) Edith Randolph (m. 1896)
Profession Politician, Businessman
Net worth USD $23 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/993rd of US GNP)
William Collins Whitney (July 5, 1841 € February 2, 1904) was an American political leader and financier and
founder of the prominent Whitney family. He served as Secretary of the Navy in the first Cleveland administration
from 1885 through 1889. A conservative reformer, he was considered a Bourbon Democrat.
Early life
William Whitney was born at Conway, Massachusetts, of Puritan stock. The family were descended from John
Whitney of London, who settled at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1635. William Whitney's father was Brigadier
General James Scollay Whitney; his mother, Laurinda Collins, was a descendant of Plymouth governor William
Bradford. William Whitney had a well known older brother, industrialist Henry Melville Whitney (1839€1923),
president of the Metropolitan Steamship Company, founder of the West End Street Railway Company of Boston,
and later founder of the Dominion Coal Company and Dominion Iron and Steel Company in Sydney, Nova Scotia on
William Collins Whitney
112
Cape Breton Island. His sister Laurinda Collins "Lily" Whitney married Charles T. Barney, who became the
president of the Knickerbocker Trust Company.
[1]
Another sister, Susan Collins Whitney, married Henry F. Dimock.
Educated at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, Whitney was graduated from Yale University in
1863, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
[2]:1099
and then studied law at Harvard. He left in 1864 to study
law with Abraham R. Lawrence in New York City, and in 1865 was admitted to the bar.
[3]
On October 13, 1869, he married Flora Payne, daughter of Senator Henry B. Payne of Ohio and a sister of Whitney's
Yale classmate, Colonel Oliver Hazard Payne, later treasurer of the Standard Oil Company. The Whitneys had five
children:
ƒ Harry Payne Whitney (1872€1930)
ƒ Pauline Payne Whitney (1874€1916) - married Almeric Hugh Paget, 1st Baron Queenborough
ƒ (William) Payne Whitney (1876€1927)
ƒ Oliver Whitney (1878€1883)
ƒ Dorothy Payne Whitney (1887€1968) - married (1) Willard Dickerman Straight; (2) Leonard Knight Elmhirst
Flora Payne Whitney died in 1894 at age fifty-two. Two years later, William Whitney remarried to Edith May
(widow of a Mr. Randolph). In 1898, she suffered a horse riding accident at their estate in Aiken, South Carolina, in
what is now known as Hitchcock Woods and died at age forty-one on May 6, 1899.
[4]
Political career
Whitney was active in organizing the Young Men's Democratic Club in 1871. He was an aggressive opponent of the
Tweed Ring, and was actively allied with the anti-Tammany County Democracy of 1871-1890. In 1872, he was
made inspector of schools, but the same year met defeat in the election for district attorney.
Secretary of the Navy William C. Whitney in his office (circa 1885)
From 1875 to 1882
[5]
he was corporation
counsel of New York, and as such brought
about a codification of the laws relating to
the city, and successfully contested a large
part of certain claims, largely fraudulent,
against the city, amounting to about
$20 million, and a heritage from the Boss
Tweed regime. In 1882, he resigned to
attend to personal interests.
[6]
In 1883, through the Broadway Railroad
Company, Whitney became involved in a
struggle with Jacob Sharp and Thomas
Fortune Ryan for the Broadway street-railway franchise. Sharp initially won the franchise by means of bribery, but
in December 1884 Ryan formed an alliance with Whitney and Peter A.B. Widener. By arousing public opinion,
instituting court action, and prompting legislative investigation, they defeated Sharp. The Ryan syndicate finally
received the franchise in 1886.
[7]
During President Cleveland's first administration (1885€1889), Whitney was United States Secretary of the Navy,
and did much to develop the United States Navy. The contracts issued under the previous administration were
investigated impartially by a committee appointed by Whitney and comprising Commodore Evans, Commodore
Belknap and Herman Winter, chief engineer of the Metropolitan Steamship Company. Whitney promoted the
adoption by industry of the technology needed for the construction of steel steamships and modern naval guns and
the domestic manufacture of plate armor. He also reorganized the finances and logistics of the Navy Department and
helped make the Naval War College a success.
William Collins Whitney
113
When Whitney left office in 1889, steel vessels completed or under construction included the armored cruiser (later
battleship) Maine; monitors Puritan, Amphitrite, Monadnock, Terror and Miantonomoh; protected cruisers Atlanta,
Boston, Chicago, Newark, Charleston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and San Francisco; dynamite-gun cruiser Vesuvius;
dispatch vessel Dolphin; gunboats Yorktown, Concord, Bennington and Petrel; and torpedo boat Cushing. These
constituted the nucleus of the "New Navy"
[8][9]
During Whitney's four years in the cabinet, his home in Washington, D.C., was a social center of great attraction. In
1888, Yale conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D.
Whitney joined Charles T. Barney, Henry F. Dimock, W.E.D. Stokes, Francis W. Jenks, and others in forming the
New York Loan and Improvement Company in 1890. This concern developed the Washington Heights section of
New York City. Barney was president of the company when he died in 1907, three years after Whitney.
[10]
In opposition to Tammany, Whitney was instrumental in bringing about the third nomination of Cleveland in 1892,
and took an influential part in the ensuing presidential campaign.
Whitney joined his brother Henry in organizing the Dominion Coal Company Ltd. in 1893, and the Dominion Iron
and Steel Company Ltd. in 1899, to exploit the mineral resources of the Sydney district of Cape Breton Island. Other
early investors included Henry F. Dimock, Almeric H. Paget and Charles T. Barney.
In the next general election, in 1896, disapproving of the "free-silver" agitation, Whitney refused to support his
party's candidate, William Jennings Bryan.
[11]
Thoroughbred horse racing
William Whitney was also a major investor in thoroughbred horse racing, hiring the best trainers, buying the best
horses, and engaging the services of the best jockey of the day.
[12]
He established Westbury Stable with a string of
Thoroughbred race horses, competing against the successful stable of business associate James R. Keene. At his vast
summer estate near Old Westbury on Long Island, Whitney built an 800-foot (240 m) stable with 84 box stalls and
an adjoining mile-long training track. Around the start of the 20th century, in the United States his horses were
trained by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee John W. Rogers and in England by John Huggins.
Whitney maintained a city residence in New York, a Venetian palace and 5,000 acres in Wheatley Hills, near
Jamaica, L.I.; a Sheepshead Bay house, with a private track covering 300 acres; a mansion with 700 acres at Lenox,
MA; October Mountain summer cottage, 10,000 acre estate including 800 acre fenced-in game reserve, in
Washington, MA;
[13]
Stony Ford Farm, New York, used as an auxiliary to his Kentucky Stock Farm; an Adirondack
game preserve of 16,000 acres; a lodge at Blue Mountain Lake with a fine golf course, a Blue Grass farm of 3,000
acres in Kentucky. Whitney also spent time in the equestrian community of Aiken, South Carolina, revamping a
local cottage into a 69-room winter residence that included 15 bathrooms, a full-size ballroom, a squash court and a
stable to house 30 horses. His involvement in Aiken along with that of Thomas Hitchcock, the Vanderbilt family, the
Astor family and other equestrian minded business associates helped establish the premier Aiken Winter Colony.
Aiken remains a haven where horses are brought in from the north to train and enjoy a more temperate winter.
He was the breeder of twenty-six American stakes winners, including the great filly Artful from his stallion
Hamburg. On June 5, 1901, Whitney won England's Derby with Volodyovski, leased by him from Lady Valerie
Meux.
[14][15]
On October 24, 1903, the New York Times reported that W. C. Whitney had entered into a ten-year
lease deal with A. J. Alexander for one thousand acres (4 km†) of the Wood Stud farm property at Spring Station,
Kentucky. [16]
William Collins Whitney
114
Later life
The monument of William Whitney in Woodlawn Cemetery
Whitney was a member of Ward
McAllister's Patriarch Society until its
dissolution in April 1897.
[17]
After Flora's
death on February 5, 1893, Whitney married
a widow named Edith Sibyl Randolph (n„e
May). He acquired for her a residence at
Fifth Avenue and 68th Street in New York
City, and commissioned McKim, Mead &
White to do a $3.5 million renovation of the
house. Edith Whitney died in a riding
accident on May 6, 1899 at their estate, Joye
Cottage, in the Aiken Winter Colony in
Aiken, South Carolina.
[18]
At his residence, 871 Fifth Avenue, Whitney
gave a debutante ball for his niece, Helen
Barney, on January 5, 1901.
[19]
He remained active in street-railway affairs until the reorganization of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company in
1902. At that time he retired from all personal identification with the company.
[20]
William Collins Whitney died on February 2, 1904, and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New
York. At the time of his death he was one of the largest landowners in the eastern United States.
The USS Whitney (AD-4) was named in his honor when launched on October 12, 1923 at the Boston Navy Yard. The
William C. Whitney Wilderness Area of the Adirondack Park is also named in his honor.
References
[1] The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II, p. 407. New York: James T. White & Company, 1899. Reprint of 1891 edition.
[2] The University Magazine (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=Ai0BAAAAYAAJ), vol. 5 no. 5, November 1891
[3] Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XX, p. 165. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.
[4] New York Times - May 7, 1899 (http:/ / query. nytimes.com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=9B04E7DD123DE633A25754C0A9639C94689ED7CF)
[5] During nearly the same period, 1875 to 1881, his brother-in-law, Henry F. Dimock, was commissioner of docks for the Port of New York.
[6] The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, op. cit.
[7] Dictionary of American Biography, op. cit.
[8] Lieut. W.S. Hughes, USN, "Our New Navy", The American Magazine, September 1887, pp. 549-560.
[9] Robert Gardiner (ed. dir.), Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, pp. 139-140, 145-146, 150-152, 159, 163-164. London: Conway
Maritime Press, 1979.
[10] "Mr. Barney's Career. Prominent All His Life in Finance, Art, and Realty Operations", The New York Times, November 15, 1907.
[11] The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, op. cit.
[12] Cleveland Amory, Who Killed Society?, p. 502. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960.
[13] [13] New York Times, October Mountain Deeded to State, March 24, 1922
[14] The Times, June 6, 1901.
[15] Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XX, p. 166.
[16] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.html?res=9B05E2DC1039E333A25757C2A9669D946297D6CF
[17] Eric Homberger, Mrs. Astor's New York. Money and Social Power in a Gilded Age, pp. 218-219. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
[18] Dictionary of American Biography, op. cit.
[19] [19] Amory, pp. 502-503.
[20] Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XX, p. 165.
William Collins Whitney
115
External links
ƒ William Collins Whitney biography (http:/ / wiki. whitneygen. org/ wrg/ index. php/
Family:Whitney,_William_Collins_(1841-1904)) on the Whitney Research Group website.
ƒ Whitney at the Naval Department (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ w7/ whitney. htm)
ƒ  "Whitney, William Collins". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
ƒ  "Whitney, William Collins". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Government offices
Preceded by
William E. Chandler
United States Secretary of the
Navy
1885 - 1889
Succeeded by
Benjamin F. Tracy
Charles Fraser MacLean
Charles Fraser MacLean (November 21, 1841 € March 20, 1924) was an American jurist.
Born in New Hartford, New York, he began attending Yale University as a junior in 1862. He graduated in 1864 and
was a member of Skull and Bones. In 1866, he was the first person to be awarded a PhD in philosophy from an
American institution. His dissertation was A Critique of John Stuart Mill's Examination of Hamilton's Philosophy. In
1869 he earned his JUD at the University of Berlin. His dissertation was De Jure Emigrandi.
[1]
During the Franco-Prussian War, MacLean was a war correspondent for the New York World. He accompanied U.S.
military observer General Philip Sheridan and acted as his interpreter. He was one of the first non-combatants to
enter Paris following the surrender of the French and witnessed the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. He recounted
the Battle of Sedan and the capture of Napoleon III in his "The Surrender of an Emperor", published in The Second
Book of the Authors Club: Liber Scriptorum (1921).
[2]
He also interviewed Otto von Bismarck, Patrice de
Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta, Adolphe Thiers, and L„on Gambetta.
After a brief stint in St. Petersburg for The Times, he returned to the US to practice law. He entered the law office of
Samuel J. Tilden, who was related to his mother, and would practice law in New York City most of the rest of his
life. He lectured on law at Columbia University (1873€4) and New York University (1885€97). He served on the
Board of Police Commissioners variously as counsel, a member, and president and served in various other city office
and boards. He was elected to be a judge on the New York Supreme Court and served for fourteen years
(1895€1909).
In 1887, he married Marie Mott (1854?€1946), daughter of industrialist Jordan L. Mott.
References
[1] http:/ / catalog. hathitrust.org/ Record/ 006557606
[2] http:/ / octopus. library. cmu. edu/ books/ OCLC/ 1487370/
John William Sterling
116
John William Sterling
For John Whelan Sterling, see List of Presidents and Chancellors of the University of Wisconsin€Madison.
John William Sterling
Born May 12, 1844
Died July 5, 1918 (aged 74)
Causapscal, Quebec, Canada
Resting place
Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City, New York
40.889•N 73.8734•W
[1]
Alma mater Yale University, Columbia Law School
Occupation Lawyer
Known for Co-founder of Shearman & Sterling; bequest of $18 million to Yale University
John William Sterling (May 12, 1844 € July 5, 1918) was a corporate attorney and major benefactor to Yale
University.
John William Sterling
117
The Hall of Graduate Studies at Yale, whose
construction was funded by Sterling.
Biography
John William Sterling was born in Stratford, Connecticut. He
graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in 1864 and was a member
of Skull and Bones. He graduated from Columbia Law School as the
valedictorian of the class of 1867 and was admitted to the bar in that
year.
[2]
He obtained an M.A. degree in 1874. He became a corporate
lawyer in New York, and helped found the law firm of Shearman &
Sterling in 1871, a firm that represented Jay Gould, Henry Ford, the
Rockefeller family, and Standard Oil.
On his death in 1918, Sterling left a residuary estate of $15 million to
Yale, at the time the "largest sum of money ever donated to an
institution of higher learning in history"•equivalent to about
$200 million in 2011 dollars. After the estate appraisal was complete a
year later, the Yale bequest was "about $18 million." He required Yale
to fund "at least one enduring, useful and architecturally beautiful
building, which will constitute a fitting Memorial of my gratitude to
and affection for my alma mater" and "the foundation of Scholarships,
Fellowships or Lectureships, the endowment of new professorships and
the establishment of special funds for prizes"•these mandates led to
the construction of the Sterling Memorial Library, Sterling Law Building, the Hall of Graduate Studies, and the
Sterling Hall of Medicine, and the endowment of the Sterling Professorships.
Personal life
Sterling died July 5, 1918 while staying at the fishing lodge of Lord Mount Stephen in Causapscal, Quebec; he is
entombed at Woodlawn Cemetery.
Sterling's sister Cordelia donated the Sterling House and its surrounding estate •part of the Sterling Homestead•to
Stratford, Connecticut.
Notes
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=John_William_Sterling& params=40. 889_N_-73.
8734_E_region:US_type:landmark
[2] http:/ / query.nytimes.com/ mem/ archive-free/ pdf?res=F10713F63B5F1B7A93C5A9178CD85F4C8185F9 John W. Sterling Dies in
Canada
External links
ƒ John William Sterling and James Orville Bloss (http:/ / www. outhistory. org/ wiki/
John_William_Sterling_and_James_Orville_Bloss,_1870-1918) from outhistory.org
George Chandler Holt
118
George Chandler Holt
George Chandler Holt (December 31, 1843 € January 26, 1931) was a United States federal judge.
Born in Mexico, New York, Holt received an A.B. from Yale College in 1866, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones
:14
, and an LL.B. from Columbia Law School in 1869. He was in private practice in New York City from 1869
to 1898. He was a Referee in Bankruptcy for the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York from
1898 to 1903.
On March 2, 1903, Holt was nominated by President Theodore Roosevelt to a new seat on the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York created by 32 Stat. 805. He was confirmed by the United States Senate
on March 3, 1903, and received his commission the same day. Holt served in that capacity until his retirement, on
January 16, 1914.
He died in Nice, France.
References
Sources
ƒ George Chandler Holt (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=1085& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at
the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Henry Morton Dexter
119
Henry Morton Dexter
Not to be confused with Henry Dexter, founder of American News Company
Henry Morton Dexter
Born 1846
Manchester, New Hampshire
Died 1910
Nationality United States
Education Yale University, 1867
Andover Theological Seminary, 1870
Occupation clergyman, historian, editor
Religion Congregationalist
Parents Henry Martyn Dexter
Henry Morton Dexter (1846€1910) was an American clergyman, historian, and editor, born in Manchester, New
Hampshire, son of Henry Martyn Dexter. He graduated from Yale University in 1867, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1870, spent three years in travel, was ordained to the
Congregational ministry, serving as pastor of the Union Church at Taunton, Massachusetts (1873-78). From 1878 to
1891 he was editor of The Congregationalist. During several visits to England and the Netherlands he made
investigations particularly of the history of the Pilgrims and early American colonists, and he prominently promoted
the erection of a memorial tablet to John Robinson at Leyden, Holland, in 1891. Besides magazine articles on
historical subjects, he is author of The Story of the Pilgrims (1899) and England and Holland of the Pilgrims (1905).
References
Notes
Sources consulted
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.;
Moore, F., eds. (1905). "
article name needed
". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Albert Elijah Dunning
120
Albert Elijah Dunning
Albert Elijah Dunning (Jan. 5, 1844 - Nov. 14, 1923) was an American theologian.
Born in Brookfield, Connecticut, he attended the Fort Edward Institute (1860-1861), and graduated from Bryant &
Stratton College (1862), Yale University (1867), where he was Phi Beta Kappa and a member of Skull and Bones,
Andover Theological Seminary (1870), and Beloit College (1889) with a DD. He was pastor of the Highland
Congregational Church in Roxbury, Boston (1870-1881). He was editor of The Congregationalist (1889-1911) and
Pilgrim Teacher (1873-77). He was author of Bible Studies (1886); Congregationalists in America (1894); and The
Making of the Bible (1911).
References
ƒ "OBITUARY RECORD OF YALE GRADUATES 1923-1924"
[1]
. Yale University. August 1, 1924.
pp. 1018€1019. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
ƒ "Albert Elijah Dunning." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale
Biography In Context. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
References
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1859_1924/ 1923-24. pdf
Thomas Hedge
Thomas Hedge (June 24, 1844 € November 28, 1920) was a four-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's
1st congressional district, in southeastern Iowa.
Born in Burlington, Iowa Territory, Hedge attended the common schools and Denmark (Iowa) Academy. He
graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1861, but his education was interrupted by the Civil
War. In 1864 and 1865 he served as a private in Company E and as second lieutenant in Company G of the 106th
New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment.
He graduated from Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut in 1867, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones,
:123
and Columbia College Law School in New York City in 1869. He was admitted to the bar in New York in
1869, and returned to Iowa to practice law in Burlington. For twenty years, he practiced in a partnership with Iowa
Republican politician J.W. Blythe,
[1]
with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad as one of the firm's
clients.
[2][3]
In 1898, Hedge was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House seat for Iowa's 1st congressional district, then held by
Republican Samuel M. Clark (who chose not to seek re-election). Hedge served in the Fifty-sixth and the three
succeeding Congresses. In 1906 he did not seek re-nomination.
[4]
In all, he served in Congress from March 4, 1899
to March 3, 1907.
After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law. He died in Burlington on November 28, 1920. He was
interred in Aspen Grove Cemetery.
Thomas Hedge
121
References
[1] [1] Editorial, "Thomas Hedge," Cedar Rapids Daily Republican, 1898-07-04 at p. 4.
[2] Pool v. The C., B. and Q. Ry. Co., 6 F. 844 (D. Iowa 1881).
[3] John Ely Briggs, " William Peters Hepburn (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LgoFAAAAYAAJ& printsec=titlepage)," p. 289 (State
Hist. Soc. of Iowa 1919).
[4] "Hedge Going to Retire," Waterloo Daily Times-Tribune, 1906-03-03 at p. 1.
ƒ Thomas Hedge (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=H000441) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
George P. Wetmore
122
George P. Wetmore
George Peabody Wetmore
United States Senator
from Rhode Island
In office
March 4, 1895 € March 4, 1913
(Wetmore's seat was legally vacant from March 4, 1907 € January 22, 1908, as Rhode Island's legislature failed to re-elect Wetmore)
Preceded by Nathan F. Dixon III
Succeeded by Lebaron B. Colt
Personal details
Born August 2, 1846
London, England
Died September 11, 1921 (aged 75)
Boston, Massachusetts
Political party Republican
George Peabody Wetmore (August 2, 1846 € September 11, 1921) was the 37th Governor and a United States
Senator from Rhode Island.
Early life
George Peabody Wetmore was born in London, England, during a visit of his parents abroad. His father was William
Shepard Wetmore, a wealthy Yankee trader. George Wetmore received his early education at the private schools of
Messrs. Reed and Thurston and of the Rev. William C. Leverett in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1867 he graduated
from Yale College, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:104
After graduation he studied for two years at the
Columbia Law School. He received the degree of LL.B. in 1869, and was admitted to the bars of Rhode Island and
New York the same year, although he never practiced.
[1]
George P. Wetmore
123
Politics
He had always taken an active interest in politics and in 1880 and 1884 was a presidential elector. He was elected
Governor of Rhode Island in 1885 and served two terms, but was defeated for a third term. He was a member of the
commission that built the new Rhode Island State House at Providence.
In 1894 he was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate, receiving the unanimous vote of the General
Assembly in Senate, House, and joint convention. He was re-elected in 1900 and served from March 4, 1895 to
March 3, 1907.
In 1907, he was challenged for his seat by another Republican, industrialist Samuel P. Colt. The three-way contest
between Wetmore, Colt and Democrat Robert Hale Ives Goddard resulted in months of deadlocked ballots and a
vacant seat in Rhode Island's delegation to the 60th Congress beginning on March 4, 1907. Eventually Colt
withdrew, and Wetmore returned to the Senate on January 22, 1908 and served until March 3, 1913. Ironically, Colt's
brother, LeBaron B. Colt, was elected to succeed Wetmore upon Wetmore's retirement from the Senate.
In the Senate, Wetmore was, first, chairman of the Committee on Manufactures, and then chairman of the Joint
Committee on the Library for sixteen years. He was also a member of the Appropriations, District of Columbia,
Naval Affairs, Public Buildings and Grounds, and other committees. His last term in the Senate ended March 4,
1913.
[2]
He had a deep interest in the building up of the Navy and the development of the naval base in Narragansett Bay. He
served as chairman of the joint commission appointed by Congress to prepare plans for the completion of the United
States Capitol in Washington; was chairman of the first Lincoln Memorial Commission and a member of the
commission that erected the National Lincoln Memorial in Washington; and was a member of the Grant Memorial
Commission, as well as many others for the erection of statues and memorials. He was greatly interested in the
improvement and development of Washington and the District of Columbia on a definite artistic plan, and was
particularly identified with the legislation creating the National Commission of Fine Arts.
Cultural Work
Chateau Sur Mer, Wetmore's home in Newport,
Rhode Island, built by his father in 1852
In private life Mr. Wetmore was for many years associated with
various organizations for promoting the fine arts. He was one of the
organizers of the Metropolitan Opera in New York and a member of
the committee in charge of the construction of the Metropolitan Opera
House. He was a trustee of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at
Yale and of the Peabody Education Fund. In 1888 he was nominated as
a Fellow of the University, but declined to have his name considered.
He was one of the founders of the Jockey Club, vice president of the
National Horse Show Association of America, and a director of other
organizations for improving the breeding of horses.
At his home in Newport he was a trustee of the Redwood Library and
Athenaeum, president and a trustee of the Newport Hospital, and president of the Newport Reading Room and the
Newport Casino. In 1877 he was admitted as a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.
George P. Wetmore
124
Family and Legacy
Senator George P. Wetmore in "Krieger Electric
Carriage" automobile, c. 1906
He was married December 22, 1869, in New York City, to Edith
Malvina Keteltas. Her father, Eugene Keteltas, had been a member of
the Yale College Class of 1822, but left before graduation, and was
graduated at Union College in 1822. Yale gave him the honorary
degree of M.A. in 1870. Mrs. Wetmore's grandfather, Philip Doddridge
Keteltas, was Yale 1792; her great-grandfather, Rev. Abraham
Keteltas, graduated at Yale in 1752 and was admitted to the M.A.
degree at Yale and Princeton University in 1755; and her
great-great-grandfather, William Smith, was Yale 1719.
[3]
Edith Keteltas Wetmore's brother was Brevet Lieutenant Colonel
Henry Keteltas who served in the American Civil War as a captain in
the 15th United States Infantry. He received two brevets (honorary
promotions) for gallantry in action. His sword is preserved and on display at the Chateau Sur Mer mansion.
Mr. and Mrs. Wetmore had four children: Edith Malvina Keteltas; Maude Alice Keteltas; William Shepard Keteltas
(B.A. 1897); and Rogers Pickman Derby Keteltas.
Mr. Wetmore died September 11, 1921, in Boston. His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Newport, and he was
buried in Newport's Island Cemetery.
George Wetmore's estate in Newport Rhode Island, Chateau-sur-Mer, is today owned by the Preservation Society of
Newport County and is open for tours during the summer. It is considered one of the best surviving examples of a
Victorian mansion.
Wetmore was also a litigant in the Supreme Court of the United States decision: George Peabody Wetmore v.
Tennessee Copper Company, 218 US 369 (1910).
[4]
References
[1] Official Congressional Biography and Resources (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=W000312) (accessed Jan. 1,
2009)
[2] "George P. Wetmore, Ex-Senator, Dies" New York Times, Sept. 12, 1921 (accessed Jan. 1, 2009) http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9D00E1DE153EEE3ABC4A52DFBF66838A639EDE
[3] Prominent Families of New York (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009) pg. 617 http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=wUDrgpf4hwMC&
source=gbs_navlinks_s
[4] George Peabody Wetmore v. Tennessee Copper Company, 218 US 369 (1910)http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 218/ 369/ case. html
External links
ƒ Wetmore Collections at the Rhode Island Historical Society (http:/ / www. rihs. org/ mssinv/ MSS1078. htm)
ƒ Official Congressional Biography and Resources (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.
pl?index=W000312)
ƒ Chateau Sur Mer Official Website (http:/ / tickets. newportmansions. org/ Mansion. aspx?id=1005)
George P. Wetmore
125
Political offices
Preceded by
Augustus O. Bourn
Governor of Rhode Island
1885€1887
Succeeded by
John W. Davis
United States Senate
Preceded by
Nathan F. Dixon, III
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Rhode
Island
1895€1907, 1908€1913
Succeeded by
LeBaron B. Colt
Chauncey B. Brewster
The Right Reverend Chauncey Bunce Brewster (1848-April 9, 1941) was the fifth Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese
of Connecticut.
He was consecrated as Bishop Coadjutor on October 28, 1897, and served as diocesan bishop from 1899 to 1928.
External links
ƒ Documents by and about Brewster
[1]
from Project Canterbury
References
[1] http:/ / anglicanhistory. org/ usa/ cbbrewster/
LeBaron Bradford Colt
126
LeBaron Bradford Colt
LeBaron Bradford Colt
United States Senator
from Rhode Island
In office
March 4, 1913 € August 18, 1924
Preceded by George P. Wetmore
Succeeded by Jesse H. Metcalf
Personal details
Born June 25, 1846
Dedham, Massachusetts
Died August 18, 1924
(aged 78)
Bristol, Rhode Island
Political party Republican
LeBaron Bradford Colt (June 25, 1846 € August 18, 1924) was a United States Senator from Rhode Island and a
federal court judge on the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, the United States Circuit
Court, and the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
LeBaron Bradford Colt
127
Biography
He was born in Dedham, Massachusetts to Christopher Colt (the brother of arms maker Samuel Colt) and Theodora
Goujand DeWolf Colt; his younger brother, Samuel P. Colt, was a prominent Rhode Island businessman and
politician. LeBaron Colt attended the public schools and Williston Seminary. He received an A.B. from Yale
University in 1868, where he was a member of Skull and Bones
[1]:1302
and an LL.B. from Columbia Law School in
1870.
After getting his law degree, Colt devoted a year to European travel. Once he returned, he was admitted to the bar
and commenced practicing law in Chicago. In 1875, he moved to Bristol, Rhode Island, and started practicing law in
Providence.
From 1879 to 1881, Colt was a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives.
On March 9, 1881, President James A. Garfield nominated Colt to the United States District Court for the District of
Rhode Island. The Senate confirmed him on March 21. Three years later, Colt was elevated to the United States
Circuit Court for the First Circuit, with President Chester A. Arthur nominating him on July 2, 1884 and Senate
confirmation on July 5. On June 15, 1891, Colt was reassigned to the newly created United States Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891.
In 1913, Colt was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate by the Rhode Island legislature. On February
7, he resigned from the appellate court, and on March 4, he was sworn in as Senator.
From 1917 to 1919, Colt was chairman of the Senate Committee on Conservation of Natural Resources. From 1919
until his death, he was chairman of the Committee on Immigration.
Colt died on August 18, 1924 in Bristol. He was buried in Juniper Hill Cemetery.
References
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1859_1924/ 1924-25. pdf
External links
ƒ LeBaron Bradford Colt (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=C000651) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ LeBaron Bradford Colt (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=483& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at
the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Legal offices
Preceded by
John Lowell
Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit
1884 € 1891
Succeeded by
Seat abolished
Preceded by
Newly created seat
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First
Circuit
1891 € 1913
Succeeded by
George H. Bingham
United States Senate
Preceded by
George P. Wetmore
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Rhode Island
1913 € 1924
Served alongside: Henry F. Lippitt, Peter G. Gerry
Succeeded by
Jesse H. Metcalf
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
Wilson S. Bissell
128
Wilson S. Bissell
Wilson S. Bissell
5th Chancellor of the University of Buffalo
In office
1902€1903
Preceded by James O. Putnam
Succeeded by Charles P. Norton
36th United States Postmaster General
In office
March 6, 1893 € March 1, 1895
Preceded by John Wanamaker
Succeeded by William L. Wilson
Personal details
Born December 31, 1847
New London, New York, USA
Died October 6, 1903 (aged 55)
Buffalo, New York, USA
Political party Democratic Party
Profession Politician, Lawyer
Wilson Shannon Bissell (December 31, 1847 New London, Oneida County, New York - October 6, 1903 Buffalo,
New York) was an American politician from New York.
He graduated from Yale University in 1869 and was a member of Skull and Bones.
[1]:489
From 1873 to 1882 he was a law partner of future President Grover Cleveland. Bissell entered Democratic Party
politics as a candidate for Presidential Elector in 1888. He served as Postmaster General under Cleveland from 1893
to 1895. In 1896 he was a delegate to the 1896 Democratic National Convention.
[2]
Apgar's Corners in Tewksbury Township, NJ (Hunterdon County) was renamed in 1893 to the village of Bissel in an
effort to sway him into ordering that a post office be created in the settlement. A small post office building (no
longer in existence) was established soon thereafter.
[3]
Wilson S. Bissell
129
References
[1] Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=DBs8AAAAIAAJ), vol. 7, 1904
[2] Wilson S. Bissell, United States Postmaster (http:/ / www. millercenter. org/ president/ clevaland/ essays/ cabinet/ 407/ )
[3] Stevenson, R.P; Potter, M., Oldtime Days In Mountainville, and Surrounding Towns, (1990), pp.92
Political offices
Preceded by
John Wanamaker
United States Postmaster
General
Served under: Grover Cleveland
1893 € 1895
Succeeded by
William L. Wilson
William H. Welch
130
William H. Welch
For other people named William Welch, see William Welch (disambiguation).
William H. Welch
William Henry Welch, Brigadier General, U.S. Army (1917-1921)
Born William Henry Welch
April 8, 1850
Norfolk, Connecticut
United States
Died April 30, 1934 (aged 84)
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Residence Baltimore, Maryland
Nationality United States
Education Yale University; College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University
Occupation Physician; Pathologist
Known for First Dean of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and School of Public Health
William Henry Welch (April 8, 1850 € April 30, 1934) was an American physician, pathologist, bacteriologist, and
medical school administrator. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
[1]
(The "Big Four", often called the "Four Horsemen", were William Osler, Professor of Medicine; William Stewart
Halsted, Professor of Surgery; Howard A. Kelly, Professor of Gynecology; and William H. Welch, Professor of
Pathology.) He was the first dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and was also the founder of the Johns
Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the first school of public health in the country. The medical school
library is also named after Welch. In his lifetime he was called "the Dean of American Medicine".
[2]
Biography
Born to William Wickham Welch and Emeline Collin Welch in Norfolk, Connecticut, Welch was educated at
Norfolk Academy and the Winchester Institute. His father as well as a grandfather and four of his uncles were all
physicians. William Henry entered Yale University in 1866, where he studied Greek and classics. He received an
A.B. degree in 1870. As an undergraduate, he joined the Skull and Bones fraternity.
After a short period of teaching high school students in Norwich, New York, Welch went to study medicine at the
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Manhattan. In 1875, he received his MD. In 1876 and
1877, he studied at several German laboratories to work with, among others, Julius Cohnheim. He returned to
America in 1877 and opened a lab at Bellevue Medical College (now a part of New York University Medical
School). In 1884, he was the first physician recruited to be a professor at the newly-forming Johns Hopkins Hospital
and Medical School at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. By 1886 he had sixteen graduate physicians working
William H. Welch
131
in his laboratory € the first postgraduate training program for physicians in the country. He helped the trustees
recruit the other founding physicians for the hospital € William Stewart Halsted, William Osler, and Howard Kelly.
Welch became head of the Department of Pathology when the hospital opened in 1889. In 1894, he also became the
first dean of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and in 1916, he established and led the Johns
Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the first school of public health in the country. He also established
the Institute of the History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins in 1929.
[3]
Welch continued to practice and teach pathology. He was a popular teacher. Indeed, his nickname among medical
students and postgraduate trainees was "Popsy." Graduates of his training programs were highly coveted as academic
physicians. Medical schools and institutes across the country vied for Welch's former students and graduate scientists
to fill top posts. Many of his residents went on to become highly prominent physicians, including Walter Reed,
co-discoverer of the cause of yellow fever, Simon Flexner, founding director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research, and future Nobel laureates George Whipple and Peyton Rous.
Welch's research was principally in bacteriology, and he is the discoverer of the organism that causes gas gangrene.
It was named Clostridium welchii in recognition of that fact, but now the organism usually is designated as
Clostridium perfringens.
From 1901 to 1933 he was founding president of the Board of Scientific Directors at the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research. He was an instrumental reformer of medical education in the United States as well as a president
of the National Academy of Sciences from 1913€1917. He also was president of the American Medical Association,
the Association of American Physicians, the History of Science Society, the Congress of American Physicians &
Surgeons, the Society of American Bacteriologists, and the Maryland State Board of Health. Welch was a founding
editor of the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
Welch served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps during World War I, and remained in the Reserve Corps for three
years thereafter, attaining the rank of Brigadier General (07). For his service during the War, Welch received the
Distinguished Service Medal.
A the age of eighty-four, Welch died on April 30, 1934 of prostatic adenocarcinoma at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Honors
The William H. Welch Medical Library at Johns Hopkins, which opened in 1929, is named for him.
[4]
Welch Road, in the vicinity of Stanford University Medical Center in Stanford, California is named in his honor.
References
[1] Johns Hopkins Medicine:The Four Founding Professors (http:/ / www. hopkinsmedicine. org/ about/ history/ history5. html).
Hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved on 2012-03-12.
[2] DE. WILLIAM H. WELCH (http:/ / select.nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F00810FE3F58177A93C0A9178ED85F408385F9). New
York Times, May 2, 1934. Retrieved on 2012-03-12.
[3] Institute of the History of Medicine history (http:/ / www. welch. jhu. edu/ ihm/ iohmlibrary. html). Welch.jhu.edu. Retrieved on 2012-03-12.
[4] Welch Library:history (http:/ / www. welch.jhu. edu/ about/ history. html). Welch.jhu.edu (2008-07-15). Retrieved on 2012-03-12.
William H. Welch
132
Further reading
ƒ Chronology of the Life of William Henry Welch (http:/ / www. medicalarchives. jhmi. edu/ welch/ chronology.
htm)
ƒ Bench and Bedside, December 2007, "Honoring the Past" (http:/ / med. stanford. edu/ alumni/ documents/
BenchandBedside_Spreads. pdf)
ƒ Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin.
ISBN 0-670-89473-7. (This book covers a great deal of Welch's life as well as other medical people of the era.)
ƒ Donald Fleming (1954). William H. Welch and the Rise of Modern Medicine. The Johns Hopkins University
Press. ISBN 0-8018-3389-2.
ƒ Silverman, BD (2011). "William Henry Welch (1850€1934): the road to Johns Hopkins" (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm.
nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC3124910). Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 24 (3): 236€42. PMC 
3124910 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC3124910). PMID  21738298 (http:/ / www. ncbi.
nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 21738298).
Frederick Collin
Frederick Collin (August 2, 1850-November 26, 1939) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
Life
Frederick Collin born in Benton, New York, the third son of Henry Clark Collin and Maria Louise (Park) Collin. He
graduated from Yale University in 1871, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
:9
and subsequently started a
legal clerkship in 1875 under John A. Reynolds in Elmira, New York. In 1885, John B. Stanchfield joined the firm,
which became known as Reynolds, Stanchfield & Collin (named Sayles & Evans since 1945). He was President of
Elmira's Board of Education (1887€1894, 1899€1910), Elmira City Attorney (1890€1892), and Mayor of Elmira
(1894€1898).
In October 1910, Governor Charles Evans Hughes appointed Collin to the New York Court of Appeals to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of Edward T. Bartlett. In November 1910, he was elected to a full term, and remained
on the bench until the end of 1920 when he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years. Afterwards he resumed
the practice of law at Elmira and re-joined the law firm of which he had been a founding partner. The firm changed
its name to Stanchfield, Collin, Lovell & Sayles.
Collin also served as a director of the Chemung Canal Trust Company and the first President of the Arnot Art
Gallery (since 1911).
References
External links
ƒ New York Court of Appeals biography (http:/ / www. courts. state. ny. us/ history/ Gallery_2. htm)
ƒ The History of New York State - Biographies (1927) (http:/ / www. usgennet. org/ usa/ ny/ state/ his/ bio/ pt22.
html)
ƒ Sayles & Evans firm history (http:/ / www. saylesevans. com/ history. html)
ƒ (http:/ / www. courts. state. ny.us/ history/ elecbook/ thereshallbe/ pg98. htm) NY Court of Appeals judges
Edwin F. Sweet
133
Edwin F. Sweet
Edwin Forrest Sweet (November 21, 1847 - April 2, 1935) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
Sweet was born in Dansville, New York and attended the common schools and Dansville Seminary. He graduated
from the literary department of Yale College in 1871, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:15
After
graduation, Sweet engaged in a tour of Europe and the Holy Land. Departing from New York city October 9, 1871,
he went to Liverpool, Wales, London, Paris, Marseilles, Rome, Naples, and Brindisi. He then sailed to Alexandria,
Egypt, went up the River Nile to the first Cataract, and then spent a month in Palestine. On his return, he passed
through Syria, Constantinople, Athens, Venice, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Scotland. He returned to
New York City one year to the day after his departure. In January 1873, he entered the law department of the
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and graduated in 1874. He was admitted to the bar in 1874 and was employed
as a clerk in the law firm of Hughes, O'Brien & Smiley in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In April 1876, he formed the law
firm of Stuart & Sweet. Sweet was a member of the board of education from 1899 to 1906. He served as Mayor of
Grand Rapids from 1904 to 1906.
Sweet defeated incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Gerrit J. Diekema, to be elected as a Democrat from
Michigan's 5th congressional district to the 62nd United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1911 to March 3,
1913. In 1912, he lost in the general election to Republican Carl E. Mapes.
In 1913, Sweet was appointed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to be Assistant Secretary of Commerce, where he
served until 1921. In 1916 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Michigan, losing to Albert Sleeper. He
was member of the board of education of Grand Rapids from 1923 to 1926 and a member of the city commission
from 1926 to 1928. At some point, he operated a grain and stock ranch in North Dakota.
Edwin F. Sweet resided in Grand Rapids until 1928 when he retired and moved to Ojai, California where he died. He
is interred in Oakhill Cemetery, Grand Rapids.
References
ƒ Edwin F. Sweet (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=S001107) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ The Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ sweet. html#R9M0JEJX8)
ƒ Fisher, Ernest B. (2005) [1918]. "City of Grand Rapids" (http:/ / www. hti. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/
pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;idno=arx2230. 0001. 001;didno=ARX2230. 0001.
001;view=image;seq=183). Grand Rapids and Kent County, Michigan : historical account of their progress from
first settlement to the present time (http:/ / name. umdl. umich. edu/ arx2230. 0001. 001). Ann Arbor, Mich.:
University of Michigan Library. p. 177. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
Edwin F. Sweet was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter).
Political offices
Preceded by
W. Millard Palmer
Mayor of Grand Rapids,
Michigan
1904-1905
Succeeded by
George E. Ellis
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Gerrit J. Diekema
United States Representative for the 5th Congressional District of
Michigan
1911 € 1913
Succeeded by
Carl Mapes
Thomas Thacher
134
Thomas Thacher
This article is about the American lawyer Thomas Thacher, who lived from 1850 to 1919. For Thacher's son, also a
lawyer and later a federal judge, see Thomas D. Thacher.
For other people named Thomas Thacher, see Thomas Thacher (disambiguation).
Thomas Thacher
Born May 3, 1850
Died July 30, 1919 (aged 69)
Nationality United States
Alma mater Yale University
Columbia Law School
Occupation Lawyer
Thomas Thacher (May 3, 1850 € July 30, 1919) was a descendant of the Rev. Peter Thacher, the rector of St.
Edmonds, Salisbury, England; and of his son, Thomas Thacher, who came to America in 1635, settled in Salem,
Massachusetts, and later became the first minister of the Old South Church in Boston. His father, Thomas Anthony
Thacher, LL D. (Yale BA 1835), was professor of Latin at Yale College from 1842 to 1886, and his mother,
Elizabeth (Day) Thacher, was the daughter of Jeremiah Day (Yale BA 1795), president of Yale from 1817 to 1846,
and Olivia (Jones) Day. On his mother's side he traced his ancestry to Robert Day, who emigrated from Ipswich,
England in 1634, settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in a few years removed to Connecticut and helped to
found Hartford.
Thomas Thacher prepared for college at the Hopkins Grammar School. He received a first prize for declamation in
Sophomore year. His appointments were a high oration in Junior year and an oration in Senior year. He was a
member of Phi Beta Kappa, Skull and Bones, and Brothers in Unity.
After graduation he taught for a year in the Hopkins Grammar School, and then spent a year in graduate study at
Yale University. He entered the Columbia Law School in 1873, and was graduated with the degree of LL.B. in 1875,
immediately upon graduation being admitted to the bar of New York, of which he became an active and influential
member. His first professional association was with Ashbel Green, then one of the leaders of the New York Bar,
with whom he collaborated in the preparation of Brice's Ultra Vires, which became a standard American work on
corporation law.
After completing this work he was associated with Judge Green in the office of Alexander & Green, and later served
as attorney for one of the largest mortgage companies in New York City. On January 1, 1884, he formed the firm of
Simpson, Thacher & Barnum (now Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett), with John W. Simpson and William M. Barnum
(B A. 1877) as partners. In this, and its successor firms, he was an active partner until his death. Among his partners
were Philip G. Bartlett, Yale 1881; his brother, Alfred Beaumont Thacher, Yale 1874; Charles B. Eddy, Yale 1893;
Graham Sumner, Yale 1897; Reeve Schley, Yale 1903; and his son, Thomas Day Thacher, Yale 1904.
During his forty-five years of active practice at the bar, the economic life of the country was undergoing a great
transformation in the rapid development of production on a large scale. In preparing the structure of the new business
organization Mr. Thacher had no small part, performing as he did, much of the legal work in connection with the
organization of the Brooklyn Union Gas Company, the American Smelting & Refining Company, the Republic Iron
& Steel Company, the American Sheet Steel Company, the American Steel Hoop Company, the American Can
Company, the American Locomotive Company, the Railway Steel-Spring Company, and other large consolidations.
He combined with such activities the work of a court lawyer, and often appeared before the courts in cases of
importance. He was actively interested in the Bar Association of New York City, and for two years (1907€09) was
Thomas Thacher
135
its vice-president.
From 1887 to 1914, Mr. Thacher was a lecturer on corporations in the Yale School of Law. He was a frequent
contributor to the law reviews. At the Yale Bicentennial, he was chosen to deliver the address on "Yale in Relation to
Law." In 1903 Yale conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He served as president of the Yale Alumni Association
in New York from 1895 to 1897 and from that time until 1904 as president of the Yale Club of New York City. At
the time of his death he was an honorary member of the club. He was one of the founders of the Yale Alumni
University Fund and gave himself enthusiastically to the work of the Alumni Fund Association, of which he was
chairman from 1894 to 1897 and a director for many years. From 1906 until his death he was a member of the
Alumni Advisory Board.
Mr. Thacher was married December 1, 1880, in New York City, to Sarah McCullough, daughter of Ashbel and
Louise B. (Walker) Green, of Tenafly, who survives him with a son, Thomas Day Thacher (Yale BA 1904), and
three daughters. Louise Green, who was married October 12, 1907, to Theodore Ives Driggs (Yale BA 1907); Sarah,
who married Lewis Martin Richmond (Yale PhB 1903), September 19, 1908; and Elizabeth.
Source
ƒƒ Yale Obituary Records, 1919-20.
References
William Kneeland Townsend
William Kneeland Townsend (June 12, 1849 - June 2, 1907) was a federal judge in the United States.
A native of New Haven, Connecticut, Townsend attended both Yale College, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones
[1]:111
, and Yale Law School. He worked for several years as a lawyer in private practice in New Haven,
including as an attorney for the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. From 1880 to 1882, Townsend was an
alderman of the City of New Haven. From 1881 until his death, Townsend taught as a professor at Yale Law School.
In 1892, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Townsend as judge of the United States District Court for the
District of Connecticut. After Townsend served for ten years as a district judge, President Theodore Roosevelt
promoted him in 1902 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, on which Townsend served until
his death in 1907.
References
[1] The twelfth general catalogue of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iCN-AAAAIAAJ), 1917
Sources
ƒ William Kneeland Townsend (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=2402& cid=999& ctype=na&
instate=na) at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial
Center.
George Foot Moore
136
George Foot Moore
George Foot Moore (October 15, 1851 € May 16, 1931) was an eminent Asian scholar, historian of religion, author,
Presbyterian minister and accomplished teacher.
Life
Moore was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Rev. William Eves Moore and Harriet Foot Moore. He
was educated at private schools, West Chester Academy and Wyer's School, entered Yale College as a junior in
1870, then graduated from Yale in 1872,
[1]
as a Phi Beta Kappa and member of the Skull and Bones society.
:31
After
teaching at Hopkins Grammar School from 1872€73, he engaged in study and private teaching in Columbus, Ohio,
1873€74, then served as principal of Lancaster (Ohio) High School 1874-75. He studied theology in Columbus
1875-76 and graduated from Union Theological Seminary (New York) in 1877.
[2]
He was ordained to the
Presbyterian ministry at Columbus February 8, 1878 and became pastor of Putnam Presbyterian Church in
Zanesville, Ohio from 1878 to 1883. He Married Mary Soper, daughter of Albert Gallatin and Mary Ann (Chester)
Hanford on April 25, 1878, in Chicago. They had two sons, William Eves, who died in infancy, and Albert
Hanford.
[3]
In 1883 he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew at Andover Theological Seminary where he taught until 1902,
serving as president of the seminary from 1899 to 1901 and lectured on the history of religion from 1893 to 1901.
During his service to Andover, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1885 from Marietta College, Ohio
and 12 years later, from Yale University in 1897. In 1902, he became a professor at the Harvard Divinity School,
where he was appointed Frothingham Professor of the History of Religion in 1905, and Cabot Fellow for three years
beginning in 1906. During his service at Harvard he obtained a degree of Legum Doctor in 1903 from Western
Reserve University. He was a member of Harvard faculty from 1902 until retirement in 1928 and a preacher to the
University from 1900 to 1903.
[4]
Moore was a member of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft, American Philological Association,
Archaeological Institute of America, Society of Biblical Literature, among others,
[5]
In addition, he was a Fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, serving as its president from 1921€24, and was a member of the
American Oriental Society. Besides contributing many articles on Biblical and Oriental subjects in learned journals,
he wrote extensively for the "Encyclopaedia Biblica"
[6]
and served as editor of the Harvard Theological Review.
[7]
Among his books, History of Religions (1914, 1919) and Judaism (two volumes, 1927) stand out as especially
praiseworthy. Mrs. Mary Soper Moore died April 16, 1924. Moore died 7 years later due to general arteriosclerosis
and chronic myocarditis, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 16, 1931.
[8]
Works
ƒ A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges. 1895
ƒ Old Testament and Semitic studies in Memory of William Rainey Harper (cowriters William Rainey Harper,
Robert Francis Harper, Francis Brown). University of Chicago Press, 1908
ƒ The Literature of the Old Testament
[9]
. H. Holt and company, 1913
ƒ The Ingersoll Lecture, 1914, Metempsychosis
[10]
. Harvard University Press, 1914
ƒ The Birth and Growth of Religion: Being the Morse Lectures of 1922. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1923.
ƒ The Mythology of All Races Marshall Jones Co., 1916
ƒ History of Religions (Vol. I, 1913; Vol. II, 1919)
ƒ History of Religions: China, Japan, Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, India, Persia, Greece, Rome
[11]
. Scribner's, 1922
ƒ Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era 1927
George Foot Moore
137
References
[1] The Harvard graduates' magazine, Volume 15 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=TjBYAAAAYAAJ& ) Harvard Graduates' Magazine
Association, 1907
[2] ibid. Harvard graduates' magazine, V.15
[3] [3] ibid. "Obituary Record... Yale... 1930-1931"
[4] [4] ibid. "Obituary Record... Yale... 1930-1931"
[5] ibid. Harvard graduates' magazine, V.15
[6] Encyclopaedia Biblica (1903), list of contributors
[7] ibid. Harvard Divinity School... 20th Century
[8] [8] ibid. "Obituary Record... Yale... 1930-1931"
[9] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=J_E2AAAAMAAJ&
[10] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CGpHAAAAIAAJ&
[11] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=G6waAAAAYAAJ&
External links
Works written by or about George Foot Moore at Wikisource
Theodore Salisbury Woolsey
Theodore Salisbury Woolsey (October 22, 1852 € April 24, 1929) was an United States legal scholar, born at New
Haven, Connecticut, son of Theodore Dwight Woolsey. He graduated at Yale in 1872 and at Yale Law School
(1876). In 1872 he was an initiate into The Skull and Bones Society.Wikipedia:Citation needed After traveling in
Europe he was instructor in public law at Yale, and for 33 years (1878-1911) professor of international law. He was
one of the founders of the Yale Review and a frequent contributor to it. He wrote several essays which were collected
under the title America's Foreign policy (1898), and he edited Woolsey's International Law and Pomeroy's
International Law.
Woolsey married Bostonian Annie Gardner Salisbury in 1877 and they had two sons. (One of these sons, Theodore
Salisbury Woolsey, Jr., was a forestry expert.) He retired in 1911 and died of pneumonia.
Eben Alexander
138
Eben Alexander
This article is about the ambassador. For the article on his descendant, the neurosurgeon and author, see Eben
Alexander (author).
Eben Alexander (March 9, 1851 € March 11, 1910) was an American scholar, educator, dean, and ambassador.
Biography
Born in Knoxville, Tennessee to Judge Ebenezer Alexander and Margaret White McClung, Alexander attended the
University of Tennessee (then known as East Tennessee University) for two years, then matriculated to Yale in 1869
where he graduated in 1873 with an A.B. He was initiated into Yale's Skull and Bones in 1873.
:114
After graduation,
Alexander returned to Knoxville and taught Greek at the University of Tennessee, first as an instructor and then as
Professor. In 1886, he moved to the University of North Carolina, in Chapel Hill, where from 1886 to 1893 he was
Professor of Greek language and literature.
In 1893 President Grover Cleveland appointed him "Envoy Extraordinary, Minister Plenipotentiary, and Consul
General to Greece, Roumania, and Servia" [sic]. As ambassador to Greece, he helped in the revival of the Olympic
Games, making the first cash contribution to the organizing committee, encouraging the participation of American
athletes, and with his wife hosting numerous social events during the period of the games, which ran from April 6 to
April 15, 1896.
On his return from Greece, Alexander resumed teaching Greek at the University of North Carolina. He introduced
modern Greek into the curriculum and served as academic dean from 1900 or 1901 until the time of his death.
Perhaps more importantly, he worked, both before and after his time in Greece, to improve the University's library,
serving as supervisor of the University library in 1891-1893 and again from 1901 on. During his tenure as
supervisor, a new Carnegie library was built, and the University hired its first real librarian, Louis Round Wilson.
In 1905 Alexander was inducted into the Order of the Golden Fleece, an honor society at the University of North
Carolina that was modeled on Yale's Skull and Bones. During the academic year 1909-1910 Alexander's health
began to fail. He took a leave of absence in the spring of 1910, returned to Knoxville, and there died on March 11,
1910. The University of North Carolina 1911 annual yearbook, Yackety Yack, was dedicated in his memory.
Eben Alexander's father, Ebenezer Alexander, was a prominent judge in Tennessee, and his grandfather, Adam
Rankin Alexander, was the founder of Alexandria, Tennessee and a member of the House of Representatives from
1823 to 1827.
Alexander married Marion Howard-Smith in 1874, and they had four children, two sons and two daughters.
Descendents of the same name
Eben Alexander was the father, grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather of four Eben Alexanders.
He and his descendents use these generational suffixes:
ƒ Eben Alexander (1851-1910), diplomat and scholar -- progenitor
ƒ Eben Alexander, Sr., Knoxville physician•son
ƒ Eben Alexander, Jr. (or II), Chief of Neurosurgery at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem,
NC
:50€52
•grandson
ƒ Eben Alexander III, academic neurosurgeon, born December 1953, author of Proof of Heaven•great-grandson
ƒ Eben Alexander IV, studied neuroscience in college, born 1987
:12
•great-great-grandson
Eben Alexander
139
References
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Truxtun Beale
United States Minister to Greece
also accredited to Romania and
Serbia
1893-1897
Succeeded by
William W. Rockhill
Samuel O. Prentice
Samuel Oscar Prentice (born North Stonington, Connecticut, August 8, 1850; died November 2, 1924) was a
lawyer, judge, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticut.
Prentice attended the Norwich Free Academy 1866-9 and then entered Yale, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones
:1320
, graduating in 1873. He continued on to Yale Law School, graduating in 1875. Prentice was admitted to
the bar and began practice, first with the firm of Chamberlain, Hall, & White in Hartford and then in 1876 as the
junior partner in Johnson & Prentice. In 1889 he was appointed to the Superior Court by Governor Morgan G.
Bulkeley, who had employed him as executive secretary. In 1901 he was appointed to the Connecticut Supreme
Court (then called the "Supreme Court of Errors"); he was reappointed in 1909. In February 1913 he was promoted
to the position of Chief Justice, a position he held until he reached the judicial retirement age of 70 in 1920.
Prentice was a professor at the Yale Law School from 1901-15. He was involved with many charitable and
professional organizations, serving as president of the Hartford Public Library, president of the Watkinson Library,
president of the Connecticut Humane Society, and a long-time member of the state bar examining committee.
[1]
Prentice married Anne Coombe on April 24, 1901. Mrs. Prentice was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention in 1924.
References
[1] [1] Encyclopedia of Connecticut Biography, American Historical Society, 1917, p. 225-7
Frank Bigelow Tarbell
140
Frank Bigelow Tarbell
Frank Bigelow Tarbell PhD (January 1, 1853 € December 4, 1920) was a professor of Classic Studies at the
University of Chicago from 1893 until 1918. He was also an associate professor of Greek at that institution. A
historian and archeologist, Tarbell published numerous books related to his field.
Biography
Born in Groton, Massachusetts, Tarbell graduated from Lawrence Academy at Groton at the age of 16. He was
graduated in 1873 from Yale College, where he was a member of the secret society Skull and Bones.
:137
He spent
two years in Europe before returning to Yale, where he received his doctorate in 1879.
From 1876 until 1887 he taught at Yale, beginning as first tutor in Greek, then assistant professor of Greek, and
finally instructor in logic.
From 1888 until 1889, he was director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. He returned to the
United States to teach Greek at Harvard College, remaining there from 1889 until 1892. Tarbell went back to the
American School of Classical Studies to serve as secretary from 1892 until 1893.
He joined the faculty of the new University of Chicago, first as associate professor of Greek from 1893 until 1894,
then as professor of archeology until 1918, when he retired. He never married.
[1]
Professor Tarbell was one of the
faculty members chosen to lay the cornerstone for the University of Chicago Classics building on June 9, 1914.
He died following an operation in New Haven, Connecticut.
[2]
Legacy and honors
He published numerous works in his fields of history and archeology.
Bibliography
ƒ The decrees of the Demotionidai: A study of the Attic phratry (1889)
ƒ A History of Greek Art (1896)
ƒ Catalogue of Bronzes, Etc., in Field Museum of Natural History (1909)
ƒ The decrees of the Demotionidai: A study of the Attic phratry (1889)
ƒ The form of the chlamys (1906)
ƒ Illustrated catalogue of carbon prints on the rise and progress of Greek and Roman art (1899)
ƒ The rise and progress of Greek and Roman art (1901)
ƒ A signed proto-Corinthian lecythus: In the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (Revue arche„…ologique) (1902)
ƒ Three Etruscan painted sarcophagi (unknown)
References
[1] Robert Herrick, "Frank Bigelow Tarbell;" The University of Chicago Magazine, Volumes 7-8, University of Chicago 1921 (http:/ / books.
google.com/ books?id=kAQTAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA58& lpg=PA58& dq=Frank+ Bigelow+ Tarbell+ born+ in& source=bl&
ots=yyCIAc669V& sig=Z-2mi71aL1vNTct9nzQ3h4Znm8o& hl=en& ei=mt-sS-2QFMT6lwe5mZiSAQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CBcQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage& q=& f=false)
[2] Robert Herrick, "Frank Bigelow Tarbell" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kAQTAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA58& lpg=PA58& dq=Frank+
Bigelow+ Tarbell+ born+ in& source=bl& ots=yyCIAc669V& sig=Z-2mi71aL1vNTct9nzQ3h4Znm8o& hl=en&
ei=mt-sS-2QFMT6lwe5mZiSAQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CBcQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage& q=& f=false),
The University of Chicago Magazine, Volumes 7-8, University of Chicago: 1921
Frank Bigelow Tarbell
141
External links
ƒ Works by Frank Bigelow Tarbell (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Frank_Bigelow_Tarbell) at Project
Gutenberg
ƒ A History of Greek Art (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 4390)
Almet Francis Jenks
Almet Francis Jenks (May 21, 1853 - September 18, 1924) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
Life
He graduated from Yale University in 1875, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and earned an Bachelor of
Laws from Columbia University in 1877. He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1896 to 1921, and
was Presiding Justice (1911€12, 1912€1921) and Justice (1905€11) of the Appellate Division, Second Dept. In
1916, he ran on the Democratic and Independence League tickets for Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals
but was defeated by Republican/Progressive Frank H. Hiscock.
His son Almet Francis Jenks, Jr. (1892€1966) was author of The Huntsman at the Gate (1952) and The Second
Chance (1959).
[1]
References
[1] [1] "Almet Jenks." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
John Patton, Jr.
142
John Patton, Jr.
John Patton, Jr.
United States Senator from Michigan
In office
May 5, 1894 € January 14, 1895
Preceded by Francis B. Stockbridge
Succeeded by Julius C. Burrows
Personal details
Born October 30, 1850
Curwensville, Pennsylvania
United States
Died May 24, 1907 (aged 56)
Grand Rapids, Michigan
United States
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Frances (Foster) Patton
Parents John Patton
Catherine (Ennis) Patton
Alma mater Columbia University Law
School
Yale University
Phillips Academy
Profession Lawyer, Banker
John Patton, Jr. (October 30, 1850 € May 24, 1907) was a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan.
Patton, the son of John Patton and the brother of Charles Emory Patton, was born in Curwensville, Pennsylvania. He
prepared for college at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and graduated from Yale College, where he
served on the third editorial board of The Yale Record
[1]
and was a member of Skull and Bones in 1875,
[2]
After graduating from the law department of Columbia College, New York City, in 1877, he moved to Grand
Rapids, Michigan in 1878, was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced the practice of law.
He was appointed by the Governor of Michigan John T. Rich as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of Francis B. Stockbridge and served from May 5, 1894, to January 14, 1895, when a
successor was elected and qualified. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1895 to fill the vacancy, losing
to Julius Caesar Burrows.
He was then a banker and a member and later president of the Board of Library Commissioners of Grand Rapids.
John Patton, Jr.
143
He died in Grand Rapids and is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery there.
References
[1] "Record Editors". The Yale Banner. New Haven: Thomas Penney and G. D. Pettee. 1877. p. 182.
[2] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
Sources
ƒ John Patton, Jr. (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=P000141) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
United States Senate
Preceded by
Francis B. Stockbridge
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from
Michigan
1894€1895
Served alongside: James McMillan
Succeeded by
Julius C. Burrows
Edward Curtis Smith
144
Edward Curtis Smith
For other people named Edward Smith, see Edward Smith (disambiguation).
Edward Curtis Smith
Governor Edward Curtis Smith
47th Governor of Vermont
In office
October 6, 1898 € October 4, 1900
Lieutenant Henry C. Bates
Preceded by Josiah Grout
Succeeded by William W. Stickney
Personal details
Born January 5, 1854
St. Albans, VT
Died April 6, 1935 (aged 81)
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Anna Bailey James
Edward Curtis Smith (January 5, 1854 € April 6, 1935) was an American politician from the US state of Vermont.
He was a Republican. He was married to Anna Bailey James, the granddaughter of Amaziah Bailey James on
October 3, 1888, and they had four children; James Gregory, Edward Fairchild, Curtis Ripley and Anna Dorothea
Bradford.
Early life
The son of Governor J. Gregory Smith, nephew of Congressman Worthington Smith, grandson of Congressman John
Smith, and grandson of Senator Lawrence Brainerd he graduated from Yale University in 1875, and was a member
of the Skull and Bones Society. He received a law degree from Columbia University in 1877 and became an attorney
in St. Albans, Vermont. The Smith family was one of Vermont's most prominent, with business holdings in railroads,
manufacturing and other enterprises.
Edward Curtis Smith
145
Business career
Edward Smith succeeded his father as President of the Central Vermont Railroad. He was also President of Welden
National Bank, and a founder of People's Trust Bank of St. Albans and New York City's Sherman National Bank.
His other holdings included an ammunition manufacturing company and various mining ventures.
In 1876 Smith enlisted in Company D, 1st Vermont Militia Regiment, in which he served for several years.
Political career
A Republican, Smith served as a Colonel in the Vermont Militia and was a member of the Vermont House of
Representatives from 1891 to 1892, serving as Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. In 1892 he declined
the Republican nomination for Vermont State Senator from Franklin County, and in 1896 he was a delegate to the
Republican national convention.
Election as governor
In 1898 Smith received the Republican nomination for Governor. As the Republican nominee in a state that elected
only Republicans to statewide office from the 1850s to the 1960s, Smith easily won the general election and served
the one two year term available to Governors under the "Mountain Rule".
(Under the Mountain Rule, the Republican party alternated candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor
between the east and west side of the Green Mountains, identified nominees years in advance, and restricted
governors to two years in office.
Smith was from the west side of the Green Mountains, and his predecessor, Josiah Grout and successor, William
Wallace Stickney were from the east. Republicans also apportioned the state's two U.S. Senate seats between each
side of the Green Mountains.
The Republican party maintained this rule, with few exceptions, for more than 100 years, winning every election for
Governor from the 1850s until 1960, and every U.S. Senate election from the 1850s until 1974.)
As Governor from 1898 to 1900 Smith was a strong opponent of all efforts to regulate or tax corporations.
In 1899 he officiated at the welcome home ceremony in Bennington for Admiral George Dewey, hero of the Spanish
American War. Smith was also the organizer of Old Home Week, the fair and festival designed to celebrate rural life
and the Vermont roots of Americans living in other states.
Later career
After serving as Governor Smith returned to his railroad, manufacturing and banking interests.
In 1901 he received an honorary degree from Norwich University.
Smith was active in the Society of Colonial Wars, the Sons of the American Revolution and the Vermont Historical
Society.
References
ƒ Inventory of the Smith Family Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library (http:/ / cdi. uvm. edu/
findingaids/ collection/ smithfamily. ead. xml)
ƒ National Governors Association Website (http:/ / www. nga. org/ portal/ site/ nga/ menuitem.
29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/ ?vgnextoid=7c3bf8dbc1ff6010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD)
ƒ The Smith Family of St. Albans, Vermont (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3wjt3eoLPF4C& pg=PA53&
dq="edward+ curtis+ smith"& hl=en& ei=Cp2OTcu4G9GjtgerjN2oDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&
resnum=7& ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage& q="edward curtis smith"& f=false), Genealogical and Family
Edward Curtis Smith
146
History of the State of Vermont, edited by Hiram Carleton, 1903, page 52
ƒ Biography, Edward Curtis Smith (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=tllMAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA548&
dq="edward+ curtis+ smith"& hl=en& ei=Cp2OTcu4G9GjtgerjN2oDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&
resnum=9& ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA), published in "Norwich University, 1819€1911; Her History, Her Graduates,
Her Role of Honor", by William Arba Ellis, 1911, Volume 3, page 548
ƒ Entry, Edward Curtis Smith (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=BwyqRbA-2ykC& pg=PA982&
dq="edward+ curtis+ smith"& hl=en& ei=iqCOTd2sA4-ctwflsIWzDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&
resnum=2& ved=0CC8Q6AEwATgK), published in "A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American
Revolution", published by the Society, 1902, page 982
ƒ History of Franklin and Grand Isle Counties, Vermont (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=ATATAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA715& dq="edward+ curtis+ smith"& hl=en&
ei=iqCOTd2sA4-ctwflsIWzDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDQQ6AEwAjgK),
1891, by Lewis Cass Aldrich, page 715
ƒ Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Columbia College (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=CWPOAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA221& dq="edward+ curtis+ smith"& hl=en&
ei=iqCOTd2sA4-ctwflsIWzDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=7& ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgK),
published by the college, 1888, page 221
ƒ Vermont, The Land of Green Mountains (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Fo0UAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA90&
dq="edward+ curtis+ smith"& hl=en& ei=kaGOTer1G8q4tgftppysDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&
resnum=9& ved=0CE8Q6AEwCDge), published by Vermont Secretary of State, 1913, page 90
ƒ Vermont: The Green Mountain State (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=U3YUAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA297&
dq="edward+ c+ smith"+ vermont& hl=en& ei=_KGOTbjEIdS2tweb64idDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=9& ved=0CE8Q6AEwCDgK), Walter Hill Crockett, 1921, Volume 4, page 297
ƒ Edward Curtis Smith entry (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=Smith& GSiman=1&
GScid=104038& GRid=13123052& ), Find A Grave web site, accessed March 26, 2011
Walker Blaine
147
Walker Blaine
Walker Blaine
Walker Blaine, son of James G. Blaine.
Born Walker Blaine
May 8, 1855
Augusta, Maine, U.S.
Died January 15, 1890 (aged 34)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Nationality American
Education Columbia Law School
Yale University
Occupation Lawyer
Third Assistant Secretary of State (1881-1882)
Assistant Counsel of the United States for the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims
(1882-1886)
Solicitor of the Department of State (1889-1890)
Employer United States Department of State
Political party
Republican
Parents James G. Blaine
Harriet (Stanwood) Blaine
Walker Blaine (1855-1890) was an official in the United States Department of State.
Biography
Walker Blaine was born in Augusta, Maine on May 8, 1855, the son of James G. Blaine and Harriet (Stanwood)
Blaine. In 1876, he graduated from Yale College, where he served on the third editorial board of The Yale Record
[1]
and was a member of Skull and Bones.
:144
He then earned his law degree from Columbia Law School.
After law school, Blaine joined the law office of Senator Cushman Kellogg Davis (R€Minn.) in Saint Paul,
Minnesota. In 1881, Blaine's father became the United States Secretary of State in the administration of President of
the United States James A. Garfield. Blaine's father named him Third Assistant Secretary of State, with Blaine
holding this office from July 1, 1881 until June 30, 1882. During his time as Third Assistant Secretary, Blaine and
William Henry Trescot were sent on a special diplomatic mission to South America. Following the death of Garfield
and the resignation of the older Blaine, President Chester A. Arthur appointed Walker Blaine assistant counsel of the
United States for the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims. Blaine held this office until the court's abolition
on January 1, 1886. He then moved to Chicago to practice law. In 1889, Blaine's father became Secretary of State for
Walker Blaine
148
the second time (this time in the Benjamin Harrison administration) and James G. Blaine again secured a position for
Walker Blaine in the United States Department of State, this time as Solicitor of the Department of State.
Walker Blaine died in Washington, D.C. unexpectedly on January 15, 1890, of pneumonia that followed a bout of
influenza. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington.
References
[1] "Editors Yale Record". The Yale Banner. New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, Printers. 1874. p. 78.
External links
ƒ "Walker Blaine Dead", New York Times, Jan. 15, 1890 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=F00815FA3F5F10738DDDAF0994D9405B8085F0D3)
ƒ Walker Blaine (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=10363647) at Find a Grave
ƒ The Late Walker Blaine (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=xq1CAQAAIAAJ& pg=PA76& lpg=PA76&
dq="walker+ blaine"+ "state+ department"& source=bl& ots=jFkcBfeUW4&
sig=iJAEGZ_whmVfBIZzFkuFiG_Dgi0& hl=en& sa=X& ei=jJrIUurrHsrHsASdsICQDQ&
ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q="walker blaine" "state department"& f=false), Harper's Weekly, January
25, 1890
Government offices
Preceded by
Charles Payson
Third Assistant Secretary of
State
July 1, 1881 € June 30, 1882
Succeeded by
Alvey A. Adee
Charles N. Fowler
149
Charles N. Fowler
Charles N. Fowler
Personal details
Born November 2, 1852
Died May 27, 1932 (aged 79)
Nationality American
Charles Newell Fowler, Sr. (November 2, 1852, Lena, Illinois € May 27, 1932, Orange, New Jersey) was an
American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 8th congressional district in the United States
House of Representatives from 1895 to 1903, and the 5th district from 1903 to 1911.
Biography
Fowler was born in Lena, Illinois on November 2, 1852. He attended the public schools in Lena and Beloit College.
He graduated from Yale College in 1876 where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:35
. He then attended the
University of Chicago Law School and graduated in 1878. He was admitted to the bar in 1878 and commenced the
practice of law in Beloit, Kansas. Fowler moved to Cranford, New Jersey in 1883 and to Elizabeth, New Jersey in
1891 and engaged in banking, serving as president of a mortgage company.
Fowler was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and to the seven succeeding Congresses, serving in office
from March 4, 1895 to March 3, 1911. He was chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency (Fifty-seventh
through Sixtieth Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for election to the United States
Senate in 1910.
Fowler was a member of the Republican State committee from 1898 to 1907. After leaving Congress, he resumed
banking activities at Elizabeth. He also engaged in literary pursuits and operated a group of marble quarries in
Vermont. In 1930, he moved to Orange, New Jersey, where he died on May 27, 1932. He was interred in Fairview
Cemetery in Westfield, New Jersey.
Charles N. Fowler
150
References
ƒ Charles N. Fowler (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=F000320) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Charles Newell Fowler (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ fowler. html#R9M0IX9BK) at The Political
Graveyard
ƒ Charles Newell Fowler (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6423699) at Find A
Grave
External links
ƒ Address of Hon. Charles N. Fowler of New Jersey in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, March 31, 1897
(https:/ / archive. org/ details/ addressofhonchar00fowlrich)
ƒ An American Banking System (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=9EQOAAAAYAAJ) By Charles Newell
Fowler (1916)
ƒ Seventeen Talks on the Banking Question (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nQ1DAAAAIAAJ) By Charles
Newell Fowler (1913)
ƒ The Fowler Financial and Currency Bill (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2IEaAAAAYAAJ) Speech in the
US House of Representatives by Charles Newell Fowler (1902)
ƒ The National Issues of 1916 (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ nationalissuesof00fowlrich) by Charles Newell Fowler
(1916)
ƒ The United States Reserve Bank: The Fundamental Defects of the Federal Reserve System Exposed and the
Necessary Remedy (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=_NIZAAAAYAAJ) By Charles Newell Fowler (1922)
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
John T. Dunn
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Jersey's 8th congressional district
March 4, 1895-March 3, 1903
Succeeded by
William H. Wiley
Preceded by
James F. Stewart
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Jersey's 5th congressional district
March 4, 1903-March 3, 1911
Succeeded by
William E. Tuttle, Jr.
Arthur Twining Hadley
151
Arthur Twining Hadley
Arthur Twining Hadley
President of Yale University
Term 1899 € 1921
Predecessor Timothy Dwight V
Successor James Rowland Angell
Born April 23, 1856
New Haven, Connecticut
Died March 6, 1930 (aged 73)
Kobe Harbor, Japan
Arthur Twining Hadley (April 23, 1856 € March 6, 1930) was an economist who served as President of Yale
University from 1899 to 1921.
Biography
He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of James Hadley, Professor of Greek at Yale 1851-1872, and his
wife n„e Anne Loring Morris. He graduated from Yale College in 1876, where he was a member of DKE and Skull
and Bones, and received prizes in English, classics and astronomy. He then studied political science at Yale
(1876-1877) and at Berlin (1878-1879). He was a tutor at Yale in 1879-1883, instructor in political science in
1883-1886, professor of political science in 1886-1891, professor of political economy in 1891-1899, and dean of the
Graduate School in 1892-1895. His course in economics became a favorite of undergraduates, and he wrote a classic
study of the economics of railroad transportation. He became president of Yale in 1899 • the first president who
was not a minister • and guided it through a period of expansion and consolidation.
[1]
He married Helen Harrison Morris, daughter of Luzon Buritt Morris, Governor of Connecticut, on June 30, 1891.
They had two sons, Morris and Hamilton, and one daughter, Laura.
He was commissioner of the Connecticut bureau of labour statistics in 1885-1887. As an economist he first became
widely known through his investigation of the railway question and his study of railway rates, which antedated the
popular excitement as to rebates. His Railroad Transportation, its History and Laws (1885) became a standard work,
and appeared in Russian (1886) and French (1887). He testified as an expert on transportation before the Senate
Arthur Twining Hadley
152
committee which drew up the Interstate Commerce Law, and wrote on railways and transportation for the Ninth and
Tenth Editions (of which he was one of the editors) of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. He wrote for Lalor's
Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and Political History of the United States (3 vols., 1881-1884),
for The American Railway (1888), and for The Railroad Gazette in 1884-1891, and for other periodicals. His idea of
the broad scope of economic science, especially of the place of ethics in relation to political economy and business,
is expressed in his writings and public addresses. In 1907-1908 he was Theodore Roosevelt professor of American
History and Institutions in the university of Berlin.
He was elected a director of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1913. In 1914 he lectured at the
University of Oxford on …Institutions of the United States.† In 1915 he evoked considerable discussion in the United
States by declaring that young men who looked forward to a political career should have private means so as to
avoid pecuniary temptations. In 1915 he endorsed college military camps and favoured counting military training for
a degree.
After his retirement, he and his wife went on a world cruise, visiting Europe, India, and China. As the ship was
approaching Japan, Hadley contracted pneumonia and died on shipboard, and the body was prepared in Japan for
return to New Haven and interment in Grove Street Cemetery. When the coffin was opened prior to burial, Hadley
was clothed in a yellow Japanese kimono with a samurai sword placed alongside.
Grove Street Cemetery's Egyptian Revival gateway is inscribed The Dead Shall Be Raised, and most Yale presidents
since it was built•and Hadley was no exception•have at some point quipped that the dead would most certainly be
raised if Yale needs the land. Most are now buried there.
Works
In his books, he endeavored to utilize the results of economic and political history as a basis for a working system of
ethics for a democracy like that of the United States. Among his works are:
ƒ Railroad Transportation, its History and Laws (see notice above; 1885)
ƒ Report on the Labor Question (1885)
ƒ Economics, an Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare (1896)
ƒ The Education of the American Citizen (1901)
ƒ Freedom and Responsibility (1903)
ƒ Baccalaureate Addresses (1907)
ƒ Standards of Public Morality (1907)
ƒ Some Influences in Modern Philosophic Thought (1913)
ƒ Undercurrents in American Politics (1915)
ƒ The Moral Basis of Democracy (1919)
Notes
[1] Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University, 1929-30, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, pp. 52-7.
References
ƒ Hendrick, Burton J. (June 1914). "President Hadley, of Yale" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=zegeQtMn9JsC&
pg=PA141). The World's Work: A History of Our Time XLIV (2): 141€148. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
ƒ Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). Yale: A History. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=B2aDRhohtx8C&
client=firefox-a) New Haven: Yale University Press. 10-ISBN 0-300-07843-9: 13-ISBN 978-0-300-07843-5;
OCLC 810552 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ wcpa/ oclc/ 810552)
Arthur Twining Hadley
153
External links
Works written by or about Arthur Twining Hadley at Wikisource
Academic offices
Preceded by
Timothy Dwight V
President of Yale
University
1899€1921
Succeeded by
James Rowland Angell
Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster
154
Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster
Roger Sherman Baldwin
Foster
Born April 21, 1857
Died February 22, 1924 (aged 66)
Nationality American
Alma mater Boston Latin School
University of Marburg
Yale University
Columbia Law School
Occupation Lawyer
Spouse(s) Laura Pugh Moxley
Parents Dwight Foster
Henrietta Perkins Baldwin
Relatives Roger Sherman Baldwin
Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster (April 21, 1857 - February 22, 1924) was an American lawyer. He was
instrumental in getting the charges against the Homestead Strike participants dropped.
Early life and education
Foster was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was the son of Dwight Foster and Henrietta Perkins Baldwin,
daughter of US Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin.
He attended Boston Latin School and the University of Marburg (1873-1874). In 1878, he graduated from Yale
University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and Psi Upsilon Fraternity.
In 1880, he received his L.L.B. from Columbia Law School, and was admitted to the bar. In 1883 he earned his M.A.
from Yale.
Career
He began the practice of law in New York City in 1880. In 1888, he lectured at Yale on Federal Jurisprudence. He
was appointed by Governor Flower to the Tenement House Commission in 1894.
He was the author of numerous legal pamphlets and treatises. An article he wrote for Albany Law Journal giving his
opinion that there was no precedent for treason charges against Homestead Strike participants was instrumental in
getting those charges dropped.
Foster died on February 22, 1924.
Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster
155
Family life
Fister was married to Laura Pugh Moxley.
References
Further reading
ƒ "Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.
Gale Biography In Context. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
External links
ƒ "OBITUARY RECORD OF YALE GRADUATES 1923-1924" (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ obituary_record/
1859_1924/ 1923-24. pdf). Yale University. August 1, 1924. pp. 1018€1019. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Tudor Jenks
156
Tudor Jenks
Tudor Jenks
Tudor Jenks.
Born May 7, 1857
Brooklyn, New York
Died February 11, 1922
(aged 64)
Bronxville, New York
Occupation author, editor and lawyer
Nationality United States
Period 1887 - 1922
Tudor Storrs Jenks (May 7, 1857 - February 11, 1922)
[1]
was an American author, poet, artist and editor, as well as
a journalist and lawyer. He is chiefly remembered for the popular works of fiction and nonfiction he wrote for
children and general readers.
Life and family
Jenks was born on May 7, 1857 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Grenville Tudor Jenks and Persis Sophia (Smith)
Jenks. His older brother was Almet F. Jenks, presiding justice of the appellate division of the New York Supreme
Court. His younger brother Paul E. Jenks served as American Vice Consul in Yokohama, Japan. He was a
grand-nephew of Wendell Phillips. He married, October 5, 1882, Mary Donnison Ford. They had three daughters,
Dorothy, Pauline, and Amabel, the last of whom Jenks collaborated with on a play. He lived in Bronxville, New
York, where he died at his home, of apoplexy, on February 11, 1922. He was survived by his wife and daughters.
Education
Jenks graduated from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1874, Yale University in 1878, and Columbia Law School in
1880. He studied art in Paris in the winter of 1880-1881. Among his classmates at Yale were William Howard Taft,
afterwards president of the United States, and Arthur Twining Hadley, later president of the university. During his
attendance there he became a member of Skull and Bones and Delta Kappa Epsilon.
[2]
Career
Jenks practiced law in New York City from 1881€1887, following which he served on the staff of St. Nicholas
Magazine as an associate editor from November 1887-October 1902. Afterwards he resumed law practice with the
firm of Jenks & Rogers, of which his brother Almet was the senior partner. He was also a professional writer
throughout his working life. His shorter works appeared in numerous magazines, including The American Magazine,
Tudor Jenks
157
Art World and Arts and Decoration, Book Buyer, The Bookman, The Century, Chautauquan, The Critic, Current
Opinion, The Era, Everybody's Magazine, Good Housekeeping, Harper's Bazaar, Harper's Monthly Magazine,
Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Harper's Weekly, International Studio, Journal of Education, Ladies' Home
Journal, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine, Living Age, Munsey's Magazine, Outing, St. Nicholas, The Cosmopolitan,
The Independent, The Outlook, Woman's Home Companion, and World's Work. They were extensively anthologized
during his own time. His books, almost all of them juveniles, were published by the Henry Altemus Company, A. S.
Barnes & Company, Thomas Y. Crowell & Company, Doubleday, and F.A. Stokes Co., among others. Several were
illustrated by John R. Neill. Jenks was a member of the Authors' Club.
Bibliography
Juvenile fiction
ƒ The Century World's fair book for boys and girls; being the adventures of Harry and Philip with their tutor, Mr.
Douglass, at the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) (Internet Archive e-text
[3]
)
ƒ Imaginotions; Truthless Tales (1894) (Google e-text
[4]
) (Internet Archive e-text
[5]
)
ƒ Galopoff, the Talking Pony; a story for young folks (1901)
ƒ Gypsy the Talking Dog; a story for young folks (1902)
ƒ The Defense of the Castle, a story of the siege of an English castle in the thirteenth century (1903) (Google e-text
[6]
) (Internet Archive e-text
[7]
)
ƒ Making a Start (1903)
ƒ A Little Rough Rider (1904)
ƒ The Doll That Talked (1906)
ƒ The Astrologer's Niece (1973)
Magic Wand series
ƒ The Magic Wand (1905) (Internet Archive e-text
[8]
)
ƒ Romero and Julietta (1905)
ƒ A Magician for One Day (1905) (Google e-text
[9]
)
ƒ The Prince and the Dragons (1905)
ƒ Timothy's Magical Afternoon (1905) (Google e-text
[10]
)
ƒ The Rescue Syndicate (1905)
Tudor Jenks
158
What Shall I Be? series
ƒ The Fireman (1911)
ƒ The Sailor (1911)
Short stories
ƒƒ "Prehistoric Photography"
ƒƒ "The Tongaloo Tournament"
ƒƒ "The Dragon's Story"
ƒƒ "A Duel in a Desert"
ƒƒ "The Sequel"
ƒƒ "A Lost Opportunity" (1894)
ƒƒ "The Astrologer's Niece"
ƒƒ "The Astrologer's Niece Marries"
ƒƒ "The Winning of Vanella"
ƒƒ "The Professor and the Patagonian Giant"
ƒƒ "The Prince's Councilors"
ƒƒ "Teddy and the Wolf"
ƒƒ "Little Plunkett's Cousin"
ƒƒ "Professor Chipmunk's Surprising Adventure"
ƒƒ "The Satchel"
ƒƒ "Good Neighbors"
ƒƒ "Anthony and the Ancients"
ƒƒ "A Yarn of Sailor Ben's"
ƒƒ "The Statue"
ƒƒ "The Department of Athletics" (1894)
ƒƒ "A Literary Conversation" (1898)
ƒƒ "A Novel Ruined" (1899)
ƒƒ "A Supernatural Swindle" (1899)
ƒƒ "At the Door" (1899)
ƒƒ "The Umbrella of Justice" (1901)
ƒƒ "The Detective and the Ring" (1905)
ƒƒ "The Master Passion" (1905)
ƒƒ "A Concrete Example" (1905)
ƒƒ "Why Duillius Dined at Home" (1909)
ƒƒ "A Practical Problem" (1921)
Drama
ƒƒ "Quits: a Dialogue Farce in Two Scenes" (1893)
ƒƒ "Abbie's Accounts: a Monologue" (1897)
ƒƒ "The Baron's Victim: A Mellow Drama" (with Duffield Osborne) (1898)
ƒƒ "Diplomatic Reserve: a Dialogue" (1898)
ƒƒ "Parried" (1899)
ƒƒ "At the Door: a Little Comedy" (1899)
ƒƒ "Waiting for the Ring: a Monologue" (1902)
ƒƒ "The Lady and the Telephone" (1904)
ƒ Dinner at Seven Sharp; a comedy in one act (1917) (with Amabel Jenks) (Google e-text
[11]
)
Poetry
ƒƒ "Bric-a-Brac" (1888)
ƒƒ "A Thank-ye-Ma'am (To J.W.R.)" (1889)
ƒƒ "A Reader's Choice" (1890)
ƒƒ "How Curious! Said One Little Girl to Another Little Girl" (1894)
ƒƒ "A Christmas Song" (1895)
ƒƒ "Little Miss Pigeon" (1897)
ƒƒ "Punishment" (1897)
ƒƒ "Tidy Housekeeper" (1897)
ƒƒ "New Neighbor" (1898)
ƒƒ "King and Minstrel" (1899)
ƒƒ "Immortality" (1899)
ƒƒ "A Prayer" (1899)
ƒƒ "Two Valentines" (1900)
ƒƒ "Boast Fulfilled" (1900)
ƒƒ "On the Road" (1900)
Tudor Jenks
159
ƒƒ "Pleased Customer" (1901)
ƒƒ "At Cupid's Counter" (1901)
ƒƒ "Interchange" (1901)
ƒƒ "Queen's Messenger" (1902)
ƒƒ "New Sentry and the Little Boy" (1902)
ƒƒ "A Merry-Go-Round" (1903)
ƒƒ "Little Elfin Nurse" (1903)
ƒƒ "Baby's Name" (1903)
ƒƒ "A Creed" (1903)
ƒƒ "The Battlefield" (1904)
ƒƒ "A Feat of Memory" (1904)
ƒƒ "Eternal Feminine" (1904)
ƒƒ "Three Lessons" (1905)
ƒƒ "June" (1905)
ƒƒ "Pastoral" (1905)
ƒƒ "The Very Earliest" (1905)
ƒƒ "Three Lessons" (1905)
ƒƒ "Waiting for the Train" (1905)
ƒƒ "Stop Thief!" (1906)
ƒƒ "Sold" (1906)
ƒƒ "N. E. W. S." (1906)
ƒƒ "Old Mammy Tipsytoes" (1906)
ƒƒ "Change of View" (1906)
ƒƒ "Modern Boy" (1906)
ƒƒ "Demon of Notre Dame" (1907)
ƒƒ "For Spellers" (1908)
ƒƒ "How We Say It" (1908)
ƒƒ "Months and the Jewels" (1909)
ƒƒ "The Rime of the Moderne Millionaire" (1909)
ƒƒ "Rien du Tout" (1910)
ƒƒ "Words Without Songs" (1910)
ƒƒ "Lucky Man" (1911)
ƒƒ "The Portrait and the Artist" (1912)
ƒƒ "Brave Little Girl" (1914)
ƒƒ "Little Supposing" (1914)
ƒƒ "After School" (1915)
ƒƒ "Portrait by Velasquez" (1916)
ƒƒ "Here's How!" (1916)
ƒƒ "Short Flight" (1916)
ƒƒ "In Italy" (1917)
ƒƒ "Way to the Fairies" (1917)
ƒƒ "A Timely Petition" (1917)
ƒƒ "The Song of the Collar-Button" (1917)
ƒƒ "Aquarellist Vision" (1918)
ƒƒ "Fairyland Fashions" (1919)
ƒƒ "A Summing Up" (1919)
ƒƒ "Words Without Songs" (1910)
Tudor Jenks
160
ƒƒ "Small and Early"
ƒƒ "The Spirit of the Maine"
ƒƒ "In a Library"
ƒƒ "An Old Bachelor"
Nonfiction
Biography
Lives of Great Writers
ƒ In the Days of Chaucer (1904) (Google e-text
[12]
) (Internet Archive e-text
[13]
)
ƒ In the Days of Shakespeare (1904) (Google e-text
[14]
) (Internet Archive e-text
[15]
)
ƒ In the Days of Milton (1905) (Google e-text
[16]
)
ƒ In the Days of Scott (1906) (Google e-text
[17]
)
ƒ In the Days of Goldsmith (1907) (Google e-text
[18]
)
ƒ In the Days of Bacon (1908)
Other
ƒ Captain John Smith (1904) (Internet Archive e-text
[19]
)
ƒ Captain Miles Standish (1905) (Google e-text
[20]
)
History
ƒ The Book of Famous Sieges (1909) (Google e-text
[21]
) (Internet Archive e-text
[22]
)
ƒ The Boys' Book of Explorations; true stories of the heroes of travel and discovery in Africa, Asia, Australia and
the Americas. From the "Dark Ages" to the "wonderful century" (1900) (Internet Archive e-text
[23]
)
ƒ Our army for our boys; a brief story of its organization, development and equipment from 1775 to the present day
(1906)
ƒ When America Was New (1907) (Internet Archive e-text
[24]
)
ƒ When America Won Liberty: Patriots and Royalists (1909) (Google e-text
[25]
)
ƒ When America Became a Nation (1910)
Science
ƒ Electricity for Young People (1907) (Google e-text
[26]
)
ƒ Photography for Young People (1908) (Google e-text
[27]
)
ƒ Chemistry for Young People (1909; AKA Chemistry for Beginners (1910)) (Google e-text
[28]
) (Internet Archive
e-text
[29]
)
Short works
ƒƒ "The Essay" (1893)
ƒƒ "Scraps" (1894)
ƒƒ "A Miniature Reference Library" (1894)
ƒƒ "Intercivic Humor" (1899)
ƒƒ "A Brief for the Philistine" (1906)
ƒƒ "The Best Books for Children" (1901)
ƒƒ "Can the Jury System Be Improved?" (1903)
ƒƒ "The 'American' Characteristics" (1905)
Tudor Jenks
161
Edited
ƒ Tales of Fantasy (vol. IV of Young Folks' Library) (1902) (Google e-text
[30]
) (Internet Archive e-text
[31]
)
References
[1] "Tudor Storrs Jenks." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 30
Mar. 2011.
[2] "Tudor Jenks Dies Suddenly," New York Times, Feb. 12, 1922.
[3] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ centuryworldsfai00jenk2
[4] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2DsDAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_drrb_is=q&
as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=8#v=onepage& q& f=false
[5] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ imaginotionstrut00jenk
[6] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=8kEDAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_brr=1
[7] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ defenseofcastles00jenk
[8] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ magicwand00jenk
[9] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kr83AAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_drrb_is=q&
as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=13#v=onepage& q& f=false
[10] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=FcA3AAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=&
as_drrb_is=q& as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=16#v=onepage& q& f=false
[11] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=q9E9AAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_drrb_is=q&
as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=9#v=onepage& q& f=false
[12] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=fAYFAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA1& dq=Tudor+ Jenks#PPR3,M1
[13] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ indaysofchaucer00jenk
[14] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=4QJGxXvY2csC& pg=PA1& dq=Tudor+ Jenks#PPR5,M1
[15] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ indaysofshakespe00jenk
[16] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=UNspAAAAYAAJ& dq=%22In+ the+ Days+ of+ Milton%22& printsec=frontcover& source=bl&
ots=nnEWMbwR25& sig=znJsRTRXyeSd22hpGuyiYJ6Hx2Y& hl=en& ei=Ygf7Sca9PI3ytQPQsPTyAQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=1
[17] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=SK1WqIM-1bAC& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=&
as_brr=1#PPR3,M1
[18] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=N_A-AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA1& dq=Tudor+ Jenks#PPP11,M1
[19] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ captainjohnsmith00jenk
[20] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=rMVLAAAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_brr=1
[21] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ZBG8AAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_drrb_is=q&
as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=7#v=onepage& q& f=false
[22] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ bookoffamousseig00jenk
[23] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ boysbookofexplor00jenk
[24] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ whenamericwasnew00jenkrich
[25] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=e2wAAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA1& dq=Tudor+ Jenks#PPR1,M1
[26] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=lDMJAAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=&
as_brr=1#PPR3,M1
[27] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HMsruNqpODIC& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=& as_drrb_is=q&
as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=10#v=onepage& q& f=false
[28] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6XoMAQAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Tudor+ inauthor:Jenks& lr=&
as_drrb_is=q& as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=1& as_pt=BOOKS& cd=12#v=onepage& q& f=false
[29] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ chemistryforyoun00jenkrich
[30] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=l-YDAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA1& dq=Tudor+ Jenks#PPR7,M1
[31] https:/ / archive.org/ details/ talesoffantasy00jenk
ƒ Browne, William B. Genealogy of the Jenks family of America. Concord, N.H.?: W.B. Browne, 1952.
ƒ Herringshaw, Thomas William. Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century.
Chicago: American Publishers Association, 1902.
ƒ Johnson, Rossiter, ed. Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. Boston: The
Biographical Society, 1904.
ƒ Kilmer, Joyce. "Too Many Books Spoil the Modern Child," article in The New York Times, Feb. 6, 1916.
ƒ "Tudor Jenks Dies Suddenly," article in The New York Times, Feb. 12, 1922.
Tudor Jenks
162
ƒ Who's Who in America, a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States,
1903-1905. Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company.
ƒ Who's who in New York City and State : a biographical dictionary of contemporaries. New York: W.F. Brainard,
1911.
William Howard Taft
"William Taft" redirects here. For other uses, see William Taft (disambiguation).
William Howard Taft
President Taft, March 1909
27th President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1909 € March 4, 1913
Vice President James Sherman (1909€1912)
None (1912€1913)
Preceded by Theodore Roosevelt
Succeeded by Woodrow Wilson
10th Chief Justice of the United States
In office
July 11, 1921 € February 3, 1930
Nominated by Warren Harding
Preceded by Edward White
Succeeded by Charles Hughes
Provisional Governor of Cuba
In office
September 29, 1906 € October 13, 1906
Appointed by Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by Tom‡s Estrada Palma (President)
Succeeded by Charles Magoon
William Howard Taft
163
42nd United States Secretary of War
In office
February 1, 1904 € June 30, 1908
President Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by Elihu Root
Succeeded by Luke Wright
Governor-General of the Philippines
In office
July 4, 1901 € December 23, 1903
Appointed by William McKinley
Preceded by Arthur MacArthur
Succeeded by Luke Wright
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
In office
March 17, 1892 € March 15, 1900
Nominated by Benjamin Harrison
Preceded by Seat established
Succeeded by Henry Severens
5th United States Solicitor General
In office
February 1890 € March 1892
President Benjamin Harrison
Preceded by Orlow Chapman
Succeeded by Charles Aldrich
Personal details
Born September 15, 1857
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Died March 8, 1930 (aged 72)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington, Virginia
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Helen Herron
(1886€1930; his death)
Children Robert
Helen
Charles
Alma mater Yale University
Cincinnati Law School
Profession Lawyer
Jurist
Religion Unitarian
Signature
William Howard Taft
164
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 € March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States
(1909€1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921€1930). He is the only person to have served
in both of these offices.
Before becoming President, Taft, a Republican, was appointed to serve on the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1887.
In 1890, Taft was appointed Solicitor General of the United States and in 1891 a judge on the United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft Governor-General of the
Philippines. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Taft Secretary of War in an effort to groom Taft, then
his close political ally, into his handpicked presidential successor. Taft assumed a prominent role in problem solving,
assuming on some occasions the role of acting Secretary of State, while declining repeated offers from Roosevelt to
serve on the Supreme Court.
Riding a wave of popular support for fellow Republican Roosevelt, Taft won an easy victory in his 1908 bid for the
presidency. In his only term, Taft's domestic agenda emphasized trust-busting, civil service reform, strengthening the
Interstate Commerce Commission, improving the performance of the postal service, and passage of the Sixteenth
Amendment. Abroad, Taft sought to further the economic development of nations in Latin America and Asia
through "Dollar Diplomacy", and showed decisiveness and restraint in response to revolution in Mexico. The
task-oriented Taft was oblivious to the political ramifications of his decisions, often alienated his own key
constituencies, and was overwhelmingly defeated in his bid for a second term in the presidential election of 1912. In
surveys of presidential scholars, Taft is usually ranked near the middle of lists of all American Presidents.
After leaving office, Taft spent his time in academia, arbitration, and the pursuit of world peace through his
self-founded League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, after the First World War, President Warren G. Harding appointed
Taft Chief Justice of the United States. He served in this capacity until shortly before his death in 1930.
Early life and education
Yale College photograph of Taft
William Howard Taft was born into the powerful Taft family on
September 15, 1857, near Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Louisa
Torrey and Alphonso Taft. His paternal grandfather was Peter
Rawson Taft, a descendant of Robert Taft I, the first Taft in
America, who settled in Colonial Mendon in a section known later
as Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Alphonso Taft went to Cincinnati in
1839 to open a law practice, and was a prominent Republican who
served as Secretary of War and Attorney General under President
Ulysses S. Grant.
[1]
Young William attended Cincinnati's First
Congregational-Unitarian Church with his parents; he joined the
congregation at an early age and was an enthusiastic participant.
As he rose in the government, he spent little time in Cincinnati. He
attended the church much less frequently than he had but
worshiped there when he could.
Taft attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, and laid the
cornerstone of the new Woodward High School, now the site of the
School for Creative and Performing Arts (SCPA). Like others in his family, he attended Yale College in New Haven,
Connecticut. At Yale, he was a member of the Linonian Society, a literary and debating society; Skull and Bones, the
secret society co-founded by his father, Alphonso Taft, in 1832; and the Beta chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity.
He was given the nickname "Big Lub" because of his size, but his college friends knew him by the nickname "Old
William Howard Taft
165
Bill". Taft received comments about his weight. Making positive use of his stature, Taft was Yale's intramural
heavyweight wrestling champion. In 1878, Taft graduated, ranking second in his class out of 121. After college, he
attended Cincinnati Law School, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880. While in law school, he worked on the
area newspaper The Cincinnati Commercial.
Legal career and early politics
After admission to the Ohio bar, Taft was appointed Assistant Prosecutor of Hamilton County, Ohio, based in
Cincinnati. In 1882, he was appointed local Collector of Internal Revenue. Taft married his longtime sweetheart,
Helen Herron, in Cincinnati in 1886. In 1887, he was appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. In 1890,
President Benjamin Harrison appointed him Solicitor General of the United States; at age 32, he was the
youngest-ever Solicitor General. Taft then began serving on the newly created United States Court of Appeals for the
Sixth Circuit in 1891; he was confirmed by the Senate on March 17, 1892, and received his commission that same
day. In about 1893, Taft decided in favor of the processing aluminum patents belonging to the Pittsburgh Reduction
Company, now known as Alcoa.
[2]
Along with his judgeship, between 1896 and 1900 Taft also served as the first
dean and a professor of constitutional law at the University of Cincinnati.
In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft chairman of a commission to organize a civilian government in
the Philippines which had been ceded to the United States by Spain following the Spanish€American War and the
1898 Treaty of Paris. Although Taft had been opposed to the annexation of the islands, and had told McKinley his
real ambition was to become a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, he reluctantly accepted the
appointment.
[3]
From 1901 to 1904, Taft served as the first civilian Governor-General of the Philippines, a position in which he was
very popular with both Americans and Filipinos. In 1902, Taft visited Rome to negotiate with Pope Leo XIII for the
purchase of Philippine lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Taft then persuaded Congress to appropriate
more than $7 million to purchase these lands, which he sold to Filipinos on easy terms. In 1903, President Theodore
Roosevelt offered Taft the seat on the Supreme Court to which he had for so long aspired, but he reluctantly declined
since he viewed the Filipinos as not yet being capable of governing themselves and because of his popularity among
them. This decision was one among many in Taft's career which demonstrated a compulsive dedication to the job at
hand, without regard to his self-interest. (Roosevelt actually made the offer of a seat on the Court on several different
occasions, being met with a decline every time.
[4]
) This dedication to the task at hand was the source of much
frustration of his political colleagues.
[5]
According to biographer Anderson, contrary to the belief of Roosevelt and
other allies, Taft's role as Governor-General in the Philippines did not serve to equip him with the political skills
essential for the White House.
[6]
Secretary of War (1904€1908)
William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the
Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand Opera
House.
In 1904, Roosevelt appointed Taft as Secretary of War. This
appointment allowed Taft to remain involved in the Philippines
and Roosevelt also assured Taft he would support his later
appointment to the Court, while Taft agreed to support Roosevelt
in the Presidential election of 1904.
[7]
Roosevelt made the basic
policy decisions regarding military affairs, using Taft as a
well-traveled spokesman who campaigned for Roosevelt's
reelection in 1904. Of Taft's appointment, Roosevelt said, "If only
there were three of you; I could appoint one of you to the Court,
one to the War Department and one to the Philippines." Taft met
William Howard Taft
166
with the Emperor of Japan who alerted him of the probability of war with Russia. In 1905, Taft met with Japanese
Prime Minister Katsura Tarˆ. At that meeting, the two signed a secret diplomatic memorandum now called the
Taft€Katsura Agreement. Contrary to rumor, the memorandum did not establish any new policies but instead
repeated the public positions of both nations.
[8]
On September 29, 1906, Secretary Taft initiated the Second Occupation of Cuba when he established the Provisional
Government of Cuba under the terms of the Cuban€American Treaty of Relations of 1903 (the Platt Amendment),
declaring himself Provisional Governor of Cuba.
[9]
The US sent troops to restore order in Cuba during the revolt led
by General Enrique Loynaz del Castillo, and Taft temporarily became the Civil Governor of Cuba, personally
negotiating with Castillo for a peaceful end to the revolt. On October 13, Taft was succeeded as Provisional
Governor by Charles Edward Magoon. On October 23, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 518, ratifying
the order and ordering Magoon to report to Taft through the Bureau of Insular Affairs.
Also in that year Roosevelt made his third offer to Taft of a position on the Court which he again declined out of a
sense of duty to resolve pending issues in the Philippines. Had it been for the Chief Justice seat, a different result
may well have ensued.
[10]
Taft indicated to Roosevelt he wanted to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, not
President, but there was no vacancy and Roosevelt had other plans € in 1907 he began touting Taft as the best choice
for the Presidential nomination by the party. Taft's spouse was determined to gain the White House and pressured
him not to accept a court appointment; other family members also strongly favored the Presidency for him. He gave
Taft more responsibilities along with the Philippines and the Panama Canal. For a while, Taft was Acting Secretary
of State. When Roosevelt was away, Taft was, in effect, the Acting President.
While serving as the War Secretary Taft generally concentrated on major developments, including the Philippines
and the Panama Canal, to the detriment of departmental housekeeping problems, including factionalism within the
Department, of which Roosevelt was aware.
[11]
In 1907 the Hay€Bunau-Varilla Treaty granted the U.S. construction
rights for the Panama Canal, which Roosevelt delegated to the War Department, and Taft thereby supervised the
beginning of construction on the Canal.
[12]
Taft promoted a reduction in the tariffs on sugar and tobacco in the
Philippines, a position with which Roosevelt disagreed; Taft offered to resign but this was refused by Roosevelt.
[13]
Taft also had a disagreement with Roosevelt over the latter's conclusion of an executive agreement with the
Dominican Republic, in lieu of what Taft thought should have been a treaty, requiring ratification by the Senate.
Roosevelt dismissed the complaint as "trifling", and Taft, in his usual style, let it go.
[14]
William Howard Taft
167
Presidential election of 1908
See also: United States presidential election, 1908
One of a series of candid photographs known as the
Evolution of a Smile, taken just after a formal portrait
session, while Taft learns by telephone from Roosevelt that
he has been nominated by the Republican Party for the
office of President.
Electoral votes by state, 1908.
1909 inauguration
Theodore Roosevelt became president after William McKinley
was assassinated in 1901. After getting elected president in his
own right in 1904, on election night on the lawn of the White
House, Roosevelt publicly declared he would not run for
reelection in 1908, a decision that he immediately regretted.
But he felt bound by his word. Taft was the logical successor,
but he was initially reluctant to run, as he had been earlier. As
a member of Roosevelt's cabinet, he had declared that his
future ambition was to serve on the Supreme Court, not the
White House. Taft's efforts in stumping for the party in the
1906 mid-term elections made him aware of his deficiencies as
an effective campaigner. Mrs. Taft even commented during
this time, "never did he cease to regard a Supreme Court
appointment as more desirable than the presidency."
[15]
But,Taft conceded, with his extensive involvement as the most
prominent member of the cabinet, that he was the most
"available" man;
[16]
thus he agreed that were he to be
nominated for president, he would put his personal convictions
aside and run a vigorous campaign.
[17]
At the time, Roosevelt was convinced that Taft was a genuine
"progressive" and helped push through the nomination of his
Secretary of War onto the Republican ticket on the first ballot
at the party convention.
[18]
His opponent in the general
election was William Jennings Bryan, who had run for
president twice before, in 1896 and in 1900 against William
McKinley. During the campaign, Taft undercut Bryan's liberal
support by accepting some of his reformist ideas, and
Roosevelt's progressive policies blurred the distinctions
between the parties. Bryan, on the other hand, ran an
aggressive campaign against the nation's business elite. The
Democrats referred to Taft's nomination and potential election,
pre-determined by the powerful Roosevelt, as a possible
"forced succession to the presidency."
It did not take long for Taft's markedly different style, and lack
of political acumen, to emerge. Joseph B. Foraker of Ohio,
seeking Taft's support in his senatorial re-election, made an
appearance with Taft, creating the impression Taft was allied
with the big business trusts. And when Taft failed to follow the
Hearst papers in denouncing Foraker's association with them,
Roosevelt became incensed.
[19]
Taft also showed his political
ineptness by choosing Frank Hitchcock to be Chairman of the
William Howard Taft
168
Republican Party. Hitchcock was quick to bring in men closely allied with big business, which further alienated the
progressive wing of the party.
[20]
Despite the difference in styles, Taft had demonstrated for the most part that the
substance of his policies echoed those of Roosevelt.
[21]
In the end, Taft won by a comfortable electoral margin,
giving Bryan his worst loss in three presidential campaigns. Taft defeated Bryan by 159 electoral votes; however, he
garnered just 51% of the popular vote.
[22]
Mrs. Taft was quoted quite prophetically, saying that, "There was nothing
to criticize, except his not knowing or caring about the way the game of politics is played."
[23]
Presidency, 1909 € 1913
Taft did not enjoy the easy relationship with the press that Roosevelt had, choosing not to offer himself for
interviews or photo opportunities as often as the previous president had done. When a reporter informed him he was
no Teddy Roosevelt, Taft replied that his main goal was to "try to accomplish just as much without any noise". Taft
even made executive decisions (see below) demonstrating his indifference with the press. Indeed, Taft's
administration marked a change in style from the political charisma of Roosevelt to the passion of Taft for the rule of
law.
[24]
Taft, in fashioning his cabinet, showed also that he was not unwilling to depart to some degree from
Roosevelt's progressivism; he named an anti-progressive, Philander Chase Knox Secretary of State, who had primary
influence over other appointments.
[25]
Taft considered himself a progressive, in part from his belief in an expansive use of the rule of law, as the prevailing
device that should be actively used by judges and others in authority to solve society's, and even the world's,
problems. But his devotion to the law also often made Taft a slave to precedent, and less adroit in politics than
Roosevelt; he therefore lacked the flexibility, creativity and personal magnetism of his mentor, not to mention the
publicity devices, the dedicated supporters, and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable.
The divergent views of the two men over the powers of the executive is well articulated in their respective memoirs.
In summary, Roosevelt for his part believed 'the President has not just a right but a duty to do anything demanded by
the needs of the nation, unless such action is forbidden by the Constitution or federal law." Taft's general opinion on
the other hand was that "the President can exercise no power which cannot fairly be traced to some specific grant of
power in the Constitution or act of Congress."
[26]
William Howard Taft
169
Domestic policies and politics
Official White House portrait of William Howard Taft,
painted in 1911 by Anders Zorn
Keller argues that "Taft in his way was a Progressive president,
surpassing TR in antitrust suits and subscribing to an
administrative more than political model of the presidency." Taft,
however, increasingly came to blows with the Progressive faction
of the GOP, which looked to Roosevelt or LaFollette for
leadership. Taft thus increasingly depended on the conservative
faction of his party.
When President Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would
divide the Republican Party, he assumed a low profile on that
issue. Taft ignored the political dynamite and kept the tariff rates
on his agenda (he had raised expectations of lower rates in the
campaign); he passively encouraged congressional reformers to
draft bills including lower rates, while broadcasting a willingness
to compromise with conservative leaders in the Congress, who
wanted to keep tariff rates high. Taft described this approach as his
"policy of harmony" with the Congress.
[27]
The President
displayed a more aggressive role early in the drafting of tariff
legislation as it regarded the Philippines. He also assumed a similar
role in pushing for a corporate income tax. On other matters, he
was content to wait until legislation reached its final stage in a joint House€Senate conference committee. Once
there, however, he jumped in with both feet, calling each and every member of the committee for a one-on-one
meeting at the White House. The resulting tariff rates in the Payne€Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 were too high for the
progressives, based in part on Taft's campaign promises; but instead of blaming the act's shortcomings on Senator
Nelson W. Aldrich and big business, Taft claimed the responsibility, calling it the best bill to come from the
Republican Party. Again, due to his results-oriented style, politically he had managed to alienate all sides.
[28]
The
Bureau of Trade Relations later concluded the act overall was moderately successful in lowering rates.
[29]
Congress
refused however to fund the Tariff Board which the President included in the Payne€Aldrich Bill, which would have
removed the setting of rates from direct continual Congressional manipulation.
[30]
Taft was less likely to speak critically of big business than Roosevelt. Nevertheless, his rule of law orientation
resulted in the filing of 90 antitrust suits during his administration, compared to 54 such suits by Roosevelt's
two-term Justice Department. Taft's efforts included one suit against the country's largest corporation, U.S. Steel, for
the acquisition of a Tennessee company during Roosevelt's tenure.
[31]
The lawsuit even named Roosevelt personally
without Taft's knowledge. This was responsible for a complete break with Roosevelt.
[32]
Progressives within the
Republican Party began to actively oppose Taft. Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin created the National
Progressive Republican League to replace Taft on the national level; although, his campaign crashed after a
disastrous speech. Most of LaFollette's supporters went over to Roosevelt. The business community and the
conservative wing of the party were also alienated from Taft and contributions to the GOP dried up.
[33]
Taft's administration got a political boost after 25 western railroads announced an intent to raise rates by 20%, and
Taft responded, first with a threat to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act against them; he then negotiated a settlement
whereby they agreed to submit delayed rate requests to a new Interstate Commerce Commission having authority
over rate requests.
[34]
In late 1911, President Taft called for a …central organization in touch with associations and chambers of commerce
throughout the country.† Just four months later, on April 22, 1912, Taft created the United States Chamber of
Commerce as a counterbalance to the rise of the labor movement at the time.
William Howard Taft
170
Taft's obsession with the law over politics created more trouble for him in the well noted dispute between his Interior
Secretary, Richard Achilles Ballinger, and the Chief of the Forestry Service, Gifford Pinchot. Ballinger's job was to
assure the proper legal form of land withdrawals made from the private sector as part of Roosevelt's conservation
policy. Ballinger's review in many instances concluded that the legalities were lacking and lands had to be returned
to private owners. Pinchot led the objections to these returns, and even convinced an Interior Department
subordinate, Louis Glavis, to bring an accusation against Ballinger for fraud and collusion with corporate timber
interests. Taft refused to intervene until the resulting discord in the cabinet forced him to act. The President reviewed
the matter, then fired Glavis and Pinchot; Ballinger also tendered his resignation, which would have further served to
end the matter were it not for Taft's refusal to accept it. By that time the political damage had been done, with further
alienation of the Progressives from the administration.
Taft, ever reluctant to dismiss cabinet members, nevertheless used the resignations of Ballinger and War Secretary
Dickinson to modify the complexion of the cabinet by appointing more progressive Republicans. Walter L. Fisher,
from the National Conservation League and an ally of Pinchot, replaced Ballinger. Henry L. Stimson, another
progressive, replaced Dickinson.
[35]
Taft's overriding concern in making most appointments, however, was ability
and experience, not party or faction alignment. This was particularly the case with respect to judiciary appointments,
specifically in the south, where Taft felt the courts were the weakest.
[36]
Taft's high standards, which reduced the
influence of Senatorial courtesy in the selection process, resulted in the placement of over one hundred well qualified
federal judges.Wikipedia:Citation needed Nevertheless, in the process Taft passed up yet another opportunity to
embolden himself politically through the use of patronage.
[37]
In the area of federal spending, Taft initiated reforms which would revolutionize the Executive's role in the federal
government's budget process. Previously, each executive department presented to the Treasury Dept. its own expense
estimates, which were then forwarded to the Congress. Taft ordered each department to begin submitting its requests
to the cabinet for review. The first such round of requests and cabinet reviews resulted in a reduction of $92 million,
representing the first actual presidential budget in modern history.
[38]
Taft then requested, and received, approval and
funding to create the Commission on Economy and Efficiency to study the budgeting process. The study
recommended the President be required early in the Congressional session to present the legislature with a
comprehensive budget. This recommendation ultimately became law with passage of the Budget and Accounting Act
of 1921.
[39]
Taft's "policy of harmony" with Congress facilitated passage of most of his legislative program. Nevertheless, in the
1910 midterm elections, the Democrats assumed control of the House for the first time in 16 years. At the same time,
in the Senate, while the Republicans retained their majority, they lost 8 seats.
[40]
Corporate income tax
To solve an impasse during the 1909 tariff debate, Taft proposed income taxes for corporations and a constitutional
amendment to remove the apportionment requirement for taxes on incomes from property (taxes on dividends,
interest, and rents), on June 16, 1909. His proposed tax on corporate net income was 1% on net profits over $5,000.
It was designated an excise on the privilege of doing business as a corporation whose stockholders enjoyed the
privilege of limited liability, and not a tax on incomes as such. In 1911, the Supreme Court, in Flint v. Stone Tracy
Co., upheld the tax. Receipts grew from $21 million in the fiscal year 1910 to $34.8 million in 1912.
In July 1909, a proposed amendment to allow the federal government to tax incomes was passed unanimously in the
Senate and by a vote of 318 to 14 in the House. It was quickly ratified by the states, and on February 3, 1913, it
became a part of the Constitution as the Sixteenth Amendment.
William Howard Taft
171
Blacks and immigrants
Taft met with Booker T. Washington and publicly endorsed his program for uplifting the African American race,
advising them to stay out of politics at the time and emphasize education and entrepreneurship. A supporter of free
immigration, Taft vetoed a law passed by Congress and supported by labor unions that would have restricted
unskilled laborers by imposing a literacy test.
[41]
Foreign policy
See also: Dollar Diplomacy and Argentine participation in the South American dreadnought race
President William Howard Taft
The President surprised the diplomatic arena with his early
dismissal of one of the State Department's most experienced
diplomats, Henry White, the Ambassador to France. The only
suspected reason for this decision was that White was thought to
have somehow slighted the President and his wife 25 years earlier
on their honeymoon in Europe. Taft was oblivious to the serious
damage that this decision caused his political reputation.
[42]
(The
following year White accepted Taft's appointment to head a
delegation to the Pan-American Conference in Buenos Aires.)
The President made it a top priority to reorganize the State
Department, saying, "It is organized on the basis of the needs of
the government in 1800 instead of 1900."
[43]
The Department was
for the first time organized into geographical divisions, including
the Far East, the Near East, Latin America and Western Europe.
This reorganization was engineered in large part by Secretary of
State Knox's First Assistant Secretary, Huntington Wilson, who
served as de facto Secretary of State due to the frequent absence of
Knox. Again displaying his inept administrative leadership, Taft,
while not sharing any of Knox's respect for Wilson's ability, deferred to much of Wilson's policy making.
[44]
The President personally engaged in talks with the Chinese to provide American assistance in the expansion of the
Chinese railroad industry; this was accomplished through participation in the multi-national Hukuang Loan. The
effort was dubbed "shirt sleeves diplomacy".
[45]
Initial success in China led to an extended effort by the President to
effect the Open Door Policy, particularly in Manchuria; this was not successful due in large part to the President's
reliance on the inexperienced Knox, who failed to properly assess the objections of Japan and Russia.
[46]
Taft actively promoted the nation's role in the economic development of Latin America, specifically through the
Honduras and Nicaragua conventions. The concept, referred to as "Dollar Diplomacy", called for the State
Department to coordinate loans to the countries for infrastructure improvement from the largest banks in the U.S.
Strategically, this was designed to strengthen security for the Panama Canal, increase American trade, and diminish
the presence of European nations in the area. Progressives and Insurgent Republicans in the Senate opposed the Wall
Street connection, so the effort was largely a failure.
[47]
The President was more successful in Argentina, where
agreements were reached whereby the U.S. provided loans to enable Argentina to acquire battleships; some naval
construction and design secrets were sacrificed in the arrangement.
[48]
Another of Taft's goals was the furtherance of world peace. He believed that international arbitration between
adversarial nations could be utilized as the best means to avoid armed conflict. This was a logical extension of his
boundless faith in the rule of law as a Progressive, and it therefore even superseded U.S nationalism as embodied in
the Constitution. Hence, he found no objection to surrendering to an international body jurisdiction over the nation's
rights in international affairs. As a result, he championed arbitration treaties with Britain and France.
[49]
The Senate
William Howard Taft
172
was not prepared to make such a surrender of the nation's interests, and approved the treaties but only with
modifications that provided the Senate with a veto over any decisions made in arbitration.
[50]
In the 1911 Congressional session Taft's most potentially notable achievement was approval of a reciprocity
agreement with Canada which proposed to drastically lower trade barriers. The passage was accomplished with the
cooperation of some Democrats, and at a considerable cost of Republican unity.
[51]
The President confessed to
Roosevelt "I think it may break the Republican party for a while." Taft also responded to criticism from party
leaders, saying, "I do not give a tinker's dam whether it injures my political prospects or not."
[52]
Despite the
potential benefits of the agreement to the country, which Roosevelt as well understood and anticipated, all was for
naught when the Canadian legislature refused to approve it.
[53]
No foreign affairs controversy tested Taft's statesmanship and commitment to peace more than the uprising in
Mexico against the authoritarian regime of the aging Porfirio Diaz, which had attracted billions in capital investment
for economic development, much of it from the U.S.
[54]
Anti-regime (and anti-American) riots began in 1910 and
were reported by Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson to Knox, who failed to pass the information on to the President.
Some months later Wilson met with Taft (Knox was out of town on vacation), and upon hearing the information, the
President immediately and unilaterally ordered a mobilization of 25,000 troops to the Mexican border as well as
naval maneuvers in the Gulf of Mexico. Taft publicly directed that no intervention of troops into Mexico was to
occur without Congressional authorization.
[55]
The President's restraint in the name of peace was difficult to
maintain; in Arizona two citizens were killed and almost a dozen injured as a result of the uprising; but Taft would
not be goaded into fighting and so instructed the Arizona governor.
[56]
1912 presidential campaign and election
See also: United States presidential election, 1912
Taft and Roosevelt € political enemies in 1912
The results of the 1910 elections made it clear to the President that
Roosevelt had departed his camp, and that he might even contend
for the party nomination in 1912.
[57]
On his return from Europe,
Roosevelt openly broke with Taft in one of the notable political
feuds of the 20th century. To the surprise of observers who thought
Roosevelt had unstoppable momentum, Taft determined he would
not simply step aside for the popular ex-President, despite the
diminished support he had in the party. Taft acknowledged this,
saying, "the longer I am President, the less of a party man I seem to
become."
[58]
Roosevelt declared his candidacy for the Republican
nomination in February 1912; Taft soon decided that he would
focus on canvassing for delegates and not attempt at the outset to
take on the more able campaigner one on one.
[59]
As Roosevelt
became more radical in his progressivism, Taft was hardened in his
resolve to achieve re-nomination, as he was convinced that the
Progressives threatened the very foundation of the government.
[60]
Taft ultimately outmaneuvered Roosevelt and Senator Robert M.
La Follette, Sr. in delegate count, regained control of the GOP
convention; and defeated Roosevelt for the nomination.
[61]
Roosevelt and his group of disgruntled party delegates and members bolted from the party to create the Progressive
Party (or "Bull Moose") ticket, splitting the Republican vote in the 1912 election. Taft thought that, despite probable
defeat, the party had been preserved as "the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions." He
also felt that the expected defeat would remind the party of the need for self-discipline in the face of populist
rancor.
[62]
Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat, was elected with 41% of the popular vote; Roosevelt got 27%, and Taft
William Howard Taft
173
garnered 23%. Taft won a mere eight electoral votes, in Utah and Vermont, making it the worst defeat in American
history of an incumbent President seeking reelection.
[63]
The defeated President had long ago acknowledged his weakness as a campaigner and as well his failure to do the
necessary political housekeeping when decisions were made. He also refused to recognize the need to publicize his
policies and decisions, saying "After I have made a definite statement, I have to let it go at that until the time for
action arises."
[64]
Taft's indifference towards the press even extended to legislation, where he failed to recognize the
press' need for reduced tariffs on print paper and wood pulp.
[65]
He further alienated the press when recommending
that a deficit in the post office be reduced by eliminating the lower second class rates afforded to magazines and
newspapers.
[66]
Taft commented as follows on the state of his party after the election, "...it behooves the Republicans
to gather again to the party standard and pledge anew their faith in their party's principles and to organize again to
defend the constitutional government handed down to us by our fathers. Without compromising our principles, we
must convince and win back former Republicans, and we must reinforce our ranks with Constitution-loving
Democrats."
[67]
In spite of his failure to be re-elected, Taft achieved what he felt were his main goals as President: keeping
permanent control of the party and keeping the courts sacrosanct until they were next threatened. While the strife
during the election of 1912 devastated the once very close friendship between Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, the two
eventually did reconcile not long before Roosevelt's death in 1919.
[68]
Administration and cabinet
The Taft Cabinet
Office Name Term
President William Howard Taft 1909€1913
Vice President James S. Sherman 1909€1912
none 1912€1913
Secretary of State Philander C. Knox 1909€1913
Secretary of Treasury Franklin MacVeagh 1909€1913
Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson 1909€1911
Henry L. Stimson 1911€1913
Attorney General George W. Wickersham 1909€1913
Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock 1909€1913
Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer 1909€1913
Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger 1909€1911
Walter L. Fisher 1911€1913
Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson 1909€1913
Secretary of Commerce & Labor Charles Nagel 1909€1913
William Howard Taft
174
President William H. Taft's first cabinet, 1910
President William H. Taft's second cabinet, 1912
(photographed by Harris & Ewing photo studio)
Taft picked Edward Douglass White to be Chief
Justice of the United States.
Main article: William Howard Taft judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Taft appointed the following justices to the Supreme Court of the
United States:
ƒ Horace Harmon Lurton € 1909
ƒ Charles Evans Hughes € 1910
ƒ Edward Douglass White € Chief Justice € 1910
ƒ Willis Van Devanter € 1911
ƒ Joseph Rucker Lamar € 1911
ƒ Mahlon Pitney € 1912
Taft's six appointments to the Court rank below only those of
George Washington (who appointed all six justices to the first
Court), and of Franklin D. Roosevelt (who was president for just
over twelve years) and equals that of Andrew Jackson. Taft's
appointment of five new justices tied the number appointed by
both Dwight D. Eisenhower and Abraham Lincoln. Four of Taft's
appointees were relatively young, aged 48, 51, 53, and 54.
The appointments of Edward Douglass White and Charles Evans Hughes also are notable because Taft essentially
appointed both his predecessor and successor Chief Justices, respectively. Already on the Court as an associate
justice since 1894, White was the first Chief Justice to be elevated from an associate justiceship since President
George Washington appointed John Rutledge to Chief Justice in 1795. Hughes initially was appointed an Associate
Justice, but later resigned to run as the Republican Party's presidential candidate in the 1916 election, which he
would lose. President Herbert Hoover renominated Hughes to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice following Taft's
retirement.
William Howard Taft
175
Other judicial appointments
Besides his Supreme Court appointments, Taft appointed 13 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 38
judges to the United States district courts. Taft also appointed judges to various specialty courts, including the first
five appointees each to the United States Commerce Court and the United States Court of Customs Appeals. The
Commerce Court was abolished in 1913; Taft was thus the only President to appoint judges to that body.
States admitted to the Union
ƒ New Mexico: January 6, 1912
ƒ Arizona: Taft insisted that the recall provision for judges be removed from the state constitution before he would
approve it. After it was removed, Taft signed the statehood bill on February 14, 1912, and state residents promptly
put the provision back in.
Post-presidency
Upon leaving the White House in 1913, Taft was appointed the Chancellor Kent Professor of Law and Legal History
at Yale Law School. While at Yale, Taft was initiated as an honorary member of the Acacia Fraternity. At the same
time, Taft was elected president of the American Bar Association. He spent much of his time writing newspaper
articles and books, most notably his series on American legal philosophy. He was a vigorous opponent of prohibition
in the United States, predicting the undesirable situation that the Eighteenth Amendment would create.
[69]
He also
continued to advocate world peace through international arbitration, urging nations to enter into arbitration treaties
with each other and promoting the idea of a League of Nations even before the First World War began. Taft was
elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914. Additionally, he lectured on Legal Ethics
at Boston University from 1918 to 1921.
When World War I did break out in Europe in 1914, however, Taft founded the League to Enforce Peace. He was a
co-chairman of the powerful National War Labor Board between 1917 and 1918.
Taft also supported the war effort by joining the Connecticut Home Guard, an organization formed to perform many
of the in-state duties of the National Guard while the National Guard was deployed overseas.
[70][71]
Although he continually advocated peace, he strongly favored conscription once the United States entered the War,
pleading publicly that the United States not fight a "finicky" war. He feared the war would be long, but was for
fighting it out to a finish, given what he viewed as "Germany's brutality."
William Howard Taft
176
Chief Justice, 1921€1930
Taft as Chief Justice, ca. 1921
Nomination
Check signed by Taft on this first day as Chief Justice of the
United States.
On June 30, 1921, following the death of Chief Justice
Edward Douglass White (whom Taft himself had
nominated), President Warren G. Harding nominated Taft
to take his place. For a man who had once remarked,
"there is nothing I would have loved more than being
chief justice of the United States" the nomination to
oversee the highest court in the land was like a dream
come true. There was little opposition to the nomination,
and the Senate approved him 60-4 in a secret session on
the day of his nomination, but the roll call of the vote has
never been made public.
[72]
Taft received his commission immediately and readily took up the position, taking the
oath of office on July 11, and serving until 1930. As such, he became the only President to serve as Chief Justice,
and thus the only former President to swear in subsequent Presidents, giving the oath of office to both Calvin
Coolidge (in 1925) and Herbert Hoover (in 1929).
Taft enjoyed his years on the court and was respected by his peers. Justice Felix Frankfurter once remarked to Justice
Louis Brandeis that it was "difficult for me to understand why a man who is so good a Chief Justice...could have
been so bad as President." Taft remains the only person to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the
United States government. He considered his time as Chief Justice to be the highest point of his career; allegedly, he
once remarked "I do not remember that I was ever President".
William Howard Taft
177
Chief Justice Taft with President Warren G. Harding
and former Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln,
May, 1922
Accomplishments
In 1922, Taft traveled to England to study the procedural structure
of the English courts and to learn how they dropped such a large
number of cases quickly. During the trip, King George V and
Queen Mary received Taft and his wife as state visitors.
With what he had learned in England, Taft decided to advocate the
introduction and passage of the Judiciary Act of 1925, which shifts
the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction to be largely
discretionary upon review of litigants' petitioning to be granted an
appeal (see also writ of certiorari). This allowed the Supreme Court
to give preference to what they believed to be cases of national
importance and allowed the Court to work more efficiently.
Besides giving the Supreme Court more control over its docket, supporting new legislation, and organizing the
Judicial Conference, Taft gave the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice general supervisory power over the scattered
and disorganized federal courts.
The legislation also brought the courts of the District of Columbia and of the Territories (and soon, the
Commonwealths of the Philippines and Puerto Rico) into the federal court system. This united the courts for the first
time as an independent third branch of government under the administrative supervision of the Chief Justice. Taft
was also the first Justice to employ two full-time law clerks to assist him.
In 1929, Taft successfully argued in favor of the construction of a separate and spacious Supreme Court building,
reasoning that the Supreme Court needed to distance itself from the Congress as a separate branch of the federal
government. Until then, the Court had heard cases in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol; the Justices had no
private chambers there, and their conferences were held in a room in the Capitol's basement. The building was
completed in 1935, five years after Taft's death, and remains the seat of the Supreme Court to this day.
Opinions
See also: List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court
While Chief Justice, Taft wrote the opinion for the Court in 256 cases out of the Court's ever-growing caseload. His
philosophy of constitutional interpretation was essentially historical contextualism. Some of his more notable
opinions include:
The U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. Taft is seated in the
bottom row, middle.
ƒ Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298
[73]
(1922) (opinion for the
Court)
ƒ Ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply the
criminal provisions of the Bill of Rights to overseas
territories. This was one of the more famous of the Insular
Cases.
ƒ Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20
[74]
(1922) (opinion
for the Court)
ƒ Holding the 1919 Child Labor Tax Law unconstitutional.
ƒ Hill v. Wallace, 259 U.S. 44
[75]
(1922) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Holding the Future Trading Act an unconstitutional use of
Congress's taxing power
ƒ Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525
[76]
(1923) (dissenting opinion)
William Howard Taft
178
ƒ Disapproving of the Court's upholding of Lochner v. New York. In 1937, the Supreme Court agreed with Taft
and overruled this decision permanently.
ƒ Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen, 262 U.S. 1
[77]
(1923) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Upholding the constitutionality of the Grain Futures Act under the Commerce Clause
ƒ Ex Parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87
[78]
(1925) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Holding that the President's pardon power extends to pardoning people held for criminal contempt. While the
Supreme Court rules provide for issuing writs of habeas corpus within the Court's original jurisdiction, Taft's
opinion in Grossman was the last time the Court did so.
ƒ Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132
[79]
(1925) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Holding that police searches of automobiles without a warrant do not violate the Fourth Amendment when the
police have probable cause to believe that contraband would be found in the automobile
ƒ Samuels v. McCurdy, 267 U.S. 188
[80]
(1925) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Holding that a prohibition on an item formerly possessed legally is not an ex post facto law, because its
possession is an ongoing condition.
ƒ Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52
[81]
(1926) (opinion for the Court)
ƒƒ Ruling that the President of the United States had the power to unilaterally dismiss Executive Branch
appointees who had been confirmed by the Senate.
ƒ United States v. General Electric Co., 272 U.S. 476
[82]
(1926) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Ruling that a patentee who has granted a single license to a competitor to manufacture the patented product
may lawfully fix the price at which the licensee may sell the product.
ƒ Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78
[83]
(1927) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prohibit Mississippi's prevention of Asian children attending
white schools during racial segregation. The Supreme Court overruled this opinion in 1954.
ƒ Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438
[84]
(1928) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Ruling that the judicial practice of excluding evidence obtained without a warrant was based on the Fourth
Amendment's proscription on unreasonable search and seizure but did not apply to telephone wiretapping.
ƒ Wisconsin v. Illinois, 278 U.S. 367
[85]
(1929) (opinion for the Court)
ƒƒ Holding that the equitable power of the United States can be used to impose positive action on the states in a
situation where non-action would result in damage to the interests of other states.
ƒ Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 279 U.S. 716
[86]
(1929) (opinion for the Court)
ƒ Holding that where a third party pays the income tax owed by an individual, the amount of tax paid constitutes
additional income to the taxpayer.
Medical conditions and weight
Taft is often remembered as being the most obese president.
[87]
He was 5 feet, 11.5 inches tall; his weight peaked at
335€340 pounds (150 kg) toward the end of his Presidency. The truth of the often-told story of Taft getting stuck in
a White House bathtub is unclear.
[88]
Evidence from eyewitnesses, and from Taft himself, strongly suggests that during his presidency he had severe
obstructive sleep apnea. His chief symptom was somnolence. While President, he fell asleep during conversations,
and at the dinner table, and even while standing. He was also strikingly hypertensive, with a systolic blood pressure
over 200.
Within a year of leaving the presidency, Taft lost approximately 80 pounds (36 kg). His somnolence problem
resolved and, less obviously, his systolic blood pressure dropped 40€50 mmHg (from 210 mmHg). Undoubtedly,
this weight loss extended his life.
William Howard Taft
179
Soon after his weight loss, he had a revival of interest in the outdoors; this led him to explore Alaska. Beginning in
1920, Taft used a cane; this was a gift from Professor of Geology W. S. Foster, and was made of 250,000-year-old
petrified wood.
[89]
Death and legacy
Taft's headstone at Arlington National Cemetery
Taft retired as Chief Justice on February 3, 1930, because of ill
health. Charles Evans Hughes, whom he had appointed as an
Associate Justice while President, succeeded him as Chief Justice.
Five weeks following his retirement, Taft died on March 8, 1930,
the same date as Associate Justice Edward Terry Sanford's
unexpected death. As it was customary for members of the court to
attend the funeral of deceased members, this posed a "logistical
nightmare", necessitating traveling immediately from Knoxville,
Tennessee for Sanford's funeral to Washington for Taft's
funeral.
[90][91]
The house at which Taft died is now the diplomatic
mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United
States.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Three days following his death, on March 11, he became the first
president and first Chief Justice to be buried at Arlington National
Cemetery.
[92]
James Earle Fraser sculpted his grave marker out of
Stony Creek granite. Taft is one of two presidents buried at
Arlington National Cemetery (the other is John F. Kennedy), and is
one of four Chief Justices buried there (Earl Warren, Warren E.
Burger, and William Rehnquist are the others). As a former president, Taft was the only Chief Justice to have had a
state funeral.
In 1938, a third generation of the Taft family entered the national political stage with the election of the former
President's oldest son Robert A. Taft I to the Senate, where he became a leader of the conservative Republicans.
President Taft's other son, Charles Phelps Taft II, served as the mayor of Cincinnati from 1955 to 1957.
Two more generations of the Taft family later entered politics. The President's grandson, Robert Taft, Jr., served a
term as a Senator from Ohio from 1971 to 1977, and the President's great-grandson, Robert A. "Bob" Taft II, served
as the Governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007. William Howard Taft III was the U.S. ambassador to Ireland from 1953
to 1957.
William Howard Taft IV was the general counsel in the former United States Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare in the 1970s, was the Deputy Secretary of Defense under Caspar Weinberger and Frank Carlucci in the
1980s, and acted as the United States Secretary of Defense during its vacancy from January to March 1989. In
addition, he served as Legal Adviser at the Department of State from 2000 to 2006.
President Taft's enduring legacy includes many things named after him. The William Howard Taft National Historic
Site is the Taft boyhood home. The house in which he was born has been restored to its original appearance. It
includes four period rooms reflecting family life during Taft's boyhood, and second-floor exhibits highlighting Taft's
life.
[93]
Others include the courthouse of the Ohio Court of Appeals for the First District in Cincinnati; streets in
Cincinnati, Arlington, Virginia; and Taft Avenue in Manila, Philippines; a law school in Santa Ana, California;
[94]
and high schools in San Antonio, Texas; Woodland Hills, California; Chicago, Illinois; and The Bronx. Taft, Eastern
Samar, a town in the Philippines was named after him. After a fire burned much of the town of Moron, California, in
the 1920s, it was renamed Taft, California, in his honor.
William Howard Taft
180
George Burroughs Torrey painted a portrait of him. Taft is the last President to have sported facial hair while in
office.
Media
Notes
[1] [1] Anderson 1973, p. 6.
[2] [2] and
[3] [3] Anderson 1973, p. 7.
[4] [4] Anderson 1973, p. 11.
[5] [5] Anderson 1973, p. 8.
[6] [6] Anderson 1973, p. 9.
[7] [7] Anderson 1973, p. 12.
[8] See Raymond A. Esthus, "The Taft-Katsura Agreement € Reality or Myth?" Journal of Modern History 1959 31(1): 46€51 in JSTOR (http:/ /
www.jstor. org/ stable/ 1871772); and Jongsuk Chay, "The Taft-Katsura Memorandum Reconsidered," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 37,
No. 3 (Aug. 1968), pp. 321€326 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 3636866)
[9] Records of the Provisional Government of Cuba (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ guide-fed-records/ groups/ 199. html), National
Archives and Records Administration. "Established: By a proclamation of the Secretary of War, September 29, 1906, under general authority
of the Permanent Treaty of 1903 between the United States and the Republic of Cuba, with oversight responsibilities assigned to the Bureau of
Insular Affairs (War Department) by EO 518, October 23, 1906. ... History: Military Government of Cuba established by Maj. Gen. John R.
Brooke, December 28, 1898, as a consequence of U.S. invasion and occupation of Cuba in the Spanish-American War, in accordance with
Presidential order published in General Order 184, Headquarters of the Army, December 13, 1898. Spanish colonial administration formally
terminated, January 1, 1899. Republic of Cuba established by transfer of sovereignty, May 20, 1902. Domestic unrest in Cuba led to the
proclamation of September 29, 1906, which designated Secretary of War William H. Taft as Provisional Governor of Cuba. Taft succeeded as
Provisional Governor by Charles E. Magoon, October 13, 1906. EO 518, October 23, 1906, ordered Governor Magoon to report to the
Secretary of War through the Bureau of Insular Affairs. Military government terminated January 28, 1909."
[10] [10] Anderson 1973, p. 16.
[11] [11] Anderson 1973, p. 13.
[12] [12] Anderson 1973, p. 17.
[13] [13] Anderson 1973, p. 14.
[14] [14] Anderson 1973, p. 20.
[15] [15] Anderson 1973, p. 37.
[16] [16] Anderson 1973, p. 40.
[17] [17] DeGregorio, William (1993). The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. New York: Wings Books. p. 398.
[18] [18] Anderson 1973, p. 38.
[19] [19] Anderson 1973, p. 43.
[20] [20] Anderson 1973, p. 45.
[21] [21] Anderson 1973, p. 50.
[22] [22] Anderson 1973, p. 57.
[23] [23] Anderson 1973, p. 58.
[24] [24] Anderson 1973, p. 60.
[25] [25] Anderson 1973, p. 62.
[26] [26] Anderson 1973, p. 291.
[27] Anderson 1973, pp. 118€122.
[28] [28] Coletta 1973, ch. 3.
[29] [29] Anderson 1973, p. 122.
[30] [30] Anderson 1973, p. 146.
[31] Anderson 1973, pp. 78€79.
[32] [32] Anderson 1973, p. 79.
[33] [33] Anderson 1973, p. 80.
[34] [34] Anderson 1973, p. 130.
[35] Anderson 1973, pp. 83€84.
[36] [36] Anderson 1973, p. 168.
[37] [37] Anderson 1973, p. 177.
[38] [38] Anderson 1973, p. 86.
[39] [39] Anderson 1973, p. 90.
[40] [40] Anderson 1973, p. 135.
William Howard Taft
181
[41] Coletta 1973, pp. 28€30.
[42] [42] Anderson 1973, p. 65.
[43] [43] Anderson 1973, p. 68.
[44] [44] Anderson 1973, p. 71.
[45] [45] Anderson 1973, p. 248.
[46] Anderson 1973, pp. 250€255.
[47] Anderson 1973, pp. 260€263.
[48] Anderson 1973, p. 264€265.
[49] [49] Anderson 1973, p. 276.
[50] [50] Anderson 1973, p. 278.
[51] Anderson 1973, pp. 136€144.
[52] [52] Anderson 1973, p. 139.
[53] [53] Anderson 1973, p. 144.
[54] [54] Anderson 1973, p. 265.
[55] [55] Anderson 1973, p. 267.
[56] [56] Anderson 1973, p. 271.
[57] [57] Anderson 1973, p. 178.
[58] [58] Anderson 1973, p. 180.
[59] [59] Anderson 1973, p. 183.
[60] [60] Anderson 1973, p. 185.
[61] [61] Anderson 1973, p. 192.
[62] [62] Anderson 1973, p. 193.
[63] [63] Anderson 1973, p. 199.
[64] [64] Anderson 1973, p. 203.
[65] [65] Anderson 1973, p. 204.
[66] [66] Anderson 1973, p. 210.
[67] [67] Anderson 1973, p. 200.
[68] Coletta 1973, pp. 139€140.
[69] Burton, Baker, Taft (http:/ / www.time.com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,731975,00. html), Time Magazine (October 15, 1928).
[70] St. Petersburg (Florida) Daily Times, Taft Joins ranks of Connecticut Home Guards (http:/ / news. google. com/
newspapers?id=qxdPAAAAIBAJ& sjid=tUwDAAAAIBAJ& pg=4813,1167672& dq=william-howard-taft+ home+ guard& hl=en), April 25,
1917
[71] Hartford Courant, Former Pres't Taft Joins Home Guard (http:/ / pqasb. pqarchiver. com/ courant/ doc/ 556445044. html?FMT=CITE&
FMTS=CITE:AI& type=historic& date=Mar 25, 1917& author=& pub=Hartford Courant& edition=& startpage=& desc=FORMER PRES'T
TAFT JOINS HOME GUARD), March 25, 1917
[72] Report on Supreme Court nominees 1789€2005 (http:/ / assets. opencrs. com/ rpts/ RL33225_20060105. pdf), Congressional Research
Service, p. 41.
[73] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 258/ 298/ case.html
[74] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 259/ 20/ case.html
[75] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 259/ 44/ case.html
[76] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 261/ 525/ case.html
[77] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 262/ 1/ case.html
[78] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 267/ 87/ case.html
[79] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 267/ 132/ case.html
[80] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 267/ 188/ case.html
[81] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 272/ 52/ case.html
[82] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 272/ 476/ case.html
[83] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 275/ 78/ case.html
[84] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 277/ 438/ case.html
[85] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 278/ 367/ case.html
[86] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 279/ 716/ case.html
[87] Carnes, MC William Howard Taft. McPherson, JM eds. To the best of my ability: the American Presidents 2000, 188€194 Dorling
Kindersley. New York, NY:
[88] Clearing up the William Howard Taft bathtub myth - Yahoo! News (http:/ / news. yahoo. com/
clearing-william-howard-taft-bathtub-112026911.html)
[89] The Edmonton Journal, July 10, 1920.
[90] Supreme Court Historical Society at Internet Archive.
[91] Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 € 41 (Feb
19, 2008), University of Alabama.
William Howard Taft
182
[92] See also, William Howard Taft memorial at (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=1014) Find a Grave.
[93] William Howard Taft Home, (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ wiho) National Park Service.
[94] Taft University system, (http:/ / www.taftu.edu/ ) William Howard Taft University and Taft Law School (Witkin School of Law).
References
Secondary sources
ƒ Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
ƒ Anderson, Donald F. (1973). William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801407864.
ƒ Anderson, Judith Icke (1981). William Howard Taft: An Intimate History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
ISBN 9780393014624.
ƒ Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (2005). Nellie Taft: The Unconventional First Lady of the Ragtime Era. New York:
William Morrow. ISBN 9780060513825.
ƒ Bromley, Michael L. (2003). William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency. Jefferson, North Carolina:
McFarland and Company. ISBN 9780786414758.
ƒ Burton, David H. (1998). Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court: An Appraisal.
ƒ Burton, David H. (2005). Taft, Roosevelt, and the Limits of Friendship.
ƒ Burton, David H. (2005). William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker.
ƒ Butt, Archie (1930). Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt.
ƒ Chace, James (2004). 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs € The Election that Changed the Country. New
York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743203944.
ƒ Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1973). The Presidency of William Howard Taft.
ƒ Conner, Valerie (1983). The National War Labor Board.
ƒ Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789€1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme
Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3.
ƒ Duffy, Herbert S. (1930). William Howard Taft. ISBN 9781888213263.
ƒ Frank, John P.; Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors (1995). The Justices of the United States Supreme
Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.
ƒ Gould, Lewis L. (2010). The William Howard Taft Presidency.
ƒ Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
ƒ Hechler, Kenneth S. (1940). Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era.
ƒ Korzi, Michael J. (2003). Our chief magistrate and his powers: a reconsideration of William Howard Taft's
"Whig" theory of presidential leadership.
ƒ Lurie, Jonathan (2011). William Howard Taft: Progressive Conservative. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0521514217.
ƒ Manners, William (1969). TR and Will: A Friendship that Split the Republican Party.
ƒ Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
ƒ Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
ƒ Minger, Ralph E. (1975). William Howard Taft and United States Diplomacy: The Apprenticeship Years.
1900€1908.
ƒ Mowry, George E. (1958). The Era of Theodore Roosevelt.
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ƒ Renstrom, Peter G. (2003). The Taft Court: Justices, Rulings and Legacy. ABC-CLIO.
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ƒ Scholes, Walter V; Scholes, Marie V. (1970). The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration.
ƒ Solvick, Stanley D. (December 1, 1963). "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff". Mississippi Valley
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1902605).
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Journal of Supreme Court History 33 (1): 1€16. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00176.x (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10.
1111/ j. 1540-5818. 2008. 00176. x).
ƒ Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland
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History'',+ 2+ vols. & printsec=frontcover& source=in& hl=en& ei=cwNWS8v8K5LUMr2WyIQJ& sa=X&
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Primary sources
ƒƒ Taft, William Howard
ƒ Liberty Under Law (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=yDMWAAAAYAAJ). New Haven: Yale
University Press. 1922.
ƒ Our Chief Magistrate and his Powers (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=oyFAAAAAYAAJ). New York
City: Columbia University Press. 1916.
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University Press. 1913.
ƒ Present Day Problems (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2jAWAAAAYAAJ). New York City: Dodd,
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External links
ƒ William Howard Taft: A Resource Guide (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ program/ bib/ presidents/ taft/ index. html)
from the Library of Congress
ƒ William Howard Taft (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=2331& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at
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ƒ Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and the First Lady
from the Miller Center of Public Affairs (http:/ / www. millercenter. virginia. edu/ index. php/ academic/
americanpresident/ taft)
ƒ Inaugural Address (http:/ / avalon. law. yale. edu/ 20th_century/ taft. asp)
ƒ Audio clips of Taft's speeches (http:/ / vvl. lib. msu. edu/ list. php?view_keywords=keyword_Taft, William)
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ƒ White House biography (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ history/ presidents/ wt27. html)
William Howard Taft
184
ƒ Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos (http:/ / williamhowardtaft. org/ )Wikipedia:Link rot
ƒ William Howard Taft cylinder recordings (http:/ / cylinders. library. ucsb. edu/ search. php?query=william+
howard+ taft& queryType=@attr+ 1=1), from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University
of California, Santa Barbara Library.
ƒ Discography of William Howard Taft (http:/ / victor. library. ucsb. edu/ index. php/ talent/ detail/ 21772/
Taft_William_H. _speaker) on Victor Records from the Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Recordings (EDVR)
ƒ W.H. Taft Pages: Taft Humor and Anecdotes (http:/ / taft. stretching-it. com/ Taft_humor_pg1. htm)
ƒ William Taft National Historic Site (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ wiho)
ƒ The Taft Museum, an art museum in Taft's former home in downtown Cincinnati (http:/ / www. taftmuseum. org/
?page_id=194)
ƒ "Growing into Public Service: William Howard Taft's Boyhood Home", a National Park Service Teaching with
Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ NR/ twhp/ wwwlps/ lessons/ 15taft/ 15taft.
htm)
ƒ The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921€1969, CHAPTER II, Former President William Howard Taft,
State Funeral, 8 € March 11, 1930 (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ books/ Last_Salute/ Ch2. htm) by
B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. United States Army Center of Military History.
ƒ The Taft Chair at the Mission Inn (http:/ / missioninnmuseum. com/ collect_movers/ mov00005. htm)
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wht-bib. html)Wikipedia:Link rot Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
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wht-bio. html)Wikipedia:Link rot Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
ƒ Location of Papers William Howard Taft (http:/ / www. ca6. uscourts. gov/ lib_hist/ courts/ supreme/ judges/ taft/
wht-lop. html)Wikipedia:Link rot Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
ƒ William Howard Taft, The first golfing President (http:/ / www. thegolfballfactory. com/ the-golf-course/ hole18/
President-Taft-the-first-golfing-president. htm)
ƒ William Howard Taft (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=26) at
C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
ƒ William Howard Taft materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) (http:/ / www.
saadigitalarchive. org/ entity/ william-howard-taft)Wikipedia:Link rot
Edward Baldwin Whitney
185
Edward Baldwin Whitney
Edward Baldwin Whitney (1857€1911) was an American lawyer and judge.
Life
Edward Baldwin Whitney was born August 16, 1857. His father was linguist William Dwight Whitney (1827€1894)
of the new England Dwight family. His mother was Elizabeth Wooster Baldwin, daughter of US Senator and
Governor of Connecticut Roger Sherman Baldwin.
He graduated from Yale College, 1878, where he was a member of Skull and Bones along with future US President
William H. Taft.
:150
After Yale he went on to the Columbia Law School and was admitted to the bar of New York,
1880.
He was managing clerk, Bristow, Peet & Opdyke. In 1883, with General Henry Lawrence Burnett, who was a
member of that firm, he formed the firm of Burnett & Whitney.
He was a justice on the First District New York State Supreme Court from 1909-1911.
[1]
Aside from his judgeship, he never held elected office. He was an active Democrat and organizer of the national
association of Democratic clubs, secretary from its organization, 1888-90. Secretary, anti-Hill organization in New
York up to the time of the February convention last year, when it was reorganized. At the May 1892 convention at
Syracuse he was chosen as delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago.
Whitney was a trustee, Reform Club; member, Century Club; Democratic Club; Skull and Bones; and of the
Lawyers' club and of the bar association of New York. He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland to be
Assistant Attorney General of the United States.Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items
He married A. Josepha Newcomb, the daughter of astronomer and mathematician Simon Newcomb. Their son was
mathematician Hassler Whitney. He died January 5, 1911. He had just been appointed to the New York State
Supreme Court, and contracted a cold that turned into pneumonia on his return from being sworn in.
References
[1] [1] In New York, the Supreme Court is the lower, trial court. The Court of Appeals is its highest court.
External links
ƒ Edward Baldwin Whitney at The Descendants of John Whitney, pages 486 - 490 (http:/ / www. gentree. com/
whitney/ pierce/ p486-490. htm) Wikipedia:Link rot
ƒ Edward Baldwin Whitney at The Descendants of John Whitney, pages 491 - 495 (http:/ / www. gentree. com/
whitney/ pierce/ p491-495. htm)Wikipedia:Link rot
ƒ At the United States Government, 1893 (http:/ / www. usgennet. org/ usa/ topic/ preservation/ gov/ war. htm)
ƒ Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=papRAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA345& lpg=PA345& dq="Henrietta+ Perkins+ Baldwin"& source=web&
ots=8ARWStctl8& sig=UTAAWbdJojTQFxCRMR2dkohbkzw& hl=en& ei=Tj6PSc2JAoHwsAPBrdWKCQ&
sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=9& ct=result#PPA345,M1) By Thomas Townsend Sherman
ƒ Hoar-Baldwin-Foster-Sherman family of Massachusetts (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ families/ 10064. html)
at Political Graveyard
Lloyd Wheaton Bowers
186
Lloyd Wheaton Bowers
Lloyd Wheaton Bowers (March 9, 1859 € September 9, 1910) was an American lawyer.
Bowers was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of Samuel Dwight Bowers and Martha Wheaton Dowd. On
both sides his ancestors were Puritans who had settled in New England more than two centuries before his birth.
His family moved to Brooklyn, New York, and later to Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he was tutored privately in
preparation for college. Entering Yale in 1875, he graduated valedictorian of his class in 1879, where he was a
member of Skull and Bones.
:127
For one year he remained a graduate student, then traveled in Europe, and despite an
offer to teach at Yale University, he turned to the law profession. He graduated from the Columbia Law School, was
admitted to the New York bar, and received a clerkship from a leading firm in New York City in 1882.
His efforts earned him the position of managing clerk in one year, and in 1884 he became a member of the firm. Ill
health compelled him to rest, and as a result of travel to the Northwest he moved to Winona, Minnesota in October
1884. There he formed a partnership with Thomas Wilson, former chief justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court,
where he practiced law until 1893. He then became the general counsel of the Chicago & North Western Railway
Company, one of the great railway systems of the country, and in this office he served until 1909, when he was
appointed by President Taft, an intimate friend since college and fellow Bonesman, Solicitor General of the United
States.
The years of his work with the North Western were a period of extraordinary industrial development. Incidentally to
this development litigation arose involving federal control of the railroads under the Interstate Commerce Act of
1887, the powers of the states to control intrastate commerce and to tax corporations, and the Sherman Anti-Trust
Act of 1890. Bowers success in winning cases for the government during his brief service as solicitor general was
phenomenal. He found great joy, as solicitor general, in the fact that he could act solely as lawyer, rather than
counsel, and for the whole country rather than for a special interest. Only his death prevented his nomination by
President Taft for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court.
He retained throughout his life a catholicity of intellectual interests, particularly in literature. Art and music, in his
later years, also became avid interests. Notwithstanding some reserve, his charm of manner, marked by kindly
sympathy, easily won him friends. He married twice; first on September 7, 1887 to Louisa Bennett Wilson of
Winona, Minnesota, who died on December 20, 1897; and second in 1906 to Charlotte Josephine Lewis of Detroit,
who survived him after his death, aged 51. Lloyd and Louisa's daughter Martha Wheaton Bowers married Robert
Alphonso Taft, elder son of President William Howard Taft and Helen Louise "Nellie" Herron
He left no published works.
References
ƒ  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Office of the Solicitor
General.
Legal offices
Preceded by
Henry M. Hoyt
Solicitor
General
1909€1910
Succeeded by
Frederick William Lehmann
Ambrose Tighe
187
Ambrose Tighe
Ambrose Tighe
Ambrose Tighe (May 8, 1859 € November 11, 1928) was an
American lawyer, politician, and academic from Minnesota. He was
one of the five co-founders of William Mitchell College of Law.
Early life
Tighe was a first-generation American, born and raised in Brooklyn,
New York.
[1]
His grandfather, an Episcopalian missionary, had
emigrated there from Northern Ireland in the early nineteenth
century.
[2]
His father James was also a lawyer, educated at New York
University, although he did not practice extensively, focusing instead
on a career in business.
[3]
Tighe attended preparatory school at Adelphi
Academy and in 1879 graduated from Yale University,
[4]
where he was
a member of Phi Beta Kappa
[5]
and the Skull and Bones secret
society.
:77
Career
After graduating from Yale, he briefly worked as a reporter for the New York Tribune, and then relocated to
Frankfort, Kentucky.
[6]
He read law there and was admitted to the state bar in 1880.
[7]
In June of the same year he
was elected the Douglas Fellow at Yale, which allowed him to continue his academic studies at the school.
[8]
In
January 1882, the college made him a lecturer in the Latin Department, and he taught courses on Roman Law until
June 1885.
[9]
Tighe published his notes the following year in a book entitled, The Development of the Roman
Constitution.
[10]
It was a popular textbook in the subject at Yale and other Ivy League colleges.
[11]
In recognition of
his work in Roman history, Yale awarded him an M.A. in 1891.
[12]
After further reading law in New York City, Tighe moved to St. Paul, Minnesota in 1886,
[13]
where he embarked
upon an impressive career. In 1890, he was named general counsel for Mutual Life Insurance Company of New
York, and in 1900 he accepted the same position at the Eastman Kodak Company. Tighe served in the Minnesota
House of Representatives from 1903 to 1909.
[14]
This was followed in 1917 by a two-year engagement as lead
counsel for the infamous Minnesota Commission of Public Safety,
[15]
then a term as president of the Minnesota State
Bar Association in 1920
[16]
and an appointment as St. Paul City Attorney from 1920 to 1928.
In 1900, while President of the Ramsey County Bar Association, he and Hiram F. Stevens, Moses Clapp, Thomas D.
O'Brien, and Clarence Halbert founded the St. Paul College of Law, the first predecessor school of William Mitchell
College of Law.
[17]
Tighe served on the Board of Trustees and taught courses there on public corporations until his
death in 1928.
Influence
Tighe was very well-connected, considered to be one the social elites in St. Paul at the turn of the twentieth century.
One of his many affiliations was with The Informal Club, a small organization whose members included James J.
Hill, Cass Gilbert, Judge Walter Henry Sanborn, General Wesley Merritt, Congressman Thomas Wilson, and Justice
William B. Mitchell.
[18]
Tighe was also close with President William Howard Taft (S&B 1878) and U.S. Solicitor
General Lloyd Wheaton Bowers (S&B 1879).
Ambrose Tighe
188
Publications
ƒ The Theory and Law of Water Works Securities, 13 Yale L.J. 165 (1903).
ƒ The Theory of the Minnesota 'Safety Commission' Act, 3 Minn. L. Rev. 1 (1918).
References
[1] Frederick Wells Williams, A History of the Class of Seventy-Nine, Yale College, pg. 437 (1906). (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=lGFAAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA437& lpg=PA437& dq="Ambrose+ Tighe"& source=bl& ots=nj8-0R_2fD&
sig=IGKrUZfQneBDUFKjrrrLGLcKLew& hl=en& ei=otXQSefAKJO6tgOCgtWgAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=10& ct=result)
[2] [2] Id.
[3] [3] Id.
[4] [4] Id.
[5] Catalogue of Members, Yale Chapter of PBK, pg. 205 (1905). (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=wt8CAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA205&
lpg=PA205& dq="Ambrose+ Tighe"& source=bl& ots=1dnnBCclJn& sig=hIrWkOWJaYq8w226oZX2-PUy1hA& hl=en&
ei=OdrQSa3BJ6SUtgOWjqmgAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=2& ct=result)
[6] [6] Williams, at 437.
[7] [7] Id.
[8] Id. at 437-38.
[9] Id. at 438.
[10] [10] Id.
[11] [11] Id.
[12] [12] Id.
[13] [13] Id.
[14] http:/ / www.leg. state. mn.us/ legdb/ fulldetail. asp?ID=15130
[15] Carl Chrislock, Watchdog of Loyalty: The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety during World War I, pg. 83 (1991). (http:/ / books.
google.com/ books?id=uFt8pGpMsg8C& pg=PA86& lpg=PA86& dq="Minnesota+ State+ Bar+ Association"+ Tighe& source=bl&
ots=1hgaCahQiK& sig=lFDJy12MmMCx-H6XWlgNdMjuSsc& hl=en& ei=XInTSdRymfS0A576nHg& sa=X& oi=book_result&
resnum=7& ct=result#PPA83,M1)
[16] American Bar Association Journal, September 1920, pg. 219. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=NJsqAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA219&
lpg=PA219& dq="Ambrose+ Tighe"+ 1920& source=bl& ots=EVN0NExF-O& sig=GJVEjgyDe6XzIYAmAX9a2Yx0qdk& hl=en&
ei=xJDTSc7sD5mktAOqqLX2Cw& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=6& ct=result)
[17] [17] Williams, at 440.
[18] Henry A. Castle, History of St. Paul and Vicinity, pg. 483 (1912). (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=M4QUAAAAYAAJ&
pg=PA484& lpg=PA484& dq="Ambrose+ Tighe"& source=bl& ots=Ho-d-NMG63& sig=AigRv-778PVUGw6tVVbux6hlW2E& hl=en&
ei=qRnRSa2fLZS4sgOgs9WgAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=9& ct=result#PPA483,M1)
Timothy L. Woodruff
189
Timothy L. Woodruff
Timothy L. Woodruff, circa 1900.
Timothy Lester Woodruff (1858-1913) was an American
businessman and politician. A leader of the Republican Party in the
state of New York, Woodruff is best remembered for having been
elected three terms as the Lieutenant Governor of the state, serving in
that capacity from 1897 to 1902.
Biography
Early years
Timothy Woodruff was born August 4, 1858 in New Haven,
Connecticut. He was the son of a United States Congressman, Rep.
John Woodruff and his wife, the former Harriet Jane Lester.
[1]
Woodruff graduated from Yale College in 1879, where he was a
member of the secret society Skull and Bones.
[2]
Following graduation
from Yale, Woodruff enrolled in Eastman's National Business College
of Poughkeepsie, New York in preparation for a career in business and
commerce. In 1880 he would marry Cora Eastman, the daughter of the school's founder.
After leaving Eastman's College, Woodruff went to New York City where he was hired as a clerk for a wholesale
salt supplier. Within a year Woodruff was made a partner in the firm. Woodruff also became involved in
warehousing on the Brooklyn waterfront, gaining a controlling interest in several commercial frontages and two
grain elevators. This warehousing operation was consolidated in January 1888 as the Empire Warehouse Company,
which in turn became the Brooklyn Grain Warehouse Company in May 1889.
Woodruff maintained other commercial interests as well, serving as president and principal proprietor of the Maltine
Manufacturing Company, as president of the Smith Premier Typewriter Company, and as a director of the
Merchants' Exchange National Bank.
As a prosperous businessman and avid fisherman Woodruff found himself with the means to purchase land and a
summer cabin on Sumner Lake in the Adirondacks near the Hamilton County town of Long Lake. Woodruff later
would purchase additional land in the Adirondacks, where he would develop a popular commercial camp called
Kamp Kill Kare.
Timothy L. Woodruff
190
Political career
Woodruff caricatured on the cover of Puck magazine in October 1902 as
being restrained from the U.S. Senate by petty ward politics.
In 1881, Woodruff entered politics as a member of
the Brooklyn Young Republicans, working for the
successful election of Seth Low as Mayor of
Brooklyn. Woodruff rose through the party ranks,
being elected as a delegate to the 1888 Republican
National Convention which nominated Benjamin
Harrison for President.
Woodruff was elected to the New York Republican
State Committee in 1889, serving in that capacity
until 1890. He would eventually becoming the
head of the party's organization in Kings County,
New York, and later Chairman of the New York
State Republican Committee.
In January 1896, Woodruff was appointed
Brooklyn Park Commissioner, in which capacity
he was an early leader in the construction of
bicycle paths, constructing routes from Prospect
Park to Coney Island. In 1896, Woodruff
petitioned to the New York State Board of Regents
to create a "coeducational college" in Brooklyn.
Woodruff was elected three times as Lieutenant
Governor of New York and served from 1897 to 1902. In the process Woodruff became the only Lieutenant
Governor in New York history to serve under three different Governors • Frank S. Black, Theodore Roosevelt, and
Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr. As Lieutenant Governor, Woodruff took a leadership role in the Association for the
Protection of the Adirondacks, helping to protect the forests there from the devastation of clear cutting and large
scale damming projects.
[3]
Later years
In 1904, Woodruff's wife Cora died. He was remarried the next year to the former Isabel Morrison of New York
City.
From 1896 to 1908, Woodruff served as the First President of the Adelphi College Board of Trustees.
[4]
In 1908
Woodruff stepped down from the presidency but he would remain an active member until his death in 1913.
Death and legacy
Timothy Woodruff died on October 12, 1913. Recalling his days as New York State Governor, Theodore Roosevelt
stated "He was my staunch friend throughout the term of our joint service."
A collection of Woodruff's correspondence with his father is housed at the Yale University Library in New Haven,
Connecticut. Included are 13 reels of microfilm which include 11,643 frames of published and unpublished material
documenting Woodruff's career.
[5]
Timothy L. Woodruff
191
Footnotes
[1] "Timothy L. Woodruff," The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Volume 14. New York: James T. White and Co., 1910; pg. 117.
[2] Kris Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2003;
pp. 597€690.
[3] "Woodruff Playground," (http:/ / www.nycgovparks.org/ sub_your_park/ historical_signs/ hs_historical_sign. php?id=12519) City of New
York Parks and Recreation, www.nycgovparks.org/
[4] "About Adelphi: Honorees of the Adelphi Buildings," (http:/ / www. adelphi. edu/ about/ honorees. php) Adelphi University,
www.adelphi.edu/
[5] "Guide to the Timothy Lester Woodruff Family Papers," (http:/ / hdl. handle. net/ 10079/ fa/ mssa. ms. 1229) Manuscripts and Archives, Yale
University Library, New Haven, CT.
Political offices
Preceded by
Charles T. Saxton
Lieutenant Governor of New York
1897€1902
Succeeded by
Frank W. Higgins
Party political offices
Preceded by
Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr.
Chairman of the New York Republican State
Committee
September 1906 € October 1910
Succeeded by
Ezra P. Prentice
Walter Camp
This article is about the American football coach. For the railroad expert and writer, see Walter Mason Camp. For
other uses, see Walter Camp (disambiguation).
Walter Camp
Camp in 1910
Sport(s) Football
Biographical details
Born April 7, 1859
New Britain, Connecticut
Died March 14, 1925 (aged 65)
New York, New York
Walter Camp
192
Playing career
1876€1882 Yale
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1888€1892
1892, 1894€1895
Yale
Stanford
Head coaching record
Overall 79€5€3
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
3 National (1888, 1891€1892)
College Football Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1951 ( profile
[2]
)
Walter Chauncey Camp (April 7, 1859 € March 14, 1925) was an American football player, coach, and sports
writer known as the "Father of American Football". He invented the sport's line of scrimmage and the system of
downs. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost, and George Halas, Camp was one
of the most accomplished persons in the early history of American football. He played college football at Yale
College from 1876 to 1882, after which he briefly studied at Yale School of Medicine. Camp served as the head
football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892 before moving to Stanford University, where he coached in December
1892 and in 1894 and 1895. Camp's Yale teams of 1888, 1891, and 1892 have been recognized as national
champions. Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951.
Life
Camp was born in the city of New Britain, Connecticut, the son of Everett Lee and Ellen Sophia (Cornwell) Camp.
He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, entered Yale College in 1875, and graduated in 1882. At Yale
he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, the Linonian Society, and Skull and Bones. He attended Yale
Medical School from 1880 to 1883, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever and then
by work for the Manhattan Watch Company. He worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883,
working his way up to chairman of the board of directors. In 1873, he attended a meeting where representatives from
Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale universities created the intercollegiate football association (IFA). They
created the rule that each team is only allowed 15 plays per drive.
On June 30, 1888, Camp married Alice Graham Sumner, sister of William Graham Sumner. They had two children:
Walter Camp, Jr. (born 1891), who attended Yale as well and was elected as a member of Scroll and Key in 1912,
and Janet Camp Troxell (born 1897).
Walter Camp
193
Rules committee
Camp as he appears at the National Portrait Gallery in
Washington, D.C.
Camp was on the various collegiate football rules committees that
developed the American game from his time as a player at Yale
until his death. English Rugby rules at the time required a tackled
player, when the ball was "fairly held", to put the ball down
immediately for scrummage. Camp proposed at the U.S. College
Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrummage be
replaced with a "line of scrimmage" where the team with the ball
started with uncontested possession. This change effectively
created the evolution of the modern game of American football
from its rugby football origins. He is credited with innovations
such as the snap-back from center, the system of downs, and the
points system, as well as the introduction of the now-standard
offensive arrangement of players•a seven-man offensive line and
a four-man backfield consisting of a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. Camp was also responsible for
introducing the "safety", the awarding of two points to the defensive side for tackling a ball carrier in his own end
zone followed by a free kick by the offense from its own 20-yard line to restart play. This is significant, as rugby
union has no point value award for this action, but instead awards a scrum to the attacking side five meters from the
goal line.
In 2011, reviewing Camp's role in the founding of the sport and of the NCAA, Taylor Branch also credited Camp
with cutting the number of players on a football team from 15 to 11 and adding measuring lines to the field.
However, Branch noted that the revelation in a contemporaneous McClure's magazine story of "Camp's $100,000
slush fund", along with concern about the violence of the growing sport, helped lead to President Theodore
Roosevelt's intervention in the sport. The NCAA emerged from the national talks but worked to Yale's disadvantage
relative to rival (and Roosevelt's alma mater) Harvard, according to Branch.
[3]
Writing
Despite having a full-time job at the New Haven Clock Company, a Camp family business, and being an unpaid yet
very involved adviser to the Yale football team, Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general.
By the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles. His articles appeared
in national periodicals such as Harper's Weekly, Collier's, Outing, Outlook, and The Independent, and in juvenile
magazines such as St. Nicholas, Youth's Companion, and Boys' Magazine. His stories also appeared in major daily
newspapers throughout the United States. He also selected an annual "All-American" team. According to his
biographer Richard P. Borkowski, "Camp was instrumental through writing and lecturing in attaching an almost
mythical atmosphere of manliness and heroism to the game not previously known in American team sports".
By the age of 33, twelve years after graduating from Yale, Walter Camp had already become known as the "Father
of Football". In a column in the popular magazine Harper's Weekly, sports columnist Caspar Whitney had applied
the nickname; the sobriquet was appropriate because, by 1892, Camp had almost single-handedly fashioned the
game of modern American football.
Walter Camp
194
The Daily Dozen exercise regimen
Camp was a proponent of exercise, and not just for the athletes he coached. While working as an adviser to the
United States military during World War I, he devised a program to help servicemen become more physically fit.
Walter Camp has just developed for the Naval Commission on Training Camp Activities a "short hand"
system of setting up exercises that seems to fill the bill; a system designed to give a man a running jump
start for the serious work of the day. It is called the "daily dozen set-up", meaning thereby twelve very
simple exercises.
[4]
Both the Army and the Navy used Camp's methods.
[5]
The names of the exercises in the original Daily Dozen, as the whole set became known, were hands, grind, crawl,
wave, hips, grate, curl, weave, head, grasp, crouch, and wing. As the name indicates, there were twelve exercises,
and they could be completed in about eight minutes.
[6]
A prolific writer, Camp wrote a book explaining the exercises
and extolling their benefits. During the 1920s, a number of newspapers and magazines used the term "Daily Dozen"
to refer to exercise in general.
[7]
Starting in 1921 with the Musical Health Builder record sets, Camp began offering morning setting-up exercises to a
wider market.
[8]
In 1922, the initiative reached the new medium of radio.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Head coaching record
Camp as Yale's captain in 1878
Walter Camp
195
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Yale Bulldogs (Intercollegiate Football Association) (1888€1892)
1888 Yale 13€0
1889 Yale 15€1
1890 Yale 13€1
1891 Yale 13€0
1892 Yale 13€0
Yale: 67€2
Stanford (Independent) (1892)
1892 Stanford 2€0€2
Stanford (Independent) (1894€1895)
1894 Stanford 6€3
1895 Stanford 4€0€1
Stanford: 12€3€3
Total: 79€5€3
 National championship    Conference title    Conference division title
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=315
[2] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=88004
[3] Branch, Taylor, " The Shame of College Sports (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ magazine/ archive/ 2011/ 10/ the-shame-of-college-sports/
8643/ ?single_page=true)", The Atlantic, September 14, 2011 (October 2011 issue). In 1905 in McClure's, Henry Beach Needham published
two stories, "The College Athlete: His Amateur Code: Its Evasion and Administration." (July; 25:3 p. 260) and "The College Athlete: How
Commercialism Is Making Him a Professional" (June; 25:2) with Yale content, per "The early history of football at Yale: Contemporary
sources" (http:/ / drupaldev. commons.yale. edu/ anth282/ node/ 140), Critical Sport Studies. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
[4] "A Daily Dozen Set-Up. Walter Camp's New Shorthand System of Morning Exercises", Outing, November 1918, p. 98 (http:/ / books.
google.com/ books?id=aogiAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA98)
[5] "Walter Camp, Father of Football," Atlanta Constitution, September 19, 1920, p. 2D
[6] "Camp's Daily Dozen Exercises", Boston Globe, July 11, 1920, p. 64
[7] Lulu Hunt Peters, "Diet and Health: The Daily Dozens•Take 'Em." Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1927, p. A6
[8] "Recent Acquisitions 2007" (http:/ / www. nlm. nih.gov/ hmd/ happening/ acquisitions/ recentacquisitions07. html), National Library of
Medicine, Walter Camp Musical Health Builder (New York, 1921). Retrieved 2011-09-14.
Bibliography
ƒ Ronald A. Smith, Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics, (1990)
ƒ "Walter Camp Found All-American Eleven Selections and Originated the Daily Dozen." New York Times, March
15, 1925. p. 1.
External links
ƒ Walter Camp (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail.
aspx?id=88004) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ Walter Camp (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year.
php?coachid=315) at the College Football Data Warehouse
ƒ Works by Walter Camp (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Walter_Camp_(1859‰1925)) at Project Gutenberg
Walter Camp
196
ƒ Walter Camp (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=165) at Find a Grave
ƒ Walter Camp (1912). Condensed auction for the busy man (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/
condensedauctio00campgoog). NY: Platt & Peck.
Sidney Catlin Partridge
Sidney Catlin Partridge
Born Sidney Catlin Partridge
September 1, 1857
New York City, New York
United States
Died June 22, 1930 (aged 72)
Kansas City, Missouri
United States
Nationality American
Education Berkeley Divinity School
Yale Divinity School
Yale University
Occupation First Bishop of Kyoto (1900€1911)
Second Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri (1911€1930)
Employer Anglican Church in Japan
The Episcopal Church
Religion Episcopalian, Anglican
Spouse(s) Charlotte Irene Partridge (1884 - 1886, her death)
Agnes Laura Louise Partridge (1901 - 1930)
Children Helen Louise Chapin
Amalia Ortwed Lucy Lymon
Honors Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog
Sidney Catlin Partridge (September 1, 1857 € June 22, 1930) was the first Bishop of Kyoto (1900€1911) and the
second Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri (1911€1930).
He was born in New York City. He graduated from Yale in 1880, where he served on the eighth editorial board of
The Yale Record
[1]
and was a member of Skull and Bones.
:80
After completing his graduate studies at Berkeley Divinity School in 1884, John Williams, Bishop of Connecticut,
ordained him to the diaconate on June 4, 1884. He then worked as a missionary in China under Bishop William
Jones Boone, Jr..
He was consecrated first Bishop of Kyoto on February 2, 1900 in Trinity Cathedral, Tokyo. Other bishops in
attendance included
ƒ William Awdry, Bishop of South Tokyo
ƒ Hugh James Foss, Bishop of Osaka
ƒ Philip Kemball Fyson, Bishop of Hokkaido
ƒ Frederick Rogers Graves, Bishop of Shanghai
ƒ John McKim, Bishop of North Tokyo
He was decorated as a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog following his marriage to the daughter of the Danish
consul general at San Francisco on November 27, 1901.
Sidney Catlin Partridge
197
He was a bishop associate of the American Branch of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament.
He died in Kansas City, Missouri.
References
[1] "Record Editors". The Yale Banner. New Haven: Thomas Penney and G. D. Pettee. 1877. p. 182.
Henry Waters Taft
198
Henry Waters Taft
Henry Waters Taft
Taft in 1908
Born May 27, 1859
Cincinnati, Ohio
Died August 11, 1945 (aged 86)
St. Luke's Hospital
New York City
Education Yale University (1880)
Spouse(s) Julia Walbridge Smith
Relatives William Howard Taft, brother
Henry Waters Taft (27 May 1859 € 11 August 1945) was the son of Alphonso and brother of President William
Howard Taft. A renowned antitrust lawyer, he was a name partner at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft.
Biography
He graduated from Yale in 1880 with a BA, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and commencement orator
of the class of 1880.
:7
Taft also studied at Cincinnati and Columbia Law Schools. He received an honorary MA from
Yale in 1905.
In 1882, he was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law in Ohio. Shortly afterward, he joined Strong &
Cadwalader, in New York City, later Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft. He also became counsel to the New York,
New Haven & Hartford Railroad. After building up a reputation as a lawyer, Taft decided to run for Justice of the
New York Supreme Court. He was defeated. Two years later, he was offered the position by Theodore Roosevelt,
but he declined. The following year, he was appointed to the Charter Revision Commission to revise charter of
Greater New York. From 1905 to January 1907, he was a special assistant to Attorneys General William H. Moody
and Charles Joseph Bonaparte to investigate and prosecute the Tobacco Trust. During the trial, Taft pushed for the
Tobacco Trust to release certain books, which they refused to submit as evidence. From 1917 to 1919, he was
Chairman of the Permanent Legal Advisory Board for Greater New York. He also served on the Commission on
Reorganisation of the New York State Government, from 1925 to 1926. In 1926, he was appointed to the Appellate
Division of the Supreme Court. Taft became one of the most noted lawyers in New York. He was a member of: the
Association of the Bar of the City of New York (Vice President, 1911€1912); Chairman of the War Commission,
1917-1920 (President, 1923€1925); the New York County Lawyers' Association (Vice President, 1914€1918,
1923€1930; President, 1930€1932); the New York State Bar Association (President, 1919€1920); the American Bar
Association (Chairman of the Committee on Jurisprudence and Law Reform); the New York Law Institute ; the
Henry Waters Taft
199
American Law Institute; the International Law Association; and the Maritime Law Association
During the annual convention of the American Bar Association, the delegates made a trip to Bohemian Grove. Taft
who was among them said, 'There among the giant redwoods the spirit that is San Francisco was revealed to the
visitors. The amalgamation of San Francisco Society through its love of beauty, through it cultural purpose has no
duplicate in America and the Bohemian Club which unites the world of big business and the world of fine art,
literature and cultural ideals could only exist in a community such as this.' Taft said his brother, William Howard
Taft, was also very fond of the Bohemian Club.
He was a Trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company and the Central Savings Bank.
Taft was a member of the New York City Board of Education, from 1896 to 1900; Trustee of the College of the City
of New York, from 1903 to 1905; Trustee of the New York Public Library, from 1908 to 1919; President of the
Council of University Settlement House, from 1917 to 1919; member of the Advisory Committee to investigate
public schools of New York City, in 1931; member of the Committee on Cost of Public Education, in 1933; and
President of the League for Political Education, from 1919 to 1935.
He was affiliated with the Republican Party and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, in 1920 and
1924. Taft was a supporter of the League of Nations, and wrote several articles on the organisation for the New York
Times. He also wrote for other newspapers, including The Times.
Taft was Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Salvation Army for New York City, from 1920 to 1940.
He was decorated by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Double Rays of the Rising Sun, in 1929.
He was the author of: Occasional Papers and Addresses of an American Lawyer, (1920); Japan and the Far East
Conference, (1921); Law Reform-Papers and Addresses by a Practicing Lawyer, (1926); An Essay on Conversation,
(1927); Kindred Arts-Conversation and Public Speaking, (1929); Japan and America-A Journey and a Political
Survey, (1932); Witnesses in Court, (1934); Opinions-Literary and Otherwise, (1934); A Century and a Half at the
New York Bar, (1938); Legal Miscellanies-Six Decades of Changes and Progress, (1941)
Death
Taft died in New York City on 11 August 1945. He had been in the St. Luke's Hospital for fourteen weeks as the
result of a hip injury received after a fall.
Memberships
He was a member of the Century Association, City Midday Club of New York, Down Town Association, New
England Society Ohio Society, Park Avenue Association, Pilgrims of the United States, Psi Upsilon, Skull and
Bones and the Sons of the American Revolution.
Honors
ƒ Imperial Order of Meiji, 1929
ƒ Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, 1929.
ƒ Order of Distinguished Auxiliary Service, 24. february 1941==Notes==
E. E. Aiken
200
E. E. Aiken
Edwin Edgerton Aiken
Edwin Edgerton Aiken
Born March 1, 1859
Newington, Connecticut
Died January 5, 1951 (aged 91)
Occupation Author
Nationality American
Edwin Edgerton Aiken (March 1, 1859 € January 5, 1951) was an American Congregationalist minister and author
who spent over four decades as a missionary and educator in China.
Born in Newington, Connecticut, he graduated from Yale University in 1881, where he was Phi Beta Kappa and a
member of Skull and Bones. The following year he published The Secret Society System. While not naming Skull
and Bones,
:196
he objected to the exclusiveness of societies and fraternities. He wrote: "Real friendship is not the
result of formal compacts and societies; the spiritual bond is the true one, covenants of friendship are unnecessary,
compacts are made for different ends."
He earned his BD from Yale Divinity School in 1884. In 1885 he began his missionary work in China with the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, serving in Peiping (1885€90), Tientsin (1892€99), Paoting
(1902€11), and Ichang (1917-21, 26-27). From 1912-1917 he was on the committee that revised the Mandarin
language translation of the Bible. When finally published, the Mandarin Union Version superseded earlier versions
and became the translation of choice for Chinese Christians into the 21st century. He was also editor of the Peking
Union Church Bulletin from 1928-1943, was a member of the Peking Oriental Society and held a number of teaching
posts.
Aiken and his wife left China in 1943 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After a four month internment by the
Japanese, they were evacuated on the MS Gripsholm.
He was married twice, first in 1892 to Maud Lockwood, who died of scarlet fever in Tientsin in 1899, and second in
1902 to Rose Ethel Merrill. With his first wife he had two sons, Reverend Edwin Edgerton Aiken Jr. and George
Lockwood Aiken, and a daughter, Margery, and with his second wife a daughter, Lura Susan Aiken, wife of Erhart
Friedrich Petersen.
E. E. Aiken
201
References
External links
ƒ "First Impressions of China" by E.E. Aiken (http:/ / digital. library. cornell. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/
pageviewer-idx?c=nwng;cc=nwng;rgn=full
text;idno=nwng0054-6;didno=nwng0054-6;node=nwng0054-6:5;view=image;seq=0570) from New Englander
and Yale Review Volume 0054 Issue 254 (June 1891)
ƒ E. E. Aiken (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=75468002) at Find a Grave
Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)
Thomas Burr Osborne (August 5, 1859 € January 29, 1929) was a biochemist and co-discoverer of Vitamin A. He
is known for his work isolating and characterizing seed proteins, and for determining protein nutritional
requirements. His career was spent at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
Thomas was the son of lawyer Arthur Dimon Osborne and the grandson of US Representative Thomas Burr
Osborne.
His life exhibited "a single purpose, the understanding of the relationships of proteins to each other and the animal
world. He began his researches upon vegetable proteins in 1888,..."
[1]
He published his findings in The Vegetable
Proteins in 1909.
That year Osborne joined forces with Lafayette Mendel to find what amino acids are necessary for the survival of the
laboratory rat. At the Connecticut experimental station they developed a lab with about 200 rats whose dietary intake
was carefully controlled.
[2]
The program was described by J.R. Lindsey and H.J. Baker:
[3]
The striking differences in amino acid composition of plant proteins, which had been documented by Osborne,
suggested that possible differences might exist in their biological value. The nutritive values of various
purified proteins from cereal grains and other plant sources were compared for growth and maintenance in
rats. This led to supplementation of "incomplete proteins" with those amino acids limiting each foodstuff„s
"biological quality" (eg. Tryptophan and lysine). Casein was found to be a "complete protein", thus paving the
way for the use of this protein in modern rat diets. Within a few years it was possible to list the "essential" and
"nonessential" aminio acids.
The science of nutrition thus evolved beyond the caloric energy of food to the structural issue of essential amino
acids.
Works
ƒ 1909: The Vegetable Proteins
[4]
from archive.org
ƒ 1912: The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel
[5]
ƒ 1916: (with L. B. Mendel) "The Growth of Rats upon Diets of Isolated Food Substances", Biochemical Journal
10:534€8 .
ƒ 1917: (with L. B. Mendel) "The Relative Value of Certain Proteins and Protein Content Supplements to Corn
Gluten", Journal of Biological Chemistry 29:69€92.
Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)
202
References
[1] Hubert Bradford Vickery (1931) Thomas Burr Osborne (1859 • 1929) (http:/ / www. nap. edu/ html/ biomems/ tosborne. pdf) from National
Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs 14:8
[2] Edna Louise Ferry (1919) "Nutrition experiments with rats: a description of methods and technique", Journal of Laboratory and Clinical
Medicine 8: 735 to 45
[3] J. Russell Lindsey & Henry J. Baker, Chapter one: Historical Foundations of The Laboratory Rat by Mark A. Suckow, Steven H. Weisbroth,
and Craig L. Franklin (2005) ISBN 0080454321
[4] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ vegetableprotein00osbouoft
[5] http:/ / www. books. google.com/ books?isbn=1276606206
Benjamin Brewster (bishop)
For other people of the same name, see Benjamin Brewster (disambiguation).
Benjamin Brewster (November 25, 1860 - 2 February 1941) was the Episcopal Bishop of Maine and Missionary
Bishop of Western Colorado.
Early life
He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of the Rev. Joseph Brewster
[1][2][3][4]
and Sarah Jane Bunce. He
was a direct descendant
[5]
of both Love Brewster, a passenger with his father, mother and brother, Wrestling, aboard
the Mayflower and a founder of the town of Bridgewater, Massachusetts; and of Elder William Brewster, the Pilgrim
colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony, and passenger aboard the Mayflower and one of the
signers of the Mayflower Compact.
His brother was the Right Rev. Dr. Chauncey Bunce Brewster, the fifth American Episcopal bishop of the Episcopal
Diocese of Connecticut.
[6][7][8]
Education
After preparation in the Hopkins Grammar School, he graduated with a B.A. in 1882 from Yale University, where he
was a member of Skull and Bones,
:19
and then he received his B.D. in 1886 from the General Theological Seminary,
New York City.
[3]
Meanwhile, he taught school in Cleveland, Ohio, during 1882-1883.
Ordination
He was ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church in 1886 and priest in 1887. His first charge was as assistant to
Henry Yates Satterlee (his first wife's first cousin) at Calvary Church, New York City, from 1886€1891, and he also
served as Vicar of Calvary Church during 1887-1891. In the next four years he was pastor at that Church of the Holy
Communion, South Orange, New Jersey, and during 1895-1906 was pastor at Grace Church, Colorado Springs,
Colorado. In addition he was a member of the standing committee of the Diocese of Colorado from 1897€1906 and
examining chaplain from 1900-1906. During the next three years he was Dean of St. Mark's Cathedral, Salt Lake
City, Utah, and president of the council of advice for the District of Salt Lake.
Benjamin Brewster (bishop)
203
Consecration
On June 17, 1909, he was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Western Colorado. He was consecrated Bishop of the
Diocese of Maine on June 7, 1916. Benjamin Brewster was the 242nd bishop consecrated in the Episcopal Church.
Brewster announced in May 1940, that he would retire at the end of the year as Bishop because of his age, but his
successor had not been named and he was serving in the capacity of Bishop emeritus at the time of his death.
The church in Maine had a steady growth during his bishopric and reached into more communities. Prominent in
church affairs outside his diocese, Brewster served as president of the Synod of New England during 1933-1939 and
as vice-president of the Church League for Industrial Democracy from 1916-1941. He was chairman of the joint
committee of Bishops and clerical and lay deputies on nominations at the General Convention of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1937, and was a commissioner of the World Council of Churches.
In his first year in Maine he was a delegate to the neutral conference committee that met with Woodrow Wilson to
discuss the possibility of calling a conference of neutral nations to halt World War I. In 1936 he presented a
resolution to the House of Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church requesting Franklin D. Roosevelt to call an
international conference of nations which had signed the Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact. In 1921 and again in 1930 he
attended the Lambeth Conference, London, England. He was known as a liberal in economics and politics as well as
religion. In 1934 he worked in favor of a measure endorsing efforts to obtain for physicians and medical clinics the
legal right to disseminate birth control information and the measure passed the House of Bishops by a vote of 44 to
38.
Personal life
Brewster married on June 10, 1891, in New York City, as his first wife Stella Yates (November 23, 1866 - February
2, 1929),
[9]
the daughter of Brigadier-General Charles Yates and Josephine Bosworth the daughter of New York
Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph Sollace Bosworth
[10][11]
and Frances Pumpelly. Frances was the first cousin of
Raphael Pumpelly, an American geologist and explorer. Benjamin and Stella had five children together.
He married on August 25, 1937, in Portland, Maine, as his second wife Mary Phillips
[12]
(February 11, 1884 €
1941), widow of George Guillifer Hay, and daughter of General Charles Leonard Phillips,
[13]
by whom he had no
children. Benjamin Brewster died in Portland, Maine on February 2, 1941.
[14]
Notes
[1] [1] Jones, 781
[2] [2] Jones, 782
[3] [3] Wright, 34
[4] [4] His father, an 1842 graduate of Yale, was first the Rector of St. Paul's Church in Windham, Connecticut, but soon after of St. Paul's,
Wallingford, whence he removed to New Haven, and became Rector of Christ Church, in which position he remained highly esteemed and
beloved for nearly thirty years. The Rev. Joseph Brewster ended his useful life on Nov. 20, 1895, during his incumbency of St. Michael's
Church, Brooklyn, N. Y.
[5] Bishop Brewster resigned from the Maine Society of Mayflower Descendants" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F10C14F93D5F147389DDA80894D0405B878FF1D3& scp=5& sq=bishop benjamin brewster& st=cse) New York Times. August
1, 1937.
[6] [6] Osborn, pp. 388-391
[7] [7] Jones, 779
[8] [8] Jones, 780
[9] Obituary: "Stella Yates Brewster" (http:/ / select.nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=FB0D17FB3F5A167A93C1A91789D85F4D8285F9&
scp=1& sq=bishop benjamin brewster& st=cse) New York Times. February 3, 1929.
[10] Obituary: "Joseph Sollace Bosworth" (http:/ / query.nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=9E0CE7D8173FE533A25751C2A9639C94659FD7CF) New York Times. May 22, 1884.
[11] [11] Hamilton, 40
[12] Marriage: "Bishop Brewster to Wed Mrs. M.P. Hay" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F1091EF63A541B728DDDA00A94DE405B878FF1D3& scp=3& sq=bishop benjamin brewster& st=cse) New York Times. June
29, 1937.
Benjamin Brewster (bishop)
204
[13] [13] CHARLES LEONARD PHILLIPS, Colby College, A.B., 1888; C. E., Univ. of Maine, 1888. Born, Gardner, 111., Oct. 16, 1856. U. S. Mil.
Acad., West Point, 1881; 2d Lt., July 1881; 1st Lt. Dec, 1887; Capt. March, 1899; Major, 1905; Lieut. Col., 1908; Col., 1911; Brig. Gen.,
1917; Col., 1918, U. S. A.; Ad., care Adj. Gen., Washington, D. C.
[14] Obituary: "Bishop Benjamin Brewster" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=FA0617FA3F5E167B93C1A91789D85F458485F9& scp=2& sq=general charles yates& st=cse) New York Times. February 3, 1941.
References
ƒ Hamilton College. Obituary: New York Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph Sollace Bosworth'; New York:
Hamilton literary magazine, Volume 19 1885.
ƒ Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: a Record of the Descendants of William
Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. New
York: Grafton Press. 1908
ƒ Osborn, Norris Galpin. Men of mark in Connecticut: ideals of American life told in biographies and
autobiographies of eminent living Americans, Volume 4; New York: W.R. Goodspeed, 1908.
ƒ Wright, R.W.Biographical record: Yale University. Class of 1842 R.W. Wright, compiler, Published by Tuttle,
Morehouse & Taylor, Printers, 1878
The National CyclopŠdia of American Biography, Volume 44. New York: James T. White & Company (1962)
478-479.
William Phelps Eno
William Phelps Eno (June 3, 1858 € December 3, 1945) was an American businessman responsible for many of the
earliest innovations in road safety and traffic control. He is sometimes known as the "Father of traffic safety", despite
never having learned to drive a car himself.
He graduated from Yale University in 1882, where he had been a member of Skull and Bones.
:9
Though automobiles were rare until Eno was an older man, horse-drawn carriages were already causing significant
traffic problems in urban areas like Eno's home town of New York City. In 1900, he wrote a piece on traffic safety
entitled Reform in Our Street Traffic Urgently Needed. In 1903, he wrote a city traffic code for New York, the first
such code in the world. He designed traffic plans for New York, London, and Paris.
Eno was a member of the New York Yacht Club and the first owner of the steam yacht Aquilo, built in Boston in
1901.
Among the innovations credited to Eno are the stop sign, the pedestrian crosswalk, the traffic circle, the one-way
street, the taxi stand, and pedestrian safety islands.
[1]
In 1921 Eno founded the Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control, today known as the Eno Center for
Transportation. The Foundation is a non-profit organization with the mission of improving transportation policy and
leadership. Eno was one of the first honorary members of the Institute of Transportation Engineers.
William Phelps Eno
205
Further reading
ƒ John A. Montgomery, Eno • The Man and the Foundation: A Chronicle of Transportation, 1988
References
[1] The Father of Traffic Safety (http:/ / www.snopes.com/ autos/ law/ eno. asp) at snopes.com
External links
ƒ Time Magazine archives - free registration required (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ archive/ preview/
0,10987,776556,00. html) - Eno's obituary notice in the December 17, 1945 issue (bottom of page.)
ƒ Eno Center for Transportation website (http:/ / www. enotrans. org/ )
ƒ The Eno House Fiasco (http:/ / pages. cthome. net/ rwinkler/ eno-house. htm) Plan to move Eno mansion fails,
saving Sherwood Island State Park from development
Elihu B. Frost
Elihu Brintnal Frost (May 12, 1860-August 22, 1925) was an American lawyer
[1]
with an early involvement in the
submarine industry.
Born in Peekskill, New York, Frost was the son of lawyer Calvin Frost and Mary Antoinette Oppie (Hait) Frost.
[2]
He attended Peekskill Military Academy and graduated from Yale University in 1883, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones. He studied at Columbia Law School and initially worked for Lord Day & Lord.
In 1893 the United States Congress funded a $200,000 prize for submarine construction, and Frost lent John Philip
Holland the funds he needed to participate in this prize contest; Frost and Holland were finally awarded the prize
money in 1895. Frost became secretary-treasurer and later president of Holland's firm, which was first named the
John P. Holland Torpedo Boat Company and later the Holland Submarine Company. When Isaac Rice formed the
Electric Boat Company (the predecessor of General Dynamics) to build Holland's submarine designs, Frost became
the company's vice-president, secretary, and chief financial officer.
Prominently reported in the newspapers of the time, Frost married and divorced twice. When he died of paresis in
Beach Bluff, Massachusetts, he left his estate to a female friend (later determined to be his fianc„e), cutting off his
relatives.
References
[1] . Describes the election of Frost and 16 others to the New York Bar Association.
[2] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1925-26. pdf
External links
ƒ Biography (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/ n87/ history/ pioneers3. html#Elihu Frost) on U.S. Navy web
site
ƒ "Morris view of Holland more widely accepted in our era" (http:/ / www. gdeb. com/ about/ history/ centennial/
eb-100yrs-2. html) Electric Boat/General Dynamics web site
ƒ (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ query?url=http:/ / www. geocities. com/ gwmccue& date=2009-10-25+ 23:37:32)
Elihu B. Frost's role with John P. Holland's company is acknowledged at this site. Look under people &
places/Elihu B. Frost.
E. H. Moore
206
E. H. Moore
This article is about the mathematician. For the U.S. congressman from Ohio, see Eliakim H. Moore.
E. H. Moore
Eliakim Hastings Moore
Born January 26, 1862
Marietta, Ohio, U.S.
Died December 30, 1932 (aged 70)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Nationality American
Fields Mathematics
Institutions University of Chicago 1892€31
Yale University 1887€89
Northwestern University 1886€87, 1889€92
Alma mater Yale University
Doctoral advisor Hubert Anson Newton
Doctoral students George Birkhoff
Leonard Dickson
T. H. Hildebrandt
D. N. Lehmer
Robert Lee Moore
Oswald Veblen
Anna Wheeler
Known for "General analysis",
Moore€Smith convergence of nets in
topology,
Moore family and hull operator,
Moore€Penrose inverse,
Galois representation of finite fields,
Axiomatic systems
Notable awards AMS Colloquium Lecturer, 1906
Eliakim Hastings Moore (January 26, 1862 € December 30, 1932) was an American mathematician.
E. H. Moore
207
Life
Moore, the son of a Methodist minister and grandson of US Congressman Eliakim H. Moore, discovered
mathematics through a summer job at the Cincinnati Observatory while in high school. He learned mathematics at
Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones
:47€8
and obtained a B.A. in 1883 and the Ph.D. in 1885
with a thesis, supervised by Hubert Anson Newton, on some work of William Kingdon Clifford and Arthur Cayley.
Newton encouraged Moore to study in Germany, and thus he spent an academic year at the University of Berlin,
attending lectures by Kronecker and Weierstrass.
On his return to the United States, Moore taught at Yale and at Northwestern University. When the University of
Chicago opened its doors in 1892, Moore was the first head of its mathematics department, a position he retained
until his death in 1931. His first two colleagues were Bolza and Maschke. The resulting department was the second
research-oriented mathematics department in American history, after Johns Hopkins University.
Accomplishments
Moore first worked in abstract algebra, proving in 1893 the classification of the structure of finite fields (also called
Galois fields). Around 1900, he began working on the foundations of geometry. He reformulated Hilbert's axioms for
geometry so that points were the only primitive notion, thus turning Hilbert's primitive lines and planes into defined
notions. In 1902, he further showed that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. Independently, during
a course taught by G. B. Halsted, the twenty-year-old R.L. Moore (no relation) also proved this, but in a more
elegant fashion than E. H. Moore used. When E. H. Moore heard of the feat, he arranged for a scholarship that would
allow R.L. Moore to study for a doctorate at Chicago. E.H. Moore's work on axiom systems is considered one of the
starting points for metamathematics and model theory. After 1906, he turned to the foundations of analysis. The
concept of closure operator first appeared in his 1910 Introduction to a form of general analysis.
[1]
He also wrote on
algebraic geometry, number theory, and integral equations.
At Chicago, Moore supervised 31 doctoral dissertations, including those of George Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson,
Robert Lee Moore (no relation), and Oswald Veblen. Birkhoff and Veblen went on to forge and lead the first-rate
departments at Harvard and Princeton, respectively. Dickson became the first great American algebraist and number
theorist. Robert Moore founded American topology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, as of
December 2012, E. H. Moore had over 16,900 known "descendants."
Moore convinced the New York Mathematical Society to change its name to the American Mathematical Society,
whose Chicago branch he led. He presided over the AMS, 1901€02, and edited the Transactions of the American
Mathematical Society, 1899€1907. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
The American Mathematical Society established a prize in his honor in 2002.
E. H. Moore
208
Notes
[1] T.S. Blyth, Lattices and Ordered Algebraic Structures, Springer, 2005, ISBN 1-85233-905-5, p. 11
References
ƒ Ivor Grattan-Guinness (2000) The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870€1940. Princeton University Press.
ƒ Karen Parshall and David E. Rowe (1994) The emergence of the American mathematical research community,
1876€1900 : J. J. Sylvester, Felix Klein, and E. H. Moore, American Mathematical Society.
External links
ƒ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "E. H. Moore" (http:/ / www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/
Biographies/ Moore_Eliakim. html), MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
ƒ E. H. Moore (http:/ / www. genealogy. ams. org/ id. php?id=806) at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
ƒ E. H. Moore (http:/ / www. nasonline. org/ publications/ biographical-memoirs/ memoir-pdfs/ moore-eliakim.
pdf) • Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
Joseph R. Parrott
Joseph R. Parrott circa 1913
Joseph Robinson Parrott (October 30, 1859 - October 13, 1913) was
President of the Florida East Coast Railway. He died in Maine on
October 13, 1913. He graduated from Yale University in 1883, where
he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:162
References
Horace Dutton Taft
209
Horace Dutton Taft
Horace Dutton Taft (December 28, 1861 - January 28, 1943) was an American educator, and the founder of The
Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut, United States.
He was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, the younger brother of William Howard Taft of the powerful Taft family. He
graduated from Yale University in 1883, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and won the Townsend
Prize.
:14-15
He went on to Cincinnati Law School, but passed the bar after his second year and practiced law briefly at a firm
with his father Alphonso Taft. Knowing he preferred education, he returned to Yale to tutor Latin.
In 1890 he opened a college preparatory school for boys in Pelham Manor, New York.
On 29 June 1892 he married Winifred Shepard Thompson, an art teacher at a New Haven high school. She died of
cancer in 1909. There were no children of the marriage.
In 1893 he moved his school to Watertown, Connecticut, purchasing the Warren House, a Civil War-era hotel, and
adopting the name The Taft School in 1898.
Taft retired as headmaster in 1936 but continued to teach a course in Civics until his death.
References
ƒ Ishbel Ross, An American Family: The Tafts 1678 to 1964, World Publishing Co., Cleveland, 1964.
ƒ Horace Dutton Taft, Memories and Opinions, Macmillan, New York, 1942.
Wilbur F. Booth
Wilbur Franklin Booth (August 22, 1861 € July 7, 1944) was a United States federal judge.
Booth received an A.B. from Yale University in 1884, where he was a member of Skull and Bones
[1]:14
, and an
LL.B. from Yale Law School in 1888. He was in private practice in Saint Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota from
1888 to 1890, and with some interruption in Minneapolis alone until 1909. He was a district judge of Hennepin
County, Minnesota from 1909 to 1914.
On May 2, 1914, Booth was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson to a seat on the United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota vacated by Charles A. Willard. Booth was confirmed by the United States Senate on
May 4, 1914, and received his commission the same day. On March 18, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge nominated
Booth for elevation to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit created by 43 Stat.
1116. He was confirmed to this seat by the United States Senate on March 18, 1925, and received his commission
the same day. He assumed senior status on January 1, 1932, serving in that capacity until his death, in 1944.
References
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1944-45. pdf
Sources
ƒ Wilbur F. Booth (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=212& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at the
Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Maxwell Evarts
210
Maxwell Evarts
Maxwell Evarts, (November 15, 1862 - October 7, 1913), youngest of the twelve children of Hon. William Maxwell
Evarts and Helen Minerva (Wardner) Evarts. He was fitted for college at St. Paul's School, Concord, New
Hampshire. He graduated from Yale College, 1884,
[1]
where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:165
After
graduation he studied two years in the Harvard Law School, and was then in the law office of Seward, DaCosta &
Guthrie until the summer of 1889.
In 1890 he was appointed an assistant United States attorney for the Southern District of New York. He held this
office two years, after which he entered the law department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Co. In recent years he
had been active in the counsel of the Southern Pacific Railroad Co., Union Pacific Railroad Co., and affiliated lines
of the E.H. Harriman System; with co-General Counsel Robert Scott Lovett. In 1904 he was elected a director of the
Southern Pacific Railroad, for several years was an attorney of the Harriman system, and in 1910; he was made
general counsel of the Oregon Short Line and the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Co. Upon the separation of the
Union Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads he became general counsel of the Southern Pacific Co. He had also
been a director of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. and the Union Pacific Land Co.
His home (Juniper Hill Farm) was in Windsor, Vermont; the old home of the family, and he had taken an active
interest in the business, political, and agricultural life of that state. During this period of time, a number of important
persons, including US Presidents Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, were entertained on the grounds
of the estate, also due to Maxwell's involvements as an attorney for E.H. Harriman. Maxwell Evarts considered
Vermont to be his home, and made many contributions on both the local and state levels.
He was an organizer of the State National Bank of Windsor, which included Vermont State Treasurer John L. Bacon
as cashier. He was also vice-president of the Windsor Machine Co., half owner of the Amsden (Vt.) Lime Co.,
president of the Vermont State Fair Association, a governor of the Morgan Horse Club, and president of the Vermont
Fish and Game League. He was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1906.
He married in New York City, April 23, 1891, Margaret Allen Stetson, daughter of Charles Augustus and Josephine
(Brick) Stetson, and they had four daughters and a son.
He was the son of William M. Evarts, the grandson of Jeremiah Evarts and Allen Wardner, and the great-grandson of
Roger Sherman. Because of their names, people often confused Maxwell for his nephew•the famed Charles
Scribner's & Sons editor of Conrad Aiken, Erskine Caldwell, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Ring Lardner,
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and John P. Marquand-- Maxwell Perkins (who eventually stopped using his middle
name, Evarts).
References
[1] Obituary Record of Yale Graduates, 1913-1914 (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ obituary_record/ 1859_1924/ 1913-14. pdf), p. 629-30.
External links
ƒ Juniper Hill Farm (http:/ / www. crjc. org/ heritage/ V09-63. htm)
ƒ Juniper Hill Inn (http:/ / www. juniperhillinn. com/ )
Frank B. Brandegee
211
Frank B. Brandegee
Frank Bosworth Brandegee
United States Senator
from Connecticut
In office
May 10, 1905 € October 14, 1924
Preceded by Orville H. Platt
Succeeded by Hiram Bingham III
Personal details
Born July 8, 1864
New London, Connecticut
Died October 14, 1924
(aged 60)
Washington, D.C.
Political party Republican
Frank Bosworth Brandegee (July 8, 1864 € October 14, 1924) was a United States Representative and Senator
from Connecticut.
Early life
Frank Brandegee was born in New London, Connecticut July 8, 1864. He was the son of Augustus Brandegee, who
also served in the United States House.
[1]
He graduated New London's Bulkeley High School in 1881. He completed his degree at Yale College in 1885, where
he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:1369
He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1888 and practiced in New
London.
[2]
A Republican, in 1888 Brandegee served in the Connecticut House of Representatives, and was New London's
Corporation Counsel from 1889 to 1893 and 1894 to 1897.
[3]
He returned to the Connecticut House in 1899, and served as Speaker. He served again as New London's Corporation
Counsel from 1901 to 1902, when he resigned because he had been elected to Congress.
[4]
Frank B. Brandegee
212
U.S. House
Brandegee was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-seventh Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Charles A. Russell. He was reelected to the Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth Congresses and served from November 4,
1902, until May 10, 1905, when he resigned.
[5]
Brandegee was a Delegate to several state and national Republican conventions, and was Chairman of the
Connecticut Republican Party's 1904 state convention.
[6][7][8]
U.S. Senate
Brandegee resigned from the House to accept election to the U.S. Senate, filling the vacancy caused by the death of
Orville H. Platt.
[9]
He was reelected in 1908, 1914, and 1920, and served from May 10, 1905 until his death.
[10]
A staunch "Old Guard" conservative, Brandegee opposed women's suffrage, America's participation in the League of
Nations, and most other measures of the time that were considered liberal or progressive.
[11][12][13]
In 1920
Brandegee was also one of the chief promoters of Warren G. Harding for President.
[14][15]
In the Senate he was Chairman of the following committees: Interoceanic Canals (Sixty-second Congress); Panama
(Sixty-second Congress); Pacific Railroads (Sixty-third through Sixty-fifth Congresses); Library (Sixty-sixth and
Sixty-seventh Congresses); and Judiciary (Sixty-eighth Congress).
[16]
Brandegee was President during several sessions of the Senate in the Sixty-second Congress (1911 to 1913).
[17]
Death and burial
Brandegee never married and had no children.
[18]
He committed suicide in Washington, D.C. on October 14, 1924, inhaling fumes from a gas light in a seldom used
bathroom on the third floor of his home.
[19]
According to published accounts, he was in ill health and had lost most
of his fortune through bad investments.
[20]
Press reports indicate that he left his chauffeur a suicide note and $100,
with another $100 for two other household servants.
[21][22]
He was interred in Cedar Grove Cemetery, New London.
[23]
References
[1] Yale University, Class of 1885, Quarter-Centenary Record of the Class of 1885, Yale University (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=6bcvAQAAMAAJ& pg=PA119& dq=frank+ brandegee+ born+ 1864& hl=en& sa=X& ei=CA68Up_vB-mfyQGu4YHwBw&
ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=frank brandegee born 1864& f=false), 1913, page 119
[2] Norris Galpin Osborn, Men of Mark in Connecticut (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ARFh_Sbpg84C& pg=PA54& dq=frank+
brandegee+ connecticut+ speaker& hl=en& sa=X& ei=EQu8UsuHH4LWyQGi2oCQAw& ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage& q=frank
brandegee connecticut speaker& f=false), Volume 1, 1906, pages 54-57
[3] United States Senate Historical Office, Pro Tem: Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Since 1789 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=ucYiQfN8zmkC& pg=PA84& dq=frank+ brandegee+ admitted+ bar& hl=en& sa=X& ei=Sgq8Ur-BBeGEyAGM34GYAw&
ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=frank brandegee admitted bar& f=false), 2008, page 84
[4] Samuel Hart, editor, Encyclopedia of Connecticut Biography (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=KSwEAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA277&
dq=frank+ brandegee+ connecticut+ speaker& hl=en& sa=X& ei=EQu8UsuHH4LWyQGi2oCQAw& ved=0CGIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&
q=frank brandegee connecticut speaker& f=false), Volume 4, 1917, page 277
[5] Caryn Hannan, editor, Connecticut Biographical Dictionary (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Pd_ETIlgTxgC& pg=PA160& dq=frank+
brandegee+ charles+ russell& hl=en& sa=X& ei=wg68UufoBOeBygGbhYCIDA& ved=0CE0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage& q=frank brandegee
charles russell& f=false), 2008, page 160
[6] John Tweedy, A History of the Republican National Conventions from 1856 to 1908 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=VKcJAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA265& lpg=PA265& dq="frank+ brandegee"+ chairman+ convention& source=bl& ots=Hglmr7Pacu&
sig=3s9noZ-FcpQj25EHR8eOjqbOfi4& hl=en& sa=X& ei=hUW8UvqRHoHCywG7kIHwCw& ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&
q="frank brandegee" chairman convention& f=false), 1910, page 265
Frank B. Brandegee
213
[7] William Harrison Taylor, Taylor's Legislative History and Souvenir of Connecticut (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=pwcWAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA206& dq="frank+ b+ brandegee"+ chairman+ convention& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=HEa8Uu6cJbGyygHqmYDwCg& ved=0CCwQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage& q="frank b brandegee" chairman convention& f=false), 1897,
Volume 4, page 206
[8] New York Times, Connecticut Convention (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=F30F12F63B5F13718DDDA80994DD405B848CF1D3), May 11, 1904
[9] Connecticut General Assembly, Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=EwIiAQAAMAAJ&
pg=PA933& lpg=PA933& dq=brandegee+ senate+ death+ "orville+ h+ platt"& source=bl& ots=HkkgSl4oWC&
sig=uwrhzGn8iG7Vlf0jWNukNgqV-IU& hl=en& sa=X& ei=Z0e8UuuWI9TyyAG4yYDQCw& ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&
q=brandegee senate death "orville h platt"& f=false), 1905, page 933
[10] [10] Charles F. Ritter, Jon L. Wakelyn, American Legislative Leaders, 1850-1910, 1989, page 72
[11] Carole Nichols, Votes and More for Women: Suffrage and After in Connecticut (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=aiKx3Q74lsEC&
pg=PA39& dq=brandegee+ opposed+ "league+ of+ nations"& hl=en& sa=X& ei=eUi8Upf8NqOiyAHxuIDgCw&
ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=brandegee opposed "league of nations"& f=false), 2013, page 39
[12] Cecelia Bucki, Bridgeport's Socialist New Deal, 1915-36 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=5sqULah9Jj0C& pg=PA215&
dq=brandegee+ opposed+ women's+ suffrage& hl=en& sa=X& ei=L0m8Ut2tOab7yAGYhICoDw& ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=brandegee opposed women's suffrage& f=false), 2001, page 215
[13] Ruth O'Brien, Workers' Paradox: The Republican Origins of New Deal Labor Policy, 1886-1935 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=wVrwqAAJmZoC& pg=PA227& lpg=PA227& dq=frank+ brandegee+ "old+ guard"& source=bl& ots=RasTNtkygT&
sig=tA1c4LLUvvwh6a1MkjKQxD2FBaY& hl=en& sa=X& ei=Vgi-UqLuIMTjsAS2_oD4DA& ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&
q=frank brandegee "old guard"& f=false), 1998, page 227
[14] Stephen Graubard, The Presidents: The Transformation of the American Presidency from Theodore Roosevelt to Barack Obama (http:/ /
books.google. com/ books?id=P077YZm09wsC& pg=PT261& dq=brandegee+ supporter+ harding+ president& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=f0m8UvvgNqXhyQGv_YCYDA& ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=brandegee supporter harding president& f=false), 2009
[15] Laton McCartney, The Teapot Dome Scandal: How Big Oil Bought the Harding White House and Tried to Steal the Country (http:/ / books.
google.com/ books?id=aegJqkF3ae8C& pg=PA24& lpg=PA24& dq=frank+ brandegee+ "old+ guard"& source=bl& ots=Ofi9BwDMrG&
sig=69FfDLU5m_Swi-ONNKiyJ5bORnI& hl=en& sa=X& ei=Vgi-UqLuIMTjsAS2_oD4DA& ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q&
f=false), 2009, page 24
[16] [16] Lawrence P. Ardis, Party leaders in Congress, 1789-2002, 2002, page 45
[17] Robert C. Byrd, Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C&
pg=PA652& dq=brandegee+ senate+ president+ pro+ tempore& hl=en& sa=X& ei=50q8UtKqOo2FyQGvj4HICQ&
ved=0CEIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage& q=brandegee senate president pro tempore& f=false), Volume 4, 1993, page 652
[18] United Press, The Southeast Missourian, Senator Brandegee Found Dead at Home (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?nid=1893&
dat=19241014& id=cSYrAAAAIBAJ& sjid=jdMEAAAAIBAJ& pg=2362,1895764), October 14, 1924
[19] Pine Plains Register, Brandegee Dead by Gas (http:/ / fultonhistory. com/ Newspapers 6/ Pine Plaines NY Register Herald/ Pine Plaines NY
Register Herald 1924-1925 Grayscale/ Pine Plaines NY Register Herald 1924-1925 Grayscale - 0368. pdf), October 15, 1924
[20] Time Magazine, Political Notes: De Mortuis (http:/ / content. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,728765,00. html), January 4, 1926
[21] [21] Bridgeport Telegram, Brandegee's Death Blamed on Isolation and Financial Loss, October 15, 1924
[22] St. Petersburg Evening Independent, Financial Losses Cause Senator to Turn on Gas (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?nid=950&
dat=19241015& id=g6MLAAAAIBAJ& sjid=51QDAAAAIBAJ& pg=4597,2300834), October 15, 1924
[23] Thomas E. Spencer, Where They're Buried (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eLWao2lIGTEC& pg=PA117& dq="brandegee,+
frank"+ "cedar+ grove"& hl=en& sa=X& ei=zgm8UpOsMMblyAGOqIDwBw& ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q="brandegee, frank"
"cedar grove"& f=false), 1998, page 117
External links
ƒ Frank B. Brandegee (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B000769) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Frank B. Brandegee (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6221621) at Find a Grave
ƒ Frank Brandegee (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ branchfield-brandofino. html) at The Political Graveyard
(http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ )
ƒ U.S. Government Printing Office, Frank B. Brandegee: Memorial Addresses Delivered in the Senate and House
of Representatives (http:/ / babel. hathitrust. org/ cgi/ pt?id=inu. 32000009075823;view=1up;seq=9), 1925
Frank B. Brandegee
214
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Charles A. Russell
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Connecticut's 3rd congressional district
1902€1905
Succeeded by
Edwin W. Higgins
United States Senate
Preceded by
Orville H. Platt
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Connecticut
1905€1924
Served alongside: Morgan Bulkeley, George P. McLean
Succeeded by
Hiram Bingham III
Political offices
Preceded by
William P. Frye
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Rotating pro tems
Succeeded by
James P. Clarke
Preceded by
Knute Nelson
Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1923€1924
Succeeded by
Albert B. Cummins
Alfred Cowles, Jr.
Alfred Cowles, Jr. (5 January 1865, Chicago - 15 January 1939, Chicago) He was the son of Alfred Cowles, Sr. and
Sarah Hutchinson Cowles. His father was an incorporator along with John S. Scripps of the Chicago Tribune. Alfred
Junior was graduated from Yale University in 1886, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:50
The following
year he engaged in post-graduate work, studied at Yale Law School, from 1887 to 1888 and Northwestern
University, from 1888 to 1889. The following year he was married to Elizabeth Cheney of the Manchester,
Connecticut Cheney family, with whom he had four children: Alfred Cowles III (1891€1984), Knight Cheney
Cowles (b. 1892), John Cheney Cowles (b. 1894), and Thomas Hooker Cowles (b. 1895).
Following admission to the bar, Cowles spent most of his life practicing law in Chicago. From 1898 to 1901 he was
engaged in the management of the Chicago Tribune, of which he was a director. He was also a director of the
American Radiator Company.
References
Edward Johnson Phelps
215
Edward Johnson Phelps
Edward Johnson Phelps (18 April 1863, Andover, Massachusetts - 9 August 1938, New Monterey, California)
family had been settled in Massachusetts from the earliest times and are alleged to be of noble descent. Edward's
father, the Rev. Austin Phelps was a graduated of the University of Pennsylvania and studied for a year at the Yale
Divinity School. Austin was professor of sacred rhetoric at the Andover Theological Seminary for over thirty years.
Edward Phelps attended Yale College, where he graduated in 1886. During that time he took an interest in sports,
being a member of the Freshman Football Team and was also Chairman of the Yale Literary Magazine. He was a
member of Eta Phi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Chi Delta Theta, the Political Science Club and Skull and Bones.
:53
Due to
his ability as a public speaker, Phelps was entered into the De Forest Medal Contest in his senior year. He was beaten
by Evans Woollen, who like Phelps spoke on "The American Tory in the Revolution" After his senior year, Phelps
enrolled at the Yale Graduate School and received an MA in 1888. During the years 1887 and 1888, he also engaged
in the insurance business in Chicago.
With an MA to his name, Phelps entered the offices of the New Haven Morning News as a reporter and was later
promoted to the position of telegraph editor. The following year, he was appointed reporter and chief editor of the
Hartford Courant. Phelps was not to stay in Connecticut for long, for in 1890 he made his way to Chicago, where he
engaged in editorial and financial work at the Chicago Herald. He left the Chicago Herald in 1895, to pursue a
career, using the financial skills he had picked up. He was picked up by the Northern Trust Safe Deposit Company of
Chicago, where he was secretary, treasurer and general manager until 1923. From 1923 to his retirement in 1929, he
was a director and President of the company. Phelps became well known in safe deposit circles, being made
President of the Illinois Safe Deposit Association and Chairman of the National Safe Deposit Advisory Council.
From 1895 to 1897, Phelps was secretary of Chicago's First Civil Service Commission.
Phelps was heavily involved in the affairs of Yale throughout his life. He was secretary and treasurer of the Yale
Scholarship Trust of Chicago, in 1905; President of the Yale Club of Chicago, from 1910 to 1911; represented the
Yale Club of Chicago on the Alumni Board, from 1910 to 1916; and was a director of the Yale Publishing
Association. He also took an interest in a high school in Winnetka, Illinois.
References
Clinton L. Hare
216
Clinton L. Hare
Clinton L. Hare
Hare pictured in Quarter Century Record, Class of 1887, Yale College
Sport(s) Football
Biographical details
Born November 7, 1864
Noblesville, Indiana
Died June 4, 1909 (aged 44)
Indianapolis, Indiana
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1887
1889€1890
1890
1891
Butler
Butler
Purdue
DePauw
Administrative career (AD unless noted)
1885€1886 Yale (football manager)
Head coaching record
Overall 6€4
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Clinton Larue "Clint" Hare (November 7, 1864 € June 4, 1909) was a manager, organizer, and coach of American
football, and a lawyer and grocer. He served as the head football coach at Purdue University for one season in 1890
and at DePauw University for one season in 1891, compiling a career record of 6€4. Hare graduated from Yale
University in 1887, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He was the manager of the Yale football team in
1885 and 1886. The 1886 Yale team went 9€0€1, outscored their opponents by a cumulative total of 687€4, and was
later recognized as national co-champions with the Princeton team that they played to a scoreless tie in the season
finale. Hare later worked as an attorney, and owned and managed a wholesale grocery in his hometown of
Indianapolis.
Clinton L. Hare
217
Early life and college years
Hare was born at his grandfather's house in Noblesville, Indiana on November 7, 1864. His parents were Marcus L.
Hare and Julia A. (Haines) Hare, who resided in Indianapolis. Hare was raised in Indianapolis and attended the city's
public schools including Shortridge High School.
Hare entered Yale University in the fall of 1883. At Yale, he participated in a number of athletic pursuits. He played
on his class baseball team in the fall of his first two years in New Haven, rowed with his class crews as a sophomore
and junior, and was a member of his class lacrosse team in his junior year. As a junior and senior, in the falls of 1885
and 1886, Hare was the manager of the varsity football team. As senior, he was also president of the University
Football Association. In addition to athletics, Hare was a member of the Second Glee Club, the Chapel Choir, the
Yale University Club, the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and Skull and Bones, a secret society founded at Yale in
1832. He graduated from Yale with the class of 1887.
In 1886, Hare and three others•Merrill Moores, Pirtle Harrod, and William Bradshaw•formed the Indianapolis
Athletic Association (IAA) to introduce football in Indiana. The IAA sponsored intercollegiate games involving
teams from Butler University, Hanover College, Wabash College, and Franklin College in 1886 and 1887, and
supplied players with train tickets for games played in Indianapolis.
Coaching career
Hare's 1890 Purdue football team, pictured in Debris 1891, Purdue
yearbook
After graduating from Yale, Hare returned to
Indianapolis in 1887 and became a football coach at
Butler, where his teams won two successive state
championships. In 1890, Hare became the third head
football coach at Purdue University in West Lafayette,
Indiana. He coached the Purdue football team that
season to a record of 3€3. Purdue won each of its two
home games in convincing fashion, shutting out
Wabash, 54€0, on October 24 and Illinois, 62€0, on
November 22. They also shut out DePauw in
Greencastle, Indiana, 32€0. Purdue suffered its worst
loss of the season on November 1 in Ann Arbor, falling
to Michigan by a score of 34 to six. Hare's squad also
dropped their season opener in Chicago on October 18
to the Chicago University Football Club, 10€6, and
their season finale on November 27 against Hare's former team, Butler, by a score of 12 to 10. With their wins over
DePauw and Wabash and their loss to Butler, Purdue tallied a 2€1 mark against their opponents from within the state
of Indiana. Hare's team finished second place in the Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association to Butler, who beat
all three of their in-state foes and was awarded the state championship.
The following year, in 1891, Hare moved to DePauw University to coach the football team there. In his one season
with DePauw, he guided his team to a record of 3€1. DePauw opened the season with strong wins over Butler and
Indiana, but lost on November 7 to Hare's former team, Purdue, in West Lafayette, by a score of 30 to zero. The
season concluded with DePauw's acceptance of a forfeit from Wabash.
Clinton L. Hare
218
Legal and business career
Hare began his legal career in March 1888 when he entered the Indianapolis law firm of Harrison, Miller & Elam as
a student. He was admitted to the bar two years later, in 1890. In November 1888, the firm's titular partner and senior
member, Benjamin Harrison, was elected as President of the United States. Harrison appointed his advisor and
fellow partner in the firm, William H. H. Miller to the post of United States Attorney General. At this time Hare
became the attorney for the Board of Children's Guardians, a body created by the Indiana General Assembly in 1889
to investigate and manage cases of child neglect. A fellow member of the Indianapolis Bar remarked on Hare's
accumen in serving his client:
"In the trial of cases for the board he showed high ability as a lawyer. His mind acted quickly. He was
always thoroughly prepared. He handled his evidence well. He was a ready speaker and spoke with
clearness and force."
In November 1894, Hare was appointed as cashier to the clerk of the Indiana Circuit Court. He held the post for eight
years. In 1899, Hare purchased a controlling interest in J. C. Perry & Company, a wholesale grocer in Indianapolis.
Shortly thereafter, he joined the executive committee of Indiana's Wholesale Grocer's Association, and later became
president of the organization.
Family, personal life, and death
Hare married Marea Fletcher on October 14, 1891. She was the daughter of John B. Fletcher and Myla F. Ritzinger
of Indianapolis. Hare and his wife had six children: Helen (born February 5, 1894), John Maurice (born February 2,
1897), Clinton Larue, Jr. (born July 18, 1898), Robert Ritzinger (born October 15, 1899), Myla (born March 3,
1903), and Laura (born January 9, 1906). In 1905, their home in Indianapolis was robbed of diamonds valuing over
$3000. Marea was a friend of Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Booth Tarkington. In 1923, she sold a house she had
had built in 1911 on North Meridian Street in Indianapolis to Tarkington for $37,000.
Hare was a Presbyterian and, as a member of the Republican Party, he was active in local political affairs. After a
period of illness lasting more than one year, Hare died of throat cancer at his home in Indianapolis on June 4, 1909.
Head coaching record
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Purdue Boilermakers (Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1890)
1890 Purdue 3€3 2€1 2nd
Purdue: 3€3 2€1
DePauw Tigers (Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1891)
1891 DePauw 3€1 3€1
DePauw: 3€1 3€1
Total: 6€4
Clinton L. Hare
219
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=973
External links
ƒ Clinton L. Hare (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year.
php?coachid=973) at the College Football Data Warehouse
George G. Haven, Jr.
George Griswold Haven, Jr. (June 14, 1866, New York City - July 21, 1925, Manhattan) was an American
businessman.
[1]
His father, George G. Haven, Sr. came from a family that had settled in New England in the earliest times and was a
prominent New Yorker.
George G. Haven, Jr. attended St. John's School, in Ossining and the Hopkins Grammar School. He entered Yale
College and graduated with the class of 1887. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, H• Boul• and Skull and
Bones.
After his graduation, Haven returned to New York City to enter the Lehigh & Wilkes Barre Coal Company.
Following in his father's footsteps, Haven became interested in railroads, his next job being secretary and treasurer of
the St. Paul & Duluth and New York & Northern railways. He later became general manager of New York &
Northern.
In 1896, Haven joined the firm Strong, Sturgis & Company, whom he represented on the New York Stock
Exchange.
He was a director of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad; the Texas & Pacific Railroad; the South Porto Rico Sugar
Company; the Metallurgical Company; the Charleston & Ohio River Company; and the United States Mortgage &
Trust Company. Haven also became a director of the Metropolitan Opera & Real Estate Company in 1910, becoming
a senior member and treasurer in 1914. He was appointed President in 1919, a position his father had held just over
ten years ago. Through the Metropolitan Opera, Haven became associated with such prominent New Yorkers as
George F. Baker, J.P. Morgan, Otto H. Kahn and Robert F. Cutting.
Haven was married twice. His first wife, Elizabeth Shaw Ingersoll, was the daughter of Charles Robert Ingersoll,
former Governor of Connecticut. Two years after the death of his first wife, he married Dorothy James.
In early 1924, Haven suffered a nervous breakdown. He retired from business and began traveling in hope of
regaining his health, but on July 21, 1925 Haven shot himself through the head with a revolver, at his home on
Fifty-third Street, New York City. He was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery.
References
[1] Obituary Record of Yale Graduates 1925-1926, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 22nd Series, August 1, 1926, #22, p. 126-7.
Oliver Gould Jennings
220
Oliver Gould Jennings
Jennings and wife in 1914
Oliver Gould Jennings (April 27, 1865 - October 13, 1936) was a
financier. He served in Connecticut House of Representatives. He was
on the boards of Bethlehem Steel, United States Industrial Alcohol
Company, McKesson & Robbins, Kingsport Press, Signature
Company, National Fuel Gas, and Grocery Store Products.
Biography
He was born on April 27, 1865 in New York City to Oliver Burr
Jennings and Esther Judson Goodsell. Oliver Gould married Mary
Dows Brewster, daughter of Benjamin Brewster and Elmina Hersey
Dows. He and Mary were the parents of Benjamin Brewster Jennings.
He was an 1887 initiate into Yale's Skull and Bones Society.
:42
He died on October 13, 1936. His funeral was held at St. James Episcopal Church in Fairfield, Connecticut with Rev.
H. W. B. Donegan presiding. Mary died in 1964.
References
William Kent (U.S. Congressman)
For other people named William Kent, see William Kent (disambiguation).
William Kent
William Kent (March 29, 1864 € March 13, 1928) was an American
who served as a United States Congressman representing the State of
California. He spearheaded the movement to create the Muir Woods
National Monument by donating land to the Federal Government for
the Monument.
Kent was born in Chicago, Illinois. His parents moved the family to
Marin County in California in the year 1871. He graduated from Yale
University in 1887, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:107
Upon graduation, Kent returned to Chicago and entered the real estate
and livestock businesses. He also became involved in politics,
becoming a member of the city council and president of the Municipal
Voter's League of Chicago.
In 1907, Kent returned to California and entered the national stage of
politics by earning election as a Progressive Republican to the 62nd
United States Congress. For the 63rd and 64th Congresses he was
reelected as an Independent. In total, he served in Congress from March 4, 1911 to March 4, 1917.
In 1916, Kent was the lead sponsor of the legislation in the House of Representatives that created the National Park
Service. The similar Senate bill was sponsored by Reed Smoot. The legislation passed the House of Representatives
on July 1, 1916, passed the Senate on August 5, and was signed by President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916.
William Kent (U.S. Congressman)
221
Kent was also heavily involved in local politics; he was one of the major supporters of the creation of the Marin
Municipal Water District in 1911, and also backed early efforts for a Golden Gate Bridge. While Kent supported
conservation, he also actively worked to promote growth and development in Marin, such as his support for the Mt.
Tamalpais & Muir Woods Railway, a renowned Marin County attraction partially funded by his father, A.E. Kent.
His wealth as one of the major landowners in the county increased greatly as property values rose.
Following his career in Congress, Kent was appointed to the United States Tariff Commission (now known as the
United States International Trade Commission). He served on the Commission from March 21, 1917 to March 31,
1920.
Kent was also a philanthropist. Together with his wife, Elizabeth Thacher Kent, he purchased 611 acres (2.5 km†) of
one the last remaining stands of coast redwoods along Redwood Creek north of San Francisco Bay. To protect the
redwood grove from development, he donated 295 acres (1.19 km†) to the Federal Government. President Theodore
Roosevelt declared the area a national monument in 1908 and suggested naming the monument after Kent. Kent
demurred and suggested the grove be named Muir Woods National Monument, after naturalist John Muir. Portraits
of the Kent family by artist Herbert A. Collins hang there.
He was the father of Sherman Kent and Roger Kent and the brother-in-law of Sherman Day Thacher. His wife was
the daughter of Yale professor and administrator Thomas Anthony Thacher
Kent died in Kentfield, California. His remains were cremated in Oakland, California.
References
External links
ƒ "The Legacy of John Muir and William Kent" (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ muwo/ history/ kent_muir. htm). Cultural
History of Muir Woods National Monument. Retrieved June 10, 2005.
ƒ "KENT, William - Biographical Information" (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.
pl?index=K000127). Biographal Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 10, 2005.
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Duncan E. McKinlay
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 2nd congressional district
1911€1913
Succeeded by
John E. Raker
Preceded by
John E. Raker
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 1st congressional district
1913€1917
Succeeded by
Clarence F. Lea
Irving Fisher
222
Irving Fisher
Irving Fisher
Born February 27, 1867
Saugerties, New York
Died April 29, 1947 (aged 80)
New York City, New York
Nationality United States
Field Mathematical economics
School/tradition Neoclassical economics
Alma mater Yale University
Influences Jevons, Gibbs, Sumner, B‹hm-Bawerk
Influenced Friedman, Tobin, Modigliani, Bernanke, Sumner, Keen, Allais
Contributions Fisher equation
Equation of exchange
Price index
Debt deflation
Phillips curve
Money illusion
Fisher separation theorem
Independent Party of Connecticut
Irving Fisher (February 27, 1867 € April 29, 1947) was an American economist, statistician, inventor, and
Progressive social campaigner. He was one of the earliest American neoclassical economists, though his later work
on debt deflation has been embraced by the Post-Keynesian school. Joseph Schumpeter described him as "the
greatest economist the United States has ever produced", an assessment later repeated by James Tobin and Milton
Friedman.
[1]
Fisher made important contributions to utility theory and general equilibrium. He was also a pioneer in the rigorous
study of intertemporal choice in markets, which led him to develop a theory of capital and interest rates. His research
on the quantity theory of money inaugurated the school of macroeconomic thought known as "monetarism." Fisher
was also a pioneer of econometrics, including the development of index numbers. Some concepts named after him
Irving Fisher
223
include the Fisher equation, the Fisher hypothesis, the international Fisher effect, and the Fisher separation theorem.
Fisher was perhaps the first celebrity economist, but his reputation during his lifetime was irreparably harmed by his
public statements, just prior to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, claiming that the stock market had reached "a
permanently high plateau". His subsequent theory of debt deflation as an explanation of the Great Depression, as
well as his advocacy of full-reserve banking and alternative currencies, were largely ignored in favor of the work of
John Maynard Keynes. Fisher's reputation has since recovered in neoclassical economics, particularly after his work
was rediscovered in the late 1950s,
[2]
and more widely due to an increased interest in debt deflation after the
late-2000s recession.
[3]
Biography
Fisher was born in Saugerties, New York. His father was a teacher and a Congregational minister, who raised his son
to believe he must be a useful member of society. Despite being raised in religious family, he later on became an
atheist. As a child, he had remarkable mathematical ability and a flair for invention. A week after he was admitted to
Yale College his father died, at age 53. Irving then supported his mother, brother, and himself, mainly by tutoring.
He graduated first in his class with a B.A degree in 1888, having also been elected as a member of the Skull and
Bones society.
:14
In 1891, Fisher received the first Ph.D. in economics granted by Yale.
[4]
His faculty advisors were the theoretical
physicist Willard Gibbs and the sociologist William Graham Sumner. As a student, Fisher had shown particular
talent and inclination for mathematics, but he found that economics offered greater scope for his ambition and social
concerns. His thesis, published by Yale in 1892 as Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices,
was a rigorous development of the theory of general equilibrium. When he began writing the thesis, Fisher had not
been aware that L„on Walras and his continental European disciples had already covered similar ground.
Nonetheless, Fisher's work was a very significant contribution and was immediately recognized and praised as
first-rate by such European masters as Francis Edgeworth.
After graduating from Yale, Fisher studied in Berlin and Paris. From 1890 onward, he remained at Yale, first as a
tutor, then after 1898 as a professor of political economy, and after 1935 as professor emeritus. He edited the Yale
Review from 1896 to 1910 and was active in many learned societies, institutes, and welfare organizations. He was
president of the American Economic Association in 1918. The American Mathematical Society selected him as its
Gibbs Lecturer for 1929. A leading early proponent of econometrics, in 1930 he founded, with Ragnar Frisch and
Charles F. Roos the Econometric Society, of which he was the first president.
Fisher was a prolific writer, producing journalism as well as technical books and articles, and addressing various
social issues surrounding of the First World War, the prosperous 1920s and the depressed 1930s. He made several
practical inventions, the most notable of which was an "index visible filing system" which he patented in 1913 and
sold to Kardex Rand (later Remington Rand) in 1925. This, and his subsequent stock investments, made him a
wealthy man until his personal finances were badly hit by the Crash of 1929.
Fisher was also an active social and health campaigner, as well as an advocate of vegetarianism, Prohibition, and
eugenics. He died in New York City in 1947, at the age of 80.
Irving Fisher
224
Economic theories
Utility theory
James Tobin argued that the intellectual breakthroughs that marked the neoclassical revolution in economics
occurred in Europe around 1870. The next two decades witnessed lively debates, which led to the new theory being
more or less incorporated into the classical tradition that preceded it. In the 1890s, according to Joseph A.
Schumpeter there emerged
A large expanse of common ground and ... a feeling of repose, both of which created, in the superficial
observer, an impression of finality € the finality of a Greek temple that spreads its perfect lines against a
cloudless sky. Of course, Tobin argues, the temple was by no means complete. Its building and
decoration continue to this day, even while its faithful throngs worship within. American economists
were not present at the creation. To a considerable extent they built their own edifice independently,
designing some new architecture in the process. They participated actively in the international
controversies and syntheses of the period 1870€1914. At least two Americans were prominent builders
of the "temple," John Bates Clark and Irving Fisher. They and others brought neoclassical theory into
American journals, classrooms, and textbooks, and its analytical tools into the kits of researchers and
practitioners. Eventually, for better or worse, their paradigm would dominate economic science in this
country.
[5]
In reviewing the history of utility theory, economist George Stigler wrote that Fisher's doctoral thesis had been
"brilliant" and stressed that it contained "the first careful examination of the measurability of the utility function and
its relevance to demand theory." While his published work exhibited an unusual degree of mathematical
sophistication for an economist of his day, Fisher always sought to bring his analysis to life and to present his
theories as lucidly as possible. For instance, to complement the arguments in his doctoral thesis, he built an elaborate
hydraulic machine with pumps and levers, allowing him to demonstrate visually how the equilibrium prices in the
market adjusted in response to changes in supply or demand.
Interest and capital
Fisher is probably best remembered today in neoclassical economics for his theory of capital, investment, and
interest rates, first exposited in his The Nature of Capital and Income (1906) and elaborated on in The Rate of
Interest (1907). His 1930 treatise, The Theory of Interest, summed up a lifetime's research into capital, capital
budgeting, credit markets, and the factors (including inflation) that determine interest rates.
Fisher saw that subjective economic value is not only a function of the amount of goods and services owned or
exchanged, but also of the moment in time when they are purchased. A good available now has a different value than
the same good available at a later date; value has a time as well as a quantity dimension. The relative price of goods
available at a future date, in terms of goods sacrificed now, is measured by the interest rate. Fisher made free use of
the standard diagrams used to teach undergraduate economics, but labeled the axes "consumption now" and
"consumption next period" (instead of the usual schematic alternatives of "apples" and "oranges"). The resulting
theory, one of considerable power and insight, was presented in detail in The Theory of Interest (for a concise
exposition, see here
[6]
.)
This model, later generalized to the case of K goods and N periods (including the case of infinitely many periods) has
become a standard theory of capital and interest, and is described in Gravelle and Rees,
[7]
and Aliprantis, Brown, and
Burkinshaw. This theoretical advance is explained in Hirshleifer.
Steve Keen's Debt-Reset Theory predicting the 2008 recession utilized some of Fisher's work.
Irving Fisher
225
Monetary economics
Fisher's research into the basic theory of prices and interest rates did not touch directly on the great social issues of
the day. On the other hand, his monetary economics did and this grew to be the main focus of Fisher„s mature work.
It was Fisher who (following the pioneering work of Simon Newcomb) formulated the quantity theory of money in
terms of the "equation of exchange:" Let M be the total stock of money, P the price level, T the amount of
transactions carried out using money, and V the velocity of circulation of money, so that
Later economists replaced T by the real output Y (or Q), usually quantified by the real Gross domestic product
(GDP).
Fisher's Appreciation and Interest was an abstract analysis of the behavior of interest rates when the price level is
changing. It emphasized the distinction between real and nominal interest rates:
where is the real interest rate, is the nominal interest rate, and the inflation is a measure of the increase in the
price level. When inflation is sufficiently low, the real interest rate can be approximated as the nominal interest rate
minus the expected inflation rate. The resulting equation is known as the Fisher equation in his honor.
Fisher believed that investors and savers € people in general € were afflicted in varying degrees by "money illusion";
they could not see past the money to the goods the money could buy. In an ideal world, changes in the price level
would have no effect on production or employment. In the actual world with money illusion, inflation (and deflation)
did serious harm. For more than forty years, Fisher elaborated his vision of the damaging …dance of the dollar† and
devised various schemes to …stabilize† money, i.e. to stabilize the price level. He was one of the first to subject
macroeconomic data, including the money stock, interest rates, and the price level, to statistical analyses and tests. In
the 1920s, he introduced the technique later called distributed lags. In 1973, the Journal of Political Economy
posthumously reprinted his 1926 paper on the statistical relation between unemployment and inflation, retitling it as
"I discovered the Phillips curve". Index numbers played an important role in his monetary theory, and his book The
Making of Index Numbers has remained influential down to the present day.
Fisher's main intellectual rival was the Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Fisher espoused a more succinct
explanation of the quantity theory of money, resting it almost exclusively on long run prices. Wicksell's theory was
considerably more complicated, beginning with interest rates in a system of changes in the real economy. Although
both economists concluded from their theories that at the heart of the business cycle (and economic crisis) was
government monetary policy, their disagreement would not be solved in their lifetimes, and indeed, it was inherited
by the policy debates between the Keynesians and monetarists beginning a half-century later.
Debt-deflation
Further information: Debt deflation
Following the stock market crash of 1929, and in light of the ensuing Great Depression, Fisher developed a theory of
economic crises called debt-deflation, which attributed the crises to the bursting of a credit bubble. According to
Fisher, the bursting of the credit bubble unleashes a series of effects that have serious negative impact on the real
economy:
1. 1. Debt liquidation and distress selling.
2. 2. Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off.
3. 3. A fall in the level of asset prices.
4. 4. A still greater fall in the net worth of businesses, precipitating bankruptcies.
5. 5. A fall in profits.
6. 6. A reduction in output, in trade and in employment.
Irving Fisher
226
7. 7. Pessimism and loss of confidence.
8. 8. Hoarding of money.
9. 9. A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation-adjusted interest rates.
This theory was largely ignored in favor of Keynesian economics, in part because of the damage to Fisher's
reputation caused by his public optimism about the stock market, just prior to the crash. Debt-deflation has
experienced a revival of mainstream interest since the 1980s, and particularly with the Late-2000s recession. Steve
Keen's Debt-Reset Theory predicted the 2008 recession by incorporating some of Fisher's work on debt deflation.
Debt deflation is now the major theory with which Fisher's name is associated.
Stock market crash of 1929
The stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression cost Fisher much of his personal wealth and
academic reputation. He famously predicted, three days before the crash, "Stock prices have reached what looks like
a permanently high plateau." Irving Fisher stated on October 21 that the market was "only shaking out of the lunatic
fringe" and went on to explain why he felt the prices still had not caught up with their real value and should go much
higher. On Wednesday, October 23, he announced in a banker„s meeting "security values in most instances were not
inflated." For months after the Crash, he continued to assure investors that a recovery was just around the corner.
Once the Great Depression was in full force, he did warn that the ongoing drastic deflation was the cause of the
disastrous cascading insolvencies then plaguing the American economy because deflation increased the real value of
debts fixed in dollar terms. Fisher was so discredited by his 1929 pronouncements and by the failure of a firm he had
started that few people took notice of his "debt-deflation" analysis of the Depression. People instead eagerly turned
to the ideas of Keynes. Fisher's debt-deflation scenario has since seen a revival since the 1980s.
Constructive Income Taxation
Lawrence Lokken, the University of Miami School of Law professor of economics, credits Fisher's 1942 book with
the concept behind the Unlimited Savings Accumulation Tax, a reform introduced in the United States Senate in
1995 by Senator Pete Domenici (R-New Mexico), former Senator Sam Nunn (D-Georgia), and Senator Bob Kerrey
(D-Nebraska). The concept was that unnecessary spending (which is hard to define in a law) can be taxed by taxing
income minus all net investments and savings, and minus an allowance for essential purchases, thus making funds
available for investment.
Social and health campaigns
In 1898, Fisher was diagnosed with tuberculosis, the same disease that had killed his father. He spent three years in
sanatoria, finally making a full recovery. That experience sparked in him a vocation as a health campaigner. He was
one of the founders of the Life Extension Institute, under whose auspices he co-authored the bestselling book How to
Live: Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science, published in 1915. He advocated regular exercise and the
avoidance of red meat, tobacco, and alcohol. In 1924, Fisher wrote an anti-smoking article for the Reader's Digest,
which argued that "tobacco lowers the whole tone of the body and decreases its vital power and resistance ... [it] acts
like a narcotic poison, like opium and like alcohol, though usually in a less degree".
Fisher supported the legal prohibition of alcohol and wrote three booklets defending prohibition in the United States
on grounds of public health and economic productivity.
[8]
He also defended eugenics, serving in the scientific
advisory board of the Eugenics Record Office and as first president of the American Eugenics Society.
When his daughter Margaret was diagnosed with schizophrenia, Fisher had her treated at the New Jersey State
Hospital at Trenton, whose director was the psychiatrist Henry Cotton. Cotton believed in a "focal sepsis" theory,
according to which mental illness resulted from infectious material in the roots of teeth, bowel recesses, and other
places in the body. Cotton also claimed that surgical removal of the infected tissue could alleviate the patient's
Irving Fisher
227
mental disorder. At Trenton, Margaret Fisher had sections of her bowel and colon removed, which eventually
resulted in her death. Irving Fisher nonetheless remained convinced of the validity of Dr. Cotton's treatment.
[9]
Selected publications
Fisher, Irving Norton, 1961. A Bibliography of the Writings of Irving Fisher (1961). Compiled by Fisher's son;
contains 2425 entries.
ƒƒ Primary
ƒ 1892. Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices. Scroll to chapter links.
[10]
ƒ 1896. Appreciation and Interest. Link.
[11]
ƒ 1906. The Nature of Capital and Income. Scroll to chapter links.
[12]
ƒ 1907. The Rate of Interest. Extracts
[13]
from Preface and Appendix to ch. VII.
ƒ 1910, 1914. Introduction to Economic Science. Section links.
[14]
ƒ 1911a, 1922, 2nd ed. The Purchasing Power of Money: Its Determination and Relation to Credit, Interest, and
Crises. Scroll to chapter links
[15]
from Library of Economics and Liberty (LE&L).
ƒ 1911b, 1913. Elementary Principles of Economics. Scroll to chapter links.
[16]
ƒ 1915. How to Live: Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science (with Eugene Lyon Fisk). Link.
[17]
ƒ 1918, "Is 'Utility' the Most Suitable Term for the Concept It is Used to Denote?" American Economic Review,
pp. 335€37]. Reprint.
[18]
ƒ 1921a. "Dollar Stabilization," Encyclop€dia Britannica 12th ed.. XXX, pp. 852€853. Reprint page links
[19]
from LE&L.
ƒ 1921b, The Best Form of Index Number, American Statistical Association Quarterly. 17(133), pp. pp. 533€537
[20]
.
ƒ 1922. The Making of Index Numbers: A Study of Their Varieties, Tests, and Reliability. Scroll to chapter links,
[21]
ƒ 1923, "The Business Cycle Largely a 'Dance of the Dollar'," Journal of the American Statistical Association,
18, pp. 1024€28. Link.
[22]
ƒ 1926, "A Statistical Relation between Unemployment and Price Changes," International Labour Review,
13(6), p pp. 785€92
[23]
. Reprinted as 1973, "I Discovered the Phillips Curve: A Statistical Relation between
Unemployment and Price Changes'," Journal of Political Economy, 81(2, Part 1), p pp. 496€502
[24]
.
ƒ 1927, "A Statistical Method for Measuring 'Marginal Utility' and Testing the Justice of a Progressive Income
Tax" in Economic Essays Contributed in Honor of John Bates Clark .
ƒ 1928, The Money Illusion, New York: Adelphi Company. Scroll to chapter-preview links.
[25]
ƒ 1930a. The Stock Market Crash and After.
ƒ 1930b. The Theory of Interest. Chapter I.
[13]
Chapter links
[26]
, each numbered by paragraph via LE&L.
ƒ 1932. Booms and Depressions: Some First Principles. Description
[27]
and links
[28]
(press +) via Federal
Reserve Bank of St Louis.
ƒ 1933a. "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions," Econometrica, 1(4), pp. 337€357
[29]
(press +)
from FRBSL.
ƒ 1933b. Stamp Scrip. full text online
[30]
ƒ 1935. 100% Money. full text online
[31]
ƒ 1942. "Constructive Income Taxation: A Proposal for Reform." New York: Harper & Brothers.
ƒ 1996. The Works of Irving Fisher. edited by William J. Barber et al. 14 volumes London : Pickering & Chatto.
ƒ Fisher, Irving. (1892). Mathematical Investigations
Irving Fisher
228
References
[1] Milton Friedman, Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1994) p. 37. ISBN 0-15-661930-X
[2] Ben Bernanke, Essays on the Great Depression, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 24. ISBN 0-691-01698-4.
[3] Out of Keynes's shadow (http:/ / www.economist.com/ businessfinance/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=13104022), The Economist, Feb 12th
2009
[4] Shiller, Robert (2011). " The Yale Tradition in  Macroeconomics, (http:/ / www. econ. yale. edu/ alumni/ conf2011/ shiller-presentation. pdf)"
(pg. 31). Economic Alumni Conference.
[5] Schumpeter, A History of Economic Analysis (1954), p. 754
[6] https:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20080429203224/ http:/ / cepa. newschool. edu/ het/ essays/ capital/ fisherinvest. htm
[7] Gravelle, H., and Rees, R., 2004. Microeconomics, 3rd ed. Pearson Education, ch. 11.
[8] [8] Irving Fisher, Prohibition at Its Worst (New York: Macmillan, 1926); Prohibition Still at Its Worst (New York: Alcohol Information
Committee, 1928); The Noble Experiment (New York: Alcohol Information Committee, 1930).
[9] Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine, Andrew Scull, Yale University Press, 2005
[10] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zMNGyKoJxv8C& printsec=frontcover& cad=0#v=onepage& q& f=false
[11] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hJHPAAAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=%22Appreciation+ and+ interest%22+ fisher
[12] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1PVKAAAAYAAJ& pg=PR4#v=onepage& q& f=false
[13] http:/ / www.unc. edu/ ~salemi/ Econ006/ Irving_Fisher_Chaper_1. pdf
[14] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=NegsAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=%22Introduction+ to+ Economic+ Science%22+
fisher#v=onepage& q& f=false
[15] http:/ / www.econlib.org/ library/ YPDBooks/ Fisher/ fshPPM. html
[16] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=5V9MAAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=%22Elementary+ Principles+ of+ Economics%22+
fisher#v=onepage& q& f=false
[17] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ZH0XAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=false
[18] http:/ / socserv2.socsci. mcmaster. ca/ ~econ/ ugcm/ 3ll3/ fisher/ utility. htm
[19] http:/ / www.econlib.org/ library/ Essays/ fshEnc1.html
[20] http:/ / www.jstor.org/ pss/ 2965310
[21] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=FO9AAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& cad=0#v=onepage& q& f=false
[22] http:/ / www.jstor.org/ stable/ 2965663
[23] http:/ / heinonline.org/ HOL/ LandingPage?collection=journals& handle=hein. journals/ intlr13& div=43& id=& page=
[24] http:/ / www.jstor.org/ pss/ 1830534
[25] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LiyX9Xdk8YAC& printsec=frontcover& dq=%22The+ Money+ Illusion%22+ fisher#v=onepage&
q& f=false
[26] http:/ / www.econlib.org/ library/ YPDBooks/ Fisher/ fshToI. html
[27] http:/ / fraser.stlouisfed.org/ publications/ bodep/
[28] http:/ / fraser.stlouisfed.org/ publication-series/ ?id=104
[29] http:/ / fraser.stlouisfed.org/ meltzer/ record.php?id=4252
[30] http:/ / userpage.fu-berlin. de/ roehrigw/ fisher/
[31] http:/ / fisher-100money. blogspot.fr/
Further reading
ƒ Allen, Robert Loring. Irving Fisher: A Biography (1993)
ƒ Dimand, Robert W. (2003). "Irving Fisher on the International Transmission of Booms and Depressions through
Monetary Standards." Journal of Money, Credit & Banking. Vol: 35#1 pp 49+. online edition (http:/ / www.
questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=5000634264)
ƒ Dimand, Robert W. (1993)."The Dance of the Dollar: Irving Fisher's Monetary Theory of Economic
Fluctuations," History of Economics Review 20:161€172.
ƒ Dimand, Robert W. (1994)."Irving Fisher's Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions," Review of Social
Economy 52:92€107
ƒ Dimand, Robert W. (1998). "The Fall and Rise of Irving Fisher's Macroeconomics," Journal of the History of
Economic Thought 20:191€201.
ƒ Dimand, Robert W., and Geanakoplos, John. 2005. "Celebrating Irving Fisher: The Legacy of a Great Economist"
American Journal of Economics & Sociology, Jan 2005, Vol. 64 Issue 1, pp. 3€18
ƒ Dorfman, Joseph. (1958) The Economic Mind in American Civilization vol 3.
ƒ Fellner, William, ed. (1967). Ten Economic Studies in the Tradition of Irving Fisher
Irving Fisher
229
ƒ Fisher, Irving Norton, 1956. My Father Irving Fisher.
ƒ Sasuly, Max, 1947, "Irving Fisher and Social Science," Econometrica 15: 255€78.
ƒ Joseph Schumpeter, 1951. Ten Great Economists: 222€38.
ƒ Joseph Schumpeter. 1954 A History of Economic Analysis (1954)
ƒ Thaler, Richard, 1999, " Irving Fisher: Behavioral Economist, (http:/ / gsbwww. uchicago. edu/ fac/ richard.
thaler/ research/ Irving Fisher. pdf)" American Economic Review.
ƒ Tobin, James, 1987, "Fisher, Irving," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. 2: 369€76. Reprinted
in American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Jan, 2005, 17 pages. (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/
mi_m0254/ is_1_64/ ai_n13798783/ ?tag=content;col1)
ƒ Tobin, James, 1985 "Neoclassical Theory in America: J. B. Clark and Fisher" American Economic Review (Dec
1985) vol 75#6 pp. 28€38 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 1914327)
External links
ƒ Archive for the History of Economic Thought (http:/ / socserv2. socsci. mcmaster. ca/ ~econ/ ugcm/ 3ll3/ index.
html) at McMaster University:
ƒ New School for Social Research website:
ƒ Irving Fisher, 1867€1947. (http:/ / cepa. newschool. edu/ het/ profiles/ fisher. htm) Includes a photograph of
the young Fisher. For a photograph of the older man, see Irving Fisher (http:/ / www. york. ac. uk/ depts/
maths/ histstat/ people/ fisher_i. gif) on the Portraits of Statisticians (http:/ / www. york. ac. uk/ depts/ maths/
histstat/ people/ welcome. htm) page.
ƒ Irving Fisher's Theory of Investment. (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080429203224/ http:/ / cepa.
newschool. edu/ het/ essays/ capital/ fisherinvest. htm)
ƒ Yale Manuscripts and Archives € Collections € Irving Fisher (http:/ / www. library. yale. edu/ un/ papers/ fisher.
htm)
ƒ Herbert Scarf, William C.Brainard, "How to Compute Equilibrium Prices in 1891". Cowles Foundation
Discussion Paper 1272, August 2000 (http:/ / cowles. econ. yale. edu/ P/ cd/ d12b/ d1272. pdf) € for the
description of Fisher's hydraulic apparatus.
ƒ "Irving Fisher (1867€1947)" (http:/ / www. econlib. org/ library/ Enc/ bios/ Fisher. html). The Concise
Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.) (Liberty Fund). 2008.
Richard Melancthon Hurd
230
Richard Melancthon Hurd
Richard Melancthon Hurd
Born Richard Melancthon Hurd
June 14, 1865
Brooklyn, New York
United States
Died June 6, 1941 (aged 75)
New York City, New York
United States
Nationality American
Education Yale University
St. Paul's School
Occupation Real estate economist, Banker, Political activist, New York State Prison Commissioner
Employer U.S. Mortgage & Trust Company
Mortgage Bond Company of New York
Lawyers Mortgage Trust
Board member of
American Defense Society
Children Mary (Hurd) Lawrence
Eleanor (Hurd) Lee
Richard Melancthon, Jr.
Clement Gazzam Hurd
Lucy Lea Hurd
Parents Lucy (Gazzam) Hurd
Richard Melancthon Hurd (June 14, 1865 € June 6, 1941) was a pioneer real estate economist and political
activist.
Hurd was born in New York City and attended St. Paul's School. He graduated from Yale University in 1888,
[1]
where he was a member of Skull and Bones
:36€37
and an editor of The Yale Record.
[2]
He headed the mortgage department of the U.S. Mortgage & Trust Company in 1895.
[3]
He married in 1898 and had
five children. He was president of the Lawyers' Mortgage Insurance Company in 1903 when he published Principles
of City Land Values.
[4]
During the First World War he was active as an officer of the American Defense Society, an organization that
promoted America's entry into World War I and civilian initiatives to suppress dissent during the conflict. He was a
close friend of Theodore Roosevelt. In 1917, when he was vice=president and director of the Mortgage Bond
Company of New York, he was appointed a New York State Prison Commissioner.
[]
He was later President of
Lawyers Mortgage Trust, a securitizer of urban commercial property mortgages. The company suffered financial
losses and closed during the depression.
He died at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City. He had been ill for more than a month.
[]
Richard Melancthon Hurd
231
Notes
[1] Charles Ives, Essays Before a Sonata: The Majority and Other Writings (NY: Norton, 1962), 257
[2] "Richard Melancthon Hurd". The tenth general catalogue of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. Bethlehem, PA: The Comenius Press. March, 1888.
p. 297.
[3] Hurd, City Land Values, preface p. v
[4] Richard Melancthon Hurd, Principles of City Land Values (NY: Real Estate Record Association, 1903), archive.org: View (https:/ / archive.
org/ details/ principlesofcity00hurdrich), accessed May 24, 2010
Sources
ƒ New York Times: "German Boycott Efforts," November 18, 1918 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9804E5D91031E03ABC4052DFB7678383609EDE), accessed May 24, 2010
ƒ New York Times: "Attacks German Insurance," November 12, 1917 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9C0CE7D6123FE433A25751C1A9679D946696D6CF), accessed May 24, 2010
ƒ New York Times: "Wants No Credit Given to Germany," November 22, 1918 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/
abstract. html?res=9C07E2DA1239E13ABC4A51DFB7678383609EDE), accessed May 24, 2010
External links
ƒ Richard M. Hurd, "Principles of City Land Values" (1903) (https:/ / archive. org/ stream/
principlescityl01hurdgoog/ principlescityl01hurdgoog_djvu. txt)
ƒ John W. Leonard, ed., Who's Who in New York City and State (NY: L.R. Hamersly & Company, 1909), vol. 4,
716, View (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=klcDAAAAYAAJ& )
Amos Alonzo Stagg
232
Amos Alonzo Stagg
Amos Alonzo Stagg
Stagg in 1906
Sport(s) Football, basketball, baseball, track and field
Biographical details
Born August 16, 1862
West Orange, New Jersey
Died March 17, 1965 (aged 102)
Stockton, California
Playing career
1885€1889 Yale
Position(s) End
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
Football
1890€1891
1890€1891
1892€1932
1933€1946
1947€1952
1953€1958
Basketball
1920€1921
Baseball
1893€1905
1907€1913
Williston Seminary (MA)
Springfield (MA)
Chicago
Pacific (CA)
Susquehanna (associate HC)
Stockton College (ST)
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Administrative career (AD unless noted)
1892€1933 Chicago
Head coaching record
Overall 314€199€35 (college football)
14€6 (basketball)
266€158€3 (baseball)
Amos Alonzo Stagg
233
Bowls 0€1
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
2 National (1905, 1913)
7 Big Ten (1899, 1905, 1907€1908, 1913, 1922, 1924)
5 NCAC (1936, 1938, 1940€1942)
Awards
All-American, 1889
AFCA Coach of the Year (1943)
College Football Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1951 ( profile
[2]
)
Basketball Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1959 ( profile
[3]
)
Amos Alonzo Stagg (August 16, 1862 € March 17, 1965) was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in
multiple sports, primarily American football. He served as the head football coach at the International Young Men's
Christian Association Training School (now called Springfield College) (1890€1891), the University of Chicago
(1892€1932), and the College of the Pacific (1933€1946), compiling a career college football record of
314€199€35. His Chicago Maroons teams of 1905 and 1913 have been recognized as national champions. He was
also the head basketball coach for one season at the University of Chicago (1920€1921), and the head baseball coach
there for 19 seasons (1893€1905, 1907€1913).
At University of Chicago, Stagg also instituted an annual prep basketball tourney and track meet. Both drew the top
high school teams and athletes from around the United States.
Stagg played football as an end at Yale University and was selected to the first College Football All-America Team
in 1889. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach in the charter class of
1951 and was the only individual honored in both roles until the 1990s. Influential in other sports, Stagg developed
basketball as a five-player sport and was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in its first group of inductees in
1959.
Stagg also forged a bond between sports and religious faith early on in his career that remained important to him for
the rest of his life.
[4]
Playing career
Stagg was born in West Orange, New Jersey and attended Phillips Exeter Academy.
[5]
Playing at Yale University,
where he was a divinity student, and a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and the secret Skull and Bones
society,
[6][7]
he was an end on the first All-America team, selected in 1889.
A pitcher on his college baseball team, he declined an opportunity to play professional baseball but nonetheless
influenced the game through his invention of the batting cage. He went on to earn an MPE from the Young Men's
Christian Training School, now known as Springfield College. On March 11, 1892, Stagg, still an instructor at the
YMCA School, played in the first public game of basketball at the Springfield YMCA. A crowd of 200 watched as
the student team beat the faculty, 5€1. Stagg scored the only basket for the losing side.
Amos Alonzo Stagg
234
Coaching career
Stagg in 1899
Stagg became the first paid football coach at Williston Seminary, a secondary
school, in 1890. This was also Stagg's first time receiving pay to coach
football. He would coach there one day a week while also coaching full-time at
Springfield College.
[8]
Stagg then coached at the University of Chicago from
1892 to 1932. University president Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out the
septuagenarian Stagg, who he felt was too old to continue coaching.
[9]
At age
70, Stagg moved on to the College of the Pacific in Stockton, California, where
he coached from 1933 to 1946. In 1946 Stagg was asked to resign as football
coach at Pacific. During his career, he developed numerous basic tactics for the
game (including the man in motion and the lateral pass), as well as some
equipment. Stagg played himself in the movie Knute Rockne, All American
released in 1940. From 1947 to 1952 he served as co-coach with his son, Amos
Jr., at Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania. In 1924, he served as a coach
with the U.S. Olympic Track and Field team in Paris. Stagg's final job was as
kicking coach at the local junior college in Stockton, California, which was
then known as Stockton College. "The Grand Old Man of Football" retired
from Stockton College at the age of 96 and later died in Stockton, California, at 102 years old.
Family
Stagg was married to the former Stella Robertson on September 10, 1894. The couple had three children: two sons,
Amos Jr. and Paul, and a daughter, Ruth. Both sons played for the elder Stagg as quarterbacks at the University of
Chicago and each later coached college football. In 1952, Barbara Stagg, Amos' granddaughter, started coaching the
high school girls' basketball team for Slatington High School in Slatington, Pennsylvania.
Legacy
Two high schools in the United States, one in Palos Hills, Illinois and the other in Stockton, California, and an
elementary school in Chicago, Illinois, are named after Stagg.
[10][11][12]
The NCAA Division III National Football
Championship game, played in Salem, Virginia, is named the Stagg Bowl after him. The athletic stadium at
Springfield College is named Stagg Field. The football field at Susquehanna University is named Amos Alonzo
Stagg Field in honor of both Stagg Sr. and Jr. Stagg was the namesake of the University of Chicago's old Stagg Field
where, on December 2, 1942, a team of Manhattan Project scientists led by Enrico Fermi created the world's first
controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction under the west stands of the abandoned stadium. At University of
the Pacific in Stockton, California, one of the campus streets is known as Stagg Way and Pacific Memorial Stadium,
the school's football and soccer stadium, was renamed Amos Alonzo Stagg Memorial Stadium on October 15, 1988.
Phillips Exeter also has a field named for him and a statue. A field in West Orange, New Jersey on Saint Cloud
Avenue is also named for him.
[13]
At the College of William and Mary, the Amos Alonzo Stagg Society was organized during 1979€1980 by students
and faculty opposed to a plan by the institution„s Board of Visitors to move William and Mary back into big-time
college football several decades after a scandal there involving grade changes for football players. The Society was
loosely organized, but successful in combating, among other plans, a major expansion of the William and Mary
football stadium.
Collections of Amos Alonzo Stagg's papers are held at the University of Chicago Library, Special Collections
Research Center and at the University of the Pacific Library, Holt Atherton Department of Special Collections. The
Amos Alonzo Stagg 50-mile Endurance Hike is held annually along the C&O Canal outside Potomac,
Amos Alonzo Stagg
235
Maryland.Wikipedia:Citation needed
[14]
The winner of the Big Ten Football Championship Game, started in 2011, receives the Stagg Championship Trophy,
named in his honor.
The Stagg Tree, a giant sequoia in the Alder Creek Grove and the fifth largest tree in the world, is named in honor of
Amos Alonzo Stagg.
Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl
The Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl, otherwise known as the NCAA Division III Football National Championship Game
since 1973, is competed annually as the final game of the NCAA Division III Football Tournament. The Stagg Bowl
can be traced back to 1969, prior to the inception of the D-III national championship. At that time•from 1969 to
1973•the Stagg Bowl was one of two bowls competed at the College Division level•the Knute Rockne Bowl and
the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl. In 1973, the NCAA instituted the D-III national championship, and the Stagg Bowl
was adopted as the moniker for that game.
The first 10 Stagg Bowls were played in Phenix City, Ala., from 1973-1982. Wittenberg University (Ohio) won the
inaugural game via a 41-0 result over Juniata College (Pa.). The game moved to Kings Island, Ohio, for the 1983 and
1984 editions, with Augustana College (Ill.) winning the first two of its four straight NCAA titles.
The Stagg Bowl returned to Phenix City for five more years, before spending three seasons in Bradenton, Fla.
In 1993, the Stagg Bowl moved to Salem, Va., where it has been competed each year since (20 games after the 2012
championship). The University of Mount Union (formally Mount Union College) won the first of its NCAA Division
III-record 11 football national championships in 1993.
[15]
Innovations in football
The following is a list of innovations Stagg introduced to American football. Where known, the year of its first use is
annotated in parentheses. Stagg is noted as a 'contributor' if he was one of a group of individuals responsible for a
given innovation.
ƒ 7€2€2 defense (1890)
[16]
ƒ center snap (1894; John Heisman and Walter Camp claimed to have invented it in 1893)
[17]
ƒ onside kick (1894; possibly contributor)
ƒ quick kick (1896)
ƒ spiral snap (1896; contributor alongside Walter Camp and George Washington Woodruff)
ƒ placement kick (1897; Stagg believed Princeton used it earlier)
ƒ tackling dummy (1899)
[18]
ƒ Statue of Liberty play (1908)
[19]
ƒ T formation (contributor)
ƒ forward pass (contributor alongside Eddie Cochems and Walter Camp)
ƒƒ man in motion
ƒƒ unbalanced line
ƒ line shift
[]
ƒƒ sleeper play
ƒ quarterback keeper
[]
ƒƒ delayed buck
ƒ linebacker position
ƒ hip pads
[]
ƒ numerical designation of plays
[]
ƒƒ lateral pass
Amos Alonzo Stagg
236
ƒƒ padded goalposts
ƒ varsity letters
ƒƒ End-around
Head coaching record
College football
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
AP
#
Springfield College Pride (Independent) (1890€1891)
1890 Springfield 5€3
1891 Springfield 5€8€1
Springfield: 10€11€1
Chicago Maroons (Independent) (1892€1895)
1892 Chicago 1€4€2
1893 Chicago 6€4€2
1894 Chicago 11€7€1
1895 Chicago 7€3
Chicago Maroons (Big Ten Conference) (1896€1932)
1896 Chicago 11€2€1 3€2 4th
1897 Chicago 8€1 3€1 2nd
1898 Chicago 9€2€1 3€1 2nd
1899 Chicago 12€0€2 4€0 1st
1900 Chicago 7€5€1 2€3€1 6th
1901 Chicago 5€5€2 0€4€1 9th
1902 Chicago 11€1 5€1 2nd
1903 Chicago 10€2€1 4€1 4th
1904 Chicago 8€1€1 5€1€1 3rd
1905 Chicago 10€0 7€0 1st
1906 Chicago 4€1 3€1 4th
1907 Chicago 4€1 4€0 1st
1908 Chicago 5€0€1 5€0 1st
1909 Chicago 4€1€2 4€1€1 2nd
1910 Chicago 2€5 2€4 7th
1911 Chicago 6€1 5€1 2nd
1912 Chicago 6€1 6€1 2nd
1913 Chicago 7€0 7€0 1st
1914 Chicago 4€2€1 4€2€1 3rd
1915 Chicago 5€2 4€2 3rd
1916 Chicago 3€4 3€3 5th
1917 Chicago 3€2€1 2€2€1 5th
Amos Alonzo Stagg
237
1918 Chicago 0€6 0€5 10th
1919 Chicago 5€2 4€2 3rd
1920 Chicago 3€4 2€4 8th
1921 Chicago 6€1 4€1 2nd
1922 Chicago 5€1€1 4€0€1 1st
1923 Chicago 7€1 5€1 3rd
1924 Chicago 4€1€3 3€0€3 1st
1925 Chicago 3€4€1 2€2€1 7th
1926 Chicago 2€6 0€5 10th
1927 Chicago 4€4 3€3 5th
1928 Chicago 2€7 0€5 10th
1929 Chicago 7€3 1€3 7th
1930 Chicago 2€5€2 0€4 10th
1931 Chicago 2€6€1 1€4 8th
1932 Chicago 3€4€1 1€4 8th
Chicago: 244€111€27 115€74€12
Pacific Tigers (Northern California Athletic Conference) (1933€1946)
1933 Pacific 5€5
1934 Pacific 4€5
1935 Pacific 5€4€1
1936 Pacific 5€4€1 4€0 1st
1937 Pacific 3€5€2
1938 Pacific 7€3 4€0 1st
1939 Pacific 6€6€1
1940 Pacific 4€5 2€0 1st
1941 Pacific 4€7 3€0 1st
1942 Pacific 2€6€1 2€0 1st
1943 Pacific 7€2 19
1944 Pacific 3€8
1945 Pacific 0€10€1
1946 Pacific 5€7 L Optimist
Pacific: 60€77€7
Total: 314€199€35
 National championship    Conference title    Conference division title
#
Rankings from final AP Poll.
Amos Alonzo Stagg
238
College basketball
Season Team Overall Conference Standing
Postseason
Chicago Maroons (Big Ten Conference) (1920€1921)
1920€21 Chicago 14€6 6€6 8th
Chicago: 14€6 6€6
Total: 14€6
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=2209
[2] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=90015
[3] http:/ / www. hoophall.com/ hall-of-famers/ tag/ amos-alonzo-stagg
[4] The University of Chicago Faculty, A Centennial View (http:/ / www. lib. uchicago. edu/ e/ spcl/ centcat/ fac/ facch06_01. html)
[5] Stagg Dies at 102, New York Times March 18, 1965 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive/
pdf?res=F3081EF8355415738DDDA10994DB405B858AF1D3)
[6] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 126
[7] Robin Lester. He also received a MPE from Young Men's Christian Training School (now known as Springfield College)in 1891. Stagg's
University: The Rise, Decline, and Fall of Big-time Football at Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1995, page 9.
[8] The unreconstructed amateur: a pictorial biography of Amos Alonzo Stagg, Bob Considine, Amos Alonzo Stagg Foundation, 1962
[9] Jeff Davis, Papa Bear (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=-19hHbkhSIQC), p. 135, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, ISBN
0-07-147741-1.
[10] http:/ / www.cps. edu/ Schools/ Pages/ school.aspx?unit=7760
[11] https:/ / district. d230.org/ stagg/ default.aspx
[12] http:/ / ashs-susd-ca. schoolloop. com/
[13] West Orange Recreation (http:/ / www.westorange. org/ index. asp?Type=B_BASIC&
SEC={44256A3D-05D0-4C88-A07F-BBAFA44333B2}& DE={F9BFA053-CF4A-42F6-A305-7FCC82944BF3})
[14] http:/ / troop111. org/ activities/ alonzo-stagg-5020-hike/
[15] [15] NCAA Division III Football Championship record book
[16] Tom Perrin, Football: A College History (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=grCfAAAAMAAJ), p. 84, McFarland, 1987.
[17] Allison Danzig, The History of American Football: Its Great Teams, Players, and Coaches (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=PgOCAAAAMAAJ), p. 175, Prentice-Hall, 1956.
[18] Amos Alonzo Stagg, Touchdown!: As told by Coach Amos Alonzo Stagg to Wesley Winans Stout (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=0v2BAAAAMAAJ), p. 109, Longmans, Green and Co., 1927.
[19] Richard Whittingham, Rites of Autumn: The Story of College Football (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1SpDAVDRkpkC), p. 40,
Simon and Schuster, 2001.
External links
ƒ University of Chicago profile (http:/ / athletics. uchicago. edu/ history/ history-stagg. htm)
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (coach) (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/
SearchDetail. aspx?id=90015) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (player) (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/
SearchDetail. aspx?id=88005) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (http:/ / www. hoophall. com/ hall-of-famers/ tag/ amos-alonzo-stagg) at the Basketball Hall
of Fame
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year.
php?coachid=2209) at the College Football Data Warehouse
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (http:/ / www. sports-reference. com/ cbb/ coaches/ s/ staggam01. html) at College
Basketball at Sports-Reference.com
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0821372/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
Amos Alonzo Stagg
239
ƒ Amos Alonzo Stagg (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=969) at Find a Grave
Charles O. Gill
Charles Otis Gill
Sport(s) Football
Biographical details
Born March 4, 1868
Walpole, Massachusetts
Died June 2, 1959 (aged 91)
Waterford, Vermont
Playing career
1889 Yale
Position(s) Tackle
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1894
1908
California
New Hampshire
Head coaching record
Overall 1€8€2
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Awards
All-American, 1889
Charles Otis Gill (March 4, 1868 € June 2, 1959) was an American Congregationalist clergyman. With Gifford
Pinchot he co-authored two influential books on the state of rural churches in the United States.
Gill played American football for Yale University from 1886 to 1889.
[2]
He was Captain of the Yale team and was
on the first College Football All-America Team in 1889.
[3]
Charles O. Gill
240
He was the head coach of the California (1894) and New Hampshire (1908) college football programs.
Early life and college career
Born in Walpole, Massachusetts, Gill graduated from Yale in 1889, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:179
He played football at Yale from 1885-1889. In 1888 the team went undefeated and was not scored upon. In 1889,
Gill was captain of the team under coach Walter Camp and that year Yale scored 665 points while only giving up 31
points to their opponents. That year Casper Whitney selected Gill and teammates Amos Alonzo Stagg and William
Heffelfinger for the first ever College Football All-America Team.
Minister, missionary, author
In addition to his accomplishments on the gridiron for Yale, Gill attended the Yale Divinity School from 1889€90,
then the Union Theological Seminary in New York City from 1892€94, where he received his graduate degree and
was ordained as a minister in the Congregational Church on July 25, 1894. He served as pastor of the Westmore,
Vermont Congregational Church in 1894 and 1895 and then as a foreign missionary for the Presbyterian Church in
Peking, China in 1895-97. He returned to Vermont and served in East Fairfield, Vermont, 1897€98; Westmore,
Vermont, 1898€1902; Jericho, Vermont, 1902€04; West Lebanon, New Hampshire, 1904€06; and Hartland,
Vermont from 1906-09. Remaining in Harland he collaborated with his Yale football teammate Gifford Pinchot in
writing The Country Church - The Decline Of Its Influence and The Remedy published by Macmillan Company in
1913. This led to his appointment as the Secretary of the Committee on Church & Country Life, Social Service
Commission, Federal Council of Churches, in Columbus, Ohio, from 1913 to 1919. In that capacity he wrote a
second book with Pinchot, Six Thousand Country Churches, published by MacMillan in 1919. While in Ohio he was
also Secretary of the Ohio Rurual Life Association, a member of the Commission on Interchurch Cooperation, and
Supervisor of rural church survey work for the Interchurch World Movement.
[4]
He returned to Vermont as pastor in Hartland until his retirement in 1929, when he relocated to Waterford, Vermont
and took up farming. He remained in Waterford until his death on June 2, 1959.
[5][6]
Head coaching record
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Coaches
#
AP
•
California (Independent) (1894€1894)
1894 California 0€1€2
California: 0€1€2
1908 New Hampshire 1€7
New Hampshire: 1€7
Total: 1€8€2
‡
Indicates BCS bowl, Bowl Alliance or Bowl Coalition game.
#
Rankings from final Coaches' Poll.
Charles O. Gill
241
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=868
[2] [2] Yale Her Campus Classrooms and Athletics by Walter Camp, L. C. Page and Company, Boston 1899
[3] [3] The Yale Football Story by Tim Cohane, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York 1951
[4] [4] Football Y Men 1872 - 1919, Men of Yale Series Volume I, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 1962
[5] Union Theological Seminary Alumni Catalogue, 1836-1947 (http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ lweb/ digital/ collections/ cul/ texts/
ldpd_5949068_000/ pages/ ldpd_5949068_000_00000134. html)
[6] The Country Life Movement and the American Churches, Merwin Swanson,American Society of Church History, 1977 (http:/ / journals.
cambridge.org/ action/ displayAbstract;jsessionid=D5B020B1A4F476C6D0827C23306F4A3F. tomcat1?fromPage=online& aid=2219464)
Henry L. Stimson
242
Henry L. Stimson
Henry L. Stimson
45th United States Secretary of War
In office
May 22, 1911 € March 4, 1913
President William Howard Taft
Deputy Robert Shaw Oliver
Preceded by Jacob M. Dickinson
Succeeded by Lindley M. Garrison
Governor-General of the Philippines
In office
December 27, 1927 € February 23, 1929
Deputy Eugene Allen Gilmore
Appointed by Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by Leonard Wood
(acting)
Succeeded by Eugene Allen Gilmore
(acting)
46th United States Secretary of State
In office
March 28, 1929 € March 4, 1933
President Herbert Hoover
Deputy Joseph P. Cotton
(1929€1931)
William R. Castle, Jr.
(1931€1933)
Preceded by Frank B. Kellogg
Succeeded by Cordell Hull
Henry L. Stimson
243
54th United States Secretary of War
In office
July 10, 1940 € September 21, 1945
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Deputy Robert P. Patterson
(1940)
John J. McCloy (1941€1945)
Preceded by Harry Hines Woodring
Succeeded by Robert P. Patterson
Personal details
Born Henry Lewis Stimson
September 21, 1867
New York City, New York, United States
Died October 20, 1950 (aged 83)
Huntington, New York, United States
Resting place St. John Church,
Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Mabel Wellington White Stimson
(1866 € 1955)
Parents Lewis Atterbury Stimson (surgeon)
Candace Wheeler Stimson
Alma mater Yale College
Harvard Law School
Profession Lawyer, Diplomat, Administrator
Religion Presbyterian
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch Army
Rank Colonel
Battles/wars World War I
Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 € October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer and
Republican Party politician and spokesman on foreign policy. He served as Secretary of War (1911€1913) under
Republican William Howard Taft, and as Governor-General of the Philippines (1927€1929). As Secretary of State
(1929€1933) under Republican President Herbert Hoover, he articulated the Stimson Doctrine which announced
American opposition to Japanese expansion in Asia. He again served as Secretary of War (1940€1945) under
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was a leading hawk calling for war against Germany. During World War II he
took charge of raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen, supervised the spending of a third of the nation's
GDP on the Army and the Air Forces, helped formulate military strategy, and took personal control of building and
using the atomic bomb.
Henry L. Stimson
244
Early career
Young Stimson aged 10, with
Mimi the cat.
Stimson as a young lawyer.
Stimson was born in New York City, the son of Lewis Atterbury Stimson, a
prominent surgeon, and his wife, the former Candace T. Wheeler. He was the
brought up in part by his grandfather in New York. He was educated at Phillips
Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he gained a lifelong interest in religion
and a close relationship with the school and ultimately donated his real estate to the
school in his will.He was an honorary lifetime member of Theodore Roosevelt's
Boone and Crockett Club, North America's first wildlife conservation organization.
He was a Phillips trustee from 1905 to 1947, serving as president of the board from
1935 to 1945. He then attended Yale College where he was elected to Phi Beta
Kappa. He joined Skull and Bones, a secret society that afforded many contacts for
the rest of his life. He graduated in 1888 and attended Harvard Law School,
graduating in 1890, and joined the prestigious Wall Street law firm of Root and
Clark in 1891. He became a partner in 1893. Elihu Root, a future Secretary of War
and Secretary of State, became a major influence on and role model for Stimson.
[1]
In July 1893, Stimson married the former Mabel Wellington White, a great-great
granddaughter of American founding father Roger Sherman and the sister of
Elizabeth Selden Rogers. An adult case of mumps had left Stimson infertile and they
had no children.
In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Stimson U.S. Attorney for the
Southern District of New York. Here, he made a distinguished record prosecuting
antitrust cases. Stimson later served from 1937 to 1939 as president of the New
York City Bar Association, where a medal honoring service as a U.S. Attorney is
still awarded in his honor.
Stimson was defeated as Republican candidate for Governor of New York in 1910.
Secretary of War (1st term)
In 1911, President William Howard Taft appointed Stimson Secretary of War. He continued the reorganization of the
Army begun by Elihu Root, improving its efficiency prior to its vast expansion in World War I. In 1913, following
the accession of President Woodrow Wilson, Stimson left office.
World War I
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was a strong supporter of Britain and France, but also supported
the nation's neutrality policy. He called for preparation of a large, powerful army and was active in the privately
funded Plattsburg Training Camp Movement to train potential officers. When war came in 1917 Stimson was one of
eighteen officers selected by former President Theodore Roosevelt to raise a volunteer infantry division, Roosevelt's
World War I volunteers, for service in France in 1917. President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the
volunteers and the unit disbanded. Stimson served the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer, reaching
the rank of colonel in August 1918.
[2]
Henry L. Stimson
245
Nicaragua and Philippines
In 1927, Stimson was sent by President Calvin Coolidge to Nicaragua to negotiate an end the civil war taking place
there. Stimson wrote that Nicaraguans "were not fitted for the responsibilities that go with independence and still less
fitted for popular self-government". Later, after he'd been appointed Governor-General of the Philippines
(succeeding General Leonard Wood), an office he held from 1927 to 1929, he opposed Filipino independence for the
same reason.
Secretary of State
The U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson (right)
and Frank B. Kellogg, at the leaving from the State
Department, (July 25, 1929).
Stimson returned to the cabinet in 1929, when President Herbert
Hoover appointed him Secretary of State. Both served until 1933.
When he moved to Washington, D.C., Stimson lived in the
Woodley Mansion. He lived there until 1946, when he resigned
from office.
From 1930 to 1931, Stimson was the Chairman of the U.S.
delegation to the London Naval Conference. In the following year,
he was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to World
Disarmament Conference in Geneva. That same year, the United
States issued the "Stimson Doctrine" as a result of the Japanese
invasion of Manchuria: the United States refused to recognize any
situation or treaty that limited U.S. treaty rights or that was
brought about by aggression. Returning to private life at the end of
Hoover's administration, Stimson was an outspoken advocate of
strong opposition to Japanese aggression.
Henry L. Stimson
246
Secretary of War (2nd term)
Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson with Col.
Kyle (right) to arrive of the Gatow Airport in
Berlin, Germany to attend the Potsdam
Conference, (July 16, 1945).
After World War II broke out in Europe, President Franklin D.
Roosevelt returned Stimson to his post at the head of the War
Department. The Democratic President chose Stimson, a Republican,
in part to foster bi-partisan unity supporting the war Roosevelt saw as
inevitable. Ten days before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson
entered in his diary the following statement: [Roosevelt] brought up
the event that we are likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday, for the
Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the
question was what we should do. The question was how we should
maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing
too much danger to ourselves.*
[3]
During the war, Stimson directed the
expansion of the military, managing the conscription and training of 13
million soldiers and airmen and the purchase and transportation to
battlefields of 30% of the nation's industrial output. He worked closely
with his top aides Robert P. Patterson (who succeeded Stimson as
Secretary),
[4]
Robert Lovett (who handled the Air Force), and John J.
McCloy.
[5]
General Patton
On November 21, 1943, the news broke that General George S. Patton, commander of the U.S. Seventh Army, had
slapped an enlisted man suffering from nervous exhaustion at a medical evacuation hospital in Sicily.
[6]
The incident
caused a storm of controversy, and members of Congress called for Patton to be relieved of command. General
Dwight D. Eisenhower opposed any move to recall General Patton from the European theater saying privately,
"Patton is indispensable to the war effort - one of the guarantors of our victory.".
[7]
Stimson and McCloy agreed;
Stimson told the Senate that Patton would be retained because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in
the bitter battles which are to come before final victory."
[8]
Morgenthau Plan
Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan to de-industrialize and partition Germany into several smaller
states.
[9]
The plan also envisioned the deportation and summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of
responsibility for war crimes. Initially, Roosevelt had been sympathetic to this plan, but later, due to Stimson's
opposition and the public outcry when the plan was leaked, the President backtracked. Stimson thus retained overall
control of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, and although the Morgenthau plan did influence the early
occupation, it never became official policy. Explaining his opposition to the plan, Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that
ten European countries, including Russia, depended upon Germany's export-import trade and production of raw
materials and that it was inconceivable that this "gift of nature", populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and
progressiveness", should be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap".
What Stimson most feared, however, was that a subsistence-level economy would turn the anger of the German
people against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their
acts". Stimson pressed similar arguments on President Harry S. Truman in the spring of 1945.
[10]
Stimson, a lawyer, insisted • against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and Churchill - on proper judicial
proceedings against leading war criminals. He and the United States Department of War drafted the first proposals
for an International Tribunal, and this soon received backing from the incoming President Truman. Stimson's plan
eventually led to the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-1946 that have had a significant impact on the development of
Henry L. Stimson
247
International Law.
Atomic bomb
Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson ready for his
Truman cabinet in August 1945.
As Secretary of War, Stimson took direct personal control of the entire
atomic bomb project, with direct supervision over General Leslie
Groves, head of the Manhattan Project. Both Roosevelt and Harry S.
Truman followed Stimson's advice on every aspect of the bomb, and
Stimson overruled military officers when they opposed his
views.
[11][12]
The Manhattan Project was managed by Major General Groves (Corps
of Engineers) with a staff of reservists and many thousands of civilian
scientists and engineers. Nominally Groves reported directly to
General George Marshall, but in fact Stimson was in charge. Stimson
secured the necessary money and approval from Roosevelt and from
Congress, and made sure Manhattan had the highest priorities. He
controlled all planning for the use of the bomb. Stimson wanted "Little Boy" (the Hiroshima bomb) dropped within
hours of its earliest possible availability • it was; Japan was to be forced to surrender and the bombing of
Hiroshima August 6 would likely be a finishing blow for Tokyo. When prompt concession did not come, he pressed
for Truman to drop "Fat Man" on Nagasaki on August 9. The Japanese offered to surrender on August 10.
[13]
Stimson's vision
In retrospect historians debate whether the impact of continued blockade, relentless bombing, and the Russian
invasion of Manchuria would have somehow forced the Emperor to surrender sometime in late 1945 or early 1946
even without the atomic bombs (though not without very large numbers of allied casualties.
[14]
But Stimson saw well
beyond the immediate end of the war. He was the only top government official who tried to predict the meaning of
the atomic age•he envisioned a new era in human affairs. For a half century he had worked to inject order, science,
and moralism into matters of law, of state, and of diplomacy. His views had seemed outdated in the age of total
warfare, but now he held what he called "the royal straight flush." The impact of the atom, he foresaw, would go far
beyond military concerns to encompass diplomacy and world affairs, as well as business, economics and science.
Above all, said Stimson, this "most terrible weapon ever known in human history" opened up "the opportunity to
bring the world into a pattern in which the peace of the world and our civilization can be saved." That is, the very
destructiveness of the new weaponry would shatter the ages-old belief that wars could be advantageous. It might
now be possible to call a halt to the use of destruction as a ready solution to human conflicts. Indeed, society's new
control over the most elemental forces of nature finally "caps the climax of the race between man's growing technical
power for destructiveness and his psychological power of self-control and group control--his moral power."
[15][16]
In 1931, when Japan invaded Manchuria, Stimson, as secretary of state, proclaimed the famous "Stimson Doctrine."
It said no fruits of illegal aggression would ever be recognized by the United States. Japan ignored it. Now,
according to Stimson, the wheels of justice had turned and the "peace-loving" nations (as Stimson called them) had
the chance to punish Japan's misdeeds in a manner that would warn aggressor nations never again to invade their
neighbors. To validate the new moral order, he believed, the atomic bomb had to be used against civilians. The
question for Stimson was not one of whether soldiers should use this weapon or not. Involved was the simple issue
of ending a horrible war, and the more subtle and more important question of the possibility of genuine peace among
nations. Stimson's decision involved the fate of mankind, and he posed the problem to the world in such clear and
articulate fashion that there was near unanimous agreement mankind had to find a way so that atomic weapons
would never be used again.
[17][18][19]
Henry L. Stimson
248
Later years and death
Stimson resigned from office on September 21, 1945, due to health reasons and retired to write his memoirs with the
aid of McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War was published by Harper in 1948 to critical acclaim. It
is often cited by historians, as are the 170,000 typed pages of candid diaries that Stimson dictated at the end of every
day. The Diary is now in the Yale University Library; parts have been published in microfilm.
[20]
Stimson suffered a
heart attack in October 1945.
In 1946, Stimson joined the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
In 1950, Stimson died at his estate in Huntington, New York. He is buried in the adjacent town of Cold Spring
Harbor, in the cemetery of St. John's Church.
[21]
Stimson is remembered on Long Island with the Henry L. Stimson Middle School in Huntington Station and by a
residential building on the campus of Stony Brook University. The Henry L. Stimson Center, a private research
institute in Washington, DC, advocates what it says is Stimson's "practical, non-partisan approach" to international
relations. The Benjamin Franklin-class ballistic missile submarine USS Henry L. Stimson (SSBN-655) and a street in
Houston have been named for him. In 1955 a residential apartment building on East 36th Street in Manhattan was
built on the property where Henry L. Stimson was born. It is named "Stimson House."Wikipedia:Citation needed
Stimson is also commemorated by the New York City Bar Association, where he served as President from 1937 to
1939, with the Henry L. Stimson Medal. The medal is awarded annually to outstanding Assistant U.S. Attorneys in
the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York.
In popular culture
Stimson has been portrayed in nearly a dozen movies and television shows about World War II and its aftermath,
including Truman (1995), Truman at Potsdam (1995), Fat Man and Little Boy (1989), Day One (1989), War and
Remembrance (1988), Race for the Bomb (1987), Churchill and the Generals (1981), Oppenheimer (1980), Tora!
Tora! Tora! (1970), and The Beginning or the End (1947).
In the alternate history short story "Truth, Justice, and the American Way" by Lawrence Watt-Evans contained in
Alternate Presidents, Stimson succeeded Hoover as the 33rd President in 1936, defeating Roosevelt. He once again
defeated Roosevelt in 1940.
References
[1] [1] see Malloy, Ch. 1, "The Education of Henry L. Stimson"
[2] David F. Schmitz, Henry L. Stimson: the first wise man (2001) pp 39-41
[3] Richard N. Current, "How Stimson Meant to 'Maneuver' the Japanese," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jun., 1953), pp.
67-74 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor.org/ stable/ 1897543)
[4] Kieth Eiler, Mobilizing America: Robert P. Patterson and the War Effort (Cornell U.P. 1997)
[5] Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made: Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, and
McCloy (1986)
[6] Atkinson, Rick, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy 1943-1944, New York: Henry Holt & Co., ISBN 978-0-8050-8861-8 (2007),
p. 147.
[7] Carlo D'Este, Patton: A Genius For War, New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-016455-7 (1995), p. 536
[8] D'Este, Patton: A Genius For War, p. 543
[9] Morgenthau-Plan (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?vid=ISBN0743244540& id=4ZNha4UcszYC& pg=PA118& lpg=PA118&
vq=morgenthau+ stimson& dq=morgenthau+ plan+ 1945& sig=cESGI63l18T4wjZrbM1Iosthfrc)
[10] Arnold A. Offner, "Research on American-German Relations: A Critical View" in Joseph McVeigh and Frank Trommler, eds. America and
the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990) v2 p. 176; see also Michael R.
Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945 (2002)
[11] Sean Malloy, Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan The Manhattan Project, Department of
Energy at mbe.doe.gov]
[12] HyperHistory.net http:/ / www. hyperhistory.net/ apwh/ bios/ b4stimson-henrylewis. htm. Dec. 22, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
[13] See Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1995)
Henry L. Stimson
249
[14] for "revisionists" who reject use of the bomb, see Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (1996) and
[15] Henry L. Stimson, On Active Services in Peace and War (1948) p. 636
[16] Michael Kort, The Columbia guide to Hiroshima and the bomb (2007) p. 179
[17] See Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan." War in History
1997 4(2): 174-212. Issn: 0968-3445 Fulltext: Ebsco
[18] McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (1988)
[19] Robert P. Newman, "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" The New England Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 5-32 in
JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 366722)
[20] "The Diaries of Henry Lewis Stimson in the Yale University Library" (http:/ / microformguides. gale. com/ Data/ Introductions/ 82920FM.
htm)
[21] http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ stilgenbauer-stockslager. html#STIMSON
Further reading
ƒ Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on
Japan." War in History 1997 4(2): 174-212. Issn: 0968-3445 Fulltext: Ebsco
ƒ Gerber, Larry G. "Stimson, Henry Lewis"; http:/ / www. anb. org/ articles/ 06/ 06-00626. html; American
National Biography Online February 2000.
ƒ Gerber, Larry G. The Limits of Liberalism: Josephus Daniels, Henry Stimson, Bernard Baruch, Donald Richberg,
Felix Frankfurter and the Development of the Modern American Political Economy (1983).
ƒ Hodgson, Godfrey. The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950 (1990). popular biography
ƒ Malloy, Sean L. Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan (2008)
ƒ Morison, Elting E. Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (1960), scholarly
biography
ƒ Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" The New England Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 1
(Mar., 1998), pp. 5€32 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 366722)
ƒ Schmitz, David F. Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man (2000)
Primary sources
ƒ Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War. (1948) (memoirs)
External links
ƒ Obituary, New York Times, October 21, 1950 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/ bday/
0921. html)
ƒ Henry Stimson Center (http:/ / www. stimson. org/ home. cfm)
ƒ Annotated bibliography for Henry Stimson from the Alsos Digital LIbrary (http:/ / alsos. wlu. edu/ qsearch.
aspx?browse=people/ Stimson,+ Henry)
ƒ Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=papRAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA345& lpg=PA345& dq="Henrietta+ Perkins+ Baldwin"& source=web&
ots=8ARWStctl8& sig=UTAAWbdJojTQFxCRMR2dkohbkzw& hl=en& ei=Tj6PSc2JAoHwsAPBrdWKCQ&
sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=9& ct=result#PPA345,M1) By Thomas Townsend Sherman
ƒ Burial site of Henry L. Stimson at Find A Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr&
GRid=988)
ƒ verbatim copy of "Stimson Diary" entries regarding Atomic Bomb, Dec 1944 to Sept 1945 (http:/ / www.
doug-long. com/ )
Henry L. Stimson
250
Party political offices
Preceded by
Charles Evans Hughes
Republican Nominee for Governor of New York
1910
Succeeded by
Job Hedges
Political offices
Preceded by
Jacob M. Dickinson
U.S. Secretary of War
Served under: William Howard Taft
1911€1913
Succeeded by
Lindley M. Garrison
Preceded by
Eugene Allen Gilmore
Governor-General of the Philippines
1927 € 1929
Succeeded by
Eugene Allen Gilmore
Preceded by
Frank B. Kellogg
U.S. Secretary of State
Served under: Herbert Hoover
1929 € 1933
Succeeded by
Cordell Hull
Preceded by
Harry H. Woodring
U.S. Secretary of War
Served under: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S.
Truman
1940€1945
Succeeded by
Robert P. Patterson
Gifford Pinchot
251
Gifford Pinchot
For other uses, see Pinchot.
Gifford Pinchot
1909, by Pirie MacDonald, when Pinchot was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service.
28th Governor of Pennsylvania
In office
January 20, 1931 € January 15, 1935
Lieutenant Edward Shannon
Preceded by John Stuchell Fisher
Succeeded by George Earle
In office
January 20, 1923 € January 18, 1927
Lieutenant David Davis
Preceded by William Sproul
Succeeded by John Stuchell Fisher
1st Chief of the United States Forest Service
In office
February 1, 1905 € January 7, 1910
President Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Preceded by Office Created
Succeeded by
Henry Graves
[a]
4th Chief of the Division of Forestry
In office
March 15, 1898 € February 1, 1905
President William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by Bernhard Fernow
Gifford Pinchot
252
Succeeded by
Himself
[b]
Personal details
Born August 11, 1865
Simsbury, Connecticut
Died October 4, 1946 (aged 81)
Political party Republican
Signature
a.^ Albert F. Potter served as Acting Chief of the Forest Service until Graves was selected for appointment to the position on a permanent
basis.
b.^ As Chief of the Forest Service.
Gifford Pinchot (August 11, 1865 € October 4, 1946) was an American forester and politician. Pinchot served as
the first Chief of the United States Forest Service from 1905 until his firing in 1910, and was the 28th Governor of
Pennsylvania, serving from 1923 to 1927, and again from 1931 to 1935. He was a member of the Republican Party
for most of his life, though he also joined the Progressive Party for a brief period.
Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating
the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the
forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural
resources. Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the
controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind.
He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forest for continuous cropping. His
leadership put conservation of forests high on America's priority list.
[1]
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "as though it were spelled pin'cho, with slight emphasis on
the first syllable."
[2]
Education and early life
Gifford Pinchot was born August 11, 1865, to Episcopalian parents in Simsbury, Connecticut, the son of James W.
Pinchot, a successful New York City wallpaper merchant and Mary Eno, daughter of one of New York City's
wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and in 1889, Yale
University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
The Pinchots made a great fortune from lumbering and land speculation, and Pinchot's father regretted the damage
his family's work had done to the land.
[3]
James made conservation a family affair and suggested that Gifford should
become a forester. Gifford studied as a postgraduate at the French National School of Forestry, in Nancy, for a year.
He returned home and plunged into the nascent forestry movement, intent on shaping a national forest policy. At
Gifford's urging, together James and Gifford endowed the Yale School of Forestry in 1900, and James turned Grey
Towers, the family estate at Milford, Pennsylvania, into a "nursery" for the American forestry movement. Family
financial affairs were managed by brother Amos Pinchot, thus freeing Gifford to do the more important work of
developing forest management concepts. Unlike some others in the forestry movement, Gifford's wealth allowed him
to singly pursue this goal without worry of income.
Pinchot's approach set him apart from the other leading forestry experts, especially Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A.
Schenck. Fernow had been Pinchot's predecessor in the United States Department of Agriculture's Division of
Forestry before leaving in 1898 to become the first Dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell.
Schenck was Pinchot's successor at the Biltmore Estate (widely recognized as the "cradle of American forestry") and
founder of the Biltmore Forest School on the Biltmore Estate. Their schools largely reflected their approaches to
Gifford Pinchot
253
introducing forestry in the United States: Fernow advocated a regional approach and Schenck a private enterprise
effort in contrast to Pinchot's national vision.
Perhaps, the men who had the most influence on his development as a forester were Sir Dietrich Brandis, who had
brought forestry to the British Empire, and Sir Wilhelm Schlich, Brandis' successor. Pinchot relied heavily upon
Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest
Service when Pinchot established it in 1905.
[4]
Forestry policy and institutions
Portrait of Gifford Pinchot by Benjamin
Johnston, c. 1901
In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences formed the National Forest
Commission. Pinchot was the only non-Academy member. President
Grover Cleveland later asked Pinchot to develop a plan for managing
the nation„s Western forest reserves.
In 1897, Pinchot became a member of Boone and Crockett Club one of
North America's first conservation organizations, which was founded
by Theodore Roosevelt.
In 1898, Gifford Pinchot succeeded Bernhard Fernow as chief of the
Division of Forestry, later renamed the United States Forest Service in
1905. Thus, management of the federal forests changed from the
United States Department of the Interior to this agency within the
Department of Agriculture. Pinchot introduced better forestry methods
into the operations of private owners, large and small, by using new
forestry school graduates to demonstrate good practices and help make
working plans.
In 1900, Pinchot established the Society of American Foresters. This
helped bring credibility to the new profession of forestry, and was part
of the broader professionalization movement underway in the United
States at the turn of the twentieth century. Until 1900, only two
American schools trained professional foresters, the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell and the Biltmore
Forest School. The Pinchot family endowed a 2-year graduate-level School of Forestry at Yale University (now the
School of Forestry and Environmental Studies), and at Pinchot's urging, fellow Yale alumnus Henry S. Graves, along
with James W. Toumey, left the Division in 1900 to start the school. By the fall of 1900, Cornell's forestry program
had 24 students, Biltmore 9, and Yale 7.
[5]
One unique feature of the Pinchot/Yale approach was requiring students
to first experience the forest at a camp at Grey Towers before beginning their academic studies.
[6]
Pinchot sought to turn public land policy from one that dispersed resources among private holdings, to one that
maintained federal ownership and management of public land. As a progressive, Pinchot strongly believed in the
efficiency movement. Waste was his great enemy, and he well knew the tragedy of the commons, the destruction of
resources for short-term gains. His successes, in part, were grounded in the personal networks that he started
developing as a student at Yale and continued developing throughout his career. His personal involvement in the
recruitment process led to high esprit de corps in the Forest Service and allowed him to avoid partisan political
patronage. Pinchot capitalized on his professional expertise to gain adherents in an age when professionalism and
science were greatly valued.
Gifford Pinchot
254
Methods
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot on the
steamer Mississippi, 1907
Pinchot used the rhetoric of the market economy to disarm critics of
efforts to expand the role of government: scientific management of
forests and natural resources was profitable. While most of his battles
were with timber companies that he thought had too narrow a time
horizon, he also battled the forest preservationists like John Muir, who
were deeply opposed to commercializing nature.
[7]
Pinchot was generally opposed to preservation for the sake of
wilderness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important
support he offered to the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley in
Yosemite National Park.
[8]
Pinchot rose to national prominence under the patronage of President
Theodore Roosevelt. In 1905, his department also gained control of the
national forest reserves, thereby dramatically increasing the authority
of the Forest Service. Pinchot developed a plan by which the forests
could be developed by private interests, under set terms, in exchange
for a fee. Pinchot embarked on many publicity campaigns to direct
national discussions of natural resource management issues. In 1907 Roosevelt appointed Pinchot a member of the
Inland Waterways Commission in a Progressive Era investigation and study of water resources usage from a
multi-purpose approach.
[9]
Central to his publicity work was his creation of news for magazines and newspapers, as well as debates with
opponents such as John Muir. His effectiveness in manipulating information hostile to his boss, President William
Howard Taft, led to his firing in January 1910. But his successes became a model for other bureaucrats on how to
influence public opinion.
Pinchot„s policies encountered some opposition. Preservationists were opposed to massive timber cutting while
Congress was increasingly hostile to conservation of the forests, bowing to local commercial pressures for quicker
exploitation. In 1907, Congress forbade the creation of more forest reserves in the Western states. Roosevelt
designated 16 million acres (65,000 km†) of new National Forests just minutes before his power to do so was
stripped by a congressionally mandated amendment to the Agriculture Bill. These were called the Midnight Forests.
For his contributions to conservation, Pinchot was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916.
Pinchot€Ballinger controversy
Main article: Pinchot€Ballinger controversy
Pinchot„s authority was substantially undermined by the election of President William Howard Taft in 1908. Taft
later dismissed Pinchot for speaking out against his policies and those of Richard Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior.
Pinchot launched a series of public attacks to discredit Ballinger and force him from office in what became known as
the Pinchot€Ballinger controversy. That episode hastened the split in the Republican Party that led to the formation
of the Progressive Party, of which Pinchot and his brother were top leaders.
Gifford Pinchot
255
Fire storm of 1910 and the descent of the Forest Service
Pinchot visiting summer campers attending the School of Forestry
camp at Grey Towers (Pinchot is with the dog), 1910
Pinchot hand-picked William Greeley, the son of a
Congregational minister, who finished at the top of that
first Yale forestry graduating class of 1904, to be the
Forest Service's Region 1 forester, with responsibility
over 41 million acres (170,000 km
2
) in 22 National
Forests in four western states (all of Montana, much of
Idaho, Washington, and a corner of South Dakota).
One year after the 1910 forest fire inferno, Great Fire of
1910, the religious Greeley succeeded in receiving a
promotion to a high administration job in Washington. In
1920, he became Chief of the Forest Service. The fire of
1910 convinced him that Satan was at work, the fire
converted him into a fire extinguishing partisan who
elevated firefighting to the raison d'‡tre • the overriding mission • of the Forest Service. Under Greeley, the
Service became the fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at
government expense. Pinchot was appalled. The timber industry successfully oriented the Forestry Service policies
favorable to large-scale harvesting via regulatory capture, and metaphorically, the timber industry was now the fox
in the chicken coop.
[10]
Pinchot and Roosevelt had envisioned, at the least, that public timber should be sold only to
small, family-run logging outfits, not to big syndicates. Pinchot had always preached of a "working forest" for
working people and small-scale logging at the edge, preservation at the core. In 1928 Bill Greeley left the Forest
Service for a position in the timber industry, becoming an executive with the West Coast Lumberman's
Association.
[11]
When Pinchot traveled west in 1937, to view those forests with Henry S. Graves, what they saw "tore his heart out."
Greeley's legacy, combining modern chain saws and government-built forest roads, had allowed industrial-scale
clear-cuts to become the norm in the western national forests of Montana and Oregon. Entire mountainsides,
mountain after mountain, were treeless. "So this is what saving the trees was all about." "Absolute devastation",
Pinchot wrote in his diary. "The Forest Service should absolutely declare against clear- cutting in Washington and
Oregon as a defensive measure", Pinchot wrote.
[12]
Subsequent political activity
Pinchot founded the National Conservation Commission, of which he was president from 1910 to 1925. Pinchot ran
for Senate in 1914, for the state of Pennsylvania on the Progressive Party ticket. He finished second, behind
incumbent Senator Boies Penrose, a State Republican powerhouse, and ahead of Democratic nominee and
Congressman A. Mitchell Palmer. Pinchot would later express interest in seeking the presidency, and promoted
American involvement in World War I, in opposition to President Woodrow Wilson's neutrality.
First term as Governor of Pennsylvania
Following the disbandment of the Progressive Party, Pinchot returned to the Republican Party, and focused on
Pennsylvania state politics. Governor William Sproul appointed him state Commissioner of Forestry in 1920.
Pinchot's aim, however, was to become governor. His 1922 campaign for the office concentrated on popular reforms:
government economy, enforcement of Prohibition and regulation of public utilities. He won by a wide margin. In
1924, Pinchot considered challenging President Calvin Coolidge for the Republican nomination, but ultimately
declined to run for the presidency.
Gifford Pinchot
256
In 1926, Governor Pinchot proposed his quasi-public "Giant Power" scheme for the state of Pennsylvania € which
was very similar to Charles Steinmetz's plan to transmit electricity by high-voltage lines from power plants located
adjacent to Pennsylvania coal mines € critics dismissed it as socialism.
[13]
Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt
such a scheme was enacted by Congress and signed into law as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
Pinchot retired at the end of his term on January 18, 1927. Pennsylvania Governors were prohibited from seeking a
second consecutive term in office at that time.
Long road to a second term
Following the completion of his term as Governor, Pinchot and his wife took a seven-month cruise to the South Seas.
In 1926, Pinchot competed in a combative Republican Senate primary for the seat which he had sought a dozen years
earlier. Boies Penrose, who had defeated Pinchot in the general election of 1914, died at the end of 1921, and
Governor Sproul had appointed lecturer and Republican National Committeeman George Pepper to the seat. Pepper
won a special election held in 1922, but was challenged by both Pinchot and Congressman William Scott Vare, the
head of Philadelphia's powerful political machine. Pinchot took a strongly supportive stance on the issue of
prohibition, while Vare vowed to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment within two years, and Pepper sought to straddle
the issue. In the end, Pinchot finished a distant third, behind Pepper and Vare, who went on to defeat former Labor
Secretary William Wilson in the general election. However, while Vare's election victory was recognized by the
Senate, he was never officially seated, as allegations of impropriety were eventually brought before a special Senate
committee. In January 1927, Pinchot testified before the committee, producing several thousand illegal paper ballots,
and in 1929, Vare's election credentials were rejected by Senate, and the seat was declared vacant.
In 1930, Pinchot sought a second term as governor, battling for regulation of public utilities, the continuance of
Prohibition, relief for the unemployed, and construction of paved roads to "get the farmers out of the mud." He was
worried about mounting a political comeback that year. …I don„t want to make a fool of myself,† he said a month
before announcing his candidacy.
[14]
Pitted against Francis Shunk Brown, the candidate of Vare„s Philadelphia machine, and Thomas Phillips, a former
two-term congressman from western Pennsylvania, who was enthusiastically supported by the state„s …wet† forces,
Pinchot overcame a deficit of nearly 200,000 votes in traditionally Republican Philadelphia to pull into a
12,000-vote lead on election night. The 281,000 votes cast for former congressman Phillips, most of which came at
Brown„s expense, appeared to have given Pinchot a narrow victory in the primary. Brown„s attorneys immediately
challenged the results, contending that some 60,000 ballots in Luzerne County should be tossed out because they had
been perforated beforehand by county election officials in an attempt to prevent fraud. The legal battle ensued
throughout the summer and nobody knew for sure who the Republican candidate for governor would be, especially
since both men periodically claimed to be the nominee. Ending four months of litigation and political turmoil on
August 20, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, while castigating the Luzerne Common Pleas Court for marking
(perforating) the ballots in the first place, upheld an earlier lower court ruling and declared that all 60,000 perforated
ballots were valid, thereby certifying Pinchot as the winner of the May 20 Republican primary.
As expected, a number of key Republicans abandoned the former governor during the autumn campaign, one of the
most significant defections being that of wealthy WW Atterbury, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who
resigned his seat on the Republican National Committee to actively support John Hemphill, Pinchot„s Democratic
opponent. Despite the opposition of many in his own party, including not only Vare„s powerful Philadelphia
machine, but also many …wets† who revolted and created a separate Liberal Party that autumn • thereby giving the
Democratic candidate two lines on the November ballot • Pinchot narrowly prevailed, defeating Hemphill by a
margin of 1,068,874 to 1,010,204.
Gifford Pinchot
257
Second Term as Governor of Pennsylvania
During his second term in office, January 20, 1931 to January 15, 1935, Pinchot cooperated with President Franklin
Roosevelt, despite his being a Democrat and Prohibition opponent. Under Governor Pinchot's leadership,
Pennsylvania welcomed the Civilian Conservation Corps, which established 113 camps to work on public lands in
Pennsylvania (second only to California). Working with the Works Progress Administration and National Park
Service, Pinchot helped expand Pennsylvania's state parks, and also helped Pennsylvania's struggling farmers and
unemployed workers by paving rural roads, which became known as Pinchot Roads.
[15]
Governor Pinchot also
abolished the thuggish Coal and Iron Police, established by his predecessor, Governor John Fisher.
When Prohibition was nationally repealed in 1933, and four days before the sale of alcohol became legal in
Pennsylvania again, Pinchot called the Pennsylvania General Assembly into special session to debate regulations
regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol. This session led to the establishment of the Pennsylvania Liquor
Control Board and its system of state-run liquor stores, reflecting Pinchot's desire to "discourage the purchase of
alcoholic beverages by making it as inconvenient and expensive as possible."
[16][17]
Later years
In 1934, Pinchot ran unsuccessfully for the Senate a third time, and lost the Republican nomination to incumbent
Senator David Reed. Pinchot's final campaign, a bid for the GOP nomination for Governor in 1938, was also
unsuccessful, as he came in second to former Lieutenant Governor Arthur James.
In his remaining years, the ex-governor gave advice to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote a book about his life
as a forester,
[18]
and devised a fishing kit to be used in lifeboats during World War II.
[19]
He even instructed the U.S.
Navy on how to extract fresh water from fish.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Death and legacy
Grey Towers near Milford, Pennsylvania, a
National Historic Site
Gifford Pinchot died on October 4, 1946, aged 81, from leukemia. He
was survived by his wife, Cornelia Bryce,
[20]
and his son Gifford
Bryce Pinchot. He is interred at Milford Cemetery, Pike County,
Pennsylvania.
[21]
Gifford Pinchot was named for Hudson River School
artist Sanford Robinson Gifford Proud of the first Gifford Pinchot's
legacy, the family has continued to name their sons Gifford, down to
Gifford Pinchot IV.
[22]
Gifford Senior and his then thirteen-year-old son co-wrote a scientific
travel-adventure book, entitled Giff and Stiff in the South Seas,
copyright 1933, by the John C. Winston Co. of Philadelphia. Junior
Gifford narrates the adventure, relating in a young boy's language the
scientific studies, observations, and adventures encountered by a
family sailing on the Mary Pinchot•from New York to Key West and
on to the Galapagos, Marquesas and Society Islands. Photos also
document the Darwin-like odyssey. Although the book is currently out
of print, it can be found.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington and Gifford Pinchot State Park in Lewisberry, Pennsylvania, are
named in his honor, as is Pinchot Hall at Penn State University. The largest Coast Redwood in Muir Woods,
California, is also named in his honor, as is Pinchot Pass on the John Muir Trail in the Kings Canyon National Park
in California.
Gifford Pinchot
258
The Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in his native state of Connecticut and second-largest sycamore on the Atlantic
coast, still stands in Simsbury. The house where Pinchot was born belonged to his grandfather, Captain Elisha
Phelps, and is also on the National Register of Historic Places.
[23]
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy accepted the family's summer retreat house, Grey Towers National Historic Site,
which his son Dr. Gifford Bryce Pinchot and the Pinchot family donated to the U.S. Forest Service. It remains the
only National Historic Landmark operated by that federal agency. Despite budget cuts and damage due to Hurricane
Sandy, and with the assistance of a Heritage Association, tours are offered in the summer months.
[24][25]
The Pinchot
family also dedicated The Pinchot Institute for Conservation, which maintains offices both at Grey Towers and
headquarters in Washington, D.C.. The Institute continues Pinchot's legacy of conservation leadership and
sustainable forestry.
Gifford Pinchot III, grandson of the first Gifford Pinchot, is co-founder and president of the Bainbridge Graduate
Institute, which offers a Master of Business Administration degree integrating environmental sustainability and
social responsibility with innovation and profit.
References
Notes
[1] Robert Muccigrosso, ed., Research Guide to American Historical Biography (1988) 3:1238
[2] (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)
[3] From a Woodland Elegy, A Rhapsody in Green; Hunter Mountain Paintings Spurred Recovery (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2001/ 06/ 07/
nyregion/ 07HUDS.html?scp=1& sq=hunter mountain paintings spurred recovery of land& st=cse). New York Times. June 7, 2001
[4] America has been the context for both the origins of conservation history and its modern form, environmental history (http:/ / www.
asiaticsociety. org. bd/ journals/ Golden_jubilee_vol/ articles/ H_468 (Brett M Benet). htm). Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
[5] [5] "The History of Forestry in America", page710, by W.N. Sparhawk in Trees: Yearbook of Agriculture,1949. Washington,D.C.
[6] "Seeking the Greatest Good" Film aired on PBS affiliates produced by WVIA and Pinchot Institute, see http:/ / www. pinchot. org/
seeking_the_greatest_good
[7] [7] Balogh 2002
[8] The National Parks: America's Best Idea: Historical Figures (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ nationalparks/ people/ historical/ 2/ #pinchot). PBS.
Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
[9] Donald J. Pisani, Water Planning in the Progressive Era: The Inland Waterways Commission Reconsidered (http:/ / muse. jhu. edu/ journals/
journal_of_policy_history/ v018/ 18.4pisani.html), Journal of Policy History 18.4 (2006) pp.389-418
[10] Egan, Timothy, 2009, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt & the Fire That Saved America, p.270-271. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN
978-0-618-96841-1
[11] Egan, Timothy, 2009, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt & the Fire That Saved America, p.281. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN
978-0-618-96841-1
[12] [12] Egan, The Big Burn at p.272.
[13] [13] Steinmetz; Engineer and Socialist, by Ronald R. Kline,1992, p. 299. The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0-8018-4298-0
[14] Gifford Pinchot and Pennsylvania„s Longest Primary (http:/ / www. uncoveredpolitics. com/ 2010/ 05/
gifford-pinchot-and-pennsylvaniaŒ•Žs-longest-primary/ ). Uncovered Politics (2010-05-21). Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
[15] http:/ / explorepahistory. com/ hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-344
[16] Mark A. Noon, Yuengling: A History of America's Oldest Brewery, p 131. ISBN 0-7864-1972-5. McFarland & Company, Inc., 2005
[17] Blum, Deborah. (2010-02-19) The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition. € By Deborah Blum €
Slate Magazine (http:/ / www. slate.com/ id/ 2245188/ ). Slate.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
[18] [18] Breaking New Ground by Gifford Pinchot.ISBN 978-1-55963-670-4. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1947. In print, 1998, by Island Press and in
paperback
[19] Grey Towers National Historic Landmark € Local Links € Historical Information € Gifford Pinchot (http:/ / www. fs. fed. us/ gt/ local-links/
historical-info/ gifford/ gifford.shtml). Fs.fed.us. Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
[20] Grey Towers National Historic Landmark € Local Links € Historical Information € Cornelia (http:/ / www. fs. fed. us/ gt/ local-links/
historical-info/ cornelia.shtml). Fs.fed.us (2011-04-07). Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
[21] http:/ / www.findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=4941
[22] Tristan Baurick, "Pinchot embraces his family name, its calling," Kitsap Sun, October 22, 2011, available at (http:/ / www. kitsapsun. com/
news/ 2011/ oct/ 22/ pinchot-embraces-his-family-name-its-calling/ ). Last accessed June 2, 2012.
[23] http:/ / www.simsbury-ct. gov/ sites/ simsburyct/ files/ file/ file/ simsbury_hri_final_doc. pdf at p. 55
[24] http:/ / www.fs. fed. us/ gt/
[25] http:/ / www.greytowers. org/ greytowers. html
Gifford Pinchot
259
Bibliography
ƒ Gifford Pinchot (http:/ / 1912. history. ohio-state. edu/ conservation/ gifford_pinchot. htm)Wikipedia:Link rot
(1912: Competing Visions for America, Ohio State University)
ƒ Gifford Pinchot (1865€1948) (http:/ / www. nwf. org/ halloffame/ inductees_pinchot. html) Conservation Hall of
Fame, National Wildlife Federation
ƒ Gifford Pinchot Brief Bio (http:/ / www. bookrags. com/ biography-gifford-pinchot/ )
Further reading
Primary sources
ƒƒ "Breaking New Ground" by Gifford Pinchot.ISBN 978-1-55963-670-4. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1947. In print,
1998, by Island Press and in paperback..
ƒ Gifford Pinchot, The Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot ed by Harold K. Steen (2001)
ƒ Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910.
Secondary sources
ƒ Balogh, Brian. "Scientific Forestry and the Roots of the Modern American State: Gifford Pinchot's Path to
Progressive Reform" Environmental History 2002 7(2): 198€225. Issn: 1084-5453
ƒ Egan, Timothy. The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire that Saved America (2009)
ƒ John McCormick, The Global Environmental Movement, London: John Wiley (1995).
ƒ McGeary, M. Nelson, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (1960)
ƒ Meyer, John M. "Gifford Pinchot, John Muir, and the Boundaries of Politics in American Thought" Polity 1997
30(2): 267€284. Issn: 0032-3497
ƒ Miller, Char., Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (2001)
ƒƒ Nash, Roderick. "Wilderness and the American Mind," Univ. of Wisc. Press, (1967), and later editions
ƒ Page, Walter H. (March 1910). "Gifford Pinchot, The Awakener Of A Nation" (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=bHIAAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA12662). The World's Work: A History of Our Time XIX: 12662€12668.
Retrieved 2009-07-10.
ƒ Smith, Michael B. "The Value of a Tree: Public Debates of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot" Historian 1998 60(4):
757€778. Issn: 0018-2370
External links
ƒ Gifford Pinchot (http:/ / www. foresthistory. org/ ASPNET/ People/ Pinchot/ Pinchot. aspx) at the Forest History
Society
ƒ Works by Gifford Pinchot (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Gifford+ Pinchot) at Project Gutenberg
ƒ The short film "Visions of the wild (1985)" (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ gov. archives. arc. 13521) is
available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
ƒ Grey Towers National Historical Site, [[Milford, Pennsylvania (http:/ / www. fs. fed. us/ na/ gt/ )]]
ƒ Pinchot Institute for Conservation (http:/ / pinchot. org/ ), Washington, D.C.
Gifford Pinchot
260
Political offices
Preceded by
Bernhard Fernow
Chief of the Division of Forestry
Served under: William McKinley, Theodore
Roosevelt
1898€1905
Succeeded by
Himself
2
Preceded by
Himself
Chief of the United States Forest Service
Served under: Theodore Roosevelt, William
Howard Taft
1905€1910
Succeeded by
Henry Graves
1
Preceded by
William Sproul
Governor of Pennsylvania
1923€1927
Succeeded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Preceded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Governor of Pennsylvania
1931€1935
Succeeded by
George Earle
Party political offices
Preceded by
William Sproul
Republican nominee for Governor of
Pennsylvania
1922
Succeeded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Preceded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Republican nominee for Governor of
Pennsylvania
1930
Succeeded by
William Schnader
Notes and references
1. Albert F. Potter served as Acting Chief of the Forest Service until Graves was selected for appointment to the position on
a permanent basis.
2. As Chief of the Forest Service.
George Washington Woodruff
261
George Washington Woodruff
George Washington Woodruff
Sport(s) Football
Biographical details
Born February 22, 1864
Dimock, Pennsylvania
Died March 24, 1934
(aged 70)
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Playing career
1885€1888 Yale
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1892€1901
1903
1905
Penn
Illinois
Carlisle Indian
Head coaching record
Overall 142€25€2
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
3 National (1894€1895, 1897)
College Football Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1963 ( profile
[2]
)
George Washington Woodruff
262
Attorney General of Pennsylvania
In office
January 20, 1923 € January 18, 1927
Governor Gifford Pinchot
Preceded by George Alter
Succeeded by Thomas Baldrige
Personal details
Political party Republican
George Washington Woodruff (February 22, 1864 € March 24, 1934) was an American football player, rower,
coach, teacher, lawyer and politician. He served as the head football coach at the University of Pennsylvania
(1892€1901), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1903), and Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1905),
compiling a career college football record of 142€25€2. Woodruff's Penn teams of 1894, 1895, and 1897 have been
recognized as national champions. Woodruff was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in
1963.
Playing career and education
Penn, 1898
Woodruff graduated from Yale University in 1889, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones,
[3]:65
and the University of Pennsylvania where he earned his LL.B. law degree in
1895. His football teammates at Yale included Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pudge Heffelfinger,
and Pa Corbin.
Coaching career
At Penn, Woodruff coached Truxton Hare, Carl Sheldon Williams, John H. Outland, his
brother Wylie G. Woodruff, and Charles Gelbert. In his ten years of coaching at Penn,
Woodruff compiled a 124€15€2 record while his teams scored 1777 points and only
gave up 88. He also coached one year each at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign and Carlisle Indian Industrial School.
Political career
After coaching, Woodruff practiced law and was active in politics as a Republican. His political posts included
Finance Clerk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Attorney General, federal judge for the territory of Hawaii, chief law
officer of the US Forest Service under friend and fellow Yale alumni Gifford Pinchot, Acting Secretary of the
Interior under President Theodore Roosevelt.
Head coaching record
Football
George Washington Woodruff
263
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Penn Quakers (Independent) (1892€1901)
1892 Penn 15€1
1893 Penn 12€3
1894 Penn 12€0
1895 Penn 14€0
1896 Penn 14€1
1897 Penn 15€0
1898 Penn 12€1
1899 Penn 8€3€2
1900 Penn 12€1
1901 Penn 10€5
Penn: 124€15€2
Illinois Fighting Illini (Big Ten Conference) (1903)
1903 Illinois 8€6 1€5 7th
Illinois: 8€6 1€5
Carlisle Indians (Independent) (1905)
1905 Carlisle 10€4
Carlisle: 10€4
Total: 142€25€2
 National championship    Conference title    Conference division title
Note: Before 1936, national champions were determined by historical research and retroactive ratings and polls.
1894 Poll Results = Penn: Parke H. Davis, Princeton: Houlgate, Yale: Billingsley, Helms, National Championship Foundation, Parke H. Davis
1895 Poll Results = Penn: Billingsley, Helms, Houlgate, National Championship Foundation, Parke H. Davis, Yale: Parke H. Davis
1897 Poll Results = Penn: Billingsley, Helms, Houlgate, National Championship Foundation, Parke H. Davis, Yale: Parke H. Davis
George Woodruff's last game as a coach was the 1905 Carlisle-Army game after which he went to Washington for a government job. Ralph
Kinney completed Carlisle's season, going 3€2 over the five games played after Woodruff's departure.
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=2568
[2] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=90022
[3] [3] Who's Who In America, 1908
External links
ƒ George Washington Woodruff (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/
SearchDetail. aspx?id=90022) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ George Washington Woodruff (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/
alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=2568) at the College Football Data Warehouse
George Washington Woodruff
264
Political offices
Preceded by
George Alter
Attorney General of Pennsylvania
1923€1927
Succeeded by
Thomas Baldrige
Sporting positions
Preceded by
Ellis Ward
University of Pennsylvania Head Rowing
Coach
1892€1895
Succeeded by
Ellis Ward
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.
265
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.
United States Senator
from Delaware
In office
November 8, 1922 € March 3, 1929
Preceded by T. Coleman du Pont
Succeeded by John G. Townsend, Jr.
Personal details
Born June 4, 1868
Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
Died July 12, 1942 (aged 74)
Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Elizabeth Bradford du Pont (m. 1908)
Residence Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
Alma mater Yale University
Profession lawyer
Religion Episcopalian
Thomas Francis Bayard, Jr. (June 4, 1868 € July 12, 1942) was an American lawyer and politician from
Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served two terms as
U.S. Senator from Delaware.
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.
266
Early life and family
See also: Bayard family
Bayard was born in Wilmington, Delaware, son of U.S. Senator Thomas F. Bayard, Sr., and grandson of U.S.
Senator James A. Bayard, Jr. In 1908 he married Elizabeth Bradford du Pont, and they had five children, Elizabeth,
Thomas, Ellen, James, and Alexis. They were members of the Episcopal Church.
Bayard graduated from Yale University in 1890, where he was a member of Skull and Bones
:29
, attended Yale Law
School and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1893. After living in New York City for four years and working as
assistant corporation counsel, he returned to his Delaware law practice in 1901.
He married Elizabeth Bradford du Pont on October 4, 1908.
He served as a Chairman of the Delaware Democratic Party's state committee from 1906 to 1916, and as solicitor for
the city of Wilmington from 1917 until 1919.
Professional and political career
Bayard was elected to the U.S. Senate in a special election on November 7, 1922, to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of U.S. Senator Josiah O. Wolcott. On the same day he was also elected for the full term to follow, in
both instances defeating incumbent Republican U.S. Senator T. Coleman du Pont, who had been appointed. During
this term, he served in the Democratic minority in the last session of the 67th Congress, and in the 68th, 69th, and
70th Congress.
Bayard lost his bid for a second full term in 1928 to Republican John G. Townsend, Jr., the former Governor. He
then lost another bid for a second full term in 1930 to incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Daniel O. Hastings. In all,
Bayard served one term and part of another, from November 7, 1922 to March 3, 1929, during the administrations of
U.S. Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Subsequently, he resumed his law practice in Wilmington.
Death and legacy
Bayard died at Wilmington and is buried there in the Old Swedes Episcopal Church Cemetery. His son, Alexis I.
duPont Bayard, served as Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 1949 to 1953.
References
Public Offices
Office Type Location Began office Ended office notes
U.S. Senator Legislature Washington November 7, 1922 March 3, 1923
U.S. Senator Legislative Washington March 4, 1923 March 3, 1929
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.
267
United States Congressional service
Dates Congress Chamber Majority President Committees Class/District
1922€1923 67th U.S. Senate Republican Warren G.
Harding
Calvin Coolidge
class 1
1923€1925 68th U.S. Senate Republican Calvin Coolidge class 1
1925€1927 69th U.S. Senate Republican Calvin Coolidge class 1
1927€1929 70th U.S. Senate Republican Calvin Coolidge class 1
Election results
Year Office Election Subject Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes %
1922 U.S. Senator Special Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. Democratic 36,954 50% T. Coleman du Pont Republican 36,894 50%
1922 U.S. Senator General Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. Democratic 37,304 50% T. Coleman du Pont Republican 36,979 49%
1928 U.S. Senator General Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. Democratic 40,828 39% John G. Townsend, Jr. Republican 63,725 61%
1930 U.S. Senator General Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. Democratic 39,881 45% Daniel O. Hastings Republican 47,909 54%
References
ƒ Carter, Richard B. (2001). Clearing New Ground, The Life of John G. Townsend, Jr. Wilmington, Delaware: The
Delaware Heritage Press. ISBN 0-924117-20-6.
ƒ Munroe, John A. (1993). History of Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.
ISBN 0-87413-493-5.
Images
ƒ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress; (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.
pl?index=B000252) photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress.
External links
ƒ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay.
pl?index=B000252)
ƒ Delaware„s Members of Congress (http:/ / www. russpickett. com/ history/ sentbio2. htm#bayard4)
ƒ Find a Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6860153)
ƒ The Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ bay-bazzle. html#R9M0IOYLJ)
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.
268
Political offices
United States Senate
Preceded by
T. Coleman du
Pont
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Delaware
1922-1929
Served alongside: L. Heisler Ball, T. Coleman du Pont, Daniel O.
Hastings
Succeeded by
John G. Townsend,
Jr.
Fairfax Harrison
269
Fairfax Harrison
Fairfax Harrison
Fairfax Harrison, taken before 1913
Born Reginald Fairfax Harrison
March 13, 1869
New York City
Died February 2, 1938 (aged 68)
Alexandria, Virginia
Pen name A Virginia Farmer
Occupation Railroad president
Education MA
Alma mater Yale University
Columbia University
Genres History
Subjects Thoroughbreds, Virginia local history, genealogy
Notable
work(s)
Proprietors of the Northern Neck; Landmarks of Old Prince William; Background of the American Stud Book; Early American
Turf Stock
Fairfax Harrison (full name Reginald Fairfax Harrison: March 13, 1869 € February 2, 1938) was an American
lawyer, businessman, and writer. The son of the secretary to Confederate President Jefferson Davis, Harrison studied
law at Yale University and Columbia University before becoming a lawyer for the Southern Railway Company in
1896. By 1906 he was Southern's vice-president of finance, and in 1907 he helped secure funding to keep the
company solvent. In 1913 he was elected president of Southern, where he instituted a number of reforms in the way
the company operated.
By 1916, under Harrison's leadership, the Southern had expanded to an 8,000-mile (13,000 km) network across 13
states, its greatest extent until the 1950s. Following the United States' entry into World War I, the federal
government took control of the railroads in December 1917, running them through the United States Railroad
Administration, on which Harrison served. An economic boom after the war helped the company to expand its
operations; Harrison worked to improve the railroad's public relations and to upgrade the locomotive stock by
introducing more powerful engines. Another of his concerns was to increase the amount of railroad track and to
extend the area serviced by the railway. Harrison struggled to keep the railroad afloat during the Great Depression,
and by 1936 Southern was once again showing a profit. Harrison retired in 1937, intending to focus on his hobby of
writing about historical subjects including the roots of the American Thoroughbred horse, but he died three months
later in February 1938.
Fairfax Harrison
270
Background and early life
Harrison was born in New York City on March 13, 1869, to Burton Harrison and Constance Cary Harrison. Burton
had served as private secretary to Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States of America during the
American Civil War, and Constance was a novelist.
[1]
Harrison's brother, Francis Burton Harrison, was
Governor-General of the Philippines from 1913 to 1921. Another brother was Archibald, and all three brothers
attended Yale University. Fairfax Harrison graduated from Yale in 1890; he was a member of the Skull and Bones
secret society.
[]
He went on to attend Columbia University, earning a Masters in Arts.
[2]
Railroad career
Early career
Harrison was admitted to the New York State bar in 1892 and worked for the law firm Bangs, Stetson, Tracy &
MacVeagh from 1892 to 1896. He then joined the Southern Railway Company in May 1896 as a lawyer, becoming
an assistant to the company's president in 1903. He served as vice-president in charge of finance and accounting
from 1906. During the Panic of 1907, Harrison successfully persuaded J. P. Morgan to purchase bonds in the
Southern to keep the company solvent.
[]
After the panic had subsided, Harrison was named president of the Chicago,
Indianapolis and Louisville Railway, later the Monon Railroad (succeeded Ira G. Rawn after Rawn's death), which
was jointly owned by Southern and the Louisville & Nashville Railroad.
[3]
William Finley, president of the Southern
Railway, died on November 23, 1913, and Harrison was elected as his successor eight days later.
[4]
His election was
considered to be a sign of change in the Southern United States, especially in its railroads, both because he was a
southerner and for his activism on behalf of the south.
First years as president
One of Harrison's first acts as president was to implement a new training program for college graduates hired by the
company. Rather than being placed in supervisory roles, they were given regular entry-level jobs in the engine shops
and on the building and repairing of railroad track, to give them an understanding of the basics of the railroad
business. He also instituted a remedial education program for the regular workforce; they were trained in
mathematics and other subjects to high school level, as well as in engine and machine-shop basics. The program was
designed to help train new supervisors in the skills needed to oversee other workers.
[5]
Another of Harrison's goals was to raise the morale of the workforce and locomotive engineers; crews were assigned
to the same locomotives, and senior engineers were allowed to paint their names on their engines. When business
declined in 1914 Harrison reduced his salary by 20 percent, but introduced smaller and graduated cuts for other staff,
with the smallest percentages at the lowest pay scales. Other efforts to improve morale included rewards for fuel
efficiency and the improvement of safety, including stricter investigation of accidents.
Harrison oversaw changes in the railway's Board of Directors. Until 1915 most of the members of the board were
from the northern United States but, after 1915, a majority of the board members were southerners. In 1914 there
were two unusual appointments to the board: Edwin Alderman and John Kilgo. Alderman was the president of the
University of Virginia and Kilgo was a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church.
[6]
Harrison established a foreign trade department for the railroad, hoping to take advantage of the railway's ability to
connect to the Mississippi Valley and Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico ports. In 1915, when the railway lost 12 percent
of its revenue owing to disruptions in trade caused by the start of World War I, Harrison was concerned about
longer-term changes underway. In the annual report that year he warned stockholders that automobile ownership
could severely impact railroad passenger revenues. His words proved to be prophetic, as automobiles eventually
resulted in the disappearance of most passenger train traffic.
[7]
Fairfax Harrison
271
World War I
A Southern Railway Pacific locomotive painted in the distinctive
green and gold colors that Harrison introduced
From 1913 to 1919, Harrison oversaw the extension of
double-track on the railway's mainline between
Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, Georgia. The project
was hampered by the war effort, but eventually covered
the complete 638-mile (1,027 km) distance between the
two cities. In 1916, Harrison acquired a railroad line
that ran from Meridian, Mississippi to New Orleans,
Louisiana. This brought Southern Railway's track total
to more than 8,000 miles (13,000 km), covering 13
states. After the United States entered World War I in
April 1917, some military training camps were located
in the south and much of the construction material used
to build them was hauled over the Southern Railway.
Harrison was elected chairman of a coordinating
committee of railroad presidents, known as the War Board. Its five members were tasked with eliminating
bottlenecks, and fostering cooperation between the various railroads.
[]
The board's efforts failed to meet the government's expectations; in December 1917, Woodrow Wilson, the President
of the United States, ordered the federal government to take control of the railroads, setting up a United States
Railroad Administration (USRA) to run them. Harrison worked for the USRA during the war and, under its
regulations, was required to step down as chairman of the Southern Railway. By the time the USRA returned control
of Southern in March 1920 its treasury was bare. A few years of operation returned a surplus to the company, which
led to the stockholders requesting in 1923 that the railroad pay a dividend to the holders of the common stock,
something Southern had never done. Harrison managed to block the request, but in March 1924 a subsequent
demand was successful, and a dividend of $5 (approximately $69 as of 2014) per share was declared. That was
increased to $7 (approximately $93 as of 2014) per share in 1926 and $8 (approximately $110 as of 2014) in 1928.
[8]
Fairfax Harrison
272
1920s
Map of the Southern Railway's routes in 1921, shown as bold lines
An economic boom in the south
following the end of World War I
greatly increased Southern's revenues.
Harrison spent a good deal of time
traveling around the southern United
States, endeavoring to increase
southern industry. When he traveled,
he used two private railroad cars,
named the Carolina and the Virginia.
Other railroad presidents used only
one, which made Harrison's practice
unique. The Carolina was a sleeping
car and the Virginia was set up to serve
members of the Board of Directors,
with a kitchen, dining room, and
observation area.
[9]
Harrison attempted to increase the
power of Southern's locomotives. In
1923, engineers under his direction
created the plans for the P-4 class of Pacific type locomotives, which became famous and a symbol of the Southern
Railway. On a visit to England, Harrison had seen the paint scheme used by the London and North Eastern Railway,
which used apple green-painted engines. Returning home in 1925, he ordered the newly delivered Pacifics painted a
forest green, which he called Virginia, with gold lettering and silver trim. The roof of each engine was painted brick
red. These engines pulled the newly refurbished passenger trains that Harrison had begun work on before the war. He
also instituted new passenger lines. In 1921 the Suwannee River Special began to run between Chicago, Detroit, and
Cleveland down to Tampa and St. Petersburg in Florida. The Crescent Limited began service in 1925 between New
Orleans and New York, with a scheduled time for the one-way trip of 37 hours and 50 minutes.
[10]
Harrison continued the public relations and advertising efforts of his predecessors; in 1924 an advertising campaign
was launched with the slogan "The Southern Serves the South", which soon became well known.
[11]
Harrison also
spent long hours in negotiations to secure the legal foundations of the railway, consolidating the railroad's debt and
acquiring majority control of some of the smaller lines that made up the railway.
[12]
In 1926 the United States government forced the railroad to move out of its headquarters on Pennsylvania Avenue in
Washington, D.C. Although Harrison threatened to take the company headquarters to Atlanta, in the end a new
headquarters building was built on McPherson Square. Harrison installed a private lobby entrance leading to a
private elevator to the 10th and 11th floors. The railroad took occupancy of the building in the middle of 1929.
[13]
During these years, Harrison exhibited a number of personality quirks that became legendary. One was his habit of
calling in subordinates to dine with him in the executive dining room by sending them a blue chip that had the meal's
conversational topic written on it. Usually the topics were intellectual rather than related to the running of the
railroad. Another oddity was his refusal to use his railroad pass, which entitled him to free travel. Instead, he
personally paid for his commute between his home and the railroad's offices.
Fairfax Harrison
273
Great Depression
Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Southern's stock sold for around $146 (approximately $2,010 as of 2014), with
an all-time high of just over $151 (approximately $2,070 as of 2014).
[8]
In 1932 the stock hit a low of $2.50
(approximately $43 as of 2014).
[8]
In 1929 Southern's freight traffic had been 8.4 billion ton-miles; it fell to 4.4
billion ton-miles in 1932. Southern's debt rose, and the company almost entered bankruptcy in 1932. Harrison
ordered the payment of dividends to be halted in 1932, and many employees took pay cuts. Further efforts included a
thorough check of expenses, with every item subjected to scrutiny to see what could be eliminated. By 1936 the
railroad again showed a profit; this marked the turning point for the company in dealing with the Great
Depression.
[14]
Harrison chose not to be reappointed as president in 1937, and nominated Ernest Norris as his successor.
[15]
Harrison, who was 68 at the time, planned to concentrate on his hobby of writing historical works, but he died three
months after his retirement.
Writing career
Harrison was an author as well as an industrialist, writing on Virginia history and genealogy. Among his works were
a translation of the agricultural works of ancient Roman writer Marcus Porcius Cato and several books on the local
history of Virginia, including The Landmarks of Old Prince William, Devon Carys, Proprietors of the Northern Neck
and Virginia Carys. He also wrote on the early history of the American Thoroughbred racehorse; his work includes
The Belair Stud, The Roanoke Stud, The Background of the American Stud Book, The Equine F.F.V's,
[16]
The John's
Island Stud,
[17]
and Early American Turf Stock. The last came out in two volumes, the first on mares in 1934,
[18]
and
the second on stallions in 1935.
[19]
Peter Willet, a later writer on Thoroughbreds, described him as an "indefatigable
researcher in American pedigrees".
[20]
Harrison also served on the Executive Committee of the Virginia Historical
Society, and was instrumental in the preparation of the 120-volume Virginia Historical Index.
Family, death, and legacy
Harrison married Hetty Cary in 1894. They had four children: three daughters, Ursula, Constance, and Sally, and a
son, Richard. He was a member of the Episcopal Church. Harrison was described as "physically imposing", and
gray-haired in his middle age.
[]
Harry DeButts, an employee and prot„g„, described him as "a little cold when you
first met him, but underneath he was a very warm, admirable, capable and wise man".
[21]
He died on February 2,
1938, of heart disease,
[1]
and was buried in Ivy Hill Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia. On the day after Harrison's
death, the New York Times carried his obituary, but instead of a photograph of Harrison, the picture that ran with the
obituary was of John Jeremiah Pelley, the president of the Association of American Railroads, who was still
alive.
[22]
The College of William and Mary in Virginia holds some of his papers.
[23]
A selection of his letters was published in
1944 under the title A Selection of the Letters of Fairfax Harrison.
[24]
The University of Virginia library has on loan
another collection of Harrison's papers.
[25]
Correspondence and business files from his time as president of the
Southern Railway are held by the Southern Railway Historical Society in their collection of president's files. They
were loaned to the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in 2003 and were still there in 2008.
[26]
Fairfax Harrison
274
Citations
[1] Davis Southern Railway p. 48
[2] Swem Library staff " Harrison, Fairfax (http:/ / scrc.swem. wm. edu/ ?p=core/ search& creatorid=893)" Special Collections Research Center
[3] Davis Southern Railway p. 49
[4] Davis Southern Railway pp. 51€52
[5] Davis Southern Railway pp. 53€54
[6] Davis Southern Railway p. 55
[7] Davis Southern Railway pp. 56€57
[8] Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800€2014 (http:/ / www. minneapolisfed. org/ community_education/ teacher/ calc/ hist1800. cfm).
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
[9] Davis Southern Railway p. 62
[10] Davis Southern Railway pp. 62€64
[11] Davis Southern Railway pp. 64€65
[12] Davis Southern Railway p. 66
[13] Davis Southern Railway pp. 67€68
[14] Davis Southern Railway pp. 69€70
[15] Time Magazine staff " South Server (http:/ / www.time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,882920-1,00. html)" Time Magazine
[16] Podeschi Books on the Horse p. 304
[17] Podeschi Books on the Horse pp. 329€330
[18] Podeschi Books on the Horse pp. 343€344
[19] Podeschi Books on the Horse pp. 352€353
[20] Willet Classic Racehorse p. 107
[21] Quoted in Davis Southern Railway p. 53
[22] Time Magazine staff " Painful Pictures (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,848828,00. html)" Time Magazine
[23] Swem Library staff " Fairfax Harrison Papers, 1736€1945 (http:/ / scrc. swem. wm. edu/ ?p=collections/ controlcard& id=7446)" Special
Collections Research Center
[24] Google Books staff " Entry for A Selection of the Letters of Fairfax Harrison (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=m8jtGAAACAAJ&
dq=A+ selection+ of+ the+ letters+ of+ Fairfax+ Harrison)"
[25] University of Virginia Library staff " A Guide to the Fairfax Harrison Papers (http:/ / ead. lib. virginia. edu/ vivaead/ published/ uva-sc/
viu03510.admin)" Special Collections
[26] Southern Civil War Museum staff " Southern Railway Historical Association Collection of Southern Railway President„s Files: Fairfax
Harrison, 1931 (http:/ / replay. waybackmachine. org/ 20090106051714/ http:/ / southernmuseum. org/ archives/ FairfaxHarrison1931. pdf)"
Southern Civil War Museum
References
ƒ Bryan, John Stewart (April 1938). "Fairfax Harrison: An Appreciation". Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography 46 (2): 153€157.
ƒ Davis, Burke (1985). The Southern Railway: Road of the Innovators. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1636-1.
ƒ Google Books staff. Entry for A Selection of the Letters of Fairfax Harrison (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=m8jtGAAACAAJ& dq=A+ selection+ of+ the+ letters+ of+ Fairfax+ Harrison). Google Books.
Retrieved November 18, 2009.
ƒ Podeschi, John B. (1981). Books on the Horse and Horsemanship: Riding, Hunting, Breeding & Racing
1400€1941. Sport in Art and Books: The Paul Mellon Collection. London: The Tate Gallery.
ISBN 0-905005-53-8.
ƒ Southern Civil War Museum staff. "Southern Railway Historical Association Collection of Southern Railway
President„s Files: Fairfax Harrison, 1931" (http:/ / replay. waybackmachine. org/ 20090106051714/ http:/ /
southernmuseum. org/ archives/ FairfaxHarrison1931. pdf) (pdf). Southern Civil War Museum. Archived from
the original (http:/ / www. southernmuseum. org/ archives/ FairfaxHarrison1931. pdf) on January 6, 2009.
Retrieved November 18, 2009.
ƒ Swem Library staff. "Fairfax Harrison Papers, 1736€1945" (http:/ / scrc. swem. wm. edu/ ?p=collections/
controlcard& id=7446). Special Collections Research Center. College of William and Mary. Retrieved November
18, 2009.
Fairfax Harrison
275
ƒ Swem Library staff. "Harrison, Fairfax" (http:/ / scrc. swem. wm. edu/ ?p=core/ search& creatorid=893). Special
Collections Research Center. College of William and Mary. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
ƒ Time Magazine staff (February 14, 1938). "Milestones" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/
0,9171,848824,00. html). Time Magazine. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
ƒ Time Magazine staff (February 14, 1938). "The Press: Painful Pictures" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/
magazine/ article/ 0,9171,848828,00. html). Time Magazine. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
ƒ Time Magazine staff (November 1, 1937). "South Server" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/
0,9171,882920-2,00. html). Time Magazine. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
ƒ University of Virginia Library staff. "A Guide to the Fairfax Harrison Papers" (http:/ / ead. lib. virginia. edu/
vivaead/ published/ uva-sc/ viu03510. admin). Special Collections. University of Virginia Library. Retrieved
November 18, 2009.
ƒ Willett, Peter (1982). The Classic Racehorse. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
ISBN 0-8131-1477-2.
ƒ Yale University (March 1, 1939). "Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year
1937€1938" (http:/ / mssa. library. yale. edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1937-38. pdf). Bulletin of Yale
University 35 (12): 56€57. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
External links
ƒ Open Library listing of Harrison's works (http:/ / openlibrary. org/ a/ OL114205A/ Harrison_Fairfax)
Business positions
Preceded by
Ira G. Rawn
President of Monon Railroad
1910 € 1913
Succeeded by
Frederic Adrian Delano
Preceded by
William W. Finley
President of Southern
Railway
1913 € 1937
Succeeded by
Earnest E. Norris
Percy Hamilton Stewart
276
Percy Hamilton Stewart
Percy Hamilton Stewart (January 10, 1867, Newark, New Jersey - June 30, 1951, Plainfield, New Jersey) was a
Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 5th congressional district in the United States House of
Representatives from 1931-1933.
Biography
Stewart was born in Newark, New Jersey on January 10, 1867, where he attended the public schools. He graduated
from Yale College in 1890, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
:15
and from Columbia Law School in 1893.
He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in New York City. He served as Mayor of
Plainfield, New Jersey from 1912 to 1913. He was chairman of the Union County Democratic committee in 1914
and of the Washington Rock Park Commission of New Jersey from 1915-1921. Stewart served as a member of the
New Jersey State Board of Education from 1919€1921 and of the New Jersey State Highway Commission from
1923-1929. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1920 and 1928.
Stewart was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ernest
R. Ackerman and served from December 1, 1931, to March 3, 1933. He was not a candidate for renomination in
1932, but was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate.
He resumed the practice of law until his retirement in 1941. He died in Plainfield on June 30, 1951 and was interred
in Hillside Cemetery in Scotch Plains, New Jersey.
References
ƒ Percy Hamilton Stewart (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=S000919) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Percy Hamilton Stewart (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=4265) at Find a Grave
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Ernest R. Ackerman
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Jersey's 5th congressional district
December 1, 1931 € March 3, 1933
Succeeded by
Charles Aubrey Eaton
Party political offices
Preceded by
Alexander Simpson
Democratic Nominee for the U.S. Senate (Class 2) from New
Jersey
1932
Succeeded by
William H. Smathers
Frederic C. Walcott
277
Frederic C. Walcott
Frederic Collin Walcott
United States Senator
from Connecticut
In office
March 4, 1929 € January 3, 1935
Preceded by George P. McLean
Succeeded by Francis T. Maloney
Personal details
Born February 19, 1869
New York Mills, New York
Died April 27, 1949 (aged 80)
Stamford, Connecticut
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Frances Dana Archbold Mary Hussey Guthrie
Religion Presbyterian
Frederic Collin Walcott (February 19, 1869 € April 27, 1949) was a United States Senator from Connecticut.
Biography
Born in New York Mills, Oneida County, New York, Walcott attended the public schools of Utica, New York and
graduated from Lawrenceville School (Lawrenceville, New Jersey) in 1886, from Phillips Academy (Andover,
Massachusetts) in 1887 and from Yale University in 1891, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:21
He
married Frances Dana Archbold February 14, 1899, and she died the same year. He married Mary Hussey Guthrie on
April 3, 1907, in Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.
Frederic C. Walcott
278
Career
Walcott moved to New York City in 1907 and engaged in the manufacture of cotton cloth and in banking. When
Walcott moved to Norfolk, Connecticut in 1910, he continued his business connections in New York City until 1921
when he retired from active business pursuits.
During the First World War, Walcott served with the United States Food Administration as assistant to Herbert
Hoover; was decorated by the Government of France with the Legion of Honor and by Poland with the Officer's
Cross. He was president of the Connecticut Board of Fisheries and Game from 1923 to 1928 and chairman of the
Connecticut Water Commission from 1925 to 1928. He was a delegate to Republican National Convention from
Connecticut in 1924, 1928, and 1932;
Walcott was a member of the State senate from 1925 to 1929, serving as President Pro Tempore from 1927 to 1929.
He was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1929, to January 3, 1935, and was an
unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1934.
From 1935 to 1939, Walcott was Commissioner of welfare of Connecticut, and a member of the advisory committee
of the Human Welfare Group of Yale University from 1920 to 1948, and of Bethume Cookman College, Daytona,
Florida,from 1922 to 1948. He also served as regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1941 to 1948.
Death
Walcott died in Stamford, Connecticut on April 27, 1949 (age 80 years, 67 days). He is interred at Center Cemetery
in New Milford.
References
External links
ƒ Find A Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=15313927)
ƒ Govtrack US Congress (http:/ / www. govtrack. us/ congress/ members/ frederic_walcott/ 411211)
Hugh Aiken Bayne
279
Hugh Aiken Bayne
Hugh Aiken Bayne
Born Hugh Aiken Bayne
February 15, 1870
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died December 24, 1954 (aged 84)
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Nationality American
Education Yale University
Occupation Lawyer
Judge Advocate
Lieutenant Colonel
Judge
Employer Strong & Cadwalader
Adjutant General's Office
Prisoners of War Mission
Liquidation Commission of the War Department
Inter-Allied Reparations Commission
Known for Judge on the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission under the treaties of Versailles and St. Germain
Spouse(s) Helen (Cheney) Bayne
Parents Thomas Levingston Bayne
Relatives John Gayle (grandfather)
Honors Distinguished Service Medal
L„gion d'honneur
Hugh Aiken Bayne (15 February 1870, New Orleans - 24 December 1954, New Haven, Connecticut) was the son of
Thomas Levingston Bayne, a lawyer who fought in the Civil War. His grandfather John Gayle was a Congressman
and Governor of Alabama.
Bayne attended Yale University, where he graduated in 1892 with an AB. While at Yale, he published The Tales of
Temple Bar: A Prologue (1891),
[1]
a collection of his comic writing for campus humor magazine The Yale Record.
He was a member of Skull and Bones.
He would later receive an honorary LLD from Tulane University. In the same year he was admitted to the bar, and
began the practice of law in New Orleans. Bayne moved to New York City in 1898, where he would continue the
practice of law until 1919. From 1905 to 1914 he was a member of the storied law firm, Strong & Cadwalader of
New York City.
During World War I he served as a major judge advocate in the Adjutant Generals Office, as a counsel on the
Prisoners of War Mission and served on the Liquidation Commission of the War Department. He was made a
Lieutenant Colonel in 1919, but he never fought in any battles. For his services he was decorated with the
Distinguished Service Medal and the L„gion d'honneur.
After the war he served on the Reparations Commission under the treaties of Versailles and St. Germain. During this
time he served as a judge deciding the claim of Belgium vs. Austria, regarding the Treasure of the Order of Golden
Fleece. The King of Belgium requested that the treasure be transferred to him as the new ruler of the former
Habsburg lands of the Austrian Netherlands. The three judges, of whom Bayne was one gave serious consideration
to handing the treasure over to Belgium. However at the request of Emperor Carl, King Alfonso XIII of Spain
Hugh Aiken Bayne
280
intervened and the treasure remained in Austrian hands. He also handled the claim of Czecho-Slovakia being the
successor to the Kingdom of Bohemia, and a claim regarding 500 works of art stolen from Bohemia by Austria
between 1616 and 1914. One of the most interesting claims he handled was Standard Oil Co. vs. the Reparations
Commission. The commission had appropriated 21 oil tankers owned by a Germany subsidiary of Standard Oil to
pay for Germans reparations. He also handled cases on disarmament clauses.
On 8 October 1895 he married Helen Cheney, the sister of Knight Dexter Cheney, Jr., one of Bayne's classmates at
Yale and brothers in Skull and Bones.
References
[1] Bayne, Hugh Aiken (1891). The Tales of Temple Bar: A Prologue. New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Publishers.
"Fortunate Men Cheered". Boston Daily Globe, May 22, 1891.
Howell Cheney
Howell Cheney (January 1, 1870, Hartford, Connecticut € August 20, 1957) was a member of the Cheney silk
manufacturing dynasty. The Cheneys had long been the first family of Manchester, Connecticut. Their mill
buildings, workers residences and family mansions form the Cheney Brothers Historic District.
He was graduated from Yale University in 1892 with an AB and again in 1898 with an MA. He was a member of Psi
Upsilon and Skull and Bones.
:160
In 1893, he entered the family silk manufacturing firm, Cheney Brothers. He
would remain with the firm until 1935, serving as its secretary and director from 1925 to 1935. He was a trustee of
the Manchester Savings Bank, from 1900 to 1905; director of the National Association of Manufacturers, from 1912
to 1915; director of the National Chamber of Commerce; and President of the Manufactures Association of Hartford
County, from 1922 to 1925.
In 1915 he founded Howell Cheney Technical High School in Manchester. The school is now located at 791 West
Middle Turpnike and offers ten vocations for high school students to choose from while they also complete a regular
high school adademic program.
He was a member of the Connecticut Board of Education, from 1909 to 1919; state director of the National War
Savings Committee, from 1918 to 1919; Secretary-Treasurer of the Connecticut Economic Council; and member of
the Board of Appeals of the Selective Service System, from 1941 to 1945. Cheney also served as Chairman of the
School Committee of South Manchester, from 1898 to 1939; member of the National Child Labour Committee, in
1914; Chairman of the Connecticut Unemployment Committee, from 1913 to 1938; Chairman of the High School
Commission of Manchester, from 1927 to 1933; Chairman of the Committee on Junior Education and Employment;
member of the Connecticut Committee on Consolidation of State Commissions; and Chairman of the Committee on
State Prisons Systems.
Although Cheney was a former member of the National Child Labour Committee, he was attacked by them in 1926,
when he suggested that children should be able to leave school and go into industry at the age of fourteen.
Cheney was a Trustee of Mt. Holyoke College, from 1912 to 1926 and 1930 to 1940; Trustee of the American
School for the Deaf, in 1913; member of the Yale Corporation, from 1914 to 1938; Trustee of the Milton Academy;
and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Hartford Junior College.
He died in 1957 in Pinellas County, Florida.
Howell Cheney
281
References
Clive Day
Clive Hart Day (February 11, 1871 € July 27, 1951) was an American college professor and author of the history of
economics. He was chief of the Balkan Division of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace in Paris in
1918€19.
Day was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University in 1892, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones,
:10€11
and won the John Addison Porter Prize. He took postgraduate studies at the Humboldt
University of Berlin and the University of Paris. Day taught history and economics at the University of California for
three years and economics at Sheffield Scientific School (Yale) for two years. In 1907 he was appointed professor of
economic history at Yale University.
Publications
ƒ Policy and Administration of the Dutch in Java (1904)
ƒ History of Commerce (1907; revised and enlarged edition, 1922)
ƒ The Question of the Balkans, a brochure (1920)
References
ƒ  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.;
Moore, F., eds. (1905). "
article name needed
". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Henry S. Graves
282
Henry S. Graves
Henry S. Graves
Henry ("Harry") Solon Graves (May 3, 1871 € March 7, 1951)
[1]
was a forest administrator in the United States. He co-founded the Yale
Forest School (now the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies) in 1900, the oldest continuous forestry school in the United
States. He was appointed Chief of the United States Forest Service in
1910 and served in this position until 1920.
Biography
Graves was born in Marietta, Ohio. He attended Phillips Academy,
Andover, graduating in 1888, and Yale University, graduating in 1892.
He received a Master's degree from Yale in 1900. At Yale Graves was
a member of the secret society Skull and Bones.
:160[2]
Graves, Walter Toumey and Gifford Pinchot established the Yale
Forest School in 1900, the first graduate school dedicated to forestry in
the United States. He served as its first Director [1900-1910] and
returned as Dean of the forestry school [1923-1939]. Henry was the
Provost of Yale University from 1923-1927.
[3]
In 1900, he and Pinchot were also two of the seven founding
members of the Society of American Foresters.
Henry S. Graves, C. C. Colt and Samuel Hill on the
Columbia Ridge Highway, circa 1910
Graves was Chief of the United States Forest Service, from 1910
until 1920. Pinchot had served as the first Chief from the
foundation of the Forest Service in 1905, but he was fired by
President Howard Taft in 1910 for speaking out against Taft's
environmental policies.Wikipedia:Citation needed As the leader of
the Forest Service, Graves was considered very strict. During his
ten-year term, Graves was faced with a lot of work. He had to try
to restore the power that the Forest Service had before Pinchot was
fired, and he also had to prove that his agency was the most
qualified and best suited to control and manage the national
forests, because many states wanted to manage their own
forests.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Graves was commissioned as a major in the United States Army
Corps of Engineers in 1917, during the First World War, and sent
to France to prepare for the arrival of the 10th Engineers (Forestry)
(later the 20th Engineers). He was promoted to lieutenant colonel
and returned to the U.S. in 1918 and to the Forest Service. Later
that year, he started a movement to help develop a National forest policy for the United States of America. Due to
symptoms of "Meniere's Symbole",
[4]
Graves resigned from his position as Chief Forester, completing his duties in
1920.
Following his retirement in 1939, Graves was able to dedicate more time in assisting his good friend, George Dudley
Seymour with managing the Hale Homestead ('The Birthplace' of Nathan Hale) in Coventry, Connecticut. Both
Henry Graves and George Cromie [Yale Forest School, 1911 and 1st Superintendent of Trees, City of New Haven,
CT] provided technical forestry management assistance to George Dudley Seymour for the woodlands surrounding
Henry S. Graves
283
the Hale Homestead, which would become the Nathan Hale State Forest in 1946.
In 1933, Connecticut State Forester, Austin Foster Hawes named a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp located
in the Nipmuck State Forest in Union, "Camp Graves" in honor of Henry.
For his many years of dedication to the conservation and management of forests, Henry was the third person to
receive the Schlich Memorial Award in 1944.
Honorary Degrees: Harvard University (M.A., 1911), Syracuse University (Law, 1924), Yale University (Doctor of
Law, 1940)
The Henry Solon Graves Grove is located within Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park. A stone marker in the
grove, dedicated in 1926 reads: "The Grove of ancient Trees named in honor of Henry Solon Graves Forester,
Educator and Administrator. A Leader of unusual ability in the profession of forestry in which he has rendered
distinguished service to his country".
Henry married Ella Marian Welch (Vassar, A.B., 1895) on December 19, 1903.
Notes
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1950-51. pdf
[2] Yale University Manuscript and Archives Digital Images Database. 1892. Members of Skull and Bones Photographic Print (http:/ / images.
library. yale. edu/ madid/ oneItem. aspx?remID=1772791& id=1772791)
[3] http:/ / provost. yale. edu/ history
[4] [4] Letter to George Dudley Seymour from Henry Graves, January 1919. Yale Manuscripts and Archives: George Dudley Seymour Papers MS
442
References
ƒ Henry S. Graves Profile (http:/ / www. foresthistory. org/ ASPNET/ People/ Graves/ Graves. aspx) (Forest
History Society website)
ƒ History (http:/ / environment. yale. edu/ prospective/ History-of-the-School/ ) of Yale School of Forestry and
Environmental Studies
ƒ The first American forestry award (http:/ / www. foresthistory. org/ Publications/ FHT/ FHTSpring2000/
awardsteen. pdf), Harold K. Steen, Forest History Today, Spring 2000, p. 42-43. (PDF)
James W. Husted (Representative)
284
James W. Husted (Representative)
James W. Husted (1897)
James William Husted (March 16, 1870 € January 2, 1925) was a
politician elected to four succeeding terms as a U.S. Representative
(1915€1923) from New York. He was an attorney who served in local
offices, as well as president of the Peekskill Bank.
Early life and education
Husted was born into a political family in Peekskill, New York, the son
of James W. Husted (1833€1892) and his wife. His father was then a
member of the New York State Assembly, and several times in later
years was elected Speaker of the Assembly. The junior Husted
attended private schools, the Peekskill Military Academy, and Cutler's
School, New York City. He was graduated from Phillips Academy,
Andover, Massachusetts. He graduated in 1888 from Yale University
in 1892, where he was a member of Skull and Bones
:1392
, and in 1894
from the New York Law School.
Marriage and family
Husted first married Louise Wetmore Spaulding (1873€1914). They had children. After her death, he married Bertha
Frances Harricks (? - 1947).
Career
Husted was admitted to the bar in 1894, and commenced practice in Peekskill, New York. He soon entered politics,
and was a member of the New York State Assembly (Westchester Co., 3rd D.) in 1895, 1896 and 1897. In 1897, he
moved to the growing city of White Plains and continued the practice of law.
In 1902, Husted returned to Peekskill and practiced law. He was elected president of the village of Peekskill in 1903
and 1904. He served as member and treasurer of the board of park commissioners from 1909 to 1920.
In 1912, he was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1912 to the Sixty-third Congress. Husted was elected as a
Republican to the Sixty-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1915-March 3, 1923).
Declining to run for office in 1922, Husted returned to the practice of law in Peekskill. He also engaged in banking
and served as president of the Peekskill Bank.
He died of heart disease in New York City on January 2, 1925. His remains were cremated and his ashes were
interred in Hillside Cemetery, Peekskill, New York, where his father was buried.
James W. Husted (Representative)
285
References
External links
ƒ James W. Husted (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7125016) at Find a Grave
ƒ James W. Husted (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=H001005) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Benjamin I. Taylor
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 25th congressional district
1915-1923
Succeeded by
J. Mayhew Wainwright
Pierre Jay
286
Pierre Jay
Pierre Jay
Born May 4, 1870
Died November 24, 1949 (aged 79)
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation Chair of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Pierre Jay (May 4, 1870 € November 24, 1949) was the first chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
He graduated from Yale University in 1892, and was a member of Skull and Bones, one of the best known of the
secret societies based at Yale University. In 1908, as Massachusetts banking commissioner, he, along with Bostonian
business man and philanthropist Edward Filene, helped organize public hearings on creating credit union legislation
in Massachusetts, leading to the passage of the Massachusetts Credit Union Act in 1909. This legislation was the
first to enable the formation of credit unions in the United States. Jay also became the first-ever chairman of the New
York Federal Reserve in 1913 after its formation.
References
ƒ "Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased During the Year 1949 - 1950"
[1]
. Yale
University.
References
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1949-50. pdf
Lee McClung
287
Lee McClung
Lee McClung
Date of birth: March 26, 1870
Place of birth: Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.
Date of death: December 19, 1914 (aged 44)
Place of death: London, England, United Kingdom
Career information
Position(s): Halfback
College: Yale University
Organizations
As player:
1888€1891 Yale
College Football Hall of Fame
[1]
, 1963
Lee McClung
22nd Treasurer of the United States
In office
November 1, 1909 € November 21, 1912
President William Howard Taft
Preceded by Charles H. Treat
Succeeded by Carmi A. Thompson
Thomas Lee "Bum" McClung (March 26, 1870 € December 19, 1914) was an American football player who later
served as the 22nd Treasurer of the United States.
McClung was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. His father was Frank H. McClung, a merchant, and he was related to
Albert Sidney Johnston and John Marshall. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and went on to Yale University,
where he was class leader, received the largest number of votes as its most popular member in his senior year, and
was a member of Skull and Bones. He was chairman of his class's Junior Promenade Committee. McClung, who was
always known as Lee from his college days onward, was perhaps the best-known football player in the country while
at Yale. In his athletic prime he stood 5'10", weighed between 165 and 180 lbs., was on the varsity baseball team,
and played in every football season from 1888 to 1891 on teams that compiled a 54-2 record and a 2269-49 point
Lee McClung
288
total. (It was unusual to make the team as a freshman at the time, but McClung did, being the only freshman to play
on the noted 1888 team.) He himself was credited with scoring 176 points in 1889 and 494 in his career. He was
captain of the unscored-upon Yale football team of 1891 (13-0 record, 488-0 point record), graduating the following
year with a B.A. He never left a game during injury, despite football being considerably rougher at the time. On
November 21, 1891, his famous team of eleven defeated Harvard 10-0, avenging their hard-fought loss of the year
before. He played his last college game against Princeton five days later, on Thanksgiving, with the very same
eleven Yale players defeating the Tigers 19-0. He is thought to have designed the cutback play. McClung returned to
New Haven in the fall for many years to assist in coaching. His reputation was long-lasting on the gridiron, and in
1941, even Time magazine was still referring to "a turtlenecked Yale man of the Bum McClung era."
[2]
He was
inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1963.
Portrait of T.L. McClung from
Walter Camp's 1894 book American
Football
McClung spent the year after graduation traveling in Europe and California,
where he became the first coach at the University of California. He then entered
the service of the St. Paul & Duluth Railroad Company at St. Paul, Minnesota. In
1899 he joined the Southern Railway Company and remained with it until 1901,
when he became assistant to the second vice president of the company. McClung
became assistant freight traffic manager of the company in 1902, and retained
this position until 1904, when he was appointed Treasurer of Yale University,
assuming that office on December 15, 1904. While in this position, he drew fire
for writing satirically about the sale of the defunct Ingham University, having
called it "a defunct college that we should be very pleased to sell on very low
terms to any one making due application... If it may prove an incentive to the
consummation of the deal I should be very much pleased to throw in a cemetery
which is located on the grounds."
[3]
He also modernized treasury and accounting
methods at the university.
McClung's signature as used on American
currency
On September 23, 1909, President William Howard Taft appointed
McClung, a Southern Republican, as Treasurer of the United States. He
took office on November 1 of that year. He was paid $8,000 annually.
On January 8, 1910, he handed his predecessor a cheque for
$1,260,134,946.88 ˆ, an acknowledgment of the money and securities
in the department as of the day McClung took office; it took a little
over two months to count all the assets, as is customary when a Treasurer departs. This was said to have been the
largest financial transaction from man to man in world history at the time.
[4]
During his time in office, he urged that
worn, dirty banknotes be withdrawn at a higher rate in order to establish a sanitary currency.
[5]
McClung served until
his resignation of November 14, 1912 became effective a week later. He resigned his post because of a dispute in the
Treasury Department, a so-called "mutiny" led by A. Piatt Andrew, then Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, who
had troubles with Secretary Franklin MacVeagh which involved McClung. Andrew, who resigned on July 3 of that
year, criticized MacVeagh's lax business methods and poor administrative skills, naming several Treasury officials
as agreeing with him, including McClung. MacVeagh asked McClung to repudiate Andrew's statement concerning
him, but he refused, and relations between them became strained. However, President Taft called a truce at the
Treasury until after the election that year, with McClung announcing his resignation nine days after Taft's decisive
defeat.
Lee McClung
289
After McClung left office, his successor, Carmi A. Thompson, gave him an even bigger cheque on December 4,
1912, amounting to $1,519,285,908.57 ˆ.
[6]
The day before, he had made a speech in Pittsburgh claiming that "It is
physically possible to steal $100,000,000 from the Treasury of the United States."
[7]
McClung died in a private hospital in London after a three-months' illness of typhoid fever contracted at Frankfurt.
His brother C. M. was with him when he died. His body was returned to the United States on board the steamer St.
Paul, which left Liverpool on December 26, 1914. His funeral service took place at St. Thomas Episcopal Church,
New York on January 4, 1915; he was buried in Knoxville's Old Gray Cemetery two days later following additional
services at his sister's home.
One of his obituaries reminisced: "Ah! A remarkable athlete, a wonderful football player, a lovable classmate, a
diligent student, a manly man€a type Yale men idealize for emulation. Such was Lee McClung."
[8]
McClung apparently never married. He had two brothers who went to Yale.
McClung was a director of the Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, a director of the
Marion Institute of Alabama, a national councilman of the Boy Scouts of America, and treasurer of the American
Association for Highway Improvement. He was a member of the Metropolitan, Riding, and Chevy Chase Clubs of
Washington, the University Club of New York City, and the Graduates and New Haven Lawn Clubs of New Haven.
He was also elected president of the Yale Alumni Association of Washington on December 22, 1910.
References
[1] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=90030
[2] " New Picture (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,851111,00. html)", Time, March 3, 1941.
[3] "Sale of Ingham University", The New York Times, December 18, 1906, p. 8.
[4] "Receipt for $1,260,134,946.", The New York Times, January 9, 1910, p. 12.
[5] "Urges Cleaner Currency", The New York Times, October 3, 1910, p. 2.
[6] "Vast U.S. Fund Counted", The Washington Post, December 5, 1912, p. 6.
[7] "Chance to Loot Treasury", The Washington Post, December 4, 1912, p. 1.
[8] "Late Lee M'Clung Football Marvel; Was Also Star for Yale on Diamond", The Washington Post, January 17, 1915, p. S2.
Bibliography
ƒ Treasury Row Finds Victim in M'Clung, The New York Times, November 15, 1912, p. 6.
ƒ "Lee McClung Is Dead.", The New York Times, December 20, 1914, p. 15.
Preceded by
Charles H. Treat
Treasurer of the
United States
1909€1912
Succeeded by
Carmi A. Thompson
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet
290
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet
Edson Fessenden
Gallaudet
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet, ca. 1892-1896
Born April 21, 1871
Died July 1, 1945 (aged 74)
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet (April 21, 1871 € July 1, 1945) was a pioneer in the field of aviation, being the first
person to experiment with warped wings in 1896.
[1]
In 1898, he built a warping-wing kite to test his invention of a
warping-wing mechanism; this kite survives and is on display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington,
DC.
[2]
In 1911 he obtained US pilot's license #32 with the Aero Club of America,
[3]
flying a Wright biplane in
Garden City, New York.
[4]
Also in 1911 he earned a pilot's brevet with the Aero Club of France flying a Nieuport
monoplane.
Gallaudet was born in Washington, DC to Edward Miner Gallaudet, the son of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Both his
father and grandfather were famous educators in the field of deaf education. He received his B.A. from Yale
University in 1893 and his Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1896. He worked at
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1896 to 1897, then became an
instructor of physics at Yale, where he taught from 1897 to 1900. From 1900 to 1903 he worked at William Cramp
& Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and then, in 1903, worked at the National
Cash Register Company in Dayton, Ohio. He married Marion Cockrell on February 14, 1903. From 1903 to 1908 he
worked as an assistant to the President and General Superintendent of the Stillwell Bierce & Smith Vaile Company
in Dayton (which later became the Platt Iron Works Company). In 1908 he worked for the New England Refrigerator
Company in Norwich, Connecticut. In 1908 he founded the Gallaudet Engineering Company in Norwich, where, as
President, he did work as a mechanical and consulting engineer and, in 1909, built his first airplane.
[5][6]
Gallaudet
Engineering Company was incorporated as the Gallaudet Aircraft Corporation in 1917. As a student at Yale in the
Class of 1893 he was a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones. He was an Associate Fellow with the Institute
of the Aeronatical Sciences, Inc., a member of the American Society of Aeronautic Engineers, F„d„ration
A„ronautique Internationale, and a member of the Aero Club of America, Sigma X1, Engineers' Club (New York).
In 1923, Gallaudet built an all-metal aircraft which flew on June 20, 1923 at Wright Field.
[7]
In 1924, Edson Gallaudet retired from the company he had founded. The company assets were acquired by Major
Reuben Fleet, who used them as the core around which he founded Consolidated Aircraft Corporation.
Edson's wife Marion Cockrell, daughter of Francis Marion Cockrell, launched USS Missouri (BB-11).
Edson's brother, Herbert D. Gallaudet, graduated Yale in 1898 and his son, Edward D. Gallaudet, graduated Yale in
1924. Edson's mother, Susan Denison, was the daughter of Dr. Joseph Adam Denison, Jr and Eliza Skinner Denison
of Royalton, Vermont. He died in 1945 in Pine Orchard, Connecticut and is buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery in
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet
291
Hartford, Connecticut.
Papers and Publications
ƒ Gallaudet, Edson Fessenden. 1896. Relations between Length, Elasticity, and Magnetization of Iron and Nickel
Wire. Washington, DC: Gibson Bros.
ƒ Gallaudet, Edson F. 1920. The Gallaudet Review. East Greenwich: Gallaudet Aircraft Corp.
ƒ Gallaudet, Edson. 1915. Affidavit (in The Wright Company vs. The Curtiss Aeroplane Company lawsuit). New
York: January 8, 1915, 11 pages, plus illustrations. (Source: Renstrom, Arthur G. 2002. WILBUR & ORVILLE
WRIGHT•A Bibliography Commemorating the One-Hundredth Anniversary of the FIRST POWERED
FLIGHT, DECEMBER 17, 1903
[8]
at the Wayback Machine (archived January 4, 2011), Monographs in
Aerospace History, Number 27, September 2002, p. 87.) (Unpublished.)
References
[1] Notable Gallaudets in American History (http:/ / gallaudetfamily. com/ notable_gallaudets. htm)
[2] National Air and Space Museum (http:/ / www. nasm.si. edu/ collections/ artifact_display. cfm) National Mall Building, Early Flight -
Gallery 107, artifact display
[3] Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage€A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 175 (
PDF (http:/ / saveourdeafschools.org/ Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_175. pdf))
[4] Edson F. Gallaudet (http:/ / www.earlyaviators.com/ egallaud. htm) at www.earlyaviators.com
[5] Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage€A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 175, 177
( PDF (http:/ / saveourdeafschools.org/ Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_175. pdf))( PDF (http:/ / saveourdeafschools. org/
Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_177. pdf))
[6] Patillo, Donald M. Pushing the Envelope: The American Aircraft Industry (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), 19.
[7] http:/ / www. hq. nasa. gov/ office/ pao/ History/ Timeline/ 1920-24. html NASA timeline
[8] https:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20110104020557/ http:/ / history. nasa. gov/ monograph27. pdf
External links
ƒ "The Early Birds" (http:/ / earlyaviators. com/ emural. htm) mural by Justin Gruelle (Gallaudet is figure number
43 in mural key).
ƒ Edson Fessenden Gallaudet (http:/ / www. flyingmachines. org/ gallau. html) at www.flyingmachines.org
ƒ Edson Gallaudet (http:/ / www. aerospaceweb. org/ question/ history/ q0001. shtml) at aerospaceweb.org
ƒ Edson F. Gallaudet (http:/ / www. earlyaviators. com/ egallaud. htm) at www.earlyaviators.com
ƒ The First U.S. Aircraft Manufacturing Companies (http:/ / www. centennialofflight. net/ essay/ Aerospace/
earlyU. S/ Aero1. htm) at www.centennialofflight.net
ƒ Early airplanes designed and built by Edson F. Gallaudet (http:/ / gallaudetfamily. com/ aircraft. htm) at
gallaudetfamily.com
ƒ Gallaudet (http:/ / aerofiles. com/ _ga. html) at aerofiles.com
ƒ Gallaudet Aircraft (http:/ / www. 456fis. org/ EDSON_GALLAUDET. htm) at 456fis.org
ƒ The Gallaudet D-1 and the Gallaudet Drive Aircraft (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070207080608/ http:/ /
www. earlyaviators. com/ ebjorkl1. htm) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 7, 2007) by Robert A.
Gordon at web.archive.org
ƒ Edson Fessenden Gallaudet riding bicycle at age 13-14 (fourth from right) (http:/ / dspace. wrlc. org/ doc/ get/
2041/ 56987/ StudentLife-BicyclingMen-1885display. jpg) ( Additional information (http:/ / dspace. wrlc. org/
doc/ show/ 2041/ 56987/ detail.html))
Thomas Cochran (banker)
292
Thomas Cochran (banker)
Thomas Cochran
Born Thomas Cochran
March 20, 1871
St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
Died October 29, 1936 (aged 65)
Bedford, New York, U.S.
Nationality American
Education Phillips Academy
Yale University
Occupation Banker
Employer Astor Trust Company
Liberty National Bank of New
York
J.P. Morgan & Company
Known for Addison Gallery of American Art
Spouse(s) Martha (Andrews) Cochran
Parents Thomas Cochran
Emilie Belden (Walsh) Cochran
Thomas Cochran (March 20, 1871 € October 29, 1936) was an American banker.
Life and career
Born in St. Paul, Minnesota on March 20, 1871, Cochran was the son of a lawyer and real-estate broker in New York
and St. Paul. He was educated at Phillips Andover and at Yale, where he was an editor of campus humor magazine
The Yale Record and a member of the Skull and Bones society.
[1]
Cochran was the vice-president of the Astor Trust Company from 1906 to 1914, and president of the Liberty
National Bank of New York from 1914 to 1916. He became a partner in J.P. Morgan & Company in 1917.
In 1931, Cochran funded the creation of the Addison Gallery of American Art at his former school, Phillips
Andover.
References
Notes
[1] "Thomas Cochran". Obituary Record of Graduates Of Yale University: Deceased During the Year 1936-1937. New Haven: Yale University.
December 1, 1937. p. 64.
Ralph Delahaye Paine
293
Ralph Delahaye Paine
Ralph Delahaye Paine
Ralph Delahaye Paine (August 28, 1871 € April 29, 1925) was an
American journalist and author popular in the early 20th century.
Later, he held both elected and appointed government offices.
Life and career
Born in Lemont, Illinois, Paine was the son of Reverend Samuel
Delahaye Paine. Rev. Paine was born in London and served in the
British Army during the Crimean War before emigrating to America in
1856. Rev. Paine served as a lieutenant in the 2nd Maine Battery
during the American Civil War and later was chaplain-in-chief of the
Grand Army of the Republic.
While his father was pastor of the Green Street Presbyterian Church in
Jacksonville, Florida,
:115
Paine worked as a reporter for twelve dollars
a week.
[1]
He also frequented a soda fountain in a cigar shop owned by
Cuban revolutionary Jos„ Alejandro Huau.
Paine attended Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Connecticut and
then Yale University. At Yale he was on the football and rowing teams
and was a member of Skull and Bones. At Yale, he covered athletic
news for a news syndicate. This, plus the money he saved reporting in
Jacksonville, paid for his education. He graduated in 1894.
After graduating, Paine worked for the Philadelphia Press until 1901. Paine's connection to Huau came to the
attention of newspaperman William Randolph Hearst when American newspapers were publishing frenzied coverage
of the Cuban War of Independence. Hearst's New York Journal had held a contest to determine the "world's greatest
living soldier", and Cuban revolutionary military commander M‡ximo G•mez was the winner. The prize was a
gold-plated and diamond-encrusted sword inscribed "Viva Cuba Libre" and "To M‡ximo G•mez,
Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Republic of Cuba". Hearst needed someone to deliver the sword to Gomez
and offered Paine the task. Paine replied "I am the damn fool you have been looking for."
:116
Huau got Paine and another reporter, Ernest McCready, on a boat smuggling munitions and soldiers to Cuba, the
Three Friends under Captain "Dynamite" Johnny O'Brien. The Three Friends got into a skirmish with a Spanish
gunboat and, in the only naval battle of the war, inexplicably triumphed. However, since the US was not
participating in the war, O'Brien, fearing legal entanglements and seizure of his vessel, fled and left passengers and
cargo on No Name Key. After filing his story in Key West, Paine managed to get on board the Dauntless, which
came to retrieve the cargo under the supervision of General Emilio N•‘ez. He let Paine and McCready on board, but
N•‘ez, annoyed by a delay they had caused, refused to let them off at Corrientes Bay and returned them to
Jacksonville. Upon his return, he discovered that he was among those indicted for piracy (a capital crime) in the
Three Friends incident. With the assistance of his father, Paine went into hiding for a month. However, one of the
co-owners of the boat was powerful sheriff and future Governor of Florida Napoleon Broward. Thanks to his
influence, no witnesses could identify any participants in the affair and the case was dropped. Paine gave the sword
to Jos„ Huau, who had it delivered to G•mez's wife in Santo Domingo, and returned to his job at the Philadelphia
Press.
:130€136
The Spanish American War soon broke out, and Paine was aboard the USS New York, the flagship of Admiral
William T. Sampson, when it bombed Matanzas. Paine was also among a group of reporters on board the Gussie, an
Ralph Delahaye Paine
294
officially sponsored supply vessel whose captain's extremely poor choice of landing spots resulted in two failed
attempts to deliver cargo to Cuban rebels. They came under fire in what was exaggeratedly called the "Battle of
Caba‘as" by one newspaper and inspiration for a "comic opera" by another.
:274€77
In 1900, he covered the Boxer Rebellion and was with forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance in Tientsin and Peking. In
1902, he joined the New York Herald and ran a successful campaign against the beef trust, then became managing
editor of the New York Telegraph. In 1903, he left journalism and became a prolific writer of history and fiction,
writing about topics including Salem, Massachusetts, piracy, merchant shipping, naval vessels, college life, sports,
and autobiography. He contributed to numerous publications, including Collier's Weekly, Journal des d•bats, Le
Figaro, L'ˆcho de Paris, The Century Magazine, Scribner's Magazine, McClure's, Outing, Cosmopolitan,
Everybody's Magazine, The American Magazine, The World's Work, Collier's Weekly, The Youth's Companion,
Munsey's Magazine, Saturday Evening Post, The Popular Magazine, The American Boy, Ainslee's Magazine, St.
Nicholas Magazine, and Country Life in America.
In 1903, he married Katharine Lansing Morse. They had three sons; Ralph Delahaye Paine, Jr. (1906€1991), editor
and publisher of Fortune, and the twins Stuart Douglas Paine, who became an Antarctic explorer, and Philbrook Ten
Eyck Paine, born 1910.
In 1908, he moved to Shankhassick Farm in Durham, New Hampshire. From 1918 to 1920 he represented Durham in
the New Hampshire House of Representatives and from 1919 to 1921 served on the New Hampshire Board of
Education.
During World War I, he worked for the Committee on Public Information and the United States Department of the
Navy, observing and writing about Allied naval forces. He was also a commissioner of the Federal Fuel
Administration in 1918.
Bibliography
Portrait of Nathaniel Silsbee from, The Ships and Sailors of
Old Salem: The Record of a Brilliant Era of American
Achievement, 1912
ƒ The Praying Skipper and Other Stories (1906) (translated
into the French by Jacques des Gachons)
ƒ The Story of Martin Coe (1906)
ƒ The Romance of an Old-Time Ship Master (1907)
ƒ J. Archibald McKackney (1907)
ƒ The Greater America (1907)
ƒ The Stroke Oar (1908)
ƒ College Years (1909)
ƒ The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem (1909)
ƒ The Head Coach and The Fugitive Freshman (1910)
ƒ Sandy Sawyer, Sophomore (1911)
ƒ The Book of Buried Treasure (1911)
ƒ The Wrecking Master (1911)
ƒ A Cadet of the Black Star Line (1912)
ƒ The Dragon and the Cross (1912)
ƒ Campus Days (1912)
ƒ The Judgments of the Sea (1912)
ƒ The Steam-shovel Man (1913)
ƒ The Adventures of Captain O'Shea (1913)
ƒ The Wall Between (1914)
ƒ The Twisted Skein (1915)
ƒ The Long Road Home (1916)
Ralph Delahaye Paine
295
Blackbeard Approaching, Blackbeard and his crew approach
in their longboats. Art commissioned for Paine's serialized
work on Blackbeard
ƒ Sons of Eli (1917)
ƒ The Fighting Fleets (1918)
ƒ American Destroyers in the War Zone (1918)
ƒ The Call of the Off-Shore Wind (1918)
ƒ The Fight for a Free Sea, a Chronicle of "Mr. Madison's
War" (1918) (Chronicles of America)
ƒ The Old Merchant Marine, a Chronicle of American Ships
and Sailors (1919) (Chronicles of America)
ƒ Ships Across the Sea (1920)
ƒ The Corsair in the War Zone (1920)
ƒ The Public School Problem in New Hampshire (1920)
ƒ First Down, Kentucky! (1921)
ƒ Lost Ships and Lonely Seas (1921)
ƒ Roads of Adventure (1922) (autobiographical)
ƒ Blackbeard-Buccaneer (1922)
ƒ Comrades of the Rolling Ocean (1923)
ƒ Privateers of '76 (1923)
ƒ Four Bells and Joshua Barney, a Forgotten Hero (1924)
ƒ In Zanzibar (1925)
ƒƒ The Golden Table
ƒƒ The First Yale Unit
ƒ The Careless Sophomore (one act play)
ƒ The Troubles of Juliet (one act play)
ƒ The Pig with the Twisted Tail (screenplay)
ƒ Too Much Pie (screenplay)
ƒ The Skipper's Guest (screenplay)
ƒ American College Football (Sportsman's Library)
References
[1] "Ralph Delahaye Paine." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale Biography In Context. Web.
Aug. 1, 2011.
External links
ƒ Works by Ralph Delahaye Paine (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Ralph_Delahaye_Paine) at Project
Gutenberg
ƒ Works by or about Ralph Delahaye Paine (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n81-26860) in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Harry Payne Whitney
296
Harry Payne Whitney
For Harry Whitney the Arctic hunter and author, see Harry Whitney.
Harry Payne Whitney
Harry Payne Whitney in February 1924
Born April 29, 1872
New York City, United States
Died October 26, 1930
Portland, Maine
Cause of death
Pneumonia
Resting place
Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx
Residence 871 Fifth Avenue, New York,
Old Westbury, New York
Education Groton School, Yale University
Occupation Lawyer, Racehorse owner/breeder, philanthropist
Known for Thoroughbred racing
Political party
Democratic
Board member of
Long Island Motor Parkway, Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Co.
Spouse(s) Gertrude Vanderbilt
Children Flora, Cornelius, Barbara
Parents William Collins Whitney &
Flora Payne
Relatives Siblings: Pauline, Payne, Dorothy
Harry Payne Whitney
297
J. Parks, and Harry Payne Whitney, and F. S. von
Stade circa 1914
Harry Payne Whitney (April 29, 1872 - October 26, 1930) was an
American businessman, thoroughbred horsebreeder, and member of the
prominent Whitney family.
Early years
Born in New York City, he was the eldest son of the very wealthy
businessman and United States Secretary of the Navy, William C.
Whitney and brother to William Payne Whitney.
Harry Payne Whitney studied at Groton School in Groton,
Massachusetts then attended Yale University, graduating with a law
degree in 1894. He was a member of the Skull and Bones.
In 1904, H. P. Whitney inherited $24,000,000 from his father and in 1917 approximately $12,000,000 from his
uncle, Oliver Hazard Payne. On August 25, 1896 he married Gertrude Vanderbilt, a member of the wealthy
Vanderbilt family with whom he had three children: Flora Payne Whitney (1897), Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney
(1899), and Barbara Whitney (1903).
[1]
Sportsman
An avid sportsman, he was a ten-goal polo player. His love of the sport was inherited from his father who had been
involved with polo when it was first organized in the United States in 1876 by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. H. P.
Whitney organized the U. S. polo team that beat England in 1909. As well, he was a board member of the Montauk
Yacht Club and competed with his yacht Vanitie in the America's Cup. Whitney also served on the board of directors
of the Long Island Motor Parkway, built by his wife's cousin, William Kissam Vanderbilt II.
Whitney also enjoyed quail hunting and purchased the 14,000-acre (57 km
2
) Foshalee Plantation in northern Leon
County, Florida from Sydney E. Hutchinson of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
[2]
Thoroughbred horse racing
Harry Payne Whitney was a major figure in thoroughbred horse racing. He inherited a large stable from his father
(including the great filly Artful and her sire Hamburg, and in 1915 established a horse breeding farm in Lexington,
Kentucky where he developed the American polo pony by breeding American Quarter Horse stallions with his
thoroughbred mares. He was thoroughbred racing's leading owner of the year in the United States on eight occasions
and the breeder of almost two hundred stakes race winners. His leading sire was first Hamburg and then the great
sire Broomstick, by Ben Brush. His Kentucky-bred horse Whisk Broom II (sired by Broomstick) raced in England,
then at age six came back to the U.S. where he won the New York Handicap Triple.
Whitney had nineteen horses who ran in the Kentucky Derby, winning it the first time in 1915 with another
Broomstick foal, Regret, the first filly ever to capture the race. Regret went on to earn Horse of the Year honors and
was named to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. Whitney won the Kentucky Derby for the second
time in 1927 with the colt Whiskery. His record of six wins in the Preakness Stakes stood as the most by any breeder
until 1968 when Calumet Farm broke the record. Whitney's colt Burgomaster won the 1906 Belmont Stakes and also
received Horse of the Year honors. Amongst many, Whitney's breeding operation produced Equipoise and Johren.
Whitney's stable won the following prestigious U.S. Triple Crown races:
ƒ Kentucky Derby:
ƒ 1915 : Regret (voted Horse of the Year)
ƒ 1927 : Whiskery
Harry Payne Whitney
298
ƒ Preakness Stakes:
ƒ 1908 : Royal Tourist
ƒ 1913 : Buskin
ƒ 1914 : Holiday
ƒ 1921 : Broomspun
ƒ 1927 : Bostonian
ƒ 1928 : Victorian
ƒ Belmont Stakes:
ƒ 1905 : Tanya (filly)
ƒ 1906 : Burgomaster (voted Horse of the Year)
ƒ 1913 : Prince Eugene
ƒ 1918 : Johren
His Lexington, Kentucky stud farm was passed on to his son, C.V. Whitney, who owned it until 1989 when it
became part of Gainesway Farm.
Philanthropy
The benefactor to many organizations, in 1920 H. P. Whitney financed the Whitney South Seas Expedition of the
American Museum of Natural History, Rollo Beck's major zoological expedition that sent teams of scientists and
naturalists to undertake botanical research and to study the bird population of several thousand islands in the Pacific
Ocean.
The Whitney Collection of Sporting Art was donated in his memory to the Yale University Art Gallery.
Harry Whitney died in 1930 at age fifty-eight. He and his wife are interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx.
TIME magazine reported that at the time of his death, Harry Payne Whitney's estate was appraised by New York
State for tax collection purposes at $62,808,000 net.
References
[1] Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (http:/ / www. nnp.org/ nni/ Publications/ Dutch-American/ whitney. html) at www.nnp.org
[2] Paisley, Clifton, From Cotton To Quail: An Agricultural Chronicle of Leon County, Florida, 1860-1967, University of Florida Press, 1968.
ISBN 978-0-8130-0718-2 pp. 83
External links
ƒ "Gentleman's Estate" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,754410,00. html). Time Magazine.
1934-07-30. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
ƒ June 5, 1904 New York Times article on Harry Payne Whitney (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=9C01EEDC123AE733A25756C0A9609C946597D6CF)
ƒ Harry Payne Whitney obituary (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F2071EF73A5C11738DDDAE0A94D8415B808FF1D3)
Frank Butterworth
299
Frank Butterworth
Frank Butterworth
Sport(s) Football
Biographical details
Born September 21, 1870
Warren County, Ohio
Died August 22, 1950
(aged 79)
Hamden, Connecticut
Playing career
1893€1894 Yale
Position(s) Fullback, halfback
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1895€1896
1897€1898
California
Yale
Head coaching record
Overall 27€5€5
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
1 National (1897)
Awards
All-American, 1893
All-American, 1894
Frank Seiler Butterworth, Sr. (September 21, 1870 € August 21, 1950) was an American football player and
coach. Butterworth attended Yale University where he was a fullback on Yale's football teams and a member of the
Skull and Bones Society. He was famously enucleated by Bert Waters during "The Bloodbath in Hampden Park". He
Frank Butterworth
300
was selected as an All-American in 1893 and 1894. Butterworth was also a track star and boxer at Yale. After his
college career was over, Butterworth coached football at the University of California, Berkeley (1895€1896) and
Yale (1897€1898). The 1897 Yale football team coached by Butterworth went undefeated with two ties, to Army
and Harvard.
Butterworth worked for the bankers Bertron & Storrs, was a senior partner with real estate brokers F. S. Butterworth
& Company, and was president of the New Haven Hotel Company. Her served as a Connecticut State Senator from
1907 to 1909 and was a Second Lieutenant in the Chemical Warfare Service during World War I. Butterworth died
in his sleep at age 79 in Connecticut.
Head coaching record
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
California Golden Bears (Independent) (1895€1896)
1895 California 3€1€1
1896 California 6€2€2
California: 9€3€3
Yale Bulldogs (Independent) (1897€1898)
1897 Yale 9€0€2
1898 Yale 9€2
Yale: 18€2€2
Total: 27€5€5
 National championship    Conference title    Conference division title
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=294
External links
ƒ Frank Butterworth (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year.
php?coachid=294) at the College Football Data Warehouse
Francis Burton Harrison
301
Francis Burton Harrison
Francis Burton Harrison
Governor-General of the Philippines
In office
October 6, 1913 € March 5, 1921
President Woodrow Wilson
Preceded by Newton W. Gilbert
Succeeded by Charles Yeater
Personal details
Born Francis Burton Harrison
December 18, 1873
New York City, United States
Died November 21, 1957 (aged 83)
Hunterdon Medical Center, Raritan Township near Flemington, New Jersey, U.S
Resting place Manila North Cemetery, Manila, Philippines
Francis Burton Harrison (December 18, 1873 € November 21, 1957) was an American statesman who served in
the United States House of Representatives and was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines by President of
the United States Woodrow Wilson. Harrison was a prominent advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth president
and the first four Presidents of the Philippines. He is the only former Governor-General of the Philippines to be
awarded Philippine citizenship.
Early life
Harrison was born in New York City to Burton Harrison, a lawyer and private secretary to Confederate President
Jefferson Davis, and Constance Cary Harrison, novelist and social arbiter. Through his mother, Harrison was
great-grandson of Virginia-planter, Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. Through Fairfax in birth and
marriage, Harrison was also relative to United States founding fathers: Gouverneur Morris (his great-great-uncle),
Thomas Jefferson, Robert E. Lee, the Randolphs, the Ishams, and the Carters.
Francis Burton Harrison
302
Harrison graduated from Yale University in 1895, where he was a member of the secret society Skull and Bones
:166
,
and from the New York Law School in 1897. From 1897 to 1899, Harrison was an instructor in the Evening Division
at New York Law School. He later left to serve in United States Army during the Spanish-American War, first as
captain and later as assistant adjutant general.
Family
Harrison's first wife was Mary Crocker, daughter of California railroad and mining magnate Charles Frederick
Crocker. They married on June 7, 1900. She died in 1905 in an automobile accident leaving Harrison to raise two
small daughters, the elder Virginia Randolph Harrison and the younger Barbara Harrison Wescott. Harrison would
marry and divorce four more times to: Mabel Judson Cox, Elizabeth Wrentmore, Margaret Wrentmore and Doria
Lee. His last wife, Maria Teresa Larrucea, a young Basque woman, was born in Amorebieta (Bizkaia, Spain) and
outlived Harrison.
Congressman
A member of the Democratic Party, Harrison was elected to the 58th United States Congress, and served from March
4, 1903, to March 3, 1905. In 1904, Harrison ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of New York. Afterwards
he resumed the practice of law. He was again elected to the 60th, 61st, 62nd and 63rd United States Congresses, and
served from March 4, 1907 to September 3, 1913, when he resigned to become Governor-General of the Philippines.
His Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was eventually passed on December 17, 1914.
During his service in the Far East, Harrison was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1920 presidential
election. He lost the nomination to Governor of Ohio James M. Cox at the Democratic National Convention in San
Francisco, who eventually lost to the Republican candidate Warren G. Harding.
Francis Burton Harrison
303
Governor-General
Harrison in 1913
Harrison was Governor-General of the Philippines from
1913 to 1921 and advocated for and oversaw the
process of Filipinization, or the transfer of authority to
Filipinos in the United States territory's Insular
Government to better prepare for
independence.Wikipedia:Citation needed He was
governor-general during the passages of the Philippine
Autonomy Act, otherwise known as the Jones Act,
which converted the partially elected Philippine
Legislature with the appointed Philippine Commission
as the upper house and the elected Philippine Assembly
as the lower house, to a fully elected Philippine
Legislature with the Philippine Senate replacing the
now-dissolved Philippine Commission and the
Philippine Assembly renamed the House of
Representatives of the Philippines.
Despite the length of his tenure as governor-general he
vetoed only five bills, the least number by any
American governor-general in the
Philippines.Wikipedia:Citation needed His pro-Filipino
stance made him a popular figure in the Philippines but
also the object of criticism of conservative Americans
who viewed his liberal governance as not supportive
enough of U.S. interests.
[1]
Under his administration, the Governor-General's Spanish-era mansion called Malaca‘an Palace was expanded with
the construction of an executive building. When he left the Philippines, Harrison lived in Scotland until being
recalled to the Philippines in 1934 during a period of transition from an unincorporated territory of the United States
to the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
Manuel L. Quezon became the first President of the Commonwealth and Harrison was asked to be Quezon's
principal advisor in November 1935. He served in that capacity for ten months. In 1936, an act of congress made him
a naturalized Filipino citizen upon Manuel Quezon's initiative. Harrison returned to the position of advisor upon
Quezon's request in May 1942, after Filipino and American troops had surrendered the Bataan Peninsula and
Corregidor Island during World War II and Quezon went into exile in the United States. Harrison would serve the
government-in-exile.
From November 1946 to February 1947, Harrison served as Commissioner of Claims in the civil service of the
United States Army in Manila. He later served as an advisor to the first four presidents of the new Philippine
Republic after the country's independence in 1946. Serving as special adviser of foreign affairs to Manuel Roxas.
After this latest service to the Philippines, Harrison retired to Spain for six years, then chose to move to Califon,
New Jersey in August 1957.
Francis Burton Harrison
304
Gravesite of F.B. Harrison at the Manila North Cemetery.
Death
Harrison died at Hunterdon Medical Center
in Raritan Township near Flemington, New
Jersey. He willed that he be buried in the
Philippines and he was interred in the
Manila North Cemetery in La Loma,
Manila.
Legacy
Harrison Avenue in the Metro Manila city
of Pasay, starting in Baclaran, Para‘aque
and ends in Ocampo Street in the City of
Manila, was named after him.
Published works
ƒ The Corner-Stone of Philippine Independence (1922)
ƒ Indo-China, A Sportsman's Opportunity (1933, with Archibald Cary Harrison)
ƒ Origins of the Philippine Republic: Extracts from the Diaries and Records of Francis Burton Harrison (1974,
posthumous)
References
[1] Jose, Ricardo Trota. (2004). "Harrison, Francis Burton (1873€1957) € Champion of Filipinization". In Ooi Keat Gin (Ed.), Southeast Asia: A
Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 563€564 (http:/ / books. google.
com/ books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC& pg=PA563& dq=#v=onepage& q& f=false). ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
External links
ƒ Francis Burton Harrison (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=H000268) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Francis Burton Harrison (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=17119933) at Find a
Grave
ƒ Francis Burton Harrison, NNDB (http:/ / www. nndb. com/ people/ 125/ 000172606/ )
Francis Burton Harrison
305
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Oliver Belmont
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 13th congressional district
1903€1905
Succeeded by
Herbert Parsons
Preceded by
Jacob Ruppert
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 16th congressional district
1907€1913
Succeeded by
Peter J. Dooling
Preceded by
Thomas W. Bradley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 20th congressional district
1913
Succeeded by
Jacob A. Cantor
Government offices
Preceded by
William Cameron Forbes
Governor-General of the Philippines
1913 - 1921
Succeeded by
Charles Yeater
Frank Hinkey
306
Frank Hinkey
Frank Hinkey
Date of birth: December 23, 1871
Place of birth: Tonawanda, New York, United States
Date of death: December 30, 1925 (aged 54)
Place of death: Southern Pines, North Carolina, United States
Career information
Position(s): End
College: Yale
Organizations
As coach:
1914-1915 Yale Bulldogs
Career highlights and awards
ƒ 4x All-American (1891, 1892, 1893, 1894)
ƒ Referee for the 1903 World Series of Football Championship Game
ƒƒ Head coaching record: 11-7
College Football Hall of Fame
[1]
Frank Augustus Hinkey (December 23, 1871 € December 30, 1925) was an American football player. He was
notable for being one of only three college football players in history to be named a four-time All-America. He was
elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.
Born in Tonawanda, New York, he attended DeVeaux College and Phillips Andover. He graduated from Yale
University in 1895 and was a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones. While at Yale he played football all four
years, was captain his junior and senior years, and each year was named to the College Football All-America Team.
He ran several businesses, including zinc smelting plants in Kansas and Illinois, and worked with fellow Yale
teammate and All-American Frank Butterworth at a brokerage. He was head coach of the Yale team from 1913 to
1914. During those two seasons, he had an 11-7 record.
[2]
According to Dr. Harry March's, often inaccurate book Pro Football: Its Ups and Downs, Hinkey was a referee at
the 1903 World Series of Football held at Madison Square Garden. March states that the officials during the series
"were dressed in full evening dress, from top hats down to white gloves and patent leather shoes." During the last
play of the series in a game between the Franklin Athletic Club and the Watertown Red & Black, the Franklin
Frank Hinkey
307
players, knew that they had the game in hand. As a result, the Franklin backfield agreed to purposely run over the
clean and sharply dressed Hinkey in jest, knocking him into the dirt. Hinkey took the incident in good-nature and
Franklin's management agreed to pay his cleaning bill.
He died from complications of tuberculosis on December 30, 1925. He was 54 years old.
References
[1] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=90029
[2] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=1076
ƒ Peterson, Robert W. (1997). Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football (http:/ / books. google. com/
?id=rCnbhSRZpgIC). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511913-4.
Frank Hinkey from American Football book Frank Hinkey (left) and Tom Shevlin
Jules Henri de Sibour
308
Jules Henri de Sibour
Jules Henri de Sibour
J.H. de Sibour in the 1910s
Born December 23, 1872
Paris, France
Died November 4, 1938 (aged 65)
Washington, D.C.
Practice Bruce Price & de Sibour
Buildings Embassy of Uzbekistan in Washington, D.C., The Investment Building, McCormick Apartments
Jules Gabriel Henri de Sibour (December 23, 1872€November 4, 1938) was a French architect who worked in
Washington, DC.
Life
Born in Paris, France, to Vicomte Gabriel de Sibour and Mary Louisa Johnson of Belfast, Maine, he came to the
United States as a child and attended St. Paul's School in New Hampshire. He received a degree from Yale
University in 1896, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:92€93
He then worked with Ernest Flagg and Bruce
Price in New York before returning to Paris to study at the ’cole des Beaux-Arts. In 1898, he married Margaret
Marie Clagett, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William H. Clagett, of Washington, DC and had three sons: Henri Louis,
Jacques Blaise, and Jean Raymond.
Jules Henri de Sibour
309
Career
After Bruce Price died in May 1903, de Sibour inherited the practice and continued to work under the name of Bruce
Price & de Sibour. From 1908 to 1911, de Sibour maintained offices in both New York and Washington, D.C.; then,
a year after moving to the District of Columbia in 1910, de Sibour closed his New York office. From 1908 through
1922, de Sibour maintained an office in the Hibbs Building, then moved to the Edmonds Building in 1923.
McCormick Apartments building
Although de Sibour„s most prominent works are grand dwellings and
embassy buildings, such as the Embassy of Uzbekistan at 1746
Massachusetts Avenue, he also designed dozens of office buildings,
apartment buildings, and a diverse range of structures. In 1910, de
Sibour designed The Investment Building, a nine-story bank and
office, constructed by J. L. Marshall at 15th Street and K Street NW.
The same year he designed the McLachlen Building at 1001 G St.,
NW. In 1911, be designed a nine-story office building at 1512 H Street
NW and in 1912, a four-story apartment building at 1409 15th Street
NW and a five-story apartment building at 1785 Massachusetts Avenue
NW. In 1922, de Sibour designed an apartment building, remarkably
similar to his design for the 1922 Hamilton Hotel, at 1200 16th Street NW that was later converted to become the
Jefferson Hotel. In 1923, J.H. deSibour also designed the Lee House, an eight-story hotel at the northwest corner of
15th Street and L Street NW, for the Kenwood Corporation.
Working in the Beaux-Arts style throughout his career, de Sibour„s buildings are characterized by their extensive
applied decoration and the French influence in their design. Additional notable buildings include the Chevy Chase
Club, the University Club, the Chase's Theater and Riggs Building, W. B. Hibbs and Company Building and the
Federal-American National Bank . He also designed the French Embassy at 2221 Kalorama Road NW, the Wilkins
Residence serving as the Peruvian Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, the Moore Residence serving as
the Uzbekistan Chancery at 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, and the Stewart Residence serving as the Embassy of
Luxembourg at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW.
References
External links
ƒ Embassy of Peru, Washington, DC € Chancery € History (http:/ / www. peruvianembassy. us/ do. php?p=13)
ƒ The Ballad of Chevy Chase (http:/ / www. washingtonlife. com/ 2006/ 10/ 01/ the-ballad-of-chevy-chase/ 2/ )
ƒ The Prince of Beaux Arts (http:/ / www. washingtonlife. com/ 2007/ 10/ 01/ the-prince-of-beaux-arts/ 2/ )
Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist)
310
Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist)
Anson Phelps Stokes (13 April 1874 € 13 August 1958) was an American educator, historian, clergyman, author,
philanthropist and civil rights activist.
Biography
Stokes was one of three men of the same name; his father was multimillionaire banker Anson Phelps Stokes, and his
son was Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., an Episcopal bishop.
[1]
He was born in New Brighton on Staten Island, New York, to Anson and Helen Louisa Phelps Stokes, and attended
Yale University, graduating in 1896 with a bachelor's degree. At Yale he was inducted into Skull and Bones.
:74
He
then traveled, mostly in East Asia. In 1897, he entered the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, to prepare for the priesthood, and received his bachelor of divinity degree in 1900, although it was
not until 1925 that he formally became a priest.
In 1899, Stokes took the post of secretary of Yale University, second in command to the college president, and he
also served as assistant rector of Saint Paul's Episcopal Church in New Haven, Connecticut, from 1900 to 1918.
Stokes was a favorite to replace Arthur T. Hadley as president of Yale in 1921, and was said to have had the support
of a majority of the board, but a vociferous minority insisted that an outsider was needed at the helm of the
university, and Stokes was passed over.
[2]
In December 1903, Stokes married Carol G. Mitchell. They had three children: Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr.
(1905€1986), Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes II, both born in New Haven, Connecticut, and Olivia Phelps Stokes.
Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., was ordained as an Episcopal priest in 1933.
From 1924 to 1939, Stokes was resident canon at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. During this time, he
became involved in many social, cultural, and ecclesiastical causes, and guided the philanthropy of the Phelps Stokes
Fund (established in 1911) to improve the lives of African and American blacks. In 1936, he published a short
biography of Booker T. Washington, which was an expanded version of a sketch he had written for the Dictionary of
American Biography.
Stokes saw all of his work as "fellowship in the gospel" (Philemon 1:5).
He died after a lengthy illness in his Lenox, Massachusetts home.
Works
Stokes wrote these works:
ƒ Memorials of Eminent Yale Men, 2 vols. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1914.
ƒ Tuskegee Institute • The First Fifty Years, 1931.
ƒ Art and the Color Line: An Appeal made May 31, 1939 to the President General and Other Officers of the
Daughters of the American Revolution to Modify the Rules so as to Permit Distinguished Negro Artists such as
Marian Anderson to be Heard in Constitution Hall, Washington, 1939.
ƒ "Introduction" to Encyclopedia of the Negro; preparatory volume with reference lists and reports, by W. E. B. Du
Bois and Guy B. Johnson, prepared with the cooperation of E. Irene Diggs, Agnes C. L. Donohugh, Guion
Johnson, et al. New York: The Phelps-Stokes Fund, Inc., 1946.
ƒ Contributor, Negro Status and Race Relations in the United States, 1911-1946; the Thirty-Five Year Report of the
Phelps-Stokes Fund, New York: Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1948.
ƒ Church and State in the United States, three volumes, 1950.
Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist)
311
Notes
[1] (http:/ / www.nathanielturner. com/ ansonphelpsstokes.htm) Web page titled "Grandfather, Father, & Son / The Three Anson Phelps Stokes:
Anglo-American Philanthropists" at the ChickenBones: A Journal: for Literary & Artistic African-American Themes Web site, accessed
March 5, 2007
[2] "Angell Reported Choice at Yale: Anson Phelps Stokes Announces His Resignation as Secretary of the University" news article, The New
York Times, February 19, 1921
External links
ƒ Guide to the Anson Phelps Stokes Family Papers (http:/ / drs. library. yale. edu:8083/ HLTransformer/
HLTransServlet?stylename=yul. ead2002. xhtml. xsl& pid=mssa:ms. 0299& query=vaill&
clear-stylesheet-cache=yes& hlon=yes& filter=& hitPageStart=26)
Sam Thorne
312
Sam Thorne
Sam Thorne
Biographical details
Born September 19, 1873
New York, New York
Died June 3, 1930
(aged 56)
New York, New York
Playing career
1893€1895 Yale
Position(s) Halfback
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1896 Yale
Head coaching record
Overall 13€1
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Awards
All-American, 1895
College Football Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1970 ( profile
[2]
)
Samuel Brinckerhoff "Brinck" Thorne (September 19, 1873 € June 3, 1930) was an American football player and
coach. He played college football at Yale University as halfback from 1893 to 1894. As a senior and team captain in
1895, Thorn was named an All-American. He returned to Yale in 1896 to serve as head football coach for a season,
during which he guided the Bulldogs to a 13€1 record. Thorne was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame
as a player in 1970.
Sam Thorne
313
Biography
Born in New York City, Thorne graduated from Yale University in 1896 and was a member of Skull and Bones. He
played for Yale for three years, was captain his senior year, and he was selected for the 1895 College Football
All-America Team. He studied mining engineering at Lafayette College and was in the mining business for many
years.
Head coaching record
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Yale Bulldogs (Independent) (1896)
1896 Yale 13€1
Yale: 13€1
Total: 13€1
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=2329
[2] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=90031
External links
ƒ Sam Thorne (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail.
aspx?id=90031) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ Sam Thorne (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year.
php?coachid=315) at the College Football Data Warehouse
Henry Sloane Coffin
314
Henry Sloane Coffin
Rev. Henry Sloane Coffin on the cover of Time
magazine November 15, 1926
Henry Sloane Coffin (January 5, 1877 in New York City €
November 25, 1954 in Lakeville, Connecticut) was president of the
Union Theological Seminary, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church
USA, and one of the most famous ministers in the U.S. He was also
one of the translators of the popular hymn O Come, O Come
Emmanuel, along with John Mason Neale.
[1][2]
Biography
Coffin was the son of Edmund Coffin and Euphemia Sloane. He was
an heir to the fortune of the furniture firm of W. and J. Sloane & Co.
He had a brother called William, who was later the president of New
York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Coffin attended Yale University between 1893 and 1897 obtaining a
Bachelor of Arts. In 1896, he was one of fifteen juniors invited to join
the Skull and Bones. He continued his Master's degree on Yale,
graduating in 1900.
The gravesite of Henry Sloane Coffin
During his time at Yale, Coffin was on friendly terms with evangelist
Dwight L. Moody, who devoted considerable attention to Coffin
during his famous Northfield Conferences in Massachusetts. In spite of
Moody's influence, Coffin would emerge as a leading theological
liberal.
Coffin also obtained his Bachelor of Divinity from the Union
Theological Seminary in 1900. He then became pastor of Madison
Avenue Presbyterian Church in New York City in 1910. He declined
an offer to become president of Union Theological Seminary in 1916.
In 1917, he became Chairman of the Committee of the Board of Home
Missions. In 1926, offered the presidency of Union a second time, he accepted and retained the post until 1945.
Coffin was married to Dorothy Eells. He was the uncle of William Sloane Coffin, and a member of the Yale
Corporation (1921€45).
Henry Sloane Coffin died in 1954 at age 77 and was interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, NY.
Henry Sloane Coffin
315
References
[1] O Come, O Come Emmanuel (http:/ / www.hymnsite.com/ lyrics/ umh211. sht) on HymnSite.org
[2] O Come, O Come Emmanuel (http:/ / www.worshiptutorials. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ downloads/ 2010/ 08/
O-Come-O-Come-Emmanuel-Em.pdf) on WorshipTutorials
External links
ƒ Works by Henry Sloane Coffin (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Henry+ Sloane+ Coffin) at Project
Gutenberg
ƒ Henry Sloane Coffin (http:/ / www. nndb. com/ people/ 189/ 000115841/ ) on NNDB
Religious titles
Preceded by
The Rev. Stuart Nye
Hutchison
Moderator of the 155th General Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church in the United States of America
1943€1944
Succeeded by
The Rev. Roy Ewing
Vale
Clarence Fincke
316
Clarence Fincke
Clarence Mann Fincke
Yale
Date of birth: c. 1875
Date of death: June 19, 1959 (aged 84)
Place of death: Englewood, New Jersey
Career information
College: Yale
Organizations
Clarence Mann Fincke (c. 1875 € June 19, 1959) was an All-American football player and a banker. He played
football for Yale University from 1894 to 1896, mostly at quarterback and some at fullback, and was selected as the
quarterback for the 1896 College Football All-America Team.
Playing career
Fincke attended The Hill School at Pottstown, Pennsylvania, the site of the Hill School, before enrolling at Yale
University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
[1]
At Yale, Fincke played on the football team from 1894 to
1896. Fincke was 5-feet, 11-inches tall and weighed 160 pounds. He was voted captain of the 1895 football team,
and a Massachusetts newspaper that year called Fincke "the steadiest player" on Yale's team. His tackling in an 1895
game against the Carlisle Indian School helped prevent the Carlisle team from scoring on Yale.
Fincke also played third base for the baseball team. One newspaper reported that he was "a good fielder and thrower"
but "weak at the bat."
Fincke was popular among the Yale student body. He was voted the handsomest man in his Yale class and the most
popular. Upon his graduation in 1897, Fincke was also voted as the member of his class who had done the most for
Yale.
Later-life
After graduating from Yale, Fincke served as the football coach at The Hill School. He later went into the banking
business and became the president and chairman of the board of Greenwich Savings Bank in New York. He died at
Englewood, New Jersey in 1959 at age 84.
Notes
[1] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
Amos Pinchot
317
Amos Pinchot
Amos Pinchot
Amos Pinchot and his sister, Lady Alan Johnstone circa 1913
Born Amos Richards Eno Pinchot
December 6, 1873
Paris, France
Died February 18, 1944 (aged 70)
The Bronx, New York, U.S.
Cause of death
Bronchial pneumonia
Resting place
Milford Cemetery
Residence Grey Towers
Nationality American
Alma mater Yale University
Columbia University
New York Law School
Occupation Lawyer, reformist
Spouse(s) Gertrude Minturn (m.
1900; div. 1918)
Ruth Pickerling (m. 1919€44)
Children Rosamond Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot
Mary Pinchot Meyer
Antoinette "Toni" Pinchot
Relatives Gifford Pinchot (brother)
Antoinette E. Pinchot (sister)
Amos Richards Eno Pinchot (December 6, 1873 € February 18, 1944) was an American lawyer and reformist. He
never held public office but managed to exert considerable influence in reformist circles and did much to keep
progressive ideas alive in the 1920s.
Amos Pinchot
318
Early life and education
Pinchot was born in Paris to Episcopalian parents. His father was James W. Pinchot, a successful New York City
wallpaper merchant and supporter of the conservation movement and his mother was Mary Eno, daughter of one of
New York City's wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno. His siblings were the conservation leader Gifford
Pinchot, and Antoinette E. Pinchot who later married Alan Johnstone.
Pinchot was educated at Yale where he was a member of the secret society Skull and Bones,
:88€9
He graduated with
a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1897. In 1898, Pinchot enrolled at Columbia University to study law. Later that same
year, he left school to fight in the Spanish€American War. Pinchot enlisted in the 1st New York Volunteer Cavalry
and served in Puerto Rico. After the war ended, he enrolled in New York Law School in 1899 and was admitted to
the bar association in New York in 1900.
Career
Shortly after being admitted to the bar, Pinchot was appointed deputy assistant district attorney for New York
County. He left the position in 1901.
In 1905, Pinchot served a year's political apprenticeship as a lobbyist for President Theodore Roosevelt and returned
to Washington again in 1909 to live and work with his brother Gifford during the Pinchot-Ballinger controversy,
which pitted his brother (recently fired as the US Forest Service chief) against President William Howard Taft's
Secretary of the Interior. Taft had fired Gifford for insubordination, which inflamed the insurgent wing of the
Republican Party allied to Roosevelt.
Pinchot (wielding a letter of support from Roosevelt
campaign manager Senator Joseph M. Dixon) in battle
with Perkins (with a check book symbolizing control of
money) for control of the U.S. Progressive party.
Editorial cartoon by Rollin Kirby, 1912.
Though a member of Roosevelt's inner circle during the Bull
Moose campaign of 1912, Pinchot exasperated the former
president with his moralistic criticism of the role of big business in
the party, including his criticism of the party chairman, George
Walbridge Perkins, who was a leading industrialist and sat on the
board of U.S. Steel. Pinchot ultimately joined the Democratic
Party, defended the rights of workers, and became acquainted with
leftist intellectuals.
In 1924, he supported Robert La Follette's presidential bid and
wrote a history of the Progressive Party. His opposition to
preparedness before World War I, insistence that wartime profits
be heavily taxed, strong anticommunism in his later years, and
involvement in the America First Committee alienated many
political allies and made his last days difficult. In 1937, he was a
founding member of the National Committee to Uphold
Constitutional Government.
Personal life
On November 14, 1900, Pinchot married Gertrude Minturn at St.
George's Episcopal Church in New York City. Minturn was the eldest daughter of shipping magnate Robert Bowne
Minturn, Jr. and his wife Sarah Susannah Minturn (n„e Shaw). They had two children, Rosamond and Gifford
Pinchot. The couple divorced in 1918.
In August 1919, Pinchot married magazine writer Ruth Pickering. With Pickering, Pinchot would have two more
children: Mary Eno (later Mary Pinchot Meyer) and Antoinette "Toni" Pinchot.
Amos Pinchot
319
Later years and death
On January 24, 1938, Pinchot's eldest daughter Rosamond committed suicide at the age of 33. Rosamond's death sent
Pinchot into a deep depression and, in August 1942, he attempted suicide by slashing his wrists. He lost a
considerable amount of blood during the attempt and would never regain his health. He was confined to hospitals
and sanatoriums for the remainder of his life.
Pinchot died of bronchial pneumonia on February 18, 1944, in a Bronx sanatorium. His funeral was held at the Brick
Presbyterian Church in New York City. Amos Pinchot is buried in the Pinchot family plot in Milford Cemetery in
Milford, Pennsylvania.
Works
ƒ What's the Matter with America: The Meaning of the Progressive Movement and the Rise of the New Party.
[1]
n.c.: Amos Pinchot, 1912.
ƒ History of the Progressive Party, 1912€1916.
[2]
Introduction by Helene Maxwell Hooker. New York: New York
University Press, 1958.
Further reading
ƒ Nancy Pittman Pinchot, Amos Pinchot: Rebel Prince, Pennsylvania History. vol. 66, no. 2 (1999), pp. 166€198.
References
[1] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ whatsmatterwitha00pinc
[2] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ historyofprogres00pinc
Works cited
ƒ Gaston, Bibi (2009). The Loveliest Woman in America: A Tragic Actress, Her Lost Diaries, and Her
Granddaughter's Search for Home. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085771-4
ƒ Shearer, Benjamin F. (2007). Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans During Wartime,
Volume 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-33423-4
External links
ƒ Amos Pinchot (http:/ / www. flickr. com/ photos/ library_of_congress/ tags/ amospinchot/ ) from the Library of
Congress at Flickr Commons
ƒ Amos Pinchot (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6506834) at Find a Grave
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.
320
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.
James Wolcott Wadsworth,
Jr.
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 41st district
In office
January 3, 1945 € January 3, 1951
Preceded by Joseph Mruk
Succeeded by Harold C. Ostertag
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 39th district
In office
January 3, 1933 € January 3, 1945
Preceded by Archie D. Sanders
Succeeded by W. Sterling Cole
United States Senator
from New York
In office
March 4, 1915 € March 4, 1927
Preceded by Elihu Root
Succeeded by Robert F. Wagner
Personal details
Born August 12, 1877
Geneseo, New York
Died June 21, 1952 (aged 74)
Washington, D.C.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Alice Hay Wadsworth
Alma mater Yale University
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.
321
James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. (August 12, 1877 € June 21, 1952) was a U.S. Republican politician from New
York. He was the son of New York State Comptroller James Wolcott Wadsworth, Sr., and the grandson of Union
General James Samuel Wadsworth, Sr.
Biography
Wadsworth attended St. Mark's School, then graduated from Yale in New Haven, Connecticut in 1898, where he was
a member of Skull and Bones.
:35
He immediately entered the livestock and farming business, first in New York and
then Texas.
He became active early in Republican politics. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Livingston Co.)
in 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1910; and was Speaker from 1906 to 1910.
In 1911, while Wadsworth was on a European tour, he met his aunt, Cornelia Wadsworth Ritchie Adair
(1837€1921), the widow of Irish businessman John George Adair. She maintained residences at Glenveagh Castle in
Ireland and at the JA Ranch in the Texas Panhandle, which her husband had financed. Mrs. Adair invited Wadsworth
to become general manager of the JA, located southeast of Amarillo. The ranch was begun by her second husband,
John "Jack" Adair (hence the initials "JA"), and his partner, the legendary Texas cattleman Charles Goodnight.
Wadsworth accepted his aunt's offer and ran the ranch until 1915, when he took his U.S. Senate seat. He once joked
that he "had no change of clothes for twelve days and fully expected the Board of Health to be after me." Wadsworth
was succeeded as JA manager by Timothy Dwight Hobart.
[1]
In 1912, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Republican ticket with Job. E. Hedges, but was
defeated. In 1914, at the first popular election for the U.S. Senate (until 1911, the U.S. senators had been elected by
the New York State Legislature), Wadsworth defeated Democrat James W. Gerard (the incumbent United States
Ambassador to Germany) and Progressive Bainbridge Colby. Wadsworth was the Senate Minority Whip in 1915
because the Democrats held the majority of Senate seats. He was re-elected in 1920, but defeated by Democrat
Robert F. Wagner in 1926. In 1921, Wadsworth was considered for the post of Secretary of War by President
Warren G. Harding but was ultimately passed over in favor of John W. Weeks.
Time, December 28, 1925
Wadsworth was a proponent of individual rights and feared what he
considered the threat of federal intervention into the private lives of
Americans. He believed that the only purpose of the United States
Constitution is to limit the powers of government and to protect the
rights of citizens. For this reason, he voted against the Eighteenth
Amendment when it was before the Senate. Before prohibition went
into effect, Wadsworth predicted that there would be widespread
violations and contempt for the law.
By the mid-1920s, Wadsworth was one of a handful of congressmen
who spoke out forcefully and frequently against prohibition. He was
especially concerned that citizens could be prosecuted by both state
and federal officials for a single violation of prohibition law. This
seemed to him to constitute double jeopardy, inconsistent with the
spirit if not the letter of the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment in
criminal cases prevents two trials for the same offense in the same
level of court, not two trials for the same charge in separate state and
national jurisdictions.
In 1926, he joined the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment and made 131 speeches across the country
for the organization between then and repeal. His political acumen and contacts proved valuable in overturning
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.
322
prohibition.
Wadsworth also opposed women's suffrage. His wife, Alice Hay Wadsworth (daughter of former United States
Secretary of State John Hay), served as president of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage.
He served as a United States Representative from 1933€1951, and, like Claude Pepper, is one of the few modern
Senators to serve later in the House of Representatives. In the House of Representatives he opposed the isolationism
of many of his conservative Republican colleagues, opposed anti-lynching legislation on state's rights grounds,
rejected minimum wage laws and most of FDR's domestic policy. Although Wadsworth never ran for president, his
name was mentioned as a possible candidate in 1936 and 1944.
His son, James Jeremiah Wadsworth, served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations. His son-in-law was
Stuart Symington, the first Secretary of the Air Force and a Democratic U.S. Senator from Missouri, who
unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1960. His grandson, James W. Symington, served
in the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri as a Democrat.
Wadsworth is buried in Temple Hill Cemetery in Geneseo.
Notes
[1] James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr., exhibit at Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, Texas
Sources
ƒ James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr. (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=W000012) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
New York Assembly
Preceded by
William Y. Robinson
New York State Assembly
Livingston County
1905€1910
Succeeded by
John C. Winters
Political offices
Preceded by
S. Frederick Nixon
Speaker of the New York State Assembly
1906€1910
Succeeded by
Daniel D. Frisbie
United States Senate
Preceded by
Elihu Root
U.S. Senator from New York
Class 3
1915€1927
Succeeded by
Robert F. Wagner
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Archie D. Sanders
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 39th congressional district
1933€1945
Succeeded by
W. Sterling Cole
Preceded by
Joseph Mruk
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 41st congressional district
1945€1951
Succeeded by
Harold C. Ostertag
Payne Whitney
323
Payne Whitney
Payne Whitney
Born William Payne Whitney
March 20, 1876
New York City
Died May 25, 1927
Manhasset, New York
Occupation Investor
Racehorse owner/breeder
Philanthropist
Religion Protestant
Spouse(s) Helen Julia Hay
Children Joan, John
Parents William C. Whitney &
Flora Payne
William Payne Whitney (March 20, 1876 - May 25, 1927) was a wealthy American businessman and member of
the influential Whitney family.
Biography
The son of William C. Whitney and Flora Payne, and younger brother to Harry, he was known throughout his life by
his middle name.
Payne Whitney attended Groton School and then Yale University. There, he was a member of Skull and Bones,
:171
Delta Kappa Epsilon, and captained the Yale rowing team. In later years, he helped finance the team, including
donating funds to build a dormitory for the crew. After graduating in 1898, Whitney then studied law at the Harvard
Law School, receiving his Bachelor of Laws in 1901.
In 1902, he married Helen Hay (1875€1944), the daughter of then-United States Secretary of State (and former U.S.
Ambassador to the United Kingdom) John Hay. Their Stanford White-designed house at 972 Fifth Avenue was a
wedding gift from his maternal uncle, Oliver Hazard Payne. The couple also had an estate, Greentree, in Manhasset,
New York. Their son, John Hay Whitney, also served as the Ambassador to the U.K. Daughter Joan, an avid
sportsperson, was the first owner of the New York Mets Major League Baseball team.
In addition to a substantial inheritance from his father, Payne Whitney inherited $63,000,000 from his uncle, Col.
Oliver Hazard Payne. Amongst his many investments, Whitney had major holdings in banking, tobacco, railroads,
mining and oil. He was a member of the board of directors and/or an executive officer of several large corporations,
including the City Bank New York, and the Great Northern Paper Company, and the Northern Finance Corporation.
Throughout his life, Payne Whitney was involved in philanthropic work for a variety of causes. A trustee of the New
York Public Library, in 1923 he gave the library $12,000,000.
A horse racing enthusiast in the tradition of his father and brother, Payne Whitney's Greentree Stable, named for
their Long Island estate, was a very significant racing and breeding operation for thoroughbred horses.
Whitney died in 1927 at his Greentree estate. His will bequeathed more than $20 million to the New York Hospital
and smaller amounts to other educational and medical institutions. His estate funds contributed to the establishment
of the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic at New York-Presbyterian Hospital in 1932. Although he had contributed
$1,000,000 to the Yale Endowment Fund shortly before his death, sufficient estate funds were also given to Yale to
Payne Whitney
324
enable construction of the 9… storey Payne Whitney Gym that too was completed in 1932. As a tribute to him, a road
in Manhasset was named after him, Payne Whitney Lane.
References
ƒ "Harry Payne Whitney, Youthful Guard of Millions; He Says His Life Will Be Devoted to Business -- He May
Sell Horses Some Day, but Not Now." (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9C01EEDC123AE733A25756C0A9609C946597D6CF). New York Times. June 5, 1904. Retrieved
2008-08-09.
James McDevitt Magee
James McDevitt Magee (April 5, 1877 € April 16, 1949) was an aviator and a Republican member of the U.S.
House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Biography
James M. Magee was born in Evergreen, Pennsylvania (near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). He graduated from Yale
University in 1899, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
:41
and from the law department of the University of
Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1902. He was admitted to the bar in 1903 and commenced practice in Pittsburgh. He
was commissioned a first lieutenant in the United States Army Air Service during the First World War. He was
promoted to captain and served until January 1919. He was later commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Reserve.
During his entire period of service he was attached to the executive office of the Department of Military Aeronautics.
Magee was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-eighth and Sixty-ninth Congresses. He was an unsuccessful
candidate for renomination in 1926. He served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Securities Commission in
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from 1931 to 1935. He continued the practice of law in Pittsburgh until his death there.
Magee was interred in Calvary Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Magee was brother of John Magee (missionary), and uncle to John Gillespie Magee, Jr., author of the poem "High
Flight."
References
ƒ James McDevitt Magee (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=M000046) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-02-10
ƒ The Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ maddock-magerman. html)
Preceded by
at-large: William J. Burke, Thomas S. Crago, Joseph
McLaughlin, Anderson H. Walters
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 35th congressional
district
1923 - 1927
Succeeded by
Harry A.
Estep
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I
325
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I
Born October 20, 1877
New York City, New York, United States
Died May 7, 1915 (aged 37)
Atlantic Ocean
Political party
Republican
Children William Henry Vanderbilt III
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, Jr.
George Washington Vanderbilt III
Parents Cornelius Vanderbilt II (1843€1899)
Alice Claypoole Gwynne (1845€1934)
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, Sr. (October 20, 1877 € May 7, 1915) was an extremely wealthy sportsman and a
member of the famous Vanderbilt family of philanthropists. He died on the RMS Lusitania.
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I
326
Life
Vanderbilt caricatured by Spy for Vanity Fair,
1907
Alfred was born in New York City, the third son of Cornelius
Vanderbilt II (1843€1899) and Alice Claypoole Gwynne. He attended
the St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, and at Yale
University (Class of 1899), where he was a member of Skull and
Bones.
Soon after graduation, Vanderbilt, with a party of friends, started on a
tour of the world which was to have lasted two years. When they
reached Japan on September 12, 1899, he received news of the sudden
death of his father, and hastened home as speedily as possible to find
himself, by his father's will, the head of his branch of the family. His
siblings were Alice Gwynne Vanderbilt (1869-1874), William Henry
Vanderbilt II (1870€1892), Cornelius "Neily" Vanderbilt III
(1873€1942), Gertrude Vanderbilt (1875€1942), Reginald Claypoole
Vanderbilt (1880€1925) and Gladys Moore Vanderbilt (1886€1965).
His eldest brother, William, had died in 1892 at the age of 22 and their
father had disinherited Alfred's second oldest brother Neily due to his
marriage to Grace Wilson, a young debutante whom the elder
Vanderbilts strongly disapproved of for a variety of mixed reasons.
Alfred thus received the largest share of his father's estate, though it
was also divided among his sisters and younger brother, Reginald
Claypoole Vanderbilt.
The Vanderbilt Hotel, built in 1913
Soon after his return to New York, Vanderbilt began working as a
clerk in the offices of the New York Central Railroad, as preparation
for entering into the councils of the company as one of its principal
owners. Subsequently, he was chosen a director in other companies as
well, among them the Fulton Chain Railway Company, Fulton
Navigation Company, Raquette Lake Railway Company, Raquette
Lake Transportation Company, and the Plaza Bank of New York.
Vanderbilt was a good judge of real estate values and projected several
important enterprises. On the site of the former residence of the
Vanderbilt family, and including, also, several adjacent plots, he built
the Vanderbilt Hotel at Park Avenue and 34th Street, New York, which
he made his city home.
[1]
Among Alfred Vanderbilt's many holdings were positions in the New
York Central Railroad, Beech Creek Railroad, Lake Shore and
Michigan Southern Railway, Michigan Central Railroad and Pittsburgh
and Lake Erie Railroad as well as the Pullman Company.
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I
327
Married life and children
Elsie French
On January 11, 1901 Alfred Vanderbilt married Ellen "Elsie" French, in Newport, Rhode Island. Later that same
year, on November 24, Elsie gave birth to their only child, William Henry Vanderbilt III (1901€1981), later
governor of Rhode Island.
A scandal erupted in April 1908 after Elsie filed for divorce, alleging adultery with Agnes O'Brien Ru“z, the wife of
the Cuban attach„ in Washington, D. C.. The publicity ultimately led Agnes Ru“z to commit suicide in 1909.
Both Alfred and Elsie would remarry. She died in Newport on February 27, 1948.
Margaret Emerson
Vanderbilt spent considerable time in London after the divorce and remarried there on December 17, 1911 to the
wealthy American divorc„e Margaret Emerson (1884€1960). She was the daughter of Captain Isaac Edward
Emerson (1859€1931) and Emily Askew. She was heiress to the Bromo-Seltzer fortune. Margaret had been married
from 1902-1910 to Dr. Smith Hollins McKim, a wealthy physician of Baltimore, Maryland.
Alfred and Margaret had two children: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, Jr. (1912€1999), businessman and racehorse
breeder, and George Washington Vanderbilt III (1914€1961), yachtsman and a scientific explorer.
After Alfred's death, Margaret remarried twice. On June 12, 1918 in Lenox, Massachusetts, she married politician
Raymond T. Baker (1875€1935), with whom she had a daughter, Gloria Baker (1920€1975) (Mrs. Henry J.
Topping, Jr.). Emerson and Baker were divorced in October, 1928. On November 5, 1928, Margaret was wed in
Manhattan to Charles Minot Amory of Boston, Massachusetts, who had been formerly married to Gladys Munn.
There were no children from this marriage. In newspaper articles and reports concerning America's "Old Money,"
Margaret was considered to have been "the most married woman of her time." Margaret died on January 2, 1960 at
the age of 75.
Hobbies
Vanderbilt was a sportsman, and he particularly enjoyed fox hunting and coaching. In the late 19th century, he and a
number of other millionaires, such as James Hazen Hyde practiced the old English coaching techniques of the early
19th century. Meeting near Holland House in London, the coaching group would take their vehicle for a one, two, or
more day trip along chosen routes through several states, going to prearranged inns and hotels along the routes.
Vanderbilt would frequently drive the coach, in perfectly apparelled suit as a coachman or groom. He also enjoyed
fox hunting, and in the spring of 1915 was headed for England to purchase hunting dogs and horses.
Death
On May 1, 1915, Alfred Vanderbilt boarded the RMS Lusitania bound for Liverpool as a first class passenger. It was
a business trip, and he traveled with only his valet, leaving his family at home in New York. On May 7 off the coast
of County Cork, Ireland, the German U-boat, U-20 torpedoed the ship, triggering a secondary explosion that sank the
giant ocean liner within 18 minutes. Vanderbilt and his valet, Ronald Denyer, helped others into lifeboats, and then
Vanderbilt gave his lifejacket to save a female passenger. Vanderbilt had promised the young mother of a small baby
that he would locate an extra lifevest for her. Failing to do so, he offered her his own life vest, which he proceeded to
even tie on to her himself since she was holding her infant child in her arms at the time. Many consider his actions to
be very brave and gallant since he could not swim, he knew that there were no other lifevests or lifeboats available,
and yet he still gave away his only chance to survive to the young mother and child.
Because of his fame, several people on the Lusitania who survived the tragedy were observing him while events
unfolded at the time and so they took note of his brave actions. He and Denyer were among the 1198 passengers who
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I
328
did not survive the incident. His body was never recovered.
A24 Memorial
A memorial was erected on the A24 London to Worthing Road in
Holmwood, just south of Dorking. The inscription reads, "In Memory
of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt a gallant gentleman and a fine sportsman
who perished in the Lusitania May 7th 1915. This stone is erected on
his favourite road by a few of his British coaching friends and
admirers".
Another memorial to Vanderbilt is in a small park on Broadway in
Newport, Rhode Island where members of the Vanderbilt family spent
their summers.
According to A. A. Hoehling and Mary Hoehling (in their study, The
Last Voyage of the Lusitania) Vanderbilt's fate was ironic as three
years earlier he had made a last minute decision not to return to the U.S. on RMS Titanic. In fact, his decision to not
travel was so late that some newspaper accounts listed him as a casualty after the sinking.
The claim for his estate was put forward by his then-remarried widow, Margaret Emerson Baker. The net value of
the estate, after the payment of all debts and funeral and administration expenses, was $15,594,836.32. By the terms
of his will Margaret and his three sons would inherit $1,180,098.18. In addition, for their maintenance and for the
support and comfort of his widow and children, he expended and contributed approximately $300,000 annually.
Bibliography
[1] Vanderbilt Hotel (http:/ / www. neighborhoodpreservationcenter. org/ db/ bb_files/ DRB021. pdf) from New York City Heritage preservaton
center
External links
ƒ Biography at The Lusitania Resource (http:/ / www. rmslusitania. info/ people/ saloon/ alfred-vanderbilt)
Frederick Baldwin Adams
329
Frederick Baldwin Adams
Frederick Baldwin Adams
Born February 5, 1878
Toledo, Ohio
Died October 23, 1961 (aged 83)
River House, New York City
Cause of death
long illness
Nationality United States
Education St. Paul's School
Yale University, (AB, 1900)
Occupation businessman and philanthropist
Employer New York Central Railroad
Union Trust Company of
Albany
Potter, Choate and Prentice
Board member of
West Indies Sugar Corp
Air Reduction Company
Spouse(s) Ellen Walters Delano (m. 1907)
Children Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr.
Laura Adams
Frederick Baldwin Adams (5 February 1878 - 23 October 1961) was an American businessman and philanthropist.
Adams was born in Toledo, Ohio, the son of a bank cashier. His father had moved to Ohio from New England.
Frederick was sent east to attend St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, at the age of fourteen. From St.
Paul's, he went to Yale, where he received an AB in 1900. He was a member of the Skull and Bones society.
His first job after Yale was as a claim agent for the Mohawk Division of the New York Central Railroad. In 1902 he
became secretary to Robert C. Pruyn, and the following year became secretary of the Union Trust Company of
Albany. It was only a few years later when Robert Pruyn would hire Charles Edward Adams as his secretary,
Frederick's brother, a graduate of St. Paul's and a member of Skull and Bones. Adams moved to New York City in
1905 to become a partner in the firm of Potter, Choate and Prentice.
During his lifetime he served as Chairman of the West Indies Sugar Corp. He was also connected with the Atlantic
Coast Line Railroad; the Louisville & Nashville Railroad; the Clinchfield Railroad; and the Chicago, Indianapolis &
Louisville Railroad. Adams also branched out into other areas, becoming involved with the Union Trust Company of
Albany; the Wright Aeronautical Company; the Air Reduction Company; Potter, Choate & Prentice; and Schroder,
Rockefeller & Co.
Adams was Chairman of the Board of the Air Reduction Company. It was engaged in the manufacture and sale of
oxygen, acetylene, and other gasses and oxy-acetylene cutting and welding equipment. It was the leading company
of its field, and had links to Lee, Higginson & Co., the Chase Manhattan Bank, and the Guaranty Trust Co. In 1930,
the company made over $5 million in profits.
Adams was involved with the Boys Club of New York, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, the Fifth
Avenue Hospital, and served on the planning committee of the Roosevelt National Memorial. He was a member of
the Knickerbocker Club of New York.
Frederick Baldwin Adams
330
With the small fortune he made from his business interests, Adams maintained a house in New York, a summer
home on Campobello Island, and a plantation on the Cape Fear River.
In 1907, he was married to Ellen Walters Delano, a first cousin of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They had
two children: Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr., who graduated from Yale; and Laura, later Mrs. John Eastman, Jr.
Adams died in 1961 at River House, New York City, from a long illness.
References
Ashley Day Leavitt
331
Ashley Day Leavitt
Ashley Day Leavitt
1900 Skull and Bones member
Born Ashley Day Leavitt
October 10, 1877
Chicago, Illinois
Nationality United States
Alma mater Yale University
Known for Congregational minister
Home town Chicago, Illinois
Title Rev. Dr.
Religion Protestant
Spouse(s) Myrtle Rose Hart of Barkhamsted, Connecticut
Children Hart Day Leavitt
Julia Leavitt
Parents Burke Fay Leavitt
Lena (Day) Leavitt
Rev. Dr. Ashley Day Leavitt (1877€1959) was a Yale-educated Congregational minister who led the State Street
Church in Portland, Maine, and later the Harvard Congregational Church in Brookline, Massachusetts. Leavitt was a
frequent public speaker during the early twentieth century, and was awarded an honorary degree from Bowdoin
College for his pastorship of several congregations during wartime.
Early years
Ashley Leavitt's father was Burke Fay Leavitt. In 1868, Leavitt's father Burke was living in Melrose Highlands,
Massachusetts and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, an academic honor society. Burke subsequently became a
minister for the United Church of Christ, and served as pastor of the denominations' first church in Maine at
Williston in suburban Portland, Maine from 1872 to 1876.
Ashley Day Leavitt was born October 10, 1877, in Chicago, Illinois to Burke Fay and Lena (Day) Leavitt. Leavitt's
name "Ashley" was taken from that of the maiden name of the wife of his ancestor Dr. Roswell Leavitt, a
Massachusetts native and longtime physician in Cornish, New Hampshire who married Dorothy Ashley, a native of
Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1798 in Greenfield, Massachusetts.
[1]
Leavitt's father went on to be pastor at the Town
Church of Manchester, New Hampshire in 1893. From at least 1900 to 1909, his father was a minister of Melrose
Highlands Congregational Church in Melrose, Massachusetts, and later took up a pastor's post in Lincoln Park in
suburban Chicago.
Leavitt himself was educated at Cambridge Rindge and Latin School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and then at Yale
College. In 1900, Leavitt was a member of Skull and Bones, an elite secret society based at Yale University, in New
Haven, Connecticut. He also was on the Yale debating team. From Yale, Leavitt attended Hartford Theological
Ashley Day Leavitt
332
Seminary.
Skull and Bones members in 1900 with Leavitt standing second from
the left
Leavitt's first ministerial job was as assistant pastor of
South Church in Hartford, Connecticut, then
subsequently at Congregational churches in
Willimantic, Connecticut, Concord, New Hampshire
and at Portland, Maine. In June 1903, Leavitt gave a
speech at the Yale alumni meeting and Medical
School anniversary exercise. On September 7, 1904,
Leavitt married Myrtle Rose Hart of Barkhamsted,
Connecticut. They had two children: Hart Day Leavitt,
a longtime professor of English at Phillips Academy
in Andover, Massachusetts; and Julia Leavitt, born at
Cumberland, Maine, in 1915. While at Portland,
Maine, Leavitt was honored with giving the 1905
undergraduate commencement speech at the University of Connecticut, where he spoke on "The Individual, Law and
Liberty."
World War I
Leavitt enlisted and served in YMCA camps at home and abroad during World War I. The YMCA's own World War
I efforts were memorialized in Yip Yip Yaphank, a Broadway musical developed in 1917 by Irving Berlin to included
a song entitled "I Can Always Find a Little Sunshine in the Y.M.C.A."
At the height of World War I in 1918, Leavitt was the Pastor of the State Street Congregational Church in Portland.
In awarding Leavitt a Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) honorary degree that same year, Bowdoin College noted that Leavitt
"at all times an eloquent preacher of Christian duty, and in wartime a convincing teacher of the principle that only
the righteous nation that keepeth truth may enter in the gates of the Kingdom."
In 1921, Leavitt was serving in a two-year position on the Congregational Educational Foundation. In June 1925, he
conducted the services in Appleton Chapel at Harvard University. Rev. Leavitt also frequently spoke at the
graduation exercises of nearby Radcliffe College.
Ashley Day Leavitt
333
Harvard Church, Harvard University. Rev. Ashley Day Leavitt of
Harvard Congregational Church in nearby Brookline often led worship
at Appleton Chapel and Harvard Memorial Church which replaced it.
In 1927, Leavitt was the pastor at Harvard Church. In
December of that year, he attended the Centennial of
the Boston Seaman's Friend Society and spoke about
the predecessors to the society,
"But this Society was the successor of
another organization which was called
‰The Society for the Moral and Religious
Improvement of the Poor„. That is the
kind of thing they were doing one
hundred years ago. This Society for the
Moral and Religious Improvement of the
Poor was the successor of another
Society for the Moral and Religious
Instruction of the Seaman. Fancy trying
to do business in such an organization
today! But that is what they had in a
great deal of their religion a hundred
years ago - a kind of condescension. The
people that were capable the people that were fortunate, went out in pity to do work for the unfortunate,
and they expected a certain subserviency and obeisance on the part of those who were the recipients of
the benefaction. A finer democracy has come now. . . No Christian today thinks of going out to elevate
his fellow man."
In November 1928, Swami Yogananda spoke to the Harvard Congregational Church during Leavitt's tenure, and
Leavitt later wrote to the Swami thanking him for the speech: "Best of all was the background of fine understanding
which made all feel in the same human brotherhood with you."
Prior to 1941, Leavitt was a frequent speaker at Phillips Academy, the same University preparatory school in
Andover where his son Hart, a graduate of Andover's rival Phillips Exeter Academy, had become a professor. In
1948, Leavitt spoke at Union Chapel at Little Boar's Head, New Hampshire.
Selected publications
ƒ Leavitt, Ashley Day (1914). Of First Importance: A Sermon Preached at State St. Congregational Church,
Portland, Maine, April 26, 1914
[2]
. s.n.
ƒ Leavitt, Ashley Day (1917). The Present Crisis: A Sermon
[3]
. State Street Congregational Church.
ƒ Leavitt, Ashley Day (1925). Jesus and the Jury: A Living Faith for Living Men
[4]
. The Pilgrim Press.
ƒ Leavitt, Ashley Day (1938). Just a Moment: Briefest Comments on Religion and Life
[5]
. W.A. Wilde.
ƒ Leavitt, Ashley Day (19??). Furnished Lives
[6]
.
Ashley Day Leavitt
334
References
[1] The Genealogy and History of the Family of Williams in America, More Particularly of the Descendants of Robert Williams of Roxbury,
Stephen W. Williams, Printed by Merriam & Mirick, Greenfield, Mass., 1847 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nYlbAAAAMAAJ&
pg=PA197& lpg=PA197& dq="roswell+ leavitt"& source=web& ots=426z5Oj3Zx& sig=P5WAs7js7gWBDJH8HCdDQcptGPs& hl=en&
sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=1& ct=result#PPA197,M1)
[2] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=FT0_HQAACAAJ& dq=inauthor:%22Ashley+ Day+ Leavitt%22
[3] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=FJDVHAAACAAJ& dq=inauthor:%22Ashley+ Day+ Leavitt%22
[4] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=PbaeGQAACAAJ& dq=inauthor:%22Ashley+ Day+ Leavitt%22
[5] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=NnbDGwAACAAJ& dq=inauthor:%22Ashley+ Day+ Leavitt%22
[6] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=OApEGwAACAAJ& dq=inauthor:%22Ashley+ Day+ Leavitt%22
Percy Avery Rockefeller
335
Percy Avery Rockefeller
Percy Avery Rockefeller
Percy Rockefeller in 1932
Born February 27, 1878
Died September 25, 1934 (aged 56)
Education Yale University (1900)
Spouse(s) Isabel Goodrich Stillman
(m. 1901•1934; his death)
Children Isabel Stillman Rockefeller
Avery Rockefeller
Winifred Rockefeller
Faith Rockefeller
Gladys Rockefeller
Parents William Avery Rockefeller,
Jr.
Almira Geraldine Goodsell
Percy Avery Rockefeller (February 27, 1878 • September 25, 1934) was a board director who founded and was
vice president of Owenoke Corporation.
Percy was the youngest son of William Avery Rockefeller, Jr. and Almira Geraldine Goodsell.
He attended Yale University from 1897 to 1900, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
Percy married Isabel Goodrich Stillman (died 1935) on April 23, 1901. She was the younger daughter of First
National City Bank president James Jewett Stillman (now known as Citibank) and Sarah Elizabeth Rumrill.
He died on September 25, 1934.
Percy Avery Rockefeller
336
Board memberships
He was a board director of Air Reduction Company, American International Corporation, Atlantic Fruit Company,
Anaconda Copper Mining Company, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bowman Biltmore Hotels Company, Cuba
Company, Chile Copper Company, Consolidated Gas Company, Greenwich Trust Company, W. A. Harriman & Co.
& Brown Brothers Harriman & Company, Mesabi Iron Company, National City Bank of New York, National City
Company, New York Edison Company, North American Reassurance Company, National Surety Company,
Provident Loan Society, Remington Arms, United Electric Light & Power Company, and Western Union.
Children
1. Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (1902•1980). She was a bride's maid at the wedding of Prescott Sheldon Bush
(1895•1972) and Dorothy Wear Walker (1901•1992).
2. Avery Rockefeller (1903•1986)
3. Winifred Rockefeller (1904•1951)
4. Faith Rockefeller (1909•1960)
5. Gladys Rockefeller (1910•1988)
References
Charles Edward Adams (industrialist)
Charles Edward Adams (29 October 1881 € 27 January 1957) was an industrialist and a director of the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York.
Biography
He was born on 29 October 1881 in Toledo, Ohio. He graduated from St. Paul's School and Yale with an A.B. in
1904, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. After his graduation he spent three years as secretary to the
banker Robert C. Pruyn. In 1907 he entered the brokerage firm F. S. Butterworth & Co., then moved to Callaway
Fish & Co. in 1910. He briefly joined Foster & Adams and became treasurer of the Air Reduction Co. in 1918. He
rose through the ranks of the company, eventually becoming chairman in 1937. Adams served on the boards of a
number of companies, including the United States Industrial Alcohol Company, Pur Carbonic, Inc., Dry Ice, Inc., the
Cuban Air Products Corp. and served as a trustee for Mutual Life. The highest point in his career came when he was
made a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. During World War II Adams held several positions
within the government. In 1940 he consulted the Council of National Defense on industrial materials. He served on
the National Defense Mediation Board and headed the iron and steel branch of the War Production Board.
His father, Charles Frederick Adams was a bank manager and his daughter, Phyllis Adams was a producer with
NBC. He was a member of Alpha Delta Phi, Chemists' Club of New York, the Cloud Club of New York, Down
Town Association, Skull and Bones, The Links Club of New York, Union Club of New York and the Uptown Club
of New York City.Wikipedia:Citation needed
He died on 27 January 1957.
Charles Edward Adams (industrialist)
337
References
Russell Cheney
Russell Cheney in 1904
Russell Cheney (October 16, 1881 € July 12, 1945) was an American
painter.
Youth
Cheney's parents were Knight Dexter Cheney and Ednah Dow Smith
Cheney of South Manchester, Connecticut. His extended family were
leading American silk producers. The Cheney Brothers Historic
District established landmark status in South Manchester for the
Cheney family silk mills, workers' houses, civic buildings and Cheney
mansions. He graduated from Yale University in 1904, where he was a
member of the Skull and Bones secret society.
:86
Career
Cheney studied painting at the Art Students League of New York and
was its acting president in 1909-10. He held his first New York
exhibition in Babcock Galleries 1922. His portrait of Professor Candle
hung in the Paris Salon in 1909 and his work has been represented in
many museums including the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the San Francisco Museum of Art. Cheney illustrated
F. O. Matthiessen's book Sarah Orne Jewett (1929), on the writer of the same name. A catalogue of Cheney's
paintings was published in 1922. Cheney was a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Colorado
Springs Fine Arts Center, and San Francisco Art Society.
Later life
He was the longtime partner and lover of author F. O. Matthiessen, who was also a Yale graduate and became a
member of Skull & Bones in 1923. Matthiessen was twenty years Russell's junior. Russell's death was due to
mesenteric thrombosis. He was buried in East Cemetery in Manchester, Connecticut. He was survived by
Matthiessen, two sisters, Ednah Cheney Underhill of Santa Barbara, California and Mrs. Halstead Dorey of Boerne,
Texas. He had three brothers Knight Dexter Cheney, Philip Cheney, and Thomas Langdon Cheney, who were also
members of Skull and Bones.
Russell Cheney
338
References
ƒ Susan Howe (1993). The Birth-Mark: Unsettling the Wilderness in American Literary History (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?vid=ISBN0819562637& id=W7HjSuNF3xUC& pg=RA1-PA13& lpg=RA1-PA13&
ots=KfXSLCg3Ck& dq="Russell+ Cheney"& ie=ISO-8859-1& output=html&
sig=RiP4oLnXw7ds1c2I-SfDFdgxX_c). Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6263-7.
ƒ John D'Emilio (1998). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?vid=ISBN0226142671& id=Hk_6rbTiFvcC& pg=RA1-PA21& lpg=RA1-PA21& ots=Zig3d05CMt&
dq="Russell+ Cheney"& ie=ISO-8859-1& output=html& sig=7RKSnVpYglIG_jqWj6FmfBHL7lA). University
of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14267-1.
ƒ Jeffrey Escoffier (1998). American Homo: Community and Perversity (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?vid=ISBN0520206339& id=D4NzYA3tKNEC& pg=RA1-PA231& lpg=RA1-PA231& dq="Russell+
Cheney"& output=html& sig=sReV7KWtVnjP9CzjjaOElXrMdZQ& hl=en). University of California Press.
ISBN 0-520-20633-9.
ƒ Patricia L. Heard and Richard M. Candee. "Russell Cheney: Artist of the Piscataqua" (http:/ / www.
russellcheney. com/ heard. pdf).
Further reading
ƒ Russell Cheney, Francis Otto Matthiessen (1947). Russell Cheney, 1881-1945: a record of his work. Oxford
University Press. OCLC  493016 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 493016)
ƒ Louis Hyde, ed. (1978). Rat & the Devil: Journal Letters of F.O. Matthiessen and Russell Cheney. Alyson
Publications. ISBN 978-1-55583-110-3.
Thomas D. Thacher
339
Thomas D. Thacher
For other people named Thomas Thacher, see Thomas Thacher (disambiguation).
Thomas D. Thacher
Born Thomas Day Thacher
September 10, 1881
Tenafly, New Jersey
Died November 12, 1950 (aged 69)
New York City
Resting place
Brookside Cemetery
Title President of the New York City Bar Association
Term 1933€1935
Parents Thomas Thacher
Sarah McCulloh Green
Relatives Thomas Anthony Thacher, grandfather
Thomas Day Thacher (September 10, 1881 € November 12, 1950) was a lawyer and judge in New York City.
Life and career
Thacher was born in Tenafly, New Jersey and was the oldest of four children of Thomas Thacher, a prominent New
York lawyer, and Sarah McCulloh (Green) Thacher. Thacher attended Taft School and Phillips Academy of
Andover, Massachusetts for his preparatory education, before following his family tradition and attending Yale
University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:183
After graduating from Yale in 1904, where he won the
university's distinguished John Addison Porter Prize, Thacher attended Yale Law School for two years, but left
before obtaining his degree. In 1906, he was admitted to the New York bar and joined the practice of his father at the
firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.
Thomas Day Thacher was the grandson of Yale administrator and professor Thomas Anthony Thacher, and the
great-great-grandson of American founding father Roger Sherman.
Thomas D. Thacher
340
Public service
Thacher's career in public service began when he was appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern
District of New York in 1907, at the age of 26. While in this position, Thacher was recognized for his work in
prosecuting customs fraud. In 1910, Thacher returned to Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett, where he became a partner in
1914. Thacher remained in practice there until 1925, except during the World War I, when he worked with the
American Red Cross, providing funding for the Bolshevik Revolution, in Russia from 1917€1918.
In 1925, President Calvin Coolidge named Thacher to serve as a federal judge on the United States District Court for
the Southern District of New York. Thacher was instrumental in investigating the operation of the bankruptcy laws
in New York City. His reports to President Herbert Hoover were the basis for amendments to the law that extended
judicial control of the over bankruptcy proceedings and speeded up the resolution of some cases.
In 1930, Hoover appointed Thacher to serve as Solicitor General of the United States. Thacher held that office until
May 1933, when he returned to his New York legal practice. He helped create the movement that made possible the
election of Fiorello H. La Guardia as mayor of New York. La Guardia appointed Thacher to serve as the leader on
the commission to write a new city charter and as the city's corporation counsel in 1943. On May 12, 1943, Governor
Thomas E. Dewey appointed Thacher to the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Edward R. Finch. In November 1943, Thacher was elected to a full fourteen-year term, but resigned
from the bench on November 18, 1948.
Thacher also served as a fellow of the Yale Corporation from 1931€1949 and as president of the Association of the
Bar of the City of New York from 1933 to 1935. He was a member of numerous social clubs. He first married
Eunice Booth Burall, and had three children: Sarah Booth (Storm), Mary Eunice (Brown), and Thomas. After
Eunice's death in 1943, Thacher married Eleanor M. Lloyd on July 20, 1945.
Thacher died on November 12, 1950, of a coronary thrombosis at his home in New York City. He was buried in
Brookside Cemetery, in Englewood, New Jersey. Collections of his personal and official papers are archived at
Columbia and Yale Universities.
References
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Office of the Solicitor
General.
Legal offices
Preceded by
Charles Evans Hughes, Jr.
Solicitor
General
1930€1933
Succeeded by
James Crawford Biggs
John Magee (missionary)
341
John Magee (missionary)
John Magee
Born John Gillespie Magee
1884
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Died 1953 (aged 68€69)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation Priest, missionary
John Gillespie Magee (1884 € 1953) was an American Episcopal priest, best known for his work in Nanking as a
missionary, and for the films and pictures he took during the Nanking Massacre.
[1]
He is also credited with saving
thousands of lives throughout the event.
Early life and education
Magee was born in 1884 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Magee came from a wealthy Pittsburgh
family.Wikipedia:Citation needed His brother was aviator and Congressman James McDevitt Magee. Magee went to
school at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
:205
and then on to divinity school in
Massachusetts. A missionary in China, he was the minister at an Episcopal mission in Nanking from 1912 to 1940.
While in China, Magee married a missionary from Helmingham in Suffolk, England, Faith Emmeline Backhouse.
They had four sons: John, Hugh, David and Christopher. Their first son was named after his father: John Gillespie
Magee, Jr., who went on to write the famous poem, "High Flight."
Nanking Massacre
During the Nanking Massacre, Magee was performing missionary work in Nanking and was at the same time the
chairman of Nanking Committee of the International Red Cross Organization. During the dark period when hundreds
of thousands of defenseless Chinese were slaughtered by the Japanese army, Magee was appalled by the atrocity of
the Japanese invaders.
Disregarding his own safety, Magee ran out of the Nanking Safety Zone, going through streets and lanes, and took
part in rescuing more than 200,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians who were facing being slaughtered. Magee shot
several hundred minutes of film with what was then the most advanced 16mm movie camera, which filmed at 6
shots per second.
Some people wanted to buy Magee's original film for large sums of money for political purposes, yet he would not
budge. He said he wanted to give the historical materials to the right person without charge at the right moment.
John Magee (missionary)
342
The Film
Magee managed to film abuses of Chinese civilians by Japanese soldiers during the Nanking Massacre in December
1937. Magee's films were smuggled out of Nanking; copies were shown to members of the United States
government, and sent to the German Foreign Ministry in Berlin, in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade them to
institute sanctions against the Japanese government.
On 10 February 1938, Legation Secretary of the German Embassy, Rosen, wrote to his Foreign Ministry about a film
made in December by Reverend John Magee to recommend its purchase. Here is an excerpt from his letter and a
description of some of its shots, kept in the Political Archives of the Foreign Ministry in Berlin.
”During the Japanese reign of terror in Nanking - which, by the way, continues to this day to a
considerable degree - the Reverend John Magee, a member of the American Episcopal Church Mission
who has been here for almost a quarter of a century, took motion pictures that eloquently bear witness to
the atrocities committed by the Japanese. (....) One will have to wait and see whether the highest officers
in the Japanese army succeed, as they have indicated, in stopping the activities of their troops, which
continue even today (...)•
According to the Asahi Shinbun on Dec. 25, 1937, this
photo is Rev. John Magee holding a Sunday worship
service and singing hymns with Chinese Christians in
Nanking "after order had been restored to the city".
Magee's role in documenting the Nanking Massacre is featured in
the movie Don't Cry, Nanking. In the film Nanking, Magee was
portrayed by actor Hugo Armstrong.
[2]
In 2001, John Magee's son, David Magee, donated the four rolls of
film tape(105 minutes in length) that his father documented with a
16mm camera to Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall.There is no
copy or original that is available for viewing.
Disposition of the Nanking Massacre film
In 1953 Magee left the 16mm camera and the film to his son
David who had accompanied him in Nanking. In 2002 when David
heard of the news that China was going to build a museum in
memory of the people who were killed during the Nanking
Massacre, he came to Nanking.
According to his father's last wish, he offered the historical materials without charge. To remember the special
contribution that Magee had made to the Nanking people, a library was built in the name of Magee.
Later career
After Magee left Nanking, Magee served as curate at Church of the Presidents St. John's Episcopal Church,
Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.) in Washington, D.C. While there he was one of the Episcopal priests who
officiated at the funeral of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in April 1945. Magee also served as chaplain to President
Harry S. Truman.
Before his death on September 11, 1953, he also served as the Episcopal chaplain at Yale University.
References
[1] Library.yale.edu (http:/ / www. library.yale.edu/ div/ Nanking/ findingaid. html)
[2] The New York Times (http:/ / www. nytimes.com/ 2007/ 12/ 12/ movies/ 12nank. html?_r=0)
John Magee (missionary)
343
External links
ƒ About Reverend Magee's Documentary (http:/ / humanum. arts. cuhk. edu. hk/ NanjingMassacre/ NMMage. html)
ƒ Yale's Nanking Massacre Project - A huge amount of information on Magee as well as the Nanking events of
World War II. (http:/ / www. library. yale. edu/ div/ Nanking/ Magee. html)
Foster Rockwell
Foster Haven Rockwell (August 15, 1880 € January 26, 1942) was an All-American football player and hotelier. A
native of Vermont, Rockwell played football at Yale University and was selected as the quarterback on the 1902
College Football All-America Team and was a member of Skull and Bones.
:116
He later served the head football
coach at Yale in 1906, leading the team to a national championship. He also coached football at the United States
Naval Academy. In 1911, Rockwell moved to Arizona where he owned and operated the Hotel Adams in Phoenix
for more than 20 years. He was also the founder of the Arizona Hotel Association. Rockwell died in Phoenix at age
61 in 1942.
References
William M. Blair
William McCormick Blair (May 2, 1884 € March 29, 1982), was an American financier.
Life
William McCormick Blair was born May 2, 1884 in Chicago. His father, Edward Tyler Blair, was the son of William
Blair, who founded the first wholesale hardware house in Chicago. Edward was a Yale graduate in 1879, who wrote
several books including a history of the Chicago Club, and spent his life working in his father's firm. He was very
wealthy, and employed four Swedish servants to manage the house while his children were growing up.
William McCormick Blair's mother, Anna Reubenia "Ruby" McCormick (1860€1917), was the daughter of the
agricultural machinery manufacturer William Sanderson McCormick (1815€1865) and a member of the illustrious
McCormick family. Her grandfather was Robert McCormick (1780€1846), who invented a mechanical reaper.
William graduated from Groton School in 1903, and received a BA from Yale in 1907. At Yale, he was on the
rowing crew and a member of the Skull and Bones society. He later received honorary degrees from Northwestern
University in 1964 and Lake Forest College.
Upon graduation he entered the Northern Trust Company of Chicago. Shortly after, he entered the bond brokerage
firm, David Reid & Company. In 1909 he moved to Lee, Higginson and rose through the ranks, becoming managing
partner of its Chicago office.
When it looked as if America would enter World War I in 1917, Blair was involved with the Four-Minute Men of
Chicago, giving speeches during film intermissions. He was also active in the sale of War Bonds. When the
Four-Minute Men were absorbed by the Committee on Public Information, he went to Washington, DC to be its
director. Woodrow Wilson sent him a letter of thanks. As the war came to a close he enlisted in the Army and trained
in a New York base.
After the war he continued with Lee, Higginson, but due the underwriting of Swedish magnate Ivar Kreuger the firm
went bankrupt.Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items
William M. Blair
344
In 1934 he was associated with Francis A. Bonner, who was also at Lee, Higginson. Together the two were
organising a financial company of their own. Blair was left with no money after the collapse of Lee, Higginson, but
he managed to obtain $50,000 from Joseph and Edward Ryerson, John and Douglas Stuart of Quaker Oats and Roger
Shepherd.
Their firm was opened on January 8, 1935 as Blair, Bonner & Company with an office in the Marshal Field Building
at 135 South LaSalle Street in Chicago. The firm specialized in financing homes in the midwestern United States. In
its early days it assisted the growth of the Household Finance Corporation, Continental Casualty and Continental
Assurance.
In 1941 Bonner left the company, and it was renamed William Blair & Company. The firm was managed by five
partners: William Blair, Wallace Flower, Donald Miehls, Lee Ostrander and Daniel Ritter.
Blair married Helen Hadduck Bowen (1890€1972), daughter of banker Joseph Tilton Bowen and Louise deKoven
(1859€1953). In 1912 her mother endowed the summer camp for poor children of Hull House known as the Bowen
Country Club.
In 1946 Blair's sons, William McCormick Blair, Jr., Edward McCormick Blair (born 1915) and Bowen Blair (born
1918) joined the firm. Blair, Sr. stepped down as managing partner in 1961, and handed the reins over to son
Edward. Bowen Blair died on September 11, 2009. Edward retired in 1977 and died December 22, 2010.
Blair was a director of the Continental Casualty Co., the Continental Assurance Co. and the Peoples Gas Light and
Coke Co. He was a Life Trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago, a University of Chicago Life Trustee, Trustee of the
Field Museum of Natural History, Trustee of Groton School, and Trustee of the Yale Alumni
Board.Wikipedia:Citation needed Blair was also on the Board of Trustees at The Scripps Research Institute.
He remained a senior partner of William Blair & Company until his death. The firm stayed relatively small, and still
had offices in the same building on LaSalle street. He died March 29, 1982 at his home in Chicago.
William McCormick Blair Estate
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location 982 Sheridan Road, Lake Bluff, Illinois
Area 9 acres (3.6 ha)
Architect David Adler
Architectural style Colonial Revival
Governing body Private
NRHP Reference # 07001476
Added to NRHP January 31, 2008
Legacy
In 1980, Blair guided the founding of the David Adler Music and Arts Center (formerly known as the David Adler
Cultural Center) in Libertyville, Illinois. The center is located on the property that once was the home the architect
David Adler, who bequeathed it to the city. Blair had been the client, neighbor, and friend of Adler, and had
recruited Adler to become a trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1925.
Adler designed a house for Blair on an 11-acre (4.5 ha) estate they purchased in 1926 when the Crab Tree Farm of
Henry Williams Blodgett in Lake Bluff, Illinois was broken up by Scott Sloan Durand (1869€1949). Their garden
was designed by Ellen Biddle Shipman. His son Edward also built a house on an adjacent parcel, designed by
George Fred Keck. The family bought the rest of Crab Tree Farm in the 1950s. The estate was added to the National
Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Illinois on January 31, 2008. It was later owned by John H.
Bryan. It is located at 982 Sheridan Road, 42•17‚25ƒN 87•50‚4ƒW
[1]
. He was decorated as a chevalier in the L„gion
William M. Blair
345
d'honneur and as a commander in the Royal Order of Vasa.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Family tree
Robert
McCormick, Jr.
(1780€1846)
Mary Ann Hall
(1780€1853)
Nancy Fowler
(1835€1923)
Cyrus Hall
McCormick, Sr.
(1809€1884)
Mary Ann
Grigsby
(1828€1878)
William
Sanderson
McCormick
(1815€1865)
Leander James
McCormick
(1819€1900)
Cyrus Hall
McCormick, Jr.
(1859€1936)
Harold Fowler
McCormick
(1872€1941)
Joseph Medill
(1823€1899)
Leander
Hamilton
McCormick
(1859€1934)
Robert
Sanderson
McCormick
(1849€1919)
Katherine van
Etta Medill
(1853€1932)
William Grigsby
McCormick
(1851€1941)
Anna Reubenia
McCormick
(1860€1882)
Joseph Medill
McCormick
(1877€1925)
Ruth Hanna
(1880€1944)
Robert
Rutherford
McCormick
(1880€1955)
Chauncey Brooks
McCormick
(1884€1954)
William
McCormick
Blair, Sr.
(1884€1982)
Brooks
McCormick
(1917€2006)
William
McCormick
Blair, Jr.
(born 1916)
References
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=William_M. _Blair&
params=42_17_25_N_87_50_4_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL& title=Crab+ Tree+ Farm
Hugh Knox
346
Hugh Knox
Hugh Knox
Date of birth: c. 1886
Place of birth: Allegheny, Pennsylvania
Date of death: January 2, 1936 (aged 49€50)
Place of death: Ithaca, New York
Career information
Position(s): Halfback
College: Yale University
Organizations
Career highlights and awards
Honors: All-American, 1906
Hugh Smith Knox (January 27, 1883 € January 2, 1936) was an American football player. He played at the
halfback position at Yale University and was selected as a first-team All-American in 1906.
Knox was the son of Philander C. Knox, who served as the U.S. Secretary of State under William Howard Taft and
U.S. Attorney General under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. He attended Allegheny Prep School
before enrolling at Yale University.
While he was a student at a private school in Connecticut, Knox was arrested and charged in May 1903 with assault.
The complainant alleged that he had been beaten badly by a group of young men, which included Knox. Because his
father was the U.S. Attorney General, the case received coverage in the press. Knox was put on trial in Norwalk,
Connecticut, and he was found not guilty.
Knox graduated in 1907 from Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:102
At Yale, Knox
played at the halfback position for Yale's football teams in 1905 and 1906. In Yale's 6€0 victory over Harvard in
1906, Knox was credited a 40-yard run that was considered one of the most exciting plays of the 1906 season. The
New York Times called it a "magnificent effort" and a "beautiful run" and described Knox "swerving in and picking
his way through the broken field ahead, ... dodging one and another of the oncoming Cambridge men."
At the conclusion of the 1906 season, Knox was selected as a first-team All-American halfback by both Walter
Camp, Casper Whitney, the New York World and the New York Mail. The New York Times wrote that Knox was "as
useful as any man on the field in general work."
Knox later served as the private secretary to his father while he served as the U.S. Secretary of State. In 1910, Knox
traveled incognito to Southern California to visit with Yale football legend, Walter Camp. The Los Angeles Times
reported on Knox's visit as follows: "Short of stature, he bears a striking resemblance to his distinguished father, with
the same restless dark eyes and dark hair growing sparse on the forehead. Mr. Knox is a bachelor and has not had the
romantic marital history of his two younger brothers."
In December 1911, Knox was married at New York's Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church Katherine McCook, the
daughter of Anson G. McCook, a member of the "Fighting McCooks," one of the most prolific military families
during the American Civil War. The couple planned to live in Washington, D.C.
Knox died in 1936 at Ithaca, New York.
Hugh Knox
347
References
Samuel Finley Brown Morse
For the creator of a single-wire telegraph system and Morse Code, see Samuel Morse.
Samuel F.B. Morse
Born July 18, 1885
Newton, Massachusetts
Died May 10, 1969 (aged 83)
Pebble Beach, California
Nationality American
Education Yale
Children 4
Samuel Finley Brown Morse (July 18, 1885 € May 10, 1969) was an environmental conservationist and the
developer of Pebble Beach. He was known as the Duke of Del Monte and ran his company from the 1919 until his
death in 1969. Originally from the eastern United States, Morse moved west and fell in love with the Monterey
Peninsula, eventually owning and preserving vast acreage while also developing golf courses and the Lodge at
Pebble Beach.
Early life
Samuel Finley Brown Morse was born in Newton, Massachusetts, the son of George Morse, a soldier in the
American Civil War and later a lawyer in Massachusetts. Morse's distant cousin, Samuel Morse was the inventor of
the telegraph and Morse Code. Morse attended Andover, like his father, and then Yale. At Yale, he was captain of
the undefeated 1906 football team and member of the 1906 All-America Team. A member of Skull and Bones,
:206
he
was voted Most Popular in the Yale University graduating class in 1907.
Although he inherited a considerable sum upon his father„s death in 1905, he decided to move out west to begin
working on his own after graduation. In June 1907, Sam married Anne Thompson and moved to Visalia, California
to begin working. Initially he worked for John Hayes Hammond's Mt. Whitney Power Company with the help of a
Yale classmate. He then ran the Crocker Huffman ranch in Merced for W. W. Crocker During his first years in
Samuel Finley Brown Morse
348
California, he and his family visited Monterey for the first time.
Business and Properties
In 1916, S.F.B Morse was made manager of the Pacific Improvement Company, in charge of liquidating many of
their assets. He formed his own company, Del Monte Properties, in 1919, in order to acquire these assets. Funded by
Herbert Fleishhacker, he bought 7,000 acres (28 km
2
) on the Monterey Coast including the Hotel Del Monte, Pacific
Grove, Pebble Beach and the 1,100-acre (4.5 km
2
) Rancho Laureles, now the village of Carmel Valley, and the
Monterey County Water Works- all for $1.34 million. Morse planned to use this land to develop a community within
the forest centered around the Del Monte Lodge, and he had many plans for the rest of the area as well. Immediately,
Sam banned needless land clearing and speculating on this forest land and set aside greenbelts to be reserved for the
preservation of wildlife, prioritizing preservation of the forest, coastline and oceanfront. He set aside land for a golf
course set beautifully, and now famously, along the coast, moving the planned home lots to the forest overlooking
the golf course.
S.F.B. Morse developed and rebuilt the land and properties of the Del Monte Forest into the Del Monte Hotel and the
Lodge at Pebble Beach among other buildings. Morse can be credited with building eight golf courses including
Spyglass Hill, Cypress Point, Pebble Beach and the Monterey Peninsula Country Club.
Morse was able to preserve Del Monte through the Great Depression, as guest membership nearly disappeared, with
smart business ventures. He sold the Monterey County Water Works and operated a sand plant, among other
ventures. Fortune magazine had an article describing the company as a "dying dream with a profitable sand
business".
During World War II, he also leased the Hotel Del Monte and land to the navy to be used as a flight school for 2000
cadets. After the war, the Navy bought the hotel to be used for the Naval Postgraduate School.
After the war, Del Monte flourished once again. The resort also reflected a sign of the times as initially African
Americans and "people under the former subjection of the Ottoman Empire" were not allowed to own property
within Del Monte; however this ban was lifted in the 1960s.
In the late 1950s Morse proposed opening a shopping center in Monterey, which aroused much controversy and
opposition from the downtown merchants. The proposal was later approved in 1963 and the shopping center opened
in 1967.
Atmosphere of Del Monte
During the 20th century, Del Monte operated as a semi-private reserve for the rich, powerful and beautiful and
hosted golfers, polo players, socialites, sports figures, celebrities and royalty. It was considered one of the most
beautiful places on the west coast. The property was known for its parties, alcohol (even during prohibition), and
entertainment for the guests. It was, and continues to be, a popular place for championship golf tournaments such as
the US Open, regattas, dog shows, tennis tournaments, equestrian trials and the Concours d'Elegance Car Show.
Personal life
Sam was well regarded by most throughout the Monterey peninsula. His estate, hotels and golf courses were an asset
to the area and effectively kept Monterey from being developed into a seaside suburb. The Political Graveyard
reports that he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1936 and a candidate for presidental elector
on the Republican ticket in 1944. Regarded as the "Duke of Del Monte", Morse continued to live at Del Monte in
Pebble Beach until his death in May 1969.
Samuel Finley Brown Morse
349
Family
S.F.B. Morse married his first wife Ann Camden Thompson in 1907. They had three children and their marriage
lasted until 1916. Their children, Samuel F.B. Morse Jr., John Boit Morse and Nancy Morse Borland lived in
California before moving to Illinois. S.F.B. Morse then married Relda Ford, daughter of Tirey L. Ford in 1919, and
had one daughter, Mary Morse Osborne Shaw. After the death of Relda Ford Morse in 1951, he married his last
wife, Maurine Church Dalton in 1952. Mary Morse, his daughter, became one of the nation's top amateur golfers.
She held the course record for Pebble Beach, Cypress Point, Stanford and the San Francisco Golf Club. She currently
resides in Pebble Beach.
Legacy
S.F.B. Morse was commonly known as "The Duke of Del Monte", the "Founder of Pebble Beach" and "Boss". His
legacy continues throughout Monterey and California as one of the first environmentalists to preserve the California
coast. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Although his actions
were often controversial, he was the most influential and significant figure in the development of the Monterey
Peninsula. During his 50 years living on the Monterey Coast, his words and dreams became law. He died in Pebble
Beach in 1969, and his funeral included telegrams from President Nixon, Mrs. Ronald Reagan, and many other
celebrities he hosted at Pebble Beach over the years. Today, various monuments on the Monterey Peninsula
including an ecological preserve, plaques, streets and a gate to Pebble Beach bear his name.
References
1. Cerwin, Herbert. …The Duke of Del Monte.† California Living Magazine. Jan 16, 1977.
2. Brownfield, Mary. …Nancy Morse (Hooker Walker) Borland, Daughter of Pebble Beach Founder, Dies at 90.† The
Carmel Pine Cone. Vol 91, No. 22. June 3€9, 2005. http:/ / www. electronicgamingbusiness. com/ search/
Jun05feed/
Nancy_Morse_Hooker_Walker_Borland_daughter_of_Pebble_Beach_founder_dies_at_90_The_Carmel_Pine_Cone.
bkg. htm
3. Caen, Herb. …Poor Herbert„s Almanac.† The San Francisco Chronicle. August 10, 1993.
4. Randall, Sharon. …How Morse Kept Empire Afloat during Depression.† The Herald. May 22, 1989.
5. Randal, Sharon. …Samuel F.B. Morse: His Influence endures 20 Years After Death.† The Sunday Herald. May 21,
1989.
6. Adams, Gerald. …How One Man Made Pebble Beach.† S.F. Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, California Living.
Nov 14, 1965.
7. Germain, Anne. …As Pebble Beach Awakened.† The Sunday Peninsula Herald. Sec: 2C. Oct 20, 1974.
8. Durein, Ted. …S.F.B. Morse - The Man Whose Dreams Came True† Drafts.
9. Mabon, Mary Frost. …Sam Morse Makes a Rarebit† Sports Illustrated. May 18, 1959. http:/ / sportsillustrated. cnn.
com/ vault/ article/ magazine/ MAG1070528/ index. htm
10. Thorndike, Margaret. …Sam.† € Draft Biography- with help from Maurine Morse
11. …100Years Ago Today† http:/ / 100yearsagotoday. blogspot. com/ 2007/ 06/ june-5-1907-wednesday. html
12. …Samuel F.B. Morse Is Dead; Developer of Pebble Beach, 83† New York Times. May 11, 1969
13. "Guide to the Samuel F. B. (Samuel Finley Brown) Morse Papers, 1911-1969" http:/ / www. oac. cdlib. org/
view?docId=ft4c600567;query=;style=oac4
14. Castello, Michael and David. "Pebble Beach and Spyglass" http:/ / www. golfclub. com/ story/ pebble/
15. http:/ / www. pebblebeach. com/ page. asp?pageName=Pebble_Beach_Company_History
Lucius Horatio Biglow
350
Lucius Horatio Biglow
Lucius Horatio Biglow
Sport(s) Football
Biographical details
Born February 28, 1885
Brooklyn, New York
Died July 9, 1961 (aged 76)
Boston Massachusetts
Playing career
1905€1907 Yale
Position(s) Tackle
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1908 Yale
Head coaching record
Overall 7€1€1
Statistics
College Football Data Warehouse
[1]
Accomplishments and honors
Awards
All-American, 1905
All-American, 1906
All-American, 1907
Lucius Horatio "Ray" Biglow III (often spelled Bigelow; February 28, 1885 € July 9, 1961) was an American
football player and coach. He played right guard for Yale University from 1905 to 1907. He was selected as an
All-American in both 1906 and 1907 and served as Yale Bulldogs football coach in 1908.
Lucius Horatio Biglow
351
Biography
Biglow was born on February 28, 1885 in Brooklyn, New York to Lucius Horatio Biglow II and Ada Albertine
Rafferty.
He was raised in Morristown, New Jersey and attended the Lawrenceville School. He later enrolled at Yale
University, where he graduated in 1908 and was a member of Skull and Bones.
:209
At Yale, he was the right guard
on the team's football team for three years.
Biglow was selected as an All-American in 1906 and unanimously elected as the captain of Yale's 1907
championship football team. He was also tapped for Yale's Skull and Bones society in 1906. A November 1907
newspaper article said of Biglow:
"Yale's captain is sturdy right tackle Bigelow. ... Bigelow is typically a Yale football product. During his
prep school at Lawrenceville he failed to even make a place on the minor aggregation.
Biglow was also on the Yale crew one year. Despite having "pulled the strongest oar in the varsity shell" during his
one year competing on the crew, his parents opposed his rowing any longer.
Biglow's parents wished for him to commence a business career upon his graduation in 1908, leading him to decline
to follow the Yale tradition of having the football team captain return the following fall as the team's coach.
However, in January 1908, Yale's new football team captain Robert Burch announced that he had persuaded Biglow
to return in the fall as Yale's head football coach.
As Yale's coach, Biglow advocated better moral standards in college athletics:
"'The time was,' says Ray Biglow, former captain of the Yale team and now its coach, 'when the best
fellow in college was he who could drink all his fellows under the table. I venture to say that two-thirds
of the men on the great amateur baseball and football teams now are either out-and-out Christians or
morally clean.'"
Biglow served in the position as Yale's football coach for one year.
In 1912, a newspaper article on the greatest football players produced by Yale referred to the "brilliant Ray Bigelow"
who was "always just a little better than anyone than any who played against him." Biglow remained an active
supporter of Yale football and, in 1915, created a "sensation" when he advocated hiring of Foster Sanford as the
school's head football coach in a letter to the Yale Daily News.
Biglow died after a long illness at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts on July 9, 1961 at the
age of 76.
References
[1] http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year. php?coachid=173
Charles Seymour
352
Charles Seymour
For other people named Charles Seymour, see Charles Seymour (disambiguation).
Charles Seymour
President of Yale University
Term 1937 € 1951
Predecessor James Rowland Angell
Successor Alfred Whitney Griswold
Born January 1, 1885
New Haven, Connecticut
Died August 11, 1963
(aged 78)
Chatham, Massachusetts
Charles Seymour (January 1, 1885 € August 11, 1963) was an American academic, historian and President of Yale
University from 1937 to 1951.
Early life
Seymour was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Thomas Day Seymour, who taught classics at Yale. His
paternal grandfather, Nathan Perkins Seymour, was the great-great grandson of Thomas Clap, who was President of
Yale in the 1740s. His paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Day, was the grandniece of Jeremiah Day, who was Yale's
president from 1817 through 1846. An ancestor of his mother, the former Sarah Hitchcock, was awarded an honorary
degree at Yale's first graduation ceremonies in 1702.
[1]
Seymour was awarded a Bachelor of Arts at King's College, Cambridge in 1904; and he earned a second B.A. from
Yale in 1908. He went on to earn a Ph.D. from Yale in 1911. In 1908, he was also tapped as a member of the Skull
and Bones Society and in 1919 he was founding member of The Council on Foreign Relations.
Career
Seymour's teaching experience began at Yale in 1911 when he was made an instructor in history. He was made a full
professor in 1918; and when he eventually left teaching, he had risen amongst the faculty to become Sterling
Professor of History (1922€1927).
[2]
He taught history at Yale from 1911 though 1937, when he became president of
the university.
Seymour served as the chief of the Austro-Hungarian Division of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace in
1919. He was also the U.S. delegate on the Romanian, Yugoslavian, and Czechoslovakian Territorial Commissions
in 1919.
In 1933, he delivered the Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History at Johns Hopkins University on the subject of
American Diplomacy during the First World War.
Seymour served for ten years as the university's provost (1927€1937). During this period, Yale College was
re-organized into a system of ten residential colleges, instituted in 1933 with the help of a grant by Yale graduate
Edward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems at Oxford and Cambridge. Seymour became the first Master
of Berkeley College.
[3]
At age 52, Seymour succeeded James Rowland Angell as the university's 15th president in October 1937.
[]
After his
retirement in July 1950, he would be succeeded by Alfred Whitney Griswold.
[4]
Charles Seymour
353
After his retirement as president, Seymour continued his involvement with the university as curator of the papers of
Edward M. House at the Yale University Library.
He died in Chatham, Massachusetts in 1963 after a long illness. His son, Charles Seymour, Jr., was a professor of art
history at Yale.
Quote: "We seek the truth and will endure the consequences."
Selected works
ƒ 1915 -- Electoral Reform in England and Wales: The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary
Franchise, 1832-1885.
[5]
New Haven: Yale University Press.
ƒ 1916 -- The Diplomatic Background of the War, 1870-1914.
[6]
New Haven: Yale University Press.
ƒ 1918 -- How the World Votes: The Story of Democratic Development in Elections
[7]
with Donald Paige Frary.
Springfield, Massachusetts: C. A. Nichols. OCLC 557198
[8]
ƒ 1921 -- Woodrow Wilson and the World War.
[9]
New Haven: Yale University Press.
ƒ 1926 -- The Intimate Papers of Colonel House.
[10]
New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 476286
[11]
ƒ 1934 -- American Diplomacy During the World War.
[12]
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. [reprinted by
Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut, 1975: 10-ISBN 0-8371-7746-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-8371-7746-5
ƒ 1935 -- American Neutrality, 1914-17: Essays on the Causes of American Intervention in the World War.
[13]
OCLC 257742593
[14]
ƒ 1921 -- What Really Happened in Paris: the story of the Peace Conference, 1918-1919
[15]
with Edward House.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
ƒ 1963 -- Letters from the Paris Peace Conference. New Haven
References
[1] "Charles Seymour of Yale Dies at 78," (http:/ / select.nytimes. com/ mem/ archive/
pdf?res=F10D17FD3F55127B93C0A81783D85F478685F9) New York Times. August 12, 1963.
[2] "Seymour to Retire as Yale Head in '50," (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F20D13F93858177B93C3A8178FD85F4D8485F9& scp=15& sq=charles seymour& st=cse) New York Times. April 11, 1949
[3] "Yale Names 3 More as College Masters; Drs. Charles Seymour, C.W. Mendel and Arnold Whitridge of Colombia Are Named," (http:/ /
select. nytimes.com/ gst/ abstract.html?res=F30D10FB3E5F11738DDDAB0A94DD405B818FF1D3& scp=12& sq=charles seymour&
st=cse) New York Times. May 22, 1931; Berkeley College: (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ berkeley/ index. html) BK history (http:/ / www. yale.
edu/ berkeley/ about_history. html)
[4] Parke, Richard H. "Yale in Graduation Honors its Leader," (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F20C15F6385C10728DDDAA0994DE405B8089F1D3& scp=7& sq=charles seymour& st=cse) New York Times. June 13, 1950.
[5] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=34kEAAAAYAAJ& client=firefox-a
[6] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6qYTAAAAIAAJ& client=firefox-a
[7] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=124BAAAAYAAJ& client=firefox-a
[8] http:/ / www. worldcat.org/ oclc/ 557198
[9] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0B5LAAAAMAAJ& client=firefox-a
[10] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1oMHy1j-s88C& q=The+ Intimate+ Papers+ of+ Colonel+ House& dq=The+ Intimate+ Papers+ of+
Colonel+ House& lr=& client=firefox-a& pgis=1
[11] http:/ / www.worldcat.org/ oclc/ 476286
[12] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Gy4qAAAAYAAJ& q=American+ Diplomacy+ During+ the+ World+ War& dq=American+
Diplomacy+ During+ the+ World+ War& lr=& client=firefox-a& pgis=1
[13] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1jKMGAAACAAJ& dq=American+ neutrality& lr=& client=firefox-a
[14] http:/ / www.worldcat.org/ oclc/ 257742593& referer=brief_results
[15] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2uAgAAAAMAAJ& client=firefox-a
ƒ Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). Yale: A History. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=B2aDRhohtx8C&
client=firefox-a) New Haven: Yale University Press. 10-ISBN 0-300-07843-9: 13-ISBN 978-0-300-07843-5;
OCLC 810552 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ wcpa/ oclc/ 810552)
Charles Seymour
354
Academic offices
Preceded by
James Rowland Angell
President of Yale
University
1937€1951
Succeeded by
Alfred Whitney Griswold
Harold Stanley
Harold Stanley (October 2, 1885 € May 14, 1963) was an American businessman and one of the founders of
Morgan Stanley in 1935. He ran Morgan Stanley until 1955.
Stanley was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, went to the Hotchkiss School, and graduated from Yale
University in 1908. He was a member of the Skull and Bones secret society.
He married Edith Thurston, daughter of William Harris Thurston, in 1914. She died in 1934, and he married Louise
Todd, widow of Seymour Parker Gilbert, in 1934. He had stepchildren, but no children from either of his marriages.
He became a vice-president of the bond department of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York in 1916,
eventually spinning the division off into a separate and subsidiary securities company, the Guaranty Company,
where he worked in cooperation with J. P. Morgan, who invited Stanley to become a partner in his firm in 1927. He
made his name as a leader of the investment banking industry at J.P. Morgan, making the firm a strong player in
securities offerings and especially the bond market, particularly after the Glass€Steagall Act separated commercial
and investment banking. He helped found Morgan Stanley to take up the securities business that had to be given up
by J. P. Morgan, and became the firm's senior partner when it was reorganized from a corporation to a partnership in
1941. Stanley was influential in his testimony in the 1940s successfully defending the industry against government
charges that it was anti-competitive. He died in Philadelphia in 1963.
References
External links
ƒ Harold Stanley at politicalfriendster (http:/ / www. politicalfriendster. com/ showPerson. php?id=2607&
name=Harold-Stanley)
ƒ New York Times obituary (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive/
pdf?res=F50617FF3F5F15738DDDAC0994DD405B838AF1D3)
Harvey Hollister Bundy
355
Harvey Hollister Bundy
Harvey Hollister Bundy
Harvey Hollister Bundy Sr., (March 30, 1888 € October 7,
1963), was an American lawyer, Special Assistant to the Secretary
of War during WWII, and father of William Bundy and McGeorge
Bundy. Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to McGeorge Bundy, a
lawyer, he was grandson to Solomon Bundy, a lawyer and New
York Congressman. Bundy attended Yale University and was
initiated in the Skull and Bones in 1909.
:183
Bundy received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1914
and that same year began working for Justice Oliver Wendell
Holmes. In 1917, he married Katherine Lawrence Putnam, niece to
Harvard president Abbott Lawrence Lowell.
Bundy became Assistant Secretary of State in July 1931 until
March 1933 under Henry Lewis Stimson, also a Skull & Bones
member. Bundy's son McGeorge would co-author a book with
Stimson entitled On Active Service in Peace and War in 1948.
Bundy was special legal assistant to the U.S. Secretary of the
Treasury. During WWII he served again under Stimson, now
Secretary of War, as his Special Assistant on Atomic Matters,
serving as liaison between Stimson and the director of the Office
of Scientific Research and Development, Vannevar Bush.
After the war, he became president of the board of trustees of the World Peace Foundation. He succeeded John
Foster Dulles as chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, serving from 1952 to 1958.
References
Allen T. Klots
356
Allen T. Klots
Allen Trafford Klots, Sr. (September 14, 1889 € January 1, 1965) was a New York City lawyer and president of
the New York City Bar Association.
Biography
Allen T. Klots was born in Brooklyn, New York on September 14, 1889 to Charles A. Klots. He attended Yale
University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and was a member of Skull and Bones
:183€4
, and Harvard Law
School, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review.
Klots graduated from Harvard University in 1913, and joined Henry Stimson's firm of Winthrop & Stimson that
same year as a clerk. However, he left two years later to serve with the National Guard on the Mexican border during
the Pancho Villa Expedition. In 1916, he was deployed to France for service with the 77th division of the American
Expeditionary Force in World War I. After being slightly wounded, Klots was reappointed to the 305th Field
Artillery Regiment as an adjutant to Stimson.
After the war, Klots remained in France for another year on the staff if the American Relief Administration in Paris.
Career
Klots returned to the United States in 1921, and was made a partner at Winthrop & Stimson. In 1929, he followed
Stimson to the State Department when Stimson was appointed Secretary of State by President Herbert Hoover, and
there he served as Stimson„s assistant. Among his assignments was the gathering of information on the Soviet Union
and investigating Japanese incursions into China.
He married and had a son, Allen Trafford Klot, Jr. (1921-1987).
He returned to Winthrop & Stimson in 1932, and remained at the firm as a partner for the rest of his career. He
worked extensively with the New York City Bar Association. In 1948, he headed a committee on Congressional
investigations that published a report urging reforms to investigating procedures in response to the excesses of the
House Un-American Activities Committee. He served as president of the City Bar from 1954 to 1955.
Klots also advocated for reform of the New York Court System, arguing that judges on New York„s Supreme Court
and Court of Appeals should be appointed by the Governor rather than elected. In 1956, he was appointed by Mayor
Robert F. Wagner, Jr. as chairman of the Mayor„s Committee on the Courts in 1956, where he served for three years
and contributed significantly to the eventual restructuring of the New York City court system in 1972. As a member
of the New York City Bar Association„s Steering Committee, Klots advocated for similar court reforms on the state
level. These reforms were ultimately passed into law in 1977, when voters ratified three proposed court restructuring
amendments to the New York State Constitution.
In addition to his legal career, Klots served as mayor of Laurel Hollow, Long Island, and as a director of the
chemical manufacturing company Scheiflin & Co.
Allen Klots died of a heart attack on January 1, 1965 at his home in Laurel Hollow, Long Island. He was 75 years
old.
Allen T. Klots
357
References
Further reading
ƒ Martin, George. Causes and Conflicts: The Centennial History of the Association of the Bar of the City of New
York. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8232-1735-3
Ted Coy
358
Ted Coy
Ted Coy
Date of birth: May 23, 1888
Place of birth: Andover, Massachusetts
Date of death: September 8, 1935 (aged 47)
Place of death: New York, New York
Career information
Position(s): FB
College: Yale
Organizations
College Football Hall of Fame
[1]
Edward Harris "Ted" Coy (May 23, 1888 € September 8, 1935) was an American football player. Coy was
selected as a first-team All-American three straight years from 1907 to 1909 and was later selected as the fullback on
Walter Camp's All-Time All-America team. He also served as Yale's head football coach in 1910. In 1951, Coy was
one of the early inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Biography
Playing career
Coy was the son of the first headmaster at The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, and began his education
at Hotchkiss. He then enrolled at Yale University in 1906 where he became recognized as one of the greatest football
players in the history of the game.
Coy was named a first-team All-American in all three years in which he play varsity football at Yale. During those
three seasons, Yale lost only one game, and it was reportedly "a familiar sight when Ted would burst through an
enemy defense, his long blonde hair held back by a white sweatband." The only Yale defeat during Coy's football
career was a 4€0 loss to Harvard in 1908.
As a senior in 1909, Coy led the Yale team to an undefeated 10€0 record, outscoring opponents 209€0. Coy missed
the first four games of the 1909 season after undergoing an appendectomy, but he returned to lead Yale to victories
over Army, Princeton, and Harvard. In December 2008, Sports Illustrated undertook to identify the individuals who
would have been awarded the Heisman Trophy in college football's early years, before the trophy was established.
Coy was selected as the would-be Heisman winner for the 1909 season.
Ted Coy
359
While attending Yale, Coy was also secretly a member of The Yale Whiffenpoofs, the oldest collegiate a cappella
group in the United States. Coy was described as "a song lover with a good ear and a nice tenor voice." To "cover the
heresy" of his joining the Whiffenpoofs, he was given the title "Perpetual Guest." He also became a member of Skull
and Bones.
:107€8
In the fall of 1910, Coy returned to New Haven as Yale's football coach. The 1910 team finished with a record of
6€2€2.
Personal life
After a year coaching Yale's football team, Coy began a business career as a stock broker and in the insurance
business. He also wrote football articles for the New York World, Boston Globe, San Francisco Herald, and St.
Nicholas Magazine.
Coy's first wife, Sophie Meldrim, divorced him in 1925.
In 1925, Coy was secretly married to the noted stage actress Jeanne Eagels. At the time, Coy was employed by a
New York City insurance firm, Smythe, Sanford & Gerard, and was one of the most admired men in the United
States. Coy's marriage to Eagels was rocky, and Eagels had a reputation for drinking and erratic behavior. Eagels
sued for divorce in February 1928 on grounds of cruelty, alleging that Coy had assaulted her, had broken her jaw and
threatened her with the words (to) "ruin that beautiful face of yours"(Eagels) in order to stop the forward progress of
her movie career. Coy pleaded no contest in the divorce action and moved to Texas. Eagels died the following year
at age 39 from an overdose of heroin.
In August 1928, Coy married his third wife, 21-year-old Lottie Bruhn of El Paso, Texas. Coy died in September
1935 at age 47. Several months after his death, Time magazine ran a story about Coy's widow selling his most prized
possessions to a pawnshop:
"Into an Oklahoma City pawnshop stepped a pretty young woman to borrow money on a wedding ring,
a gold medal, a gold football, a pin of Yale's famed Skull & Bones Society. Each was engraved: E. H.
COY•YALE U. 'Could it be Ted Coy, the Yale athlete?' ventured the pawnbroker. Yes,' said the girl, 'I
am his wife.' Last week, as the pawnbroker wrote to Skull & Bones in New Haven which immediately
bought Coy's relics, newshawks hustled around to see Lottie Bruhn Coy, found her working as a servant.
Said she: 'Yes, I'm Mrs. Ted Coy. How on earth did you find me here? ... I haven't any money. ... Once I
went five days in this town without a bite to eat. . . . I thank God for a sense of humor. If I didn't have it
I'd have been bad off these months since Ted died. ...'"
Coy was a boyhood hero of F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the character Ted Fay in Fitzgerald's 1928 short story The
Freshest Boy was loosely based on Coy.
References
[1] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=41
Albert DeSilver
360
Albert DeSilver
Albert DeSilver (August 27, 1888 € December 7, 1924) was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU).
DeSilver graduated from Yale in 1910, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and then earned a law degree at
Columbia Law School (1913) (editor Columbia Law Review). Though he was being groomed for a place in New
York's legal establishment, he resigned his law practice in 1918 to become one of the founding members of the
National Civil Liberties Bureau (later known as the American Civil Liberties Union) in order to devote himself
full-time to defending conscientious objectors, other citizens, and immigrants against unconstitutional persecution
under new laws such as the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918. During World War I, DeSilver used
his own war bonds to post bail for defendants in free speech cases.
At the founding of the ACLU in 1920, DeSilver was named Associate Director and worked in legal defense, public
education, and lobbying. While alive, DeSilver provided more than half of the ACLU's operating funds on an annual
basis. He was killed by an express train at age 36. After his death, DeSilver's wife Margaret continued contributing
to the ACLU each year in his name.
Footnotes
Further reading
ƒ Walter Nelles, A Liberal in Wartime: The Education of Albert DeSilver. New York: WW Norton, 1940.
External links
ƒ The Albert DeSilver story (http:/ / www. aclufl. org/ join_now/ desilver_biography. cfm) via ACLU Florida
George L. Harrison
361
George L. Harrison
George L. Harrison
2nd President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
In office
November 24, 1928 € December 31, 1940
Preceded by Benjamin Strong Jr.
Succeeded by Allan Sproul
Personal details
Born January 26, 1887
San Francisco, California
Died March 5, 1958 (aged 71)
Washington, D.C.
Nationality United States
Alma mater Yale University (1909)
Harvard Law School
Signature
George Leslie Harrison (January 26, 1887 € March 5, 1958) was an American banker, insurance executive and
advisor to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson during World War II.
Biography
He was born in San Francisco, California on January 26, 1887. He was educated at Yale University and Harvard
Law School. In 1909, at Yale, he was elected to the Skull and Bones secret society. After earning his law degree,
Harrison became law clerk for one year to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.
After serving as general counsel to the Federal Reserve Board, Harrison served as president of the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York for 13 years starting in 1928. He left in 1941 to become president of New York Life Insurance
Company. During World War II, he was Secretary Henry L. Stimson's special assistant for matters relating to the
development of the atomic bomb. He served with Stimson on the eight-member Interim Committee which examined
problems expected to result from the bomb's creation and which recommended direct military use of the bomb
against Japan without specific warning. Harrison chaired the committee when Stimson was absent.
Harrison returned to his position at New York Life after the war, becoming chairman of the company's board in
1948.
He died in 1958 and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC.
George L. Harrison
362
References
External links
ƒ Harrison's Biography at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (http:/ / www. newyorkfed. org/ aboutthefed/
GHarrisonbio. html)
Political offices
Preceded by
Benjamin Strong Jr.
President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New
York
1928€1940
Succeeded by
Allan Sproul
Stephen Philbin
363
Stephen Philbin
Stephen Philbin
Date of birth: c. 1887
Date of death: November 13, 1973
Place of death: Old Lyme, Connecticut
Career information
Position(s): Halfback
College: Yale University
Organizations
Stephen Holladay Philbin (c. 1887  € November 13, 1973) was an American football player. He played college
football at Yale University and was selected as a consensus All-American at the center position in 1909. Philbin was
also captain of the Yale Bulldogs baseball team and a member of Skull and Bones.
After graduating from Yale, Philbin attended Harvard Law School, graduating in 1913. After receiving his degree,
he practiced for three year with a law firm in Dallas, Texas. In 1916, he joined the New York firm of Fish,
Richardson & Neave as a patent lawyer. He spent most of his carer with that firm. During World War I, he served
with the Army Signal Corps in a unit commanded by Fiorello La Guardia in Foggia, Italy. During World War II,
while La Guardia was mayor of New York, Philbin served as the general counsel of the city's Civil Defense
Volunteer Office.
Philbin died in November 1973 at his summer home in Old Lyme, Connecticut.
References
Robert Taft
364
Robert Taft
For Robert Taft's son, also a U.S. Senator from Ohio, see Robert Taft, Jr.. For his grandson, a Governor of Ohio, see
Bob Taft. For the Jesuit priest, see Robert F. Taft.
Robert Taft
United States Senator
from Ohio
In office
January 3, 1939 € July 31, 1953
Preceded by Robert J. Bulkley
Succeeded by Thomas A. Burke
Senate Majority Leader
In office
January 3, 1953 € July 31, 1953
Preceded by Ernest McFarland
Succeeded by William F. Knowland
Personal details
Born Robert Alphonso Taft
September 8, 1889
Cincinnati, Ohio
Died July 31, 1953 (aged 63)
New York City, New York
Nationality American
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Martha Wheaton Bowers
Alma mater Yale University
Harvard Law School
Religion Episcopalian
Signature
Robert Taft
365
Robert Alphonso Taft (September 8, 1889 € July 31, 1953) was a conservative American politician, statesman, and
presidential hopeful who served as a United States Senator from Ohio from 1939 until his death in 1953. A member
of the Republican Taft political family, he was the eldest son of William Howard Taft (the 27th President of the
United States, and, tenth Chief Justice of the United States).
As the U.S. Senate's main opponent of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal domestic policies, after Roosevelt's
death Taft successfully led the conservative coalition's effort to curb the expanding power of labor unions in
America. Taft was also a major advocate of the foreign policy of non-interventionism. However, he failed in his
quests to win the Republican Party's presidential nomination in 1940, 1948, and 1952. Throughout that period, he
battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey (leader of the moderate "Eastern Establishment") for control of the
national Republican Party. Chief Taft biographer James T. Patterson portrayed Taft as honest, conscientious,
courageous, dignified, and highly intelligent, while also faulting Taft's competitiveness and extreme partisanship.
[1]
A 1957 Senate committee named Taft as one of the five greatest senators in American history, along with Henry
Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and Robert La Follette.
Family
Taft was a product of one of America's most prominent political families. He was the grandson of Attorney General
and Secretary of War Alphonso Taft, and the son of President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft and Helen
Louise "Nellie" Herron. His younger brother, Charles Phelps Taft II, served as the Mayor of Cincinnati and was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1952. As a boy he spent four years in the Philippines,
where his father was governor. He was first in his class at the Taft School (run by his uncle), at Yale College (1910)
and at Harvard Law School (1913). He was a member of Skull and Bones, and he edited the Harvard Law Review. In
1913 Taft scored the highest in the state on the Ohio bar exam. He then practiced for four years with the firm of
Maxwell and Ramsey (now Graydon Head & Ritchey LLP) in Cincinnati, Ohio, his family's ancestral city. After a
two-year stint in Washington working for the Food and Drug Administration, he returned to Cincinnati and opened
his own law office. In 1924, he and his brother Charles helped form the law partnership Taft, Stettinius, and
Hollister, with whom he continued to be associated until his death and which continues to carry his name today.
On October 17, 1914, he married Martha Wheaton Bowers (1889€1958),
[2]
daughter of Lloyd Wheaton Bowers and
Louisa Bennett Wilson. Taft himself appeared taciturn and coldly intellectual, characteristics that were offset by his
gregarious wife, who served the same role his mother had for his father, as a confidante and powerful asset to her
husband's political career. In 1949 Martha suffered a severe stroke which left her an invalid; after her stroke Taft
faithfully assisted his wife, even helping to feed and take care of her at public functions, a fact which, his admirers
noted, belied his public image as a cold and uncaring person. They had four sons: William Howard Taft III
(1915€1991), who became ambassador to Ireland; Robert Alphonso Taft, Jr. (1917€1993), who was also elected to
the U.S. Senate; Lloyd Bowers Taft (1923€1985),
[3]
who worked as an investment banker in Cincinnati, and Horace
Dwight Taft (1925€1983), who became a professor of physics and dean at Yale. Two of Robert and Martha's
grandsons are Robert Alphonso "Bob" Taft III (born 1942), Governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007, and William
Howard Taft IV (born 1945), Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1984 to 1989.
In 1917 Taft and his wife Martha bought a 46-acre (190,000 m
2
) farm in Indian Hill, Ohio, a well-to-do suburb of
Cincinnati. Called "Sky Farm", it would serve as Taft's primary residence for the rest of his life. The Tafts gradually
made extensive renovations that turned the small farmhouse into a sixteen-room mansion. On the farm Taft enjoyed
growing strawberries, asparagus, and potatoes for profit. During the summer Taft often vacationed with his wife and
children at the Taft family's summer home at Murray Bay, located in the Canadian province of Quebec.
[4]
Although
he was nominally a member of the Episcopal church, his biographer James Patterson noted that his "religious
inclinations were weak" and that he was a "Sunday morning golfer, not a church-going Episcopalian."
[5]
Robert Taft
366
Early public career
Robert A. Taft
When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Taft
attempted to join the U.S. Army, but he was rejected by the Army due
to his poor eyesight. Instead, he joined the legal staff of the Food and
Drug Administration where he met Herbert Hoover, who became his
idol. In 1918€1919 he was in Paris as legal adviser for the American
Relief Administration, Hoover's agency which distributed food to
war-torn Europe. He learned to distrust governmental bureaucracy as
inefficient and detrimental to the rights of the individual € a principle
he promoted throughout his career. He strongly urged membership in
the League of Nations,
[6]
but generally distrusted European politicians.
He strongly endorsed the idea of a powerful world court that would
enforce international law, but no such idealized court ever existed
during his lifetime. He returned to Cincinnati in late 1919, promoted
Hoover for president in 1920, and opened a law firm with his brother
Charles Taft. In 1920 he was elected to the Ohio House of
Representatives, where he served as speaker of the house in 1926. In
1930 he was elected to the state senate, but was defeated for reelection
in 1932; it would be the only defeat in a general election he would suffer in his political career. He was an outspoken
opponent of the Ku Klux Klan, and he did not support prohibition. In 1925 he voted against a bill, sponsored by
Ohio state representatives who were members of the Ku Klux Klan, to outlaw dancing on Sundays, and he led the
fight against a Klan-sponsored bill requiring all Ohio public school teachers to read at least ten verses of the Bible
each day in class.
[7]
In his speech opposing the bill, Taft stated that religion should be taught in churches, not public
schools, and that while the Bible was great literature, "in it religion overshadows all else." The bill passed the
legislature over the opposition of Taft and his allies, but it was later vetoed by Ohio's governor. Taft's period of
service in the Ohio state legislature was most notable for his efforts to reform and modernize the state's antiquated
tax laws.
[8]
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Taft was a powerful figure in local and state political and legal circles, and was
known as a loyal Republican who never threatened to bolt the party. He confessed in 1922 that "while I have no
difficulty talking, I don't know how to do any of the eloquence business which makes for enthusiasm or applause."
[9]
A lackluster speaker who did not mix well or glad-hand supporters, nevertheless Taft was a tireless worker with a
broad range of policy and political interests. His total grasp of the complex details of every issue impressed reporters
and politicians. (Democrats joked that "Taft has the best mind in Washington, until he makes it up.") Taft's loyalty to
the conservative politicians who controlled Ohio's Republican Party had a price, as it often caused conflict with his
younger brother Charles, who as a local politician in Cincinnati had gained a reputation as a party maverick and
liberal. However, despite their occasional policy disagreements, Charles loyally supported all three of his brother's
presidential bids.
U.S. Senator
Taft was elected to the first of his three terms as U.S. Senator in 1938 when he defeated the Democratic incumbent,
Robert Bulkley. Taft engaged Bulkley in several debates and was generally regarded as the winner. He struggled in
the earlier debates, but later came out on top through assistance from his wife Martha; Martha would be regarded as
the most valuable asset in his campaign. As a result, Taft gained the upper hand against Bulkley, who had earlier
been regarded as the frontrunner in the race, and won the election.
Robert Taft
367
Opposition to New Deal
Cooperating with conservative southern Democrats, he led the Conservative Coalition that opposed the New Deal.
The Republican gains in the 1938 congressional elections, combined with the creation of the Conservative Coalition,
had stopped the expansion of the New Deal. However, Taft saw his mission as not only stopping the growth of the
New Deal but also eliminating many of the government programs that had already come from it.
During his first term in the Senate, Taft criticized what he believed was the inefficiency and waste of many New
Deal programs and of the need to let private enterprise and businesses restore the nation's economy instead of relying
upon government programs to end the Great Depression. He condemned the New Deal as socialist and attacked
deficit spending, high farm subsidies, governmental bureaucracy, the National Labor Relations Board, and
nationalized health insurance. However, he did not always follow conservative ideology; for instance, after
investigating the lack of adequate housing in the nation he supported public housing programs. He also supported the
Social Security program.
Taft set forward a conservative program that promoted economic growth, individual economic opportunity, adequate
social welfare, strong national defense (primarily the Navy and Air Force), and noninvolvement in European wars.
He also strongly opposed the military draft on the principle that it limited a young man's freedom of choice. Various
historians have described Taft, in terms of political philosophy, as a libertarian; he opposed nearly all forms of
governmental interference in both the national economy and in the private lives of citizens.
[10]
Opposition to World War II
Taft's greatest prominence during his first term came not from his fight against the New Deal and President Franklin
Roosevelt, but rather from his vigorous and outspoken opposition to US involvement in the Second World War. A
staunch non-interventionist, Taft believed that America should avoid any involvement in European or Asian wars
and concentrate instead on solving its domestic problems. He believed that a strong U.S. military, combined with the
natural geographic protection of the broad Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, would be adequate to protect America even if
the Nazis overran all of Europe. Between the outbreak of war in September 1939 and the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor in December 1941 Taft opposed nearly all attempts to aid Allied forces fighting the Nazis in Europe. His
outspoken opposition to aiding the Allied forces earned him strong criticism from many liberal Republicans, such as
Wendell Willkie and Thomas E. Dewey, who felt that America could best protect itself by fully supporting the
British and their allies. Although Taft fully supported the American war effort after Pearl Harbor and the declaration
of war on Japan by the U.S. Congress on December 8, 1941, he continued to harbor a deep suspicion of American
involvement in postwar military alliances with other nations, including NATO. Taft's was one of the few voices
during the Second World War in opposition to Japanese American internment.
1944 re-election
In 1944 Taft was nearly defeated in his bid for a second term in the Senate. His Democratic opponent, William G.
Pickrel, received major support from Ohio's labor unions and internationalists, and lost by less than 18,000 votes out
of nearly three million cast.
[11]
Taft lost Cleveland, the state's largest city, by 96,000 votes, but carried 71 of the
state's 88 counties to avoid defeat. Following his re-election, Taft became chairman of the Senate Republican
Conference in 1944.
Condemnation of the Nuremberg Trials
Taft condemned the postwar Nuremberg Trials as victor's justice under ex post facto laws, in which the people who
won the war were the prosecutors, the judges, and the alleged victims € all at the same time. Taft condemned the
trials as a violation of the most basic principles of American justice and internationally accepted standards in favor
of a politicized version of justice, in which court proceedings became an excuse for vengeance against the defeated.
His opposition to the trials was strongly criticized by Republicans and Democrats alike and is sometimes alleged as a
Robert Taft
368
main reason for his failure to secure the Republican nomination for president. Other observers, such as Senator John
F. Kennedy in his bestselling Profiles in Courage, applauded Taft's principled stand even in the face of great
bipartisan criticism.
1947 Taft€Hartley Labor Act
When the Republicans took control of Congress in 1947, Taft focused on labor-management relations as Chair of the
Senate Labor Committee. Decrying the effect of the Wagner Act in tilting the balance toward labor unions, he wrote
the 1947 Taft€Hartley Act, which remains the basic labor law. It bans "unfair" union practices, outlaws closed shops,
and authorizes the President to seek federal court injunctions to impose an eighty-day cooling-off period if a strike
threatened the national interest. Taft displayed all of his parliamentary skills in getting the bill through Congress.
When President Harry Truman vetoed it, Taft then convinced both houses of Congress to override the veto.
Second term issues
From 1947 to 1949, when the Republicans controlled the Senate, Taft was his party's leading voice in domestic
policy. He was reluctant to support farm subsidies, a position that hurt the GOP in rural areas (especially in the
Midwest) in the 1948 elections. Taft engineered the passage of the 1949 National Housing Act, which funded slum
clearance and the construction of 810,000 units of low-income housing over a period of six years. It was one of the
few Fair Deal proposals of President Truman he liked.
[12]
In terms of foreign policy, he was non-interventionist and did not see Stalin's Soviet Union as a major threat.
However he did call David Lilienthal "soft on the subject of Communism".
[13]
The true danger, he believed, was big
government and runaway spending. He supported the Truman Doctrine, reluctantly approved the Marshall Plan, and
opposed NATO as unnecessary and provocative to the Soviets. He took the lead among Republicans in condemning
President Harry S Truman's handling of the Korean War and questioning the constitutionality of the war itself,
saying: "My conclusion, therefore, is that in the case of Korea, where a war was already under way, we had no right
to send troops to a nation, with whom we had no treaty, to defend it against attack by another nation, no matter how
unprincipled that aggression might be, unless the whole matter was submitted to Congress and a declaration of war
or some other direct authority obtained."
In the wake of the Independence of the State of Israel, Senator Taft was a supporter of the new state, and called to lift
the arms embargo to the Middle East, and for the shipment of military aid for the new country.
[14]
1950 re-election
In 1950, Taft ran a more effective campaign in which he wooed factory workers. During the campaign he visited 334
industrial plants and gave a total of 873 speeches,
[15]
and won a third term by 431,184 votes, the second-largest
victory margin in Ohio Senate election history to that time.
[16]
He benefited from a weak Democratic opponent •
one observer reportedly said of "Jumping Joe" Ferguson, the State Auditor, "If the Democrats want to win, they
should send Ferguson on a mission abroad" • but, more importantly, Ohio's unions failed in using the Taft-Hartley
Act of 1947, which they denounced as a "slave labor law", to defeat Taft. Additionally, Democratic Governor Frank
Lausche did not endorse Ferguson and, according to journalist Sidney Lubell, almost openly supported Taft. In a
post-election survey of voters, Lubell found that the overly aggressive, labor-backed anti-Taft campaign angered
some Democrats. Even many union members reportedly voted Republican to express their opposition to local union
leaders, support Taft-Hartley's ban on the closed shop, or prevent•as one told Lubell•"the Socialists from taking
over the Democratic party".
By the start of his third term in the Senate, Taft had been given the nickname "Mr. Republican";
[]
he was the chief
ideologue and spokesperson for the conservatism of the Republican Party of that era, and he was the acknowledged
national leader of the GOP's conservative faction.
[17]
Robert Taft
369
Presidential ambitions
1940 and 1944
Taft first sought the Republican (GOP) presidential nomination in 1940, but lost to Wendell Willkie. Taft was
regarded as a strong contender, but his outspoken support of non-interventionist foreign policies, and his opposition
to the New Deal in domestic policy led many liberal Republicans to reject his candidacy. At the 1940 Republican
Convention Willkie•a onetime Democrat and corporate executive who had never run for political office•came
from behind to beat Taft and several other candidates for the nomination. It was in 1940 that Taft first clashed with
Thomas E. Dewey, then a New York District Attorney who had become nationally famous for successfully
prosecuting several prominent organized-crime figures, especially New York mob boss "Lucky" Luciano. Taft felt
that Dewey was not conservative or consistent enough in his principles for the Republican Party; as he wrote "Tom
Dewey has no real courage to stand up against the crowd that wants to smear any Republican who takes a forthright
position against the New Deal...there is only one way to beat the New Deal, and that is head on. You can't outdeal
them."
[18]
In other letters Taft described Dewey as "very arrogant and bossy" and worried that "his [Dewey's]
advisers will talk Dewey into too much internationalism...he comes from New York and sees the group opinions
there as a lot more important than they are."
[19]
In the 1944 presidential campaign Taft was not a candidate, instead he supported Governor John W. Bricker of Ohio,
a fellow conservative, for the GOP nomination. However, Bricker was defeated by Dewey, who had become the
Governor of New York in 1943. Dewey named Bricker as his running mate; the Dewey-Bricker ticket would go on
to lose to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the general election.
1948 and 1952
In 1948 Taft made a second try for the GOP nomination, but was defeated by his arch-rival, Governor Dewey, who
led the GOP's moderate/liberal wing. In the 1948 presidential election, Dewey was defeated by the Democratic
presidential candidate, President Harry S. Truman.
Taft sought to reach out to southern Democratic voters in his 1952 campaign. It was his third and final try for the
GOP nomination; it also proved to be his strongest effort. At the Republican State Convention in Little Rock, he
declared:
I believe a Republican could carry a number of southern states if he conducts the right kind of
campaign...Whether we win or lose in the South, we cannot afford to ignore public opinion in the
southern states, because it influences national public opinion, and that opinion finally decides the
election....It is said that southern Democrats will not vote for a Republican candidate. They have
frequently done so. They did so in Little Rock last November [1951] when they elected Pratt Remmel
mayor. I refuse to admit that if the issues are clearly presented, the southern voters will not vote on the
basis of principle....
[20]
Taft had the solid backing of the party's conservative wing. Former U.S. Representative Howard Buffett of Nebraska
(father of billionaire Warren Buffett) served as one of his campaign managers.
[21]
With Dewey no longer an active
candidate many political pundits regarded Taft as the frontrunner. However, the race changed when Dewey and other
GOP moderates were able to convince Dwight D. Eisenhower, the most popular general of World War II, to run for
the nomination. Eisenhower ran because of his fear that Taft's non-interventionist views in foreign policy € and
especially his opposition to NATO € might unintentionally benefit the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
[22]
The fight between Taft and Eisenhower for the GOP nomination was one of the closest and most bitter in American
political history. When the Republican Convention opened in Chicago in July 1952, Taft and Eisenhower were
neck-and-neck in delegate votes, and the nomination was still up for grabs as neither had a majority. On the
convention's first day, Eisenhower's managers complained that Taft's forces had unfairly denied Eisenhower
supporters delegate slots in several Southern states, including Texas, where the state chairman, Orville Bullington,
Robert Taft
370
was committed to Taft, and also in Georgia. The Eisenhower partisans proposed to remove pro-Taft delegates in
these states and replace them with pro-Eisenhower delegates; they called their proposal "Fair Play". Although Taft
angrily denied having stolen any delegate votes, the convention voted to support Fair Play 658 to 548, and the
Texans voted 33€5 for Eisenhower as a result. In addition, several uncommitted state delegations, such as Michigan
and Pennsylvania, agreed to support Eisenhower.
The addition of these formerly uncommitted state delegations, combined with Taft's loss of many Southern delegates
due to the Fair Play proposal, decided the nomination in Eisenhower's favor. Despite his bitterness at his narrow
defeat and his belief that he had been unfairly ambushed by the Eisenhower forces (including Governor Dewey),
after the convention Taft issued a brief statement conveying his congratulations and support to Eisenhower.
Thereafter, however, he brooded in silence at his summer home in Quebec, complaining that "Every Republican
candidate for President since 1936 has been nominated by the Chase National Bank."
[23]
As the weeks passed,
Eisenhower's aides worried that Taft and his supporters would sit on their hands during the campaign, and that as a
result Eisenhower might lose the election. In September 1952, Taft finally agreed to meet with Eisenhower, at
Morningside Heights in New York City. There, in order to gain Taft's support in the campaign, Eisenhower promised
he would take no reprisals against Taft partisans, would cut federal spending, and would fight "creeping socialism in
every domestic field." In fact, Eisenhower and Taft agreed on most domestic issues; their disagreements were
primarily in foreign policy. Eisenhower firmly believed in NATO and was committed to the U.S. supporting
anti-Communism in the Cold War.
Senate Majority Leader
Following Eisenhower's election and the GOP takeover of Congress, Taft served as Senate Majority Leader in 1953,
and he strongly supported Eisenhower's domestic proposals. He worked hard to assist the inexperienced new
officials of the administration. He even tried•with little success•to curb the excesses of red-baiting U.S. Senator
Joseph McCarthy. By April the President and Taft were friends and golfing companions, and Taft was praising his
former adversary. Defeat in 1952, it seemed, had softened Taft. No longer burdened by presidential ambitions, he
had become less partisan, less abrasive, and more conciliatory; during this time he was widely regarded as the most
powerful man in Congress.
On May 26, 1953, Taft delivered his final speech, in which he presciently warned of the dangers of America's
emerging Cold War foreign policy, and specifically U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia:
•
I have never felt that we should send American soldiers to the Continent of Asia, which, of course, included China proper and Indo-China,
simply because we are so outnumbered in fighting a land war on the Continent of Asia that it would bring about complete exhaustion even if
we were able to win. ... So today, as since 1947 in Europe and 1950 in Asia, we are really trying to arm the world against Communist Russia,
or at least furnish all the assistance which can be of use to them in opposing Communism.
Is this policy of uniting the free world against Communism in time of peace going to be a practical long-term policy? I have always been a
skeptic on the subject of the military practicability of NATO. ... I have always felt that we should not attempt to fight Russia on the ground on
the Continent of Europe any more than we should attempt to fight China on the Continent of Asia.
[24]
‚
Death and legacy
In early 1953 Taft began to feel pain in his hips, and after a painful golf outing with President Eisenhower in April
1953 he entered Walter Reed Hospital for initial tests which led doctors to suspect a tumor or arthritis. The next
month Taft underwent further tests at a hospital in Cincinnati and was diagnosed with an aggressive form of cancer
that had spread throughout his body. On June 10, 1953, Taft transferred his duties as Senate Majority Leader to
Senator William Knowland of California, but he did not resign his Senate seat and told reporters that he expected to
recover and return to work.
[25]
However, his condition rapidly worsened, and Taft returned to New York Hospital for
surgery on July 4 during a Senate recess. He died on July 31, suffering a final brain hemorrhage just hours after his
Robert Taft
371
wife Martha's final visit. President Eisenhower and many prominent politicians from both parties attended his
funeral. He is buried at Indian Hill Episcopal Church Cemetery in Cincinnati.
In 1957, a committee led by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Taft as one of five of their greatest Senate
predecessors whose oval portraits would adorn the President's Room off the Senate floor. Kennedy would profile
him in his book Profiles in Courage, and Taft continues to be regarded by historians as one of the most powerful
U.S. Senators of the twentieth century.
[26]
Statue at the Robert A. Taft Memorial and
Carillon
Memorial
Main article: Robert A. Taft Memorial
The Robert A. Taft Memorial, featuring a 10-foot (3.0 m) statue by the
sculptor Wheeler Williams and a bell tower, is located north of the
Capitol on Constitution Avenue. The inscription on the tower face
behind him reads:
"This Memorial to Robert A. Taft, presented by the people
to the Congress of the United States, stands as a tribute to
the honesty, indomitable courage, and high principles of
free government symbolized by his life."
Electoral history
Main article: Electoral history of Robert Taft
References
[1] Robert Muccigrosso, ed., Research Guide to American Historical Biography (1988) 1477€80
[2] http:/ / myrootsplace. com/ getperson. php?personID=I108060& tree=mrptree
[3] http:/ / myrootsplace. com/ getperson. php?personID=I114041& tree=mrptree
[4] (Patterson, pp. 112€16)
[5] [5] (Patterson, p. 399)
[6] Taft, Foreign Policy for Americans p. 37
[7] (Patterson, pp. 100€01)
[8] [8] (Patterson, p. 103)
[9] Taft Papers 1:271
[10] (Patterson, pp. 332€33)
[11] [11] (Patterson, p. 278)
[12] Charles C. Brown, "Robert A. Taft, Champion of Public Housing and National Aid to Schools," Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin,
1968, Vol. 26 Issue 3, pp. 219€53
[13] Truman by David McCullough
[14] Taft calls for Military Aid to protect New Israel State (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=r1oaAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=AA0EAAAAIBAJ& pg=5102,4746341& dq=state+ of+ israel& hl=en) Milwaukee Sentinel May 17, 1948
[15] [15] (Patterson, p. 465)
[16] [16] (Patterson, p. 469)
[17] [17] Patterson, p. 335)
[18] [18] (Patterson, p. 269)
[19] [19] (Patterson, p. 271)
[20] Osro Cobb, Osro Cobb of Arkansas: Memoirs of Historical Significance, Carol Griffee, ed. (Little Rock, Arkansas: Rose Publishing
Company, 1989), p. 106
[21] Dionne, E.J., Why Americans Hate Politics (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=pQMAsT7HlEsC& pg=PA265& lpg=PA265& dq="E. J.
+ Dionne"+ "Murray+ Rothbard"& source=bl& ots=Z_wxxTdy3h& sig=FbkKdViAPcEfBAUuJXDIRBjXjRQ& hl=en&
Robert Taft
372
ei=LQROTci7Fc_UgAfFtaUU& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=false), p. 265
[22] [22] (Ambrose, p. 498)
[23] Nichols, John (2011-12-21) Why Do GOP Bosses Fear Ron Paul? (http:/ / www. thenation. com/ blog/ 165290/
why-do-gop-bosses-fear-ron-paul), The Nation
[24] Rothbard, Murray. Swan Song of the Old Right (http:/ / lewrockwell. com/ rothbard/ rothbard266. html), LewRockwell.com
[25] [25] (Patterson, p. 606)
[26] [26] (Patterson, p. 617)
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ƒ Armstrong John P. "The Enigma of Senator Taft and American Foreign Policy." Review of Politics 17:2 (1955):
206€231. in JSTOR (http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0034-6705(195504)17:2<206:TEOSTA>2. 0. CO;2-#)
ƒ Berger Henry W. ""Bipartisanship, Senator Taft, and the Truman Administration," Political Science Quarterly
(1975) 90:221€37
ƒ Berger Henry. "A Conservative Critique of Containment: Senator Taft on the Early Cold War Program." In David
Horowitz, ed., Containment and Revolution. (1967), pp. 132€39
ƒ Berger, Henry. "Senator Robert A. Taft Dissents from Military Escalation." In Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Cold
War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years. (1971)
ƒ Doenecke, Justus D. Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era (1979), by a conservative
historian
ƒ Farber, David. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History (2010) pp. 9€38
ƒ Hayes, Michael T. The Republican Road Not Taken: The Foreign-Policy Vision of Robert A. Taft, Independent
Review (http:/ / www. independent. org/ pdf/ tir/ tir_08_4_hayes.pdf)
ƒ Kirk, Russell, and James McClellan. The Political Principles of Robert A. Taft (1967), by a leading conservative
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In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. p. 499.
ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN  2008009151 (http:/ / lccn. loc. gov/ 2008009151). OCLC  750831024 (http:/ /
www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 750831024).
ƒ Malsberger, John W. From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938€1952
(2000)
ƒ Matthews, Geoffrey. "Robert A. Taft, the Constitution, and American Foreign Policy, 1939€53," Journal of
Contemporary History, (1982), 17:507€22 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 260558)
ƒ Moore, John Robert. "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942€45." Journal of Southern
History 1967 33(3): 369€376. uses roll calls in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 2204865)
ƒ Moser, John E. "Principles Without Program: Senator Robert A. Taft and American Foreign Policy," Ohio
History (1999) 108#2 pp. 177€92 online edition (http:/ / publications. ohiohistory. org/ ohstemplate.
cfm?action=detail& Page=0108177. html& StartPage=177& EndPage=192& volume=108& notes=&
newtitle=Volume 108 Page 177), by a conservative historian
ƒ Patterson, James T. "A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress, 1933€1939," The Journal of American
History, Vol. 52, No. 4. (Mar., 1966), pp. 757€772. in JSTOR (http:/ / links. jstor. org/
sici?sici=0021-8723(196603)52:4<757:ACCFIC>2. 0. CO;2-C)
ƒ Patterson, James T. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in
Congress, 1933€39 (1967)
ƒ Patterson, James T. "Robert Alphonso Taft". Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 5: 1951€1955.
American Council of Learned Societies, 1977.
ƒ Patterson, James T. Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (1972), standard scholarly biography
ƒ Radosh. Ronald. Prophets on the right: Profiles of conservative critics of American globalism (1978)
Robert Taft
373
ƒ Reinhard, David W. The Republican Right Since 1945 (1983) online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM.
qst?a=o& d=91954887)
ƒ Van Dyke, Vernon, and Edward Lane Davis. "Senator Taft and American Security." Journal of Politics 14
(1952): 177€202. in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 2126518)
ƒ White; William S. The Taft Story (1954). Pulitzer prize online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o&
d=59493989)
ƒ Wunderlin, Clarence E. Robert A Taft: Ideas, Tradition, And Party In U.S. Foreign Policy (2005).
Primary sources
ƒ Kirk, Russell and James McClellan, eds. The Political Principles of Robert A. Taft (1967).
ƒ Wunderlin, Clarence E. Jr., et al. eds. The Papers of Robert A. Taft vol 1, 1889€1939 (1998); vol 2, 1940€1944
(2001); vol 3, 1945€1948 (2003); vol 4, 1949€1953 (2006).
ƒ Robert A. Taft, A Foreign Policy for Americans (http:/ / www.mises. org/ books/ taft. pdf)
External links
ƒ Robert Alphonso Taft, Sr (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=13113) at Find a
Grave
Robert A. Gardner (golfer)
374
Robert A. Gardner (golfer)
Robert A. Gardner
• Golfer •
Personal information
Full name Robert Abbe Gardner
Born April 9, 1890
Hinsdale, Illinois
Died June 21, 1956
(aged 66)
Lake Forest, Illinois
Nationality  United States
Spouse Katherine Keep
Children Mary (1919)
Career
College Yale University
Status Amateur
Best results in Major Championships
(Wins: 2)
Masters Tournament DNP
U.S. Open T23: 1911
The Open Championship DNP
PGA Championship DNP
U.S. Amateur Won: 1909, 1915
British Amateur 2nd: 1920
Robert Abbe Gardner (April 9, 1890 € June 21, 1956) was an American multi-sport athlete best known for
winning the U.S. Amateur in golf twice.
Gardner was born in Hinsdale, Illinois. He spent most of his life in the Chicago area. He attended Phillips Academy
in Andover, Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale University in 1912, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones.
While a sophomore at Yale, Gardner won the 1909 U.S. Amateur golf tournament over Chandler Egan at the
Chicago Golf Club. He was the youngest winner, at 19 years, 5 months, of the U.S. Amateur.
[1]
His record stood for
85 years until Tiger Woods won his first of three Amateurs at age 18 years, 8 months.
Gardner would make the finals of the U.S. Amateur three more times, winning in 1915
[2]
and losing in 1916
[3]
and
1921.
[4]
He also lost in the finals of two other prominent amateur events, the 1911 Western Amateur and the 1920
British Amateur.
Golf was not the only sport Gardner excelled at. On June 1, 1912, at an intercollegiate track and field competition in
Philadelphia, he set the world pole vault record at 13 feet 1 inch (3.99 m).
[5]
This record would be short lived as
Marc Wright vaulted 13 feet 2 
1
Š
4
 inches (4.020 m) one week later at the Olympic trials in Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
[6]
Robert A. Gardner (golfer)
375
Gardner also was national champion in another sport, racquets. He and Howard Linn won the national doubles
racquets championship in 1926 and 1929.
Gardner enlisted in the Army in 1917 and served in France during World War I as a lieutenant in a field artillery
unit. After the war he returned to Chicago and joined a stock brokerage firm where he spent the rest of his career. He
served as president of the Chicago District Golf Association (CDGA) for many years and also served on several
United States Golf Association committees. He won the CDGA Amateur Championship three times (1916, 1924,
1925).
[7]
Gardner died in Lake Forest, Illinois at the age of 66.
Golfing highlights
Gardner (left) during the 1916 U.S. Amateur. To
the right is Chick Evans, who beat Gardner in the
final match.
Wins
ƒ 1909 U.S. Amateur
ƒƒ 1915 U.S. Amateur
ƒƒ 1916 Chicago District Amateur
ƒƒ 1924 Chicago District Amateur
ƒƒ 1925 Chicago District Amateur
Runner-up finishes
ƒ 1911 Western Amateur
ƒƒ 1916 U.S. Amateur
ƒ 1920 British Amateur
ƒƒ 1921 U.S. Amateur
Amateur major championships
Wins (2)
Year Championship Winning Score Runner-up
1909 U.S. Amateur 4 & 3 Chandler Egan
1915 U.S. Amateur 5 & 4 John G. Anderson
Results timeline
Robert A. Gardner (golfer)
376
Tournament 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
U.S. Open DNP DNP T23 DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP NT NT DNP
U.S. Amateur 1 DNQ R32 DNP R32 QF 1 2 NT NT R16
British Amateur DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP NT NT NT NT NT
Tournament 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
U.S. Open DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP
U.S. Amateur R16 2 R16 SF R32 DNQ DNQ DNQ DNP DNP
British Amateur 2 DNP DNP R256 DNP DNP R256 DNP DNP DNP
Tournament 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
U.S. Open DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP
U.S. Amateur DNP DNP DNP DNP R256
British Amateur DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP
LA = Low Amateur
NT = No tournament
DNP = Did not play
"T" indicates a tie for a place
DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion
R256, R128, R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10
Source for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur: USGA Championship Database
[8]
Source for 1920 British Amateur: The American Golfer, June 19, 1920, pg. 8.
[9]
Source for 1923 British Amateur: The American Golfer, July, 1923, pg. 10.
[10]
Source for 1926 British Amateur: The American Golfer, July, 1926, pg. 58.
[11]
U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
ƒ Walker Cup: 1922 (winners), 1923 (winners, playing captain), 1924 (winners, playing captain), 1926 (winners,
playing captain)
References
[1] 1909 U.S. Amateur (http:/ / www. usamateur. org/ 2007/ history/ past-champions/ 1909. html)
[2] 1915 U.S. Amateur (http:/ / www. usamateur. org/ 2007/ history/ past-champions/ 1915. html)
[3] 1916 U.S. Amateur (http:/ / www. usamateur. org/ 2007/ history/ past-champions/ 1916. html)
[4] 1921 U.S. Amateur (http:/ / www. usamateur. org/ 2007/ history/ past-champions/ 1921. html)
[5] World Record Progression - pole vault - men (http:/ / athletix. org/ ?p=693)
[6] World Record Progression - Men - Pole Vault (http:/ / multimedia. olympic. org/ pdf/ en_report_92. pdf)
[7] CDGA Amateur Championship history (http:/ / www.cdga. org/ charts. asp?sfile=static/ results/ 2007/ CDGAAm. html)
[8] http:/ / 63.240. 106. 229/
[9] http:/ / la84foundation. org/ SportsLibrary/ AmericanGolfer/ 1920/ ag2317i. pdf
[10] http:/ / www.la84foundation.org/ SportsLibrary/ AmericanGolfer/ 1923/ ag2611f. pdf
[11] http:/ / www.la84foundation.org/ SportsLibrary/ AmericanGolfer/ 1926/ ag2910g. pdf
Robert A. Gardner (golfer)
377
External links
ƒ Yale University biography (http:/ / research. yale. edu/ wwkelly/ Yale-golf/ Eras/ Gardner. htm)
ƒ New York Times article on his golf and pole vault abilities (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=9E06E0D71739E233A25751C0A9679C946796D6CF& scp=4& sq=robert+ gardner+ "pole+ vault"&
st=p)
Gerald and Sara Murphy
"Gerald Murphy" redirects here. For the Irish hurler, see Gerald Murphy (hurler).
Gerald Clery Murphy and Sara Sherman Wiborg were wealthy, expatriate Americans who moved to the French
Riviera in the early 20th century and who, with their generous hospitality and flair for parties, created a vibrant
social circle, particularly in the 1920s, that included a great number of artists and writers of the Lost Generation.
Gerald had a brief but significant career as a painter.
Gerald Murphy
Gerald Clery Murphy (March 25, 1888 € October 17, 1964) was born in Boston to the family that owned the Mark
Cross Company, sellers of fine leather goods. He was of an Irish American background.
Gerald was an aesthete from his childhood onwards. He was never comfortable in the boardrooms and clubs for
which his father was grooming him. He failed the entrance exams at Yale three times before matriculating, although
he performed respectably there. He joined DKE and the Skull and Bones society.
:237
He befriended a young
freshman named Cole Porter (Yale class of 1913) and brought him into DKE. Murphy also introduced Porter to his
friends, propelling him into writing music for Yale musicals.
Sara Sherman Wiborg
Sara Sherman Wiborg (November 7, 1883 € October 10, 1975) was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the wealthy
Wiborg family. Her father, manufacturing chemist and owner of his own printing ink and varnish company Frank
Bestow Wiborg, was a self-made millionaire by the age of 40, and her mother was a member of the noted Sherman
family, daughter of Hoyt Sherman, and niece to Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman. Raised in
Cincinnati, her family moved to Germany for several years when she was a teenager, so her father could concentrate
on the European expansion of his company. The Wiborg family was easily accepted into the high society community
of 20th-century Europe. While in Europe, Sara and her sisters Hoytie and Olga sang together at high-class
assemblies. Upon returning to the United States, the Wiborgs spent most of their time in New York City and, later,
East Hampton, where they built the 30-room mansion "The Dunes" on 600 acres just west of the Maidstone Club in
1912. It was the largest estate in East Hampton up to that time. Wiborg Beach in East Hampton is named for the
family.
[1]
Marriage
In East Hampton Sara Wiborg and Gerald Murphy met when they were both adolescents. Gerald was five years
younger than Sara, and for many years they were more familiar companions than romantically attached; they became
engaged in 1915, when Sara was 32 years old. Sara's parents did not approve of their daughter marrying someone "in
trade," and Gerald's parents were not much happier with the prospect, seemingly because his father found it difficult
to approve anything that Gerald did.
[2]
After marrying they lived at 50 West 11th Street in New York City, where they had three children. In 1921 they
moved to Paris to escape the strictures of New York and their families' mutual dissatisfaction with their marriage. In
Gerald and Sara Murphy
378
Paris Gerald took up painting, and they began to make the acquaintances for which they became famous. Eventually
they moved to the French Riviera, where they became the center of a large circle of artists and writers of later fame,
especially Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, Fernand L„ger, Jean Cocteau, Pablo
Picasso, Archibald MacLeish, John O'Hara, Cole Porter, Dorothy Parker and Robert Benchley.
Prior to their arrival on the French Riviera, the region was experiencing a period when the fashionable only wintered
there, abandoning the region during the high summer months. However, the activities of the Murphys fueled the
same renaissance in arts and letters as did the excitement of Paris, especially among the caf„s of Montparnasse. In
1923 the Murphys convinced the Hotel du Cap to stay open for the summer so that they might entertain their friends,
sparking a new era for the French Riviera as a summer haven. The Murphys eventually purchased a villa in Cap
d'Antibes and named it Villa America; they resided there for many years. When the Murphys arrived on the Riviera,
lying on the beach merely to enjoy the sun was not a common activity. Occasionally, someone would go swimming,
but the joys of being at the beach just for sun were still unknown at the time. The Murphys, with their long forays
and picnics at La Garoupe, introduced sunbathing on the beach as a fashionable activity.
They had three children, Baoth, Patrick, and Honoria. In 1929, Patrick was diagnosed with tuberculosis. They took
him to Switzerland, and then returned to the U.S. in 1934, where Gerald stayed in Manhattan to run Mark Cross,
serving as president of the company from 1934 to 1956; he never painted again.
[3]
Sara settled in Saranac Lake, New
York to nurse Patrick, and Baoth and Honoria were put in boarding schools. In 1935, Baoth died unexpectedly of
meningitis as a complication of measles, and Patrick succumbed to TB in 1937.
[4]
Archibald MacLeish based the
main characters in his play J.B. on Gerald and Sara Murphy.
Later they lived at "The Dunes", once the largest house in East Hampton. By 1941, the house proved impossible to
rent, sell or even maintain; the Murphys had it demolished, and they themselves moved to the renovated dairy
barn.
[5]
Death and legacy
Gerald died October 17, 1964 in East Hampton, two days after his friend Cole Porter. Sara died on October 10, 1975
in Arlington, Virginia.
Nicole and Dick Diver of Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald are widely recognized as based on the Murphys,
based on the marked physical similarities, although many of their friends, as well as the Murphys themselves, saw as
much or more of Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald's relationship and personalities in the couple than the Murphys. Ernest
Hemingway's couple in Garden of Eden is not explicitly based on this pair, but given the similarities of the setting
(Nice) and of the type of social group portrayed, there is clearly some basis for such an assumption. Interestingly,
guests of the Murphys would often swim at Eden Roc, an event emulated in Hemingway's narrative.
Calvin Tomkins's biography of Gerald and Sara Murphy Living Well Is the Best Revenge was published in 1971, and
Amanda Vaill documented their lives in the 1995 book Everybody Was So Young. Both accounts are balanced and
kind, unlike some of their portrayals in the memoirs and fictitious works by their many friends, including Fitzgerald
and Hemingway.
In 1982, Honoria Murphy Donnelly, the Murphys' daughter, with Richard N. Billings, wrote Sara & Gerald: Villa
America and After.
On July 12, 2007, a play by Crispin Whittell entitled Villa America, based entirely on the relationships between Sara
and Gerald Murphy and their friends had its world premiere at the Williamstown Theatre Festival with Jennifer
Mudge playing Sara Murphy.
[6]
Gerald and Sara Murphy
379
Paintings by Gerald Murphy
Gerald only painted from 1921 until 1929; he is known for his hard-edged still life paintings in a Precisionist, Cubist
style. During the 1920s Gerald Murphy, along with other American modernist painters in Europe, notably Charles
Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings prefiguring the pop art movement that contained pop culture imagery,
such as mundane objects culled from American commercial products and advertising design.
[7][8][9]
ƒ Wasp and Pear, 1929
[10]
ƒ Cocktail, 1927
[11]
ƒ Watch, 1925
[12]
ƒ Razor, 1924
[13]
Gerald Murphy„s jazz-rhythmed painting entitled Razor (1924) and the 6-by-6-foot Watch (1925) are part of the
Dallas Museum„s permanent collection and are two of eight remaining paintings in Murphy„s 14-work oeuvre. [14]
Paintings of Sara Murphy by Picasso
Pablo Picasso, a friend of Sara's, painted her in several of his 1923 works:
ƒƒ Femme assise les bras crois•s.
ƒƒ Portrait de Sarah Murphy
ƒƒ Buste de Femme (Sara Murphy)
ƒƒ Femme assise en bleu et rose
ƒƒ Woman Seated in an Armchair
Archives
The Sara and Gerald Murphy Papers
[15]
are held at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
[16]
at Yale
University. Some Mark Cross Company objects are also located at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
References
[1] http:/ / www. 27east.com/ news/ article.cfm/ General-Interest-EH/ 441893/
LVIS-To-Unveil-Treasures-From-The-Dunes-At-Annual-Luncheon
[2] Allen, Brooke, "What a Swell Party It Was", New York Times, May 24, 1998 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ books/ 98/ 05/ 24/ reviews/
980524. 24allent. html)
[3] [3] (Believe Murphy returned to the U.S. as Mark Cross was hard-hit by the Depression. Wasn't he instrumental in reversing the company's
slide?)
[4] Taylor, Robert, America's Magic Mountain, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. ISBN 0-395-37905-9
[5] Goodman, Wendy, "A South Fork Story", New York Magazine, July 12, 2006 (http:/ / nymag. com/ arts/ all/ features/ 17561/ )
[6] Villa America Webpage (http:/ / www. wtfestival. org/ performances/ detail. php?PerformanceID=524)
[7] New Yorker article, accessed online August 28, 2007 (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ arts/ critics/ artworld/ 2007/ 08/ 06/
070806craw_artworld_schjeldahl)
[8] Wayne Craven, American Art: History and Culture, p.464.
[9] accessed online August 28, 2007 (http:/ / www.jasonkaufman. com/ articles/ stuart_davis_american_modernist. htm)
[10] http:/ / www.moma.org/ collection/ browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A4181& page_number=1& template_id=6&
sort_order=1
[11] http:/ / www.whitney.org/ Collection/ GeraldMurphy
[12] http:/ / commons.wikimedia. org/ wiki/ File:Watch,_by_Gerald_Murphy,_1925. jpg#. 7B. 7Bint:filedesc. 7D. 7D
[13] http:/ / tmagazine. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 11/ 09/ samurai-shopper-the-razors-edgy/
[14] http:/ / dma. org/ PressRoom/ Archives/ dma_205691
[15] http:/ / hdl. handle. net/ 10079/ fa/ beinecke.murphys
[16] http:/ / www.library. yale. edu/ beinecke
Gerald and Sara Murphy
380
External links
ƒ Sara and Gerald Murphy Papers (http:/ / hdl. handle. net/ 10079/ fa/ beinecke. murphys) at the Beinecke Rare
Book and Manuscript Library (http:/ / www. library. yale. edu/ beinecke), Yale University.
ƒ Artcyclopedia link (http:/ / www. artcyclopedia. com/ artists/ murphy_gerald. html)
ƒ Book review of Everybody Was So Young (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ books/ 98/ 05/ 24/ reviews/ 980524.
24allent. html)
ƒ Britannica excerpt (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9054359/ Gerald-Murphy-and-Sara-Murphy)
ƒ AskArt link (http:/ / www. askart. com/ AskART/ M/ gerald_murphy/ gerald_murphy. aspx)
ƒ New Yorker article (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ arts/ critics/ artworld/ 2007/ 08/ 06/
070806craw_artworld_schjeldahl)
ƒ New Yorker slide show of paintings and photographs (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ online/ 2007/ 08/ 06/
slideshow_070806_schjeldahl)
ƒ (http:/ / beineckepoetry. wordpress. com/ 2008/ 04/ 15/ archibald-macleish-collection/ )
ƒ Sara Murphy and writers of the Lost Generation discussed in Conversations from Penn State interview (http:/ /
conversations. psu. edu/ episodes/ linda_miller)
Further reading
ƒ Calvin Tomkins, Living Well Is the Best Revenge: The Life of Gerald and Sara Murphy (New York: Viking Press,
1971; Modern Library edition published in 1998). An enlarged version of a 1962 New Yorker profile of the
couple.
ƒ Lisa Cohen, All We Know: Three Lives (Farrar, Straus and Giroux; First Edition edition (July 17, 2012)) Esther
Murphy biography, details early Murphy life and the Mark Cross family business.
Alfred Cowles
Alfred Cowles III (15 September 1891 € 28 December 1984) was an American economist, businessman and
founder of the Cowles Commission. He graduated from Yale in 1913, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
He was the grandson of Alfred Cowles, Sr., who was a founder of the Chicago Tribune. His father, Alfred Cowles,
Jr. (1865€1939) managed and directed the Chicago Tribune from 1898 to 1901 and the American Radiator
Company. His mother was Elizabeth Cheney (1865€1898). His parents lived at 1130 N. Lake Shore Drive in
Chicago, Illinois. Alfred Cowles III had three siblings: Knight Cheney Cowles (born 1892); John Cheney Cowles
(born 1894); and Thomas Hooker Cowles (born June 6, 1895) who married Barbara Granger, daughter of architect
Alfred Hoyt Granger.
[1]
Alfred Cowles was Fellow and Treasurer of the Econometric Society.
[2]
Alfred Cowles
381
Papers
ƒ Stock Market Forecasting Econometrica, 12, 1944
ƒ A Revision of Previous Conclusions Regarding Stock Price Behavior Econometrica, 28(4), 1960
References
[1] [1] The Cheney Genealogy by Charles Henry Pope, published by Richardson Reprints, 1897. p. 487
[2] [2] The Book of Chicagoans, published by A.N. Marquis, Chicago, IL, 1911
W. Averell Harriman
382
W. Averell Harriman
W. Averell Harriman
48th Governor of New York
In office
January 1, 1955 € December 31, 1958
Lieutenant George DeLuca
Preceded by Thomas E. Dewey
Succeeded by Nelson A. Rockefeller
11th United States Secretary of Commerce
In office
October 7, 1946 € April 22, 1948
President Harry S. Truman
Preceded by Henry A. Wallace
Succeeded by Charles Sawyer
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office
April 30, 1946 € October 1, 1946
President Harry S. Truman
Preceded by John G. Winant
Succeeded by Lewis W. Douglas
United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
In office
October 23, 1943 € January 24, 1946
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Preceded by William H. Standley
Succeeded by Walter Bedell Smith
W. Averell Harriman
383
Personal details
Born William Averell Harriman
November 15, 1891
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died July 26, 1986 (aged 94)
Yorktown Heights, New York, U.S.
Resting place Arden Farm Graveyard in Arden, New York, U.S.
Political party Republican (until 1928)
Democratic (1928€1986)
Spouse(s) Kitty Lanier Lawrance (m. 1915 - 1929, divorced)
Marie Norton Whitney (m. 1930 - 1970, her death)
Pamela Beryl Digby Churchill Hayward (m. 1971 - 1986, his death)
Children Mary Williamson Harriman
Kathleen Lanier Harriman Mortimer
Alma mater Yale University
Signature
William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891 € July 26, 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician,
businessman, and diplomat. He was the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman. He served as Secretary of Commerce
under President Harry S. Truman and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the
Democratic presidential nomination in 1952, and again in 1956 when he was endorsed by President Truman but lost
to Adlai Stevenson both times. Harriman served President Franklin D. Roosevelt as special envoy to Europe and
served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union and U.S. Ambassador to Britain. He served in numerous U.S.
diplomatic assignments in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. He was a core member of the group of foreign
policy elders known as "The Wise Men".
Early life
William Averell Harriman was born in New York City, the son of railroad baron Edward Henry Harriman and the
former Mary Williamson Averell, and the brother of E. Roland Harriman. Harriman was a close friend of Hall
Roosevelt, the brother of Eleanor Roosevelt.
During the summer of 1899, Harriman's father organized the Harriman Alaska Expedition, a philanthropic-scientific
survey of coastal Alaska and Russia that attracted 25 of the leading scientific, naturalist, and artist luminaries of the
day, including John Muir, John Burroughs, George Bird Grinnell, C. Hart Merriam, Grove Karl Gilbert, and Edward
Curtis, along with 100 family members and staff, aboard the steamship George Elder. Young Harriman would have
his first introduction to Russia, a nation on which he would spend a significant amount of attention in his later life in
public service.
He attended Groton School in Massachusetts before going on to Yale where he joined the Skull and Bones
society.
[1]:127,150€1
He graduated in 1913. After graduating, he inherited the largest fortune in America and became
Yale's youngest Crew coach.
W. Averell Harriman
384
Marriages
His first marriage, some two years out of Yale, was to Kitty Lanier Lawrence, with whom he had two daughters, one
of whom was Kathleen Lanier Harriman (1917€2011).
[2]
He divorced her in 1928, and about a year later he married
Marie Norton Whitney, who had left her husband, Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, to marry him. They remained
married until her death in 1970. Kitty Lawrence Harriman died in 1936.
His third and final marriage was in 1971 to Pamela Beryl Digby Churchill Hayward, the former wife of Winston
Churchill's son Randolph, and widow of Broadway producer Leland Hayward.
Business affairs
Using money from his father he established W.A. Harriman & Co banking business in 1922. In 1927 his brother
Roland joined the business and the name was changed to Harriman Brothers & Company. In 1931, it merged with
Brown Bros. & Co. to create the highly successful Wall Street firm Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Notable
employees included George Herbert Walker and his son-in-law Prescott Bush.
Harriman's main properties included Brown Brothers & Harriman & Co, Union Pacific Railroad, Merchant Shipping
Corporation, and venture capital investments that included the Polaroid Corporation. Harriman's associated
properties included the Southern Pacific Railroad (including the Central Pacific Railroad), Illinois Central Railroad,
Wells Fargo & Co., the Pacific Mail Steamship Co., American Ship & Commerce, Hamburg-Amerikanische
Packetfahrt-Aktiengesellschaft (HAPAG), the American Hawaiian Steamship Co., United American Lines, the
Guaranty Trust Company, and the Union Banking Corporation.
He served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council for the United States
Department of Commerce in 1937 and 1939.
[3]
Thoroughbred racing
Following the death of August Belmont, Jr., in 1924, Harriman, George Walker, and Joseph E. Widener purchased
much of Belmont's thoroughbred breeding stock. Harriman raced under the name of Arden Farms. Among his
horses, Chance Play won the 1927 Jockey Club Gold Cup. He also raced in partnership with Walker under the name
Log Cabin Stable before buying him out. U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Louis Feustel, trainer of Man o' War,
trained the Log Cabin horses until 1926.
[4]
Of the partnership's successful runners purchased from the August
Belmont estate, Ladkin is best remembered for defeating the European star Epinard in the International Special.
War seizures controversy
While Averell Harriman served as Senior Partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., Harriman Bank was the main
Wall Street connection for German companies and the varied U.S. financial interests of Fritz Thyssen, who had been
an early financial backer of the Nazi party until 1938, but who by 1939 had fled Germany and was bitterly
denouncing Adolf Hitler. Under the Trading With the Enemy Act (enacted October 6, 1917), business transactions
for profit with Nazi Germany were illegal when Hitler declared war on the United States. On October 20, 1942, the
U.S. government ordered the seizure of Nazi German banking operations in New York City.
[5]
The Harriman business interests seized under the act in October and November 1942 included:Wikipedia:Citation
needed
ƒ Union Banking Corporation (UBC) (from Thyssen and Brown Brothers Harriman)
ƒƒ Holland-American Trading Corporation (from Harriman)
ƒƒ Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation (from Harriman)
ƒ Silesian-American Corporation (this company was partially owned by a German entity; during the war the
Germans tried to take the full control of Silesian-American. In response to that, American government seized
W. Averell Harriman
385
German owned minority shares in the company, leaving the U.S. partners to carry on the portion of the business
in the United States.)
The assets were held by the government for the duration of the war, then returned afterward; UBC was dissolved in
1951.
World War II diplomacy
Averell Harriman (center) with Winston Churchill (right) and
Vyacheslav Molotov (left)
Beginning in the spring of 1941, he served President
Franklin D. Roosevelt as a special envoy to Europe
and helped coordinate the Lend-Lease program. He
was present at the meeting between FDR and
Winston Churchill at Placentia Bay, in August 1941,
which yielded the Atlantic Charter, a common
declaration of principles of the United States and the
UK. He was subsequently dispatched to Moscow to
negotiate the terms of the Lend-Lease agreement
with the Soviet Union. His promise of $1 billion in
aid technically exceeded his brief. Determined to win
over the doubtful American public, he used his own
funds to purchase time on CBS radio to explain the
program in terms of enlightened self-interest. This skepticism lifted with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
[6]
On November 25, 1941 (twelve days before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor), he noted that "The United States
Navy is shooting the Germans•German submarines and aircraft at sea".
[7]
In the summer of 1942, Harriman accompanied Churchill to Moscow for a second meeting with Stalin. His able
assistance in explaining why the western allies were opening a second front in North Africa instead of France earned
him the post of U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1943.
At the Tehran Conference in late 1943 Harriman was tasked with placating a suspicious Churchill while Roosevelt
attempted to gain the confidence of Stalin. This conference made the divisions between the United States and Britain
about the postwar world clearer. Churchill was intent on carving the postwar world into spheres of influence while
the United States upheld the principles of self-determination laid out in the Atlantic Charter. Harriman delivered the
news that the spheres approach was unsatisfactory to the United States for this reason. Furthermore, if this was the
driving concept behind the peace, it would give Stalin a free hand in eastern Europe.
Harriman also attended the Yalta Conference where he encouraged taking a stronger line with the Soviet
Union•especially on questions of Poland. After Roosevelt's death, he attended the final "Big Three" conference at
Potsdam. Although the new president, Harry Truman, was receptive to his increasingly hard stance against the
Soviets, the new secretary of state, James Byrnes, sidelined him. While in Berlin, he noted the tight security imposed
by Soviet military authorities and the quick beginnings of a program of reparations by which the Soviets were
stripping out German industry.
In 1945, while Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Harriman was presented with a Trojan Horse gift. In 1952, the gift,
a carved wood Great Seal of the United States, which had adorned "the ambassador's Moscow residential office" in
Spaso House, was found to be bugged.
[8][9]
W. Averell Harriman
386
Statesman of foreign and domestic affairs
See also: 1963 South Vietnamese coup, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, Reaction to the 1963 South
Vietnamese coup, Cable 243, Buddhist crisis, Krulak Mendenhall mission and McNamara Taylor mission
Harriman served as ambassador to the Soviet Union until January 1946. When he returned to the United States, he
worked hard to get George Kennan's Long Telegram into wide distribution. Kennan's analysis, which generally lined
up with Harriman's, became the cornerstone of Truman's Cold War strategy of containment.
W. Averell Harriman, American
businessman
Later in 1946, he became ambassador to Britain, but he was soon appointed to
become United States Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman
to replace Henry A. Wallace, a critic of Truman's foreign policies. Harriman
served between 1946 and 1948. He was then in Paris, where he was put in
charge of the Marshall Plan, and had friendly relations with Irving Brown, a
CIA agent charged of the international relations of the AFL-CIO.
[10][11]
Harriman was then sent to Tehran in July 1951 to mediate between Iran and
Britain in the wake of the Iranian nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil
Company.
[12]
In the 1954 race to succeed Republican Thomas E. Dewey as Governor of New
York, Harriman defeated Dewey's protege, U.S. Senator Irving M. Ives, by a
tiny margin. He served as governor for one term until Republican Nelson
Rockefeller unseated him in 1958. As governor, he increased personal taxes by
11% but his tenure was dominated by his presidential ambitions. Harriman was
a candidate for the Democratic Presidential Nomination in 1952, and again in
1956 when he was endorsed by Truman but lost (both times) to Illinois
governor Adlai Stevenson. Harriman was generally considered to be on the left
or liberal wing of the Democratic party, hence his losing out to the more moderate Stevenson.
His presidential ambitions defeated, Harriman became a widely respected elder statesman of the party. In January
1961, he was appointed Ambassador at Large in the Kennedy administration, a position he held until November,
when he became Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs. In December 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn defected
from the Soviet Union and accused Harriman of being a Soviet spy, but his claims were dismissed by the CIA and
Harriman remained in his position until April 1963, when he became Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
He retained that position through the transition to the Lyndon Johnson administration until March 1965 when he
again became Ambassador at Large. He held that position for the remainder of Johnson's presidency. Harriman was
the chief U.S. negotiator at the Paris peace talks on Vietnam.
Vietnamese coup d'‚tat
Harriman is notedWikipedia:Avoid weasel words for supporting, on behalf of the State Department, the coup against
Vietnam president Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963. Johnson's confession in the assassination of Diem indicated complicity
on Harriman's part. The orders that ended in the deaths of Diem and his brother originated with him and were carried
out by Henry Cabot Lodge's own military assistant.
[13][14]
Harriman, having served as ambassador to Moscow and governor of New York, was in the middle of a long public
career. In 1960, President-elect Kennedy appointed him ambassador-at-large, to operate "with the full confidence of
the president and an intimate knowledge of all aspects of United States policy." By 1963, according to Corson,
Harriman was running "Vietnam without consulting the president or the attorney general.".
[15]
The president had begun to suspect that not everyone on his national security team was loyal. As Corson put it,
"Kenny O'Donnell (JFK's appointments secretary) was convinced that McGeorge Bundy, the national security
advisor, was taking orders from Ambassador Averell Harriman and not the president. He was especially worried
W. Averell Harriman
387
about Michael Forrestal, a young man on the White House staff who handled liaison on Vietnam with Harriman.".
At the heart of the murders was the sudden and strange recall of Saigon Station Chief Jocko Richardson and his
replacement by a team of unknowns.Wikipedia:Citation needed The key member was a Special Operations Army
officer, John Michael Dunn, who took his orders, not from the normal CIA hierarchy but from Harriman and
Forrestal.
According to Corson, "John Michael Dunn was known to be in touch with the coup plotters," although Dunn's role
has never been made public. Corson believes that Richardson was removed so that Dunn, assigned to Ambassador
Lodge for "special operations", could act without hindrance.
Harriman died on July 26, 1986 in Yorktown Heights, New York, at the age of 94. Averell and Pamela Harriman are
buried at the Arden Farm Graveyard in Arden, New York.
Awards
Harriman received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 and West Point's Sylvanus Thayer Award in 1975.
In 1973 he was interviewed in the now famous TV documentary series, The World at War, where he gives a
recollection of his experiences as Roosevelt's Personal Representative in Britain along with his views on Cold War
politics; in particular Poland and the Warsaw Pact; along with the exchanges he witnessed between Winston
Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin.
Summary of career
ƒ Vice President, Union Pacific Railroad Co., 1915€17
ƒ Director, Illinois Central Railroad Co., 1915€46
ƒ Member, Palisades Interstate Park Commission, 1915€54
ƒ Chairman, Merchant Shipbuilding Corp.,1917€25
ƒ Chairman, W. A. Harriman & Company, 1920€31
ƒ Partner, Soviet Georgian Manganese Concessions, 1925€28
ƒ Chairman, executive committee, Illinois Central Railroad, 1931€42
ƒ Senior partner, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1931€46
ƒ Chairman, Union Pacific Railroad, 1932€46
ƒ Co-founder, Today magazine with Vincent Astor, 1935€37 (merged with Newsweek in 1937)
ƒ Administrator and Special Assistant, National Recovery Administration, 1934€35
ƒ Founder, Sun Valley Ski Resort, Idaho, 1936
ƒ Chairman, Business Advisory Council, 1937€39
ƒ Chief, Materials Branch & Production Division, Office of Production Management, 1941
ƒ U.S. Ambassador & Special Representative to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1941€43
ƒ Chairman, Ambassador & Special Representative of the U.S. President's Special Mission to the USSR, 1941€43
ƒ U.S. Ambassador to the USSR, 1943€46
ƒƒ U.S. Ambassador, Britain, 1946
ƒ U.S. Secretary of Commerce, 1946€48
ƒ United States Coordinator, European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), 1948€50
ƒ Special Assistant to the U.S. President, 1950€52
ƒ U.S. Representative and Chairman, North Atlantic Commission on Defense Plans, 1951€52
ƒ Director, Mutual Security Agency, 1951€53
ƒƒ Candidate, Democratic nomination for U.S. President, 1952
ƒ Governor, State of New York, 1955€58
ƒƒ Candidate, Democratic nomination for U.S. President, 1956
W. Averell Harriman
388
ƒƒ U.S. Ambassador-at-large, 1961
ƒ United States Deputy Representative, International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian, 1961€62
ƒ Assistant US Secretary of State, Far Eastern Affairs, 1961€63
ƒ Special Representative to the U.S. President, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963
ƒ Under Secretary of State, Political Affairs, 1963€65
ƒ U.S. Ambassador-at-large, 1965€69
ƒƒ Chairman, President's Commission of the Observance of Human Rights Year, 1968
ƒ Personal Representative of the U.S. President, Peace Talks with North Vietnam, 1968€69
ƒƒ Chairman, Foreign Policy Task Force, Democratic National Committee, 1976
ƒ Member, American Academy of Diplomacy Charter, Club of Rome, Council on Foreign Relations, Knights of
Pythias, Skull and Bones Society, Psi Upsilon Fraternity, and the Jupiter Island Club
References
[1] Robbins, Alexandra (2002). Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Boston: Little, Brown.
ISBN 0-316-72091-7.
[2] Kathleen Mortimer, Rich and Adventurous, Dies at 93 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 02/ 20/ us/ 20mortimer. html?_r=1&
ref=obituaries)
[3] The Business Council, Official website, Background (http:/ / www. thebusinesscouncil. org/ about/ background. aspx)
[4] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F70F11FF34591B7A93C7A8178CD85F428285F9
[5] [5] Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
[6] Cathal J. Nolan, Notable U.S. ambassadors since 1775: a biographical dictionary, 137-143.
[7] Flynn, John. The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor (http:/ / www. antiwar. com/ rep/ flynn1. html) (October 1945)
[8] The Great Seal (http:/ / www.nsa. gov/ about/ cryptologic_heritage/ museum/ virtual_tour/ museum_tour_text. shtml#great_seal)
[9] http:/ / thomas.loc.gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ R?r101:FLD001:E53490,E53490 INTRODUCTION TO 'EMBASSY MOSCOW: ATTITUDES
AND ERRORS'(BY HENRY J. HYDE, REPUBLICAN OF ILLINOIS) (Extension of Remarks - October 26, 1988) page [E3490]
[10] Harry Kelber, "AFL-CIO's Dark Past" (http:/ / www.laboreducator. org/ darkpast3. htm), 22 November 2004, on laboreducator.org
[11] Fr„d„ric Charpier, La CIA en France. 60 ans d'ing•rence dans les affaires fran‰aises, Seuil, 2008, p. 40€43. See also Les belles aventures
de la CIA en France (http:/ / www. bakchich. info/ article2289. html), 8 January 2008, Bakchich.
[12] http:/ / www.bibliothecapersica.com/ articles/ v12f1/ v12f1011. html
[13] http:/ / www.whitehousetapes. org/ clips/ 1963_1104_jfk_vietnam_memoir. html
[14] http:/ / www.whitehousetapes. org/ clips/ 1966_0201_lbj_mccarthy_vietnam. html
[15] "The Secret History of the CIA." Joseph Trento. 2001, Prima Publishing. pp. 334€335.
Primary sources
ƒ W. Averell Harriman. America and Russia in a changing world: A half century of personal observation (1971)
ƒ W. Averell Harriman. Public papers of Averell Harriman, fifty-second governor of the state of New York,
1955€1959 (1960)
ƒ Harriman, W. Averell and Abel, Elie. Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941€1946. (1975). 595 pp.
External links
ƒ Papers of W. Averell Harriman at the Library of Congress (http:/ / hdl. loc. gov/ loc. mss/ eadmss. ms003012. 3)
ƒ W. Averell Harriman has been interviewed (http:/ / hdl. loc. gov/ loc. mss/ mfdip. 2004har08) as part of Frontline
Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
(http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ ammem/ collections/ diplomacy/ index. html), a site at the Library of Congress (http:/ /
www. loc. gov/ ).
ƒ A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Averell W. Harriman" (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ gov. archives. arc.
96005) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
ƒ A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Averell Harriman (May 30, 1952)" (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ gov.
archives. arc. 95972) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
W. Averell Harriman
389
ƒ A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Averell Harriman (October 29, 1952)" (https:/ / archive. org/ details/
gov. archives. arc. 95793) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Political offices
Preceded by
Thomas E. Dewey
Governor of New York
1955 € 1958
Succeeded by
Nelson Rockefeller
Government offices
Preceded by
Walter P. McConaughy
Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern
Affairs
December 4, 1961 € April 3, 1963
Succeeded by
Roger Hilsman
Awards
Preceded by
Robert Daniel Murphy
Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient
1975
Succeeded by
Gordon Gray
Hank Ketcham (American football)
390
Hank Ketcham (American football)
Henry "Hank" Ketcham
Ketcham at Yale in 1913
Date of birth: June 17, 1891
Place of birth: Englewood, New Jersey
Date of death: November 1986 (aged 95)
Place of death: Seattle, Washington
Career information
Position(s): Center, Guard
College: Yale University
Organizations
Career highlights and awards
Honors: First-team All-American, 1911, 1912, 1913
College Football Hall of Fame
[1]
Henry Holman "Hank" Ketcham (June 17, 1891 € November 1986) was an American football player. He played
the center and guard positions for Yale University. He was selected as a first-team All-American three consecutive
years in 1911, 1912 and 1913. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968.
Biography
Ketcham was born in Englewood, New Jersey. After attending the Hotchkiss School, he enrolled at Yale University,
where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He played every game for Yale's varsity football team in 1911, 1912,
and 1913. He helped lead Yale to a 7-2-1 record in 1911 and a 7-1-1 record in 1912 and was a consensus
All-American in both of those years. In 1913, Ketcham was selected as the captain of Yale's football team. In a
departure from past tradition at Yale, Ketcham appointed Howard Jones as the school's first salaried football coach.
Ketcham later recalled: "I played every varsity game for three years and was taken out only once for a slight injury ...
I am generally credited with having developed the term 'roving center'. Except for today's platoon systems, football
hasn't changed materially. We had the on-side kick, the ball was a bit larger in circumference and the drop kick was
more popular than the place kick."
Hank Ketcham (American football)
391
References
[1] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=10079
Edwin Arthur Burtt
E.A. Burtt
Born 1892
Groton, Massachusetts
Died September 6, 1989
Era 20th-century philosophy
Region Western Philosophy
School Pragmatic naturalism (–oung Radicals)
Main interests Philosophy of science History of science Philosophy of religion
Notable ideas Metaphysical Foundations of Physical Science
Edwin Arthur Burtt (1892 € September 6, 1989) was an American philosopher who wrote extensively on the
philosophy of religion. His doctoral thesis published as a book under the title The Metaphysical Foundations of
Modern Physical Science has had a significant influence upon the history of science that is not generally recognized,
according to H. Floris Cohen. He was educated at Yale University, Union Theological Seminary and Columbia
University. He became the prestigious Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University in 1941.
Biography
He was born to missionary parents, who took Burtt (Ned) to China for several of his teenage years. Although he
maintained throughout his life a sympathy towards religious values and beliefs, he acknowledged that his philosophy
had been marked by a reaction towards what he saw as his own father's too narrow an outlook.
[1]
He graduated from
Yale in 1915, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:983
Work
Although Burtt participated in drafting the Humanist Manifesto I, he did not work on the project further, because he
lost interest after his ideas that spiritual experience is the identification with categories of space, time, causality, and
other fundamental physical principles were never included in the final publications.
[]
However in 1973 he was one of
the signers of the Humanist Manifesto II.
Edwin Arthur Burtt
392
Influence upon Thomas Kuhn
Based on his own statements, Thomas Kuhn may very well have been unaware that in building on the philosophy of
Alexandre Koyre, he was in turn building on the philosophy of Burtt whose influence upon Koyre has been
demonstrated as substantial.
Publications
ƒ The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science. A Historical and Critical Essay (1924) London:
Kegan Paul, Trench, Tr—bner.
ƒ The Metaphysics of Sir Isaac Newton (1925)
ƒ Religion In An Age Of Science (1930)
ƒ Principles and Problems of Right Thinking (1931)
ƒ The English Philosophers, from Bacon to Mill (1939)
ƒ Types Of Religious Philosophy (1939)
ƒ The Teachings of the Compassionate Buddha (1955)
ƒ Man Seeks the Divine: A Study in the History and Comparison of Religions (1957)
ƒ In Search Of Philosophic Understanding (1965)
ƒ Light Love and Life (1986)
Notes
[1] A Eulogy with young life details (http:/ / links. jstor.org/ sici?sici=0065-972X(199101)64:5<62:EAB1>2. 0. CO;2-H) accessdate 3-29-08
External links
ƒ Works by Edwin Arthur Burtt (https:/ / archive. org/ search. php?query=creator:"Burtt,+ Edwin+ A. + (Edwin+
Arthur),+ 1892-"), at Internet Archive
ƒ E.A. Burtt Document Collection at Cornell (http:/ / rmc. library. cornell. edu/ EAD/ htmldocs/ RMA02593. html)
Archibald MacLeish
393
Archibald MacLeish
Archibald MacLeish
Born May 7, 1892
Glencoe, Illinois
Died
April 20, 1982 (aged 89)
[1]
Boston, Massachusetts
Nationality American
Other names Archie, Archie MacLeish
Occupation Poet, playwright, essayist, Librarian of Congress, lawyer
Known for Poetry, drama, essays, librarianship
Archibald MacLeish (May 7, 1892 € April 20, 1982) was an American poet, writer, and the Librarian of Congress.
He is associated with the Modernist school of poetry. He received three Pulitzer Prizes for his work.
Life and work
Early years
MacLeish was born in Glencoe, Illinois. His father, Scottish-born Andrew MacLeish, worked as a dry goods
merchant. His mother, Martha (n„e Hillard), was a college professor and had served as president of Rockford
College. He grew up on an estate bordering Lake Michigan. He attended the Hotchkiss School from 1907 to 1911
before entering Yale University, where he majored in English, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and was selected for
the Skull and Bones society. He then enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he served as an editor of the Harvard
Law Review. In 1916, he married Ada Hitchcock. His studies were interrupted by World War I, in which he served
first as an ambulance driver and later as a captain of artillery. He graduated from law school in 1919, taught law for a
semester for the government department at Harvard, then worked briefly as an editor for The New Republic. He next
spent three years practicing law.
Archibald MacLeish
394
Expatriatism
In 1923 MacLeish left his law firm and moved with his wife to Paris, France, where they joined the community of
literary expatriates that included such members as Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway. They also became part of
the famed coterie of Riviera hosts Gerald and Sarah Murphy, which included Hemingway, Zelda and F. Scott
Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Fernand L„ger, Jean Cocteau, Pablo Picasso, John O'Hara, Cole Porter, Dorothy Parker
and Robert Benchley. He returned to America in 1928. From 1930 to 1938 he worked as a writer and editor for
Fortune Magazine, during which he also became increasingly politically active, especially with anti-fascist causes.
By the 1930s, he considered Capitalism to be "symbolically dead" and wrote the verse play Panic (1935) in
response.
While in Paris, Harry Crosby, publisher of the Black Sun Press, offered to publish MacLeish's poetry. Both
MacLeish and Crosby had overturned the normal expectations of society, rejecting conventional careers in the legal
and banking fields. Crosby published MacLeish's long poem Einstein in a deluxe edition of 150 copies that sold
quickly. MacLeish was paid US$200 for his work.
:183
Librarian of Congress
American Libraries has called MacLeish "one of the hundred most influential figures in librarianship during the 20th
century" in the United States.
[2]
MacLeish„s career in libraries and public service began, not with a burning desire
from within, but from a combination of the urging of a close friend Felix Frankfurter, and as MacLeish put it, …The
President decided I wanted to be Librarian of Congress.† Franklin D. Roosevelt„s nomination of MacLeish was a
controversial and highly political maneuver fraught with several challenges. First, the current Librarian of Congress,
Herbert Putnam, who had served at the post for 40 years, needed to be persuaded to retire from the position. In order
to be persuaded, Putnam was made Librarian Emeritus. Secondly, Roosevelt desired someone with similar political
sensibilities to fill the post and to help convince the American public that the New Deal was working and that he had
the right to run for an unprecedented third term in office. MacLeish„s occupation as a poet and his history as an
expatriate in Paris rankled many Republicans. Lastly, MacLeish„s lack of a degree in library sciences or any training
whatsoever aggravated the librarian community, especially the American Library Association which was
campaigning for one of its members to be nominated. Despite these challenges, President Roosevelt and Justice
Frankfurter felt that the mixture of MacLeish„s love for literature and his abilities to organize and motivate people,
exemplified by his days in law school, would be just what the Library of Congress needed.
MacLeish sought support from expected places such as the president of Harvard, MacLeish„s current place of work,
but found none. It was support from unexpected places, such as M. Llewellyn Raney of the University of Chicago
libraries, which alleviated the ALA letter writing campaign against MacLeish„s nomination. Raney pointed out to the
detractors that, …MacLeish was a lawyer like Putnam...he was equally at home in the arts as one of the four leading
American poets now alive... and while it was true that he had not attended a professional school of library science,
neither had thirty-four of thirty-seven persons presently occupying executive positions at the Library of
Congress.†
:297
The main Republican arguments against MacLeish„s nomination from within Congress was: that he
was a poet and was a …fellow traveler† or sympathetic to communist causes. Calling to mind differences with the
party he had over the years, MacLeish avowed that, …no one would be more shocked to learn I am a Communist than
the Communists themselves.†
:296
In Congress MacLeish„s main advocate was Senate Majority Leader Alben
Barkley, Democrat from Kentucky. With President Roosevelt„s support and Senator Barkley„s skillful defense in the
United States Senate, victory in a roll call vote with sixty-three Senators voting in favor of MacLeish„s appointment
was achieved.
:298
MacLeish became privy to Roosevelt„s views on the library during a private meeting with the president. According
to Roosevelt, the pay levels were too low and many people would need to be removed. Soon afterward, MacLeish
joined Putnam for a luncheon in New York. At the meeting, Putnam relayed his desire to come to the Library for
work and that his office would be down the hall from MacLeish„s. This meeting further crystallized for MacLeish
Archibald MacLeish
395
that as Librarian of Congress, he would be …an unpopular newcomer, disturbing the status quo.†
:302
Library of Congress reading room
It was a question from MacLeish„s daughter, Mimi, which led him to
realize that, …Nothing is more difficult for the beginning librarian than
to discover what profession he was engaged.†
:309
Mimi, his daughter,
had inquired about what her daddy was to do all day, …‹hand out
books?†
:309
MacLeish created his own job description and set out to
learn about how the library was currently organized. In October 1944,
MacLeish described that he did not set out to reorganize the library,
rather …‹one problem or another demanded action, and each problem
solved led on to another that needed attention.†
:318
MacLeish„s chief accomplishments had their start in instituting daily staff meetings with division chiefs, the chief
assistant librarian, and other administrators. He then set about setting up various committees on various projects
including: acquisitions policy, fiscal operations, cataloging, and outreach. The committees alerted MacLeish to
various problems throughout the library.
:319
First and foremost, under Putnam, the library was acquiring more books than it could catalog. A report in December
1939, found that over one-quarter of the library„s collection had not yet been cataloged. MacLeish solved the
problem of acquisitions and cataloging through establishing another committee instructed to seek advice from
specialists outside of the Library of Congress. The committee found many subject areas of the library to be adequate
and many other areas to be, surprisingly, inadequately provided for. A set of general principles on acquisitions was
then developed to ensure that, though it was impossible to collect everything, the Library of Congress would acquire
the bare minimum of canons to meet its mission. These principles included acquiring all materials necessary to
members of Congress and government officers, all materials expressing and recording the life and achievements of
the people of the United States, and materials of other societies past and present which are of the most immediate
concern to the peoples of the United States.
:320
Secondly, MacLeish set about reorganizing the operational structure. Leading scholars in library science were
assigned a committee to analyze the library„s managerial structure. The committee issued a report a mere two months
after it was formed, in April 1940, stating that a major restructuring was necessary. This was no surprise to
MacLeish, who had thirty-five divisions under him. He divided the library„s functions into three departments:
administration, processing, and reference. All existing divisions were then assigned as appropriate.
:321
By including
library scientists from inside and outside the Library of Congress, MacLeish was able to gain faith from the library
community that he was on the right track. Within a year, MacLeish had completely restructured the Library of
Congress, making it work more efficiently and aligning the library to …report on the mystery of things.†
Last, but not least, MacLeish promoted the Library of Congress through various forms of public advocacy. Perhaps
his greatest display of public advocacy was requesting a budget increase of over a million dollars in his March 1940
budget proposal to the United States Congress. While the library did not receive the full increase, it did receive an
increase of $367,591, the largest one-year increase to date.
:322
Much of the increase went toward improved pay
levels, increased acquisitions in underserved subject areas, and new positions.
Archibald MacLeish
396
World War II
MacLeish in 1944
Archibald MacLeish also assisted with the development of the new
"Research and Analysis Branch" of the Office of Strategic Services,
the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency. "These operations
were overseen by the distinguished Harvard University historian
William L. Langer, who, with the assistance of the American Council
of Learned Societies and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish,
set out immediately to recruit a professional staff drawn from across
the social sciences. Over the next twelve months academic specialists
from fields ranging from geography to classical philology descended
upon Washington, bringing with them their most promising graduate
students, and set up shop in the headquarters of the Research and
Analysis (R&A) Branch at Twenty-third and E Streets, and in the new
annex to the Library of Congress."
[3]
During World War II MacLeish also served as director of the War
Department's Office of Facts and Figures and as the assistant director
of the Office of War Information. These jobs were heavily involved
with propaganda, which was well-suited to MacLeish's talents; he had written quite a bit of politically motivated
work in the previous decade. He spent a year as the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and a further year
representing the U.S. at the creation of UNESCO. After this, he retired from public service and returned to academia.
Return to writing
Despite a long history of debate over the merits of Marxism, MacLeish came under fire from anti-communists in the
1940s and 1950s, including J. Edgar Hoover and Joseph McCarthy. Much of this was due to his involvement with
left-wing organizations like the League of American Writers, and to his friendships with prominent left-wing writers.
Time magazine's Whittaker Chambers cited him as a fellow traveler in a 1941 article: "By 1938, U. S. Communists
could count among their allies such names as Granville Hicks, Newton Arvin, Waldo Frank, Lewis Mumford,
Matthew Josephson, Kyle Crichton (Robert Forsythe), Malcolm Cowley, Donald Ogden Stewart, Erskine Caldwell,
Dorothy Parker, Archibald MacLeish, Lillian Hellman, Dashiell Hammett, John Steinbeck, George Soule, many
another."
In 1949 MacLeish became the Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard. He held this position until his
retirement in 1962. In 1959 his play J.B. won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. From 1963 to 1967 he was the John
Woodruff Simpson Lecturer at Amherst College. Around 1969/70 he met Bob Dylan, who describes this encounter
in the third chapter of Chronicles, Vol. 1.
MacLeish greatly admired T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and his work shows quite a bit of their influence. He was the
literary figure that played the most important role in freeing Ezra Pound from St. Elisabeths Hospital in Washington
DC where he was incarcerated for high treason between 1946 and 1958. MacLeish's early work was very
traditionally modernist and accepted the contemporary modernist position holding that a poet was isolated from
society. His most well-known poem, "Ars Poetica," contains a classic statement of the modernist aesthetic: "A poem
should not mean / But be." He later broke with modernism's pure aesthetic. MacLeish himself was greatly involved
in public life and came to believe that this was not only an appropriate but an inevitable role for a poet.
Archibald MacLeish
397
Legacy
MacLeish worked to promote the arts, culture, and libraries. Among other impacts, MacLeish was the first Librarian
of Congress to begin the process of naming what would become the United States Poet Laureate. The Poet Laureate
Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress came from a donation in 1937 from Archer M. Huntington, a
wealthy ship builder. Like many donations it came with strings attached. In this case Huntington wanted the poet
Joseph Auslander to be named to the position. MacLeish found little value in Auslander„s writing. However,
MacLeish was happy that having Auslander in the post attracted many other poets, such as Robinson Jeffers and
Robert Frost, to hold readings at the library. He set about establishing the consultantship as a revolving post rather
than a lifetime position.
:327
In 1943, MacLeish displayed his love of poetry and the Library of Congress by naming
Louise Bogan to the position. Bogan, who had long been a hostile critic of MacLeish„s own writing, asked MacLeish
why he appointed her to the position; MacLeish replied that she was the best person for the job. For MacLeish,
promoting the Library of Congress and the arts was vitally more important than petty personal conflicts.
In the June 5, 1972 issue of The American Scholar, MacLeish laid out in an essay his philosophy on libraries and
librarianship, further shaping modern thought on the subject:
When he was seventy-four years old the Cretan novelist Nikos Kazantzakis began a book. He called it Report
to Greco... Kazantzakis thought of himself as a soldier reporting to his commanding officer on a mortal
mission•his life. ...
Well, there is only one Report to Greco, but no true book... was ever anything else than a report. ... A true
book is a report upon the mystery of existence... it speaks of the world, of our life in the world. Everything we
have in the books on which our libraries are founded•Euclid's figures, Leonardo's notes, Newton's
explanations, Cervantes' myth, Sappho's broken songs, the vast surge of Homer•everything is a report of one
kind or another and the sum of all of them together is our little knowledge of our world and of ourselves. Call
a book Das Kapital or The Voyage of the Beagle or Theory of Relativity or Alice in Wonderland or Moby-Dick,
it is still what Kazantzakis called his book•it is still a "report" upon the "mystery of things."
But if this is what a book is... then a library is an extraordinary thing. ...
The existence of a library is, in itself, an assertion. ... It asserts that... all these different and dissimilar reports,
these bits and pieces of experience, manuscripts in bottles, messages from long before, from deep within, from
miles beyond, belonged together and might, if understood together, spell out the meaning which the mystery
implies. ...
The library, almost alone of the great monuments of civilization, stands taller now than it ever did before. The
city... decays. The nation loses its grandeur... The university is not always certain what it is. But the library
remains: a silent and enduring affirmation that the great Reports still speak, and not alone but somehow all
together...
Two collections of MacLeish's papers are held at the Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
These are the Archibald MacLeish Collection and the Archibald MacLeish Collection Addition.
MacLeish had three children: Kenneth, Mary Hillard, and William. He is also a great-uncle of film actress Laura
Dern.
Archibald MacLeish
398
Awards
ƒ 1933: Pulitzer Prize for poetry (Conquistador )
ƒ 1946: Commandeur de la Legion d'honneur
ƒ 1953: Pulitzer Prize for poetry (Collected Poems 1917€1952)
ƒ 1953: National Book Award for Poetry (Collected Poems, 1917€1952)
[4]
ƒ 1953: Bollingen Prize in Poetry
ƒ 1959: Pulitzer Prize for Drama (J.B.)
ƒ 1959: Tony Award for Best Play (J.B.)
ƒ 1965: Academy Award for Documentary Feature (The Eleanor Roosevelt Story)
ƒ 1977: Presidential Medal of Freedom
Works
Poetry collections
ƒ Class Poem (1915)
ƒ Songs for a Summer's Day (1915)
ƒ Tower of Ivory (1917)
ƒ The Happy Marriage (1924)
ƒ The Pot of Earth (1925)
ƒ Nobodaddy (1926)
ƒ The Hamlet of A. Macleish (1928)
ƒ Streets in the Moon (1928)
ƒ Einstein (1929)
ƒ New Found Land (1930)
ƒ Conquistador (1932)
ƒ Elpenor (1933)
ƒ Frescoes for Mr. Rockefeller's City (1933)
ƒ Poems, 1924€1933 (1935)
ƒ Public Speech (1936)
ƒ Actfive and Other Poems (1948)
ƒ Collected Poems (1952)
ƒ Songs for Eve (1954)
ƒ The Collected Poems of Archibald MacLeish (1962)
ƒ The Wild Old Wicked Man and Other Poems (1968)
ƒ The Human Season, Selected Poems 1926€1972 (1972)
ƒ New and Collected Poems, 1917€1976 (1976)
Archibald MacLeish
399
Prose
ƒ Jews in America (1936)
ƒ America Was Promises (1939)
ƒ The Irresponsibles: A Declaration (1940)
ƒ The American Cause (1941)
ƒ A Time to Speak (1941)
ƒ American Opinion and the War: the Rede Lecture (1942)
ƒ A Time to Act: Selected Addresses (1943)
ƒ Freedom Is the Right to Choose (1951)
ƒ Art Education and the Creative Process (1954)
ƒ Poetry and Experience (1961)
ƒ The Dialogues of Archibald MacLeish and Mark Van Doren (1964)
ƒ The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965)
ƒ A Continuing Journey (1968)
ƒ Champion of a Cause: Essays and Addresses on Librarianship (1971)
ƒ Poetry and Opinion: the Pisan Cantos of Ezra Pound (1974)
ƒ Riders on the Earth: Essays & Recollections (1978)
ƒ Letters of Archibald MacLeish, 1907€1982 (1983)
Drama
ƒ Union Pacific (ballet) (1934)
ƒ Panic (1935)
ƒ The Fall of the City (1937)
ƒ Air Raid (1938)
ƒ The Land of the Free (1938)
ƒ Colloquy for the States (1943)
ƒ The American Story: Ten Broadcasts (1944)
ƒ The Trojan Horse (1952)
ƒ This Music Crept By Me on the Waters (1953)
ƒ J.B. (1958)
ƒ Three Short Plays (1961)
ƒ An Evening's Journey to Conway (1967)
ƒ Herakles (1967)
ƒ Scratch (1971)
ƒ The Great American Fourth of July Parade (1975)
ƒ Six Plays (1980)
Archibald MacLeish
400
Notes
[1] Archibald MacLeish (http:/ / www. findagrave.com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6721357) at Find A Grave
[2] 100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th century (1999). American Libraries, 30(11), 39.
[3] Katz, Barry M. 1991. …German Historians in the Office of Strategic Services.† In: An Interrupted Past: German Speaking Refugee Historians
in the United States After 1933. Pages 136-137.
[4] "National Book Awards € 1953" (http:/ / www. nationalbook. org/ nba1953. html). National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
(With acceptance speech by MacLeish and essay by John Murillo from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
References
ƒ Grover Cleveland Smith (1971). Archibald MacLeish (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=BUeA_vdrF9kC&
printsec=frontcover). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-0618-4.
External links
ƒ Works by or about Archibald MacLeish (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n80-15459) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
ƒ Archibald MacLeish's Grave (http:/ / www. poetsgraves. co. uk/ macleish. htm)
ƒ Benjamin DeMott (Summer 1974). "Archibald MacLeish, The Art of Poetry No. 18" (http:/ / www.
theparisreview. org/ interviews/ 3944/ the-art-of-poetry-no-18-archibald-macleish). The Paris Review.
ƒ The Fall of the City (https:/ / archive. org/ download/ ColumbiaWorkshop/ 370411_The_Fall_of_the_City. mp3),
Columbia Workshop, CBS radio, 1937
ƒ "Archibald MacLeish" (http:/ / www. poets. org/ poet. php/ prmPID/ 47), Academy of American Poets
ƒ James Dickey (2004). "Archibald MacLeish" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=EQogr9JUVD0C&
pg=RA3-PA236). In Donald J. Greiner. Classes on modern poets and the art of poetry. University of South
Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-528-9.
ƒ http:/ / www. americaslibrary. gov/ cgi-bin/ page. cgi/ jb/ progress/ macleish_1
ƒ Archibald MacLeish papers at Mount Holyoke College (http:/ / asteria. fivecolleges. edu/ findaids/ mountholyoke/
mshm367_main. html)
Government offices
Preceded by
New Office
Assistant Secretary of State for Public
Affairs
December 20, 1944 € August 17, 1945
Succeeded by
William Benton
Wesley Oler
401
Wesley Oler
Wesley Marion Oler, Jr. (December 15, 1891 € April 5, 1980) was an American baseball player and track and field
athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Biography
He was born in Baltimore, Maryland and died in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1912 he finished 13th in the high jump
competition.
While a student athlete at Yale University, he was initiated into the 1916 class of the Skull and Bones Society.
:171€2
He also competed in the exhibition baseball tournament in Stockholm. It was the first appearance of baseball at the
Olympics and Oler was one of four Americans who played for the Swedish team.
After working at a brokerage, he joined General Motors in 1939 and retired as Director of Public Relations in 1956.
References
External links
ƒ Sports Reference profile (http:/ / www. sports-reference. com/ olympics/ athletes/ ol/ wesley-oler-1. html)
Phelps Putnam
Howard Phelps Putnam (1894 € 1948), sometimes known as H. Phelps Putnam or Phelps Putnam, was an
American poet who published two books, Trinc and The Five Seasons.
Biography
Phelps Putnam was born in Massachusetts in 1894 and attended Philips Exeter Academy. He enrolled at Yale
University where he was a member of the secret society Skull and Bones
:155
and was among the "Renaissance"
generation of talented Yale-educated writers (which includes alumni such as Stephen Vincent Ben„t, Henry R. Luce,
Archibald MacLeish, Cole Porter, and Thornton Wilder).
Following graduation Putnam traveled to Europe and worked a series of odd jobs including a brief period as an
assistant editor for the Atlantic Monthly Press and writing advertising copy for an insurance company. Putnam„s first
book of poems, Trinc, Rabelaisian for drink, was published in 1927. Following Trinc Putnam set to work on an epic,
to be titled The Earthly Comedy. In 1930 Putnam was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and the following year he
published The Five Seasons (1931). This volume marks the beginning of Putnam„s work towards producing The
Earthly Comedy, however, Putnam died in 1948 before completing his epic, perhaps thwarted by his ill health
(asthma and alcoholism) and the paralyzing ambition of his plans. As F.O. Matthiessen acknowledges in his essay
…To the Memory of Phelps Putnam† …he sketched a poem too vast ever to be able to shoulder the weight of writing
it†. Putnam wrote little in his later years, which largely consists of poetry published in various magazines and lyrics
for a musical collaboration with Harl McDonald entitled Songs of Conquest: Cycle for Chorus of Mixed Voices
(1937).
Putnam„s love life appears to have superseded his poetic reputation. Twice married (to Ruth Peters and Una
Fayerweather) Putnam had numerous affairs, including trysts with Katharine Hepburn and painter Russell Cheney.
In her autobiography Me Hepburn writes of Putnam:
Phelps Putnam
402
I took one look at him and I was stricken with whatever it is that strickens one at once and for no reason when one
looks at a member of the opposite sex. He absolutely fascinated me. I flew up onto a pink cloud [ . . . ].†
Relative Rob Putnam is a TV writer in Los Angeles and writes for Music Connection magazine.
Notes
Bibliography
Trinc. New York: New York: Doran, 1927.
The Five Seasons. New York: Scribner, 1931.
With Harl McDonald. Songs of Conquest: Cycle for Chorus of Mixed Voices. Philadelphia: Elkan-Vogel, Rev. ed.
1939.
References
ƒ Farwell Knapp Papers (http:/ / hdl. handle. net/ 10079/ fa/ beinecke. knappf). Beinecke Rare Book and
Manuscript Library (http:/ / www. library. yale. edu/ beinecke/ ). Yale University (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ ).
ƒ Hepburn, Katharine. Me: Stories of My Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
ƒ Mann, William J. Kate: The Woman Who Was Hepburn. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006.
ƒ Matthiessen, F.O. …To the Memory of Phelps Putnam†. In The Collected Poems of H. Phelps Putnam. Ed. Charles
Walker. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1971.
Donald Ogden Stewart
403
Donald Ogden Stewart
Donald Ogden Stewart
Born November 30, 1894
Columbus, Ohio
Died August 2, 1980 (aged 85)
London, England
Known for Best Adapted Screenplay
1940 The Philadelphia Story
Spouse(s) Beatrice Ames (1924-1938)
Ella Winter (1939-1980)
Donald Ogden Stewart (November 30, 1894 - August 2, 1980) was an American author and screenwriter.
Life
His hometown was Columbus, Ohio. He graduated from Yale University, where he became a brother to the Delta
Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter), in 1916 and was in the Naval Reserves in World War I.
After the war he started to write and found success with A Parody Outline of History, a satire of The Outline of
History (1920) by H. G. Wells. This led him to becoming a member of the Algonquin Round Table. Around that
time a friend of his got him interested in theater and he became a noted playwright on Broadway in the 1920s. He
was friends with Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, George S. Kaufman, and Ernest Hemingway (he was the model
for Bill Gorton in Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises). In 1924, he wrote Mr. and Mrs. Haddock Abroad for the
publishing house George H. Doran. It was a snarky send up of the ugly American tourist.
He became interested in adapting some of his plays to film, but on first entering Hollywood he had to adapt the plays
of others as his own were initially shelved. Once there he mostly wrote, but he also had a small part in the film Not
So Dumb. By the 1930s he had become known primarily as a screenwriter and won an Academy Award for The
Philadelphia Story (1940). As World War II approached, he became a member of the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League.
During the Second Red Scare Stewart was blacklisted in 1950 and the following year he and his wife, activist and
writer Ella Winter (they had married in 1939), emigrated to England. In 1968, he signed the …Writers and Editors
War Tax Protest† pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
[1]
His 1975 memoir is
entitled By a Stroke of Luck.
Donald Ogden Stewart
404
He died in London in 1980. His widow died the same year. Stewart had two sons from a previous marriage.
Film portrayal
Stewart was portrayed by the actor and playwright David Gow in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious
Circle.
[2]
Partial filmography
As a writer
ƒ Love and Death (1975) (uncredited)
ƒ Summertime (1955) (uncredited)
ƒ The Prisoner of Zenda (1952) (additional dialogue) (originally uncredited)
ƒ Edward, My Son (1949)
ƒ Cass Timberlane (1947) (adaptation)
ƒ Life with Father (1947)
ƒ Without Love (1945)
ƒ Forever and a Day (1943)
ƒ Keeper of the Flame (1942) (screenplay)
ƒ Tales of Manhattan (1942)
ƒ Smilin' Through (1941) (screenplay)
ƒ A Woman's Face (1941)
ƒ That Uncertain Feeling (1941) (screenplay), aka Ernst Lubitsch's That Uncertain Feeling (USA: complete title)
ƒ Kitty Foyle: The Natural History of a Woman (1940) (additional dialogue), aka Kitty Foyle (USA: short title)
ƒ The Philadelphia Story (1940) (screenplay)
ƒ The Night of Nights (1939) (also story)
ƒ Love Affair (1939)
ƒ Marie Antoinette (1938) (screenplay)
ƒ Holiday (1938) (screenplay)
ƒ The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) (additional dialogue)
ƒ Dinner at Eight (film) (1933) (additional dialogue)
ƒ Another Language (1933)
ƒ The White Sister (1933)
ƒ Smilin' Through (1932) (dialogue)
ƒ Rebound (1931) (based on his play of the same name)
ƒ Tarnished Lady (1931)
ƒ Finn and Hattie (1931) (novel Mr and Mrs Haddock Abroad)
ƒ Laughter (1930)
ƒ Humorous Flights (1929)
ƒ Father William (1929)
ƒ Traffic Regulations (1929)
ƒ Brown of Harvard (1926) (adaptation)
Donald Ogden Stewart
405
As an actor
ƒ Not So Dumb (1930) .... Skylar Van Dyke/Horace Patterson
ƒ Night Club (1929/I)
ƒ Humorous Flights (1929) .... Donald Ogden Stewart
ƒ Holiday (1928) .... Nick Potter
References
[1] …Writers and Editors War Tax Protest† January 30, 1968 New York Post
[2] Internet Movie Database entry for Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0110588/ fullcredits#cast)
External links
ƒ Algonquin Round Table history site (http:/ / algonquinroundtable. org)
ƒ Donald Ogden Stewart (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0829330/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Donald Ogden Stewart (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ person. asp?ID=5092) at the Internet Broadway Database
ƒ Oscar related site (http:/ / theoscarsite. com/ whoswho/ stewart_d. htm)
ƒ Works by Donald Ogden Stewart (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Donald+ Ogden+ Stewart) at Project
Gutenberg
Prescott Bush
406
Prescott Bush
Prescott Bush
United States Senator
from Connecticut
In office
November 5, 1952 € January 2, 1963
Preceded by William A. Purtell
Succeeded by Abraham A. Ribicoff
Personal details
Born Prescott Sheldon Bush
May 15, 1895
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Died October 8, 1972 (aged 77)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationality American
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Dorothy Walker Bush
Children Prescott S. Bush, Jr.
George H.W. Bush
Nancy Walker Bush Ellis
Jonathan Bush
William H.T. Bush
Alma mater Yale University
Religion Episcopal
Signature
Military service
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Prescott Bush
407
Unit American Expeditionary Forces
Battles/wars World War I
Prescott Sheldon Bush (May 15, 1895 € October 8, 1972) was an American banker and politician. He was a Wall
Street executive banker and a United States Senator, representing Connecticut from 1952 until January 1963. He was
the father of George H. W. Bush (41st President of the United States) and the grandfather of George W. Bush (43rd
President of the United States) and Jeb Bush (43rd Governor of Florida).
Early life
Bush was born in Columbus, Ohio,
[1]
to Samuel Prescott Bush and Flora Sheldon Bush. Samuel Bush was a railroad
middle manager, then a steel company president and, during World War I, also a federal government official in
charge of coordination of and assistance to major weapons contractors.
Bush attended St. George's School in Newport, Rhode Island, from 1908 to 1913. In 1913, he enrolled at Yale
University, where his grandfather, James Smith Bush (class of 1844), and his uncle Robert E. Sheldon Jr (class of
1904) had matriculated. Three subsequent generations of the Bush family have been Yale alumni. Prescott Bush was
admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity and Skull and Bones secret society. George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush are
also members of that society.
According to Skull and Bones lore, Prescott Bush was among a group of Bonesmen who dug up and removed the
skull of Geronimo from his grave at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in 1918. According to historian David L. Miller, the
Bonesmen probably dug up somebody at Fort Sill, but not Geronimo.
Prescott Bush was a cheerleader,
[2]
played varsity golf, football and baseball, and was president of the Yale Glee
Club.
Military service
After graduation, Bush served as a field artillery captain with the American Expeditionary Forces (1917€1919)
during World War I. He received intelligence training at Verdun, France, and was briefly assigned to a staff of
French officers. Alternating between intelligence and artillery, he came under fire in the Meuse-Argonne offensive.
Business career
After his discharge in 1919, Prescott Bush went to work for the Simmons Hardware Company in St. Louis, Missouri.
The Bushes moved to Columbus, Ohio in 1923, where Prescott briefly worked for the Hupp Products Company. In
November 1923, he became president of sales for Stedman Products in South Braintree, Massachusetts. During this
time, he lived in a Victorian house at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, where his son, George H.W. Bush,
was born.
In 1924, Bush became vice-president of A. Harriman & Co. His father-in-law, George Herbert Walker, also worked
with the company, as did E. Roland Harriman and Knight Woolley, Bush's Yale classmates and fellow Bonesmen.
In 1925, he joined the United States Rubber Company of New York City as manager of the foreign division, and
moved to Greenwich, Connecticut.
In 1931, he became a partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., which was created through the 1931 merger of A.
Harriman & Co with Brown Bros. & Co., (a merchant bank founded in Philadelphia in 1818) and with Harriman
Brothers & Co. (established in New York City in 1927).
He was an avid golfer, and in 1935 named head of the USGA.
From 1944 to 1956, Prescott Bush was a member of the Yale Corporation, the principal governing body of Yale
University. He was on the board of directors of CBS, having been introduced to chairman William S. Paley around
Prescott Bush
408
1932 by his close friend and colleague William Averell Harriman, who became a major Democratic Party
power-broker.
Union Banking Corporation
Bush was one of seven directors (including W. Averell Harriman) of the Union Banking Corporation (holding a
single share as a director), an investment bank that operated as a clearing house for many assets and enterprises held
by German steel magnate Fritz Thyssen. In July 1942, the bank was suspected of holding gold on behalf of Nazi
leaders. A subsequent government investigation disproved those allegations but confirmed the Thyssens' control, and
in October 1942 the United States seized the bank under the Trading with the Enemy Act and held the assets for the
duration of World War II.
According to journalist Joe Conason, Prescott Bush's involvement with UBC was purely commercial and he was not
a Nazi sympathizer. The Anti-Defamation League and historian Herbert Parmet agreed with that assessment.
Political life
Prescott Bush was politically active on social issues. He was involved with the American Birth Control League as
early as 1942, and served as the treasurer of the first national capital campaign of Planned Parenthood in 1947. He
was also an early supporter of the United Negro College Fund, serving as chairman of the Connecticut branch in
1951.
From 1947 to 1950, he served as Connecticut Republican finance chairman, and was the Republican candidate for
the United States Senate in 1950. A columnist in Boston said that Bush "is coming on to be known as President
Truman's Harry Hopkins. Nobody knows Mr. Bush and he hasn't a Chinaman's chance."
[3]
(Harry Hopkins had been
one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's closest advisors.) Bush's ties with Planned Parenthood also hurt him in heavily
Catholic Connecticut, and were the basis of a last-minute campaign in churches by Bush's opponents; the family
vigorously denied the connection, but Bush lost to Sen. William Burnett Benton by only 1,000 votes.
Prescott Bush sought a rematch with Sen. Benton in 1952, but withdrew as the party turned to William Purtell. The
death of Senator Brien McMahon later that year, however, created a vacancy and this time the Republicans
nominated Bush.
[4]
He defeated the Democratic nominee, Abraham Ribicoff, and was elected to the Senate. A
staunch supporter of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he served until January 1963. He was reelected in 1956 with
55 percent of the vote over Democrat Thomas J. Dodd (later U.S. Senator from Connecticut and father of the recent
U.S. Senator from Connecticut, Christopher J. Dodd), and decided not to run for another term in 1962. He was a key
ally for the passage of Eisenhower's Interstate Highway System, and during his tenure supported the Polaris
submarine project (built by Electric Boat Corporation in Groton, Connecticut), civil rights legislation, and the
establishment of the Peace Corps.
On December 2, 1954, Prescott Bush was part of the large (67€22) majority to censure Wisconsin Republican
Senator Joseph McCarthy after McCarthy had taken on the U.S. Army and the Eisenhower administration. During
the debate leading to the censure, Bush said that McCarthy has "caused dangerous divisions among the American
people because of his attitude and the attitude he has encouraged among his followers: that there can be no honest
differences of opinion with him. Either you must follow Senator McCarthy blindly, not daring to express any doubts
or disagreements about any of his actions, or, in his eyes, you must be a Communist, a Communist sympathizer, or a
fool who has been duped by the Communist line." Eisenhower later included Prescott Bush on an undated
handwritten list of prospective candidates he favored for the 1960 GOP presidential nomination.
In terms of issues, Bush often agreed with New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller. According to Theodore H.
White's book about the 1964 election, Bush and Rockefeller were longtime friends. Bush favored a
Nixon-Rockefeller ticket for 1960, and was presumed to support Rockefeller's 1964 presidential candidacy until the
latter's remarriage in 1963. He then publicly denounced Rockefeller for divorcing his first wife and marrying a
Prescott Bush
409
woman about 20 years his junior with whom Rockefeller had been having an affair while married to his first wife.
Another of Senator Bush's major legislative interests was flood and hurricane protection. He drafted Public Law 71,
the Bush Hurricane Survey Act, enabling U.S. Army engineers to develop a new program of community protection
against tidal flooding.
Personal life
The grave of Prescott Bush
Prescott Bush married Dorothy Walker on August 6, 1921, in
Kennebunkport, Maine. They had five children: Prescott S. Bush, Jr.
(August 10, 1922 € June 23, 2010),
[5]
George H. W. Bush (b. 1924,
named after Dorothy's father George Herbert Walker), Nancy Bush (b.
1926), Jonathan Bush (b. 1931) and William "Bucky" Bush (b. 1938).
Bush founded the Yale Glee Club Associates, an alumni group, in
1937. As was his father-in-law, he was a member of the United States
Golf Association, serving successively as secretary, vice-president and
president, 1928€1935. He was a multi-year club champion of the
Round Hill Club in Greenwich, Connecticut, and was on the committee
set up by New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. to help create the New York Mets.
Bush maintained homes in New York, Long Island and Greenwich, Connecticut; the family compound at
Kennebunkport, Maine; the 10,000-acre (40 km†) Duncannon Plantation near Barnwell, South Carolina; and a
secluded island off the Connecticut coast, Fishers Island.
The headstone of Prescott Bush
He died in 1972 at age 77 and was interred at Putnam Cemetery in
Greenwich, Connecticut.
Writings
Bush's articles include:
ƒ "Timely Monetary Policy," Banking, June 1955 and July 1955
ƒ "To Preserve Peace Let's Show the Russians How Strong We Are!"
Reader's Digest, July 1959
ƒ "Politics Is Your Business," Chamber of Commerce, State of New York, Bulletin, May 1960
References
[1] [1] Chapman, Roger Culture Wars: an Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices Volume 1 M.E. Sharpe Inc. Armonk, New York 2010
page 61
[2] Cheerleading of the „20s: Epitome of masculinity (http:/ / www. yaledailynews. com/ news/ 2008/ jan/ 28/
cheerleading-of-the-20s-epitome-of-masculinity/ ). Yale Daily News (2008-01-28). Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
[3] "Fair Enough" by Westbrook Pegler, Burlington Daily News-Times (North Carolina), August 22, 1950
[4] http:/ / news.google. com/ newspapers?id=oaA0AAAAIBAJ& sjid=InMFAAAAIBAJ& pg=1643,653871& dq=prescott+ bush+ brien+
mcmahon& hl=en
[5] Prescott S. Bush, Jr (http:/ / www. nndb.com/ people/ 007/ 000055839/ ). Nndb.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
Prescott Bush
410
Further reading
ƒƒ The Prescott Bush Papers are at the University of Connecticut, Storrs.
ƒƒ The Greenwich Library Oral History Project has interviews with Prescott Bush, Jr., and Mary Walker.
ƒƒ There is material by and about Bush in the History of the Class of 1917 Yale College (1919) and the
supplementary class albums.
ƒ John Atlee Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers
Harriman (1968).
ƒƒ Obituaries are in the Washington Post, October 9, 1972; the New York Times, October 9, 1972; the Hartford
Courant, October 9, 1972; and Yale Alumni Magazine, December 1972.
ƒ "Prescott Sheldon Bush. "Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 9: 1971€1975. Charles Scribner's Sons,
1994.
ƒ Darwin Payne, Initiative in Energy: Dresser Industries, Inc., 1880€1978. New York: Simon and Schuster (1979).
External links
ƒ University of Connecticut's profile of Prescott Bush (http:/ / www. lib. uconn. edu/ online/ research/ speclib/
ASC/ findaids/ Bush_PS/ MSS19910001. html)
ƒ Prescott Sheldon Bush (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm1778210/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Bush Family Tree (http:/ / genealogy. about. com/ od/ presidents/ p/ george_bush. htm)
ƒ "Prescott Bush" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=5988). Find a Grave. Retrieved
2009-02-24.
United States Senate
Preceded by
William A. Purtell
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Connecticut
November 5, 1952 € January 3, 1963
Served alongside: William B. Benton, William A. Purtell, Thomas J.
Dodd
Succeeded by
Abraham A.
Ribicoff
Party political offices
Preceded by
Raymond E.
Baldwin
Republican nominee for United States Senator from Connecticut
(Class 1)
1950
Succeeded by
William A. Purtell
E. Roland Harriman
411
E. Roland Harriman
"Edward Harriman" redirects here. For the railroad executive, see E. H. Harriman.
Edward Roland Noel Harriman
Born December 24, 1895
New York City
Died February 16, 1978 (aged 82)
Arden, New York
Occupation Financier
Spouse(s) Gladys C. C. Fries
Children two
Parents Edward Henry Harriman and Mary Williamson Averell
Edward Roland Noel Harriman (December 24, 1895 in New York City - February 16, 1978 in Arden, New York)
was a financier and philanthropist. For those who were very close to him, his nickname was "Bunny".
Biography
He was born on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1895 in New York City, the youngest of five surviving children of
Mary Williamson Averell and Edward Henry Harriman. Among his siblings was W. Averell Harriman, the financier
and government official, four years his senior. Edward H. Harriman's estate was substantial, variously estimated
between $70 million and $100 million upon his death in 1909.
Harriman was educated at Groton School, from which he graduated in 1913, and Yale University (B.A., 1917),
where he was a member of Psi Upsilon fraternity and a member of Skull and Bones with his classmate and friend
Prescott Bush. He married Gladys C. C. Fries on April 12, 1917, and they had two children. His eldest daughter was
Elizabeth Harriman who was married to Alexander C. Northrop then Maximillian Bliss, Jr. His other daughter was
the landscape painter Phyllis Harriman Mason.
During World War I, Harriman served for ten months as an inspector with the rank of lieutenant in the United States
Army Ordnance Department. Stricken with pneumonia and influenza, he was honorably discharged in January 1919.
After regaining his health in California, he joined the Merchants Shipbuilding Corporation that November, a firm in
which his brother Averell had an interest.
In 1922, Harriman joined W. A. Harriman Company, investment bankers in New York City, and the following year,
he became vice-president. In 1927 the two brothers formed the banking firm Harriman Brothers and Company. In
1931 the firm was merged with Brown Bros. & Co., with Roland as vice-president. Headquartered on Wall Street,
Brown Brothers Harriman started with nine partners and about two hundred employees. The firm performed
specialized banking services for customers, mainly medium-sized corporations; it was not a member of the Federal
Reserve System or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
In 1968, Harriman and three other senior partners at Brown Brothers (Robert A. Lovett, secretary of defense under
President Harry Truman; Prescott Bush, former senator from Connecticut; and Knight Woolley•all Yale men),
moved "upstairs," literally and figuratively, to make way for the younger partners, one of whom was Robert Roosa,
former undersecretary of the Treasury.
In 1975, a few years prior to Harriman's death, there were twenty-nine partners and approximately one thousand
employees.
Harriman's brother was a Democrat who served under the Truman administration and was Governor of New York.
E. Roland Harriman
412
Harriman followed the philanthropic example of his parents. He and his wife established the Irving Sherwood
Wright professorship in geriatrics at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center and provided funds for
cardiovascular research at the hospital. He joined the American Red Cross as a member of the board of governors in
1947, helped reorganize it after World War II, served as manager for the organization's North Atlantic area from
1944 to 1946, was its vice-president and national annual fund appeal chair in 1949, and was appointed its president
by President Truman, to succeed General George Marshall in 1950.
President Dwight Eisenhower reappointed him president in 1953. His other philanthropic board memberships
included that of the American Museum of Natural History, for which he was also treasurer.
Further reading
ƒ Harriman's autobiography is I Reminisce (1975).
ƒ Roland Harriman joins Psi Upsilon, NYT 14 November 1914
[1]
References
[1] http:/ / query.nytimes.com/ gst/ abstract.html?res=F60714FB3C5C13738DDDA00994D9415B848DF1D3
Harry LeGore
413
Harry LeGore
Harry W. LeGore
Date of birth: August 1, 1894
Place of birth: Frederick County, Maryland
Date of death: June 7, 1956
Place of death: Frederick, Maryland
Career information
Position(s): Halfback, Fullback
College: Yale University
Organizations
Career highlights and awards
Honors: First-team All-American, 1914
Second-team All-American, 1916
Harry William LeGore (August 1, 1894 € June 7, 1956) was an American football and baseball player, Maryland
state legislator and businessman.
Biography
Early years
LeGore was born in Frederick County, Maryland. He was a son of the James William LeGore. His father founded
the LeGore Lime Company in 1861 and built the LeGore Bridge near Woodsboro, Maryland. LeGore attended the
Tome School, Mercersburg Academy and Lafayette University[1].
Yale
LeGore enrolled at Yale University where he played for the school's football, baseball and basketball teams and was
a member of Skull and Bones.
In football, LeGore played halfback and fullback. He also handled punting duties and reportedly had a 65-yard
average. American sports writer Grantland Rice once wrote that he wouldn't trade LeGore for Red Grange and
added: "Harry never played a poor game in his life. He was always a competitor first, last and always • and always
had a little more when the chips were down."
Harry LeGore
414
In 1914, LeGore was the starting fullback for a Yale football team that compiled a 7-2 record and defeated Notre
Dame 28-0, ending Notre Dame's 27-game win streak. Knute Rockne later wrote in his autobiography: "I sat on the
sideline at New Haven that Saturday and saw a good Yale team captained by Bud Talbott with a crack halfback
named Harry LeGore leading the attack. They made Notre Dame look like a high school squad."
At the end of the 1914 season, LeGore was selected as a first-team All-American by International News Service
sports editor Frank G. Menke, and as a second-team All-American by Walter Camp for Collier's Weekly and Walter
Eckersall, of the Chicago Tribune.
LeGore also played shortstop for the Yale baseball team. In 1915, LeGore was ruled permanently ineligible to
complete in college athletics after it was found that his food and lodging had been paid while playing summer
baseball.
In 1916, LeGore's eligibility was restored. The Yale football team in 1915 had won only four games without LeGore
in the lineup. With LeGore back in the lineup, the 1916 team went 8-1. A syndicated newspaper story about
LeGore's return to Yale stated:
"Harry Legore is the real shining light of the Eli football team, there isn't any doubt about that. Legore is
the star, with a big 'S.' A couple of years ago Legore made a name for himself as an end runner and was
the man who struck more terror to the hearts of 'Old Eli's opponents than any other man on the team. In
the summer Legore played baseball, and someone said it was professional baseball with the result that
Legore was barred from football as a 'professional.' Quite a sensation was created, but this year Legore
was restored and it has been a mighty good thing for Yale that he was. And with his restoration to
eligibility as an amateur athlete came the job of fullback on the Yale eleven."
At the end of the 1916 season, LeGore was selected as a second-team All-American by Walter Camp for Collier's
Weekly, International News Service, Walter Eckersall of the Chicago Tribune, and Paul Purman, noted sports writer
whose All-American team was syndicated in newspapers across the United States, and University of Michigan
football coach Fielding H. Yost. In selecting LeGore as an All-American, Walter Camp called him "one of the
nation's greatest athletes."
World War I
With the entry of the United States into World War I, LeGore was one of ten Yale students recommended by the
President of Yale for commissions in the United States Marine Corps. LeGore served overseas for two years with the
Second Division.
Business and political career
After his discharge from the Marines, LeGore worked for the LeGore Lime Company. In 1930, LeGore was elected
to the Maryland House of Delegates. In 1934, he was elected to the Maryland State Senate. In 1936, he made an
unsuccessful run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. LeGore eventually became president of the LeGore
Lime Company and also served as a director of the Potomac Edison Company.
Harry LeGore
415
Posthumous honors
In 1977, LeGore was inducted into Maryland's Alvin G. Quinn Memorial Sports Hall of Fame.
In 1999, The News-Post in Maryland picked LeGore as one of the Top 25 most significant sports figures in the
history of Frederick County. He was the county's first athlete to be selected as a collegiate All-American.
References
[1] http:/ / toolserver.org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Harry_LeGore& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/
editintro& client=Template:Dn
Henry Neil Mallon
Henry Neil Mallon (1895€1983) was Chairman of the Board, President and Director 29-, Dresser Industries
(Cleveland, OH) (now Halliburton), President 31-, Dresser Manufacturing Limited (Toronto, Canada); Chairman of
the Board, Director, Bryant Heater Company (Cleveland, Ohio); Factory Manager, General Manager, Director
20-29, US Can Company (Cincinnati, Ohio); 19-20 w/Continental Can Company (Chicago, Illinois); Director,
Bovaud & Seyfang Manufacturing Company (Bradford, Pennsylvania), Clark Brothers Inc (Olean, New York), Day
& Night Manufacturing Company (Monrovia, California), International Derrick & Equipment Company (Columbus,
Ohio), Kobe, Inc (Huntington Park, California), Pacific Pumps, Inc (CA), Roots-Connersville Blower Corporation
(Connersville, Indiana), Security Engineering Company (Whittier, California), Stacey Brothers, Gus Construction
Company (Cincinnati, Ohio), Pharis Tire & Rubber Company (Newark, Ohio), Petrolite Corporation (St. Louis,
Missouri), Magazines of Industry (New York, New York), Hydrocarbon Research Inc (New York, New York),
Carthage Hydrocol Corporation (New York, New York).
He was a close friend and business partner of Prescott Bush. Mallon attended Yale University where he and Bush
both became members of the Skull and Bones in 1917. George Herbert Walker Bush (S&B 1948) would later name
his own son Neil Mallon Bush after the man who had given him his first job out of Yale. Mallon was also an early
investor in Zapata Corporation, founded by Bush.
The Mallon family was based out of Cincinnati, Ohio and was reportedly close with the Taft family, particularly
William Howard Taft.
Neil Mallon Bush is named after Henry Neil Mallon.
References
Kenneth F. Simpson
416
Kenneth F. Simpson
Kenneth Farrand Simpson (May 4, 1895 € January 25, 1941) was a
Republican member of the United States House of Representatives
from New York.
Biography
Simpson was born in New York City on May 4, 1895, the son of Dr.
William Kelly Simpson, a noted ear nose and throat specialist and
Professor at Columbia University. He graduated from The Hill School,
and his senior year was notable for his success at convincing Theodore
Roosevelt to speak at the school. He graduated from Yale University in
1917, where he became a member of Phi Beta Kappa and was initiated
into Skull and Bones, receiving the honor of "last man tapped."
[1][2][3]
Simpson served in World War I as a member of the 302nd Field
Artillery Regiment, a unit of the 76th Division, attaining the rank of
captain. He later served as Commandant of the American School
Detachment at the University of Aix-Marseilles.
[4][5]
Simpson graduated from Harvard Law School in 1922 and became an attorney.
[6]
He was active in the art world of
post-war France, and worked with the French government to recover works stolen by the Germans during the war.
He also represented many artists and writers with whom he was friendly, including Pablo Picasso, Alexander
Kerensky, Edmund Wilson, and Gertrude Stein. (Simpson's congressional campaign materials depicted him in his
living room, leaning near a statue of Stein and smoking a pipe under a painting by Jean Lur˜at.)
[7][8]
Simpson was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1925 to 1927, and
Chairman of the New York County Republican Committee from 1935 to 1940. He was elected to represent New
York on the Republican National Committee, and was a delegate to the 1936 and 1940 Republican National
Conventions. Simpson was a supporter of the Fusion Republicans who fought conservatives for control of the
Republican Party in New York, and he formed alliances Fiorello H. La Guardia and other liberal Republicans.
Simpson was an internationalist, and an early critic of Adolf Hitler and the U.S. business interests that were seen as
sympathetic to the Nazis in the 1930s.
[9][10][11][12][13]
He was elected to Congress in November 1940. Simpson was sworn in on January 3, 1941. He died of a heart attack
in New York City on January 25, after having served less than a month in office. Simpson was buried at Hudson City
Cemetery in Hudson, New York.
[14][15]
Kenneth F. Simpson
417
Family
In 1925 he married Helen Louise Knickerbacker Porter of Montclair, New Jersey.
[16][17]
The Simpsons had four children: Dr. William Kelly Simpson, a noted Egyptologist, Yale professor, and husband of
Marilyn Milton Simpson; Mrs. Helen-Louise Simpson Seggerman; Mrs. Elizabeth Carroll Simpson Bennett of
Washington, D.C.; and Sally Simpson French.
[18]
References
[1] David Brady, The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Memorial of Kenneth Farrand Simpson (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=iOI8AAAAIAAJ& q="kenneth+ farrand+ simpson"+ born+ 1895& dq="kenneth+ farrand+ simpson"+ born+ 1895& hl=en&
sa=X& ei=NA9RU_vOBe-nsATygYHwCg& ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ), Yearbook, 1941, page 521
[2] Syracuse Journal, Syracusan Gets Honors at Yale (http:/ / fultonhistory. com/ newspapers Disk3/ Syracuse NY Daily Journal/ Syracuse NY
Daily Journal 1916 pdf/ Syracuse NY Daily Journal 1916 - 0335. PDF), May 19, 1916
[3] Phi Gamma Delta, The Phi Gamma Delta (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=koDPAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA454& dq=yale+ "last+ man+
tapped"& hl=en& sa=X& ei=0xBRU4u-BdSqsQSxqYDYCg& ved=0CFQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=yale "last man tapped"& f=false),
March 1911, page 454
[4] 302nd Field Artillery Association, The 302nd Field Artillery (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=DurEAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA24&
lpg=PA24& dq="kenneth+ f+ simpson"+ 302nd+ field+ artillery& source=bl& ots=hKdTdkXCD1&
sig=nHsXnz7AKCP5xUGJWzO-0RXk70A& hl=en& sa=X& ei=PRJRU_f_DMTfsATax4GoBw& ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&
q="kenneth f simpson" 302nd field artillery& f=false), 1919, page 24
[5] Alfred E. Cornebise, Soldier-scholars: Higher Education in the AEF, 1917-1919 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=az0LAAAAIAAJ&
pg=PA141& lpg=PA141& dq="kenneth+ f+ simpson"+ commandant+ marseilles& source=bl& ots=Ai17A64NBJ&
sig=VGAYvZ9PBCH7BnUNnoF4Vc-VsUc& hl=en& sa=X& ei=pBJRU86TMs3LsQT_2oD4Aw& ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&
q="kenneth f simpson" commandant marseilles& f=false), 1997, page 141
[6] Harvard University Alumni Association, Harvard Alumni Bulletin (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ei=wxhRU_SIOvPQsQSv_4CQBw&
id=GIDoAAAAMAAJ& dq="kenneth+ f.+ simpson"+ harvard+ 22& focus=searchwithinvolume& q="kenneth+ f. + simpson"), Volume 43,
Issue 14, 1941, page 834
[7] Yale University Library, Guide to the Kenneth Farrand Simpson Papers (http:/ / drs. library. yale. edu/ HLTransformer/
HLTransServlet?stylename=yul. ead2002.xhtml. xsl& pid=mssa:ms. 0092& query=world war i& clear-stylesheet-cache=yes& hlon=yes&
big=& adv=& filter=& hitPageStart=151& sortFields=& view=all), May 2003
[8] Kenneth Simpson, LIFE Magazine, The Republican Party's Future (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=TUoEAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA34&
dq="kenneth+ f+ simpson"+ life+ party& hl=en& sa=X& ei=FyVRU-D9LOHlsATbioKIBw& ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&
q="kenneth f simpson" life party& f=false), November 18, 1940, page 34
[9] Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=5gxX8O04YXoC&
q="kenneth+ f+ simpson"+ laguardia& dq="kenneth+ f+ simpson"+ laguardia& hl=en& sa=X& ei=pCVRU_fUAqzNsQSZz4GQAw&
ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA), 1991, page 410
[10] [10] Kingston Gleaner, 5 More Sailors held in Mystery Ship Murder, August 3, 1927
[11] James A. Hagerty, New York Times, Republican Plank Demands That We Avoid War (http:/ / partners. nytimes. com/ library/ politics/
camp/ 400625convention-gop-ra. html), June 25, 1940
[12] Lock Haven Express, Wary Feminism (http:/ / www.newspapers. com/ newspage/ 5613413/ ), June 13, 1936
[13] Albany Knickerbocker News, Gannett Group is "Satisfied" with Mrs. Weis: Delegates-at-Large for Convention Named by Unanimous Vote
(http:/ / fultonhistory. com/ Newspaper 19/ Albany NY Knickerbocker News/ Albany NY Knickerbocker News 1940/ Albany NY
Knickerbocker News 1940 - 0708. pdf), February 3, 1940
[14] Mount Vernon (N.Y.) Daily Argus, Coudert, Barton Mentioned For Simpson's Post (http:/ / fultonhistory. com/ Newspaper 18/ Mount
Vernon NY Daily Argus/ Mount Vernon NY Daily Argus 1941/ Mount Vernon NY Daily Argus 1941 - 0329. pdf), January 27, 1941
[15] [15] Salamanca Republican-Press, Simpson, New Congressman, Dies Suddenly, January 27, 1941
[16] Troy Record, Mrs. Simpson, Wife of New York Chairman, Well Known Here (http:/ / fultonhistory. com/ Newspaper 18/ Troy NY Times
Record/ Troy NY Times Record 1935/ Troy NY Times Record 1935 - 2865. pdf), September 27, 1935
[17] Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=fOxopOa4ogUC&
pg=PA359& dq="kenneth+ f+ simpson"+ helen+ paris& hl=en& sa=X& ei=I6JRU7rgO4u_sQSCiILIDA&
ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q="kenneth f simpson" helen paris& f=false), 1990, page 359
[18] Brooklyn Eagle, Final Rites for Simpson Will Be Held Tomorrow (http:/ / fultonhistory. com/ Newspaper 5/ Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle/
Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle 1941 Grayscale/ Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle 1941 Grayscale - 0741. pdf), January 27, 1941
Kenneth F. Simpson
418
External links
ƒ Kenneth F. Simpson (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6913259) at Find a Grave
ƒ Kenneth F. Simpson (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=S000433) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Kenneth Farrand Simpson, Late a Representative from New York (http:/ / babel. hathitrust. org/ cgi/ pt?id=uc1.
$b62068;view=1up;seq=1), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Bruce Barton
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 17th congressional district
1941
Succeeded by
Joseph C. Baldwin
Howard M. Baldrige
For his son and U.S. Secretary of Commerce, see Malcolm Baldrige, Jr..
Howard Malcolm Baldrige or H. Malcolm Baldrige (1894 € 1985) was a Nebraska Republican politician.
Biography
Early life and ancestors
He was born on June 23, 1894 at Omaha, Douglas County, Nebraska,
[1]
the son of Nebraska state senator Howard
Hammond Baldrige (1864€1928) and Letitia Blanche Coffey
[2]
and died on January 19, 1985, in Southbury,
Connecticut. He is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Omaha) in Omaha.
Education
He graduated from Omaha High School in 1912. He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1914
and he graduated in 1918 from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut where he was a member of Skull and
Bones and captain of the wrestling team. He was also a member of Psi Upsilon and was a letterman in football at
Yale.
In World War I, he served as captain of Battery F, Three Hundred and Thirty-eighth Field Artillery for the United
States. In 1921, he graduated from University of Nebraska€Lincoln College of Law and was admitted to the bar,
setting up practice in Omaha.
Marriage and family
On November 30, 1921, he was married to Regina Katherine Connell
[1]
at Omaha. She was born at Omaha, Douglas
County, Nebraska on September 23, 1896, the daughter of Dr. Ralph Wardlaw Connell
[3]
and Katherine E Walsh.
She was a 1921 graduate of Wellesley College. Her uncle, William James Connell, was a Nebraska Republican
politician and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Nebraska's 1st congressional
district. Her first cousin, Dr. Karl Albert Connell, invented the gas mask used by American troops during World War
I.
They were the parents of three children, Howard Malcolm Baldrige, Jr., born October 4, 1922; Robert Connell
Baldrige, born November 9, 1924, and Letitia Baldrige, born February 9, 1926.
Howard M. Baldrige
419
Political career
He served in the Nebraska state house of representatives in 1923 and was a delegate to the 1924 Republican National
Convention and the 1928 Republican National Convention. He was elected to the Seventy-second United States
Congress as a representative for the second district and served from March 4, 1931, to March 3, 1933. He was an
unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1932.
[1]
Post Political career
Afterwards, he resumed the practice of law. During the Second World War, he entered the Army on June 10, 1942,
and became a major in the United States Army Air Corps. He was discharged as a colonel on October 25, 1945,
resuming law practice with offices in New York City and Washington, D.C. He was a resident of Washington,
Connecticut, until his death.
Notes
[1] [1] Welch 301
[2] [2] She was the closest thing Omaha had to a dowager duchess, I suppose-even if she did scandalize Omaha society by leaving her husband and
young son for a two-year fling in an apartment in Paris on the avenue Foch in the early 1900s. The rumor was that she had a French lover, and
my cousin Keating Coffey heard from his parents that Omaha people talked a lot about it, just as they did about the cigarettes she came home
puffing. Ladies did not smoke in those days in the Midwest, only non-ladies did.
[3] [3] King 385
References
ƒ Cleave, Egbert. Cleave's biographical cyclopaedia of homoeopathic physicians and surgeons. Philadelphia:
Galaxy publishing company, 1873.
ƒ King, William Harvey. History of homoeopathy and its institutions in America; their founders, benefactors,
faculties, officers, hospitals, alumni, etc., with a record of achievement of its representatives in the world of
medicine. New York, Chicago, The Lewis publishing company, 1905.
ƒ Welch, M.J. Douglas County Who's Who in Nebraska, 1940 Published by; Nebraska Press Association - Lincoln,
1940
1. "The Political Graveyard" (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ bakewell-baldus. html#R9M0IOIK7). Baldrige,
Howard Malcolm. Retrieved February 2, 2006.
2. "Congressional Bioguide" (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B000082). Baldrige,
Howard Malcolm. Retrieved February 2, 2006.
ƒ This article incorporates facts obtained from: Lawrence Kestenbaum (http:/ / potifos. com/ ), The Political
Graveyard
ƒ Howard M. Baldrige (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B000082) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Willis G. Sears (R)
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district
March 4, 1931 € March 3, 1933
Succeeded by
Edward R. Burke (D)
F. Trubee Davison
420
F. Trubee Davison
F. Trubee Davison
Davison at Bolling Field in 1926
Born Frederick Trubee Davison
February 7, 1896
Died November 14, 1974 (aged 78)
Other names Trubee Davison
Education Groton School
Yale University (1918)
Parents Henry Pomeroy Davison
Relatives Artemus Gates, brother-in-law
Frederick Trubee Davison (February 7, 1896 - November 14, 1974) was an American World War I aviator,
Assistant US Secretary of War, Director of Personnel for the Central Intelligence Agency, and President of the
American Museum of Natural History.
Biography
He was born on February 7, 1896 to Henry Pomeroy Davison. He graduated from Groton School and then attended
Yale University as part of the class of 1918.
[1]
He was a member of Yale„s secret Skull & Bones Society.
[2]
War years
Davison was the founder of the First Yale Unit, which is considered to be the first naval air reserve unit. He founded
the unit in 1916 in response to the war that was raging in Europe. Davison and a handful of other students from Yale
feared that the United States would soon be dragged into the war effort and would find itself poorly prepared,
especially in aviation.
[3]
Davison told his mother that the government was "asleep at the switch."
[4]
After consulting
with John Hays Hammond Jr. and Henry Woodhouse, Davison decided to pull together a group of twelve from
amongst Yale„s undergraduates to form a unit of flyboys that would possibly operate along the Atlantic Coast.
Hammond and Admiral Peary of the American navy had worked out plans to develop a type of coast guard along the
eastern shores that would operate from the air. They wanted to set up a series of seaplane stations which would each
of a specific piece of territory to patrol. Trubee Davison took to this idea immediately and formed the Unit. In the
First Yale Unit with him were Robert A. Lovett, John Vorys, John Farwell 3rd, Albert Ditman, Wellesley Laud
Brown, Artemus L. …Di† Gates, Erl Gould, Allan Ames, C. D. Wiman, A. D. Sturtevant, and H.P. Davison Jr.
[5]
F. Trubee Davison
421
Davison and his friends began their aviation training privately with the help of pilot David McCulloch in the summer
of 1916 while staying at the Davison„s house at Peacock Point.
[6]
in Locust Valley on Long Island.
[7]
Trubee also relied on the financial aid provided by his father, Henry P. Davison, and his friends in the form of flying
boats and equipment for the Unit.
[8]
Over the next year, F. Trubee Davison would fight tirelessly to have the Unit
officially recognized by the U.S. navy making trips to Washington to speak to the Secretary of the Navy, Josephus
Daniels. Turned down again and again, Trubee didn„t lose hope but instead became more persistent in his efforts to
have the Unit trained under military conditions and to have all of the members earn their navy Wings so that they
would be prepared to serve America at a moment„s notice.
[9]
A short while after returning to the Yale campus,
Davison learned that Lieutenant John H. Towers, a legendary pilot and the third ever to earn Navy wings, was in
New York.
[10]
Trubee went to speak with him and Towers was sympathetic to their cause and asked him to write a
letter to Daniels telling him about their meeting. When he didn„t hear a response, Davison again contacted Towers
and then went to Washington to meet with him. It was during this meeting that he gained the approval of the U.S.
Navy to have the unit become part of the Naval Reserve and train in Palm Beach.
[11]
Within five days Trubee
Davison was off to Palm Beach along with the rest of the First Yale Unit to continue training as Naval Pilots.
[12]
On July 28, 1917, the F. Trubee Davison was set to take his flying test in order to obtain his Navy wings. Having
fainted only a short while before the test, Davison was not sure about whether or not he should fly but decided he felt
well enough.
[13]
During the flight, he lost control of his seaplane in a panic attack and spiralled into the sea, the
impact of which split the plane in two.
[14]
Davison was admitted to St. Luke„s hospital where he was diagnosed with
a broken back and injured spinal cord. He would spend six weeks there. Davison never saw combat but was active in
unit activities throughout the war and was awarded the Navy Cross for his services.
[15]
After the war
After the war, Trubee went back to Yale and, while rooming with fellow Unit member Di Gates, finished his
undergraduate program graduating in 1919. In 1920, Trubee Davison married Dorothy Peabody, the daughter of the
headmaster at Groton School where he had attended before attending Yale. After his father died Trubee and Dorothy
built a house on the Davison estate, Peacock Point, in order to keep his mother company.
[16]
Trubee proceeded to attend Columbia where he earned a Law Degree and then went on to work with White and
Case, Manhattan lawyers.
Every year, Trubee held a reunion for the First Yale Unit in New York City in the summer and sometimes other
naval aviators would attend as well original members.
[17]
He was on the cover of Time Magazine for the August issue in 1925.
In 1951, he became a trustee of Yale and the first personnel director of the newly formed CIA.
[18]
Political life
Trubee was elected to the New York State Legislature after the war where he gained a reputation as being one of the
hardest-working members. In 1925, he became head of the unofficial "Crime Commission", sponsored by Judge
Elbert H. Gary.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Nassau Co., 2nd D.) in 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1926. He
was Assistant Secretary of War for Air from July 1926 to March 1933. In the New York state election, 1932, he ran
for Lieutenant Governor of New York with William J. Donovan, but they were defeated in a landslide by Democrats
Herbert H. Lehman and M. William Bray. Davison was an alternate delegate to the 1940 Republican National
Convention.
He died on November 14, 1974.
F. Trubee Davison
422
References
[1] Time magazine. (1925, August 24). Political Notes: Crime Chairman (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,720818-1,00.
html)
[2] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, pg 108, 187.
[3] Davison, F. T. (1918). The First Yale Naval Aviation Unit. In G. H. Nettleton (Ed.), Yale in the World War Part One (pg 443-447). New
Haven: Yale University Press. pg 443
[4] Wortman, M. (2006). The Millionaire's Unit: The Aristocratic Flyboys Who Fought the Great War and Invented American Air Power. New
York City: PublicAffairs. pg 41
[5] Peary, R.-A. R. (1916, November 14). The Aerial Coast Patrol Now A National Necessity. Yale Daily News.
[6] Old Long Island: 'Peacock Point' (http:/ / www.oldlongisland. com/ 2009/ 09/ peacock-point. html)
[7] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 51.
[8] Time magazine. (1926, July 12). National Affairs: Progress.
[9] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 77.
[10] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 79.
[11] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 80.
[12] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 81.
[13] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 115.
[14] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 116.
[15] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 134.
[16] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 267.
[17] Wortman, M., The Millionaire's Unit, p. 274.
[18] http:/ / www.millionairesunit. org/ index.php?option=com_content& task=view& id=23& Itemid=36
New York Assembly
Preceded by
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
New York State Assembly
Nassau County, 2nd District
1922€1926
Succeeded by
Leonard W. Hall
Party political offices
Preceded by
Caleb H. Baumes
Republican Nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New
York
1932
Succeeded by
Fred J. Douglas
John C. Farrar
423
John C. Farrar
John C. Farrar
Born John Chipman Farrar
February 25, 1896
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Died November 5, 1974 (aged 78)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationality American
Education Yale University
Occupation Publisher
Known for Farrar & Rinehart
Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Breadloaf Writers' Conference
Spouse(s) Margaret Petherbridge
John Chipman Farrar (February 25, 1896 € November 5, 1974) was an American editor, writer and publisher.
Farrar founded two publishing companies • Farrar & Rinehart and Farrar, Straus and Giroux. He also conceived
and founded the Breadloaf Writers' Conference in 1926.
[1]
Life
Farrar was born in Burlington, Vermont. After serving in World War I, as an aviation inspector, he graduated in
1919 from Yale University, where he contributed to campus humor magazine The Yale Record
[2]
and was a member
of Skull and Bones.
:127
In that year his book Forgotten Shrines was awarded the Yale Younger Poets Prize.
He became editor of The Bookman, up to its 1927 purchase by Seward Collins. Going into publishing, he worked for
two years at Doubleday, Doran and Company. Then in 1929 he was a founder of the house of Farrar & Rinehart,
with Stanley M. Rinehart Jr. and Frederick R. Rinehart, sons of Mary Roberts Rinehart who had also been at
Doubleday Doran.
Later, after war work in WWII, he was a founder of Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
His work appeared in Harper's.
[3]
In 1926, Farrar married crossword puzzle pioneer Margaret Petherbridge.
Farrar died in New York City.
Works
ƒ Portraits Yale prize poem, Yale University Press, 1916
ƒ Forgotten Shrines
[4]
. Yale University Press. 1919.
ƒ Songs for parents
[5]
. Yale University Press. 1921.
ƒ Gold-Killer: A Mystery of the New Underworld, as John Prosper, with Prosper Buranelli New York: Doran 1922
ƒ The Bookman Anthology of Essays, editor, George H. Doran company, 1923
ƒ Songs for Johnny-Jump-Up, R.R. Smith, Inc., 1930
John C. Farrar
424
Anthologies
ƒ John Williams Andrews, Stephen Vincent Ben„t, John Chipman Farrar, Pierson Underwood, ed. (1919). The Yale
book of student verse, 1910-1919
[6]
. Yale University Press.
ƒ Charles Wharton Stork, ed. (1920). Contemporary verse anthology: favorite poems selected from the magazine,
"Contemporary verse."
[7]
.
References
[1] Fraser, C. Gerald, "John C. Farrar, Publisher, Editor and Writer, Is Dead." PDF (http:/ / plutons. com/ Farrar/ Documents/
John-C-Farrar-NYT-Obituary-7Nov1974.pdf) The New York Times, November 7, 1974
[2] Bronson, Francis W., Thomas Caldecott Chubb, and Cyril Hume, eds. (1922) The Yale Record Book of Verse: 1872-1922. New Haven: Yale
University Press. pp. 68-69.
[3] http:/ / www. harpers. org/ subjects/ JohnChipmanFarrar
[4] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=JW0MAAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=John+ Chipman+ Farrar& cd=3#v=onepage& q=&
f=false
[5] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=OC5LAAAAIAAJ& dq=John+ Chipman+ Farrar& printsec=frontcover& source=bl&
ots=8mOVYGqYs-& sig=_d18EdQQoBpqTh6Vcdzvu6LMY9E& hl=en& ei=oXUqS8HHOoG2MO3cyPsI& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=8& ved=0CBgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=& f=false
[6] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=RdQSAAAAYAAJ& dq=John%20Chipman%20Farrar& pg=PA125#v=onepage& q=& f=false
[7] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3awQAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA211& dq=John+ Chipman+ Farrar& lr=& cd=14#v=onepage&
q=John%20Chipman%20Farrar& f=false
External links
ƒ John C. Farrar obituary (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,945144,00. html), Time
(November 18, 1974)
ƒ Forgotten Shrines (https:/ / archive. org/ stream/ forgottenshrines00farrrich/ forgottenshrines00farrrich_djvu. txt)
• Full text at the Internet Archive
ƒ Works by or about John C. Farrar (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n50-11929) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
ƒ Works by John Chipman Farrar (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ John_Farrar) at Project Gutenberg
Artemus Gates
425
Artemus Gates
Artemus Lamb Gates (November 3, 1895 € June 14, 1976) was an American businessman, naval aviator, and
Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air in charge of naval aviation efforts in World War II (7 December 1941 - 30
June 1945). He also was briefly Undersecretary of the Navy (3 July 1945•2 September 1945). He was, at various
times, President of New York Trust Company, and a director of Union Pacific, TIME, Boeing, Middle South
Utilities, Inc., Safeway, Inc., Abercrombie & Fitch Co., and Servo Corp.
Background
A great grandson of lumber baron Chancy Lamb and a grandson of lumber baron Artemus Lamb, he grew up at
"Oakhurst" in Clinton, Iowa. He was graduated from Hotchkiss School in 1914 and received his B.A. degree as a
member of the class of 1918 at Yale University. He was a member of Skull and Bones, one of the best known of the
secret societies based at Yale University. Gates was captain-elect of the Yale football team in 1917
Military service
During World War I, there was formed a Yale Unit of the Naval Reserve Flying Corps. The unit was closely
associated with the Skull and Bones. The Yale unit was often referred to snidely as the millionaire squadron. While
training in Florida the pilots often were wheeled to their planes in wheel chairs pushed by Black porters. Artemus
Gates was a member of the Yale unit. He helped rescue downed fliers, was shot down, taken prisoner by the
Germans and escaped. Previous flying experience enabled him to become an ensign in naval aviation in March,
1917. He was released from active service in February, 1919, as lieutenant-commander. Because of service on the
front Mr. Gates was decorated by the United States government with the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, by
Great Britain with the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom), and by France with the Croix de Guerre and
was made an officer of the Legion of Honor of France.
Marriage
Gates married Alice Trubee Davison, a banking heiress and a sister of fellow Bonesman F. Trubee Davison, on
January 3, 1922. They had two daughters, Diane and Cynthia.
References
ƒƒ "History of the Lumber and Forest Industry of the Northwest" by George W. Hotchkiss Illustrated Chicago 1898
p. 590-593
ƒƒ "The Clinton Advertiser" Monday December 20, 1915 p. 6
ƒ "1886 History of Clinton" Lamb, Chancy 165 & 170-171
ƒƒ "Iowa Its History and Its Foremost Citizens" The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company 1916 p. 1830
ƒƒ "The Saturday Evening Post" December 21, 1918 p. 12
ƒƒ "The Clinton Herald" Monday December 10, 1945 p. 8
ƒƒ "Wolf's History of Clinton 1911" p. 731
ƒ "1946 History of Clinton" p. 50, 69, 88, 97, 98, 143 & 169
ƒƒ "The History of Clinton 1976 The Almanac" p. 536
ƒƒ "The Iowan" September 1956
ƒƒ "Biography Index". Volume 10: September, 1973-August, 1976. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1977.
ƒƒ "Biography Index". Volume 12: September, 1979-August, 1982. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1983.
ƒ "The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography". Volume 59. New York: James T. White & Co., 1980.
ƒƒ "Biography and Genealogy Master Index". Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 1980-2
Artemus Gates
426
Government offices
Preceded by
David Sinton Ingalls
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(AIR)
September 5, 1941 € June 30, 1945
Succeeded by
John L. Sullivan
Preceded by
Ralph Austin Bard
Under Secretary of the Navy
July 3, 1945 € December 31, 1945
Succeeded by
John L. Sullivan
Robert A. Lovett
427
Robert A. Lovett
Robert A. Lovett
4th United States Secretary of Defense
In office
September 17, 1951 € January 20, 1953
President Harry S. Truman
Preceded by George C. Marshall
Succeeded by Charles E. Wilson
2nd United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
In office
October 4, 1950 € September 16, 1951
President Harry S. Truman
Preceded by Stephen T. Early
Succeeded by Vacant
Roger M. Kyes (1953)
15th Under Secretary of State
In office
July 1, 1947 € January 20, 1949
President Harry S. Truman
Preceded by Dean G. Acheson
Succeeded by James E. Webb
Personal details
Born Robert Abercrombie Lovett
September 14, 1895
Huntsville, Texas, U.S.
Died May 7, 1986 (aged 90)
Locust Valley, New York, U.S.
Resting place Locust Valley Cemetery in Locust, New York, U.S.
Robert A. Lovett
428
Political party
Republican Party
[1]
Spouse(s) Adele Quartley Brown Lovett
Children Evelyn Springer Lovett Brown
(1920€1967)
Robert Scott Lovett, II
(1927€1984)
Parents Robert Scott Lovett
Lavinia Chilton Abercrombie Lovett
Alma mater Yale University
Harvard University
Profession Businessman, Government
Military service
Service/branch United States Navy
Rank Lieutenant Commander
Battles/wars World War I
Robert Abercrombie Lovett (September 14, 1895 € May 7, 1986) was the fourth United States Secretary of
Defense, having been promoted to this position from Deputy Secretary of Defense. He served in the cabinet of
President Harry S. Truman from 1951 to 1953 and in this capacity, directed the Korean War.
Lovett was a core member of the group of foreign policy elders known as "The Wise Men." Author G. William
Domhoff described him as a "Cold War architect".
Early life
Lovett was born on September 14, 1895 in Huntsville, Texas, to Robert S. Lovett, president and chairman of the
board of the Union Pacific Railroad. Lovett graduated from The Hill School in Pottstown, PA in 1914. He was a
member of the Skull and Bones society at Yale University
[2][3]
where he graduated in 1918 and took postgraduate
courses in law and business administration at Harvard University between 1919 and 1921. He married, the debutante
former Adele Quartley Brown on April 19, 1919, and they have two children. As a naval ensign during World War I,
Lovett flew for a time with the British Naval Air Service on patrol and combat missions, then commanded a US
naval air squadron, achieving the rank of lieutenant commander.
Lovett began his business career as a clerk at the National Bank of Commerce in New York, and later moved to the
Wall Street investment bank Brown Brothers Harriman, where he eventually became a partner and a prominent
member of the New York business community. He remained interested in aeronautics, especially in European
commercial and military aviation.
Robert A. Lovett
429
Robert A. Lovett and his children at home in
1930.
Early government career
In December 1940, Lovett was appointed special assistant for air
affairs to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. At the same time, John J.
McCloy became general assistant secretary, and Harvey H. Bundy
became special assistant to the secretary of war. In April 1941, Lovett
was named assistant secretary of war for air, a position that had been
vacant since Roosevelt's 1933 inauguration. Lovett served with
distinction, overseeing the massive expansion of the Army Air Forces
and the procurement of huge numbers of aircraft during World War II.
In awarding Lovett the Distinguished Service Medal in September
1945, President Harry Truman wrote: "He has truly been the eyes, ears
and hands of the Secretary of War in respect to the growth of that
enormous American airpower which has astonished the world and
played such a large part in bringing the war to a speedy and successful
conclusion."
[4]
President Truman refused to accept the resignation of Lovett and
McCloy when they and Bundy gave their resignations in September 1945. On October 22, 1945, Secretary of War
Robert Patterson created the Lovett Committee, chaired by Robert A. Lovett, to advise the government on the
post-World War II organization of U.S. intelligence activities, which led to the creation of the CIA.
[5]
In December
1945, Lovett returned to Brown Brothers Harriman, only to be called back to Washington a little more than a year
later to serve with General George Marshall as undersecretary of state. Through dialogue with Senator Arthur
Vandenberg he helped draft the Vandenberg resolution, which led to the establishment of NATO.
In January 1949, Lovett went back to his investment business. Marshall, however, insisted he join him again when
he took over at the Pentagon as Secretary of Defense in September 1950. As deputy secretary of defense, Lovett
played a critical role in the department's management.
When Lovett became secretary of defense, the end of the Korean War was not yet in sight. His main concern
continued to be the long-range rearmament program. Like Marshall, Lovett believed that the United States erred
seriously at the end of World War II by disintegrating the military. He had also joined Marshall in opposing the
recognition of the new state of Israel in 1948 because he thought it was contrary to long-term U.S. strategic interests
in the region.
[6]
When the Korean War happened, he designed the rearmament program intended both to meet the demands of the
war and to serve as a deterrent and mobilization base in future military emergencies. As Lovett put it, "Heretofore
this country has only had two throttle settings one, wide-open for war, and the other, tight-shut for peace. What we
are really trying to do is to find a cruising speed."
[7]
Lovett argued for large monetary budgets to carry on the Korean War and to improve U.S. defensive strength, asking
for large sums of money and arguing strenuously against additional congressional cuts, emphasizing the need to
expand Army, Navy, and Marine Corps forces. He argued toward working toward a goal of 143 Air Force wings (as
compared with 95 then authorized) and a larger military. Lovett did not get all that he wanted. The actual amount his
department received for 1953 came to about $44.2 billion, almost $13 billion less than the previous year. He had
asked for initially $71 billion, later reducing his requests to $49 billion.
Lovett's efforts to meet rearmament and preparedness goals suffered in 1952 from a major dispute between the
federal government and the steel industry. Truman tried to avert a threatened strike, caused mainly by a wage
dispute, by taking over the steel mills in April 1952. The strike occurred after the Supreme Court held that Truman's
seizure order was unconstitutional. Lovett supported the president's action as essential to maintaining defense
Robert A. Lovett
430
production and expressed serious concern about the strike's effects on the nation's military capabilities. Even so, he
noted that "the last six months of 1952 saw the most significant increases in the military effectiveness of the United
States since the beginning of partial mobilization."
[8]
By the end of the Truman administration, the Defense Department had met successfully the challenges of the Korean
War mobilization and embarked on a long-term preparedness effort.
Besides the preparedness issue, Lovett inherited a number of other matters that were still unresolved in the early
1950s, including the proper military role of nuclear weapons. Lovett's stands on the nuclear weapons question and
other major military issues generally followed those of his predecessors. He strongly supported universal military
training, regarding it as the only viable long-term approach to building a reserve force, and thus making possible a
smaller regular military establishment. A firm proponent of NATO, he played an important role when the NATO
Council in February 1952 adopted force goals totaling 50 divisions and 4,000 aircraft to be achieved at the end of
1952.
Assistant Secretary of War Robert A. Lovett
attended to the Air Forces Hole from the
Developing International Outer Space Law.
Despite a relatively smooth administration, Lovett felt a growing
dissatisfaction with the existing defense organization. Although he
recognized that real unification could result only from an evolutionary
process and not legislative edict, as the end of his term approached he
discerned the need for changes in the National Security Act beyond those
made in 1949. Commenting about unification at a press conference a
week before he left office, Lovett observed that the Department of
Defense would have to be reorganized substantially if the United States
became involved in a major conflict. He put forward his
recommendations in a long letter to President Truman on November 18,
1952, proposing clarification of the secretary of defense's relationship to
the president, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the military departments;
redefinition of JCS functions; reorganization of the military departments;
and reorganization and redefinition of the functions of the Munitions
Board and the Research and Development Board.
Lovett meant his recommendations for practical consideration by his
successor, and they indeed played an important role in the formulation of
a reorganization plan during the early months of the Eisenhower administration. Concerned about the need for an
orderly post-election changeover in the Department of Defense, Lovett met several times during the transition period
with the incoming secretary, Charles E. Wilson, and made sure that he was thoroughly briefed on current issues.
Lovett's diaries while he was Under Secretary of State (1947€1949) are available in the Brown Brothers Harriman
Collection
[9]
housed in the manuscripts collection at New-York Historical Society.
Later life and death
After Lovett left office on January 20, 1953, he returned again to Brown Brothers Harriman, where he remained
active as a general partner for many years. Robert Lovett has been recognized as one of the most capable
administrators to hold the office of secretary of defense and as a perceptive critic of defense organization. His work
in completing the Korean War mobilization and in planning and implementing the long-range rearmament program,
as well as his proposals to restructure the Department of Defense, were among his major contributions. Following
the 1960 presidential election, Joseph P. Kennedy advised his son John F. Kennedy to offer Robert A. Lovett any
Cabinet post he might desire. Lovett graciously declined, citing health reasons. In 1963, he received the Presidential
Medal of Freedom. In 1964, he was awarded the prestigious Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military
Academy for his service to the country.
Robert A. Lovett
431
Domhoff credited Lovett, Harvey Bundy and John McCloy with having a close working relationship; and credited
John F. Kennedy as accepting Lovett's advice to appoint Dean Rusk as Secretary of State, Robert S. McNamara as
the Defense Secretary, and the Douglas C. Dillon for the Treasury Secretary in 1961.
Lovett died in Locust Valley, New York, on May 7, 1986, at the age of 90. He was preceded in death by his wife,
Adele, on January 4, 1986. Both outlived their children, Evelyn Springer Lovett Brown (1920€1967) and Robert
Scott Lovett, II (1927€1984). They were interred in Locust Valley Cemetery there.
The Department of History at Yale University, his alma mater, has the Robert A. Lovett Chair of Military and Naval
History in his honor. Its current incumbent is John Lewis Gaddis, the noted historian of the Cold War.
Notes
[1] (http:/ / www.trumanlibrary. org/ oralhist/ lovett.htm) Oral history Interview with Robert A. Lovett, at p.11 "I am a registered Republican ..."
[2] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 184-8.
[3] Current Biography, 1954, H.W. Wilson Company, page 29.
[4] Robert A. Lovett, Harry S. Truman Administration, September 17, 1951 € January 20, 1953 (http:/ / history. defense. gov/ lovett. shtml)
Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense. Accessed October 22, 2012.
[5] [5] [Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Retrospective Volume, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 32]
[6] Truman Adviser Recalls May 14, 1948 Decision to Recognize Israel (http:/ / www. wrmea. com/ backissues/ 0591/ 9105017. htm), Richard
H. Curtiss, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May, June 1991
[7] Roger R. Trask, The Secretaries of Defense, United States Department of Defense Historical Office, 1985, page 18.
[8] Robert A. Lovett, Harry S. Truman Administration, September 17, 1951 € January 20, 1953 (http:/ / history. defense. gov/ lovett. shtml)
Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense. Accessed October 22, 2012.
[9] http:/ / dlib. nyu. edu/ findingaids/ html/ nyhs/ brownbrothersharriman. html
Daryl J Hudson, …Vandenberg Reconsidered: Senate Resolution 239 and US Foreign Policy,† Diplomatic History,
Vol.1 No. 1, Winter 1977
References
ƒ Descendants of William Parish Chilton 1810-1871, by Thos. H. Chilton, 1967
ƒ DoD biography (http:/ / www. defenselink. mil/ specials/ secdef_histories/ bios/ lovett. htm)
External links
ƒ http:/ / www3. interscience. wiley. com/ journal/ 120062908/ abstract?CRETRY=1& SRETRY=0
Political offices
Preceded by
Dean G. Acheson
Under Secretary of State
1947 € 1949
Succeeded by
James E. Webb
Preceded by
Stephen T. Early
United States Deputy Secretary of
Defense
1950€1951
Succeeded by
Roger M. Kyes
Preceded by
George C. Marshall
U.S. Secretary of Defense
Served under: Harry S. Truman
1951€1953
Succeeded by
Charles E. Wilson
Awards
Preceded by
John J. McCloy
Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient
1964
Succeeded by
James B. Conant
Charles Phelps Taft II
432
Charles Phelps Taft II
Charles Phelps Taft II
Mayor of Cincinnati
In office
1955€1957
Preceded by Carl W. Rich
Succeeded by Donald D. Clancy
Personal details
Born Charles Phelps Taft II
September 20, 1897
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Died June 24, 1983 (aged 85)
Spouse(s) Eleanor Kellogg Chase Taft
Children Eleanor Kellogg Taft
Sylvia Howard Taft
Lucia Chase Taft
Cynthia Herron Taft
Rosalyn Rawson Taft
Seth Taft
Peter Rawson Taft III
Parents William Howard Taft
Helen Herron Taft
Charles Taft redirects here. For President Taft's brother, see Charles Phelps Taft
Charles Phelps Taft II (September 20, 1897 € June 24, 1983) was a U.S. Republican Party politician and member
of the Taft family. From 1955 to 1957, he served as Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. Like other members of his family,
Taft was a Republican for the purposes of state-wide elections. However, when running for municipal office in
Cincinnati, Taft was a member of the Charter Party. During his term as mayor, Fortune magazine ranked Cincinnati
as the best managed big city in the United States. As mayor, he gained the nickname "Mr. Cincinnati".
Charles Phelps Taft II
433
Early life
Charles Phelps Taft II with his father, William Howard Taft,
before leaving for World War I.
Charles Phelps Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and
was the son of President William Howard Taft and First
Lady Helen Herron Taft, and the younger brother of U.S.
Senator Robert Taft, and Bryn Mawr College professor
Helen Taft Manning. He was named after his uncle, U.S.
Congressman Charles Phelps Taft. He was only 11 years
old when he moved to the White House, upon his father's
election as President. During his father's tenure as
Secretary of War, he was a frequent playmate of
President Theodore Roosevelt's children. On the morning
of May 17, 1909, the same day his mother suffered a
severe stroke, he underwent a "bloody adenoid
operation."
[1]
He dropped out of Yale University in order
to serve in the United States Army during World War I
and later returned to graduate in 1918, and then earned his
law degree from Yale Law School in 1921. He was a
1918 initiate into the Skull and Bones Society.
Marriage
Taft married Eleanor Kellogg Chase on October 6, 1917
in Waterbury, Connecticut. They had five daughters,
Eleanor Kellogg Taft, Sylvia Howard Taft, Lucia Chase
Taft, Cynthia Herron Taft, Rosalyn Rawson Taft, and two
sons, Seth Chase Taft and Peter Rawson Taft III.
Career
Upon graduation from law school, Taft practiced law and became active in Cincinnati local politics. In 1925, he
helped introduce the home-rule charter under which, Cincinnati became the first major city in the United States to
adopt the City Manager form of government. Later that year, he became the youngest President of the International
YMCA. In 1926, he and his brother Robert Taft helped form the Cincinnati law firm Taft, Stettinius, and Hollister.
From 1927 to 1928, he served as Hamilton County Prosecutor. He served on the Cincinnati City Council three times,
from 1938 to 1942, from 1948 to 1951, and from 1955 to 1977. During World War II, he served as Director of U.S.
Community War Service at the Federal Security Agency and later as Director of Economic Affairs at the State
Department, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. From 1947 to 1948, he served as the first layman President of
the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. In 1952, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Ohio,
losing to incumbent Frank Lausche.
Charles Phelps Taft II
434
Personal interests
He was an avid fan of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team and sometimes listened to games on the radio with an
earplug during city council meetings. In addition, he was an avid fisherman whose trademark was a canoe tied to his
car in anticipation of his next fishing trip. When he died, the epitaph "Gone fishing" was inscribed on his grave at
Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.
In his later years he spent much time preserving his father's childhood home, which became the William Howard
Taft National Historic Site.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. doctorzebra.com/ prez/ g27. htm
References
ƒ Degregorio, William A., The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Barricade Books, 1997
ƒ Wead, Doug, All the President's Children, Atria Books, 2003
Political offices
Preceded by
Carl W. Rich
Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio
1955-1957
Succeeded by
Donald D. Clancy
Party political offices
Preceded by
Don H. Ebright
Republican Party nominee for Governor of
Ohio
1952
Succeeded by
Jim Rhodes
John Martin Vorys
435
John Martin Vorys
John Martin Vorys
in Washington, D.C., July 1, 1939
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio's 12th district
In office
January 3, 1939 € January 3, 1959
Preceded by Arthur P. Lamneck
Succeeded by Samuel L. Devine
Personal details
Born June 16, 1896
Lancaster, Ohio
Died August 25, 1968 (aged 72)
Columbus, Ohio
Resting place Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio
Political party Republican
Alma mater Moritz College of Law
Yale University
John Martin Vorys (June 16, 1896 - August 25, 1968) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Early life
Born in Lancaster, Ohio, Vorys attended the public schools in Lancaster and Columbus, Ohio. During the First
World War served overseas as a pilot in the famous "Yale Unit" of the United States Naval Air Service, retiring to
inactive service in 1919 with rank of lieutenant. He graduated from Yale University in 1918, where he was a member
of Skull and Bones, and from Ohio State University Law School at Columbus in 1923. He was a teacher in the
College of Yale, Changsha, China, in 1919 and 1920. He served as assistant secretary, American delegation,
Conference on Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., in 1921 and 1922. He was admitted to the bar in 1923
and commenced practice in Columbus, Ohio, at the firm founded by his grandfather, Vorys, Sater, Seymour and
John Martin Vorys
436
Pease.
[1]
Political career
He served as member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1923 and 1924, and in the Ohio Senate in 1925 and
1926. He served as director of aeronautics of Ohio in 1929 and 1930.
Vorys was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-sixth and to the nine succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1939 €
January 3, 1959). He did not seek renomination in 1958.
He served as delegate to the United Nations General Assembly in 1951, and as Regent of the Smithsonian Institution
1949-1959, before resuming the practice of law.
He died in Columbus, Ohio, August 25, 1968, and was interred in Green Lawn Cemetery.
[2]
References
[1] Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease firm history (http:/ / www. vssp. com/ about-history. html)
[2] [2] Jeffery C. Livingston, Swallowed by Globalism: John M. Vorys and American Foreign Policy (University Press of America, 2001)
ƒ John Martin Vorys (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=V000119) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2009-02-22
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress.
Alexander McCormick, Jr.
Alexander Agnew McCormick, Jr.
[1]
(15 December 1897 • 24 September 1918) was an officer in the United
States Navy during World War I.
Biography
Alexander Agnew McCormick, Jr. was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Chicago Evening Post editor and Chicago city
alderman Alexander Agnew "A. A." McCormick, Sr. and Maude Warner.
[2]
He attended the University of Chicago
High School, and entered Yale University with the Class of 1919. He enlisted as a Seaman (2nd Class) in the U.S.
Naval Aviation Forces on 16 April 1917 and trained at Buffalo, New York with the Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 2,
which had been organized at Yale shortly after the United States declared war on Germany. He was commissioned in
the U.S. Naval Reserve Force as an ensign on 2 November 1917 and was stationed at the Naval Air Station,
Pensacola, Florida, until 28 May 1918. He was assigned to Squadron 214 of the Royal Air Force and served in
France. On 24 September 1918, Lieutenant (Junior Grade) McCormick received fatal injuries in battle while an
aerial gunner with the Northern Bombing Group in a mission near Calais.
[3]
Buried in the military cemetery at Calais, he was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. He received the degree of
B.A., post obitum, honoris causa, from Yale University in June 1919. He had been selected for membership in Skull
and Bones. His remains now lie at the Somme American Cemetery in Aisne, France.
His sister Katherine (Kit) (1900€1971) was the mother of businessman Alexander McCormick Sturm (1923€1951),
who co-founded of firearms manufacturer Sturm, Ruger in 1949.
[4]
Alexander McCormick, Jr.
437
Namesake
The destroyer USS McCormick (DD-223) was named for him.
References
[1] He was a Junior. See: "A. A. McCormick, Ex-Editor and Alderman, Dies," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 27, 1925.
[2] "A. A. McCormick, Ex-Editor and Alderman, Dies," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 27, 1925.
[3] "Chicago Flier Dies in Battle, Another in Fall," Chicago Daily Tribune, October 1, 1918.
[4] "Miss McCormick and Justin Sturm Will Be Wed on June 24," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 14, 1922.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
Lewis Greenleaf Adams
438
Lewis Greenleaf Adams
Lewis Greenleaf Adams
Born
November 23, 1897
[1][2][3]
Lenox, Massachusetts
Died
November 29, 1977
[4]
New York Hospital, New York City
Alma mater Yale University (1920),
Ecole des Beaux Arts (1926)
Awards F.B. Morse Prize (1935)
Sherrill Prize (1936)
Practice Principal in Lewis Greenleaf Adams, Adams & Prentice, Partner in Adams & Woodbridge, Mamfeldt, Adams & Prentice, and
Mamfeldt, Adams & Woodbridge,
Lewis Greenleaf Adams, AIA, (1897€1977), was an American architect based in New York City who practiced in
mid- to late-twentieth-century New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, as part of the firms Mamfeldt, Adams &
Prentice, Adams & Prentice (fl. 1929-1941), Mamfeldt, Adams & Woodbridge, Adams & Woodbridge (fl.
1945-1974), and under his own name at the end of his life (fl. 1974-1977), always based in New York City.
Personal life
Born in November 23, 1897 in Lenox, Massachusetts to Mr. and Mrs. William Adams of New York.
[5]
He had an
older brother named William Jr.
In a double-marriage ceremony on July 24, 1921, he married Emiline Kellogg, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick
Kellogg of Utica, New York, and younger sister of Lois Kellogg who was married that same day to Philip C. Jessup,
son of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Wynans Jessup, of 20 Fifth Avenue. The double-wedding took place on the grounds of
the brides' parents residence. Adams' best man was his brother William Adams Jr. After which they moved to France
for a few years. While there he focused his studies of European architecture. He and his wife had two children. A
son, Richard Greenleaf Adams, born in 1923 and 4 years later they welcomed a daughter named Lois Kellogg
Adams. They then moved back to New York sometime in the 1930s.
He was a member of the U.S. Naval Reserve as a Lieutenant, Lt. Commander, and Commander, serving as a security
officer of the Brooklyn Naval Yard from 1942-1945.
In 1970, he lived on East 86th Street. He was a veteran of both World Wars, serving as a commander in the United
States Naval Reserve from 1917 to 1920 and 1941 to 1945.
Lewis Greenleaf Adams
439
Education
Adams attended the Groton School, graduation in 1916. earned his bachelors of architecture from the Yale
University in 1920. There, he was a member of the secret society, Skull and Bones.
[6]
He studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris in 1926. He won the F.B. Morse Prize in 1935 and the Sherrill Prize
in 1936.
He was likely related to architect John C. Greenleaf, as that architect had offices in 15 West 38th Street, Manhattan,
from as early as 1919 to as late as 1924, while the firm of Adams and Prentice, of which Lewis Greenleaf Adams
was partner was established at that address in 1929.
[7]
Architectural career
Adams joined the American Institute of Architects New York Chapter in 1931.
He was licensed in New York (1929), Connecticut (1933), New Jersey (1931), and nationally as NCARB (1940)
Within the AIA, he was the chairman of the Unification Committee in 1941, the B.A.I.D. Trustee, Director, and a
trustee, president of the Diplome Society. He was a member of the Architectural League.
Adams commenced his practice in 1929, that year forming the firm of Adams & Prentice from 1929 to 1941, which
shortly became the firm of Mamfeldt, Adams & Prentice and briefly Mamfeldt, Adams & Woodbridge in the
early 1930s. Adams continued those firms merging with Frederick James Woodbridge the sole partner of Evans,
Moore & Woodbridge in 1945 to form the firm of Adams & Woodbridge. Adams & Woodbridge estimated in
1953 to be …about 100 residences and alterations.†
Works
ƒ 1957-1969: 12 buildings for the Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York
ƒ 1958: Hamilton College Freshman Dormitory and Infirmary, Clinton, New York
ƒ 1963: New York City Episcopal Church Center, New York City.
ƒ 1966: Trinity Church Manning Wing, New York City.
ƒ 1967: Harriet Ptnpps House, Girl Scouts Greater New York, New York City
References
[1] " Lewis Greenleaf Adams (http:/ / communities. aia.org/ sites/ hdoaa/ wiki/ American Architects Directories/ 1970 American Architects
Directory/ Bowker_1970_A. pdf)" American Architects Directory, Third Edition (New York City: R.R. Bowker LLC, 1970), p.5.
[2] "Questionnaire for Architects„ Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works (http:/ / communities. aia. org/ sites/
hdoaa/ wiki/ AIA scans/ Rosters/ AdamsWoodbridge_roster. pdf) April 30, 1946.
[3] "Questionnaire for Architects„ Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works (http:/ / communities. aia. org/ sites/
hdoaa/ wiki/ AIA scans/ Rosters/ AdamsWoodbridge_roster. pdf) February 27, 1953.
[4] Anthony Baker, Robert B. MacKay, Carol A. Traynor, eds. with forward by Brendan Gill, Long Island Country Houses and Their Architects,
1860-1940 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), pp.96-97 (ISBN 0393038564)
[5] "Misses Kellogg Wed," New York Times 25 July 1921 (Retrieved 25 April 2011)
[6] "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other
public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members
were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
[7] Office for Metropolitan History (http:/ / www.metrohistory. com/ dbpages/ NBresults. lasso), "Manhattan NB Database 1900-1986,"
(Accessed 15 Apr 2011).
Briton Hadden
440
Briton Hadden
Briton Hadden in 1928.
Briton Hadden (February 18, 1898 € February 27, 1929) was the
co-founder of Time magazine with his Yale classmate Henry Luce. He
was Time's first editor and the inventor of its revolutionary writing
style, known as Timestyle. Though he died at 31, he was considered
one of the most influential journalists of the twenties, a master
innovator and stylist, and an iconic figure of the Jazz Age.
Early life
Hadden got his start in newspaper writing at Brooklyn's Poly Prep
Country Day School, where he wrote for the school magazine, the Poly
Prep, and distributed a hand-written, underground sheet to his
classmates that was called The Daily Glonk. Moving to the Hotchkiss
School, Hadden wrote for the Hotchkiss Record, a weekly newspaper.
After an intense competition, Hadden was elected the chairman of the
newspaper and Luce the assistant managing editor. Hadden then turned
the Record from a weekly into a bi-weekly.
At Yale, Hadden was elected to the staff of the Yale Daily News and later served as the paper's chairman twice
(1917-1918 and 1919-1920). Luce was the News' managing editor the second time. While at Yale, Hadden was a
brother of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and a member of Skull and Bones.
:150
It was during a break from
school, when Hadden and Luce traveled south to Camp Jackson, South Carolina as ROTC officer candidates, that
they began seriously discussing the idea of creating a magazine that would condense all the news of the week into a
brief and easily readable "digest."
Early career
After receiving his bachelor's degree from Yale in 1920, Hadden wrote for the New York World, where he was
mentored by one of New York's most famous and accomplished newspaper editors, Herbert Bayard Swope. In late
1921, Hadden wrote to Luce, who had recently been let go by the Chicago Daily News, and suggested that they both
go to work for the Baltimore News. In Baltimore, they spent their nights working on the idea of a news magazine,
which, at first, they planned to call Facts.
Founding of Time Magazine
In 1923, Hadden and Luce co-founded Time magazine. Hadden and Luce served alternating years as the company's
president, but Hadden was the editor for four and a half of the magazine's first six years, and was considered the
"presiding genius." In its earliest years the magazine was edited in an abandoned beer brewery, subsequently moving
to Cleveland in 1925, and returning to New York in 1927. For the next year and several months, both Time and The
New Yorker were edited at 25 W. 45th Street in Manhattan. Thus the two greatest magazine editors of the 1920s •
Briton Hadden and Harold Ross • worked in the same building.
Briton Hadden
441
Illness and death
In December 1928, Hadden became ill. He died two months later, most likely of streptococcus viridans, which had
entered his bloodstream, causing septicemia and ultimately the failure of his heart. Before he died, Hadden signed a
will, which left all of his stock in Time Inc. to his mother and forbade his family from selling those shares for 49
years. Within a year of Hadden's death, Luce formed a syndicate, which succeeded in gaining hold of Hadden's
stock.
Legacy
Luce took Hadden's name off the masthead of Time within two weeks of his death. In the next 38 years, he delivered
more than 300 speeches around the world, mentioning Hadden four times. Luce acquired control of Hadden's papers,
and he kept them at Time Inc., where no one outside the company was allowed to view the papers as long as Luce
lived. Throughout his life, Luce repeatedly claimed credit for Hadden's ideas in public speeches and in Time
magazine.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Luce presided over the growth of the Time-Life empire, and donated funds towards the construction of a building at
202 York Street in New Haven, Connecticut that would eventually become the Yale Daily News' new home. The
office is today called the Briton Hadden Memorial Building.
References
ƒ Isaiah Wilner; The Man Time Forgot: A Tale Of Genius, Betrayal And The Creation Of Time Magazine.
External links
ƒ Time Magazine biography (http:/ / www. timemediakit. com/ us/ timemagazine/ press/ bios/ hadden. html)
Thayer Hobson
442
Thayer Hobson
Thayer Hobson
Born Francis Thayer Hobson
September 4, 1897
Denver, Colorado
Died October 19, 1967 (aged 70)
Nix Memorial Hospital
San Antonio, Texas
Employer William Morrow and Company
Spouse(s) Janet Camp (m. c1920-1925)
Priscilla Harriet Fansler (m. 1925-c1929)
Laura Kean Zametkin (m. 1930-1935)
Isabelle Lavis Garrabrants (m.
1935-1960)
Elizabeth Tonkin Davis (m. 1960-1967)
Relatives Henry Wise Hobson II, brother
Francis Thayer Hobson (September 4, 1897 • October 19, 1967) was president and chairman of the board of
William Morrow and Company.
Biography
He was born on September 4, 1897, and had a brother, Henry Wise Hobson, Jr., who became a Bishop in the
Episcopal Church. He had a sister, Eleanor Whiteside Hobson (1893€1986).
Hobson attended Yale University but left before graduation to join the French army during World War I. In 1917, he
served as a machine gunner for the American Expeditionary Force but was wounded and was sent home in 1918. He
returned to Yale University and worked as the business manager for the Yale Daily News. Hobson graduated Yale in
1920 and then worked as an English teacher at Westminster School and at Yale College. From 1922 to 1924, he did
postgraduate work at Yale. In 1925, he divorced his first wife. In 1925, he went to Paris to study at the Sorbonne. His
second wife was Priscilla Harriet Fansler, who after their divorce married Alger Hiss. His third wife, from 1930 to
1935, was Laura Kean Zametkin, who as Laura Z. Hobson was author of the novel Gentleman's Agreement. He was
later married to Isabelle Lavis Garrabrants and Elizabeth Tonkin Davis.Wikipedia:Citation needed
William Morrow and Company
When William Morrow died in 1931, Hobson bought control of William Morrow and Company and made himself
president. While at Morrow, Hobson was the publisher of Erle Stanley Gardner, who wrote the Perry Mason series.
In 1958 he became Chairman of the Board.
Death
Hobson died on October 19, 1967, in San Antonio, Texas.
References
David Sinton Ingalls
443
David Sinton Ingalls
David Sinton Ingalls
DSC, DFC
Born 28 January 1899
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Died 26 April 1985 (aged 86)
Chagrin Falls, Ohio, United States
Buried at Hot Springs, Virginia, United States
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch Royal Air Force (United Kingdom)
United States Navy
Years of service 1917 - 1919; 1941 - 1945
Rank Rear Admiral
Unit Royal Air Force
ƒƒ No. 217 Squadron RAF
ƒƒ No. 213 Squadron RAF
Battles/wars  
World War I
World War II
Awards ƒƒ Distinguished Service Cross
ƒ British Distinguished Flying Cross
ƒ French Legion d'Honneur
Other work Assistant Secretary of the Navy
David Sinton Ingalls
Spouse(s) Louise Hale Harkness Frances W. Wragg
Children David Sinton Ingalls Jr. (27 Aug. 1934-13 Apr. 1993) , Edith (Vignos), Louise (Brown), Anne (Lawrence), and Jane (Davison)
David Sinton Ingalls, DSC and DFC (28 January 1899, Cleveland, Ohio - 26 April 1985, Chagrin Falls, Ohio) was
the US Navy's only flying ace of World War I, with six credited victories; thus he was the first ace in U. S. Navy
history.
[1]
He was the son of Albert S. Ingalls; his mother, Jane Taft, was the niece of President William Howard
Taft. He was the grandson of railroad executive Melville E. Ingalls. He was the great-grandson of industrialist David
Sinton, for whom he was named. He was married to Louise Hale Harkness, daughter of William L. Harkness and
granddaughter of Standard Oil founder Stephen V. Harkness.
David Sinton Ingalls
444
Education
Ingalls received his secondary education at the University School in Cleveland, and later attended St. Paul's. He
entered Yale in 1916, where he studied as a medical student (he would eventually graduate in 1920 with a BA in
English) and joined the First Yale Unit.
[2]
As such, Ingalls became a member of the US Naval Reserve Flying Corps
and by 1917 had obtained his pilot's license.
Military career
Training
On 26 March 1917, Ingalls was enlisted as Naval Aviator No. 85. He was called to active duty on 4 April 1917.
Before heading to Europe, Ingalls received aviation training at West Palm Beach in Florida. On 3 June, he was sent
to Huntington, Long Island, New York for more training. His training was completed on 1 September 1917, and he
was made a lieutenant (junior grade).Wikipedia:Citation needed
Ingalls arrived in Paris on 12 September 1917 and reported to the Commander of United States Naval Forces
Operating in European waters in London on 10 December 1917 and was sent to the RFC training facility at RAF
Gosport from 13 December 1917 until February 1918. From there, he went to the RFC Station in Ayr for squadron
formation flying. On completion of this course, he was sent to Paris and arrived in Dunkirk on 18 March 1918. From
Dunkirk he went to Clermont for a course in flying day bombing and gunnery. He arrived back in Dunkirk on 2 July,
where he was attached to 213 Squadron of the Royal Air Force.
Operational activity
Ingalls was attached to the British 213 Squadron and flew Sopwith Camels in attacks on German submarine
bases.Wikipedia:Citation needed He was temporarily reassigned to No. 17 Naval Squadron to gain experience flying
bombers, between April and August 1918. Once back with 213 Squadron, Ingalls began tallying victories. On 11
August 1918, Ingalls and his flight leader, Colin Peter Brown, shot down a German observation plane behind enemy
lines.
[3]
Two days later, he was involved in a surprise attack on a German aerodrome, which destroyed thirty-eight
planes.Wikipedia:Citation needed On 21 August, Ingalls shared a win over an LVG two-seater with Brown and
fellow ace George Stacey Hodson.
On 15 September, he destroyed a Rumpler in company with fellow ace Harry Smith. Three days later, he teamed
with Smith and Hodson to become a balloon buster. Two days after that, Ingalls lost his engine and knew he had to
crash land. As he was descending, he saw a woman sitting in a field smoking a pipe. He had never seen a woman
smoking a pipe, so he tried to land in that field. Then his engine kicked back in and he was able to fly again. But by
now he was well behind enemy lines. As a result, he was able to come at the Germans from behind and destroy a
Fokker D.VII to become an ace. On a later attack on a German aerodrome, Ingalls destroyed more
planes.Wikipedia:Citation needed On his way back to base on 24 September 1918, he spotted a German observation
plane, which he and Hodson shot down. His last flight of the war came on 3 October 1918.
The following day, he headed home and was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for exceptionally and
meritorious Service as chase pilot operating with No. 213 Squadron RAF while attached to the Northern Bombing
Group. Ingalls was also decorated by Great Britain with the Distinguished Flying Cross and by France with the
Legion of Honour. On 1 January 1919, he was also Mentioned in Despatches by the British.
[4]
He was released from
the military on 2 January 1919.Wikipedia:Citation needed
David Sinton Ingalls
445
Post-war
Ingalls returned to Yale and received an LLD from Harvard in 1923. After graduating, he joined Squire, Sanders &
Dempsey as an associate. In 1926, he was elected to the Ohio General Assembly, where he co-sponsored the Ohio
Aviation Code. Ingalls also served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1927 to 1929. He was a
good friend of Jack Towers, who recommended Ingalls for the job of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR). He
asked Newton Baker, a friend of his father to recommend him to Herbert Hoover. He got the job in early 1929. He
became a good friend of Hoover, who invited him to the White House and to his camp. Fellow
BonesmanWikipedia:Please clarify F. Trubee Davison would often accompany them. On his way home in his plane
from Washington in June 1929, Ingalls crashed his plane into a fence, but was unharmed. As Assistant Secretary, he
tripled the number of naval aircraft and pushed for a fully deployable carrier task force. In 1932, he embarked on an
unsuccessful campaign to become Governor of Ohio. He left in 1933 to become director of Cleveland's Department
of Public Health and Welfare.
In the mid-1930s, Ingalls was appointed a lieutenant commander in the Naval Reserves. He was made Vice President
and General Manager of Pan Am Air Ferries in 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, he helped
develop the Naval Air Station at Honolulu, and ended up reporting for duty. In 1943, he became Chief of Staff for
the Forward Area Air Center Command and later Commander of the Pearl Harbor Naval Air Station.
Other interests
On his return to Ohio, he became a director of Pan Am World Airways and managed Robert A. Taft's campaign to be
the Republican nominee for president in 1952. In 1954, he became President and publisher of the Cincinnati
Times-Star and Vice Chairman of the now defunct Taft Broadcasting Company. He left the Cincinnati Times-Star in
1958 to practice law.
Ingalls was a friend of the aviator Charles Lindbergh, whom he helped solve navigation and communication
problems in charting new air routes to the east for Pan Am.
He was a director of the Cleveland Trust Company, director of South Eleuthera Properties, Vice President of
Virginia Hot Springs, Inc., President of the Central Eyebank for Sight Restoration, trustee of Laurel School and an
honorary trustee of the Young Men's Christian Association.
Ingalls was a member of the American Legion, Chagrin Valley Hunt Club, Freemasons, Jekyll Island Club, Kirtland
Country Club, Pepper Pike Club of Pepper Pike, Queen City Club of Cincinnati, River Club of New York, Skull and
Bones and the Union Club of Cleveland.
Ingalls was a sportsman and a co-owner of two quail plantations: Ring Oak Plantation and Foshalee Plantation,
which he shared with Robert Livingston Ireland, Jr.
The Ingalls Hockey RInk aka The Whale at Yale University is named after David Ingalls as well as his son, David S.
Ingalls, Jr. and the Ingalls family were the primary benefactors of the rink.
David Sinton Ingalls
446
References
ƒ Airfields & Airmen of the Channel Coast: Battleground I Battleground Europe Series". Mike O'Connor, Michael
O'Connor. Pen & Sword Books, 2006. ISBN 1-84415-258-8, ISBN 978-1-84415-258-2.
ƒ American Aces of World War I. Norman Franks, Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-375-6,
ISBN 978-1-84176-375-0.
ƒ From Cotton To Quail: An Agricultural Chronicle of Leon County, Florida, 1860-1967, Paisley, Clifton.
University of Florida Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-8130-0718-2
[1] http:/ / www. theaerodrome. com/ aces/ usa/ ingalls. php Retrieved 3 March 2010.
[2] [2] O'Connor, M, p.61
[3] http:/ / www. theaerodrome. com/ aces/ usa/ ingalls. php Retrieved on 20 June 2010.
[4] [4] For distinguished service in war areas - Lieut. David Sinton Ingalls, DFC, USA Air Service (Attached RAF., Flanders)
External links
ƒ David Ingalls - the First US Navy Ace (http:/ / www. usaww1. com/ David-Ingalls-USNavy. php4)
ƒ David Sinton Ingalls - Military Strategist (http:/ / www. nationalaviation. org/ ingalls-david/ )
Government offices
Preceded by
Edward Pearson Warner
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)
March 16, 1929 € June 1, 1932
Succeeded by
Artemus Gates
Party political offices
Preceded by
Myers Y. Cooper
Republican Party nominee for Governor of
Ohio
1932
Succeeded by
Clarence J. Brown
Henry Luce
447
Henry Luce
Henry Luce
Luce with wife Clare Boothe Luce, a famous playwright and politician (1954)
Born Henry Robinson Luce
April 3, 1898
Tengchow, China
Died February 28, 1967 (aged 68)
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Occupation Publisher; Journalist
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s) Lila Hotz
Clare Boothe Luce
(1935€1967, his death)
Children Peter Paul Luce
Henry Luce III
Ann Clare Brokaw (step-daughter)
Parents Henry W. Luce and Elizabeth Middleton
Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 € February 28, 1967), an American magazine magnate, was called "the most
influential private citizen in the America of his day". He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that
transformed journalism and the reading habits of upscale Americans. Time summarized and interpreted the week's
news; Life was a picture magazine of politics, culture and society that dominated American visual perceptions in the
era before television; Fortune explored in depth the economy and the world of business, introducing to executives
avant-garde ideas such as Keynesianism; and Sports Illustrated which probed beneath the surface of the game to
explore the motivations and strategies of the teams and key players. Add in his radio projects and newsreels, and
Luce created the first multimedia corporation. Luce was born in China to missionary parents. Luce envisaged that the
United States would achieve world hegemony, and in 1941 he declared the 20th century would be the "American
Century".
[1]
Henry Luce
448
Life and career
Luce, known to his friends as "Father Time", was born in Tengchow, China, on April 3, 1898, the son of Elizabeth
Middleton and Henry Winters Luce, who was a Presbyterian missionary. He received his education in various
Chinese and English boarding schools including the China Inland Mission Chefoo School. He was sent to the U.S. at
the age of 15 to attend the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut, followed by Yale College.
Luce edited the Hotchkiss Literary Monthly. In 1920, he graduated from Yale College, where he was a member of
Alpha Delta Phi and Skull and Bones. At Hotchkiss, he first met Briton Hadden, who would become a lifelong
partner. At the time, Hadden served as editor-in-chief of the school newspaper. Luce worked as an assistant
managing editor. The two continued to work together at Yale, with Hadden as chairman and Luce as managing
editor of The Yale Daily News.
Luce, recalling his relationship with Hadden, said, "Somehow, despite the greatest differences in temperaments and
even in interests, we had to work together. We were an organization. At the center of our lives • our job, our
function • at that point everything we had belonged to each other."
After being voted "most brilliant" of his class at Yale, he parted ways with Hadden to embark for a year on historical
studies at Oxford University. During this time he worked as a cub reporter for the Chicago Daily News. In December
1921, Luce rejoined Hadden to work at The Baltimore News.
Magazines
Nightly discussions of the concept of a news magazine led Luce and Hadden, both age 23, to quit their jobs in 1922.
Later that same year they formed Time Inc. Having raised $86,000 of a $100,000 goal, the first issue of Time was
published on March 3, 1923. Luce served as business manager while Hadden was editor-in-chief. Luce and Hadden
annually alternated year-to-year the titles of president and secretary-treasurer. Upon Hadden's sudden death in 1929,
Luce assumed Hadden's position.
Luce launched the business magazine Fortune in February 1930 and created/founded the pictorial Life magazine in
1934, and launched House & Home in 1952 and Sports Illustrated in 1954. He also produced The March of Time
weekly newsreel. By the mid 1960s, Time Inc. was the largest and most prestigious magazine publisher in the world.
(Dwight Macdonald, a Fortune staffer during the 1930s, referred to him as "Il Luce", a play on the Italian Dictator
Mussolini, who was called "Il Duce").)
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, aware that most publishers were opposed to him, issued a decree in 1943 that
blocked all publishers and media executives from visits to combat areas; he put General George Marshall in charge
of enforcement. The main target was Luce, who had long opposed FDR. Historian Alan Brinkley argues the move
was "badly mistaken", for had Luce been allowed to travel, he would have been an enthusiastic cheerleader for
American forces around the globe. But stranded in New York City, Luce's frustration and anger expressed itself in
hard-edged partisanship.
[2]
Luce, supported by Editor-in-Chief T. S. Matthews, appointed Whittaker Chambers as
acting Foreign News editor in 1944, despite the feuds Chambers had with reporters in the field.
[3]
Luce, who remained editor-in-chief of all his publications until 1964, maintained a position as an influential member
of the Republican Party.
[4]
Holding anti-communist sentiments, used Time to support right-wing dictatorships in the
name of fighting communism. An instrumental figure behind the so-called "China Lobby", he played a large role in
steering American foreign policy and popular sentiment in favor of Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and his wife
Soong Mei-ling in their war against the Japanese. (The Chiangs appeared in the cover of Time eleven times between
1927 and 1955.
[5]
)
It has been reported that Luce, during the 1960s tried LSD and reported that he had talked to God under its
influence.
[6]
Once ambitious to become Secretary of State in a Republican administration, Luce penned a famous article in Life
magazine in 1941, called "The American Century", which defined the role of American foreign policy for the
Henry Luce
449
remainder of the 20th century (and perhaps beyond).
Family
Luce Memorial Chapel, Tunghai University, Taiwan.
Luce had two children • Peter Paul and Henry Luce
III • with his first wife, Lila Hotz. He married his
second wife, Clare Boothe Luce in 1935, who had an
11-year-old daughter whom he raised as his own. He
died in Phoenix, Arizona in 1967. At his death he was
said to be worth $100 million in Time Inc. stock. Most
of his fortune went to the Henry Luce Foundation.
During his life, Luce supported many philanthropies
such as Save the Children Federation, the Metropolitan
Museum of Art and United Service to China, Inc. He is
interred at Mepkin Plantation in South Carolina.
He was honored by the United States Postal Service
with a 32™ Great Americans series (1980€2000)
postage stamp. Mr. Luce was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1977.
According to the Henry Luce Foundation, Henry Luce III died suddenly on September 8, 2005 at 80 years old while
visiting his home on Fishers Island, New York, of cardiac arrest. Designed by I. M. Pei, the Luce Memorial Chapel
on the campus of Tunghai University in Taiwan was constructed in memoriam of Henry Luce's father.
References
[1] [1] Editorial (1941-02-17) The American Century, Life Magazine
[2] Alan Brinkley, The Publisher: Henry Luce and his American Century (2010) pp 302-3
[3] Brinkley, The Publisher: Henry Luce and his American Century (2010) pp 322-93
[4] "Henry R. Luce: End of a Pilgrimage" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ printout/ 0,8816,836722,00. html). - TIME. - March 10, 1967
[5] Chiang covers (http:/ / www. time.com/ time/ searchresults?N=46& Ntt=Chiang) at TIME
[6] Maisto, Stephen A., Galizio, Mark, & Connors, Gerald J. (2008). Drug Use and Abuse: Fifth Edition. Belmont: Thomson Higher Education.
ISBN 0-495-09207-X
Further reading
ƒ Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531 pp.
ƒ "A Magazine Master Builder" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 04/ 20/ books/ 20book. html) Book review
by Janet Maslin, The New York Times, April 19, 2010
ƒ Brinkley, Alan. What Would Henry Luce Make of the Digital Age?, TIME (April 19, 2010) excerpt and text search
(http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1978794,00. html#ixzz0n9k5AEGK)
ƒ Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (2001) excerpt and text search
(http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0801867169)
ƒ Elson, Robert T. Time Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923-1941 (1968); vol. 2: The World
of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941-1960 (1973), official corporate history
ƒ Herzstein, Robert E. Henry R. Luce, Time, and the American Crusade in Asia (2006) excerpt and text search
(http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0521543681)
ƒ Herzstein, Robert E. Henry R. Luce: A Political Portrait of the Man Who Created the American Century (1994).
ƒ Morris, Sylvia Jukes. Rage for Fame: The Ascent of Clare Boothe Luce (1997).
Henry Luce
450
External links
ƒ TIME biography (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ mediakit/ about/ biographies/ founders/ luce. html)
ƒ The Henry Luce Foundation (http:/ / www. hluce. org/ )
ƒ Whitman, Alden. "Henry R. Luce, Creator of Time€Life Magazine Empire, Dies in Phoenix at 68" (http:/ / www.
nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/ bday/ 0403. html), The New York Times, March 1, 1967.
ƒ PBS American Masters (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wnet/ americanmasters/ database/ luce_h. html)
ƒ Henry Luce (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=649) at Find a Grave
ƒ Henry Luce at NNDB (http:/ / www. nndb. com/ people/ 835/ 000043706)
Charles H. Bradley, Jr.
Charles Harvey Bradley (April 20, 1899, Dubuque, Iowa - September 1, 1972, Indianapolis, Indiana)
Biography
He was the fourth and youngest child of Charles H. Bradley, Sr of Dubuque, a founder of Bradley Brothers Cigars
which made the famous Baroness and Bradley brands of cigars, and Katherine Elderkin Wetherbee Bradley of
Wabasha, Minnesota.
After attending grade school in Dubuque, Charles Harvey Bradley (…Harve†) entered Thacher Preparatory School in
Ojai Valley, California in 1912. In 1915 he transferred to Philips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. After
graduating from Andover in 1917 he entered Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut in the fall of that year. On the
advice of then Colonel Theodore Roosevelt he and six close friends from Yale, one being Roosevelt„s nephew,
Sheffield Cowles, left the college after mid year exams and enlisted in the Marine Corps in February 1918.
[1]
After training at Parris Island, SC, and earning the designation of Sharpshooter,
[2]
Harve became a Private in the
80th Company, 6th Regiment, Second Marines. He fought in France in the battles of Belleau Wood, Chateau Thierry
and was wounded for the second time on July 19, 1918 in the battle of Soissons. Here, his left hip was shattered by
shrapnel. After lying on the battle field for nearly 18 hours, he was rescued and spent two months recovering at Base
Hospital 27 in Angers, France before returning to a hospital in Portsmouth, Virginia.
[3]
His entire division was
decorated for bravery by the French government.
Harve reentered Yale in the middle of 1919. In spite of his war injury, he was on the 150 pound Yale Crew. He was a
member of Delta Kappa Epsilon and was elected to Skull and Bones. He graduated with the class of 1921 with an
A.B. degree.
During the summer of 1919 while visiting Culver, Indiana, he met Carolyn Coffin of Indianapolis, daughter of
Charles E Coffin, prominent real estate developer and banker, whom he married in January 1922. They spent a two
month honeymoon in Europe, during which they visited the French battlefields where he had fought.
[4]
After his marriage, Harve moved to Indianapolis and worked first for the Fletcher Trust Company until 1924 serving
as cashier of the Sixteenth Street Branch Bank, a subsidiary of the Fletcher Trust Company.
In 1924 he was employed by W.J. Holiday & Company, Steel Distributors. He became Secretary, Treasurer of the
company in 1927 and President in 1932. He was also President of Monarch Steel Company, cold drawers of steel
bars, a subsidiary of W.J. Holiday & Company.
[5]
Soon after the United States entered World War II Harve was appointed chief of the Steel Recovery Program.
Materials Branch, Steel Division War Production Board and moved to Pittsburg in July 1942. He set the pattern and
directed the course of that branch for eight months, returning to Indianapolis in 1943. He was appointed the Civilian
Defense Director for Indianapolis and served in that capacity for six months.
Charles H. Bradley, Jr.
451
Harve remained President of W.J. Holiday & Company until the company was sold to Jones and Laughlin Steel
Company in 1954. He served as Chairman of the Advisory Board in the warehouse division from 1955 to 1960. . He
became President of the Shorewood Corporation in 1960, but left in 1962 to become Chairman of the Executive
Committee and Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of P.R. Mallory & Co., Inc. In 1964 he became Chairman
of the Board of this company.
During his career, he was also a director of P.R. Mallory International, the Ransburg Electrocoating Corporation, the
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, the Indiana National Bank, Bell Telephone Company, the Indiana Gas & Water
Company, Monarch Steel Company, Employers Association of Indiana, and American Steel Warehouse Association
(Chairman of the Executive Committee). He was also on the board of directors of the Illinois Central Industries and
the Illinois Central Railroad. Bradley was a President of the Indiana Chamber of Commerce and the United Fund.
During his lifetime his memberships included: Yale Alumni Board, Redevelopment Commission of Indiana, State
and National American Legion, Navy league, Service Club of Indianapolis, University Club of Indianapolis,
Columbia Club, Indianapolis Athletic Club, Woodstock Country Club, Draft Board of Appeals, N.R.A. Labor Board.
He was a founder of the Service Club, composed of U.S. Marine Corps veterans of World Wars I and II.
His hobbies included golf and photography. He long maintined his own dark room and enjoyed taking and
developing his own photographs. For many years he piloted his own single engine planes beginning with a Navion
and ending with a Beechcraft Bonanza which he owned at the time of his death. He was a member of the
Sportsman„s Pilot Association and the Quiet Birdmen, also a flying association.
[6]
He never lost his love of horse back riding and the West which he had developed as a schoolboy in Ojai,
California.
[7]
During their fifty year marriage, he and his wife had three children and seven grandchildren.
Charles Harvey Bradley died of a sudden massive heart attack in Indianapolis at the age of 73.
References
[1] [1] The World, Sunday, Feb 10, 1918; The New York Herald, Sunday, Feb 10, 1918, CHB personal letters.
[2] [2] CHB letters.
[3] [3] CHB personal letters; Telegraph-Herald fall/winter 1918-1919; Times Journal fall/winter 1918-1919.
[4] [4] Family records.
[5] [5] CHB resume.
[6] Daughter„s personal account.
[7] [7] Personal experience of his daughter.
Stanley Woodward
452
Stanley Woodward
Stanley Woodward
Stanley Woodward, Sr. (March 12, 1899-August 17, 1992) was
the White House Chief of Protocol under Franklin Delano
Roosevelt and Ambassador to Canada under Harry S. Truman. He
was a favorite social companion of FDR. Notable for his
cautiousness in protecting Axis diplomats at the onset of World
War II, he was also largely responsible for the introduction of
"black tie attire" as acceptable formalwear. In his youth, he had an
inclination for the Bishop's robe.
He was a Foreign Service officer in Europe and Haiti from the
mid-1920s to the mid-1930s before returning to Philadelphia as
commissioner of Fairmount Park. He returned to the Foreign
Service in 1937, serving first as Assistant Chief of Protocol and
then as Chief of Protocol at the State Department until his
appointment as Ambassador in 1950.
He served as the United States Ambassador to Canada
(1950€1953), graduated from Yale University in 1922 and was a
1922 initiate into the Skull and Bones Society.
References
ƒ Contosta, David R. (1992). The Houstons and Woodwards of Chestnut Hill. (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=kAdIwIdZqBoC) University of Pennsylvania Press.
ƒ US Department of State (http:/ / history. state. gov/ departmenthistory/ people/ woodward-stanley)
John Sherman Cooper
453
John Sherman Cooper
John Sherman Cooper
2nd United States Ambassador to East Germany
In office
December 20, 1974 € September 28, 1976
President Gerald Ford
Preceded by Brandon Grove
Succeeded by David B. Bolen
United States Senator
from Kentucky
In office
November 7, 1956 € January 3, 1973
Preceded by Robert Humphreys
Succeeded by Walter Huddleston
In office
November 5, 1952 € January 3, 1955
Preceded by Thomas R. Underwood
Succeeded by Alben Barkley
In office
November 6, 1946 € January 3, 1949
Preceded by William A. Stanfill
Succeeded by Virgil Chapman
5th United States Ambassador to India
In office
February 4, 1955 € April 9, 1956
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by George V. Allen
Succeeded by Ellsworth Bunker
John Sherman Cooper
454
Personal details
Born August 23, 1901
Somerset, Kentucky
Died February 21, 1991 (aged 89)
Washington, D.C.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Evelyn Pfaff (m. 1944€47)
Lorraine Rowan Shevlin (m. 1955€85)
Alma mater Centre College
Yale University
Harvard Law School
Profession Lawyer
Religion Baptist
Signature
Military service
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1942€1946
Rank Captain
Unit 15th Corps, U.S. Third Army
Battles/wars World War II
Awards Bronze Star Medal
John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 € February 21, 1991) was a politician, jurist, and diplomat from the U.S.
state of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive, partial terms in the United States Senate before being elected to
two full terms in 1960 and 1966. He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S.
Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than
one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966, he set records for the largest victory margin for a
Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party.
Cooper's first political service was as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1927 to 1929. In
1930, he was elected county judge of Pulaski County. After a failed gubernatorial bid in 1939, he joined the U.S.
Army in 1942. During World War II, he earned the Bronze Star Medal for reorganizing the Bavarian judicial system
after the allied victory in Europe. While still in Germany, he was elected circuit judge for Kentucky's 28th district.
He returned home to accept the judgeship, which he held for less than a year before resigning to seek election to A.
B. "Happy" Chandler's vacated seat in the U.S. Senate. He won the seat by 41,823 votes, the largest victory margin
by any Republican for any office in Kentucky up to that time.
During his first term in the Senate, Cooper voted with the majority of his party just 51% of the time. He was defeated
in his re-election bid in 1948, after which he accepted an appointment by President Harry S. Truman as a delegate to
the United Nations General Assembly and served as a special assistant to Secretary of State Dean Acheson during
the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Cooper was again elected to a partial term in the
Senate in 1952. The popular Cooper appeared likely to be re-elected in 1954 until the Democrats nominated former
Vice-President Alben W. Barkley. Cooper lost the general election and was appointed Ambassador to India by
President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1955. Cooper gained the confidence of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
and dramatically improved relations between the U.S. and the recently independent state of India, helping rebuff
Soviet hopes of expanding communism in Asia. Barkley died in 1956, and Eisenhower requested that Cooper seek
John Sherman Cooper
455
Barkley's open seat. Cooper reluctantly acquiesced and was elected to serve the rest of Barkley's term.
In 1960, Cooper was re-elected, securing his first full, six-year term in the Senate. Newly elected President John F.
Kennedy € Cooper's former Senate colleague € chose Cooper to conduct a secret fact-finding mission to Moscow
and New Delhi. Following Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed
Cooper to the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination. Cooper soon became an outspoken opponent of
Johnson's decision to escalate U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, consistently advocating negotiation
with the North Vietnamese instead. After Cooper's re-election in 1966, he worked with Idaho Democrat Frank
Church on a series of amendments designed to de-fund further U.S. military operations in the region. These
amendments were hailed as the first serious attempt by Congress to curb presidential authority over military
operations during an ongoing war. Aging and increasingly deaf, Cooper did not seek re-election in 1972. His last acts
of public service were as Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976 and as an alternate delegate to the United
Nations in 1981. He died in a Washington, D.C. retirement home on February 21, 1991, and was buried in Arlington
National Cemetery.
Early life
John Sherman Cooper was born August 23, 1901, in Somerset, Kentucky.
[1]
He was the second child and first son of
seven children born to John Sherman and Helen Gertrude (Tartar) Cooper.
[2]
The Cooper family had been prominent
in the Somerset area since brothers Malachi and Edward Cooper migrated from South Carolina along the Wilderness
Trail and through the Cumberland Gap around 1790, shortly after Daniel Boone.
[3]
His father's parents € staunch
Baptists € were active in the anti-slavery movement in the nineteenth century, and the elder John Sherman Cooper
(called "Sherman") was named after the Apostle John and William Tecumseh Sherman, a hero of the Union in the
Civil War.
[4]
The family was very active in local politics; six of Cooper's ancestors, including his father, were elected
county judges in Pulaski County, and two had been circuit judges.
[5]
Sherman Cooper engaged in numerous
successful business ventures and was known as the wealthiest man in Somerset.
[6][7]
At the time of John Sherman
Cooper's birth, his father was serving as collector of internal revenue in Kentucky's 8th congressional district, a
position to which he had been appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt.
[8]
During his youth, Cooper worked delivering newspapers, in railroad yards, and in his father's coal mines in Harlan
County.
[9]
Despite having formerly served as county school superintendent, Cooper's father had a low opinion of the
public schools, and until he was in the fifth grade, Cooper was privately tutored by a neighbor.
[10]
While his father
was away on business in Texas, his mother sent him to sixth grade at the public school, which he attended thereafter.
At Somerset High School, he played both basketball and football. After the outbreak of World War I, Cooper joined
an informal military training unit at the high school.
[11]
Two of the school's instructors organized the boys into two
companies, but Cooper, who was given the rank of captain, later recalled that "they taught us how to march and that's
about all." During his senior year, Cooper served as class president and class poet. In 1918, he graduated second in
his high school class and was chosen to give the commencement speech.
After graduation, Cooper matriculated at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.
[12]
While at Centre, Cooper was
accepted into the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.
[13]
He also played defensive end on the Praying Colonels' football
team.
[14]
Cooper was a letterman on the team, playing alongside football notables Bo McMillan, Red Roberts, Matty
Bell, and Red Weaver. Another member of the team, John Y. Brown, Sr., would later become one of Cooper's
political rivals. Coached by Charley Moran, the team was undefeated in four games in the 1918 season, which was
shortened by an outbreak of the Spanish flu.
Although Centre was known as one of Kentucky's foremost colleges, Cooper's father wanted him to broaden his
education and, after one year at Centre, Cooper transferred to Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut.
[15]
At Yale,
he was a classmate of his future U.S. Senate colleague, Stuart Symington. Cooper was active in many extracurricular
activities at Yale, including the Sophomore German Committee, the Junior Promenade Committee, the Student
Council, the Class Day Committee, the Southern Club, the University Club, and Beta Theta Pi.
[16]
A member of the
John Sherman Cooper
456
Undergraduate Athletic Association, he played football and basketball, becoming the first person in Yale history to
be named captain of the basketball team in his junior and senior years. In his senior year, he was accepted into the
elite Skull and Bones society but regretted not being accepted into Phi Beta Kappa. Upon graduation, he was voted
most popular and most likely to succeed in his class.
Cooper earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale in 1923 and enrolled at Harvard Law School later that year.
During the summer break of 1924, he returned to Kentucky, where his father, dying of Bright's disease, told him that
he would soon become the head of the family, and that most of the family's resources had been lost in the economic
recession of the early 1920s.
[17]
Cooper returned to Harvard after his father's death, but soon discovered that he
could not simultaneously pursue a law degree and manage his family's affairs. He was admitted to the bar by
examination in 1928 and opened a legal practice in Somerset. Over the next 20 years, he sold his father's remaining
assets, paid off the family debts, and financed a college education for his six siblings.
Early political career
After being urged into politics by his uncle, Judge Roscoe Tartar, Cooper ran unopposed for a seat in the Kentucky
House of Representatives as a Republican in 1927. As a member of the House, he was one of only three Republicans
to oppose Republican Governor Flem D. Sampson's unsuccessful attempt to politicize the state department of health;
the measure failed by a single vote.
[18]
Cooper supported the governor's plan to provide free textbooks for the state's
school children and sponsored legislation to prohibit judges from issuing injunctions to end labor strikes, although
the latter bill did not pass.
In 1929, Cooper declared his candidacy for county judge of Pulaski County.
[19]
His opponent, the incumbent, was
the president of Somerset Bank and the former law partner of Cooper's father. Cooper won the election, however,
beginning the first of his eight years as county judge. During his service, he was required by law to enforce eviction
notices, but often helped those he evicted find other housing or gave them money himself, earning him the nickname
"the poor man's judge". He reportedly became so depressed by the poverty and suffering of his constituents during
the Great Depression that he had a nervous breakdown and took a leave of absence to seek psychiatric treatment.
Cooper served on the board of trustees for the University of Kentucky from 1935 to 1946. In 1939, he sought the
Republican gubernatorial nomination. As a result of a mandatory primary election law passed in 1935, the
Republican nominee would not be chosen by a nominating convention, as was typical for the party. Cooper garnered
only 36% of the vote in the primary, losing the nomination to King Swope, a Lexington circuit court judge and
former congressman.
Service in World War II
Although well above the draft age at 41 years old, Cooper enlisted for service in the United States Army in World
War II in 1942. Immediately offered an officer's commission, he chose instead to enlist as a private.
[20]
After basic
training, he enrolled in Officer Candidate School at the Fort Custer Training Center in Michigan. He studied military
government and graduated second in his class of 111 students.
[21]
In 1943, he was commissioned a second lieutenant
and assigned to the XV Corps of General George Patton's Third Army as a courier in the military police.
[22]
Cooper
served in France, Luxembourg, and Germany. After liberating the Buchenwald concentration camp, Patton ordered
the entire population of the nearby city of Weimar to go through it and observe the conditions; Cooper also viewed
the camp at that time.
[23]
Following the cessation of hostilities, Cooper served as a legal advisor for the 300,000 displaced persons in his unit's
occupation zone seeking repatriation after being brought to Germany as slaves by the Nazis. Under the terms of the
agreement reached at the Yalta Conference, all displaced Russian nationals were to be returned to the Soviet Union,
but Soviet negotiators decided that the agreement did not apply to non-Russian spouses and children of the nationals.
Cooper brought this to the attention of General Patton, who rescinded the repatriation order in the Third Army's
John Sherman Cooper
457
occupation zone. Cooper received a citation from the Third Army's military government section for his action.
[24]
Cooper also oversaw the reorganization of the 239 courts in the German state of Bavaria in an attempt to replace all
the Nazi officials, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. Among the judges installed by Cooper were
Wilhelm Hoegner, future Minister-President of Bavaria, and Ludwig Erhard, the future Chancellor of Germany.
[25]
In 1943 or 1944, while he was still in the Army, Cooper married a nurse named Evelyn Pfaff. Cooper was elected
without opposition as circuit judge of Kentucky's twenty-eighth judicial district in 1945, despite still being in
Germany and not campaigning for the office. He was discharged from the Army with the rank of captain in February
1946 and returned to Kentucky to assume the judgeship.
First term in the Senate and early diplomatic career
Cooper's judicial district included his native Pulaski County, as well as Rockcastle, Wayne and Clinton counties.
During his tenure, blacks were allowed to serve on trial juries in the district for the first time. Of the first 16 opinions
he issued during his time on the bench, 15 were upheld by the Kentucky Court of Appeals, Kentucky's court of last
resort at the time.
[26]
Senator Happy Chandler's resignation to become
Baseball Commissioner prompted Cooper's first
run for the U.S. Senate.
Cooper resigned his judgeship in November 1946 to seek the U.S.
Senate seat vacated when A. B. "Happy" Chandler resigned to accept
the position of Commissioner of Baseball. Cooper's opponent, former
Congressman and Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives
John Y. Brown, Sr., was better known and widely believed to be the
favorite in the race. However, Brown had alienated Chandler's
supporters in the Democratic Party during a hotly contested senatorial
primary between Brown and Chandler in 1942, and this group worked
against his election in 1946. Further, the Louisville Courier-Journal
opposed Brown because of his attacks on former Senator J. C. W.
Beckham and Judge Robert Worth Bingham, who were heads of a
powerful political machine in Louisville. With these two factors
working against Brown, Cooper won the election to fill Chandler's
unexpired term by 41,823 votes, the largest victory margin by any
Republican for any office in Kentucky up to that time. His victory
marked only the third time in Kentucky's history that a Republican had
been popularly elected to the Senate. The move to Washington D.C.
proved to be too much for Cooper's already strained marriage.
[27]
In
1947, he filed for divorce, charging abandonment.
Cooper described himself as "a truly terrible public speaker" and rarely made addresses from the Senate floor. He
was known as an independent Republican during his career in the Senate. In the first roll-call vote of his career, he
opposed transferring investigatory powers to Republican Owen Brewster's special War Investigating Committee. His
second vote, directing that proceeds from the sale of war surplus materiel be used to pay off war debts, also went
against the majority of the Republican caucus, prompting Ohio Republican Robert A. Taft to ask him "Are you a
Republican or a Democrat? When are you going to start voting with us?"
[28]
Cooper responded, "If you'll pardon me,
I was sent here to represent my constituents, and I intend to vote as I think best."
A few days after being sworn in, Cooper co-sponsored his first piece of legislation, a bill to provide federal aid for
education. The bill passed the Senate, but not the House. Cooper was made chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on
Public Roads, and helped draft a bill authorizing $900 million in federal funds to states for highway construction. In
1948, he sponsored a bill to provide price support for burley tobacco at 90 percent of parity. He insisted on an
amendment to the War Claims Act of 1948 that benefits to veterans injured as prisoners of war of the Germans and
John Sherman Cooper
458
Japanese during World War II be paid immediately using enemy assets. He also co-sponsored legislation allowing
hundreds of thousands of people displaced by the Nazis to enter the United States legally. He opposed bans on
industrywide collective bargaining for organized labor and on the establishment of closed shops. He voted against
putting union welfare funds under government control, but helped to pass an amendment forbidding compulsory
union membership for workers.
Cooper continued his independence from his party throughout his term, vocally opposing Republican plans to cut
taxes despite record national budget deficits and resisting the party's efforts to reduce funding for the Marshall Plan
to rebuild Europe in the aftermath of the war. He worked with fellow Kentuckian Alben Barkley and Oregon Senator
Wayne Morse to undermine Jim Crow laws enacted by the states and remove obstacles to suffrage for minorities.
[29]
He also co-sponsored a bill to create the Medicare system, although it was defeated at the time. Although he had
voted with the Republicans just 51% of the time during his partial term € the lowest average of any member of the
party € Cooper headed the Kentucky delegation to the 1948 Republican National Convention.
[30]
He supported
Arthur Vandenberg for president, but Thomas E. Dewey ultimately received the party's nomination. Cooper himself
was mentioned as a possible candidate for vice-president, but ultimately did not receive the nomination and sought
re-election to his Senate seat instead. Also in 1948, Centre College awarded Cooper an honorary Doctor of Laws
degree.
[31]
Cooper was opposed in his re-election bid by Democratic Congressman Virgil M. Chapman, an ally of Earle C.
Clements, who had been elected governor in 1947.
[32]
As one of only a few Democrats who had voted in favor of the
Taft-Hartley Act, Chapman had lost the support of organized labor, a key constituency for the Democrats. The
Democratic-leaning Louisville Times endorsed Cooper, but the presence of Kentucky's favorite son, Alben Barkley,
on the ballot as Harry S. Truman's running mate in the 1948 presidential election ensured a strong Democratic
turnout in the state.
[33]
Both Barkley and Clements stressed party unity during the campaign, and although Cooper
polled much better than the Republican presidential ticket, he ultimately lost to Chapman in the general election by
24,480 votes.
[34]
Following his defeat, Cooper resumed the practice of law in the Washington, D.C. firm of Gardner, Morison and
Rogers. In 1949, President Truman appointed Cooper as one of five delegates to the United Nations (U.N.) General
Assembly. He was an alternate delegate to that body in 1950 and 1951. Secretary of State Dean Acheson chose
Cooper as his advisor to meetings that created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and at meetings of
the NATO Council of Ministers in London in May 1950 and Brussels in December 1950.
[35]
Political historian
Glenn Finch observed that, while Cooper was well-qualified for his duties at the U.N. and NATO, his presence
abroad also made him less available to campaign for the Senate seat vacated by Barkley's elevation to the
vice-presidency.
[36]
Speculation was raised that Clements, who won Barkley's old seat in a special election in 1950,
may have influenced Truman and Acheson to make the appointments.
Second term in the Senate
Cooper's supporters believed he would again seek the governorship of Kentucky or be appointed to the Supreme
Court of the United States in the early 1950s; some even formed a committee to elect Cooper president. Cooper
considered running for governor in 1951, but when Senator Chapman was killed in an automobile accident on March
8, 1951, he decided to make another run for the Senate against Thomas R. Underwood, Governor Lawrence
Wetherby's appointee to fill the vacancy. Underwood was considered a heavy favorite in the race. Some Republicans
faulted Cooper for taking an appointment from Democratic president Harry Truman.
[37]
Both the Louisville Times
and the Louisville Courier-Journal recanted their statements in 1950 that Cooper should seek election to the Senate
in 1954; they now feared that the election of a Republican would allow that party to organize the Senate, giving key
committee chairmanships to isolationists opposed to continued U.S. involvement in the Korean War.
[38]
Nevertheless, Cooper defeated Underwood by 29,000 votes in the election to serve out the remainder of Chapman's
term.
[39]
His victory marked the first time in Kentucky's history that a Republican had been elected to the Senate
John Sherman Cooper
459
more than once.
[40]
Cooper was named to the Senate Committee on Labor, Education and Public Welfare and chaired its education and
labor subcommittees. He sponsored a bill authorizing public works projects along the Big Sandy River, including the
Tug and Levisa forks. He also supported the reconstruction of the locks and dams along the Ohio River and the
construction of locks, dams, and reservoirs in the Green River Valley. He opposed the Dixon-Yates contract, which
would have paid a private company to construct a new power station to generate power for the city of Memphis,
Tennessee, calling instead for authorization for the Tennessee Valley Authority to issue bonds to finance the
construction of new power stations.
[41]
He supported a comprehensive program benefiting the coal industry and
co-sponsored a bill to extending public library services to rural areas.
Cooper continued to be an independent voice in the Senate. During the Red Scare, he was critical of attempts to
permit illegal wiretap evidence in federal courts and attempts to reduce the protections against self-incrimination
granted by the Fifth Amendment.
[42]
Nevertheless, he refused to support stripping Joseph McCarthy, the leading
figure in the Red Scare, of his major Senate committee chairmanships, cautioning that "many of those who bitterly
oppose Senator McCarthy call for the same tactics that they charge him with."
[43]
He was the only Republican to
oppose the Bricker Amendment, which would have limited the president's treaty-making power, because he
concluded that the issues addressed by the amendment were not sufficient to warrant a change to the Constitution.
[44]
He also opposed the Submerged Lands Act and the Mexican Farm Labor bill, both of which were supported by the
Eisenhower administration.
[45]
He denounced Eisenhower's appointment of Albert M. Cole, an open opponent of
public housing, as Federal Housing Administrator and opposed many of the agricultural reforms proposed by
Eisenhower's Agriculture Secretary, Ezra Taft Benson. Again, his independence did little to diminish his stature in
the party. In 1954, he was named to the Senate Republican Policy Committee.
Cooper again sought re-election in 1954. Democrats first considered Governor Wetherby as his opponent, but
Wetherby's candidacy would have drawn a primary challenger from the Happy Chandler faction of the Democratic
Party, possibly leading to a party split and Cooper's re-election.
[46]
Instead, party leaders convinced outgoing
Vice-President Barkley, now 77 years old, to run for the seat in order to ensure party unity. There were few policy
differences between Barkley and Cooper, who had been deemed the most liberal Republican in the Senate by
Americans for Democratic Action.
[47]
During the campaign, Cooper was featured on the cover of Time magazine on
July 5, 1954. Cooper appealed to women voters who were concerned about the increasingly tense situation in
Southeast Asia and to black voters because of his stands in favor of civil rights.
[48]
He also claimed that he would be
a less partisan Senator than Barkley.
[49]
Barkley's personal popularity carried him to a 71,000-vote victory, however.
Glenn Finch opined that "Barkley was unbeatable in his own state, and it is probable that no other candidate could
have defeated Cooper."
Ambassador to India
In 1955, President Dwight Eisenhower nominated Cooper as U.S. Ambassador to India and Nepal. During his time
as a delegate for the United Nations, Cooper had met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and established a
cordial working relationship with the Indian delegation, including Nehru's sister Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.
[50]
The
Indians had been impressed with Cooper and the Indian government had expressed their desire that Cooper serve as
their ambassador from the U.S. Cooper initially rejected the offer of the Indian ambassadorship from Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles but was convinced to accept it by a personal request from President Eisenhower. The Senate
confirmed Cooper's nomination on February 4, 1955.
[51]
India had only become an independent nation in 1948, and it was considered a potential bulwark against
Communism in Asia. U.S.€India relations were strained, however, because of India's recognition of Communist
China, its opposition to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), and its resistance to foreign interference
in Indochina. U.S. News and World Report described the ambassadorship as "one of the most difficult and delicate in
all the diplomatic world".
John Sherman Cooper
460
Cooper married Lorraine Rowan Shelvin on March 17, 1955, in Pasadena, California, just ten days before leaving for
India. Twice divorced, Shelvin was the daughter of a wealthy California real estate developer, step-daughter of
Vatican official Prince Domenico Orsini, and a well-known socialite. She was fluent in three languages and
understood Russian. The two had dated for much of the 1950s, but Cooper was hesitant to marry because he had
doubts about moving into Shelvin's elaborate Georgetown home.
[52]
(While in Washington, the unmarried Cooper
permanently resided in the Dodge House Hotel.)
[53]
The move to India removed this barrier, and Secretary of State
Dulles encouraged Cooper to marry her before leaving so that the U.S. embassy in New Delhi might have a proper
hostess.
[54]
On April 4, 1955, the couple stopped in England on their way to India to visit with Louis Mountbatten,
the last Governor-General of India prior to India's achieving its independence.
[55]
Their discussions about the
situation of the Indian people were part of the scant preparation Cooper received before arriving there.
Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and Cooper became close
friends.
Cooper began his service as ambassador by developing a close friendship with
Prime Minister Nehru.
[56]
Nehru's respect and admiration for Cooper soon
became widely known.
[57]
Cooper labored to help officials in Washington, D.C.
understand that India's reluctance to align with either the West or the
Communists in China and the Soviet Union was their way of exercising their
newly won independence.
[58]
At the same time, he defended the U.S. military
buildup after World War II, its involvement in the Korean War, and its
membership in mutual security pacts like NATO and SEATO as self-defense
measures, not aggressive actions by the U.S. government, as the Indians widely
perceived them.
[59]
Cooper condemned the Eisenhower administration's decision
to sell weapons to Pakistan, which was resented by the Indians, but also felt that
the Indian government took some political positions without regard to their moral
implications. By late 1955, the Chicago Daily News reported that Indo-American
relations had "improved to a degree not thought possible six months ago".
[60]
In a joint communiqu„ dated December 2, 1955, U.S. Secretary of State Dulles
and Portuguese Foreign Minister Paulo Cunha condemned statements made by
Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin and Soviet Party Chairman Nikita Krushchev
during an eighteen-day tour of India. Of particular interest was the communiqu„'s reference to "Portuguese provinces
in the Far East".
[61]
This phrase referred to Goa, a Portuguese colony in western India. Although most European
nations with holdings near India had granted them to the new independent nation in 1947, Portugal refused to
surrender Goa, and the region had become a source of conflict between the two nations.
[62]
The joint communiqu„
seemed to indicate U.S. recognition of Portuguese sovereignty in Goa, which undercut Cooper's assurances to the
Indians of U.S. neutrality in the matter. Cooper himself did not know about the communiqu„ until he read an account
of it in the Indian media and was therefore unprepared to offer an explanation for it when asked by the Indian
Foreign Secretary. Cooper's cable to Washington, D.C. about the matter was reported to have been "bitter", although
the contents of the cable have not been released.
The Dulles€Cuhna communiqu„ touched off anti-American demonstrations in many parts of India. On December 6,
Dulles held a news conference during which he reaffirmed U.S. neutrality on the Goa issue, but did not recant claims
of Portuguese sovereignty over the region.
[63]
Prime Minister Nehru announced his intent to file a formal protest
with the United States over the communiqu„ and to address the Indian Parliament about the matter.
[64]
In the interim,
Cooper secured a meeting with Nehru and forestalled both actions.
[65]
Cooper became even more upset with Dulles
when Dulles authorized withholding $10 million of a $50 million aid package to India; Cooper protested the
withholding, and Dulles decided to pay the full amount.
[66]
Throughout the early part of 1956, Cooper strongly advocated that the U.S. respect Indian nonalignment and increase
economic aid to the country.
[67]
In August 1956, Congress approved a financial aid package for India that included
the largest sale up to that point of surplus agricultural products by the United States to any country.
[68]
Cooper's
John Sherman Cooper
461
persistence in requesting such aid was critical in getting the package approved, as it was opposed by many
administration officials, including Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover, Jr., Treasury Secretary George M.
Humphrey, and International Cooperation Administration Director John B. Hollister.
Later service in the Senate
President Eisenhower convinced Cooper to return
to the U.S. and seek election to the Senate.
Senator Barkley died in office on April 30, 1956.
[69]
Republican
leaders encouraged Cooper to return from India and seek the seat, but
Cooper was reluctant to give up his ambassadorship. After a personal
appeal from President Eisenhower, however, Cooper acquiesced and
declared his candidacy in July 1956. Even after leaving India, he
maintained close ties with the country's leaders and was the official
U.S. representative at the funerals of Prime Minister Nehru in 1964,
Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, and Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi in 1984.
Because Barkley's death occurred after the filing deadline for the
November elections, the Democratic State Central Committee had to
choose a nominee for the now-open seat. After unsuccessfully
attempting to find a compromise candidate that both the Clements and
Chandler factions could support, they chose Lawrence Wetherby,
whose term as governor had recently expired. Chandler, now serving
his second term as governor, was angered by the choice of Wetherby,
and most members of his faction either gave Wetherby lukewarm
support or outright supported Cooper instead.
[70]
This, combined with Cooper's personal popularity, led to his
victory over Wetherby by 65,000 votes.
Upon his return to the Senate in 1957, Cooper was assigned to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
[71]
In 1959,
he challenged Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen to become the Republican floor leader in the Senate, but lost by four
votes. In a 1960 poll of fifty journalists conducted by Newsweek magazine, Cooper was named the ablest Republican
member of the Senate. He helped author and co-sponsored the National Defense Education Act. Together with
Senator Jennings Randolph, he sponsored the Appalachian Regional Development Act, designed to address the
prevalent poverty in Appalachia. He succeeded in gaining more state and local control over the anti-poverty group
Volunteers in Service to America.
[72]
He was a vigorous opponent of measures designed to weaken the Tennessee
Valley Authority.
In 1960, Democrats nominated former governor Keen Johnson, then an executive with Reynolds Metals, to oppose
Cooper's re-election bid. Cooper had the support of organized labor and benefitted from a large segment of
Kentuckians who voted for Republican Richard M. Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy as a reaction against
Kennedy's Catholicism in the 1960 presidential election.
[73]
Cooper ultimately defeated Johnson by 199,257 votes, a
record victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate.
[74]
Shortly after his election as president in 1960, Kennedy chose Cooper to conduct a then-secret mission to Moscow
and New Delhi to assess the attitudes of the Soviet government for the new administration.
[75]
Kennedy and Cooper
had served together on the Senate Labor Committee and maintained a social friendship.
[76]
On the mission, Cooper
discovered that the Soviets disliked Kennedy and Nixon equally. Cooper concluded in his report to Kennedy that
there was little potential for harmonious relations with the Soviets. After meeting with Secretary Khruschev,
Kennedy confirmed to Cooper that his report had been correct and confessed that he should have taken it even more
seriously. Cooper supported Kennedy's decision to resume nuclear weapons testing after the Soviets resumed their
testing in March 1962, but he urged Kennedy to negotiate an agreement with the Soviets if possible.
[77]
John Sherman Cooper
462
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Cooper to the Warren Commission, which was charged with investigating
Kennedy's assassination in 1963. As one of three Republicans on the Senate Rules and Administration Committee,
he was involved with the investigation of Johnson aide Bobby Baker in 1964, which he decried as "a whitewash"
after the committee blocked further investigation. He proposed the establishment of a Senate Select Committee on
Standards and Conduct in July 1964 and was named to that committee in July 1965. Also in 1965, he was chosen
advisor to the United States delegation to the Manila Conference that established the Asian Development Bank.
An advocate for small businesses and agricultural interests, Cooper opposed an April 1965 bill that expanded the
powers of the Federal Trade Commission to regulate cigarette advertising. In March 1966, he proposed an
amendment to a mine safety bill supported by the United Mine Workers of America that would have nullified
provisions of the bill if they were not shown to contribute to the safety of small mines, but his amendment was
defeated.
Opposition to the Vietnam War
U.S. Congressional
opposition
to American
involvement in
wars and interventions
1812 North America
House Federalists„ Address
1847 Mexican€American War
Spot Resolutions
1917 World War I
Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill
1935€1939
Neutrality Acts
1935€1940
Ludlow Amendment
1970 Vietnam
McGovern€Hatfield Amendment
1970 Southeast Asia
Cooper€Church Amendment
1971 Vietnam
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1973 Southeast Asia
Case€Church Amendment
1973
War Powers Resolution
1974
Hughes€Ryan Amendment
John Sherman Cooper
463
1976 Angola
Clark Amendment
1982 Nicaragua
Boland Amendment
2007 Iraq
House Concurrent Resolution 63
ƒƒ v
ƒƒ t
ƒ e
[78]
Although Cooper voted in favor of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, he opposed escalating U.S. involvement in
the Vietnam War.
[79]
As early as April 1964, Cooper was urging President Johnson to negotiate a peaceful settlement
to the tensions in Southeast Asia.
[80]
He questioned Southeast Asia's strategic importance to the U.S. and expressed
concerns about the feasibility of deploying the U.S. military on a global scale.
[81]
On March 25, 1965, he joined New
York Senator Jacob Javits in a call for President Johnson to begin negotiations for a settlement between North
Vietnam and South Vietnam without imposing preconditions on the negotiations.
[82]
Later in the day, he introduced
resolutions calling for Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to brief the full
Senate on recent developments in Vietnam.
[83]
In January 1966, Cooper accompanied Secretary of State Rusk and Ambassador W. Averell Harriman on an official
visit to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos as part of a widely publicized "peace drive". This visit, along with
visits to South Vietnam in December 1965 and January 1966, reinforced Cooper's opposition to military operations
in Southeast Asia.
[84]
In a meeting with President Johnson on January 26, 1966, he again urged the president to
forego his announced intentions to resume bombing missions in North Vietnam and negotiate a settlement instead.
Johnson was noncommittal, and that afternoon, Cooper returned to the Senate floor, urgently trying to convince the
legislators that negotiation was preferable to escalation, even when it meant negotiating with the Viet Cong fighters
in South Vietnam, which he believed was necessary to achieve peace.
[85]
Cooper advocated a three-to-five-year
cease fire, enforced by the United Nations, followed by national elections as prescribed by the 1954 Geneva
Convention. Ultimately, Johnson did not heed Cooper's plea and resumed U.S. bombing missions in North
Vietnam.
[86]
In 1966, Cooper again won re-election over John Y. Brown, Sr., by 217,000 votes, breaking his own record of
largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate, and carrying the vote of 110 of Kentucky's 120 counties.
[]
In the lead-up to the 1968 Republican presidential primary, he endorsed New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller,
saying that Americans would only support a candidate who took a clear position on Vietnam.
[87]
Rockefeller had laid
out a plan for reversing the Americanization of the war, while other Republican candidates tried to remain
non-specific about how they would handle it.
[88]
As Rockefeller's candidacy faded, Cooper encouraged his
colleague, Kentucky Senator Thruston B. Morton, to seek the presidency, but Morton declined.
[89]
The nomination €
and eventually, the presidency € went to Republican Richard Nixon.
As a delegate to the U.N. General Assembly in 1968, Cooper strongly denounced the Warsaw Pact invasion of
Czechoslovakia.
[90]
He also supported Montana Senator Mike Mansfield's proposal to bring the matter of the
Vietnam War before the United Nations. Returning to the Senate in 1969, he joined Alaska Senator Ernest Gruening
and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse in protesting restrictions on orderly protests at the United States Capitol.
In the Senate, Cooper helped lead the opposition to the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missiles
(ABMs), putting him at odds with many in his party, including President Nixon. Cooper had long been an opponent
of ABMs, which he believed could intensify a worldwide nuclear arms race. On August 6, 1969, a vote to suspend
funding of the development of ABMs failed in the Senate by a vote of 50€51; Vice-President Spiro Agnew cast the
tie-breaking vote. After this defeat, Cooper and Michigan Senator Philip Hart co-sponsored the Cooper€Hart
John Sherman Cooper
464
Amendment that would have allowed funding for research and development of ABMs, but banned deployment of a
U.S. ABM system. The measure failed by three votes but increased congressional scrutiny of the Defense
Department budget, leading to a reduction in funding and hastening Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the
Soviets.
[91]
Cooper served as an advisor to President Nixon during the events leading up to the talks.
Frank Church and Cooper collaborated on a
series of amendments to de-fund expanded U.S.
military involvement in Southeast Asia.
Throughout 1969 and 1970, Cooper and Senator Frank Church
co-sponsored the Cooper€Church Amendments, aimed at curbing
further escalation of the Vietnam War.
[92]
Congressional approval of
one of these amendments on December 15, 1969, de-funded the use of
U.S. troops in Laos and Thailand.
[93]
Cooper had wanted to include a
restriction on forces entering Cambodia as well, but Mike Mansfield,
who helped Cooper write the amendment, feared that Cambodian
Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who was officially neutral in the conflict,
might be offended. When Sihanouk was deposed in 1970, Cambodia's
new leader, Lon Nol, appealed to President Nixon for help in
stabilizing his rule. Nixon agreed to send troops to Cambodia, despite
protests from Cooper and others that this violated his stated goal of
de-escalation in the region. Cooper and Church then drafted another
amendment to de-fund U.S. operations in Cambodia; after negotiations
with Nixon that continued funding until July 1970 so that the troops
already in the country could be evacuated, the amendment passed
58€37.
[94]
The House of Representatives later stripped the amendment
from the legislation to which it was attached, and it did not go into
effect.
[95]
The amendment was nevertheless hailed by The Washington
Post as "the first time in our history that Congress has attempted to limit the deployment of American troops in the
course of an ongoing war." The fight over the Cooper€Church Amendments took its toll on Cooper's health, and he
was briefly hospitalized to regain his strength. In 1971, Church, Mansfield, and George Aiken convinced Cooper to
help them write an amendment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia altogether, but ultimately, the measure did
not have the support to pass and was abandoned.
Seventy-one years of age and becoming increasingly deaf, Cooper announced to the Kentucky Press Association on
January 21, 1972, that he would not seek re-election to his Senate seat,
[96]
having served longer in that body than any
other Kentuckian except Alben Barkley. The lame duck Cooper decided to make one more attempt to end the war,
after an aggressive North Vietnamese offensive against the South in March 1972 intensified fighting in the region
once again.
[97]
Without advance notice, Cooper addressed a nearly empty Senate chamber on July 27, 1972,
proposing an amendment to a military assistance bill that would unconditionally end funding for all U.S. military
operations in Indochina in four months. The measure, which had no co-sponsors, stunned Nixon and Secretary of
State Henry Kissinger and provoked heated debate in the Senate. Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke saved the
amendment from almost certain demise by adding a provision that all American prisoners of war be returned prior to
the withdrawal of U.S. forces. The revised amendment passed 62€33, whereupon Nixon decided to sacrifice the
entire military assistance bill. At Nixon's insistence, the Senate defeated the amended bill 48€42.
[98]
Disappointed,
Cooper nevertheless proclaimed, "I feel purged inside. I've felt strongly about this for a long time. Now it's in the
hands of the President. He's the only person who can do anything about ending the war now."
John Sherman Cooper
465
Later career, death, and legacy
After the expiration of his term, Cooper took over the "Dean Acheson chair" at the prestigious Washington D.C. law
firm of Covington & Burling.
[99]
In 1972, he was chosen as the commencement speaker at Centre College, where he
had served as a trustee since 1961. At the ceremony, he became the first recipient of the Isaac Shelby Award, named
for two-time Kentucky governor Isaac Shelby, who was chair of the college's first board of trustees. In 1973, Cooper
resisted an attempt to name a federal building in his honor. Upon the completion of the dam that formed Laurel River
Lake in 1977, Congress proposed naming the dam and lake after Cooper, but again, he declined. He was pleased,
however, that the Somerset school system chose to name a program to teach and reinforce leadership skills the John
Sherman Cooper Leadership Institute.
In April 1974, President Nixon announced that he would appoint Cooper to be the U.S. Ambassador to East
Germany, but during the final negotiations between the countries for the U.S. to establish an embassy in the country,
Nixon resigned the presidency.
[100]
His successor, Gerald Ford, officially appointed Cooper to the ambassadorship,
and he took leave from Covington & Burling to accept it. He arrived in East Germany in December 1974 and served
as ambassador until October 1976.
[101]
After returning to the U.S., he resumed his work at Covington & Burling. In
his last act of public service, he again served as an alternate delegate to the U.N. General Assembly in 1981.
John Tuska's bust of Cooper was
installed at the state capitol in 1987.
Kentucky Governor John Y. Brown, Jr., son of Cooper's former opponent in the
senatorial elections of 1946 and 1966, awarded Cooper the Governor's
Distinguished Service Medallion in 1983. Later that year, Senators Walter "Dee"
Huddleston of Kentucky and Howard Baker of Tennessee introduced a bill to
honor Cooper by renaming the Big South Fork National River and Recreation
Area to the Cooper National Recreation Area; Kentucky Congressman Hal
Rogers sponsored a parallel measure in the House.
[102]
As a senator, Cooper had
been instrumental in securing congressional approval for the creation of Big
South Fork. Opponents of the measure in both Kentucky and Tennessee € the
recreation area spans the two states € cited a variety of reasons to retain the old
name and the proposal was eventually dropped at Cooper's request.
In 1985, Cooper became the third-ever recipient of the Oxford Cup, an award
recognizing outstanding past members of Beta Theta Pi. Also in 1985, he was
awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Cumberland College (now the
University of the Cumberlands) in Williamsburg, Kentucky.
[103]
He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of Centre
College in 1987. A non-partisan group co-chaired by former Kentucky gubernatorial candidate Larry Forgy raised
$60,000 to commission two sculptures of Cooper.
[104]
A life-sized bronze bust of Cooper sculpted by John Tuska
was installed at the Kentucky State Capitol in 1987. The other sculpture, a life-sized bronze statue crafted by Barney
Bright, was placed in Fountain Square in Somerset.
Cooper retired from the practice of law in 1989. In June 1990, Cooper was honored with a gala screening of
Gentleman From Kentucky, a Kentucky Educational Television documentary about his life, at the John F. Kennedy
Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. On February 21, 1991, Cooper died of heart failure in a
retirement home in Washington, D.C. He had been preceded in death by his second wife, Lorraine, on February 3,
1985. On February 26, 1991, Kentucky's two senators € Wendell H. Ford and Mitch McConnell € gave speeches on
the Senate floor praising Cooper, and the Senate adjourned in Cooper's memory.
[105]
Cooper was buried in Arlington
National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.
Because of his extensive support of rural electrification as a senator, the East Kentucky RECC was renamed the John
Sherman Cooper Power Station in his honor. In 1999, the Lexington Herald-Leader named Cooper one of the most
influential Kentuckians of the 20th century.
[106]
In 2000, Eastern Kentucky University's Center for Kentucky History
and Politics established the annual John Sherman Cooper Award for Outstanding Public Service in Kentucky.
[107]
John Sherman Cooper
466
References
[1] "Cooper, John Sherman". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
[2] [2] Schulman, p. 16
[3] [3] Schulman, p. 15
[4] [4] Smoot, p. 134
[5] "Whittledycut". Time
[6] [6] Krebs, "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89"
[7] [7] Finch, p. 162
[8] [8] Smoot, p. 135
[9] [9] Hewlett and Merrit, "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89"
[10] [10] Schulman, p. 17
[11] [11] Smoot, p. 144
[12] [12] Cooper, p. 227
[13] [13] Howard, "John Sherman Cooper"
[14] [14] Smoot, p. 146
[15] [15] Schulman, p. 19
[16] [16] Smoot, p. 151
[17] [17] Smoot, p. 154
[18] [18] Schulman, p. 21
[19] [19] Schulman, p. 22
[20] [20] Schulman, p. 26
[21] [21] Finch, p. 163
[22] [22] Schulman, p. 28
[23] [23] Schulman, p. 31
[24] [24] Schulman, p. 32
[25] [25] Schulman, p. 33
[26] [26] Schluman, p. 34
[27] [27] Schulman, p. 67
[28] [28] Schluman, p. 37
[29] [29] Schulman, p. 38
[30] [30] Schulman, p. 39
[31] "John Sherman Cooper: Centre College Class of 1922". CentreCyclopedia
[32] [32] Finch, p. 164
[33] [33] Schulman, p. 41
[34] Finch, pp. 164€165
[35] Schulman, pp. 43, 50€51
[36] [36] Finch, p. 165
[37] [37] Schulman, p. 56
[38] [38] Schulman, p. 57
[39] [39] Finch, p. 166
[40] [40] Finch, pp. 161, 164
[41] [41] Schulman, p. 63
[42] [42] Schulman, p. 62
[43] Schulman, pp. 62€63
[44] [44] Schulman, p. 60
[45] [45] Schulman, p. 64
[46] [46] Finch, p. 167
[47] [47] Franklin, p. 29
[48] [48] Schulman, p. 65
[49] [49] Schulman, p. 66
[50] [50] Franklin, p. 31
[51] [51] Franklin, p. 32
[52] [52] Schulman, p. 69
[53] [53] Schulman, p. 68
[54] Schulman, pp. 68€69
[55] [55] Franklin, p. 33
[56] [56] Franklin, p. 34
[57] [57] Franklin, p. 36
John Sherman Cooper
467
[58] [58] Franklin, p. 37
[59] [59] Franklin, p. 40
[60] [60] Franklin, p. 46
[61] [61] Franklin, p. 47
[62] Franklin, pp. 42€43
[63] Franklin, pp. 48€49
[64] [64] Franklin, p. 49
[65] [65] Franklin, p. 50
[66] [66] Franklin, p. 51
[67] [67] Franklin, p. 52
[68] [68] Franklin, p. 53
[69] [69] Finch, p. 168
[70] [70] Finch, p. 169
[71] [71] Schulman, p. 88
[72] [72] Bluestone, p. 113
[73] [73] Finch, p. 170
[74] [74] Finch, pp. 161, 170
[75] [75] Schulman, p. 89
[76] [76] Schulman, p. 90
[77] [77] Logevall, p. 243
[78] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:U. S. _Congressional_opposition_to_war& action=edit
[79] [79] Johns, p. 590
[80] [80] Johns, p. 588
[81] [81] Johns, p. 589
[82] [82] Johns, p. 591
[83] [83] Logevall, p. 247
[84] [84] Johns, p. 592
[85] [85] Logevall, p. 248
[86] [86] Logevall, p. 249
[87] [87] Johns, p. 608
[88] [88] Johns, p. 607
[89] [89] Logevall, p. 252
[90] [90] Schulman, p. 95
[91] Schulman, pp. 97€98
[92] [92] Schulman, p. 101
[93] [93] Logevall, p. 254
[94] Logevall, pp. 254€255
[95] [95] Logevall, p. 256
[96] [96] Schulman, p. 103
[97] [97] Logevall, p. 257
[98] [98] Logevall, p. 258
[99] [99] Schulman, p. 105
[100] Schulman, pp. 105€106
[101] [101] Schulman, p. 107
[102] [102] Cohn, "Bill to Name Area for Cooper Opposed"
[103] "Kentucky Colleges Mark Commencement". Lexington Herald-Leader
[104] "Group Raises $60,000 for Sculptures of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader
[105] "U.S. Senate Adjourns in Memory of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader
[106] "John Sherman Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader
[107] "Ex-Gov. Breathitt to Receive Award". Lexington Herald-Leader
John Sherman Cooper
468
Bibliography
ƒ Bluestone, Miriam D. (2006). "Cooper, John S.". In Chester J. Pach. Presidential Profiles: The Johnson Years.
New York City: Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8160-5388-9.
ƒ Cohn, Ray (December 8, 1983). "Bill to Name Area for Cooper Opposed". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
ƒ "Cooper, John Sherman" (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=c000758). Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
ƒ Cooper, William (1992). "Cooper, John Sherman" (http:/ / www. kyenc. org/ entry/ c/ COOPE01. html). In John
E. Kleber. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C.
Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0. Retrieved September 8,
2011.
ƒ "Ex-Gov. Breathitt to Receive Award € New Public Service Citation Honors John Sherman Cooper". Lexington
Herald-Leader. October 5, 2000. p. B3.
ƒ Finch, Glenn (April 1972). "The Election of United States Senators in Kentucky: The Cooper Period". Filson
Club History Quarterly 46: 161€178.
ƒ Franklin, Douglas A. (Winter 1984). "The Politician as Diplomat: Kentucky's John Sherman Cooper in India,
1955€1956". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 82: 28€59.
ƒ "Group Raises $60,000 for Sculptures of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. April 5, 1985. p. B2.
ƒ Hewlett, Jennifer; Harry Merrit (February 23, 1991). "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89 € U.S. Senator From
Somerset Had Distinguished Political Career". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
ƒ Howard, Robert T. "John Sherman Cooper" (http:/ / www. betathetapi. org/ documents/ resources/ awards/
3cooper. pdf). Oxford Cup Roll. Beta Theta Pi. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
ƒ "John Sherman Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. December 31, 1999. p. 8.
ƒ "John Sherman Cooper: Centre College Class of 1922" (http:/ / www. centre. edu/ web/ library/ ency/ c/ cooper.
html). CentreCyclopedia. Centre College. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
ƒ Johns, Andrew L. (October 2006). "Doves Among Hawks: Republican Opposition to the Vietnam War,
1964€1968". Peace & Change 31 (4): 585€628. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0130.2006.00392.x (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10.
1111/ j. 1468-0130. 2006. 00392. x).
ƒ "Kentucky Colleges Mark Commencement". Lexington Herald-Leader. May 12, 1985. p. B1.
ƒ Krebs, Albin (February 23, 1991). "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89; Longtime Senator From Kentucky" (http:/ /
www. nytimes. com/ 1991/ 02/ 23/ obituaries/ john-sherman-cooper-dies-at-89-longtime-senator-from-kentucky.
html). The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
ƒ Logevall, Fredrik. "A Delicate Balance: John Sherman Cooper and the Republican Opposition to the Vietnam
War". In Randall Bennett Woods. Vietnam and the American Political Tradition: The Politics of Dissent.
Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 237€258. ISBN 978-0-521-81148-4.
ƒ Schulman, Robert (1976). John Sherman Cooper: The Global Kentuckian. Lexington, Kentucky: The University
Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0220-0.
ƒ Smoot, Richard C. (Spring 1995). "John Sherman Cooper: The Early Years, 1901€1927". Register of the
Kentucky Historical Society 93: 133€158.
ƒ "U.S. Senate Adjourns in Memory of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 27, 1991. p. B2.
ƒ "Whittledycut" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,858472-1,00. html). Time. July 5, 1954.
Retrieved September 14, 2011.
John Sherman Cooper
469
Further reading
ƒ Cooper, William (Spring 1986). "John Sherman Cooper: A Senator and His Constituents". Register of the
Kentucky Historical Society 84: 192€210.
ƒ Mitchener, Clarice James (1982). Senator John Sherman Cooper: Consummate Statesman. New York City: Arno
Press. ISBN 0-405-14099-1.
External links
ƒ "John Sherman Cooper: A Featured Biography" (http:/ / www. senate. gov/ artandhistory/ history/ common/
generic/ Featured_Bio_Cooper. htm). Senate Historical Office. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
ƒ John Sherman Cooper (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=5611) at Find a Grave
ƒ Cooper on the cover of Time magazine, July 5, 1954 (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ covers/
0,16641,19540705,00. html)
ƒ A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with John Sherman Cooper" (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ gov. archives. arc.
95885) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
ƒ A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen-Elect John S. Cooper (December 8, 1952)" (https:/ / archive. org/
details/ gov. archives. arc. 95803) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
United States Senate
Preceded by
William A. Stanfill
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Kentucky
November 6, 1946 € January 3, 1949
Served alongside: Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by
Virgil Chapman
Preceded by
Thomas R.
Underwood
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Kentucky
November 5, 1952 € January 3, 1955
Served alongside: Earle C. Clements
Succeeded by
Alben Barkley
Preceded by
Robert Humphreys
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Kentucky
November 7, 1956 € January 3, 1973
Served alongside: Earle C. Clements, Thruston B. Morton, Marlow W.
Cook
Succeeded by
Walter
Huddleston
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
George V. Allen
United States Ambassador to India
1955€1956
Succeeded by
Ellsworth Bunker
Preceded by
Brandon H. Grove, Jr.
United States Ambassador to East Germany
1974€1976
Succeeded by
David B. Bolen
Russell Davenport
470
Russell Davenport
Russell Wheeler Davenport (1899•April 19, 1954) was an American publisher and writer.
Life and career
Davenport was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, the son of Russell W. Davenport, Sr., a vice president of
Bethlehem Steel, and Cornelia Whipple Farnum.
He served with the U.S. Army in World War I and received the Croix de Guerre[1]. He enrolled at Yale University
and graduated in 1923, where he was classmate of Henry Luce and Briton Hadden, who founded Time magazine.
While at Yale he became a member of the secret society Skull and Bones.
[2]
In 1929, he married the writer Marcia
Davenport; they divorced in 1944. He joined the editorial staff of Fortune magazine in 1930 and became managing
editor in 1937.
At age forty-one, he turned to politics and became a personal and political advisor to Wendell Willkie. Willkie was
the Republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election and lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt. After
Willkie's death in 1944, Davenport became a defacto leader of the internationalist Republicans.
Following World War II, he was on the staff of Life and Time until 1952. In 1944, Simon and Schuster published one
of his works, "My Country, A Poem of America". His book The Dignity of Man was published posthumously in
1955.
References
[1] http:/ / toolserver.org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Russell_Davenport& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/
editintro& client=Template:Dn
[2] "Russell Wheeler Davenport." Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 5: 1951-1955. American Council of Learned Societies, 1977.
F. O. Matthiessen
471
F. O. Matthiessen
F. O. Matthiessen
Born Francis Otto Matthiessen
February 19, 1902
Pasadena, California
Died April 1, 1950 (aged 48)
Boston, Massachusetts
Cause of death
Suicide by jumping from a height
Resting place
Springfield Cemetery, Springfield, Massachusetts
Nationality American
Education Polytechnic and Hackley Schools
Alma mater Yale, Oxford and Harvard
Occupation Historian, literary critic, educator
Known for American Renaissance
Partner(s) Russell Cheney
Awards DeForest and Alpheus Henry Snow Prizes, Rhodes Scholarship
Francis Otto Matthiessen (February 19, 1902 € April 1, 1950) was an educator, scholar and literary critic
influential in the fields of American literature and American studies. His best known work, American Renaissance:
Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman, celebrated the achievements of several 19th-century
American authors and had a profound impact on a generation of scholars. Matthiessen was well known for his
support of liberal causes and progressive politics. His contributions to the Harvard University community have been
memorialized in several ways, including a recently endowed visiting professorship.
Early life and education
Matthiessen was born in Pasadena, California on February 19, 1902. He was the fourth of four children born to
Frederick William Matthiessen (1868-1948) and Lucy Orne Pratt (1866). The family's three older siblings included
Frederick William (1894), George Dwight (1897) and Lucy Orne (1898).
[1]
In Pasadena Matthiessen was a student at Polytechnic School. Following the separation of his parents, he relocated
with his mother to his paternal grandparents home in La Salle, Illinois. His grandfather, Frederick William
Matthiessen, was an industrial leader in zinc production and a successful manufacturer of clocks and machine tools.
Also, he served as mayor of La Salle for ten years. The grandson completed his secondary education at Hackley
School, in Tarrytown, New York.
In 1923 Matthiessen graduated from Yale University, where he was managing editor of the Yale Daily News, editor
of the Yale Literary Magazine and a member of Skull and Bones.
[2]
As the recipient of the university's Deforest
Prize, Matthiessen titled his oration, Servants of the Devil, in which he proclaimed Yale's administration to be an
"autocracy, ruled by a Corporation out of touch with college life and allied with big business".
[3]
In his final year as
a Yale undergraduate, he received the Alpheus Henry Snow Prize, awarded to the senior who through the
combination of intellectual achievement, character and personality, shall be adjudged by the faculty to have done
the most for Yale by inspiring in classmates an admiration and love for the best traditions of high scholarship.
He studied at Oxford University, as a Rhodes Scholar earning a B.Litt. in 1925. At Harvard University, he quickly
completed his M.A. in 1926 and Ph.D. degree in 1927. Matthiessen then returned to Yale to teach for two years,
F. O. Matthiessen
472
before beginning a distinguished teaching career at Harvard.
F.O. Matthiessen tablet at Eliot House, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Scholarly work
Matthiessen was an American studies scholar and literary critic at
Harvard University, and chaired its undergraduate program in history
and literature. He wrote and edited landmark works of scholarship on
T. S. Eliot, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the James family (Alice James,
Henry James, Henry James Sr., and William James), Sarah Orne
Jewett, Sinclair Lewis, Herman Melville, Henry David Thoreau, and
Walt Whitman. Matthiessen's best-known book, American
Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman
(1941), discusses the flowering of literary culture in the middle of the
American 19th century, with Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Whitman
and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Its focus was the period roughly from 1850
to 1855 in which all these writers but Emerson published what would,
by Matthiessen's time, come to be thought of as their masterpieces:
Melville's Moby-Dick, multiple editions of Whitman's Leaves of Grass, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and The
House of the Seven Gables, and Thoreau's Walden. The mid-19th century in American literature is commonly called
the American Renaissance because of the influence of this work on later literary history and criticism. In 2009 The
New York Times said that the book "virtually created the field of American literature."
Matthiessen was one of earliest scholars associated with the Salzburg Global Seminar. In July 1947 Matthiessen
gave the inaugural lecture, stating "Our age has had no escape from an awareness of history. Much of that history has
been hard and full of suffering. But now we have the luxury of an historical awareness of another sort, of an occasion
not of anxiety but of promise. We may speak without exaggeration of this occasion as historic, since we have come
here to enact anew the chief function of culture and humanism, to bring man again into communication with man".
[4]
Along with John Crowe Ransom and Lionel Trilling, in 1948 Matthiessen was one of the founders of the Kenyon
School of English.
[5]
Politics
Matthiessen's politics were left-wing and socialist, though not dogmatically Marxist, as he felt his Christianity was
incompatible with Marxist atheism. Matthiessen, who was already financially secure, donated an inheritance he
received in the late 1940s to his friend, Marxist economist Paul Sweezy. Sweezy used the money, totalling almost
$15,000, to found a new journal, which became the Monthly Review. On the Harvard campus, Matthiessen was a
visible and active supporter of progressive causes. In May 1940 he was elected president of the Harvard Teachers
Union, an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor. The Harvard Crimson reported that in his inaugural address,
Matthiessen quoted the campus union's constitution, In affiliating with the organized labor movement, we express
our desire to contribute to and receive support from this powerful progressive force; to reduce the segregation of
teachers from the rest of the workers ...and increase thereby the sense of common purpose among them; and in
particular to cooperate in this field in the advancement of education and resistance to all reaction.
[6]
Matthiessen seconded the nomination of the Progressive Party presidential candidate, Henry Wallace, at the party's
convention in Philadelphia in 1948.
[7]
Reflective of the emerging Red Scare surveillance of left-wing university
academics, Matthiessen was mentioned as an activist in Boston area so-called "Communist front groups" by Herbert
Philbrick.
F. O. Matthiessen
473
Personal life and death
Matthiessen was known to his friends as 'Matty'. As a gay man in the 1930s and 1940s, he chose to remain in the
closet throughout his professional career, if not in his personal life € although traces of homoerotic concern are
apparent in his writings.
[8]
In 2009, a statement from Harvard University said that Matthiessen "stands out as an
unusual example of a gay man who lived his sexuality as an 'open secret' in the mid-20th century."
He had a two decade long romantic relationship with the painter Russell Cheney, twenty years his senior. Like
Matthiessen's family, Cheney's was prominent in business, being among America's leading silk producers. In
planning to spend his life with Cheney, Matthiessen went as far as asking his cohort in the Yale secret society Skull
and Bones to approve of their partnership.
[9]
With Cheney having encouraged Matthiessen's interest in Whitman, it
has been argued that American Renaissance was "the ultimate expression of Matthiessen's love for Cheney and a
secret celebration of the gay artist." Throughout his teaching career at Harvard, Matthiessen maintained a residence
in either Cambridge or Boston. However, the couple often retreated to their shared cottage in Kittery, Maine. Russell
Cheney died in July 1945.
Matthiessen committed suicide by jumping from a Boston hotel window in 1950. He had been hospitalized once for
a nervous breakdown in 1938-1939. He continued to be deeply affected by Russell Cheney's death. Commentators
have speculated on the impact of the escalating Red Scare on Matthiessen's state of mind. Inquiries by the House
Un-American Activities Committee into his politics may have been a contributing factor in his suicide. Writing in
1958, Eric Jacobsen referred to Matthiessen's death as "hastened by forces whose activities earned for themselves the
sobriquet un-American which they sought so assiduously to fasten on others". However, in 1978 Harry Levin was
more skeptical, saying only that "spokesmen for the Communist Party, to which he had never belonged, loudly
signalized his suicide as a political gesture".
There is no doubt that Matthiessen was being targeted by anti-communist forces that would soon be exploited by
Senator Joseph McCarthy. Clear evidence of this is reflected in the April 4, 1949 edition of Life Magazine. In an
article subsection titled Dupes and Fellow Travelers Dress Up Communist Fronts, Matthiessen is pictured among
fifty prominent academics, scientists, clergy and writers, including Albert Einstein, Arthur Miller, Lillian Hellman,
Langston Hughes, Norman Mailer and fellow Harvard professors, Kirtley Mather, Corliss Lamont and Ralph Barton
Perry. He spent the evening before his death at the home of his friend and colleague, Kenneth Murdock, Harvard's
Higginson Professor of English Literature. In a note left in the hotel room, Matthiessen wrote, "I am depressed over
world conditions. I am a Christian and a Socialist. I am against any order which interferes with that objective."
Matthiessen's personal story, academic contributions, political activism and early death had a lasting impact on a
circle of scholars and writers. Their sense of loss and struggle to understand Matthiessen's suicide can be found in
two novels with central figures inspired by Matthiessen, May Sarton's 1955 novel, Faithful are the Wounds and
Mark Merlis's 1994 novel American Studies.
[10]
Matthiessen was buried at Springfield Cemetery in Springfield, Massachusetts.
[11]
Legacy
Matthiessen's contribution to the critical celebration of 19th-century American literature is considered formative and
enduring. Along with several other scholars, he is regarded as a contributor to the creation of American studies as a
recognized academic discipline. His stature and legacy as a member of the Harvard community has been
memorialized in several ways by the university. He was the first Senior Tutor at Eliot House, one of Harvard
College's undergraduate residential houses. More than sixty years after his death, his suite at Eliot House remains
preserved as the F. O. Matthiessen Room, housing personal manuscripts and 1700 volumes of his library available
for scholarly research by permission. Also, Eliot House hosts an annual Matthiessen Dinner with a guest speaker. In
2009 Harvard established an endowed chair in LGBT studies called the F. O. Matthiessen Visiting Professorship of
Gender and Sexuality. Believing the post to be "the first professorship of its kind in the country," Harvard President
F. O. Matthiessen
474
Drew Faust called it …an important milestone.† It is funded by a $1.5 million gift from the members and supporters of
the Harvard Gay & Lesbian Caucus. In the spring of 2013 Henry D. Abelove was the first scholar to hold the
Matthiessen Chair. The second scholar appointed to the Chair for the spring of 2014 is Gayle Rubin.
[12]
Several
generations after Matthiessen's passing, this visiting professorship reaffirms the university's appreciation for his
continuing legacy as a storied scholar and teacher.
Bibliography
ƒ Sarah Orne Jewett, ISBN 0844613053, Peter Smith, (1929)
ƒ Translation: An Elizabethan Art, ISBN 0781270340, (January 1931)
ƒ The Achievement of T. S. Eliot: An Essay on the Nature of Poetry, Oxford University Press (1935)
ƒ American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman, ISBN 0-19-500759-X, Oxford
University Press (1941) (also available in many other editions)
ƒ Herman Melville: Selected Poems, edited, New Directions (1944)
ƒ Henry James: The Major Phase, ISBN 0195012259, Oxford University Press (June 1944)
ƒ Russell Cheney, 1881-1945: A Record of His Work, Oxford University Press (1947)
ƒ The Notebooks of Henry James, edited by F.O. Matthiessen and Kenneth B. Murdock, (first edition 1947) ISBN
0-226-51104-9, University of Chicago Press (1981)
ƒ From the Heart of Europe, Oxford University Press (1948)
ƒ The Education of a Socialist, Monthly Review, Vol 2 No 6, October 1950 (posthumous)
ƒ Of Crime and Punishment, Monthly Review, Vol 2 No 6, October 1950 (posthumous)
ƒ The Oxford Book of American Verse, ISBN 0195000498, Oxford University Press (December 1950)
ƒ Responsibilities of the Critic, ISBN 0195000072, Oxford University Press (posthumous - 1952)
ƒ The James Family: A Group Biography, ISBN 0715638386, Alfred A. Knopf (1947, posthumous - 1961)
ƒ To the Memory of Phelps Putnam, essay in The Collected Poems of H. Phelps Putnam, ISBN 0374126275, Farrar,
Straus, and Giroux (posthumous - 1971)
Footnotes
[1] The Ancestry and the Descendants of John Pratt of Hartford, Conn (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=VDVLAAAAYAAJ&
pg=PA179& lpg=PA179& dq=dwight+ matthiessen& source=bl& ots=srBIbQqkJz& sig=1HGTJHJAabEL6EPFh93Y8ZN-f1k& hl=en&
sa=X& ei=yK_SUOOTIIPIiwLrwIGABQ& ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=dwight matthiessen& f=false) Retrieved December 21,
2013
[2] Yale University obituary (http:/ / mssa.library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1949-50. pdf) mssa.library.yale.edu, Retrieved
December 21, 2013
[3] Max Lerner: Pilgrim in the Promised Land (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1nij-fnz8RIC& pg=PA21& lpg=PA21& dq=matthiessen,+
deforest+ prize& source=bl& ots=irB_jr2iaW& sig=9Sl03v0Ig7lbhZ2ZK9UgtbtN_uE& hl=en& sa=X& ei=AHC2Usv5CojYoAThtYDwDg&
ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=matthiessen, deforest prize& f=false), Retrieved December 21, 2013
[4] Salzburg Global Seminar History (http:/ / www.salzburgglobal. org/ current/ history-b. cfm) www.salzburgglobal.org, Retrieved September
5, 2013
[5] Kenyon School of English (http:/ / www.kenyonhistory. net/ kcpedia/ Kenyon_School_of_English) www.kenyonhistory.net, Retrieved
September 5, 2013
[6] Matthiessen Heads Union (http:/ / www. thecrimson.com/ article/ 1940/ 5/ 16/ matthiessen-heads-union-pfrancis-o-matthiessen/ ) The
Harvard Crimson, Retrieved March 22, 2013
[7] Memories of the Moderns (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=GHXERlWG0tsC& pg=PA218& lpg=PA218& dq=f. o. + matthiessen,+
henry+ wallace& source=bl& ots=WS1c_IY9HL& sig=rl1basKzKYo1Ld1bD1IBpbgt30E& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=N4O2UpWME4PsoASsrIKYBw& ved=0CEoQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage& q=f. o. matthiessen, henry wallace& f=false), pg. 218, Retrieved
December 21, 2013
[8] [8] "American Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941), p. 431".
[9] Levin, Harry. " The Private Life of F. O. Matthiessen (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ article-preview?article_id=8104)." New York
Review of Books 25:12 (July 20, 1978), pp. 42€46 (abstract online; full text for subscribers only).
[10] Baltimore Sun (http:/ / articles. baltimoresun. com/ 1994-10-02/ news/ 1994275016_1_tom-slater-tom-left-matthiessen) Retrieved
November 25, 2013
F. O. Matthiessen
475
[11] Find A Grave - F.O. Matthiessen (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7024168) Retrieved April 29, 2013
[12] Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences Registrar's Office (http:/ / www. registrar. fas. harvard. edu/ courses-exams/ courses-instruction/
women-gender-and-sexuality) Retrieved November 25, 2013
Further reading
ƒƒ Monthly Review, Vol 2 No 6, October 1950, entire edition dedicated to FOM with two essays by FOM and essays
and statements by friends and scholars including Leo Marx, Paul Sweezy, Alfred Kazin, Corliss Lamont, Kenneth
Murdock, May Sarton and Richard Wilbur
ƒ Arac, Jonathan. "F. O. Matthiessen: Authorizing an American Renaissance." The American Renaissance
Reconsidered. Eds. Walter Benn Michaels and Donald Pease. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1985.
ƒ Hyde, Louis, ed. Rat and the Devil: Journal Letters of F. O. Matthiessen and Russell Cheney. Hamden,
Connecticut: Archon Books, 1978. ISBN 1-55583-110-9; ISBN 0-208-01655-4.
ƒ Leverenz, L. David. Manhood and the American Renaissance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1989.
ƒ Levin, Harry. " The Private Life of F. O. Matthiessen (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/
article-preview?article_id=8104)." New York Review of Books 25:12 (July 20, 1978), pp. 42€46 (abstract online;
full text for subscribers only).
ƒ Marcus, Greil. The Old Weird America New York: Henry Holt (Picador), pp. 90, 124
ƒ Phelps, Christopher (May 1999). "Introduction: a Socialist Magazine in the American Century" (http:/ / www.
monthlyreview. org/ 599phelp. htm). Monthly Review 51 (1).
ƒ Reynolds, David. Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and
Melville. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1988.
ƒ Spark, Clare, "F.O. Matthiessen: martyr to McCarthyism?" (http:/ / clarespark. com/ 2010/ 12/ 29/
f-o-matthiessen-martyr-to-mccarthyism/ ). YDS: The Clare Spark Blog, December 29, 2010
ƒ Sundquist, Eric J. To Wake the Nations: Race and the Making of American Literature. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard UP, 1993.
ƒƒ Toibin, Colm. "Love in a Dark Time". New York, Scribner, 2004.
Edwin F. Blair
476
Edwin F. Blair
Edwin Foster "Ted" Blair (15 December 1901, Weatherford, Texas - 6 November 1970, New Haven, Connecticut)
His father was a native of Georgia, who had moved to Texas. He had a large interest in the wholesale stock and
grocers, Anderson & Blair, and was involved in the local media.
Edwin F. Blair received education at the Hotchkiss School, and graduated from Yale University with an AB in 1924.
At Yale he was member of Delta Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones. He was on the undefeated 1923 Yale football
team.
The following year he was married to Rosemary Kane, with whom he would have five children. In 1928 he was
hired as an instructor in the Yale Law School. The following year he joined the New York law firm Davis, Polk,
Wardwell, Gardiner & Reed as an associate. The firms had among its partners John William Davis, who had
previously served as United States Solicitor General. In 1940 Blair organized the law firm Blair, Polk & Ogden. Two
years latter the firm became Blair & Reed, and Blair continued the practice of law in New York until 1968.
Blair also had many corporate interests, being a director of the Canada Dry Corp., Holly Sugar Corp, Mohasco
Industries, Inc. and the Union Bag-Camp Paper Corp. He was also Chairman of the Board of T.A.D. Jones & Co.,
Inc. and a member of the advisor board of the Chemical Corn Exchange Bank.
He was heavily involved with Yale University throughout his career. From 1942 to 1944 he was Chairman of the
Alumni Fund, and from 1949 to 1952 he was Chairman of the Alumni Board. He was also a Fellow of the Yale
Corporation, director of the Yale Football Association and Chairman of the Yale Graduate Football Committee. As
director of the Football Association, he was an advocate of recruiting athletes to the university. He received the 1968
Walter Camp Man of the Year award. Blair had other interests in education, being a Trustee of the Hotchkiss School
and the Fairfield Country Day School.
In politics, he was a Republican, although he never sought office. He was however a member of the Republican
Finance Committee, serving on the budget committee in 1959. The following year he was a delegate to the
Republican National Convention from Connecticut. Blair was a supporter of global governance.
References
Walter Houghton
477
Walter Houghton
For the historian Walter Raleigh Houghton, see Walter R. Houghton.
Walter Edwards Houghton (September 21, 1904 in Stamford, Connecticut - April 11, 1983) was an American
historian of Victorian literature, best known for editing the Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals.
Biography
Houghton was educated at Yale University, where he graduated in 1924 and was a member of Skull and Bones. He
taught at Harvard University before moving to Wellesley College in 1942. He remained at Wellesley until retirement
in 1969. With his wife Esther he continued to work on the Wellesley Index: three volumes appeared before his death,
and two more volumes were completed for publication after his death. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Works
ƒ The Art of Newman's 'Apologia'
ƒ The Formation of Thomas Fuller's 'Holy and Profane States (1938)
ƒ The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830 - 1870 (Yale University Press, 1957)(Copyright renewed 1985)
ƒ The Poetry of Clough: An Essay in Revaluation (1963)
ƒ Victorian Poetry and Poetics (co-authored with G.R. Stange)
ƒ The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824-1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press). Vol I, 1965; Vol
II, 1972; Vol III, 1978; Vol IV, 1987; Vol V, 1988
Further reading
ƒ VanArsdel, Rosemary T., 'The Wellesley Index Forty Years Later (1966-2006)', Victorian Periodicals Review
39:3, Fall 2006, pp. 257-265
References
External links
ƒ Wellesley College person of the week, 17 July 2000 (http:/ / www. wellesley. edu/ Anniversary/ houghton. html)
ƒ New York Times obituary (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.
html?res=9E04E2D71F39F937A25757C0A965948260)
ƒ About the Wellesley Index (http:/ / wellesley. chadwyck. co. uk/ marketing/ about. jsp)
Charles Spofford
478
Charles Spofford
Charles Merville Spofford (November 17, 1902-March 23, 1991) was an American lawyer who held posts in
NATO and on the boards of numerous arts organizations.
Born in Saint Louis, Missouri, he was graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale University in 1924, where he was a
member of Skull and Bones, and Harvard Law School in 1928. He joined the New York law firm Davis Polk &
Wardwell in 1930 and became a partner in 1940, retiring in 1973 after 33 years. He served in the US Army during
World War II, rising to the rank of Brigadier General and earning a Purple Heart, Distinguished Service Medal,
Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre and Order of the British Empire. From 1950 to 1952 he served in NATO as
deputy US representative to the North Atlantic Council and later chair of the Council of Deputies and chair of the
European Coordinating Committee. He proposed to John D. Rockefeller III what would become the Lincoln Center
for the Performing Arts in 1956 and served as president of the Metropolitan Opera Association from 1946-1950.
References
ƒƒ Pace, Eric (March 25, 1991). "Charles M. Spofford is Dead at 88; Furnished Idea for Lincoln Center". New York
Times.
ƒ Biography (http:/ / www. munzinger. de/ search/ go/ document. jsp?id=00000003397) at Munzinger Archive
(German)
John Allen Miner Thomas
John Allen Miner Thomas (January 10, 1900 € March 12, 1932) was an American author.
He graduated from Yale University in 1922, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:139
His only novel was Dry
Martini (1926), an account of Americans in Paris. It was adapted into a 1928 film starring Mary Astor. Thomas died
as a result of alcoholism.
[1]
References
[1] [1] "John Allen Miner Thomas." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.
Mal Stevens
479
Mal Stevens
Mal Stevens
Date of birth: April 14, 1900
Place of birth: Stockton, Kansas, United States
Date of death: December 6, 1979 (aged 79)
Place of death: Bronx, New York, United States
Career information
College: Washburn, Yale
Organizations
As coach:
1924€1927
1928€1932
1933
1934€1941
1946
Yale (assistant)
Yale
Yale (freshmen)
NYU
Brooklyn Dodgers
College Football Hall of Fame
[1]
Military service
Allegiance: United States
Service/branch:
U.S. Navy
Years of service: 1942€1946
Rank:
Lt. Commander
Battles/wars: World War II
Marvin Allen "Mal" Stevens (April 14, 1900 € December 6, 1979) was an American football player, coach, naval
officer, and orthopedic surgeon. He served as the head football coach at Yale University from 1928 to 1932 and at
New York University from 1934 to 1941, compiling a career college football record of 54€45€10. He was elected to
the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1974.
Early life, playing career, and education
Born in Stockton, Kansas, Stevens attended Washburn College for three years before transferring to Yale University.
He lettered in three sports at Washburn and played halfback on Yale's undefeated 1923 football team. He graduated
from Yale in 1925 and was a member of Skull and Bones. He graduated from Yale Medical School in 1929.
Coaching career and military service
Stevens coached the Yale football team from 1928 to 1932, leaving to become the 21st head football coach at New
York University in 1934. His coached at NYU through the 1941 season, compiling a record of 33 wins, 34 losses,
and 2 ties. This ranks him second at NYU in total wins and tenth at NYU in winning percentage.
[2]
Stevens was
awarded a place in the NYU Athletic Hall of Fame for his coaching efforts.
[3]
Mal Stevens
480
Stevens then served as a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1946 he became
head coach of the Brooklyn Dodgers of the All-America Football Conference. He was the Eastern Director of the
Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute and Clinic in Jersey City, New Jersey and clinical professor of orthopedic
surgery at Bellevue Hospital Center.
Head coaching record
College
Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Yale Bulldogs (Independent) (1928€1932)
1928 Yale 4€4
1929 Yale 5€2€1
1930 Yale 5€2€2
1931 Yale 5€1€2
1932 Yale 2€2€3
Yale: 21€11€8
NYU Violets (NCAA University Division Independent) (1934€1941)
1934 NYU 3€4€1
1935 NYU 7€1
1936 NYU 5€3€1
1937 NYU 5€4
1938 NYU 4€4
1939 NYU 5€4
1940 NYU 2€7
1941 NYU 2€7
NYU: 33€34€2
Total: 54€45€10
References
[1] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=20108
[2] New York Coaching Records (http:/ / www.cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ discontinued/ n/ new_york/ coaching_records. php)
[3] NYU Athletics - Hall of Fame (http:/ / www.gonyuathletics. com/ hof. aspx?hof=108& path=& kiosk=)
External links
ƒ Mal Stevens (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail.
aspx?id=20108) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ Mal Stevens (http:/ / www. cfbdatawarehouse. com/ data/ coaching/ alltime_coach_year_by_year.
php?coachid=2232) at the College Football Data Warehouse
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
481
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
4th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
1960€1961
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
Succeeded by Adlai Stevenson
Personal details
Born June 16, 1905
Groveland, New York
Died March 13, 1984 (aged 78)
Rochester, New York
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Harty Griggs Tilton
James Jeremiah "Jerry" Wadsworth (June 12, 1905 € March 13, 1984)
[]
was an American politician and
diplomat from New York.
Life
A member of the prominent Genesee Valley Wadsworths, he was a direct descendant of pioneer William
Wadsworth, a founder of Hartford, Connecticut.
His great-grandfather, James S. Wadsworth, was a Union general in the American Civil War, killed in the Battle of
the Wilderness of 1864. Both his grandfather, James Wolcott Wadsworth, and his father, James Wolcott Wadsworth,
Jr., represented New York in Congress. His other grandfather was United States Secretary of State John Hay. His
sister Evelyn was married to William Stuart Symington; they were the parents of James Wadsworth Symington, his
nephew.
Wadsworth graduated from Fay School in 1918,
[1]
St. Mark's School, and Yale University in 1927, where he was a
member of Skull and Bones.
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
482
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Livingston Co.) in 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938,
1939€40 and 1941. He resigned his seat in 1941.
He was later appointed by President Eisenhower as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, in which
position he served from 1960 to 1961.
Bibliography
ƒ The Price of Peace, Praeger, 1961.
ƒ The Glass House, Praeger, 1966.
ƒ The Silver Spoon: An Autobiography, W. F. Humphrey Press (Geneva, NY), 1980.
References
[1] http:/ / www. fofweb.com/ History/ MainPrintPage. asp?iPin=TDEY500& DataType=AmericanHistory& WinType=Free
External links
ƒ Reminiscences of James Jeremiah Wadsworth (http:/ / www. inthefirstperson. com/ firp/ firp. detail. documents.
aspx?documentcode=OHI0019747-15190) - Oral History - Eisenhower Administrative File - Columbia
University
ƒ "New Job for Old Hand" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,869795,00.
html?iid=chix-sphere) - Time - August 22, 1960
ƒ James Jeremiah Wadsworth at The Political Graveyard (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ wadhams-waggy.
html#RK20ZBMGA)
New York Assembly
Preceded by
A. Grant Stockweather
New York State Assembly
1932€1941
Succeeded by
Joseph W. Ward
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
U.S. Ambassador to the United
Nations
1960€1961
Succeeded by
Adlai Stevenson
George Herbert Walker, Jr.
483
George Herbert Walker, Jr.
For other people named George Herbert Walker, see George Herbert Walker (disambiguation).
George Herbert Walker, Jr.
Born November 24, 1905
Died November 29, 1977 (aged 72)
Occupation American businessman
Spouse(s) Mary Carter (1927-1977, his death)
Children George Herbert Walker III
Parents George Herbert Walker
Lucretia "Loulie" (Wear) Walker
Relatives Dorothy Walker Bush (sister)
Prescott Bush (brother-in-law)
George H. W. Bush (nephew)
George W. Bush (grand-nephew)
George Herbert Walker IV (grandson)
George Herbert Walker, Jr. (November 24, 1905 € November 29, 1977) was an American businessman and the
uncle of President George H. W. Bush. He was an original owner of the New York Mets, a team which he
co-founded in 1960 with Joan Whitney Payson.
[1]
His father was George Herbert Walker, a wealthy American businessman. His mother was Lucretia "Loulie" (Wear)
Walker (1874€1961), daughter of James H. Wear. He had an elder sister, Dorothy Walker Bush.
He married Mary Carter (20 November 1905 € 5 September 1998) on October 29, 1927. They had three children,
one of whom was George Herbert Walker III, the former United States Ambassador to Hungary. He was an uncle to
the 41st President of the United States, George Herbert Walker Bush, to whom he was extremely close. "Uncle
Herbie" helped sponsor Bush's entry into the oil business in the 1950s. He became a member of the Skull and Bones
society at Yale in 1927, as were his brother-in-law Prescott Bush (S&B 1917); brothers Dr. John Mercer Walker, Sr.
(S&B 1931) and Louis Walker (S&B 1936); and his nephew, the 41st President of the United States, George Herbert
Walker Bush (S&B 1947); and Bush's son (therefore George's great-nephew), the 43rd President of the United
States, George W. Bush (S&B 1968).
References
[1] http:/ / www. tarpley.net/ bush1. htm
External links
ƒ Bush Family Links to Sports Go Back a Century (http:/ / static. espn. go. com/ mlb/ bush/ family. html)
John Rockefeller Prentice
484
John Rockefeller Prentice
John Rockefeller Prentice (December 17, 1902 € June 13, 1972) was born to Chicago lawyer Ezra Parmalee
Prentice and Alta Rockefeller Prentice in New York. Prentice's maternal grandfather is the Standard Oil tycoon, John
D. Rockefeller (1839€1937).
Biography
While attending Yale University, Prentice became a member of the Skull and Bones society and was elected to Phi
Beta Kappa.
[1]
He graduated in 1928. During his years at Yale, Prentice had accumulated debts and consequently
was cut off from his parents. He worked in Boston for a wholesale hardware firm for four years to make enough
money to return to Yale. Upon his return to the Ivy League school, Prentice continued to work to support himself. He
graduated from Yale Law School in 1932 and practiced law with a Chicago law firm throughout the 1930s. In March
1941, before the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Prentice volunteered in the U.S. Army as a private. While serving
in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, he became a Captain in the Artillery.
Prentice became a cattle breeder and is known as a pioneer of artificial insemination in farm animals as a means of
improving their genetic pool.
[2]
On August 11, 1941, Prentice married Abbie Cantrill. The couple had one daughter, Chicago philanthropist, Abra
Prentice Wilkin.
References
[1] Time (Monday, April 11, 1927) (http:/ / www.time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,730310-4,00. html)
[2] ABS & the A.I. Industry (http:/ / www.absglobal. com/ company-info/ abs-history/ ), ABS Global.
Lanny Ross
485
Lanny Ross
Lanny Ross
Ross (at right) on the Maxwell House Show Boat radio program in 1935
Background information
Born January 19, 1906
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Died April 25, 1988 (aged 82)
New York City, U.S.
Occupations Singer, songwriter
Instruments Vocals, piano
Lanny Ross (January 19, 1906 - April 25, 1988) was an American singer, pianist and songwriter.
Biography
Lancelot Patrick Ross was born in Seattle, Washington. His parents were Douglas and Winifred Ross, both natives
of England. He graduated from Taft School in 1924, where he captained the track team and led the Glee Club and
Yale University in 1928, where he blossomed forth as one of the nation's foremost intercollegiate track performers,
as well as soloist with the famous Yale Glee Club, and he was a member of Zeta Psi and Skull and Bones.
Additionally, in 1931 he earned a law degree from Columbia Law School.,
[1]
earning the wherewithal by making
radio appearances. He also studied classical vocal technique at the Juilliard School of Music with Anna E.
Schoen-Ren„.
[2]
Career
Lanny Ross made his theatrical bow at the age of 2. By the time he was 5, he had already put in a hitch with a
professional Shakespearean company (Ben Greet's) and was something of a veteran. During his primary education in
a Canadian convent and various Seattle and New York schools, young Ross confined his appearances to choir work,
including term as head monitor at the Cathedral of St. John the Dive, NY. His career began in radio in 1928 and
included a five year run with Annette Hanshaw on the Maxwell House Show Boat program. His recording career
began in 1929. He did so well on the radio that he gave up the legal profession and set forth on a singing career.
[3]
Lanny Ross
486
Ross went on to success in vaudeville, night clubs and films. He served in the U.S. Army in World War II, achieving
the rank of Major. During the war, he was called upon to sing the Oscar-nominated ballad, "We Musn't Say
Goodbye," for the 1943 motion picture, "Stage Door Canteen." The film also received an Oscar nomination for best
musical score that year.
HIs radio programs have included "Troubadour of the Moon," "Maxwell House Showboat," "Packard Mardi Gras,"
"Lucky Strike Hit Parade" and his own "Lanny Ross Program," sponsored by Franco-American over the CBS
Network.
Ross introduced the standard popular song "Stay as Sweet as You Are" (w. Mack Gordon m. Harry Revel) in the
1934 film College Rhythm. He recorded the song with Nat W. Finston and the Paramount Recording Orchestra in
Los Angeles on October 21, 1934. It was released on Brunswick 7318 (matrix LA-247-A) and became Ross' most
successful record. He starred in two Paramount films, Melody in Spring and College Rhythm and also in The Lady
Objects for Columbia. In 1941 he drew critical acclai for his acting in stock productions of "Petticoat Fever,""Pursuit
of Happiness" and "Green Grow the Lilacs".
He co-wrote the song "Listen to My Heart" with Al J. Neiburg and Abner Silver. It was performed in the 1939 short
film Tempo of Tomorrow by Patricia Gilmore singing with the Richard Himber Orchestra.
Ross died in New York City.
Film credits
ƒ 1933 Yours Sincerely
ƒ 1934 Melody in Spring
ƒ 1934 College Rhythm
ƒ 1938 The Lady Objects
ƒ 1939 Gulliver's Travels animated feature film for which Lanny Ross provided the singing voice for the character
Prince David.
References
[1] Yale Scholarship and Music Program Honor Singer Lancelot "Lanny" P. Ross (http:/ / opac. yale. edu/ news/ article. aspx?id=4139), Yale
News, Retrieved 14 April 2013
[2] Mme. Anna E. Schoen-Ren„ 1864-1942 (http:/ / www. nycommunitytrust. org/ Portals/ 0/ Uploads/ Documents/ BioBrochures/ Mme. Anna
E. Schoen-Rene. pdf) Retrieved 14 April 2013
[3] [3] Billboard March 7, 1942
External links
ƒ Voice Talk, Perspectives on the Art of Singing, Lanny Ross (http:/ / www. voice-talk. net/ 2011/ 07/
lanny-ross_07. html) Retrieved 14 April 2013
ƒ Lanny Ross collection of recorded radio broadcasts, 1934-1942 (http:/ / catalog. nypl. org/
record=b16491553~S1) in the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound (http:/ / www. nypl. org/
locations/ lpa/ rodgers-and-hammerstein-archives-recorded-sound) of The New York Public Library for the
Performing Arts (http:/ / www. nypl. org/ locations/ lpa).
Granger K. Costikyan
487
Granger K. Costikyan
Granger Kent Costikyan (29 March 1907 € 10 March 1998) was an American banker. His father who was from
Marsovan, Turkey had immigrated from Constantinople in 1884, and organised the successful import firm,
Costikyan Freres (later known as Kent-Costikyan, Inc.) which still exists and specializes in oriental carpets.
[1]
Granger was educated at Hotchkiss School, graduating in 1925, and Yale University, graduating in 1929. He was a
member of the Skull and Bones secret society.
Costikyan was with the New York Trust Company from 1929 to 1959, and was for many years a partner of Brown
Brothers Harriman. He was Vice President of the Chemical Bank of New York, from 1959 to 1962; and Senior Vice
President of the First Bank System of Minneapolis, from 1962 to 1969. Costikyan also served as Chairman of the
First Bank System of Minneapolis.
External links
ƒ House of Costikyan
[2]
References
[1] http:/ / www. costikyan. com/ 2012/ history. html
[2] http:/ / www. costikyan. org/ new. html
George Crile, Jr.
George Washington "Barney" Crile, Jr. (November 3, 1907 € September 11, 1992)
[1]
was an American surgeon.
He was a significant influence on how breast cancer is treated and was a visible and controversial advocate for
alternative procedures.
:6
Crile was the son of famous surgeon and founding partner of the Cleveland Clinic, George Washington Crile.
After attending the University School and the Hotchkiss School
:62
, Crile attended Yale University, where he was on
the football and track teams and was a member of Skull and Bones.
:50
He graduated in 1929. He earned his M.D.
from Harvard Medical School in 1933, graduating summa cum laude and first in his class.
:62
He chose to intern at the
Barnes Hospital (1933€34) under surgeon Evarts Ambrose Graham, noted for successfully removing a lung from a
cancer patient.
:62
He spent the rest of his medical career at the Cleveland Clinic. After his residency there (1934€1937), he joined the
surgical staff in 1937, served as head of the general surgery department (1956€1969), senior consultant
(1969€1972), and emeritus consultant (1972€1992).
During World War II, he served in the US Navy (1942€46), stationed at naval hospitals in San Diego and New
Zealand.
:63
While in the Navy he researched on ruptured appendixes and discovered that they were not as
life-threatening as once believed. He therefore concluded that risky emergency appendectomies on board submarines
may harm the patient more than help, and that the safer option was to employ penicillin until the patient could be
evacuated to a superior hospital facility.
:63
He also developed a procedure for pilonidal cysts, draining them with a
catheter instead of the standard surgical excision.
:63
He later said "I came home from World War II convinced that
operations in many fields of surgery were either too radical, or not even necessary. Universal acceptance of a
procedure does not necessarily make it right."
Crile turned his willingness to question orthodox procedures to breast cancer. The traditional treatment for breast
cancer was a radical mastectomy, a procedure which removes the entire breast as well as surrounding muscle, tissue,
and lymph nodes. Under the influence of Scottish surgeon Reginald Murley as well as one of his colleagues at the
George Crile, Jr.
488
Cleveland Clinic, he instead began to advocate procedures that removed much less material, a simple mastectomy,
which only removes the breast, and a lumpectomy, which removes only a small amount of tissue. Crile performed
his final radical mastectomy in 1954 and became a public advocate of alternative procedures, which are now
standard. In 1955, he published an article, "A Plea Against the Blind Fear of Cancer", in Life magazine and a book,
Cancer and Common Sense.
:64
The medical establishment was resistant to the changes he advocated so he sought to
influence them through their patients.
:64
He was an outspoken critic of traditional procedures for decades and some
of his patients, including author Babette Rosmond, became public advocates as well.
Crile was an avid author on many subjects, especially medicine and travel. He had a weekly radio program in the
1980s called 90 Seconds on WERE.
Crile married Jane Halle in 1935. She died of cancer in 1963. In 1963, he married his second wife, Helga Sandburg,
the daughter of poet Carl Sandburg. They had three daughters and one son, CBS News producer George Crile III.
Their daughter Ann Crile married surgeon Caldwell Esselstyn and their son is author Rip Esselstyn.
Crile died of lung cancer at age 84.
Bibliography
ƒ The Hospital Care of the Surgical Patient: A Surgeon's Handbook (with Franklin L. Shively, Jr.), C. C Thomas,
1943
ƒ Practical Aspects of Thyroid Disease, Saunders, 1949.
ƒ Treasure-Diving Holidays (with Jane Crile), Viking, 1954.
ƒ Cancer and Common Sense, Viking, 1955.
ƒ More Than Booty (with Jane Crile), McGraw, 1965.
ƒ A Biological Consideration of Treatment of Breast Cancer, C. C Thomas, 1967.
ƒ A Naturalistic View of Man: The Importance of Early Training in Learning, Living, and the Organization of
Society, World Publishing, 1969.
ƒ Above and Below: A Journey Through Our National Underwater Parks (with Helga Sandburg), McGraw, 1969.
ƒ What Women Should Know About the Breast Cancer Controversy, Macmillan, 1973.
ƒ Surgery, Your Choices, Your Alternatives, Delacorte, 1978.
ƒ The Way It Was: Sex, Surgery, Treasure, and Travel, 1907€1987, Kent State University Press, 1992.
References
[1] "George Crile, Jr." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 26 July 2011.
Ralph Paine, Jr.
489
Ralph Paine, Jr.
Ralph "Del" Delahaye Paine, Jr. (March 31, 1906 € January 12, 1991) was an American editor and publisher.
Born in Newark, New Jersey, Paine was the son of author and journalist Ralph Delahaye Paine. Paine had two
younger twin brothers, Stuart Douglas Paine, who became an Antarctic explorer, and Philbrook Ten Eyck Paine,
born 1910. Paine attended Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and graduated in 1929.
After college, Paine was a Wall Street securities analyst for Edward B. Smith & Co.. He became a business editor for
Time magazine in 1933. Following complaints about the content of Time from businesses during the Great
Depression, he was offered the choice between a firing and a promotion provided a suitable replacement could be
found. Paine lamented "I'm about to be fired unless I can find someone who can satisfy Time's advertisers without
catering to them." Through Yale law professor William O. Douglas, he found that replacement, Eliot Janeway.
In 1938, he became personal assistant to publisher Henry Luce, the co-founder of Time. During World War II, he
was in charge of The March of Time newsreel series and European operations of Time, Inc. publications. When the
Nazis invaded France, Paine and other Time, Inc. staffers were forced to flee. He was later a war correspondent in
the Pacific.
Paine served as managing editor of Fortune from 1941 to 1953 and, following the departure of Charles Douglas
Jackson, publisher from 1953 to 1967. During his tenure, the magazine created its famous Fortune 500 list. Paine
clashed with Luce and threatened to resign over Luce's desire to make Fortune more overtly pro-business and create
an advisory board for the magazine composed of prominent businessmen. Paine also served as publisher of
Architectural Forum from 1954 to 1963 and House and Home from 1962 to 1963.
In 1947, Paine married Nancy White, at the time associate fashion editor of Good Housekeeping and later editor of
Harper's Bazaar. It was the second marriage for both of them and it later ended in divorce.
At the time of his death, Paine was president and treasurer of the Vermont real estate holdings company Barton
Mountain Corporation.
References
Charles Alderson Janeway
490
Charles Alderson Janeway
Dr. Charles Alderson Janeway (1909 in New York City € 1981 in Weston, Massachusetts) was an eminent
American pediatrician, medical professor, and clinical researcher.
Janeway was physician in chief from 1946 to 1976 at Children's Hospital Boston. He also was Thomas Morgan
Rotch Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. As a clinical researcher, he discovered the first
immunodeficiency disease.
[1]
According to a 2007 biography by physicians Robert J. Haggerty and Frederick H. Lovejoy, Jr.:
"Janeway built the first department of pediatrics in the nation with subspecialties based upon the new
developments in basic sciences. Janeway and his colleagues defined the gamma globulin disorders that
resulted in children's increased susceptibility to infections and associated arthritic disorders. Janeway
was the most visible U.S. pediatrician on the world scene in the last half of the 20th century. He traveled
widely, taught modern pediatrics to thousands of physicians throughout the developing world, and
brought many of them to the U.S. for further training. He was instrumental in starting teaching hospitals
in Shiraz, Iran, and Cameroon."
In 1964, Janeway worked with the provincial government in St John's, Newfoundland, Canada to establish a
children's hospital. In recognition of his efforts and dedication, the hospital was named the Dr. Charles Alderson
Janeway Child Health Centre. Its first location was in the former base hospital on Pepperrell Air Force Base which
had closed several years earlier.
Janeway came from a family of prominent physicians. His father, Theodore Caldwell Janeway, was the first full-time
professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the identifier of Janeway lesions. He
also discovered a means to measure blood pressure. His grandfather, Edward Gamaliel Janeway, was the New York
City Health Commissioner and dean of the combined New York University/Bellevue Hospital medical colleges.
Janeway graduated from Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale University in 1930,
where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He also graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine. He married Elizabeth Bradley, a social worker, in 1932. They had four children: Anne, Elizabeth, Charles,
and Barbara.
His medical legacy continued to subsequent generations. His son, Charles Janeway (1943€2003), was a noted Yale
University medical professor and immunologist who made significant contributions to the field of innate immune
response. His daughter Barbara is a nurse-practitioner in New Hampshire. Two granddaughters, Elizabeth Gold of
Toronto and Katherine A. Janeway of Boston, are also pediatricians, representing the sixth generation of Janeway
doctors.
Charles A. Janeway died at his home in Weston, Massachusetts, in 1981.
References
[1] Haggerty, RJ, and Lovejoy, Jr., FH.(2007) Charles A. Janeway: Pediatrician to the World Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press. (ISBN 978-0674023802)
H. J. Heinz II
491
H. J. Heinz II
Henry John "Jack" Heinz II (1908€1987) was an American business executive and CEO of the H. J. Heinz
Company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. He was the father of H. John Heinz III, Republican member of
the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, and father-in-law of Teresa Heinz Kerry, his son's widow, who is
the wife of current Secretary of State John Kerry.
Early life, education, early career
Heinz was born to Howard Covode Heinz and Elizabeth Rust Heinz and the grandson and namesake of the company
founder, Henry J. Heinz.
He was educated at Choate, graduated from Yale University, where he was a member of the Skull and Bones secret
society, and also graduated from Oxford University, but spent his summers working for the Heinz Company in the
pickling and salting stations, as bookkeeper and as handyman. He later joined the sales force in England.
Private life
Jack married Joan Diehl, a pioneer aviatrix, in 1935. They were the parents of one son, H.J. Heinz III. They
established their home, Rosemont Farm, in the Fox Chapel suburb of Pittsburgh. The couple divorced in 1942.
In 1953, Jack married Drue Maher, with whom he shared a love of philanthropy, skiing, art collecting and world
travel.
H.J. Heinz Company and World War II
Jack became president of the Heinz Company upon his father's death in 1941 of a stroke, and led the company
through the challenges of World War II. He made five trips to England during the war: once to see about the bombed
plant in Harlesden, and several times by request of the British government to assist with its food shortages. He also
aided the Netherlands with their food challenges.
The Heinz plant in Pittsburgh was converted to producing gliders for the War Department for a time.
As chairman of the United War Fund, Heinz routinely gave speeches about food conservation, rationing, and
allocations. After the war, he served as chairman of the Community Chest, which became the United Way.
Resignation
In 1966, Jack resigned as president and CEO, turning over day-to-day operations to a non-family member, R. Burt
Goodkin, for the first time in company history. He served as chairman of the board from 1966 until his death.
Philanthropy
After the war, Heinz teamed up with Richard King Mellon and Pittsburgh mayor David Lawrence for Renaissance I,
a plan to usher modernity to Pittsburgh, which included smoke-control ordinances to clear the air of smoke and soot
from the steel mills.
He was the driving force for the creation of downtown Pittsburgh's Cultural District, a major legacy of his work as a
philanthropist and community leader. He was the first chairman of the Howard Heinz Endowment serving from 1941
until his death in 1987. One of his early projects was the conversion of Lowe's Penn Theater to the current Heinz
Hall, home of the Pittsburgh Symphony.
He also served first as the Pittsburgh Fire Bureau Chief from 1935 until 1936 and then as Allegheny County Sheriff
for Pittsburgh from 1938 until 1942, and being one of the original investors in the city's effort to win an NHL
H. J. Heinz II
492
franchise, becoming part owner of the Pittsburgh Penguins from 1967 until the early 1970s.
Leadership of the Heinz Company
As president of the Heinz Company, Jack launched subsidiaries in the Netherlands, Portugal, Venezuela, Japan, and
Italy.
Acquisitions of Star-Kist Foods Inc. and Ore-Ida Foods Inc. are considered the hallmarks of his tenure. He also
presided over the opening of a baby food plant on mainland China.
Politics
A lifelong Republican, Jack chaired the U.S. arm of the International Chamber of Commerce from 1948-1951. He
was tapped by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to head a special aid mission to assess the effectiveness of an
emergency economic aid program to Pakistan. He also chaired the U.S. delegation to a Economic Commission for
Europe in 1958 and 1959. He was a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.
Honors
In 1979, Queen Elizabeth II made Heinz an Honorary Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British
Empire, citing him "for significant contribution in the furtherance of British-American relationships, especially in the
cultural, educational and economic fields."
He received decorations from Italy, France, and Greece.
Death
Henry John Heinz II died of cancer at the family's winter home in Hobe Sound, Florida, at the age of seventy-eight.
References
ƒ Alberts, Robert C. (1973). The Good Provider: H. J. Heinz and His 57 Varieties. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company. ISBN 0-395-17126-1.
Lewis A. Lapham
493
Lewis A. Lapham
Lewis Abbot Lapham (March 7, 1909
:301
 € December 20, 1995) was an American shipping and banking executive.
Lapham was born in New York City,
:301
the son of shipping executive and future Mayor of San Francisco Roger D.
Lapham and the grandson of Lewis Henry Lapham. Lapham attended the Hotchkiss School and went on to Yale
University, graduating in 1931. At Yale, he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:125
Roger Lapham was a founder of the Cypress Point Club golf course. In 1929, father and son played a foursome there
with Bobby Jones and Francis Ouimet. This attracted a large crowd and frayed the nerves of the 20 year old Lewis
Lapham. After one successful shot by Lapham, Jones loudly asked which club Lapham had used and continued to
solicit his advice in front of the crowd until Lapham's confidence was restored.
[1]
Lapham worked as a journalist, columnist, and editor for the San Francisco Examiner for six years. In World War II,
he was civilian executive assistant to the general in command of the San Francisco Port of Embarkation. From 1945
to 1946 he was president of the Pacific American Steamship Association.
:301
Lewis Henry Lapham was a founding investor of the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company in 1899 and Roger
Lapham served as its president until he stepped down in 1944 to run for Mayor. Lewis Lapham became its last
president in 1947. Miscalculating future shipping rates, the company bought six new ships, but soon losses forced
them to suspend shipping in 1953. Billionaire Daniel Ludwig was brought in as an investor and Lapham resigned
and his family sold their holdings to Ludwig, who gained control of the company and eventually liquidated it.
:32, 301
Lapham became executive vice president of the Grace Line and in 1955 became its president. He realized that J.
Peter Grace was determined to get W. R. Grace and Company out of the shipping industry (Grace sold the Grace
Line in 1969), so he left the company and the shipping business in 1959.
:229, 301
He joined Bankers Trust Company
and served in a variety of executive and board positions until 1981.
Lapham was married to Jane Foster for 63 years. They had two sons, Lewis H. Lapham, long-time editor of Harper's
Magazine, and Anthony A. Lapham, a lawyer for the Central Intelligence Agency.
References
[1] [1] Nicholas Payne Lapham is the son of Anthony A. Lapham.
John M. Walker
494
John M. Walker
This article is about the American physician and banker. For his son the American judge, see John M. Walker, Jr..
For the Episcopal bishop, see John M. Walker (bishop). For the Pennsylvania political figure, see John M. Walker
(Pennsylvania). For other people named John Walker, see John Walker (disambiguation).
John Mercer Walker, Sr.
Nationality American
Education Yale University, 1931; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1936
Occupation Major, United States Army, World War II Investment Banker, G. H. Walker & Co., Alex. Brown & Sons
Medical career
Profession Clinical assistant in surgery, 1952-1965, Hospital president 1965-1974
Institutions Memorial Sloan€Kettering Cancer Center
Dr. John Mercer Walker, Sr. (January 15, 1909-August 16, 1990) was an American physician and investment
banker. A member of the prominent Bush-Walker family, he was a maternal uncle of US President George H.W.
Bush.
Biography
Walker was the fifth of six children of banker and businessman George Herbert Walker and his wife Lucretia Wear,
daughter of James H. Wear. (Dr. Walker's older sister Dorothy married President Bush's father Senator Prescott
Bush.) Walker attended The Hill School and later Yale University, where he lettered in football, baseball and squash,
was a member of Skull and Bones,
:164
and graduated in 1931.
:10
In 1936, Walker graduated from the Columbia
University College of Physicians and Surgeons and went on to his residency at Roosevelt Hospital.
In 1939, he married Elsie Louise Mead, daughter of George Houk Mead, president of the Mead Corporation. They
had three sons and four daughters. One daughter died of polio in 1955 and two daughters were born with Down
syndrome.
:129€30
During World War II he served as a major in the US Army in Europe. Walker had a private practice until he was
diagnosed with polio in 1950. A skilled athlete and golfer, he would eventually need a wheelchair.
:129
In 1952, he
joined Memorial Hospital (now part of Memorial Sloan€Kettering Cancer Center) as a clinical assistant in
surgery
:129
and remained with the institution for 25 years, serving as president from 1965 to 1974.
In 1953, future President Bush's daughter Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush was diagnosed with leukemia. A local
doctor advised them that treatment was futile, but Walker helped her get admitted to Memorial Sloan€Kettering.
:129
She lived another six months and died shortly before her fourth birthday. President Bush later wrote about his uncle:
He was a great cancer surgeon, who had been stricken with polio. A strong and purposeful man. I told
him of our local doc's advise and he said "You have no choice - none at all - you must treat this child.
You must do all you can to keep her alive" and he went on to tell me of the strides in the field and of the
importance of hope. So we treated her, and we watched her die before our eyes, but we also saw the
wonders of remission and the dedication of the nurses and doctors, and we saw progress and we knew
his advice was right. Six months later when it was all over - I thought back with gratitude for this
sensible advice...
Walker had a second career as an investment banker. He became a managing partner in G. H. Walker & Co.,
founded by his father in 1900, and a limited partner in Alex. Brown & Sons. In 1971, he retired to a farm in Easton,
Maryland which for two decades he ran profitably for a third career. He spent summers with his extended family in
Kennebunkport, Maine.
John M. Walker
495
In 1989, President Bush appointed Walker's eldest son District Judge John M. Walker, Jr. to the United States Court
of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Bush told a White House lawyer "It's the least I can do for someone whose father
did so much for me. Besides, Johnny's as well qualified as anyone else for the position."
:129
In 1990, while in Kennebunkport and after a martini with his brother, Walker died that same evening of
complications from an aneurism at age 81.
References
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr.
496
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr.
For other uses, see Frederick Adams (disambiguation).
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr.
Born March 28, 1910
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Died January 7, 2001 (aged 90)
Nationality United States
Education Yale University, (1933)
Occupation Pierpont Morgan Library director
Known for bibliophile
Board member of
Yale University Press
Spouse(s) Marie-Luise Natalie Engelberta Ludmilla Nancy Julie, Prinzessin von Croš (m. 1969)
Parents Frederick Baldwin Adams
Ellen Walters Delano
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr. (March 28, 1910 € January 7, 2001) was an American bibliophile and the director
of the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City from 1938€1969.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Ellen Walters Delano (a first cousin of President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt) and Frederick Baldwin Adams, he married as his second wife on July 23, 1969, the Swedish princess
Marie-Luise Natalie Engelberta Ludmilla Nancy Julie, Prinzessin von Croš, daughter of Nancy Louise Leishman
and Karl Rudolf Engelbert Phillipp Leo, Herzog von Croš.
He was Director Emeritus of the Pierpoint Morgan Library, (New York City), 1948€69; President, 1959€71,
Governing Board 1952€, Yale University Press; Member, Yale Corporation, 1964€71; Yale University Council,
1949€58 and President of the New-York Historical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences in 1954. He was president of the Grolier Club, 1947-1951.
Adams graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the Yale University in 1933, where he was a member of Skull and Bones He
amassed one of the largest personal holdings of works by authors Thomas Hardy and Robert Frost, as well as one of
the leading collections of Karl Marx and left-wing Americana. Adams resigned from the Morgan Library and moved
to Paris with his wife after their marriage. There he served at president of the Association Internationale de
Bibliophile, the most prestigious organization of bibliophiles in the world. His own collection was dispersed at
Sotheby„s in London, November 6 € 7, 2001.
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr.
497
Works
ƒ Radical Literature in America: An Address by Frederick B. Adams, Jr., to which is Appended a Catalogue of an
Exhibition Held at the Grolier Club in New York City Overbrook Press, 1939, 61 pages
[1]
ƒ An Introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. 1964.
[2]
ƒ Homage to the Book, written with Leonard Baskin. Westvaco Press. 1968
[3]
References
[1] Adams, F. B., Rogers, B., Overbrook Press., & Pforzheimer Bruce Rogers Collection (Library of Congress). (1939). Radical literature in
America: An address. Stamford, Conn: Overbrook Press.
[2] [2] Adams, F. B. (1964). An introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York.
[3] Adams, F. B., & Baskin, L. (1968). Homage to the book. New York: Westvaco.
External links
ƒ St. Bernard's Bio (http:/ / www. stbernards. org/ newslet/ no27_p24. html)
ƒ Biography of his father (http:/ / www. dynbase. net/ fbadams. php)
Samuel Hazard Gillespie, Jr.
Samuel Hazard Gillespie Jr. (July 12, 1910 € March 7, 2011) was an
American lawyer and politician from New York.
Biography
Gillespie was born in Morristown, Morris County, New Jersey, and attended
Yale College (1932) and Yale Law School (1935).
He gained experience as the principal assistant for 15 years to then U.S.
Solicitor General John W. Davis, and argued four cases in the United States
Supreme Court. Gillespie was President of the New York State Bar Association
from 1958 to 1959, and U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York
from 1959 to 1961. While US Attorney he prosecuted the US government's
obscenity case against the novel Lady Chatterly's Lover.
Gillespie was senior counsel at Davis Polk & Wardwell in New York City and
had been a member of the firm since 1948. At one point in his career he represented a number of actors and actresses
including Mary Pickford and Maurice Chevalier. At Davis Polk he worked on the landmark US Supreme Court case
Erie v. Tompkins. He retired in 1980.
Gillespie was a member of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Federal and American Bar
Associations, the New York County Lawyers Association, the American Judicature Society, the Council on Foreign
Relations, and the Skull and Bones society at Yale.
Samuel Hazard Gillespie, Jr.
498
Recent years
He was Chairman of the American Skin Association and a member of the Piermont Public Library Board of
directors. Gillespie was President of the Tappan Zee Preservation Coalition, Inc.
Gillespie was married to Frances P Gillespie from 1977 to 1995, and their boat called "the Venture" was taken for a
sail up and down the Hudson River, when it was not sailing down the Intracoastal.
Gillespie died of pancreatic cancer on March 7, 2011, at his home in Nyack, Rockland County, New York.
References
ƒ The Most Senior Senior Counsel? A Chat With Hazard Gillespie (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ law/ 2008/ 07/ 14/
the-most-senior-senior-counsel-a-chat-with-hazard-gillespie/ )
ƒ S. Hazard Gillespie, Former U.S. Attorney, Dies at 100 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 03/ 09/ nyregion/
09gillespie. html) in NYT on March 8, 2011
Legal offices
Preceded by
Arthur H.
Christy
Acting
U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New
York
1959€1961
Succeeded by
Morton S.
Robson
Acting
Tex McCrary
499
Tex McCrary
Tex McCrary
Born John Reagan McCrary
October 13, 1910
Calvert, Texas
United States
Died July 29, 2003 (aged 92)
New York City, New York
United States
Nationality American
Education Yale University
Phillips Exeter Academy
Occupation journalist, P.R. specialist, inventor of the talk show genre for television and radio
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s) Jinx Falkenburg
John Reagan McCrary (October 13, 1910€July 29, 2003), better known as Tex McCrary, was an American
journalist and public relations specialist who invented the talk show genre for television and radio, and appeared on
radio and TV with his wife, Jinx Falkenburg.
Born in Calvert, Texas, McCrary graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy in 1928
[1]
and from Yale University
in 1932, where he served as chairman of campus humor magazine The Yale Record.
[2]
He was a member of both
Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones, where his club nickname was "Sancho Panza".
:125
A staunch Republican, McCrary played a major role in convincing Dwight Eisenhower to run for the U.S.
presidency in 1952. According to Richard Kluger's The Paper, McCrary was responsible for John Hay Whitney's
purchase of the former The New York Herald Tribune.
[3]
He died in New York City.
References
[1] [1] Phillips Exeter Academy Alumni Records
[2] Kelly, Charles J. (2009). Tex McCrary: Wars-Women-Politics, An Adventurous Life across the American Century. Lanham, Maryland:
Hamilton Books. p. 6.
[3] Kluger, Richard. The Paper: the life and death of the New York Herald Tribune. Richard Kluger with the assistance of Phyllis Kluger. New
York, NY: Knopf, 1986. p.801; ISBN 0-394-50877-7
Sources
ƒ Charles J. Kelly, Tex McCrary: Wars, Women, Politics: An Adventurous Life Across the Twentieth Century
(Hamilton Books 2009, ISBN 978-0-7618-4455-6)
External links
ƒ Tex McCrary (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7724589) at Find a Grave
Eugene O'Neill, Jr.
500
Eugene O'Neill, Jr.
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill, Jr. (May 5, 1910 - September 25, 1950) was an American professor of Greek literature
and son of the playwright Eugene O'Neill.
Early life
O'Neill was son of Nobel Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill and the elder O'Neill's first wife, Kathleen
Jenkins. The couple divorced in 1912. O'Neill once said he did not even meet his father until age 12. O'Neill
graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale University in 1932, where he was a member of Skull and Bones secret student
society. He earned a PhD in philosophy in 1936.
Career
He taught at Yale, Sarah Lawrence College, and the New School for Social Research.
Death
He committed suicide at age 40 by slitting his left wrist and ankle.
References
ƒ "Eugene O'Neill Jnr. is Found a Suicide". New York Times. 26 Sep 1950. p. 21.
ƒ "Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased During the Year 1950-1951"
[1]
. Yale
University. JANUARY 1, 1952. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
External links
ƒ Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Collection
[2]
at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University
ƒ Last photograph taken of O'Neill
[3]
References
[1] http:/ / mssa. library. yale.edu/ obituary_record/ 1925_1952/ 1950-51. pdf
[2] http:/ / www. eoneill. com/ yale/ eojr_collection/ introduction. htm
[3] http:/ / www. eoneill. com/ photographs/ 49500.htm
Francis Judd Cooke
501
Francis Judd Cooke
For the Mayflower passenger, see Francis Cooke.
Francis Judd Cooke
Born December 28, 1910
Honolulu, Hawaii
Died May 18, 1995 (aged 84)
Lexington, Massachusetts
Parents George Paul Cooke
Sophie Boyd Judd
Francis Judd Cooke (December 28, 1910€ May 18, 1995) was an American composer, organist, cellist, pianist,
conductor, choir director, and professor.
Life
Cooke was born December 28, 1910 in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a family of New England missionaries turned cattle
ranchers. He was the great grandson of Gerrit P. Judd, the first doctor to reside in Hawaii, and grandson of Albert
Francis Judd, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii. His mother was Sophie Boyd Judd, and father was
George Paul Cooke, grandson of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, founders of the Royal School of
Hawaii.
Cooke began composing at an early age and his first serious pieces date from age 14. He received a B.A. in music
from Yale University in 1933, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He then studied for two years with
Charles Martin Loeffler in Medfield, Massachusetts. In 1935 he went to Scotland to study with Donald Francis
Tovey at the University of Edinburgh, receiving a Mus. Bac. (Bachelor of Music) degree with First Class Honours in
1938. While studying in Scotland he met and married violist May Ludwig. They settled in Lexington, Massachusetts,
where they raised six children.
In 1939 Cooke began teaching at the New England Conservatory of Music, at the request of the Conservatory's
then-director, Quincy Porter. His notable students there included John Bavicchi, Sarah Caldwell, H„ctor
Campos-Parsi, Stephen Casale, Robert Ceely, Robert Cogan, Lyle Davidson, Halim El-Dabh, David Epstein,
Ercolino Ferretti, William Hibbard, Billy Jim Layton, Ruth Lomon, Kenneth Peacock, Richard Ronsheim, Ernie
Stires, Albert Tepper, and Luise Vosgerchian. He retired in 1970.
He also taught at Yale University in 1959-1960 and at Wellesley College from 1973 to 1979.
A prolific composer, Cooke wrote a great number of choral and orchestral works, as well as chamber works. One CD
of his music, entitled The Warsaw Recordings
[1]
(which he did not live to hear), has been released.
In 1974 he completed a music textbook entitled Sixteenth-Century Vocal Polyphony. In the same year he was
awarded an honorary Doctorate of Music from the New England Conservatory.
Cooke suffered a stroke in 1981, hampering his organ playing and choir directing, and he turned to composing
full-time during the last 14 years of his life. On May 18, 1995, at the age of 84, he died in his sleep at his home in
Lexington, Massachusetts, where he had lived for 51 years. He had completed that morning a movement for wind
quintet ("Dolce assai"), which was performed at his memorial service the following week at Lexington's First Parish
Church (Unitarian), where he had served as organist and choirmaster from 1955 to 1981. Cooke, who greatly
enjoyed poetry, used to sum up his own life with a favorite couplet from the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore's
Gitanjali:
"It was my part at the feast to play upon my instrument
Francis Judd Cooke
502
And I have done all I could
Rice-Cooke family tree
Rice-Cooke family tree (partial)
William
Harrison
Rice
(1813€1862)
Mary
Sophia
Hyde
(1816€1911)
Amos Starr
Cooke
(1810€1871)
Juliette
Montague
(1812€1896)
Paul
Isenberg
(1837€1903)
Maria Rice
(1842€1867)
William
Hyde Rice
(1846€1924)
Anna Rice
(1853€1934)
C. M. Cooke
(1849€1909)
D. Paul R.
Isenberg
(1866€1919)
Charles A.
Rice
(1876€1899)
Harold Rice
(1883€1962)
C. M. Cooke
Jr.
(1874€1948)
Clarence
Hyde Cooke
(1876€1944)
George Paul
Cooke
(1882-1960)
Dora Jane
Cole
(1917€1988)
Juliet Rice
Wichman
(1901€1987)
Harold
Thomas Kay
(1896€1976)
Anna
Frances
Cooke
(1903€1956)
Francis Judd
Cooke
(1910€1995)
Alan
Cooke
Kay
(born
1932)
Francis Judd Cooke
503
Works
ƒ Review of Modal Counterpoint in the Style of the Sixteenth Century by Ernst Krenek. Journal of Music Theory,
vol. 4, no. 1 (April 1960), pp. 112-116.
References
[1] http:/ / www. mmcrecordings. com/ detail. asp?id=39
External links
ƒ Francis Judd Cooke biography (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071025075529/ http:/ / www. mmcrecordings.
com/ artist. asp?id=423)
ƒ The Warsaw Recordings CD (http:/ / www. mmcrecordings. com/ detail. asp?id=39)
ƒ Descendants of Thomas Hastings website (http:/ / www. thomashastings. org)
ƒ Descendants of Thomas Hastings on Facebook (http:/ / www. facebook. com/ #!/ pages/
Descendants-of-Thomas-Hastings-c1605-1685/ 73420529952)
Sam Collier
Samuel "Sam" Carnes Collier (May 14, 1912 € September 23, 1950) was an American advertising entrepreneur.
He made his fortune in streetcar advertising.
Family
Collier was the son of Barron Gift Collier and Juliet Gordon Carnes, the founders of Collier County, Florida. He had
two brothers. He married Dixie Thompson from Honolulu in 1936.
[1]
Together they had two children, Terry and
Richard.
Early life
1928
As a teenager Collier completed three seasons as a designer, proprietor, and manager of the Overlook Theatre, in
Pocantico Hills, New York.
[2]
1935
Collier attended Yale where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He graduated in 1935. Collier served in World
War II, as a Navy pilot.
[3]
1939
"He was one of the founders of the Automobile Racing Club of America, competed in the 1939 Alpine Trial, and
was the founder of the concern of Motor Sport, Inc., sole American importers of M.G. cars."
[4]
Sam Collier
504
1949
In 1949 Collier finished third overall, and first in Class E, in the Seneca Cup Race, at Watkins Glen, New York,
driving a supercharged MG.
[5]
1950
Collier drove in the 1950 24 Hours of Le Mans: "Of the two Cadillacs entered by Briggs Cunningham, the strictly
stock saloon, driven by the brothers Miles and Sam Collier, which had been nicknamed 'Clumsy Pup', had come in
tenth at an average of 81.398 m.p.h."
[6]
Death
Samuel was killed while leading the (September 23) 1950 Watkins Glen Grand Prix, held on public roads in and
around the village of Watkins Glen, New York, when the Ferrari 166 that he was driving left the road.
[7]
He died at
6:30 pm in Montour Falls. The accident received front-page coverage in the New York press.
[8]
A memorial stone
was placed at the spot where Sam Collier left the road. His brother, Miles, gave up racing soon thereafter and died of
polio within a few years. Samuel was honored in 1995 in front of the Court House at that year's Watkins Glen Grand
Prix Festival.
References
[1] [1] New York Times: TROTH ANNOUNCED OF DIXIE THOMPSON, May 7, 1936
[2] "AT 16, S.C. COLLIER RUNS OWN THEATRE", Special to The New York Times, September 16, 1928, Page 36.
[3] [3] Quarter-century record. Yale Class of 1935, Yale publication.
[4] Obit: Motor Sport, November 1950, Page 578.
[5] Motor Sport, November 1949, Pages 451-452.
[6] Georges Fraichard, The Le Mans Story, The Sportsman's Book Club, 1956, Page 82.
[7] New York Times, September 24, 1950, Page S2.
[8] [8] Gene M. Burnett, Florida's Past, Volume 3, Pineapple Press, Sarasota, Florida, 1991
ƒ The evening Independent Sep. 17/1984
ƒ The New York Times, November 9 /2000
ƒ MG Vintage Racer's Newsletter Issues Gene M. Burnett
ƒ John C. Rueter, American Road Racing, 1963.
Lyman Spitzer
505
Lyman Spitzer
Lyman Spitzer
Born Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr.
June 26, 1914
Toledo, Ohio, USA
Died March 31, 1997 (aged 82)
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Nationality American
Fields Theoretical physics
Alma mater Phillips Academy
Princeton University (Ph.D.)
Yale University (B.A.)
Doctoral advisor Henry Norris Russell
Doctoral students John Richard Gott
Bruce Elmegreen
George B. Field
J. Beverley Oke
Trinh Xuan Thuan
Known for Research in star formation and plasma
physics
Promotion of space telescopes
Notable awards Henry Draper Medal (1974)
National Medal of Science (1979)
Crafoord Prize (1985)
Spouse Doreen Canaday (1940)
Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. (June 26, 1914 € March 31, 1997)
:339
was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer
and mountaineer. As a scientist, he carried out research into star formation, plasma physics, and in 1946, conceived
the idea of telescopes operating in outer space. Spitzer invented the stellarator plasma device and is the namesake of
NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. As a mountaineer, he made the first ascent of Mount Thor with David Morton.
Lyman Spitzer
506
Early life and education
Spitzer was born to a Presbyterian family in Toledo, Ohio, the son of Lyman Strong Spitzer and Blanche Carey (n„e
Brumback). Through his paternal grandmother, he was related to inventor Eli Whitney.
[1]
Spitzer graduated from
Scott High School. He then attended Phillips Academy in 1929 and went on to Yale College, where he graduated Phi
Beta Kappa in 1935 and was a member of Skull and Bones. During a year of study at Cambridge University, he was
influenced by Arthur Eddington and the young Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. Returning to the U.S., Spitzer earned
his MA from Princeton University in 1937 and his PhD in 1938, under the direction of Henry Norris Russell.
Mountaineering
In 1965, Spitzer and Donald Morton became the first men to climb Mount Thor 1,675 m (5,495 ft), located in
Auyuittuq National Park, on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada.
:347
As a member of the American Alpine Club Spitzer
established the "Lyman Spitzer Cutting Edge Climbing Award" which gives $12,000 to several mountain climbing
expeditions annually.
[2]
Science
Spitzer's brief time as a faculty member at Yale was interrupted by his wartime work on the development of sonar. In
1947, at the age of 33, he succeeded Russell as director of Princeton University Observatory, an institution that,
virtually jointly with his contemporary Martin Schwarzschild, he continued to head until 1979.
Spitzer's research centered on the interstellar medium, to which he brought a deep understanding of plasma physics.
In the 1930s and 1940s, he was among the first to recognize star formation as an ongoing contemporary process. His
monographs, "Diffuse Matter in Space" (1968) and "Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium" (1978)
consolidated decades of work, and themselves became the standard texts for some decades more.
Spitzer was the founding director of Project Matterhorn, Princeton University's pioneering program in controlled
thermonuclear research, renamed in 1961 as Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He was an early proponent of
space optical astronomy in general, and in particular of the project that became Hubble Space Telescope.
Death
Spitzer suddenly died on March 31, 1997 after completing a regular day of work at Princeton University. He was
survived by wife Doreen Canaday Spitzer, four children, and ten grandchildren. Among Spitzer's four children is
neurobiologist Nicholas C. Spitzer, who is currently the professor and vice chair in neurobiology at UC San Diego.
He was buried at Princeton Cemetery.
Honors
Awards
ƒ Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1953)
ƒ Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1953)
ƒ Bruce Medal (1973)
ƒ Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1974)
ƒ James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (1975)
ƒ Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1978)
ƒ National Medal of Science (1979)
ƒ Franklin Medal (1980)
ƒ Prix Jules Janssen of the French Astronomical Society (1980)
ƒ Crafoord Prize (1985)
Lyman Spitzer
507
Named after him
ƒ Asteroid 2160 Spitzer
ƒƒ Spitzer Space Telescope
ƒ Lyman Spitzer Library in Davenport College, Yale University
ƒ Lyman Spitzer Building at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in Princeton, NJ
ƒ Lyman Spitzer Planetarium at the Fairbanks Museum and Planetarium in St. Johnsbury, VT
ƒƒ Answer to the final question on NTN Buzztime's Showdown on September 16, 2008.
ƒƒ Spitzer Building in Toledo, Ohio.
Notes
[1] Ancestry of Gov. Bill Richardson (http:/ / www.wargs. com/ political/ richardson. html)
[2] Lyman Spitzer Cutting Edge Climbing Award (http:/ / www. americanalpineclub. org/ grants/ g/ 7/
Lyman-Spitzer-Cutting-Edge-Climbing-Award)
External links
ƒ NASA biography (http:/ / www. nasa. gov/ audience/ foreducators/ postsecondary/ features/ F_Lyman_Spitzer.
html)
ƒ Papers by Lyman Spitzer at the Princeton University Library (http:/ / libweb. princeton. edu/ libraries/ firestone/
rbsc/ aids/ spitzer. html)
ƒ Oral History interview transcript with Lyman Spitzer 15 March 1978, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr
Library and Archives (http:/ / www. aip. org/ history/ ohilist/ 4900. html)
ƒ Oral History interview transcript with Lyman Spitzer 27 November 1991, American Institute of Physics, Niels
Bohr Library and Archives (http:/ / www. aip. org/ history/ ohilist/ 28612. html)
ƒ Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences (http:/ / www. nap. edu/ openbook.
php?record_id=12562& page=354)
ƒ Lyman Spitzer, Jr. (http:/ / www. genealogy. ams. org/ id. php?id=114633) at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Sonny Tufts
508
Sonny Tufts
Sonny Tufts
Tufts ca. 1955
Born Bowen Charlton Tufts III
July 16, 1911
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died June 4, 1970 (aged 58)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Pneumonia
Resting place
Munroe Cemetery
Education Phillips Exeter Academy
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation Actor, opera singer
Years active 1943€1968
Spouse(s) Barbara Dare (m. 1938; div. 1953)
Relatives Charles Tufts (great uncle)
Bowen Charlton "Sonny" Tufts III (July 16, 1911 € June 4, 1970) was an American stage, film and television
actor and opera singer.
Early life and family
Bowen Charlton Tufts III (nicknamed "Sonny") was born in Boston, Massachusetts into a prominent banking family.
The Tuft family patriarch, Peter Tufts, sailed to America from Wilby, Norfolk, England in 1638. His great uncle was
businessman and philanthropist Charles Tufts, for whom Tufts University is named.
Tufts attended the Phillips Exeter Academy and later broke with the family banking tradition by studying opera at
Yale University, where he was an editor of campus humor magazine The Yale Record,
[1]
He was also a member of
the Skull and Bones society and played for the Yale football team. Tufts also performed in a musical group, The
Wiffenpoofs, and toured with the group in Europe. While touring in Naples, Tufts decided to study opera. He studied
opera in Paris for one year and in the United States for three years.
Career
After graduating from Yale in 1935, Tufts auditioned with the Metropolitan Opera in New York but eventually
worked on the Broadway stage. He appeared in the stage show Who's Who and Sing for Your Supper. Tufts then
began singing in hotels and nightclubs. A Yale classmate of Tufts' later convinced him to move to Hollywood to
begin a career as an actor. Upon arriving in Hollywood, Tufts' friend, hotel manager Jack Donnelly, accompanied
Tufts to Paramount Pictures and introduced him to a casting director Joe Egli. Egli shot a screen test with Tufts who
was then signed to Paramount. His first role was as Kansas, an affable Marine and love interest of Paulette Goddard
in the 1943 World War II romantic drama So Proudly We Hail!. The film was a critical and box office hit, largely
due to the three female leads: Claudette Colbert, Paulette Goddard and Veronica Lake. Tufts' performance was
praised by critics and the role served as a launching pad for Tufts' career. After the release of the film, Tufts received
1700 fan letters a week and was named "The Find of 1943." The following year, Tufts was cast opposite Olivia de
Havilland in the comedy Government Girl. That same year, he was voted the number one "Star of Tomorrow" by
Sonny Tufts
509
exhibitors.
Before filming of So Proudly We Hail! was complete, director Mark Sandrich commissioned So Proudly's
screenwriter Allan Scott to write a vehicle for Tufts and his co-star Paulette Goddard. That film, entitled I Love a
Solider, was released in 1945. During World War II, Tufts' popularity continued to rise principally because, due to
an old college football injury, he was one of the few male actors not serving overseas in the war. By the early 1950s,
Tufts' popularity began to wane and his career began to decline. In 1953, Tufts was cast opposite Barbara Payton in
the low budget comedy film Run for the Hills. Later that year, he co-starred in another low budget film, Cat-Women
of the Moon. Tufts' career briefly rebounded when he was cast in a small role in the comedy The Seven Year Itch,
starring Tom Ewell and Marilyn Monroe. In 1956, Tufts had a supporting role in drama Come Next Spring for
Republic Pictures.
Tuft's career decline was compounded by his alcoholism and his off-screen antics. In February 1954, a 19-year-old
dancer named Margarie Von accused Tufts of biting her on the right thigh while she was relaxing aboard a yacht
docked off the coast of Balboa Peninsula, Newport Beach. Von sued Tuft for $26,000 claiming the bite left a three
inch scar. Von later settled for $600. In March 1954, a stripper named Barbara Gray Atkins sued Tufts for $25,000 in
damages after she claimed he bit her left thigh while he and two friends were visiting her home. Atkins later dropped
the lawsuit against Tufts.
After filming The Parson and the Outlaw in 1957, Tufts retreated to a ranch in Texas. He returned to acting in 1963
with a guest appearance on The Virginian. His final onscreen role was in the television movie Land's End in 1968.
Personal life
In 1938, Tufts married Spanish dancer Barbara Dare.
[2]
They separated in 1949 and Dare filed for divorce in 1951
citing Tufts' excessive drinking as the reason for the breakup of their marriage. Dare was granted an interlocutory
divorce on October 21, 1951 which was finalized the following year.
Death
On June 4, 1970, Tufts died of pneumonia at age 58 at St. John's Hosptial in Santa Monica, California. Tufts' private
funeral was held on June 7 in Beverly Hills after which he was buried in Munroe Cemetery in Lexington,
Massachusetts.
In popular culture
In a non sequitur on the cartoon show Rocky and His Friends, in the Jet Fuel Formula story arc, Bullwinkle J.
Moose becomes very upset when Boris Badenov steals his autographed picture of Sonny Tufts. Also, Tufts is
mentioned in the last sentence of the third sketch of the 48th show of the second season of the Rocky and Bullwinkle
Show (also featuring Wailing Whale episodes 5 & 6), which was first aired on May 13, 1961.
In an episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show, Rob sees a flying saucer that makes a noise "Uhny Uftz", which Rob
mis-hears as "Sonny Tufts"
In an episode of My Mother the Car titled "And Leave The Drive-In To Us," Mother wants to go to a drive-in to see
Sonny Tufts for her birthday. Tufts himself makes an appearance at the very end of the episode, much to Mother's
appreciation, and causing her radiator cap to pop!
In the November 26, 1966 episode of The Monkees, "I've Got a Little Song Here", Micky Dolenz, posing as a
Hollywood studio head, says he's making a blockbuster movie, starring, "... Gregory Peck, Elizabeth Taylor, Doris
Day, and Sonny Tufts." To which the other person exclaims incredulously, "Sonny T---?? What a production!".
Tufts is the subject of an urban legend. The legend holds that he had been selected to host a well-known radio show
as a last-minute replacement for a better known celebrity. The week before Tufts's episode was scheduled, the
Sonny Tufts
510
previous host introduced him with a combination of surprise and outrage, shocked that a relatively unknown actor
would succeed him as host. There is no evidence, however, that such an incident occurred. Tufts himself parodied
this legend in frequent appearances on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In: seated in a director's chair with his name printed
on it, he would turn around to face the camera and utter a word or phrase relevant to the previous bit, in mock
contempt.
Years after Tuft's death, during the 1980s, he became known as one of the semi-random people and places that TV
host Johnny Carson used in his jokes on The Tonight Show.
Filmography
Film
Year Title Role Notes
1943 So Proudly We Hail! Kansas
1944 Government Girl E.H. 'Ed' Browne
1944 I Love a Solider Dan Kilgore
1944 Here Come the Waves Windy "Pinetop" Windhurst
1945 Bring on the Girls Phil North
1945 Duffy's Tavern Sonny Tufts Cameo role
1945 Miss Susie Slagle's Pug Prentiss
1946 The Virginian Steve Andrews
1946 The Well-Groomed Bride Lt. Torchy McNeil
1946 Swell Guy Jim Duncan
1946 Cross My Heart Oliver Clarke
1947 Easy Come, Easy Go Kevin O'Connor
1947 Blaze of Noon Roland McDonald
1947 Variety Girl Sonny Tufts
1948 The Untamed Breed Tom Kilpatrick
1949 The Crooked Way Vince Alexander
1949 Easy Living Tim "Pappy" McCarr
1953 Glory at Sea Ordinary Seaman 'Yank' Flanagan Alternative title: Gift Horse
1953 Run for the Hills Charlie Johnson
1953 No Escape Det. Simon Shayne Alternative title: City on a Hunt
1953 Cat-Women of the Moon Laird Grainger
1954 Serpent Island Pete Mason
1955 The Seven Year Itch Tom MacKenzie
1956 Come Next Spring Leroy Hightower
1957 The Parson and the Outlaw Jack Slade Alternative titles: The Killer and 21
Men
Return of the Outlaw
1965 Town Tamer Carmichael
1967 Cottonpickin' Chickenpickers Cousin Urie
Sonny Tufts
511
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1955 Damon Runyon Theater Sam Episode: "A Tale of Two Citizens"
1963 The Virginian Frank Trampas Episode: "Ride a Dark Trail"
1964 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Monk Episode: "Have Girls, Will Travel"
1965 The Loner Barney Windom Segment: "The Ordeal of Bud Windom"
1968 Land's End Hal Television movie
References
[1] "Sonny Tufts, Boston And Yale Scion, Makes Good In Movies". Miami Daily News. July 7, 1943. p. 21.
[2] [2] Lamparski 1968 p.147
External links
ƒ Sonny Tufts (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ person. asp?ID=79853) at the Internet Broadway Database
ƒ Sonny Tufts (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0876211/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Don't Drink and Act (Movie Morlocks on Sonny Tufts) (http:/ / moviemorlocks. com/ 2006/ 11/ 30/
dont-drink-and-act. htm)
ƒ Sonny Tufts (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=4148) at Find a Grave
Jonathan Brewster Bingham
512
Jonathan Brewster Bingham
Jonathan Brewster
Bingham
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 22nd district
In office
January 3, 1973 € January 3, 1983
Preceded by Herman Badillo
Succeeded by Benjamin A. Gilman
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 23rd district
In office
January 3, 1965 € January 3, 1973
Preceded by Charles A. Buckley
Succeeded by Peter A. Peyser
Personal details
Born April 24, 1914
New Haven, Connecticut
Died July 3, 1986 (aged 72)
New York City
Political party Democratic Party
Spouse(s) June Rossbach Bingham
Alma mater Yale University
Yale Law School
Military service
Service/branch United States Army
Awards War Department citation
Jonathan Brewster Bingham
513
Jonathan Brewster Bingham (April 24, 1914 • July 3, 1986) was an American politician and diplomat. He was
the US delegate to the United Nations General Assemblies and was elected to Congress.
Early life
His father, Hiram Bingham III, was a Senator and explorer and his great grandfather, Hiram Bingham I, was a
missionary, who helped translate the Bible into Hawaiian.
Bingham attended Groton School and graduated from Yale University in 1936 with a BA and from Yale Law School
in 1939 with a law degree. He was a member of Skull and Bones, class of 1936.
[1]
In 1940 he was admitted to the
bar, and began the practice of law in New York City. His practice was interrupted in August 1941, when he joined
the Machinery Branch of the newly created Office of Price Administration (OPA) as a legal advisor. He was not at
the OPA for long, for in 1942 he joined the Military Intelligence Service. In April of the following year he was
enlisted as a private in the United States Army and was discharged a captain in October 1945 with a War Department
citation.
Diplomat
On his return he was appointed chief of the newly created Alien Enemy Control Section of the State Department.
The Alien Enemy Control Section was unpopular and short-lived. Bingham got off the boat before it sank, resuming
the practice of law in New York City in 1946.
He left the practice of law again in 1951 to become assistant director of the Office of International Security Affairs.
Bingham left in the same year to become deputy administrator of the Technical Cooperation Administration. He left
the administration in 1953, and again resumed the practice of law. In 1955 he became secretary to fellow Bonesman,
W. Averell Harriman, while he was Governor of New York. When Harriman was defeated in the 1958 election by
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, Bingham joined the law firm Goldwater & Flynn.
In 1961 Bingham entered the world of diplomacy, as a United States representative on the United Nations
Trusteeship Council with rank of Minister in 1961 and 1962, serving as President in 1962. During this period he was
also principal adviser to the U.S. ambassador to U.N. on colonial and trusteeship questions. From 1963 to 1964 he
was a United States representative on the United Nations Economic and Social Council with rank of Ambassador.
He was also alternate representative to the 15th and 18th United Nations General Assemblies.
Congress
In 1964 he was elected to the House of Representatives from the 23rd District of New York, a district in the Bronx,
at a time when elections in the Bronx were decided in the Democratic primaries in contests between "regular" or
machine Democrats, and "reform" or challenger Democrats. Bingham defeated Charles Buckley, the leader of the
Bronx "regular" Democrats and a powerful, senior committee chairman in Congress, in a re-match following
Bingham's defeat in his first try against the incumbent Buckley in the 1962 Democratic primary.
Bingham represented the 23rd District from March 4, 1965 until March 3, 1972, when, as a result of re-districting
following the 1970 census, he was elected to the House from the 22nd District of New York following a bruising
primary with neighboring Democratic incumbent congressman James H. Scheuer. He served the 22nd District from
March 4, 1973 until March 3, 1982, but didn't pursue re-election when, in 1982, his district essentially disappeared as
a result of yet another post-census re-districting. While in the House, Bingham served on the Foreign Affairs
Committee, the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee and chaired the Subcommittee on International Economic
Policy and Trade. He was particularly dedicated to nuclear non-proliferation and environmental protection.
On leaving congress he took up the practice of law as special counsel with Pryor, Cashman, Sherman & Flynn. He
also lectured at Columbia University School of Law. During his lifetime Bingham contributed articles to various
publications. He also authored Shirt Sleeve Diplomacy-Point 4 in Action (1954) and Violence and Democracy
Jonathan Brewster Bingham
514
(1970). Wikipedia:Citation needed
Affiliations
He was a fellow of the Yale Corporation from 1949 to 1951, and served on its executive committee from 1951 to
1953. Bingham served on the board of directors of the People for the American Way, the United Nations
Development Corporation, U.S. Committee for UNICEF and the Population Crisis Committee. He was a member of
the Council on Foreign Relations and the Century Association. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Family
He was married to June Rossbach (June 20, 1919 € August 21, 2007), an author and playwright. They had four
children: Sherrell Bingham Downes; Timothy W. Bingham; Claudia Bingham Meyers; and June Mitchell (Micki)
Esselstyn (d. 1999).
After Jonathan Bingham's death, Mrs. Bingham married Robert Birge and was then known as June Bingham Birge.
Death
Bingham died from complications of pneumonia, aged 72, at the Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan on July 3, 1986.
He was interred in Woodbridge Cemetery, in Salem, New London, Connecticut.
[2]
References
[1] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, p. 165
[2] Find-A-Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=98824104)
External links
ƒ Jonathan Brewster Bingham (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B000472) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Charles A. Buckley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 23rd congressional district
1965€1973
Succeeded by
Peter A. Peyser
Preceded by
Herman Badillo
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 22nd congressional district
1973€1983
Succeeded by
Benjamin A. Gilman
Brendan Gill
515
Brendan Gill
Brendan Gill (October 4, 1914 € December 27, 1997) wrote for The New Yorker for more than 60 years. He also
contributed film criticism for Film Comment and wrote a popular book about his time at the New Yorker magazine.
Biography
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Gill attended the Kingswood-Oxford School before graduating in 1936 from Yale
University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:127
He was a long-time resident of Bronxville, New York,
and Norfolk, Connecticut.
In 1936 The New Yorker editor St. Clair McKelway hired Gill as a writer. One of the publication's few writers to
serve under its first four editors, he wrote more than 1,200 pieces for the magazine. These included Profiles, Talk of
the Town features, and scores of reviews of Broadway and Off-Broadway theater productions.
[1]
As The New
Yorker's main architecture critic from 1987 to 1996, he wrote the long-running "Skyline" column before Paul
Goldberger took his place.
A champion of architectural preservation and other visual arts, Gill joined Jacqueline Kennedy's coalition to preserve
and restore New York's Grand Central Terminal. He also chaired the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts
and authored 15 books, including Here at The New Yorker and the iconoclastic Frank Lloyd Wright biography Many
Masks.
Gill was a good friend of actor Sir Rex Harrison and was among the speakers who memorialized the legendary star
of the musical My Fair Lady at his memorial service in New York City in 1990.
Death
Brendan Gill died of natural causes in 1997, at the age of 83. In a New Yorker "Postscript" following Gill's death,
John Updike described him as …avidly alert to the power of art in general.†
[2]
Legacy
Gill's son, Michael Gates Gill, is the author of How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like
Everyone Else. His youngest son, Charles Gill, is the author of the novel The Boozer Challenge.
Offices held
ƒƒ Chairman of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts
ƒ Chairman of the Municipal Art Society
ƒ Chairman of the New York Landmarks Conservancy
ƒ Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Brendan Gill
516
Works
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it
[3]
.
Books
ƒ Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (1987)
ƒ Here at The New Yorker (1975)
ƒƒ Late Bloomers
ƒ The introduction to Portable Dorothy Parker (Dorothy Parker collection of her stories & columns) (1972)
ƒƒ New York Life: Of Friends and Others
ƒ Cole Porter (Cole Porter biography) (1972)
ƒ Tallulah (Tallulah Bankhead biography) (1972)
ƒ Ways of Loving (short stories) (1974).
ƒ Summer Places (with Dudley Whitney Hill) (1978)
ƒ Lindbergh Alone - May 21, 1927 (1980)
ƒ The Dream Come True: Great Houses of Los Angeles (1980)
ƒ Fair Land to Build in: The Architecture of the Empire State (1984)
ƒ The Trouble of One House (1951)
ƒ The Day the Money Stopped (1957)
Articles
ƒ Gill, Brendan (15 January 1949). "The Talk of the Town: Runaway". The New Yorker 24 (47): 22€23. I Can Hear
it Now - album of speeches and news broadcasts, 1932-45 (with Spencer Klaw).
ƒ Gill, Brendan (4 February 1950). "The Talk of the Town: The Wildest People". The New Yorker 25 (50): 21€22.
Transit Radio, Inc.
ƒ Gill, Brendan (4 February 1950). "The Talk of the Town: Improvisation". The New Yorker 25 (50): 25. Hiding
telephone lines in the ivy at Princeton (with M. Galt).
ƒ Gill, Brendan (14 January 1985). "The Theatre: The Ignominy of Boyhood". The New Yorker 60 (48): 108€110.
Reviews Bill C. Davis' "Dancing in the End Zone", James Duff's "Home Front" and Rodgers and Hammerstein's
"The King and I".
ƒ Gill, Brendan (28 January 1985). "The Talk of the Town: Notes and Comment". The New Yorker 60 (50): 19€20.
West 44th Street development.
References
[1] "Eighty-Five from the Archive: Brendan Gill," The New Yorker, March 22, 2010 (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ online/ blogs/ backissues/
2010/ 03/ eighty-five-from-the-archive-brendan-gill.html)
[2] "Eighty-Five from the Archive: Brendan Gill," The New Yorker, March 22, 2010 (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ online/ blogs/ backissues/
2010/ 03/ eighty-five-from-the-archive-brendan-gill.html)
[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Brendan_Gill& action=edit
External links
ƒ Encyclop€dia Britannica entry (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9096605/ Brendan-Gill)
John Hersey
517
John Hersey
John Hersey
John Hersey, 1958,
photographed by Carl Van Vechten
Born John Richard Hersey
June 17, 1914
Tientsin, China
Died March 24, 1993 (aged 78)
Key West, Florida
Occupation journalist, novelist, professor
Genres Nonfiction, Essayist, Journalist, and Fiction
Notable award(s) Pulitzer Prize for "A Bell for Adano"
John Richard Hersey (June 17, 1914 € March 24, 1993) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer and
journalist considered one of the earliest practitioners of the so-called New Journalism, in which storytelling
techniques of fiction are adapted to non-fiction reportage. Hersey's account of the aftermath of the atomic bomb
dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, was adjudged the finest piece of American journalism of the 20th century by a
36-member panel associated with New York University's journalism department.
Early life
Born in Tientsin, China,
[1]
to Roscoe and Grace Baird Hersey (Protestant missionaries for the Young Men's Christian
Association in Japan), John Hersey learned to speak Chinese before he spoke English (Hersey's 1985 novel, The
Call, is based on the lives of his parents and several other missionaries of their generation). John Hersey was a
descendant of William Hersey (or Hercy, as the family name was spelled in Reading, Berkshire, England, the
birthplace of William Hersey). William Hersey was one of the first settlers of Hingham, Massachusetts during
1635.
[2]
Hersey returned to the United States with his family when he was ten years old. He attended public school in
Briarcliff Manor, including Briarcliff High School for two years. At Briarcliff, he became his troop's first Eagle
Scout. Later he attended the Hotchkiss School, followed by Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones Society.
:127
Hersey lettered in football at Yale, was coached by Ducky Pond, Greasy Neale and Gerald Ford,
John Hersey
518
and was a teammate of Yale's two Heisman Trophy winners, Larry Kelley and Clint Frank. He subsequently was a
graduate student at the University of Cambridge as a Mellon Fellow. After his time at Cambridge, Hersey got a
summer job as private secretary and driver for author Sinclair Lewis during 1937, but he chafed at his duties, and
that autumn he began work for Time, for which he was hired after writing an essay on the magazine's dismal quality.
Two years later he was transferred to Time's Chongqing bureau.
During World War II, newsweekly correspondent Hersey covered fighting in Europe as well as Asia, writing articles
for Time as well as Life magazine. He accompanied Allied troops on their invasion of Sicily, survived four airplane
crashes, and was commended by the Secretary of the Navy for his role in helping evacuate wounded soldiers from
Guadalcanal.
After the war, during the winter of 1945€46, Hersey was in Japan, reporting for The New Yorker on the
reconstruction of the devastated country, when he found a document written by a Jesuit missionary who had survived
the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The journalist visited the missionary, who introduced him to other
survivors.
Reporting from Hiroshima
Main article: Hiroshima (book)
Hiroshima in ruins, October 1945, two months after the
atomic bomb exploded.
•
At exactly fifteen minutes past eight in the morning on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at the moment when the atomic bomb flashed above
Hiroshima, Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a clerk in the personnel department of the East Asia Tin Works, had just sat down at her place in the plant
office and was turning her head to speak to the girl at the next desk. ‚
•Opening sentence, Hiroshima, John Hersey, 1946
Soon afterward John Hersey began discussions with William Shawn, an editor for The New Yorker, about a lengthy
piece about the previous summer's bombing. Hersey proposed a story that would convey the cataclysmic narrative
through individuals who survived. The next May, 1946, Hersey traveled to Japan, where he spent three weeks doing
research and interviewing survivors. He returned to America during late June and began writing about six Hiroshima
survivors: a German Jesuit priest, a widowed seamstress, two doctors, a minister, and a young woman who worked
in a factory.
The result was his most notable work, the 31,000-word article "Hiroshima", which was published in the August 31,
1946 issue of The New Yorker. The story dealt with the atomic bomb dropped on that Japanese city on August 6,
1945, and its effects on the six Japanese citizens. The article occupied almost the entire issue of the magazine €
something The New Yorker had never done before, nor has it since.
John Hersey
519
Later books and college master's job
Harkness Tower, Yale University.
Hersey himself often decried the New Journalism, which in many ways
he had helped create. He would have probably disagreed with a
description of his article on the effects of the atomic bomb as New
Journalism. Later the ascetic Hersey came to feel that some elements
of the New Journalism of the 1970s were not rigorous enough about
fact and reporting. After publication of Hiroshima, Hersey noted that
"the important 'flashes' and 'bulletins' are already forgotten by the time
yesterday morning's paper is used to line the trash can. The things we
remember are emotions and impressions and illusions and images and
characters: the elements of fiction."
[3]
Shortly before writing Hiroshima, Hersey published his novel Of Men
and War, an account of war stories seen through the eyes of soldiers
rather than a war correspondent. One of the stories in Hersey's novel
was inspired by President John F. Kennedy and the PT-109. Soon afterward the former war correspondent began
publishing mostly fiction. During 1950 Hersey's novel The Wall was published, an account presented as a
rediscovered journal recording the genesis and destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto, the largest of the Jewish ghettos
established by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The book won the National Jewish Book Award during the
second year of that award's existence; it also received the Sidney Hillman Foundation Journalism Award.
His article about the dullness of grammar school readers in a 1954 issue of Life magazine, "Why Do Students Bog
Down on First R? A Local Committee Sheds Light on a National Problem: Reading" was the inspiration for Dr.
Seuss's juvenile story The Cat in the Hat. Further criticisms of the school system came with "The Child Buyer"
(1960), a speculative-fiction novel. Hersey also wrote The Algiers Motel Incident, about a racially-motivated
shooting by police during the 12th Street Riot in Detroit, Michigan, during 1968. Hersey's first novel A Bell for
Adano, about the Allied occupation of a Sicilian town during World War II, won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in
1945, and was adapted into the 1945 movie A Bell for Adano directed by Henry King, featuring John Hodiak and
Gene Tierney. His 1956 short novel, A Single Pebble is the tale of a young American engineer traveling up the
Yangtze on a river junk during the 1920s and discovering that his romantic concepts of China bring disaster. His
1965 novel, White Lotus, is exploration of the African American experience prior to civil rights as reflected in an
alternate history in which white Americans are enslaved by the Chinese after losing "the Great War" to them.
From 1965€70, Hersey was Master of Pierson College, one of twelve residential colleges at Yale University, where
his outspoken activism and early opposition to the Vietnam War made him controversial with alumni, but admired
by many students. After the trial of the Black Panthers in New Haven, Connecticut, Hersey wrote Letter to the
Alumni (1970), in which the former Yale College master sympathetically addressed civil rights and anti-war
activism € and attempted to explain them to sometimes-aggravated alumni.
Hersey also pursued an unusual sideline: he operated the college's small letterpress printing operation, which he
sometimes used to publish broadsides € during 1969 printing an elaborate broadside of an Edmund Burke quote for
Yale history professor and fellow residential college master Elting E. Morison.
For 18 years Hersey also taught two writing courses, in fiction and non-fiction, to undergraduates. Hersey taught his
last class in fiction writing at Yale during 1984. In his individual sessions with undergraduates to discuss their work,
the Pulitzer Prize-winning author was sometimes known to write his comments in the margin, and having discussed
his suggestion with the student, to then take out his pencil and erase his comment. As Master of Pierson College, he
subsequently hosted his old boss Henry Luce € with whom Hersey had become reconciled after their dispute years
prior € when Luce spoke to the college's undergraduates. After Luce's somnolent speech, the former publisher
privately revealed to Hersey for the first time that he and his wife Clare Boothe Luce had experimented with LSD
John Hersey
520
while supervised by a physician. Time founder Luce was a notoriously dull public speaker, and his address to the
Pierson undergraduates was no exception. Afterwards, Luce confided to Hersey the results of the LSD experimental
'trips' in which the publisher and his wife had participated. Hersey later confessed he was relieved that Luce had
saved that particular revelation for a more private audience.
During 1969 Hersey donated the services of his bulldog 'Oliver' as mascot for the Yale football team. Making his
debut during the autumn of 1969, Handsome Dan XI (the Yale bulldog's traditional name) had Hersey concerned
about the dog's interest level. A football fan himself, Hersey had wondered aloud "whether Oliver would stay awake
for two hours." With a new mascot, the sometimes hapless Yale team finished the season with a 7€2 record.
During 1985 John Hersey returned to Hiroshima, where he reported and wrote Hiroshima: The Aftermath, a
follow-up to his original story. The New Yorker published Hersey's update in its July 15, 1985, issue, and the article
was subsequently appended to a newly revised edition of the book. "What has kept the world safe from the bomb
since 1945 has not been deterrence, in the sense of fear of specific weapons, so much as it's been memory", wrote
Hersey. "The memory of what happened at Hiroshima".
John Hersey has been called a "compulsive plagiarist." For instance, he used complete paragraphs from the James
Agee biography by Laurence Bergreen in his own New Yorker essay about Agee. Half of his book, Men on Bataan
came from work filed for Time by Melville Jacoby and his wife.
[4]
Death in Key West
Writer Ralph Ellison, longtime friend of John
Hersey, with whom he shared a compound in
Key West.
A longtime resident of Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard,
Massachusetts € chronicled in his 1987 work Blues € John Hersey died
at his winter home in Key West, Florida, on March 24, 1993 at the
compound he and his wife shared with his friend, writer Ralph Ellison.
Ellison's novel Invisible Man was one of Hersey's favorite works, and he
often urged students in his fiction-writing seminar to study Ellison's
storytelling techniques and descriptive prose. Hersey's death was
front-page news in the next day's New York Times.
[5]
The writer was
buried near his home on Martha's Vineyard. He was survived by his
second wife, Barbara (the former wife of Hersey's colleague at The New
Yorker, artist Charles Addams, and the model for Morticia Addams),
Hersey's five children, one of whom is the composer and musician Baird
Hersey, and six grandchildren. Barbara Hersey died on Martha's
Vineyard 14 years later on August 16, 2007.
Honors
On October 5, 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five journalists of the 20th
century with first-class rate postage stamps, to be issued on Tuesday, April 22, 2008: Martha Gellhorn, John Hersey,
George Polk, Rub„n Salazar, and Eric Sevareid. Postmaster General Jack Potter announced the stamp series at the
Associated Press managing editors meeting in Washington, D.C.
John Hersey
521
At Yale's first John Hersey Lecture,
author David McCullough says Hersey
wrote a 'shelf of brilliant work'.
During 1968, John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights, Illinois was
named in his honor.
Soon before Hersey's death, then Acting President of Yale Howard Lamar
decided the university should honor its longserving alumnus. The result was
the annual John Hersey Lecture, the first of which was delivered March 22,
1993, by historian and Yale graduate David McCullough, who noted Hersey's
contributions to Yale but reserved his strongest praise for the former
magazine writer's prose. Hersey had "portrayed our time", McCullough
observed, "with a breadth and artistry matched by very few. He has given us
the century in a great shelf of brilliant work, and we are all his beneficiaries."
The John Hersey Prize at Yale was endowed during 1985 by students of the
author and former Pierson College master. The prize is awarded to "a senior
or junior for a body of journalistic work reflecting the spirit and ideals of John
Hersey: engagement with moral and social issues, responsible reportage and
consciousness of craftsmanship." Winners of the John Hersey Prize include
David M. Halbfinger (Yale Class of 1990) and Motoko Rich (Class of 1991),
who both later had reporting careers for The New York Times, and journalist Jacob Weisberg (Class of 1985), current
editor-in-chief of The Slate Group. Among Hersey's earlier students at Yale was Michiko Kakutani, currently the
chief book critic of The New York Times, as well as film critic Gene Siskel.
During his lifetime, Hersey served in many jobs associated with writing, journalism and education. He was the first
non-academic named master of a Yale residential college. He was past president of the Authors League of America,
and he was elected chancellor by the membership of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Hersey was an
honorary fellow of Clare College, Cambridge University. He was awarded honorary degrees by Yale University, the
New School for Social Research, Syracuse University, Washington and Jefferson College, Wesleyan University, The
College of William and Mary and others.
Books
ƒ Men on Bataan, 1942
ƒ Into the Valley, 1943
ƒ A Bell for Adano, 1944
ƒ Hiroshima, 1946
ƒ The Wall, 1950
ƒ The Marmot Drive, 1953
ƒ A Single Pebble, 1956
ƒ The War Lover, 1959
ƒ The Child Buyer, 1960
ƒ White Lotus, 1965
ƒƒ Too Far To Walk, 1966
ƒƒ Under the Eye of the Storm, 1967
ƒ The Algiers Motel Incident, 1968
ƒ Letter to the Alumni, 1970
ƒ The Conspiracy, 1972
ƒ My Petition for More Space, 1974
ƒ The Walnut Door, 1977
ƒ Aspects of the Presidency, 1980
John Hersey
522
ƒ The Call, 1985
ƒ Blues, 1987
ƒ Life Sketches, 1989
ƒ Fling and Other Stories, 1990
ƒ Antonietta, 1991
ƒ Key West Tales, 1994
References
[1] After their graduation from Syracuse University, Roscoe and Grace Hersey traveled to China to teach basketball and accounting, as well as
Western medicine, education, science and agronomy. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=UHNCKKhhCQQC& pg=PA30& lpg=PA30&
dq="john+ hersey"+ parents+ missionaries& source=web& ots=JunmSWcRHO& sig=AIlGm3xLw1xmakaw5i3SQGa-f0A& hl=en&
ei=mQeMSa_5IZGksQPD8Nj5CA& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=8& ct=result)
[2] William Hersey was later town selectman and a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and died at Hingham during 1658.
There is a monument to him in the Old Ship Burying Ground in Hingham. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ahUWAAAAYAAJ&
pg=PA69& dq="william+ hersey"+ hingham& lr=& ei=WNmNSZjGCobgkAT0m5jGBQ#PPA42,M1)
[3] Awakening a Sleeping Giant the Call, R. Z. Sheppard, TIME magazine, May 6, 1985 (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/
0,9171,967544,00.html)
[4] Anne Fadiman, Ex Libris: Confessions of a Common Reader (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993), pp. 109-11
[5] Yale University celebrated the former professor and writer's life at a memorial service at Battell Chapel in New Haven, where Yale President
Howard Lamar and others spoke. (http:/ / query.nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9F0CE5DF1F3FF930A25756C0A965958260)
External links
ƒ Severo, Richard (March 25, 1993). "John Hersey, Author of 'Hiroshima,' Is Dead at 78" (http:/ / query. nytimes.
com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9F0CE0D8143FF936A15750C0A965958260& sec=& spon=& pagewanted=1). The
New York Times.
ƒ Jonathan Dee (Summer€Fall 1986). "John Hersey, The Art of Fiction No. 92" (http:/ / www. theparisreview. org/
interviews/ 2756/ the-art-of-fiction-no-92-john-hersey). The Paris Review.
ƒ "Hiroshima" by John Hersey (http:/ / herseyhiroshima. com/ )
ƒ John Hersey High School (http:/ / jhhs. d214. org/ )
ƒ John Hersey (http:/ / www. isfdb. org/ cgi-bin/ ea. cgi?John_Hersey) at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
ƒ A Life in Writing: John Hersey, 1914€1993, Yale Alumni Magazine, October 1993 (http:/ / www.
yalealumnimagazine. com/ issues/ 93_10/ hersey. html)
ƒ John Hersey's "A Life for a Vote" (http:/ / www. saturdayeveningpost. com/ 2012/ 02/ 16/ archives/
famous-contributors-john-hersey. html) in The Saturday Evening Post
ƒ Works by or about John Hersey (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-54652) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
J. Merrill Knapp
523
J. Merrill Knapp
John Merrill Knapp (May 9, 1914 € March 7, 1993) was an American musicologist and academic. He was
considered an authority on the life and works of George Frideric Handel. Born in New York City, Knapp graduated
from the Hotchkiss School before entering Yale University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1936 and was a
member of Skull and Bones. He then taught briefly at The Thacher School in Ojai, California before returning to
Yale to assume the post of assistant director of the Yale Glee Club. He left there to pursue graduate studies at
Columbia University where he earned a Master of Music degree. He served as an operations officer in the Third
Fleet of United States Navy during World War II (1942-1946); earning two service stars and a commendation
ribbon.
In 1946 Knapp was hired as a music instructor at Princeton University. He remained at Princeton for the next 36
years, working as an assistant professor (1947-1953), associate professor (1953-1961), and full professor
(1961-1982). He was chairman of Princeton's music department from 1949-1951, and served as Dean of the whole
college from 1961-1966. He served as director of the Princeton Glee Club from 1941-1943 and 1946-1952. Upon his
retirement in 1982 he was named a professor emeritus of music at Princeton. He died of prostate cancer in 1993 at
Princeton Medical Center.
References
William Horsley Orrick, Jr.
524
William Horsley Orrick, Jr.
William Horsley Orrick II
Born October 10, 1915
San Francisco, California
Died August 14, 2003 (aged 87)
San Francisco, California
Education Yale University (1937)
University of California, Berkeley (1941)
Occupation United States federal judge
Spouse(s) Marion Naffziger
Suzanne Rogers
Children William Horsley Orrick III
Parents William Horsley Orrick I
Mary Downey
Relatives Andrew Downey Orrick, brother
William Horsley Orrick II (October 10, 1915 € August 14, 2003) was a United States federal judge.
Biography
Orrick was born on October 10, 1915 in San Francisco, California to William Horsley Orrick, Sr.. He had a brother,
Andrew Downey Orrick, former Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He received a B.A.
from Yale University in 1937, where he was a member of the Skull and Bones Society. He received an LL.B. from
the University of California, Berkeley at the Boalt Hall School of Law in 1941. He was in private practice of law in
San Francisco, California from 1941 to 1942. He was in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946. He was in
private practice of law in San Francisco, California from 1946 to 1961. He was an assistant U.S. Attorney general of
Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice from 1961 to 1962. He was a Deputy U.S. undersecretary of state for
administration, U.S. Department of State from 1962 to 1963. He was an assistant U.S. Attorney general of Antitrust
Division, U.S. Department of Justice from 1963 to 1965. He was in private practice of law in San Francisco,
California from 1965 to 1974.
On May 31, 1974, Orrick was nominated by President Richard M. Nixon to a seat on the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California vacated by William T. Sweigert. Orrick was confirmed by the United States
Senate on June 21, 1974, and received his commission on July 8, 1974.
He was the judge in the Patty Hearst sentencing in 1976.
He assumed senior status on October 31, 1985. He died on August 14, 2003 in San Francisco, California.
References
External links
ƒ William Horsley Orrick, Jr. (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=1816& cid=999& ctype=na&
instate=na) at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial
Center.
Potter Stewart
525
Potter Stewart
Potter Stewart
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office
October 14, 1958 € July 3, 1981
Nominated by Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by Harold Hitz Burton
Succeeded by Sandra Day O'Connor
Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
In office
1954€1958
Nominated by Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by Xenophon Hicks
Succeeded by Lester LeFevre Cecil
Personal details
Born January 23, 1915
Jackson, Michigan,
United States
Died December 7, 1985 (aged 70)
Hanover,
New Hampshire,
United States
Alma mater Yale University
Yale Law School
Religion Episcopalian
Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915 € December 7, 1985) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme
Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform, civil rights,
access to the courts, and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.
[1]
Potter Stewart
526
Education
Stewart was born in Jackson, Michigan, while his family was on vacation. He was the son of Harriett L. (Potter) and
James Garfield Stewart. His father, a prominent Republican from Cincinnati, Ohio, served as mayor of Cincinnati for
seven years and was later a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court.
Potter Stewart attended the Hotchkiss School, graduating in 1933. Then, he went on to Yale University, where he
was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and Skull and Bones graduating class of 1937. He was awarded
Phi Beta Kappa and served as chairman of the Yale Daily News. He graduated from Yale Law School in 1941, where
he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal and a member of Phi Delta Phi. Other members of that era included Gerald
R. Ford, Peter H. Dominick, Walter Lord, William Scranton, R. Sargent Shriver, Cyrus R. Vance, and Byron R.
White. The last would later become his colleague on the United States Supreme Court.
Early career
Stewart served in World War II as a member of the U.S. Naval Reserve aboard oil tankers.
In 1943 he married Mary Ann Bertles in a ceremony at Bruton Episcopal Church in Williamsburg, Virginia (at
which his brother Zeph•also an initiate of Delta Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones, and eventually a professor of
classics at Harvard•was the best man). They eventually had a daughter, Harriet (Virkstis), and two sons, Potter, Jr.
and David.
He was in private practice with Dinsmore & Shohl in Cincinnati. During the early 1950s, he was elected to the
Cincinnati City Council. At the age of 39, in 1954, he was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the
Sixth Circuit.
Supreme Court service
In 1959, President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Stewart to the Supreme Court to replace Justice Harold Hitz
Burton, who was retiring. He was a recess appointment in 1958 before being confirmed 70-17 by the United States
Senate on May 5, 1959. All 17 "nay" votes came from Southern Democrats (both senators from Alabama, Arkansas,
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, plus Spessard Holland of Florida).
[2]
Stewart came to a Supreme Court controlled by two warring ideological camps and sat firmly in its center.
[3][4]
A
case early in his Supreme Court career showing his role as the swing vote during that time is Irvin v. Dowd.
Stewart was temperamentally inclined to moderate, pragmatic positions,
[5]
but was often in a dissenting posture
during his time on the Warren Court. Stewart believed that the majority on the Warren Court had adopted readings of
the First Amendment Establishment Clause (Engel v. Vitale (1962), Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)),
the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination (Miranda v. Arizona (1966)), and the Fourteenth
Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection with regard to voting rights (Reynolds v. Sims (1964)) that went beyond
the framers' intention. In Engel, Stewart found no precedent to remove school sponsored prayer, and in Abington,
Stewart refused to strike down the practice of school sponsored Bible reading in public schools; he was the only
justice who took this position in both cases.
[6]
Stewart dissented in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) on the ground
that, while the Connecticut statute barring the use of contraceptives seemed to him an "uncommonly silly law," he
could not find a general "Right of Privacy" in the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause.
Prior to the appointment of Warren Burger as Chief Justice, many speculated that President Richard Nixon would
elevate Stewart to the post, some going so far as to call him the front-runner. Stewart, though flattered by the
suggestion, did not want again to appear before•and expose his family to•the Senate confirmation process. Nor
did he relish the prospect of taking on the administrative responsibilities delegated to the Chief Justice. Accordingly,
he met privately with the president to ask that his name be removed from consideration.
Potter Stewart
527
On the Burger Court, Stewart was seen as a centrist justice and was often influential, joining the decision in Furman
v. Georgia (1972) which invalidated all death penalty laws then in force, and then joining in the Court's decision four
years later, Gregg v. Georgia, which upheld the revised capital punishment legislation adopted in a majority of the
states. Despite his earlier dissent in Griswold, Stewart changed his views on the "Right of Privacy" and was a key
mover behind the Court's decision in Roe v. Wade (1973), which recognized the right to abortion under the "Right of
Privacy."
[7]
Stewart opposed the Vietnam WarWikipedia:Citation needed and on a number of occasions urged the
Supreme Court to grant certiorari on cases challenging the constitutionality of the war.
Stewart consistently voted against claims of criminal defendants in the area of federal habeas corpus and collateral
review.
[8]
He was concerned about broad interpretations of the due process and equal protection clauses.
[9]
He was the lone dissenter in the landmark juvenile law case In re Gault (1967). That case extended to minors the
right to be informed of rights and the right to an attorney, which had been granted to adults in Miranda v. Arizona
(1966) and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), respectively.
To the general public, Stewart may be best known for a quotation, or a fragment thereof, from his opinion in the
obscenity case of Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964). Stewart wrote in his short concurrence that "hard-core pornography"
was hard to define, but that "I know it when I see it."
[10]
Usually dropped from the quote is the remainder of that
sentence, "and the motion picture involved in this case is not that." Justice Stewart went on to defend the movie in
question (Louis Malle's The Lovers) against further censorship. One noted commentator opined that: "This
observation summarizes Stewart's judicial philosophy: particularistic, intuitive, and pragmatic." Justice Stewart later
recanted this view in Miller v. California, in which he accepted that his prior view was simply untenable.
Justice Stewart commented about his second thoughts about that quotation in 1981. …In a way I regret having said
what I said about obscenity -- that„s going to be on my tombstone. When I remember all of the other solid words I„ve
written,† he said, …I regret a little bit that if I„ll be remembered at all I„ll be remembered for that particular phrase.†
Washington Post Obituary
[11]
Fourth Amendment
Before 1967, Fourth Amendment protections were mostly limited to notions of property: possessory geographical
locations such as apartments, or physical objects.
[12]
Stewart's opinion in Katz v. United States established that the Fourth Amendment "protects people, not places."
Stewart wrote that the government's installation of a recording device in a public phone booth violated the reasonable
expectation of privacy; the government was committing "seizure" of callers' words. Katz therefore extended the
reach of the fourth amendment beyond just physical intrusions; it would also protect against the seizure of
incorporeal words. In addition, the reach of the amendment now went as far as a person's reasonable privacy
expectation; the reach of the amendment was no longer defined solely by property limits. The Katz case made
government wiretapping by both state and federal authorities subject to the Fourth Amendment's warrant
requirements.
In Chimel v. California, decided in 1969, Stewart wrote an opinion stating that arresting a suspect in his house does
not give the police the right to perform a warrantless search of the entire house, only the area surrounding the
arrestee.
[13]
In Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, Stewart wrote that roving patrols of the United States Border Patrol must have
some justifiable reason before stopping a car; it could not stop and search automobiles without probable cause
merely because a stop was made within 100 nautical miles (190 km) from the international border.
[14]
In 1977's Whalen v. Roe, Stewart objected, dissenting, to any broad establishment of a right to privacy; he said prior
Court decisions did not "recognize a general interest in freedom from disclosure of private information."
Potter Stewart
528
Access to the Courts
Justice Stewart was a leader in trying to maintain access to federal courts in civil rights cases.
[15]
Stewart was one of
the strongest dissenters in the trend of denying litigants access to the federal courts.
Stewart wrote the Court's opinions in 1972's Sierra Club v. Morton and 1973's United States v. SCRAP, broadly
laying out the requirements of standing in federal actions.
Civil Rights
In 1968's Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., Stewart extended the 1866 Civil Rights Act to outlaw private refusals to buy,
sell, or lease real or personal property for racially discriminatory reasons.
[16]
In 1976, Stewart extended the Act again
in Runyon v. McCrary•private schools open to all white students could no longer exclude black children, and all
other offers to contract made to the general public were also made subject to the 1866 Act.
[17]
In 1965's Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham, Stewart held for the court that police could not use an anti-loitering
law to keep civil rights workers from standing or demonstrating on a sidewalk.
Ranked as one of the ten best statements on censorship, among his most quote worthy statements was in a dissenting
opinion in Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966): "Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in
itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime.†
[18]
Retirement and death
Stewart announced his retirement from the Court on June 18, 1981 and stepped down in early July at the age of 66.
He was succeeded by Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.
At the time of his retirement Justice Stewart said he wanted to spend more time with his grandchildren and that he
wanted to retire from the Court while he was still in good health.
[19]
After his retirement, he appeared in a series of public television specials about the United States Constitution with
Fred W. Friendly.
He died in 1985 after suffering a stroke near his vacation home in New Hampshire, and was buried in Arlington
National Cemetery.
[20]
Most of Stewart's personal and official papers are archived at the manuscript library of Yale University in New
Haven, Connecticut, where they are now available for research. The files concerning Stewart's service were closed to
researchers until all the justices with whom Stewart served had left the court; the last of these was Justice John Paul
Stevens who considered him his judicial hero. Additional papers also exist in other collections.
[21]
In 1985, upon Stewart's death, Bob Woodward disclosed that Stewart had been the primary source for The
Brethren.
[22]
References
[1] [1] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 291-292.
[2] NOMINATION OF POTTER STEWART AS ASSOC. JUSTICE OF SUPREME COURT. (http:/ / www. govtrack. us/ congress/ votes/
86-1959/ s58)
[3] Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America. Page 159. New York: Simon
& Schuster. ISBN 0-671-76787-9
[4] http:/ / www. oyez.org/ cases/ 1960-1969/ 1960/ 1960_41/ ideology/ #opinions
[5] [5] Stern,Seth (2010) Justice Brennan, Liberal Champion,page 357,Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-547-14925-5
[6] [6] Eisler, 182
[7] [7] Eisler, 232
[8] [8] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 296.
Potter Stewart
529
[9] [9] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 304.
[10] Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court media on Potter Stewart. (http:/ / www. oyez. org/ justices/ potter_stewart/ )
[11] http:/ / www.washingtonpost. com/ local/ obituaries/ retired-high-court-justice-potter-stewart-dies-at-70/ 2011/ 12/ 03/ gIQA9mhjPO_story.
html
[12] [12] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 292.
[13] [13] Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969)
[14] [14] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 294.
[15] [15] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 297.
[16] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Pages 298€299.
[17] [17] Friedman, Leon. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers.
1978. Page 299.
[18] Alternative Reel Logo € Quietly Redefining the Internet Top 10 Quotes Against Censorship. (http:/ / www. alternativereel. com/ includes/
top-ten/ display_review. php?id=00100)
[19] Retired High Court Justice Potter Stewart Dies at 70 (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ local/ obituaries/
retired-high-court-justice-potter-stewart-dies-at-70/ 2011/ 12/ 03/ gIQA9mhjPO_story. html)
[20] Indian Hill Historical Society, Potter Stewart. (http:/ / www. indianhill. org/ History/ Ppl011. htm) Find A Grave Memorial, Potter Stewart.
(http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=2291)
[21] Biography, bibliography, location of papers on Potter Stewart (http:/ / www. ca6. uscourts. gov/ lib_hist/ Courts/ supreme/ judges/ stewart/
stewart. html) at Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
[22] Garrow, David J. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. Publication: Constitutional Commentary, June 22, 2001 at Access my Library.
(http:/ / www. accessmylibrary.com/ coms2/ summary_0286-27320191_ITM)
Further reading
ƒ Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
ƒ Barnett, Helaine M., Janice Goldman, and Jeffrey B. Morris. A Lawyer's Lawyer, a Judge's Judge: Potter Stewart
and the Fourth Amendment. 51 University of Cincinnati Law Review 509 (1982).
ƒ Barnett, Helaine M., and Kenneth Levine. Mr. Justice Potter Stewart. 40 New York University Law Review 526
(1965).
ƒ Berman, Daniel M. Mr. Justice Stewart: A Preliminary Appraisal. 28 University of Cincinnati Law Review 401
(1959).
ƒ Cushman, Clare, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789€1995 (2nd ed.) (Supreme Court
Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) ISBN 1-56802-126-7; ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3.
ƒ Frank, John P., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions (Leon
Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers, 1995) ISBN 0-7910-1377-4, ISBN
978-0-7910-1377-9.
ƒ Frank, John Paul. The Warren Court. New York: Macmillan, 1964, 133€148.
ƒ Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1992.,ISBN 0-19-505835-6; ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
ƒ Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly
Books, 1990). ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
ƒ Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland Publishing
1994). 590 pp. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1; ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.
ƒ Woodward, Robert and Armstrong, Scott. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court (1979). ISBN
978-0-380-52183-8; ISBN 0-380-52183-0. ISBN 978-0-671-24110-0; ISBN 0-671-24110-9; ISBN
0-7432-7402-4; ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.
Potter Stewart
530
ƒ Yarbrough, Tinsley E. Justice Potter Stewart: Decisional Patterns in Search of Doctrinal Moorings. In The
Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, eds., Charles M. Lamb and Stephen C. Halpern, 375€406. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1991.
External links
ƒ Biography, bibliography, location of papers on Potter Stewart (http:/ / www. ca6. uscourts. gov/ lib_hist/ Courts/
supreme/ judges/ stewart/ stewart. html) at Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
ƒ Find A Grave Memorial, Potter Stewart. (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=2291)
ƒ Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court media on Potter Stewart. (http:/ / www. oyez. org/ justices/ potter_stewart/ )
ƒ Supreme Court Historical Society, Potter Stewart. (http:/ / www. supremecourthistory. org/ history-of-the-court/
associate-justices/ potter-stewart-1958-1981)
Legal offices
Preceded by
Xenophon Hicks
Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
1954€1958
Succeeded by
Lester LeFevre Cecil
Preceded by
Harold Hitz Burton
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States
October 14, 1958 € July 3, 1981
Succeeded by
Sandra Day O'Connor
J. Richardson Dilworth
For the Philadelphia mayor, see Richardson Dilworth.
J. Richardson Dilworth (1916 € December 29, 1997) was a leading businessman best known for being a lawyer for
the Rockefeller family.
Early life and career
Dilworth was born in Long Island, New York and graduated from Yale University in 1938, where he was a member
of Skull and Bones, and the Yale Law school in 1942. He was a partner of the investment bank Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
from 1952 to 1958.
Rockefeller financial advisor
Dilworth is best known for being the leading manager of Room 5600, known now as Rockefeller Family &
Associates, the family office of the Rockefeller family, situated on the 54-56th floors of the GE Building, 30
Rockefeller Plaza, in Rockefeller Center.
Beginning in 1956, he headed the family office and was the senior financial adviser to the family and its investments
and philanthropic institutions for 23 years, retiring in 1981. During this time he also sat on the board of directors of
the family-associated Chase Manhattan Bank and was a personal friend of its chairman, David Rockefeller.
In 1974 he came into public prominence when he appeared before the United States Congress during the
confirmation hearings for Nelson Rockefeller's nomination by Gerald Ford for the vice-presidency; during his
presentation to Congressmen he outlined the overall wealth of Nelson's family.
In his service for the six-generation dynastic clan, Dilworth served up until 1982 as the chair of the company that
previously owned Rockefeller Center, Rockefeller Center Inc. (RCI), which is now the Rockefeller Group. He also
sat on the boards of many other corporations, some of which were directly associated with the family.
J. Richardson Dilworth
531
Further reading
ƒ David Rockefeller, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002.
References
External links
ƒ Yale Obituary (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ opa/ arc-ybc/ ybc/ v26. n16. obit. 01. html)
Clint Frank
532
Clint Frank
Clint Frank
Date of birth: September 13, 1915
Place of birth: St. Louis, Missouri
Date of death: July 7, 1992 (aged 76)
Career information
Position(s): Halfback
College: Yale University
NFL Draft: 1938 / Round: 12 / Pick: 106
Organizations
As player:
1935€1937 Yale
Career highlights and awards
ƒ 1937 Heisman Trophy
ƒ 1937 Maxwell Award
ƒ 1955 College Football Hall of Fame
College Football Hall of Fame
[1]
Clinton E. Frank (September 13, 1915 € July 7, 1992) was an American football player and advertising executive.
He played halfback for Yale University. In 1954, he founded the Clinton E. Frank, Inc. advertising agency.
Early life and football career
Frank attended Evanston Township High School in Evanston, Illinois, where he obtained notoriety as a superb
football player. He then attended Lawrenceville (N.J.) School.
Frank attended Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and graduated with a degree in
economics in 1938. In football, he was a two-time team captain and All-American, and as a senior in 1937, he won
the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Award.
[2]
He beat out Byron "Whizzer" White for the Heisman Trophy. White
later became a Supreme Court Justice. Mr. Frank, received the Maxwell Award after his senior year in which he
scored three touchdowns in his team`s 19-0 victory over Brown.
Frank was married to Margaret Rathje Frank, with whom he had three sons and six daughters.
Clint Frank
533
Military service
Clint Frank attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Army Air Corps, serving as an aide to General Jimmy
Doolittle during World War II. Following the war he resumed his career in advertising.
Advertising career
Frank joined the Chicago advertising firm of Blackett-Sample-Hummert Inc., where he was employed for ten years
before being promoted to advertising manager of E.J. Brach and Sons, the famed candy producer. Frank became a
full partner in the advertising agency of Price, Robinson and Frank. He was able to transition this agency into his
own with him as owner and president. In 1954 Frank established Clinton E. Frank Inc., a Chicago based advertising
agency which was sold to Campbell-Ewald Co. of Detroit in 1976.
[3]
Braniff Airways account
One of Clinton E. Frank Agency's most memorable clients was the flashy Dallas, Texas, based Braniff International
Airways. Frank obtained the account in 1969 from famed advertising executive George Lois. The Frank Agency
created the "El Clan, Braniff" advertising scheme for Braniff's growing South American Route System. They also
created the highly unique Braniff "You'll Like Flying Braniff Style" Campaign. Both campaign's came complete
with musical jingles which were debuted in 1971.
Board memberships
ƒƒ Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Board Member
ƒƒ Passavant Hospital, Director
ƒƒ Northwestern University Hospital, Director
ƒƒ Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Governing Member
ƒƒ Yale Club of Chicago, Member
ƒƒ American Association of Advertising, President
ƒƒ Chicago Advertising Club, President
ƒƒ Illinois Racing Board, Board Member
Honors
ƒƒ Heisman Trophy, 1937
ƒƒ Maxwell Award, 1937
ƒƒ All American Quarterback and Captain, two time recipient, 1937
ƒƒ Good Shepard Award from the Lambs, A country home that aids mentally retarded children (three time award
recipient)
Clint Frank
534
Retirement and death
Frank founded the Brain Research Foundation at the University of Chicago and the Eye Research Institute in Boston.
He also founded the American Academy of Arts during his retirement.
Frank died at the Evanston Hospital in Evanston, Illinois after a brief illness.
References
[1] http:/ / www. footballfoundation.org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail. aspx?id=30148
[2] http:/ / www. star-telegram. com/ 2010/ 10/ 18/ 2550328_put-your-knowledge-of-athletes. html
[3] Clinton Frank Obituary (http:/ / www. nytimes.com/ 1992/ 07/ 09/ obituaries/ clint-frank-76-dies-won-heisman-in-1937. html) in the New
York Times
External links
ƒ Clint Frank (http:/ / www. footballfoundation. org/ Programs/ CollegeFootballHallofFame/ SearchDetail.
aspx?id=30148) at the College Football Hall of Fame
ƒ Clint Frank (http:/ / www. heisman. com/ winners/ c-frank37. php) at the Heisman Trophy
Al Hessberg
Albert Hessberg II (June 14, 1916-January 14, 1995) was an American college football player and lawyer.
At Yale University, Hessberg played track and was the first Jewish standout player on the Yale Bulldogs football
team. Hessberg became the first Jewish member of the prestigious secret society Skull and Bones at Yale at a time
when Jews were excluded from such clubs. He graduated in 1938.
He graduated from Yale Law School in 1941. He spent the rest of his life practicing law in Albany, New York,
eventually becoming senior partner at Hiscock & Barclay and president of the Albany County Bar Association. He
died of cancer at age 78.
References
William Bundy
535
William Bundy
For the English footballer, see Bill Bundy.
William Putnam "Bill" Bundy (September 24, 1917 € October 6, 2000) was a member of the CIA and foreign
affairs advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He had a key role in planning the Vietnam
War. After leaving government service he became a historian.
Early years
Raised in Boston, Massachusetts he came from a family long involved in politics. His father, Harvey Hollister
Bundy, was a diplomat who helped implement the Marshall Plan. Bill was raised in a highly accomplished, highly
intellectual family. After attending the Groton School and Yale University (where he was one of the first presidents
of the Yale Political Union) and a member of Skull and Bones, he entered Harvard Law School but left to join the
Army Signal Corps during World War II. During this time he worked at Bletchley Park in Britain as part of the top
secret ULTRA operation to break Nazi codes.
After finishing law school in 1947, Bundy joined the Washington-based law firm of Covington and Burling. While
there, he contributed to Alger Hiss's defense fund in the Hiss-Chambers Case. In 1953, Senator Joseph McCarthy
cited his $400 contribution. Bundy explained that Donald Hiss, Alger's brother, worked with him at Covington &
Burling. Allen Dulles and Vice President Richard M. Nixon defended him, and the matter dropped.
Positions held
During the 1950s he worked as an analyst for the Central Intelligence Agency, where he was chief of staff for the
Office of National Estimates. In 1960, Bundy took a leave of absence from the CIA to serve as staff director for
Eisenhower's Commission on National Goals. During the Kennedy years he was deputy to Assistant Secretary for
International Security Affairs Paul Nitze and worked for the Secretary of the Navy. During much of the LBJ era he
was Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific affairs. After resigning from the executive branch in 1969
he taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1972 he moved to Princeton University where he
remained for the rest of his life. He edited the influential journal of the Council on Foreign Relations (of which he
was a member) • Foreign Affairs • from 1972 to 1984, after declining the offer of the Council's chairman, David
Rockefeller, to be the Council's president.
His brother, McGeorge Bundy (1919€1996), also an integral part of the both the Kennedy and Johnson
administrations, also attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones. Bill was married to Mary Acheson, the
daughter of Truman's Secretary of State Dean Acheson. Bill and Mary had three children, Michael, Christopher, and
Carol.
Bill Bundy was somewhat to the left of his brother politically, and was a spirited opponent of Joseph McCarthy. He
was also considered one of the administration's more dovish members on Vietnam.
Bundy's most noted work is A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency (1998).
Bundy was Honorary American Secretary General of the Bilderberg Meetings from 1975 to 1980.
Bundy's papers are held by the Seeley G. Mudd Library at Princeton University.
William Bundy
536
References
ƒ "William Bundy" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ comment/ obituaries/ article987430. ece). The Times.
October 10, 2000. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
ƒ Martin, Douglas (October 7, 2000). "William P. Bundy, 83, Dies; Advised 3 Presidents on American Policy in
Vietnam" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2000/ 10/ 07/ us/
william-p-bundy-83-dies-advised-3-presidents-on-american-policy-in-vietnam. html). The New York Times.
Retrieved 2009-10-21.
ƒ "William Bundy" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ obituaries/ 1369483/ William-Bundy. html). Telegraph.
October 9, 2000. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
Further reading
ƒ Bird, Kai. The Color of Truth: McGeorge and William Bundy, Brothers in Arms: A Biography. New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1998. ISBN 0-684-80970-2.
External links
ƒ William P. Bundy Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University (http:/ / arks.
princeton. edu/ ark:/ 88435/ rj430453v)
ƒ William P. Bundy in 1981 (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/ org. wgbh.
mla:17c158f38b11b5b4721201959a525c16160a7751) discussing his experiences with the Vietnam war, including
Lyndon Johnson's strategies in Vietnam. WGBH Open Vault. Accessed July 22, 2010.
Government offices
Preceded by
Roger
Hilsman
Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs / Assistant Secretary of State for
East Asian and Pacific Affairs
March 16, 1964 € May 4, 1969
Succeeded by
Marshall
Green
William Welch Kellogg
537
William Welch Kellogg
William Welch Kellogg (1917 € December 12, 2007) was an American meteorologist and climatologist. He served
as Associate director and senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). His research
included pioneering studies of the role that satellites could play in weather observation and prediction.
Biography
Kellogg was born in New York Mills, New York, to Fredrick and Elisabeth Kellogg. He attended the Brooks School
in North Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated from Yale in 1939 with a BA in physics. At Yale, he was a member
of Skull and Bones. His graduate studies at U.C., Berkeley were interrupted by World War II, when he served in the
Air Force's new meteorological program. As a pilot and weather officer, with his strong passion for flying, he
collected some of the first data on the dynamics of thunderstorms by flying B-25s into the heart of the storms.
Weather satellites
After the war, while working on a PhD from UCLA, he joined the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California,
where he was instrumental in establishing the potential value of satellites in meteorological research. His 1951
research paper (written with S. M. Greenfield)
[1]
introduced many of the concepts still in use today, including the
effects of Earth„s oblate shape, which is now exploited to produce solar synchronous satellites for weather
observation and other forms of remote sensing. He chaired the committee that set the specifications for TIROS-1, the
first operational weather satellite.
Later work
He also collaborated on a procedure to predict close-in radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions. This resulted in
the first unclassified report in a scientific journal describing such fallout and his testimony on this subject before a
joint committee of Congress. In 1964, he was invited by Walter Orr Roberts to join NCAR as director of the
Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences. He was a chief organizer of the international Study of Man's Impact on
Climate (SMIC) held in Sweden in 1971. In 1973, he decided to devote himself to full-time climate research and
pursue his growing interest in climate change. He and his wife lived in Geneva, Switzerland in 1978-79, where he
was advisor to the Secretary General of the World Meteorological Organization. In 1981, he and sociologist Robert
Schware co-authored one of the first books on the subject of climate change. He retired from NCAR in 1987.
Positions held
He served on the National Academy of Science's Space Science Board (teaming with Carl Sagan to review our
knowledge of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus), the Atmospheric Science Committee, and the Polar Research
Board. He also served on the President's Science Advisory Committee, the USAF Scientific Advisory Committee,
and the NASA Space Program Advisory Council.
He was Past President of the American Meteorological Society (1973) and the Meteorology Section of the American
Geophysical Union. He was a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and the American Geophysical Union.
William Welch Kellogg
538
Selected writings
ƒ Kellogg, William W. and Carl Sagan. 1961. The Atmospheres of Mars and Venus: A Report by the Ad Hoc Panel
on Planetary Atmospheres of the Space Science Board (Publication 944). Washington, D. C.: The National
Academy of Sciences National Research Council.
ƒ Kellogg, William W. (1971). "Predicting the Climate." In Man's Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical
Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by William H. Matthews, et al., pp. 123€32. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13075-0
ƒ Kellogg, William W., and Stephen H. Schneider (1974). "Climate Stabilization: For Better or for Worse?"
Science 186: 1163-72.
ƒ Kellogg, William W., et al. (1975). "Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on the Global Climate." In Proceedings of
the WMO/IAMAP Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421)
pp. 323€30. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
ƒ Kellogg, William W., and Margaret Mead. 1977. The Atmosphere: endangered and endangering. Fogarty
International Center proceedings, no. 39. [Bethesda]: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, National Institutes of Health.
ƒ Kellogg, William W. (1980). "Aerosols and Climate." In Interactions of Energy and Climate, edited by W. Bach
et al., pp. 281€96. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 90-277-1177-1
ƒ Kellogg, William W., and Robert Schware (1981). Climate Change and Society: Consequences of Increasing
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-180-3
ƒ Kellogg, William W. (1987). "Mankind's Impact on Climate: The Evolution of an Awareness." Climatic Change
10: 113-36.
References
[1] Federation of American Scientists, copy of RAND document (http:/ / www. fas. org/ spp/ military/ program/ met/ ADA307104. htm)
Further reading
ƒ Bates, Charles; Fuller, John (1986). America's Weather Warriors 1814€1985. Texas A&M University Press.
ISBN 0-89096-240-5.
McGeorge Bundy
539
McGeorge Bundy
McGeorge Bundy
McGeorge Bundy during a 1967 meeting in the Oval Office
6th United States National Security Advisor
In office
January 20, 1961 € February 28, 1966
President John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by Gordon Gray
Succeeded by Walt Rostow
Personal details
Born March 30, 1919
Boston, Massachusetts
Died September 16, 1996 (aged 77)
Boston, Massachusetts
Resting place Mount Auburn Cemetery
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Spouse(s) Mary B. Lothrop
Children Stephen M., Andrew L., William L., James A.
Alma mater Yale University
Profession Foreign and defense policy advisor
McGeorge "Mac" Bundy (March 30, 1919 € September 16, 1996) was United States National Security Advisor to
Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 through 1966, and president of the Ford Foundation
from 1966 through 1979. He is known primarily for his role in escalating the involvement of the United States in
Vietnam during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
McGeorge Bundy
540
Early life
Raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Bundy came from a wealthy family long involved in Republican
[1]
politics. His
mother, Katherine Lawrence (Putnam), was the daughter of two Boston Brahmin families listed in the Social
Register. His father, Harvey Hollister Bundy, was from Grand Rapids, Michigan and was a diplomat who helped
implement the Marshall Plan.
Bundy attended the elite Dexter School in Brookline, Massachusetts and then the Groton School, where he placed
first in his class and ran the student newspaper and debating society. He was then admitted to Yale University, one
year behind his brother William. At Yale, where he majored in mathematics, he served as secretary of the Yale
Political Union and then chairman of its Liberal Party. He was on the staff of the Yale Literary Magazine and also
wrote a column for the Yale Daily News. Like his father, he was inducted into the Skull and Bones secret society,
where he was nicknamed "Odin". He remained in contact with his fellow Bonesmen for decades afterward. He
graduated Yale in the class of 1940. During World War II he served as a U.S. Army intelligence officer.
Career
From 1945 to 1947,
[2]
Bundy co-authored recently retired United States Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson's
third-person autobiography, On Active Service in Peace and War, which was published in 1947.
In 1949, Bundy took a position at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York to study Marshall Plan aid to
Europe. The study group included such luminaries as Dwight Eisenhower, Allen Dulles, Richard M. Bissell, Jr. and
George Kennan. The group's deliberations were sensitive and highly secret, dealing as they did with the highly
classified fact that there was a covert side to the Marshall Plan, where the CIA used certain funds to aid
anti-communist groups in France and Italy.
[3]
Bundy was one of President Kennedy's "wise men" and also served as a tenured professor of government at Harvard
University, despite having only a bachelor's degree and never having taken any classes in government. In 1953,
Bundy was appointed dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard at the age of thirty-four, the youngest in
the school's history. An effective and popular administrator, Bundy spearheaded modernizing policy changes aimed
to revamp Harvard into a class-blind, merit-based university with a reputation for stellar academics.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1954. He moved into public life in 1961,
becoming national security adviser in the Kennedy administration. He played a crucial role in all of the major foreign
policy and defense decisions of the Kennedy and part of the Johnson administration. These included the Bay of Pigs
Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and, most controversially, the Vietnam War. From 1964 he was Chairman of the
303 Committee, responsible for coordinating government covert operations.
Bundy was a strong proponent of the Vietnam War during his tenure. He supported escalating the American
involvement and the bombing of North Vietnam.
He left government in 1966 to take over as president of the Ford Foundation, a position he held until 1979.
He was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Lyndon Johnson, one of 20 to receive the
medal "in the last 24 hours of [the] presidency in January 1969".
[4]
He was included on the "master list" of President Richard Nixon's infamous "Enemies List".
From 1979 to 1989, he was a professor of history at New York University. He was scholar-in-residence at the
Carnegie Corporation from 1990 to 1996.
McGeorge Bundy
541
Death
Bundy's death was the result of a massive heart attack.
Legacy
Gordon Goldstein's 2008 book Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam was reported
to be, in late September, 2009, the "must-read-book" amongst President Barack Obama's war advisers, as they
contemplated the alternative courses ahead in Afghanistan. Richard C. Holbrooke, who had reviewed the book in late
November, 2008, was in 2009 a member of the team of Presidential advisers.
Bundy in film
In the 2000 film Thirteen Days, McGeorge Bundy is portrayed by Frank Wood. In the 2002 HBO film Path to War,
Bundy is portrayed by Cliff DeYoung. He was also played by James Olson in the 1974, made for TV film, The
Missiles of October. In the 2013 TV film Killing Kennedy, Bundy was portrayed by Ray Nedzel.
Notes
[1] 'The Doves Were Right' (http:/ / www. nytimes.com/ 2008/ 11/ 30/ books/ review/ Holbrooke-t. html?_r=1& scp=2& sq=mcgeorge bundy
stimson& st=cse) Review by Richard C. Holbrooke of Goldstein, Gordon M., Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in
Vietnam, The New York Times Book Review, Nov. 28, 2008 (Nov. 30, 2008 on p. BR12 of NY ed.). Retrieved 7/7/09.
[2] "When Bundy Says, 'The President Wants--'" (paid archive) (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F50C12F934551A7B93C0A91789D95F468685F9& scp=3& sq=mcgeorge bundy stimson& st=cse), The New York Times,
December 2, 1962. Partial quote: "After V-J Day, Bundy spent a year and a half working on the Stimson book, ...." Retrieved July 7, 2009.
[3] Covert CIA side to the Marshall Plan € see
[4] Sanger, David E., "War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom" (limited no-charge access) (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.
html?res=9E06E5DE1730F936A25751C1A9629C8B63& sec=& spon=& pagewanted=all), The New York Times, December 15, 2004.
Further reading
ƒ Bird, Kai. The Color of Truth: McGeorge and William Bundy, Brothers in Arms: A Biography. New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1998. ISBN 0-684-80970-2.
ƒ Bundy, McGeorge. Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. New York: Vintage
Books, 1988. ISBN 0-394-52278-8.
ƒ Bundy, McGeorge. "The Issue Before the Court: Who Gets Ahead in America?" (http:/ / www. etsu. edu/ cas/
history/ docs/ bundy. htm), The Atlantic Monthly 240, no. 5 (November 1977), pp. 41€54.
ƒ Gardner, Lloyd. "Harry Hopkins with Hand Grenades? McGeorge Bundy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years", in
Behind the Throne: Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents, 1898€1968, ed. Thomas J. McCormick and Walter
LaFeber. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. pp. 204€229. ISBN 0-299-13740-6.
ƒ Goldstein, Gordon M., Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam New York: Henry
Holt & Co., 2008. pp. 300. ISBN 0-8050-9087-8.
ƒ Halberstam, David. "The Very Expensive Education of McGeorge Bundy". Harper's Magazine 239, no. 1430
(July 1969), pp. 21€41.
ƒ Kabaservice, Geoffrey. "The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal
Establishment." New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004. pp. 136€140. ISBN 0-8050-6762-0.
ƒ N—nlist, Christian. Kennedys rechte Hand: McGeorge Bundys Einfluss als Nationaler Sicherheitsberater auf die
amerikanische Aussenpolitik, 1961€63. Zurich: Center for Security Studies, 1999. ISBN 3-905641-61-5.
ƒ Preston, Andrew. The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02198-3.
ƒ Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper & Brothers,
1947.
McGeorge Bundy
542
External links
ƒ McGeorge Bundy at Harvard (http:/ / www. news. harvard. edu/ gazette/ 2001/ 02. 01/ 13-bundy. html)
ƒ Interview about the Cuban Missile Crisis (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ wapina/ barcode48984bundy_2/ index.
html/ ) for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ series/ War+ and+
Peace+ in+ the+ Nuclear+ Age/ )
ƒ Biography of McGeorge Bundy (in German) (http:/ / cms. isn. ch/ public/ docs/ doc_231_290_de. pdf)
ƒ Review of biography of brothers William and McGeorge Bundy (http:/ / bostonreview. net/ BR24. 1/ jones. html)
ƒ McGeorge Bundy headed the Ford Foundation from 1966€1979 (http:/ / www. philanthropyroundtable. org/
magazines/ 1999/ january/ wooster. html)
ƒ point of view of Nuremberg trial prosecutor Telford Taylor on McGeorge Bundy (http:/ / bostonreview. mit. edu/
BR24. 1/ jones. html)
ƒ Pentagon papers: Telegram From the Ambassador in Vietnam (Lodge) to McGeorge Bundy on US Options With
Respect to a Possible Coup, mentioning the term "plausible denial" (http:/ / www. mtholyoke. edu/ acad/ intrel/
pentagon2/ doc148. htm) Alternative link: Pentagon papers, Telegram 216, same cable (http:/ / www. state. gov/
r/ pa/ ho/ frus/ kennedyjf/ iv/ 12652. htm)
ƒ Annotated bibliography for McGeorge Bundy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues (http:/ / alsos.
wlu. edu/ qsearch. aspx?browse=people/ Bundy,+ McGeorge)
ƒ Video of assassination denials made by Bundy (http:/ / youtube. com/ watch?v=ZET3DmkPZkE)
ƒ NY Times Obituary (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1996/ 09/ 17/ us/
mcgeorge-bundy-dies-at-77-top-adviser-in-vietnam-era. html)
ƒ Oral History Interviews with McGeorge Bundy, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library (http:/ / www. lbjlib.
utexas. edu/ johnson/ archives. hom/ oralhistory. hom/ McGeorgeB/ McGeorge. asp)
Legal offices
Preceded by
Gordon Gray
United States National Security
Advisor
1961€1966
Succeeded by
Walt Rostow
Andrew Downey Orrick
543
Andrew Downey Orrick
Andrew Downey
Orrick
Born October 18, 1917
San Francisco, California
Died January 27, 2008
(aged 90)
San Francisco, California
Andrew Downey Orrick (October 18, 1917 € January 27, 2008) was a partner with Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe
and the acting chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in San Francisco.
Biography
He was born on October 18, 1917 in San Francisco, California to William Horsley Orrick I. He had a brother,
William Horsley Orrick II. Downey graduated from Yale University in 1940, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones. At Yale, while playing for the Yale baseball team, he hit the longest home run. He served during World War
II, then attended UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco. He then joined Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe in
1947.
He was San Francisco chairman of Citizens for Eisenhower in 1952. In 1962 he was the Northern California
chairman of Richard Nixon's campaign for Governor of California. He became the San Francisco administrator of
the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in December 1954. He was renominated to the position in 1957 and
served until 1960.
He died on January 27, 2008 in San Francisco, California.
References
Barry Zorthian
544
Barry Zorthian
Barry Zorthian (October 8, 1920 € December 30, 2010) was an American diplomat, most notably press officer for
4 
1
Š
2
years during the Vietnam war, media executive and lobbyist. "By his own reckoning, Zorthian was the last
surviving member of the original cadre of U.S. diplomats and military leaders whose policy decisions shaped events
in Vietnam."
[1][2]
Early life and education
Baryoor Zorthian was born on October 8, 1920, in Katahya,
[3]
Turkey, the child of Armenian parents. "His father, a
writer, was imprisoned in Turkey but escaped. His mother, refusing to divulge her husband„s whereabouts, was
herself sent to jail, along with their son. [The family] eventually migrated to New Haven, Connecticut, the father
working in a dry cleaners. Barry went to Yale, where he edited the student newspaper and joined the secretive Skull
and Bones society."
[4]
Career
Military service and early career
Zorthian "was a Marine in the Pacific during World War II. After working for a Vermont newspaper [the Caledonian
Record], he joined CBS Radio and then the Voice of America (VOA). He earned a law degree by attending New
York University at night." In 1948 he covered the Korean war as one of VOA„s first overseas correspondents. Later,
he was a co-author of the VOA Charter, which persists to this day, and served as program director. In the last role, he
launched several programming initiatives which were still on the air more than a half century later.
[5]
Also at VOA,
in response to a proposal from director Henry Loomis, Zorthian helped develop a Special English broadcasting
capacity with slower word rate and limited vocabulary for non-English speakers. It was launched in 1959 and proved
successful, according to a 2012 VOA review.
[6]
After 13 years at VOA, Zorthian became a diplomat in India.
Service in Vietnam
Zorthian was best known for his four years as chief spokesperson for the U. S. government in Saigon, Vietnam from
1964-68. "His daily afternoon briefings for press correspondents ... were dubbed …Five O„Clock Follies† by reporters
frustrated by the lack of complete transparency. ... New York Times Correspondent, Gloria Emerson, declared him 'a
determined and brilliant liar' at a 1981 conference on the Vietnam War. Despite the criticism, many still trusted him
as an honest public official. 'He had a conscience. He believed in informing the American public,' Neil Sheehan, a
Pulitzer prize-winning author and a former New York Times reporter in Saigon, told the Washington Post. 'His
problem was that he was trying to sell a bad war.'"
[7]
He was "Murrow's last recommendation before retiring from
USIA, [an appointment] so sensitive that it required President Lyndon Johnson and the secretaries of state and
defence, Dean Rusk and Robert McNamara, to sign off on it." He oversaw the 500-person Joint United States Public
Affairs Office under Carl T. Rowan after Murrow retired. Other journalists he faced were members "of a tough
school in American journalism covering the war [including] Richard Pyle, ... Halberstam, Apple, Arnett, Kalb,
Karnow € several of whom made their reputations in Vietnam."
One obituary described his job in Saigon as trying to "defuse an increasingly acrimonious relationship between
American officials and news correspondents covering the war[. He] used a mixture of charm, sly wit and
uncommonly straight talk in trying to establish credibility for the U.S. effort.... [H]e refused to be intimidated by
either officials or the news media. 'He talked back,' said George McArthur, who covered the Vietnam war for The
Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times [and later was AP Cairo bureau chief
[8]
].... 'Barry's door was always
open and although he never shared a classified thought, he left you feeling that he had,' said former New York Times
Barry Zorthian
545
and CBS reporter Bernard Kalb. 'Even when he told you nothing, he was always persuasive.' 'In postwar years, Barry
Zorthian remained steadfast to his conviction about the significant role the media must play in a democratic society,'
said Peter Arnett, a Pulitzer Prize-winning war reporter for the AP in Vietnam and later a CNN foreign
correspondent. ... Arnett recalled that when he [Arnett] complained about an American military policeman
threatening to shoot him during a 1965 Buddhist street demonstration in Saigon, `Zorthian shook his head in mock
concern, and said `D--- it, Peter, you threatened him and he was just responding.' 'What?' I replied. 'Yes,' Barry said,
`you were aiming your pencil at him and that's more dangerous around here than a .45.'"
Zorthian was press media advisor to three successive U.S. ambassadors to South Vietnam • Henry Cabot Lodge,
Maxwell D. Taylor and Ellsworth Bunker • and to Gen. William C. Westmoreland, the U.S. military commander
there. "Zorthian remained proud of his most controversial achievement ... [the] Follies.... [T]he briefings lasted a
decade, the only regular forum in which U.S. and South Vietnamese officials spoke entirely on the record and were
often challenged or contradicted by reporters, sometimes to their embarrassment ... [i]n the first U.S. war without
formal censorship."
The press briefings convened in the conference room and rooftop garden of the Rex Hotel, which was in a
French-built, colonial-era building converted beginning in 1959. The war history remains a selling point for the
revived Ho Chi Minh City hotel in 2011.
[9]
Career after Vietnam
"After leaving Saigon in 1968, Mr. Zorthian was an executive at Time Inc. and a lobbyist on communications
issues."
"After The New York Times and other newspapers in 1971 published a history of the Vietnam War that came to be
known as the Pentagon Papers, Mr. Zorthian wrote an Op-Ed column in The Times asserting that the Vietnam war
had been 'the most open war in history.'
[10]
He said that almost all the important disclosures in the documents had
already been known to journalists. In a letter to the editor in response, Elliot Bernstein, the ABC News Saigon
bureau chief in the mid-1960s, countered that the press had been kept in the dark about the extent of American
bombing of Laos beginning in 1964, as well as the fact that bases in Thailand were being used to conduct air raids on
North Vietnam."
Zorthian retired from the Marine Corps Reserve as a Colonel in 1973.
[11]
From 1990 to 1994, he was a member of the oversight body for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, the Board for
International Broadcasting.
[12]
Speaking in a National Press Club forum on March 19, 1991, Zorthian said, …The Gulf
War is over and the press lost† about coverage of the later overseas US military engagement.
[13]
In the late 1990s, he became president of the Public Diplomacy Foundation (predecessor of the Public Diplomacy
Council) and served four years in that role before occupying a seat on the Council„s Board much of the last decade.
He testified in August 2010, before the recently reformed Broadcasting Board of Governors on public diplomacy and
VOA issues.
In 2009, Zorthian was a communications consultant with Alcalde and Fay.
[14]
At that time he participated in a panel
discussion on the history of the Smith-Mundt Act and the relationship between public diplomacy and the media.
[15]
Barry Zorthian
546
Personal
Zorthian was given a "90th birthday 'roast and toast' [which included] Richard Holbrooke, who was himself to die a
few weeks later and who earned his diplomatic spurs in Vietnam."
Zorthian's wife of 62 years, Margaret Aylaian Zorthian, died in July 2010. They are survived by two sons, Greg and
Steve, a daughter-in-law and two grandchildren.
References
[1] "Barry Zorthian dies at 90" (http:/ / www.panarmenian. net/ eng/ world/ news/ 59246/ ), PanARMENIAN.Net, January 5, 2011 15:50 AMT
11:50 GMT. With photo (http:/ / www. picturechina.com. cn/ bbs/ thread-132350-2-1. html); caption at picturechina.com says "U.S.I.S.
official Barry Zorthian participating in panel discussion w. Life correspondents"; Saigon, Vietnam; 1964; photographer John Loengard. Photo
also here (http:/ / www.life. com/ image/ 50544247) dated January 1, 1964. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
[2] Pyle, Richard, "Barry Zorthian dies at 90; U.S. diplomat and press spokesman in Vietnam War" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ obituaries/
la-me-barry-zorthian-20110102,0,4931372.story), Associated Press in Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2011. W/1986 photo of BZ and Morley
Safer. Retrieved 2011-03-07. Writer of story identified in newsvine.com publication of AP text. (http:/ / www. newsvine. com/ _news/ 2010/
12/ 31/ 5745577-barry-zorthian-press-officer-in-vietnam-war-dies)
[3] Oral history (http:/ / www. vietnam.ttu. edu/ star/ images/ oh/ OH0540/ OH0540. pdf), conducted by Richard B. Verrone, Ph.D., The
Vietnam Archive at Texas Tech University, 2006. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
[4] Martin, Jurek, "US spokesman who fronted Saigon's theatre of war" (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/
5915b0f0-201b-11e0-a6fb-00144feab49a. html#axzz1BVSm2Get), Financial Times, January 15, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
[5] Heil, Alan, "Barry Zorthian, 1920-2010" (http:/ / publicdiplomacycouncil. org/ commentaries/ barry-zorthian-1920-2010), memorial, Public
Diplomacy Council, nd. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
[6] "Henry Loomis, 1919-2008: Director of VOA Had the Idea to Create Special English" (http:/ / www. easyvoa. com/ voa-speacial-english/
People-in-America/ 1603. html), interview of Bob Doughty in VOA Special English by Faith Lapidus, 2012-05-06, VOA webpage. Retrieved
2012-07-03.
[7] Mansoor, Zeenat, "American Diplomat Barry Zorthian dies" (http:/ / www. yaledailynews. com/ news/ 2011/ jan/ 10/
american-diplomat-barry-zorthian-dies/ ), Yale Daily News, January 10, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
[8] Syeed, Nafeesa, "AP correspondent who covered Eichmann trial dies" (http:/ / www. ap. org/ cleartime/ h. html), AP Cleartime Online,
2008-07-01. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
[9] Brown, Jonathan, "Famous hotels: Soft beds and hard battles" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ travel/ news-and-advice/
famous-hotels-soft-beds-and-hard-battles-6269552. html), The Independent, 30 November 2011, Retrieved 2011-12-01.
[10] Zorthian, Barry, "It Was and Is the Most Open of Wars" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F70A15FC395C1A7493C2AA178DD85F458785F9& scp=2& sq="most open war in history" zorthian& st=cse), The New York
Times, June 30, 1971 (paid archive only). Retrieved 2011-02-01.
[11] Armstrong, Matt, "Barry Zorthian, public diplomacy legend, passes away at 90" (http:/ / mountainrunner. us/ 2011/ 01/
Barry_Zorthian_public_diplomacy_legend.html), mountainrunner.us, January 4, 2011 8:33 AM. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
[12] Cosavanu, Laura, Polina Ilieva, Blanka Pasternak and Anatol Shmelev, "Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc.: A Register of its corporate
records (http:/ / ics-www. leeds. ac. uk/ papers/ pmt/ exhibits/ 1318/ RFE_Register. pdf) in the Hoover Institution archives", Stanford
University, 2002; via Institute of Communications Studies, University of Leeds; p. 31. BIB members, incl. BZorthian, and RFE/RL
management list.
[13] Fofiu, Adela, "Review: Athina Karatzogianni, The Politics of Cyberconflict (New York: Routledge, 2006). ... Karatzogianni, ed. Cyber
Conflict and Global Politics (New York: Routledge, 2009)" (http:/ / jrmdc. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2012/ 02/ Review_Karatzogianni.pdf),
Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture Vol. 1, February 2012, pp 2-3. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
[14] Barry Zorthian bio (http:/ / mountainrunner.us/ symposium/ bios. html#Zorthian), mountainrunner.us/2009 Smith-Mundt Symposium,
January 13, 2009. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
[15] History panel transcript (https:/ / docs.google.com/
fileview?id=0B2k5Ww3Ah1I5YTBjZTE0OWEtNmYxYS00ZDkzLTk1ODktZTdjMDdmMTNhZDJh& hl=en), 2009 Smith-Mundt
Symposium, January 13, 2009. Transcript misdated "2008." Retrieved 2011-06-30.
Barry Zorthian
547
External links
ƒ "The Quality of reporting: to Tet" (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ title/ vietnam-reconsidered-lessons-from-a-war/
oclc/ 012400501), fourth of 14 panels held February 1983, at USC School of Journalism in "Vietnam
reconsidered: lessons from a war" symposium; 120-m. videocassette of panel with Phillip Knightley (moderator),
Safer, Robert Scheer, Garrick Utley, and Zorthian covers reporting of war up to Tet Offensive, 1968; with
introduction/epilog by Harrison Salisbury; worldcat.org link locates copies of Vietnam reconsidered book by
Salisbury at libraries; book also at Amazon (http:/ / www. amazon. com/
Vietnam-reconsidered-Harrison-Evans-Salisbury/ dp/ 0060152664); "The Quality of reporting: to Tet" (tape) is
listed here in the "War Culture and Propaganda" collection (http:/ / libguides. rutgers. edu/ content.
php?pid=159053& sid=1345944) at Rutgers University; other videotape availability unclear; no digitized
availability located thus far anywhere.
ƒ North, Don, "Holding the Line at Credibility Gap" (contents-listing only) (http:/ / www. historynet. com/
table-of-contents-june-2011-vietnam. htm), Vietnam magazine, June 2011.
Images
ƒ "Head of USIA's Joint US Public Affairs Office Barry Zorthian (C) in his office with staff", Life magazine photo
w/caption, September 1, 1966.
ƒ "Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker arrival in Saigon; Top U.S. officials: Barry Zorthian, Jack Steward, Porter
Calhoun" (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/
sully-455-ambassador-ellsworth-bunker-arrival-in-saigon-top-u-s-officials-barry-zorthian-jack-steward-porter-c),
photograph; "Barry Zorthian and Jack Steward; Saigon" (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/
sully-453-barry-zorthian-and-jack-steward-saigon), photograph; "Bunker with Zorthian; Saigon" as Bunker
speaks to reporters (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/ sully-457-bunker-with-zorthian-saigon), photograph;
and "U.S. Information Agency Director Barry Zorthian (on left); Saigon" (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/
sully-1127-u-s-information-agency-director-barry-zorthian-on-left-saigon) with two officials outside, photograph;
all April 25, 1967 except February 1965 on last; all but first credited to Fran˜ois Sully; for all, copyright Healey
Library, UMass Boston; via openvault.wgbh.org.
Harold H. Healy, Jr.
548
Harold H. Healy, Jr.
Harold Harris Healy, Jr (27 August 1921, Denver •4 March 2007, New York City) was an American lawyer who
had a distinguished career in international law. A graduate of Yale University (1943), where he was a member of
Skull and Bones, and Yale Law School (1949), he worked for the United States Department of Justice and was a
longtime partner of the firm of Debevoise & Plimpton. He was notably the first American President of the Union
Internationale des Avocats, was Chairman and Treasurer of the Legal Aid Society, and was a recipient of the L„gion
d'honneur (Chevalier).
References
James L. Buckley
549
James L. Buckley
James Buckley
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
In office
December 17, 1985 € August 31, 1996
Appointed by Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Edward Tamm
Succeeded by John Roberts
Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs
In office
February 28, 1981 € August 20, 1982
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Matthew Nimetz
Succeeded by William Schneider
United States Senator
from New York
In office
January 3, 1971 € January 3, 1977
Preceded by Charles Goodell
Succeeded by Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Personal details
Born James Lane Buckley
March 9, 1923
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political party Conservative Party
(Before 1976)
Republican Party (1976€present)
Spouse(s) Ann Cooley
James L. Buckley
550
Alma mater Yale University
Religion Roman Catholicism
James Lane Buckley (born March 9, 1923) is a retired judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia Circuit. He previously served as a United States Senator from the state of New York as a member of the
Conservative Party of New York from January 3, 1971 to January 3, 1977. He was vice president and director of the
Catawba Corporation from 1953 to 1970, and also served as Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance
1981€1982, as well as President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc. 1982€1985.
Buckley was also the lead petitioner in a landmark Supreme Court case, Buckley v. Valeo, which "shaped modern
campaign-finance law."
[1]
He successfully challenged the constitutionality of a law limiting campaign spending in
Congressional races.
In 1970 he was elected to the U.S. Senate as the nominee of the Conservative Party of New York, winning 38.7
percent of the vote in a six-candidate race, and served from 1971 until 1977. To date he has been the only candidate
of his party, and the last third party registrant,
[2]
to be successfully nominated and elected to the U.S. Congress.
[3]
In the Senate Buckley introduced landmark legislation enacted by Congress to protect student records • the Family
Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) • as well as the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA),
which requires parental consent prior to administration of student surveys on any of eight sensitive topics.
"Buckley went on to a distinguished career as an undersecretary of state•during Reagan„s first term•and a federal
appellate judge. In between, Buckley held a number of other positions, including as president of Radio Free Europe
in the mid-1980s. These varied roles render him perhaps the only living American to have held high office in all
three branches of the federal government."
William F. Buckley Jr., the founder of the influential conservative magazine National Review, was James Buckley's
younger brother.
Early life; education and early career
Buckley was born in New York City to lawyer and businessman William Frank Buckley, Sr., of Irish-Catholic
descent, and Aloise Josephine Antonia (n„e Steiner) Buckley, a Southerner of Swiss-German, and some Irish,
descent.
[4]
He is the older brother of the late conservative writer William F. Buckley, Jr. and the uncle of Christopher
Taylor Buckley. He is also the uncle of Brent Bozell III and political consultant William F. B. O'Reilly. A 1943
graduate of Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
[5][6][7]
Buckley enlisted in the United
States Navy in 1942 and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant in 1946. After receiving his law degree from
Yale Law School, he was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1950 and practiced law until 1953, when he joined
Catawba as vice president and director. Buckley was married to Ann Cooley Buckley (died December 30, 2011) and
resides in Sharon, Connecticut.
Political career
In 1968 Buckley challenged liberal Republican Senator Jacob K. Javits for re-election. Javits won easily, but
Buckley received a large number of votes from disaffected conservative Republicans. In 1970, he ran on the
Conservative Party line for the U.S. Senate, facing a Democrat and the Republican incumbent Charles Goodell.
Goodell had been appointed to the Senate by Governor Nelson Rockefeller following the assassination of Senator
Robert F. Kennedy. Goodell had moved left, especially as an opponent of the Vietnam War. Buckley's campaign
slogan, plastered on billboards statewide, was "Isn't it time we had a Senator?"
[8]
With Goodell and the Democratic nominee Richard Ottinger splitting the liberal vote, Buckley won with 39% of the
vote and entered the Senate in January 1971. "He performed well in New York City itself, at a time when the city
still had a beating conservative heart in the middle-class neighborhoods of the outer boroughs."
James L. Buckley
551
In his 1976 re-election bid, with Rockefeller's liberal GOP faction falling apart, Buckley received the Republican
nomination. Initially he was favored for re-election, because the frontrunner in the crowded Democratic field was
Manhattan Congresswoman Bella Abzug, a liberal feminist reviled by the right. But when Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
the U.S. Ambassador to the UN, made a late entrance into the Democratic primary and narrowly defeated Abzug,
Buckley could no longer count on getting the votes of moderate Democrats. Moynihan went on to defeat Buckley
54% to 45%.
After his loss, Buckley moved to Connecticut, and in 1980 received the Republican nomination for the Senate seat
being vacated by the retirement of Abraham Ribicoff. He lost the general election to Christopher Dodd, who would
go on to hold the seat until his retirement in 2011.
Senate tenure
In 1974, he proposed a "human life" amendment, which defined the term "person" in the Fourteenth Amendment to
include the embryo. His enacted legislation includes the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) that
governs use of student records and the Protection of Pupils' Rights Act (PPRA) that requires parent notification, right
to review, and consent for administration of student surveys to minors if the survey collects information on any of
eight specified topics.
1976 Republican National Convention
During the 1976 Republican National Convention, then-Senator Jesse Helms encouraged a "Draft Buckley"
movement, as an effort to stop the nomination of Ronald Reagan for President. Reagan had announced that
Pennsylvania Senator Richard Schweiker would be his running-mate if picked; Helms believed that Schweiker was
too liberal. The "Draft Buckley" movement was mooted when President Gerald Ford very narrowly won the party's
nomination on the first ballot.
[9][10]
Judicial career
In the first Reagan administration, Buckley initially served as an undersecretary of State and then as President of
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty from 1982 to 1985.
He was appointed in 1985 by President Ronald Reagan to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia Circuit. He became a senior (semi-retired) judge of that Court in 1996.
Books
Buckley is the author of three books. Freedom at Risk: Reflections on Politics, Liberty, and the State, was released in
December 2010. Buckley discussed Freedom at Risk on C-SPAN on January 12, 2011.
[11]
References
[1] Russello, Gerald. Mr. Buckley Goes to Washington (http:/ / www. amconmag. com/ blog/ mr-buckley-goes-to-washington/ ), The American
Conservative
[2] William Carney was registered as a Conservative, but won the Republican primary in New York's 1st congressional district in 1978. Robert
Spitzer (1994), "Third Parties in New York State", in Jeffrey M. Stonecash, John Kenneth White, and Peter W. Colby, edd., Governing New
York State, Third Edition, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
[3] While elected in 2006 on the "Connecticut for Lieberman" line, Joe Lieberman's voter registration was and is Democratic. Vermont
independent Bernie Sanders is not registered as a member of any political party. Neither Vermont Independent Jim Jeffords nor the
Independence Party of Minnesota's Dean Barkley was ever elected as an Independent, though, after leaving office, Barkley ran as the
Independence Party's candidate in the United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008.
[4] http:/ / www. wargs. com/ other/ buckley. html
[5] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 168, 174
James L. Buckley
552
[6] "People in the News", Associated Press, May 27, 1983
[7] Bob Dart, "Skull and bones a secret shared by Bush, Kerry", The Gazette, March 7, 2004
[8] Topic Galleries Chicago Tribune (http:/ / www.chicagotribune. com/ news/ opinion/ chi-0703150099mar15,1,850637. column)
[9] [9] World Almanac and Book of Facts 1977
[10] http:/ / tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/ program. pl?ID=489475 Vanderbilt Television News Archive
[11] C-SPAN program on Freedom at Risk (http:/ / www.c-spanvideo. org/ program/ Freedomat)
Further reading
ƒ Buckley, James Lane (1975). If Men Were Angels: A View From the Senate. New York: Putnam. ISBN
0-399-11589-7.
ƒ Buckley, James Lane (2006). Gleanings from an Unplanned Life: An Annotated Oral History. Wilmington:
Intercollegiate Studies institute. ISBN 978-1-933859-11-8.
ƒ Buckley, James Lane (2010). Freedom at Risk: Reflections on Politics, Liberty, and the State. New York:
Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-478-8.
External links
ƒ James L. Buckley (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B001026) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ James L. Buckley (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=309& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at the
Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
ƒ Official website of James L. Buckley (http:/ / www. jameslbuckley. com)
ƒ James L. Buckley (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ jamesbuckley) at the C-SPAN Video Library
United States Senate
Preceded by
Charles Goodell
United States Senator (Class 1) from New York
1971€1977
Served alongside: Jacob Javits
Succeeded by
Daniel Patrick
Moynihan
Party political offices
Preceded by
Charles Goodell
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from New York
(Class 1)
1976
Succeeded by
Florence Sullivan
Preceded by
James Brannen
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Connecticut
(Class 3)
1980
Succeeded by
Roger Eddy
Political offices
Preceded by
Matthew
Nimetz
Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs
1981€1992
Succeeded by
William Schneider
Legal offices
Preceded by
Edward Tamm
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit
1985€1996
Succeeded by
John Roberts
John B. Goodenough
553
John B. Goodenough
John B. Goodenough
Born July 25, 1922
Jena, Germany
Residence Texas, United States
Nationality American
Fields Physics
Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Oxford University
University of Texas at Austin
Alma mater Yale University
University of Chicago
Doctoral advisor Clarence Zener
Known for Li-ion rechargeable battery, Goodenough-Kanamori rules
Notable awards Japan Prize (2001)
Enrico Fermi Award (2009)
National Medal of Science (2011)
John Bannister Goodenough (born of U. S. parents in Jena, Germany, 25 July 1922) is an American professor and
prominent solid-state physicist. He is currently a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at the
University of Texas at Austin. He is widely credited for the identification and development of the Li-ion
rechargeable battery as well as for developing the Goodenough-Kanamori rules for determining the sign of the
magnetic superexchange in materials.
Education
Goodenough received a B.S. in Mathematics from Yale University in 1944, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones. After serving overseas in World War II, he returned to complete a Ph.D. in Physics under the supervision of
Clarence Zener at the University of Chicago in 1952.
Early Career at Lincoln Laboratories
During his early career, he was a research scientist at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. During this time he was part of an
interdisciplinary team responsible for developing random access magnetic memory. His research efforts on RAM led
him to develop the concepts of cooperative orbital ordering, also known as a cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion, in
oxide materials, and subsequently led to his developing the rules for the sign of the magnetic superexchange in
materials, now known as the Goodenough-Kanamori rules.
Tenure at Oxford University
During the late 70s and early 80s, he continued his career as head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Oxford
University, where he identified and developed Li
x
CoO
2
as the cathode material of choice for the Li-ion rechargeable
battery that is now ubiquitous in today's portable electronic devices. Although Sony is responsible for the
commercialization of the technology, he is widely credited for its original identification and development. He
received the Japan Prize in 2001 for his discoveries of the materials critical to the development of lightweight
rechargeable batteries.
John B. Goodenough
554
Professorship at University of Texas at Austin
Since 1986, he has been a Professor at the University of Texas at Austin in the departments of Mechanical
Engineering and Electrical Engineering. During his tenure there, he has continued his research on ionic conducting
solids and electrochemical devices. His group has identified Li
x
FePO
4
as a less costly cathode material that is safe
for power applications such as machine tools and Hybrid electric vehicles. His group has also identified various
promising electrode and electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells. He currently holds the Virginia H. Cockrell
Centennial Chair in Engineering.
Fundamental Investigations throughout his career
On the fundamental side, his research has focused on magnetism (e.g. the Goodenough-Kanamori rules) and on the
transition from magnetic-insulator to metallic behavior in transition-metal oxides. On the basis of the Virial
Theorem, he recognized that this transition should be first-order and should, where the phase transition occurs at too
low a temperature for atomic diffusion, result in lattice instabilities. At this crossover, these instabilities lead to
charge-density waves in single-valent oxides and to phase-fluctuations in mixed-valent oxides. The phase
fluctuations are responsible for such unusual physical properties as high-temperature superconductivity in copper
oxides and a colossal magnetoresistance in manganese and cobalt oxides.
Distinctions
Professor Goodenough is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences,
French Academy of Sciences, and the Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, F“sicas y Naturales of Spain. He has
authored more than 550 articles, 85 book chapters and reviews, and five books, including two seminal works,
Magnetism and the Chemical Bond (1963) and Les oxydes des metaux de transition (1973). Goodenough is a
co-recipient of the 2009 Enrico Fermi Award. This presidential award is one of the oldest and most prestigious given
by the U.S. government and carries an honorarium of $375,000. He shares the honor with Dr. Siegfried S. Hecker,
professor at the Management Science and Engineering Department of Stanford University. In 2010 he was elected a
Foreign Member of the Royal Society. On February 1, 2013, Goodenough was presented with the National Medal of
Science.
Publications
ƒ Lightfoot, P.; Pei, S. Y.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Manthiram, A.; Tang, X. X. & J. B. Goodenough. "Excess Oxygen
Defects in Layered Cuprates"
[1]
, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Texas-Austin, Materials Science
Laboratory United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, (September 1990).
ƒ Argyriou, D. N.; Mitchell, J. F.; Chmaissem, O.; Short, S.; Jorgensen, J. D. & J. B. Goodenough. "Sign Reversal
of the Mn-O Bond Compressibility in La
1.2
Sr
1.8
Mn
2
O
7
Below T
C
: Exchange Striction in the Ferromagnetic
State"
[2]
, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Texas-Austin, Center for Material Science and
Engineering United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Welch Foundation, (March
1997).
ƒ Goodenough, J. B.; Abruna, H. D. & M. V. Buchanan. "Basic Research Needs for Electrical Energy Storage.
Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Electrical Energy Storage, April 2-4, 2007"
[3]
, United States
Department of Energy, (April 4, 2007).
John B. Goodenough
555
References
[1] http:/ / www. osti. gov/ cgi-bin/ rd_accomplishments/ display_biblio. cgi?id=ACC0329& numPages=8& fp=N
[2] http:/ / www. osti. gov/ cgi-bin/ rd_accomplishments/ display_biblio. cgi?id=ACC0328& numPages=17& fp=N
[3] http:/ / www. osti. gov/ cgi-bin/ rd_accomplishments/ display_biblio. cgi?id=ACC0330& numPages=186& fp=N
Notes
ƒ "John B. Goodenough" (http:/ / www. engr. utexas. edu/ directory/ detail/ 329). Faculty. The University of Texas
at Austin Mechanical Engineering Department. May 3, 2005. Retrieved 2011-08-23. Wikipedia:Link rot
ƒ John B. Goodenough (1963). Magnetism and the Chemical Bond. Interscience-Wiley, New York.
ISBN 0-88275-384-3.
ƒ John B. Goodenough (1973). Les oxydes des m•taux de transition. Gauthier-Villers, Paris.
ƒ John B. Goodenough, ed. (2001). Structure & Bonding, V. 98.
ƒ John B. Goodenough (2004). "Electronic and ionic transport properties and other physical aspects of perovskites".
Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (11): 1915€1973. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/67/11/R01 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1088/
0034-4885/ 67/ 11/ R01).
ƒ K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, and J.B. Goodenough (1980). "LixCoO2 (0<x<-1): A new cathode
material for batteries of high energy density". Mater. Res. Bull. 15 (6): 783€799. doi:
10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 0025-5408(80)90012-4).
ƒ John B. Goodenough (1985). "Manganese Oxides as Battery Cathodes". In B. Schuman, Jr. et al. Proceedings
Symposium on Manganese Dioxide Electrode: Theory and Practice for Electrochemical Applications (Re
Electrochem. Soc. Inc, N.J.) 85€4: 77€96.
ƒ A.K. Padhi, K.S. Nanjundaswamy, and J.B. Goodenough (1997). "Phospho-Olivines as Positive Electrode
Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries". J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (4): 1188€1194. doi: 10.1149/1.1837571
(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1149/ 1. 1837571).
ƒ John B. Goodenough (1955). "Theory of the role of covalence in the Perovskite-type Manganites". Phys. Rev. 79:
564.
ƒ John N. Lalena and David A. Cleary (2005). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design. Wiley-Intersciece.
pp. xi€xiv, 233€269. ISBN 0-471-43418-3.
ƒ University of Texas, Austin, TX (March 6, 2007). (Interview). Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
ƒ John B. Goodenough, Cathode Materials, and Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries (http:/ / www. osti. gov/
accomplishments/ goodenough), Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources from the Office of
Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
ƒ Array of Contemporary American Physicists (http:/ / www. aip. org/ history/ acap/ biographies/ bio.
jsp?goodenoughj)
Townsend Hoopes
556
Townsend Hoopes
Townsend Walter Hoopes II (April 28, 1922 € September 20, 2004) was an American historian, who reached the
height of his career as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1967 to 1969.
Biography
Hoopes, known as Tim, was born in Duluth, Minnesota. He graduated from Phillips Academy, before attending Yale
University, where he became a member of the Skull and Bones society
:188
, and captain of the football team,
graduating in 1944. Later he would graduate from the National War College as well.
He married twice. His first marriage to Marion Schmidt ended in divorce. They had two sons together: Townsend
Walter Hoopes III and Peter Schmidt Hoopes. His second marriage to Ann Merrifield lasted 40 years until his death.
They had a daughter together: Andrea Hoopes DeGirolamo. He also had four stepchildren: Lise Jeantet, Cecily
Hoopes Lyons, Briggs Swift Cunningham IV, and F. Thomas B.C. Hoopes. Additionally, he had 11 grandchildren
including a grandson bearing his name, Hunter Townsend Hoopes.
Hoopes died from the complications of melanoma.
Career
During World War II, he served as a Marine Lieutenant in the Pacific theater of the war, participating in the U.S. 5th
Marine Division capture of Iwo Jima and the initial occupation of Japan. Afterwards, he became assistant to the
chairman of the House Armed Services Committee from 1947 to 1948. He continued as staff aide to three Secretaries
of Defense: James Forrestal, General George Marshall and Robert A. Lovett from 1948 to 1953.
He then went on to work in the private sector for a number of years, spending 7 years as partner of an international
consulting firm: Cresap, McCormick and Paget.
In 1964, he returned to public service as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International affairs. From 1965
to 1967, he was Principal Deputy for International Security Affairs at the Pentagon.
Serving as Under Secretary of the Air Force at the Pentagon from 1967 to 1969, he witnessed firsthand the effect of
the 1968 Tet Offensive, and Lyndon B. Johnson's subsequent decision to de-escalate the war in Vietnam.
After leaving the government, he became fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for two
years. From 1973 to 1986, Hoopes became president of the Association of American Publishers.
In a telephone conversation between Richard Nixon and Charles Colson, taped on July 1, 1971, Colson relates the
news that Lyndon Johnson privately believed that Hoopes had played a role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the
press, and that he would have liked to see Hoopes taken to court by the government alongside various
newspapermen.
He also became co-chairman of Americans for SALT, director of the American Committee on U.S. Soviet Relations,
and a distinguished international executive at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2002, he became senior
fellow of Washington College.
From the mid-1980s to 1995, Mr. Hoopes and his wife ran Hoopes Troupe, a charitable amateur singing group that
performed around Washington, D.C., including at the Supreme Court.
Townsend Hoopes
557
Awards
ƒ 1974 Bancroft Prize
Bibliography
Hoopes was a prolific writer of books and articles. His 1969 book The Limits of Intervention
[1]
(ISBN
0-393-30427-2) is the most widely known. As well as serving as his memoir, the book offered the insider's view of
the post-Tet Offensive decision making within the Pentagon, especially that of Secretary of Defense Clark M.
Clifford. The book described how the Tet Offensive destroyed the support for continuing campaigns of aerial
bombardment and ground search & destroy missions, creating instead the view that further escalation was futile. In a
Washington Post article a year later, he acknowledged "that the Tet Offensive was not the shattering military defeat
for the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces it appeared to both Washington and the American people."
His other writings include:
ƒ The Devil and John Foster Dulles (1973), received Bancroft Prize, ISBN 0-316-37235-8
ƒ Eye Power (1979), written with his wife, ISBN 0-394-50023-7
ƒ Townsend Hoopes on Arms Control (1987), a collection of his essays and speeches, ISBN 0-8191-6622-7
ƒ Townsend Hoopes, Douglas Brinkley (1992). Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal
[2]
.
ISBN 1-55750-334-6.
ƒ Townsend Hoopes, Douglas Brinkley (2000). FDR and the Creation of the U.N.
[3]
. ISBN 978-0-300-08553-2.
ƒ A Textured Web (2002), fiction, ISBN 1-4010-5401-3
References
[1] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2ksrRdhYyBsC& printsec=frontcover
[2] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1Wrk2s4lsv4C& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Townsend+ inauthor:Hoopes& cd=2#v=onepage&
q=& f=false
[3] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=OztJcfbnpDsC& printsec=frontcover& dq=inauthor:Townsend+ inauthor:Hoopes& cd=3#v=onepage&
q=& f=false
Government offices
Preceded by
Norman S. Paul
United States Under Secretary of the Air
Force
September 1967 € February 1969
Succeeded by
John L. McLucas
William S. Moorhead
558
William S. Moorhead
William S. Moorhead
William Singer Moorhead (April 8, 1923€August 3, 1987) was a
Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from
Pennsylvania.
Moorhead was born in Pittsburgh, PA, the son of prominent attorney
William Singer Moorhead, Sr (1883€1952).
[1]
He attended Shady Side
Academy, graduated from Phillips Andover Academy in 1941 and
from Yale University in 1944, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones. He served in the United States Navy from 1943 until he was
discharged as a lieutenant (jg.) in 1946 with service in the Pacific
Theater. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1949. He served as
Assistant City Solicitor of Pittsburgh from 1954 to 1957, as a member
of Allegheny County Housing Authority from 1956 to 1958, and the Pittsburgh Art Commission in 1958.
He was elected in 1959 as a Democrat to the 86th Congress and to the ten succeeding Congresses. He was not a
candidate for reelection in 1980.
Sources
[1] http:/ / www. portal.state. pa.us/ portal/ server.pt?open=514& objID=588463& mode=2
ƒ William S. Moorhead (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=M000930) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
External links
ƒ Guide to the William Singer Moorhead Papers (http:/ / hdl. handle. net/ 10079/ fa/ mssa. ms. 1490) at Yale
University Library
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Herman P. Eberharter
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 28th congressional
district
1959-1963
Succeeded by
District eliminated
Preceded by
George M. Rhodes
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 14th congressional
district
1963-1981
Succeeded by
William J. Coyne
James Whitmore
559
James Whitmore
James Whitmore
James Whitmore, November 1955
Born James Allen Whitmore, Jr.
October 1, 1921
White Plains, New York, U.S.
Died February 6, 2009 (aged 87)
Malibu, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Lung cancer
Resting place
Cremated, Ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation Actor
Years active 1949€2005
Spouse(s) Nancy Mygatt (1947-1971, divorced)
Audra Lindley (1972-1979, divorced)
Nancy Mygatt (1979-1981, divorced)
Noreen Nash (2001-2009, his death)
Children Three sons from first marriage:
James Allen Whitmore, III
Steve Whitmore
Daniel Whitmore
Relatives Matty Whitmore (grandchild)
James Allen Whitmore, Jr. (October 1, 1921 € February 6, 2009) was an American film, theatre and television
actor. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award, and was nominated for two Academy Awards.
James Whitmore
560
Early life, education and military service
Born in White Plains, New York, to Florence Belle (n„e Crane) and James Allen Whitmore, Sr., a park commission
official, Whitmore attended Amherst Central High School in Snyder, New York, before graduating from the Choate
School in Wallingford, Connecticut.
He went on to study at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and had his first taste of radio
drama as a member of the student-run WOCD-AM, later renamed WYBC-AM.
[1]
Whitmore was later commissioned as a second lieutenant and served in the United States Marine Corps in the
Panama Canal Zone during World War II.
Career
Following World War II, he appeared on Broadway in the role of the sergeant in Command Decision.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) gave Whitmore a contract, but his role in the film adaptation was played by Van
Johnson. His first major picture for MGM was Battleground, in a role that was turned down by Spencer Tracy, to
whom Whitmore bore a physical resemblance. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
for this role. Other major films included Angels in the Outfield, The Asphalt Jungle, The Next Voice You Hear, Above
and Beyond, Kiss Me, Kate, Them!, Oklahoma!, Black Like Me, Guns of the Magnificent Seven, Tora! Tora! Tora!,
and Give 'em Hell, Harry!, a one-man show for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for
his portrayal of former U.S. President Harry S Truman. In the film Tora! Tora! Tora!, he played Admiral William F.
"Bull" Halsey.
Whitmore appeared during the 1950s on many television anthology series. He was cast as Father Emil Kapaun in the
1955 episode "The Good Thief" in the ABC religion anthology series Crossroads (which can be viewed at
archive.org
[2]
). Other roles followed on Jane Wyman Presents the Fireside Theater, Lux Video Theatre, Kraft
Theatre, Studio One in Hollywood, Schlitz Playhouse, Matinee Theatre, and the Ford Television Theatre. In 1958, he
carried the lead in "The Gabe Carswell Story" of NBC's Wagon Train, with Ward Bond.
In the 1960-1961 television season, Whitmore starred in his own ABC crime drama, The Law and Mr. Jones, in the
title role, with Conlan Carter as legal assistant C.E. Carruthers and Janet De Gore as Jones' secretary. The program
ran in the 10:30 p.m. Eastern half-hour slot on Friday. It was cancelled after one year but returned in April 1962 for
thirteen additional episodes on Thursday.
In 1963, Whitmore played Captain William Benteen in The Twilight Zone episode "On Thursday We Leave for
Home". In 1965, Whitmore guest-starred as Col. Paul J. Hartley in "The Hero", episode 32 of Twelve O'Clock High.
In 1967, he guest starred as a security guard in The Invaders episode, Quantity: Unknown. That same year,
Whitmore appeared on an episode of ABC's Custer starring Wayne Maunder in the title role. In 1969, he played the
leading character of Professor Woodruff in the TV series My Friend Tony, produced by NBC. Whitmore also made
several memorable appearances on the classic ABC western The Big Valley starring Barbara Stanwyck and the
classic NBC western The Virginian starring James Drury during the second half of the 1960s. From 1972-1973,
Whitmore played Dr. Vincent Campanelli in the short-lived ABC medical sitcom Temperatures Rising. He also
appeared in Planet of the Apes. Appeared in an episode of "Combat!" as a German officer masquerading as a
Catholic priest.
Whitmore appeared as General Oliver O. Howard in the 1975 television film I Will Fight No More Forever, based on
the 1877 conflict between the United States Army and the Nez Perc„ tribe, led by Chief Joseph. In 1979 Whitmore
hosted a talk show of twenty-two episodes called simply Comeback. One of those segments focuses on the helicopter
inventor Igor Sikorsky.
In 1986, Whitmore voiced Mark Twain in the first claymation film The Adventures of Mark Twain. Whitmore's
major film role was that of librarian Brooks Hatlen in the critically acclaimed and Academy award-nominated 1994
Frank Darabont film starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman, The Shawshank Redemption. Two years later, he
James Whitmore
561
co-starred in the 1996 horror/sci-fi film The Relic.
In 2002, Whitmore played a supporting role in The Majestic, a film that starred Jim Carrey. To a younger generation,
he was probably best known, in addition to his role in Shawshank, as the commercial spokesman for Miracle-Gro
plant food for many years.
In 2003, Whitmore appeared as Josh Brolin's father on the short-lived NBC drama series Mister Sterling.
One of the founding members of the Actors Studio, Whitmore did extensive theatre work. He won a Tony Award for
Best Performance by a Newcomer in the Broadway production of Command Decision (1948). He later won the title
"King of the One Man Show" after appearing in the solo vehicles Will Rogers' USA (1970) (repeating the role for TV
in 1972), Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975) (repeating the role in the film version, for which he was nominated for an
Oscar) and as Theodore Roosevelt in Bully (1977) although the latter production did not repeat the success of the
first two.
In 1999, he played Raymond Oz in two episodes of The Practice, earning an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest
Actor in a Drama Series. In 2002, Whitmore got the role of the Grandfather in the Disney Channel original film A
Ring of Endless Light. Whitmore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6611 Hollywood Boulevard. In April
2007, he made his last screen appearance in a C.S.I. episode titled "Ending Happy" as Milton, an elderly man who
provides a clue of dubious utility.
[3]
Personal life
Whitmore, Nancy Mygatt, and their three sons in
1954. The boys are, from left-Stephen, James and
Danny.
Whitmore was twice married to Nancy Mygatt, first in 1947. The
couple had three sons before their divorce in 1971. One of those sons,
James, III, found success as a television actor and director under the
name James Whitmore, Jr. Another son, Steve Whitmore, became the
public spokesman for the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
His youngest son, Daniel, was a Forest Service Snow Ranger and
firefighter before he launched his own construction company.
Whitmore was married to actress Audra Lindley (died 1997) from
1972 until 1979. He later remarried Mygatt, but they divorced again
after two years.
In 2001, he married actress and author Noreen Nash.
Whitmore is the grandfather of Survivor: Gabon contestant Matty
Whitmore. In his later years, Whitmore spent most of his summers in Peterborough, New Hampshire, performing
with the Peterborough Players.
[4]
Although not always politically active, in 2007, Whitmore generated some publicity with his endorsement of Barack
Obama for U.S. President. In January 2008, Whitmore appeared in television commercials for the First Freedom
First campaign, which advocates preserving "the separation of church and state" and protecting religious liberty.
[5]
James Whitmore
562
Death
Whitmore was diagnosed with lung cancer in November 2008, from which he died, at the age of 87 in February
2009, at his Malibu, California, home.
[6]
Partial filmography
1940s
ƒ The Undercover Man (1949)
ƒ Battleground (1949)
1950s
ƒ Please Believe Me (1950)
ƒ The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
ƒ The Next Voice You Hear... (1950)
ƒ Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone (1950)
ƒ The Red Badge of Courage (1951) (uncredited narrator)
ƒ Across the Wide Missouri (1951) (uncredited)
ƒ Angels in the Outfield (1951) (uncredited voice)
ƒ Because You're Mine (1952)
ƒ Above and Beyond (1952)
ƒ The Girl Who Had Everything (1953)
ƒ Kiss Me Kate (1953)
ƒ All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953)
ƒ The Great Diamond Robbery (1954)
ƒ Them! (1954)
ƒ The Last Frontier (1955 Film) (1955)
ƒ Battle Cry (1955)
ƒ The McConnell Story (1955)
ƒ Oklahoma! (1955)
ƒ Crime in the Streets (1956)
ƒ The Eddy Duchin Story (1956)
ƒ The Young Don't Cry (1957)
ƒ Face of Fire (1959)
1960s
ƒ Who Was That Lady? (1960)
ƒ Going My Way as Dr. Corden in "Tell Me When You Get to Heaven" (1963)
ƒ Black Like Me (1964)
ƒ The Tenderfoot (1964), Disney's The Wonderful World of Color
ƒ Chuka (1967)
ƒ Waterhole #3 (1967)
ƒ Nobody's Perfect (1968)
ƒ Planet of the Apes (1968)
ƒ Madigan (1968)
ƒ The Split (1968)
ƒ Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969)
James Whitmore
563
1970s
ƒ The Challenge (1970) (TV)
ƒ Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)
ƒ Chato's Land (1972)
ƒ High Crime (1973)
ƒ The Harrad Experiment (1973)
ƒ Where the Red Fern Grows (1974) (TV)
ƒ The Balloon Vendor (1974)
ƒ I Will Fight No More Forever (1975) (TV)
ƒ Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975)
ƒ The Serpent's Egg (1977)
ƒ Bully (Stage production one man show) 1978
1980s
ƒ The First Deadly Sin (1980)
ƒ The Adventures of Mark Twain (1986) (voice)
ƒ All My Sons (1987) (TV)
ƒ Nuts (1987)
ƒ Glory! Glory! (1989) (TV)
1990s
ƒ The Shawshank Redemption (1994)
ƒ The Relic (1997)
ƒ Swing Vote (1999)
2000s
ƒ The Majestic (2001)
ƒ A Ring of Endless Light (2002)
ƒ Fun with Dick and Jane (2005)
References
[1] Yale.edu (http:/ / alumninet. yale. edu/ classes/ yc1945w/ html/ 60th_reunion. html)
[2] https:/ / archive. org/ details/ CrossroadsTheGoodThief
[3] http:/ / www. imdb.com/ name/ nm0926235/ ?ref_=sr_1
[4] Peterboroughplayers.org (http:/ / www. peterboroughplayers. org)
[5] "First Freedom First Launches First-Ever Ads in a Presidential Campaign to Protect Religious Liberty" (http:/ / www. firstfreedomfirst. org/
node/ 975). First Freedom First.
[6] McLellan, Dennis (February 7, 2009). "James Whitmore Dies at 87; Veteran Award-Winning Actor Brought American Icons to Life An Avid
Gardener, He Also Was Known as the TV Pitchman for Miracle-Gro" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ obituaries/
la-me-james-whitmore7-2009feb07,0,1731792,full. story). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
James Whitmore
564
External links
ƒ James Whitmore (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm926235/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ James Whitmore (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=33594090) at Find a Grave
ƒ James Whitmore (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ person. asp?ID=69060) at the Internet Broadway Database
ƒ James Whitmore (http:/ / tcmdb. com/ participant/ participant. jsp?participantId=205552|78332) at the TCM
Movie Database
ƒ Actors Master Class: James Whitmore in How To Steal A Scene (http:/ / thethunderchild. com/ movies/ 1954/
Them/ WhitmoreScenes. html)
ƒ Whitmore interview (https:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=mC3InaibVjQ) on YouTube.
ƒ Staff (undated; copyright 2009). "James Whitmore € Obituary" (http:/ / www. legacy. com/ LATimes/ Obituaries.
asp?Page=Lifestory& PersonID=123820056). Associated Press (via the Los Angeles Times module at
Legacy.com). Retrieved October 14, 2012.
ƒ Steven Ameche: Remembering James Whitmore At The Market (http:/ / www. stevenameche. com/
jameswhitmore. html)
John Chafee
565
John Chafee
John Chafee
United States Senator
from Rhode Island
In office
December 28, 1976 € October 24, 1999
Preceded by John O. Pastore
Succeeded by Lincoln Chafee
59th United States Secretary of the Navy
12th Secretary under the DoD
In office
January 31, 1969 € May 4, 1972
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Paul R. Ignatius
Succeeded by John Warner
66th Governor of Rhode Island
In office
January 1, 1963 € January 7, 1969
Preceded by John A. Notte, Jr.
Succeeded by Frank Licht
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
In office
January 4, 1995 € October 24, 1999
Preceded by Max Baucus
Succeeded by Robert C. Smith
Personal details
John Chafee
566
Born John Lester Hubbard Chafee
October 22, 1922
Providence, Rhode Island
Died October 24, 1999 (aged 77)
Washington, D.C.
Resting place Chafee Family Cemetery
Warwick, Rhode Island
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Virginia Coates Chafee
Alma mater Yale University (1947)
Harvard Law School (1950)
Religion Episcopalian
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch  United States Marine Corps
Years of service 1942€1945
1951€1953
Rank
Captain
Battles/wars World War II
ƒƒ Battle of Guadalcanal
ƒƒ Battle of Okinawa
Korean War
ƒƒ Chosin Reservoir
Awards Presidential Medal of Freedom
John Lester Hubbard Chafee (/Œt•eŽfi•/ CHAY-fee; October 22, 1922 € October 24, 1999) was an American
politician. He served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps, as the 66th Governor of Rhode Island, as the
Secretary of the Navy, and as a United States Senator.
Early life and family
Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a politically active family. He was the son of Janet (n„e Hunter) and
John S. Chafee.
[1]
His great-grandfather, Henry Lippitt, was governor of Rhode Island (1875€1877) and among his
great-uncles were a Rhode Island governor, Charles Warren Lippitt, and United States Senator Henry Frederick
Lippitt. His uncle, Zechariah Chafee, was a Harvard law professor, and a notable civil libertarian. His son is Rhode
Island Governor and former Senator Lincoln Chafee.
John Chafee graduated from a coeducational primary school, Providence's Gordon School, in 1931 and then attended
Providence Country Day School. In 1940, he graduated from Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts.
John Chafee
567
Marine Corps Service
Chafee was in his third year as an undergraduate at Yale University when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He
interrupted his undergraduate studies and enlisted in the Marine Corps, spending his 20th birthday fighting on the
island of Guadalcanal from August 8, 1942 until November 1942, when the First Marine Division was relieved.
After receiving his commission as a second lieutenant, he fought in the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945.
Following the war, he received degrees from Yale University in 1947 and Harvard Law School in 1950. At Yale, he
was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and Skull and Bones fraternities. In 1951, he was recalled to
active service to be a Marine rifle company commander during the Korean War with Dog Company, 2nd Battalion,
7th Marines.
[2]
Author James Brady in his memoir of the Korean War, and his serving as a Marine under Chafee writes: …Nowhere,
at any time, did John Chafee serve more nobly than he did as a Marine officer commanding a rifle company in the
mountains of North Korea.† and that "He was the only truly great man I've yet met in my life..."
[3]
Early Political Career
Chafee became active in behind-the-scenes Rhode Island politics by helping elect a mayor of Providence in the early
1950s. He successfully ran for a seat in the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1956 and later became the
minority leader. He was re-elected in 1958 and 1960, the latter a year when many Republicans were swept from
office in his state.
Governor of Rhode Island
Chafee was elected governor in 1962, helping create the state's public transportation administration as well as what
was known as the Green Acres program, a conservation effort. In 1968 he served as chair of the Republican
Governors Association. He served as governor until 1969, when he was surprisingly defeated by underdog Democrat
Frank Licht. Reasons ascribed for the defeat include the fact that, after running three times on a strong anti-income
tax platform, Chafee now said that such a tax was imperative (indeed his anti-tax opponent went on to champion one
in 1971);
[4]
and that he stopped campaigning after his 14-year-old daughter Tribbie was killed in a riding accident.
[5]
Secretary of the Navy
He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1969 by President Richard Nixon. Chafee's tenure as Secretary was
marked by a willingness to make bold decisions and stand by them. Emblematic of this was his decision to elevate
Admiral Elmo Zumwalt as Chief of Naval Operations over 33 more senior officers, and his judicious handling of the
USS Pueblo situation, in which North Korean forces boarded and captured a Navy intelligence ship. His action as
Secretary of the Navy that is most clearly remembered is his disapproval of the recommendation to court martial
Commander Lloyd Bucher, the commanding officer of the Pueblo. Because it was clear that the guilt clearly rested
on the North Koreans and not Bucher or the sailors on the Pueblo, Chafee stated that "Bucher and his men have
suffered enough", and that a court martial would only add insult to injury. He served as Secretary of the Navy until
1972 when he resigned to run for the U.S. Senate.
United States Senator
After an unsuccessful candidacy for the Senate in 1972 against Democratic incumbent Claiborne Pell, Chafee was
elected to that body in 1976, the first Republican to win a Rhode Island Senate election since 1930. He joined the
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works in 1977 and made environmental matters a chief concern,
often breaking with his party to the delight of conservation groups. He chaired that committee during his last term in
office from 1995 to 1999. As a result of his work, Chafee was a recipient of the Lady Bird Johnson Environmental
John Chafee
568
Award.
Among the bills Chafee fostered while in the minority was the Clean Water Act of 1986, and the 1990 amendments
to the Clean Air Act. He also was an architect of the 1980 Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites as
well as the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Chafee authored the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982, establishing the
Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS). Upon Chafee's death in 1999, the CBRS was renamed the John H.
Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System.
Frequently following a moderate path, Chafee was pro-choice on abortion and supported the North American Free
Trade Agreement. He took a moderate stance on taxes and government assistance to the needy. On social issues,
Chafee was among the most liberal members of the Senate. He opposed the death penalty, school prayer, and the ban
on homosexuals serving in the military. Chafee was one of the few Republicans to support strict gun control laws.
He sponsored a bill that, if passed, would have prohibited the "manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, purchase,
transfer, receipt, possession, or transportation of handguns and hand ammunition."
During the late 1980s and 1990s Senator Chafee became an advocate for improving the U.S. health care system. He
supported legislation to expand Medicaid coverage for low-income children and pregnant women, sponsored
legislation to expand the availability of home and community-based services for persons with disabilities and worked
to enact legislation to establish Federally Qualified Health Centers. In 1992, he was appointed Chairman of the
Senate Republican Task Force on Health, and he worked to develop a consensus among Republicans on health care.
In 1993, he joined with Democratic Louisiana Senator John Breaux to form the Senate Mainstream Coalition, a
coalition of six Democratic and six Republican Senators seeking bipartisan consensus on health reform. He
sponsored legislation that increased funds to states to assist youths in making the transition from foster care to
independent living; recognized the need for special help for youths ages 18 to 21 who have left foster care; offered
states greater flexibility in designing their independent living programs; and, established accountability for states in
implementing independent living programs. As a testimonial to the late Senator Chafee, the program is now entitled
the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program.
"John Chafee proved that politics can be an honorable profession," President Bill Clinton said in a statement to the
Associated Press, shortly after Chafee died. "He embodied the decent center which has carried America from
triumph to triumph for over 200 years." On February 12, 1999, Chafee voted against both articles of impeachment
against Clinton.
Chafee sat on the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and was chairman of the Senate Finance
Committee's Subcommittee on Health Care, but his biggest imprint was on environmental concerns. He also served
in his party's leadership, chairing the Senate Republican Conference from 1985 to 1990.
His last major act was authoring and sponsoring the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century, which authorized
funding for transportation programs for the next six years.
Death
A few months after declaring that he would not seek reelection in 2000, he died suddenly from congestive heart
failure in October 1999 at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. He was survived by his wife
Virginia Coates Chafee, a daughter and four sons including Lincoln Chafee, who was appointed to serve the
remainder of his term, and won a full term in the 2000 election.
In 2000, Senator Chafee was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
John Chafee
569
Namesake
The USS Chafee (DDG-90), the John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor and the John
H. Chafee National Wildlife Refuge were named in his honor.
Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island named its World Trade Center on campus after John H. Chafee for his
continuing support for global trade and his association with the University.
The Chafee Social Science Center at the University of Rhode Island is named in his honor. It is the tallest building in
southern Rhode Island.
The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, passed on November 23, 1999 after his death, is known as the John H.
Chafee Foster Care Independence Program. The programs are administered at the state level by Social Service
Agencies. One such program, in example, is the North Carolina Links program
Awards and Honors
ƒ Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumous) (2000)
ƒ Navy Presidential Unit Citation (3 awards - Guadacanal, Okinawa, Chosin Reservoir)
ƒƒ American Campaign Medal
ƒƒ Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
ƒƒ World War Two Victory Medal
ƒƒ National Defense Service Medal
ƒƒ Korean Service Medal
ƒƒ Korean Presidential Unit Citation
ƒƒ United Nations Service Medal
ƒƒ Korean Defense Service Medal
ƒ Audubon Medal (National Audubon Society)
[6]
Note - Despite press reports to the contrary, Senator Chafee never received the Purple Heart and never claimed to
have received the award.
References
Notes
[1] http:/ / freepages. genealogy. rootsweb.ancestry.com/ ~battle/ senators/ chafee. htm
[2] Brady The Scariest Place in the World, p. 60.
[3] Brady, James, The Coldest War: A Memoir of Korea P. 120, 134
[4] Historical Note (http:/ / www. uri. edu/ library/ special_collections/ registers/ political_papers/ chafee/ historical. html)
[5] Obituary (http:/ / www. wrmea. com/ backissues/ 1299/ 9912053. html)
[6] http:/ / www. audubon.org/ audubon-medal-0
Bibliography
ƒ Brady, James (2005). The Scariest Place in the World € A Marine Returns to North Korea (http:/ / books. google.
com/ books?id=hvZ6zGVN-SYC). New York City: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-33243-2.
John Chafee
570
External links
ƒ Biography (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=C000269) at the Biographical Directory
of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-02-05
ƒ John Chafee (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GScid=1959567& GRid=7253993& ) at
Find A Grave
Political offices
Preceded by
John A. Notte, Jr.
Governor of Rhode Island
1963€1969
Succeeded by
Frank Licht
Preceded by
Max Baucus
Chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works
Committee
1995€1999
Succeeded by
Robert C. Smith
Government offices
Preceded by
Paul R. Ignatius
U.S. Secretary of the Navy
Served under: Richard Nixon
January 31, 1969 € May 4, 1972
Succeeded by
John Warner
United States Senate
Preceded by
John O. Pastore
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Rhode Island
1976€1999
Served alongside: Claiborne Pell, Jack Reed
Succeeded by
Lincoln Chafee
Party political offices
Preceded by
James A. McClure
Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference
1985€1990
Succeeded by
Thad Cochran
Josiah Spaulding
571
Josiah Spaulding
Josiah Augustus "Si" Spaulding (December 21, 1922 € March 27, 1983) was an American businessman, attorney,
and politician.
Education and military service
Spaulding graduated from the Hotchkiss School and Yale University in 1947, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones. He served three years as a pilot for the US Marine Corps during World War II and was discharged as a first
lieutenant. He attended Columbia Law School.
Politics
Spaulding served as the Chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party from 1967 to 1969. He was the Republican
nominee for United States Senator in 1970 and Massachusetts Attorney General in 1974.
Law
Spaudling was a partner in the Boston law firm of Bingham Dana & Gould.
Business
Spaulding was the longtime chairman of Beverly Hospital in Beverly, Massachusetts.
Spaulding was one the founders of the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Hospital. Following his death, the hospital
would be renamed the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in his honor.
Personal life
Spaulding was married to Helen Bowdoin Spaulding, an activist and philanthropist who served as the president of
the New England Aquarium and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Georgetown University.
He died in 1983 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Spaulding's son, Josiah Spaulding, Jr., is the president and CEO of the Citi Performing Arts Center.
References
Party political offices
Preceded by
Howard J. Whitmore, Jr.
Republican nominee for United States Senator from
Massachusetts
1970
Succeeded by
Michael S. Robertson
Preceded by
John F. Parker
Chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party
1967-1969
Succeeded by
Richard Treadway
Charles S. Whitehouse
572
Charles S. Whitehouse
"Charles Whitehouse" redirects here. For the Major League Baseball pitcher, see Charlie Whitehouse.
Charles S. Whitehouse
10th United States Ambassador to Laos
In office
1973€1975
President Richard Nixon
Gerald R. Ford
Preceded by G. McMurtrie Godley
Succeeded by Thomas J. Corcoran
28th United States Ambassador to Thailand
In office
1975€1978
President Gerald R. Ford
Jimmy Carter
Preceded by William R. Kintner
Succeeded by Morton I. Abramowitz
Personal details
Born Charles Sheldon Whitehouse
November 5, 1921
Paris, France
Died June 25, 2001 (aged 79)
Marshall, Virginia
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation Diplomat
Military service
Service/branch United States Marines Corps
Years of service 1942€1946
Charles S. Whitehouse
573
Awards Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal
Distinguished Honor
Award
Superior Honor Award
L„gion d'honneur
Charles Sheldon Whitehouse (November 5, 1921 € June 25, 2001) was an American career Foreign Service
Officer. He was U.S. Ambassador to Laos and Thailand in the 1970s.
Early life
Whitehouse was born November 5, 1921 in Paris, France, the son of American parents Mary Crocker (n„e
Alexander) and Edwin Sheldon Whitehouse (1883€1965). His father was a Foreign Service officer, and served as
U.S. Minister to Guatemala, 1930€33, and to Colombia, 1933-34. Charles Whitehouse was a great-grandson of
railroad executive Charles Crocker, and a grandson of Charles Beatty Alexander and Harriet Crocker. He was also a
great-grandson of Henry John Whitehouse, Episcopal bishop of Illinois. He was raised in Europe and South
America.
U.S. Marine Corps
In 1942, he interrupted his studies at Yale University, where he was a classmate of William F. Buckley,
[1]
to join the
United States Marine Corps. He attended Navy flight school and became a Marine dive bomber pilot and saw
combat in the Pacific theater, where he was awarded 7 Distinguished Flying Crosses and received 21 Air Medals.
After his separation from the Marine Corps in 1946, he reentered Yale University. In 1947 he was tapped as a
member of the Skull and Bones Society.
Government career
Upon graduation from Yale in 1947, Mr. Whitehouse joined the Central Intelligence Agency and worked in the
Congo, Turkey, Belgium and Cambodia. He moved over to the State Department in 1956 to serve as Assistant to the
Undersecretary for Economic Affairs, and in 1959 he became a regular Foreign Service Officer. He later served as
the State Department's Congo Desk Officer, and also served on the staff of the Department's Office of Personnel. He
attended the National War College, and graduated in 1966.
[2]
Following a tour to the Republic of Guinea, 1969€1970, as Deputy Chief of Mission, Mr. Whitehouse served two
tours of duty in Vietnam. During his first tour, he was Deputy for Civil Operations and Rural Development Support.
He returned to Washington in 1971 to become Acting Assistant Secretary for East Asian Affairs and returned to
Vietnam in 1972 as Deputy Ambassador under Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker.
[3]
In September 1973, Mr. Whitehouse became Ambassador to Laos, his first of two ambassadorships. In Laos he
oversaw decreasing American military aid to Hmong who had been fighting a proxy war against Communist forces
(Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese Army troops) in northern Laos. Eight months after Mr. Whitehouse left Vientiane
to take up his new post as Ambassador to Thailand in Bangkok in April 1975, the Communists seized power and
proclaimed the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
Mr. Whitehouse's arrival in Bangkok coincided with a crisis in United States-Thai relations that followed the
collapse of South Vietnam, and which was aggravated by the Marine recapture of the SS Mayag‚ez, an American
ship that Cambodian Communist gunboats had seized in the Gulf of Thailand. It was also a time of serious political
Charles S. Whitehouse
574
unrest in Thailand, which culminated in the bloody suppression of student demonstrations on October 6, 1976, and a
military coup that overthrew the elected government shortly thereafter. Mr. Whitehouse presided over the closing of
the last American bases in Thailand in 1976, an action the Thais had requested. He also oversaw the creation and
management of the resettlement camps in Thailand that helped refugees from the wars in Vietnam, Laos and
Cambodia resettle in the U.S. and other countries.
In addition to his military decorations, Mr. Whitehouse received the State Department's Superior Honor Award, the
Agency for International Development Distinguished Honor Award, and the State Department's Distinguished Honor
Award. He was also a member of the French Legion of Honor.
Later years
After his retirement from the Foreign Service in August 1978, Mr. Whitehouse served as President of the American
Foreign Service Association and Chairman of Lyc„e Rochambeau of Bethesda, Maryland. He later became
Chairman of the Piedmont Environmental Council in Warrenton, Virginia and was instrumental in blocking the
Disney Corporation's efforts to build an amusement park and other developments on and near historic lands in
Northern Virginia.
[4]
In 1988, Mr. Whitehouse was called out of retirement by Defense Secretary Frank Carlucci to become the first
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict & Interdependent Capabilities, with
the assignment of strengthening cooperation among Army, Navy and Air Force after a series of disagreements and
botched operations. He served in this position until 1989.
Mr. Whitehouse became a joint master of foxhounds of the Orange County Hunt in The Plains, Virginia, in 1990. He
served in that capacity until his death.
Mr. Whitehouse was tall, elegant and regal-looking, and in 1966 the Washington Post named him one of the "Ten
Most Attractive Men in Washington."
[5]
He was an excellent off-the-cuff speaker and raconteur, and he had a flair
for the theatrical that continued into his retirement. He played George Washington in a documentary on the general,
and once played the Marquis de Lafayette in a Fauquier County Historical Society ceremony commemorating
Lafayette's 1825 visit to Warrenton, Virginia.
Personal life
Mr. Whitehouse's first marriage to Molly Rand ended in divorce. From this marriage, he had two sons, Sheldon
Whitehouse and Charles Whitehouse, and a daughter, Sarah Whitehouse Atkins. He married a second time, to Janet
Ketchum Grayson. He died June 25, 2001 at the age of 79 of cancer at his home near Marshall, Virginia.
References
[1] [1] personal recollection of David Sciacchitano
[2] http:/ / sfgate. info/ cgi-bin/ article/ article?f=/ c/ a/ 2001/ 07/ 14/ MN76806. DTL
[3] [3] The Washington Post, Times Herald (1959-1973) - Washington, D.C., Jan 14, 1972, page A8
[4] [4] "Charles S. Whitehouse; Foreign Service Officer Fought Va. Disney Park" The Washington Post, June 30, 2001, Graeme Zielinski
[5] http:/ / sfgate. info/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ c/ a/ 2001/ 07/ 14/ MN76806. DTL
Charles S. Whitehouse
575
Further reading
ƒ nytimes.com (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2001/ 07/ 01/ world/
charles-s-whitehouse-79-diplomat-and-cia-official. html)
ƒ rilin.state.ri.us (http:/ / www. rilin. state. ri. us/ BillText/ BillText01/ SenateText01/ S1039. htm)
ƒ politicalgraveyard.com (http:/ / politicalgraveyard. com/ bio/ whitehouse. html)
ƒƒ Personal recollections of David Sciacchitano;
ƒ Zielinski, Graeme (June 30, 2001). "Charles S. Whitehouse; Foreign Service Officer Fought Va. Disney Park".
The Washington Post.
ƒ "Future U.S. policy and action: Defense department perspective", Charles S. Whitehouse, Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism, 1521-0731, Volume 11, Issue 6, 1988, Pages 546 € 550
External links
ƒ The United States Department of State (http:/ / www. state. gov)
Preceded by
G. McMurtrie Godley
U.S. Ambassador to
Laos
1973€1975
Succeeded by
Thomas J. Corcoran
Preceded by
William R. Kintner
U.S. Ambassador to
Thailand
1975€1978
Succeeded by
Morton I. Abramowitz
Thomas W. L. Ashley
576
Thomas W. L. Ashley
Lud Ashley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio's 9th district
In office
January 3, 1955 € January 3, 1981
Preceded by Frazier Reams
Succeeded by Ed Weber
Personal details
Born January 11, 1923
Toledo, Ohio
Died June 15, 2010 (aged 87)
Leland, Michigan
Resting place Woodlawn Cemetery (Toledo, Ohio)
Political party Democratic
Children three
Alma mater Yale University
University of Toledo
Ohio State University College of Law
Military service
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Battles/wars World War II
Pacific Theater of Operations
"Thomas Ashley" redirects here. For other uses, see Thomas Ashley (disambiguation).
Thomas William Ludlow Ashley (January 11, 1923 € June 15, 2010), usually known as Lud Ashley, was an
American politician of the Democratic party. He served as a U.S. representative from Ohio from 1955 to 1981.
[1]
Thomas W. L. Ashley
577
Biography
He was the great-grandson of James Mitchell Ashley, who was also a congressman from Ohio. While at Yale
University, he was a member of the secret society Skull and Bones along with future U.S. President George H. W.
Bush.
Ashley was born in Toledo, Ohio. During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army as a corporal in the Pacific
Theater of Operations.
Following the war, Ashley graduated in 1948 from Yale University. He then worked with the Toledo Publicity and
Efficiency Commission while studying law during night classes at the University of Toledo Law School. He then
graduated from Ohio State University Law School at Columbus in 1951. He was admitted to the bar the same year
and began practicing law.
Ashley joined the staff of Radio Free Europe (RFE) in 1952. He served in Europe for RFE and was the co-director of
the press section and later was the assistant director of special projects. He resigned from RFE on March 1, 1954 in
order to wage a successful bid for Congress.
He served thirteen terms in Congress and served as the Chairman of the Select Committee on Energy (Ad Hoc) from
1977 until 1979 and then as Chairman of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries from 1979 until 1981.
In the 1980 general election, Ashley lost in an upset to Republican challenger Ed Weber. He lived in Leland,
Michigan until his death. He had a daughter, Lise Ashley Murphy and two sons, William Meredith and Mark
Michael.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. toledofreepress.com/ 2010/ 06/ 15/ lud-ashley-dies-at-87/
External links
ƒ Thomas W. L. Ashley (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=A000222) at the
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Thomas W. L. Ashley (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=53717350) at Find a
Grave
George H. W. Bush
578
George H. W. Bush
This article is about the 41st U.S. president. For the ship named after him, see USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77).
For his son, the 43rd U.S. president, see George W. Bush. For other persons of the same name, see George Bush.
George H. W. Bush
41st President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1989 € January 20, 1993
Vice President Dan Quayle
Preceded by Ronald Reagan
Succeeded by Bill Clinton
43rd Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1981 € January 20, 1989
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Walter Mondale
Succeeded by Dan Quayle
Director of Central Intelligence
In office
January 30, 1976 € January 20, 1977
President Gerald Ford
Preceded by William Colby
Succeeded by Stansfield Turner
Chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China
In office
September 26, 1974 € December 7, 1975
President Gerald Ford
Preceded by David Bruce
George H. W. Bush
579
Succeeded by Thomas Gates
Chairman of the Republican National Committee
In office
January 19, 1973 € September 16, 1974
Preceded by Bob Dole
Succeeded by Mary Smith
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
March 1, 1971 € January 18, 1973
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Charles Yost
Succeeded by John Scali
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Texas's 7th district
In office
January 3, 1967 € January 3, 1971
Preceded by John Dowdy
Succeeded by William Archer
Personal details
Born George Herbert Walker Bush
June 12, 1924
Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Barbara Pierce Bush (m. 1945€present)
Children George
Pauline (Robin)
John (Jeb)
Neil
Marvin
Dorothy
Residence Houston, Texas
Alma mater Yale University
Religion Episcopal
Signature
Website
Presidential Library
[1]
Military service
Allegiance  United States of America
Service/branch
 United States Navy
Years of service 1942€1945
Rank Lieutenant (junior grade)
Unit Fast Carrier Task Force
Battles/wars World War II
George H. W. Bush
580
Awards Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal (3)
Presidential Unit Citation
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of
the United States (1989€1993). A Republican, he had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United
States (1981€1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. He is the oldest living
former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II.
Bush is often referred to as "George H. W. Bush", "Bush 41", "Bush the Elder", Bush I, or "George Bush, Sr." to
distinguish him from his son, former President George W. Bush. Prior to his son's fame or notability, he was widely
known simply as George Bush.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack
on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed college, enlisted in the U.S. Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the
youngest aviator in the U.S. Navy at the time. He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University.
Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the
age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of
Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican
nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be his running mate, and the
two were elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting the "War
on Drugs".
In 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael
Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency: military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian
Gulf; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a
1988 campaign promise and after a struggle with Congress, signed an increase in taxes that Congress had passed. In
the wake of a weak recovery from an economic recession, along with continuing budget deficits, he lost the 1992
presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton.
Bush left office in 1993. His presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active•along with
President Clinton•in various humanitarian activities. Bush's eldest son, George W. Bush, later served as the 46th
Governor of Texas (1995€2000) and as the 43rd President of the United States (2001€2009), becoming one of only
two presidents•the other being John Quincy Adams•to be the son of a former president (with other familial
presidential relations being the Harrisons as grandfather-grandson, as well as the Roosevelts being 5th cousins). His
second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida (1999€2007).
George H. W. Bush
581
Early years
See also: Bush family
Young George H. W. Bush taking his
first steps at his grandfather's house
in Kennebunkport, Maine, c. 1925
George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton,
Massachusetts on June 12, 1924 to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy (Walker)
Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly
after his birth.
Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in
Greenwich. Beginning in 1936, he attended Phillips Academy in Andover,
Massachusetts, where he held a number of leadership positions including
president of the senior class, secretary of the student council, president of the
community fund-raising group, a member of the editorial board of the school
newspaper, and captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer teams.
World War II
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join
the US. Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a
naval aviator at the age of 18. After completing the 10-month course, he was
commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve at Corpus Christi, Texas on June 9, 1943, just three days
before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.
He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as the photographic officer in September 1943. The following year,
his squadron was based on the USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, where his lanky physique earned him
the nickname "Skin". During this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II:
the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant (junior grade) on August 1, 1944, the San Jacinto commenced operations
against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51
that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima.
[2]
His crew for the mission, which occurred on September 2,
1944, included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White. During their
attack, the Avengers encountered intense anti-aircraft fire; Bush's aircraft was hit by flak and his engine caught on
fire. Despite his plane being on fire, Bush completed his attack and released bombs over his target, scoring several
damaging hits. With his engine ablaze, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew
member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft; the other man's parachute did not open. It has not been
determined which man bailed out with Bush as both Delaney and White were killed as a result of the battle. Bush
waited for four hours in an inflated raft, while several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by
the lifeguard submarine USS Finback. For the next month he remained on the Finback, and participated in the rescue
of other pilots.
George H. W. Bush
582
George Bush in his TBM Avenger on
the carrier USS San Jacinto in 1944
Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November 1944 and participated in
operations in the Philippines until his squadron was replaced and sent home to
the United States. Through 1944, he flew 58 combat missions for which he
received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential
Unit Citation awarded to San Jacinto.
Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk
Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later
assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153, based at Naval
Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan. Upon the Japanese surrender in 1945, Bush
was honorably discharged in September of that year.
Marriage and college years
George Bush married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945, only weeks after his
return from the Pacific. The couple's first residence was a small rented apartment
in Trenton, Michigan, near Bush's Navy assignment at NAS Grosse Ile. Their marriage produced six children:
George Walker Bush (born 1946), Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush (1949€1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis "Jeb"
Bush (born 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955), Marvin Pierce Bush (born 1956), and Dorothy Bush Koch (born
1959).
Bush had been accepted to Yale University prior to his enlistment in the military, and took up the offer after his
discharge and marriage. While at Yale, he was enrolled in an accelerated program that allowed him to graduate in
two and a half years, rather than four. He was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected its
president. He also captained the Yale baseball team, and as a left-handed first baseman, played in the first two
College World Series. As the team captain, Bush met Babe Ruth before a game during his senior year. He was also,
like his father, a member of the Yale cheerleading squad. Late in his junior year he was, like his father Prescott Bush
(1917), initiated into the Skull and Bones secret society. He graduated as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa from Yale
in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics.
Business career
After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his family to West Texas. His father's business connections proved useful
when he ventured into the oil business, starting as a sales clerk with Dresser Industries, a subsidiary of Brown
Brothers Harriman. His father had served on the board of directors there for 22 years. While working for Dresser,
Bush lived in various places with his family: Odessa, Texas; Ventura, Bakersfield and Compton, California; and
Midland, Texas. Bush started the Bush-Overbey Oil Development company in 1951 and in 1953 co-founded the
Zapata Petroleum Corporation, an oil company that drilled in the Permian Basin in Texas. In 1954 he was named
president of the Zapata Offshore Company, a subsidiary which specialized in offshore drilling.
When the subsidiary became independent in 1958, Bush moved the company from Midland to Houston. He
continued serving as president of the company until 1964, and later chairman until 1966, but his ambitions turned
political. By that time, Bush had become a millionaire.
George H. W. Bush
583
Political career (1964€1980)
Congressional years
Bush served as Chairman of the Republican Party for Harris County, Texas, in 1964, but wanted to be more involved
in policy making, so he set his sights high: he aimed for a U.S. Senate seat from Texas. After winning the
Republican primary, Bush faced his opponent, incumbent Democrat Ralph W. Yarborough, who attacked Bush as a
right-wing extremist, and Bush lost the general election. The Republican candidate for governor, Jack Crichton of
Dallas, a Louisiana native who often campaigned alongside Bush before the election, lost by a much wider margin to
Governor John B. Connally, Jr. It was suggested in PBS's "American Experience" episode about Bush that he and the
Harris County Republicans played a role in the development of the New Republican Party of the late 20th century.
First, Bush worked to absorb the John Birch Society members, who were trying to take over the Republican Party
and lead it towards a more anti-Communist direction. Second, during and after the Civil Rights Movement,
Democrats in the South who were committed to segregation left their party, and although the "country club
Republicans" had differing ideological beliefs, they found common ground in hoping to expel the Democrats from
power.
Bush with President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Bush was elected in 1966 to a House of Representatives seat from the
7th District of Texas, defeating with 57 percent of the ballots cast the
Democrat Frank Briscoe, the district attorney of Harris County known
for his law and order credentials and a cousin of later Governor Dolph
Briscoe. Bush was the first Republican to represent Houston in the
U.S. House. Bush's representative district included Tanglewood, the
Houston neighborhood that was his residence;
[3]
his family had moved
into Tanglewood in the 1960s.
[4]
His voting record in the House was
generally conservative: Bush voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1968,
although it was generally unpopular in his district. He supported the
Nixon administration's Vietnam policies, but broke with Republicans
on the issue of birth control, which he supported. Despite being a first-term congressman, Bush was appointed to the
powerful House Ways and Means Committee, where he voted to abolish the military draft. He was elected to a
second term in 1968.
In 1970 Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House seat to run for the Senate against Ralph Yarborough, a fierce
Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easily defeated conservative Robert J. Morris, by a margin of 87.6% to
12.4%. Nixon came to Texas to campaign in Longview for Bush and gubernatorial candidate Paul Eggers, a Dallas
lawyer who was a close friend of U.S. Senator John G. Tower. Former Congressman Lloyd Bentsen, a more
moderate Democrat and native of Mission in south Texas, defeated Yarborough in the Democratic primary.
Yarborough endorsed Bentsen, who defeated Bush, 53.4 to 46.6%. As Bush's political career waned, he moved out
of Houston and sold his first Tanglewood house, but for periods of time continued to reside in Tanglewood.
George H. W. Bush
584
Ambassador to the United Nations
Bush as ambassador to the United Nations, 1971
Following his 1970 loss, Bush was well known as a prominent
Republican businessman from the "Sun Belt", a group of states in the
Southern part of the country. Nixon noticed and appreciated the
sacrifice Bush had made of his Congressional position, so he appointed
him Ambassador to the United Nations. He was confirmed
unanimously by the Senate, and served for two years, beginning in
1971.
Chairman of the Republican National Committee
Amidst the Watergate scandal, Nixon asked Bush to become chairman
of the Republican National Committee in 1973. Bush accepted, and
held this position when the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party plummeted. He defended Nixon
steadfastly, but later as Nixon's complicity became clear, Bush focused more on defending the Republican Party,
while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon. As chairman, Bush formally requested that Nixon eventually resign for the
good of the Republican party. Nixon did this on August 9, 1974; Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of
sadness, like somebody died.... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon•a kick or two at the press•enormous
strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think
of the shame.... [President Gerald Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."
Envoy to China
Bush as United States Liaison to China, circa
1975
Gerald Ford, Nixon's successor, appointed Bush to be Chief of the U.S.
Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China. Since the United States
at the time maintained official relations with the Republic of China on
Taiwan and not the People's Republic of China, the Liaison Office did
not have the official status of an embassy and Bush did not formally hold
the position of "ambassador", though he unofficially acted as one. The 14
months that he spent in China were largely seen as beneficial for
U.S.-China relations.
After Ford's accession to the presidency, Bush was under serious
consideration for being nominated as Vice President. Ford eventually
narrowed his list to Nelson Rockefeller and Bush. White House Chief of
Staff Donald Rumsfeld reportedly preferred Rockefeller over Bush.
Rockefeller was finally named and confirmed.
Bush was again passed over for the vice presidency by Ford when the
president chose Bush's future presidential rival, Senator Bob Dole, to
replace Rockefeller on the 1976 presidential ticket.
George H. W. Bush
585
Director of Central Intelligence
Bush, as CIA Director, listens at a meeting
following the assassinations in Beirut of Francis
E. Meloy, Jr. and Robert O. Waring, 1976.
In 1976 Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become Director of
Central Intelligence (DCI), replacing William Colby. He served in this
role for 357 days, from January 30, 1976, to January 20, 1977. The
CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including those based
on investigations by the Church Committee regarding illegal and
unauthorized activities by the CIA, and Bush was credited with helping
to restore the agency's morale. In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave
national security briefings to Jimmy Carter both as a Presidential
candidate and as President-elect, and discussed the possibility of
remaining in that position in a Carter administration, but did not do so.
He was succeeded by Deputy Director of Central Intelligence E. Henry
Knoche, who served as acting Director of Central Intelligence until
Stansfield Turner was confirmed.
Other positions
After a Democratic administration took power in 1977, Bush became chairman on the Executive Committee of the
First International Bank in Houston. He later spent a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science at Rice
University's Jones School of Business beginning in 1978, the year it opened; Bush said of his time there, "I loved my
brief time in the world of academia." Between 1977 and 1979, he was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations
foreign policy organization.
1980 presidential campaign
See also: United States presidential election, 1980
Bush (far right) in the Nashua debate with
Reagan (far left) and the moderator
Bush had decided in the late 1970s that he was going to run for
president in 1980; in 1979, he attended 850 political events and
traveled more than 250,000 miles (400,000 km) to campaign for the
nation's highest office. In the contest for the Republican Party
nomination, Bush stressed his wide range of government experience,
while competing against rivals Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee,
Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, Congressman John Anderson of Illinois
(who would later run as an independent), Congressman Phil Crane,
also of Illinois, former Governor John Connally of Texas, and the
front-runner Ronald Reagan, former actor, and Governor of California.
In the primary election, Bush focused almost entirely on the Iowa caucuses, while Reagan ran a more traditional
campaign. Bush represented the centrist wing in the GOP, whereas Reagan represented conservatives. Bush
famously labeled Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts "voodoo economics". His strategy
proved useful, to some degree, as he won in Iowa with 31.5% to Reagan's 29.4%. After the win, Bush stated that his
campaign was full of momentum, or "Big Mo". As a result of the loss, Reagan replaced his campaign manager,
reorganized his staff, and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary. The two men agreed to a debate in the state,
organized by the Nashua Telegraph, but paid for by the Reagan campaign. Reagan invited the other four candidates
as well, but Bush refused to debate them, and eventually they left. The debate proved to be a pivotal moment in the
campaign; when the moderator, John Breen, ordered Reagan's microphone turned off, his angry response, "I am
paying for this microphone," struck a chord with the public. Bush ended up losing New Hampshire's primary with
23% to Reagan's 50%. Bush lost most of the remaining primaries as well, and formally dropped out of the race in
George H. W. Bush
586
May of that year.
With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his house in Houston and bought his grandfather's estate in
Kennebunkport, Maine, known as "Walker's Point". At the Republican Convention, Reagan selected Bush as his
Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.
Vice Presidency (1981€1989)
See also: Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Vice-Presidential portrait.
First term (1981€1985)
As Vice President, Bush generally took on a low profile while
recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided
decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. As had become
customary, he and his wife moved into the Vice President's residence
at Number One Observatory Circle, about two miles from the White
House. After selling the house in the Tanglewood, the Bushes declared
a room in The Houstonian Hotel in Houston as their official voting
address. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial
events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became
a common joke for comedians. Mrs. Bush found the funerals largely
beneficial, saying, "George met with many current or future heads of
state at the funerals he attended, enabling him to forge personal
relationships that were important to President Reagan." As the
President of the Senate, Bush stayed in contact with members of
Congress, and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol
Hill.
Bush with President Ronald Reagan
On March 30, 1981, early into the administration, Reagan was shot and
seriously wounded in Washington, D.C. Bush, second in command by
the presidential line of succession, was in Fort Worth, Texas, and flew
back to Washington immediately. Reagan's cabinet convened in the
White House Situation Room, where they discussed various issues,
including the availability of the Nuclear Football. When Bush's plane
landed, his aides advised him to proceed directly to the White House
by helicopter, as an image of the government still functioning despite
the attack. Bush rejected the idea, responding, "Only the President
lands on the South Lawn." This made a positive impression on Reagan,
who recovered and returned to work within two weeks. From then on,
the two men would have regular Thursday lunches in the Oval Office.
In December 1983 Bush flew to El Salvador and warned that country's
military leaders to end their death squads and hold fully free elections
or face the loss of U.S. aid. Bush's aides feared for his safety and
thought about calling the meeting off when they discovered apparent
blood stains on the floor of the presidential palace of ›lvaro Maga‘a. Bush was never told of the aides' concerns and
a tense meeting was held in which some of Maga‘a's personnel brandished semiautomatic weapons and refused
requests to take them outside.
George H. W. Bush
587
Bush was assigned by Reagan to chair two special task forces, on deregulation and international drug smuggling.
The deregulation task force reviewed hundreds of rules, making specific recommendations on which ones to amend
or revise, in order to curb the size of the federal government. The drug smuggling task force coordinated federal
efforts to reduce the quantity of drugs entering the United States. Both were popular issues with conservatives, and
Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them through his work.
Second term (1985€1989)
Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale, made history by choosing a
woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. She and Bush squared off in a single
televised Vice Presidential debate. Serving as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro represented a
"blue-collar" district in Queens, New York; this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a
disadvantage. The Reagan-Bush ticket won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Early into his second
term as Vice President, Bush and his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a
committee had been established and over two million dollars raised for Bush.
Bush became the first Vice President to serve as Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent
surgery to remove polyps from his colon, making Bush acting president for approximately eight hours.
The Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal in 1986, when it was revealed that administration officials had
secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran, and had used the proceeds to fund the anticommunist Contras in Nicaragua, a
direct violation of the law. When the Iran-Contra Affair, as it became known, broke to the media, Bush, like Reagan,
stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the diversion of funds, although this was later questioned.
But his own diaries from that time stated "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details." He had repeatedly
refused to disclose this to investigators. Public opinion polls taken at the time indicated that the public questioned
Bush's explanation of being an "innocent bystander" while the trades were occurring; this led to the notion that he
was a "wimp". His fury during an interview with CBS's Dan Rather largely put the "wimp" issue to rest.
As Vice President, Bush officially opened the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis.
1988 presidential campaign
Main article: United States presidential election, 1988
Vice President Bush campaigns in St. Louis,
Missouri with John Ashcroft, 1988
In the January 26, 1987, issue of Time magazine, in an article entitled
"Where Is the Real George Bush?" journalist Robert Ajemian reported
that a friend of Bush's had urged him to spend several days at Camp
David thinking through his plans for his prospective presidency, to
which Bush is said to have responded in exasperation, "Oh, the vision
thing." This oft-cited quote became a shorthand for the charge that
Bush failed to contemplate or articulate important policy positions in a
compelling and coherent manner. The phrase has since become a
metonym for any politician's failure to incorporate a greater vision in a
campaign, and has often been applied in the media to other politicians
or public figures.
Bush had been planning a presidential run since as early as 1985, and
entered the Republican primary for President of the United States in October 1987. His challengers for the
Republican presidential nomination included U.S. Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, U.S. Representative Jack Kemp of
New York, former Governor Pete DuPont of Delaware, and conservative Christian televangelist Pat Robertson.
Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, behind winner
Dole and runner-up Robertson. Much like Reagan did in 1980, Bush reorganized his staff and concentrated on the
George H. W. Bush
588
New Hampshire primary. With Dole ahead in New Hampshire, Bush ran television commercials portraying the
senator as a tax raiser; he rebounded to win the state's primary. Following the primary, Bush and Dole had a joint
media appearance, when the interviewer asked Dole if he had anything to say to Bush, Dole said, in response to the
ads, "yeah, stop lying about my record" in an angry tone. This is thought to have hurt Dole's campaign to Bush's
benefit. Bush continued seeing victory, winning many Southern primaries as well. Once the multiple-state primaries
such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other
candidates to match, and the nomination was his.
Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running
mate. Bush chose little-known U.S. Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, favored by conservatives. Despite Reagan's
popularity, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Governor of Massachusetts, in most polls.
Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, delivered a well-received speech
at the 1988 Republican National Convention. Known as the "thousand points of light" speech, it described Bush's
vision of America: he endorsed the Pledge of Allegiance, prayer in schools, capital punishment, gun rights, and
opposed abortion. The speech at the convention included Bush's famous pledge: "Read my lips: no new taxes."
The 1988 presidential electoral votes by state
The general election campaign between the two men has been
described as one of the nastiest in modern times. Bush blamed Dukakis
for polluting the Boston Harbor as the Massachusetts governor. Bush
also pointed out that Dukakis was opposed to the law that would
require all students to say the Pledge of Allegiance, a topic well
covered in Bush's nomination acceptance speech.
Dukakis's unconditional opposition to capital punishment led to a
pointed question during the presidential debates. Moderator Bernard
Shaw asked Dukakis hypothetically if Dukakis would support the death
penalty if his wife, Kitty, were raped and murdered. Dukakis's response of no, as well as the Willie Horton ad,
contributed toward Bush's characterization of him as "soft on crime".
Bush defeated Dukakis and his running mate, Lloyd Bentsen, in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Bentsen
received one vote from a faithless elector). In the nationwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4% of the ballots cast while
Dukakis received 45.6%. Bush became the first serving Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van
Buren in 1836 as well as the first person to succeed someone from his own party to the Presidency via election to the
office in his own right since Herbert Hoover in 1929.
Presidency (1989€1993)
Chief Justice William Rehnquist administering
the oath of office to Bush during Inaugural
ceremonies at the United States Capitol, January
20, 1989.
Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989, succeeding Ronald
Reagan. He entered office at a period of change in the world; the fall of
the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Soviet Union came early in his
presidency. He ordered military operations in Panama and the Persian
Gulf, and, at one point, was recorded as having a record-high approval
rating of 89%.
[5]
Economic recession and breaking his "no new taxes"
pledge caused a sharp decline in his approval rating, and Bush lost the
1992 election.
In his Inaugural Address, Bush said:
I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment
rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time,
George H. W. Bush
589
but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn;
for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old
ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation
refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be
taken.
The Bush Cabinet
Office Name Term
President George H. W. Bush 1989€1993
Vice President Dan Quayle 1989€1993
Secretary of State James Baker 1989€1992
Lawrence Eagleburger 1992€1993
Secretary of Treasury Nicholas Brady 1989€1993
Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney 1989€1993
Attorney General Dick Thornburgh 1989€1991
William Barr 1991€1993
Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan 1989€1993
Secretary of Agriculture Clayton Yeutter 1989€1991
Edward Madigan 1991€1993
Secretary of Commerce Robert Mosbacher 1989€1992
Barbara Hackman Franklin 1992€1993
Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole 1989€1990
Lynn Martin 1991€1993
Secretary of Health and
Human Services
Louis Sullivan 1989€1993
Secretary of Education Lauro Cavazos 1989€1990
Lamar Alexander 1990€1993
Secretary of Housing and
Urban Development
Jack Kemp 1989€1993
Secretary of Transportation Samuel Skinner 1989€1992
Andrew Card 1992€1993
Secretary of Energy James Watkins 1989€1993
Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ed Derwinski 1989€1993
Chief of Staff John H. Sununu 1989€1991
Samuel Skinner 1991€1992
James Baker 1992€1993
George H. W. Bush
590
Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency
William Reilly 1989€1993
Director of the Office of
Management and Budget
Richard Darman 1989€1993
Director of the Office of
National Drug Control Policy
William Bennett 1989€1991
Bob Martinez 1991€1993
United States Trade Representative Carla Anderson Hills 1989€1993
Domestic policy
Economy
Early in his term, Bush faced the problem of what to do with leftover deficits spawned by the Reagan years. At
$220 billion in 1990, the deficit had grown to three times its size since 1980. Bush was dedicated to curbing the
deficit, believing that America could not continue to be a leader in the world without doing so. He began an effort to
persuade the Democratic controlled Congress to act on the budget; with Republicans believing that the best way was
to cut government spending, and Democrats convinced that the only way would be to raise taxes, Bush faced
problems when it came to consensus building.
In the wake of a struggle with Congress, Bush was forced by the Democratic majority to raise tax revenues; as a
result, many Republicans felt betrayed because Bush had promised "no new taxes" in his 1988 campaign. Perceiving
a means of revenge, Republican congressmen defeated Bush's proposal which would enact spending cuts and tax
increases that would reduce the deficit by $500 billion over five years. Scrambling, Bush accepted the Democrats'
demands for higher taxes and more spending, which alienated him from Republicans and gave way to a sharp
decrease in popularity. Bush would later say that he wished he had never signed the bill. Near the end of the 101st
Congress, the president and congressional members reached a compromise on a budget package that increased the
marginal tax rate and phased out exemptions for high-income taxpayers. Despite demands for a reduction in the
capital gains tax, Bush relented on this issue as well. This agreement with the Democratic leadership in Congress
proved to be a turning point in the Bush presidency; his popularity among Republicans never fully recovered.
Bush's approval ratings (red) compared to his
disapproval ratings (blue) for his four-year
presidency.
Coming at around the same time as the budget deal, America entered
into a mild recession, lasting for six months. Many government
programs, such as welfare, increased. As the unemployment rate edged
upward in 1991, Bush signed a bill providing additional benefits for
unemployed workers. The year 1991 was marked by many corporate
reorganizations, which laid off a substantial number of workers. Many
now unemployed were Republicans and independents, who had
believed that their jobs were secure.
By his second year in office, Bush was told by his economic advisors
to stop dealing with the economy, as they believed that he had done everything necessary to ensure his reelection. By
1992, interest and inflation rates were the lowest in years, but by midyear the unemployment rate reached 7.8%, the
highest since 1984. In September 1992, the Census Bureau reported that 14.2% of all Americans lived in poverty. At
a press conference in 1990, Bush told reporters that he found foreign policy more enjoyable.
George H. W. Bush
591
Major initiatives
See also: Environmental policy of the United States ‚ The George H. W. Bush Administration (1988€1992)
During a speech to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, Bush announced a vision to
complete Space Station Freedom, resume exploration of the Moon and begin exploration of Mars. Although a space
station was eventually constructed€work on the International Space Station began in 1998€other work has been
confounded by NASA budgetary issues. In 1998, Bush received the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement's
National Space Trophy
[6]
for his pioneering leadership of the U.S. space program.
Bush signed a number of major laws in his presidency, including the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; this
was one of the most pro-civil rights bills in decades. He is also the only President to successfully veto a civil rights
act, having vetoed the job-discrimination protection Civil Rights Act of 1990.
[7]
Bush feared racial quotas would be
imposed, but later approved watered-down Civil Rights Act of 1991. He worked to increase federal spending for
education, childcare, and advanced technology research. He also signed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
which provides monetary compensation of people who were contracted cancer and a number of other specified
diseases disease as a direct result of their exposure to atmospheric nuclear testing undertaken by the United States
during the Cold War, or their exposure to high levels of radon while doing uranium mining. In dealing with the
environment, Bush reauthorized the Clean Air Act, requiring cleaner burning fuels. He quarreled with Congress over
an eventually signed bill to aid police in capturing criminals, and signed into law a measure to improve the nation's
highway system. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990,
[8]
which led to a 40 percent increase in legal
immigration to the United States.
[9]
Bush became a life member of the National Rifle Association early in 1988 and had campaigned as a "Pro-gun"
candidate with the NRA's endorsement. In March 1989, he placed a temporary ban on the import of certain
semiautomatic rifles. This action cost him endorsement from the NRA in 1992. Bush publicly resigned his life
membership in the organization after losing the election and receiving a form letter from NRA depicting agents of
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms as "jack-booted thugs". He called the NRA letter a "vicious slander on
good people".
Points of Light
President Bush devoted attention to voluntary service as a means of solving some of America's most serious social
problems. He often used the "thousand points of light" theme to describe the power of citizens to solve community
problems. In his 1989 inaugural address, President Bush said, "I have spoken of a thousand points of light, of all the
community organizations that are spread like stars throughout the Nation, doing good."
Four years later in his report to the nation on The Points of Light Movement, President Bush said, "Points of Light
are the soul of America. They are ordinary people who reach beyond themselves to touch the lives of those in need,
bringing hope and opportunity, care and friendship. By giving so generously of themselves, these remarkable
individuals show us not only what is best in our heritage but what all of us are called to become."
In 1990 the Points of Light Foundation was created as a nonprofit organization in Washington to promote this spirit
of volunteerism. In 2007, the Points of Light Foundation merged with the Hands On Network with the goal of
strengthening volunteerism, streamlining costs and services and deepening impact. Points of Light, the organization
created through this merger, has approximately 250 affiliates in 22 countries and partnerships with thousands of
nonprofits and companies dedicated to volunteer service around the world. In 2012, Points of Light mobilized 4
million volunteers in 30 million hours of service worth $635 million.
On October 16, 2009, President Barack Obama held a Presidential Forum on Service hosted by former President
George H. W. Bush and Points of Light at the George Bush Presidential Library Center on the campus of Texas
A&M University. The event celebrated the contributions of more than 4,500 Daily Point of Light award winners and
honored President Bush's legacy of service and civic engagement.
George H. W. Bush
592
In 2011 Points of Light paid tribute to President George H. W. Bush and volunteer service at Washington, D.C.'s
Kennedy Center. President Bush was joined by Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to
highlight the role volunteer service plays in people's lives.
Daily Point of Light Award
President Bush created the Daily Point of Light Award in 1989 to recognize ordinary Americans from all walks of
life taking direct and consequential voluntary action in their communities to solve serious social problems. The
President focused great attention on these individuals and organizations, both to honor them for their tremendous
work and to call the nation to join them and multiply their efforts. By the end of his administration, President Bush
had recognized 1,020 Daily Points of Light representing all 50 states and addressing issues ranging from care for
infants and teenagers with AIDS to adult illiteracy and from gang violence to job training for the homeless. The
Daily Point of Light continues to be awarded by Points of Light and President Bush continues to sign all of the
awards.
On July 15, 2013, President Barack Obama welcomed President Bush to the White House to celebrate the 5,000th
Daily Point of Light Award. They bestowed the award on Floyd Hammer and Kathy Hamilton of Union, Iowa, for
their work founding Outreach, a nonprofit that delivers free meals to hungry children in 15 countries.
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Main article: George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
ƒ David Souter € 1990
ƒ Clarence Thomas € 1991
Other courts
Main article: George H. W. Bush judicial appointments
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 42 judges to the United States Courts of
Appeals, and 148 judges to the United States district courts. Among these appointments was Vaughn R. Walker, who
would later be revealed to be the earliest known gay federal judge. Bush also experienced a number of judicial
appointment controversies, as 11 nominees for 10 federal appellate judgeships were not processed by the
Democrat-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee.
[10]
George H. W. Bush
593
Foreign policy
Bush speaks on the telephone regarding
Operation Just Cause with General Brent
Scowcroft and Chief of Staff John H. Sununu,
1989
Panama
Main article: United States invasion of Panama
In the 1980s, Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, a once
U.S.-supportive leader who was later accused of spying for Fidel
Castro and using Panama to traffic drugs into the United States, was
one of the most recognizable names in America and was constantly in
the press. The struggle to remove him from power began in the Reagan
administration, when economic sanctions were imposed on the
country; this included prohibiting American companies and
government from making payments to Panama and freezing
$56 million in Panamanian funds in American banks. Reagan sent
more than 2,000 American troops to Panama as well. Unlike Reagan,
Bush was able to remove Noriega from power, but his administration's unsuccessful post-invasion planning hindered
the needs of Panama during the establishment of the young democratic government.
In May 1989, Panama held democratic elections, in which Guillermo Endara was elected president; the results were
then annulled by Noriega's government. In response, Bush sent 2,000 more troops to the country, where they began
conducting regular military exercises in Panamanian territory (in violation of prior treaties). Bush then removed an
embassy and ambassador from the country, and dispatched additional troops to Panama to prepare the way for an
upcoming invasion. Noriega suppressed an October military coup attempt and massive protests in Panama against
him, but after a U.S. serviceman was shot by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered 24,000 troops into
the country with an objective of removing Noriega from power; "Operation Just Cause" was a large-scale American
military operation, and the first in more than 40 years that was not related to the Cold War.
The mission was controversial, but American forces achieved control of the country and Endara assumed the
Presidency. Noriega surrendered to the United States and was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug
trafficking charges in April 1992. President Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush visited Panama in June 1992, to give
support to the first post-invasion Panamanian government.
Soviet Union
See also: Dissolution of the Soviet Union, New world order (politics), A World Transformed and History of the
United States (1988€present) ‚ The end of the Cold War
Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev in Helsinki summit
in 1990
In 1989, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Bush met with Soviet
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in a conference on the
Mediterranean island of Malta. The administration had been under
intense pressure to meet with the Soviets, but not all initially found the
Malta summit to be a step in the right direction; General Brent
Scowcroft, among others, was apprehensive about the meeting, saying
that it might be "premature" due to concerns where, according to
Condoleezza Rice, "expectations [would be] set that something was
going to happen, where the Soviets might grandstand and force [the
U.S.] into agreements that would ultimately not be good for the United
States." But European leaders, including Fran˜ois Mitterrand and
Margaret Thatcher, encouraged Bush to meet with Gorbachev, something that he did December 2 and 3, 1989.
[11]
George H. W. Bush
594
Though no agreements were signed, the meeting was viewed largely as being an important one; when asked about
nuclear war, Gorbachev responded, "I assured the President of the United States that the Soviet Union would never
start a hot war against the United States of America. And we would like our relations to develop in such a way that
they would open greater possibilities for cooperation.... This is just the beginning. We are just at the very beginning
of our road, long road to a long-lasting, peaceful period." The meeting was received as a very important step to the
end of the Cold War.
Another summit was held in July 1991, where the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) was signed by Bush
and Gorbachev in Moscow. The treaty took nine years in the making and was the first major arms agreement since
the signing of the Intermediate Ranged Nuclear Forces Treaty by Reagan and Gorbachev in 1987. The contentions in
START would reduce the strategic nuclear weapons of the United States and the USSR by about 35% over seven
years, and the Soviet Union's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles would be cut by 50%. Bush described
START as "a significant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust". After the dissolution of the USSR in
1991, President Bush and Gorbachev declared a U.S.-Russian strategic partnership, marking the end of the Cold
War.
Gulf War
Main article: Gulf War
President Bush visited American troops in Saudi
Arabia on Thanksgiving Day, 1990
On August 2, 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded its oil-rich
neighbor to the south, Kuwait; Bush condemned the invasion and
began rallying opposition to Iraq in the US and among European,
Asian, and Middle Eastern allies. Secretary of Defense Richard Bruce
"Dick" Cheney traveled to Saudi Arabia to meet with King Fahd; Fahd
requested US military aid in the matter, fearing a possible invasion of
his country as well. The request was met initially with Air Force
fighter jets. Iraq made attempts to negotiate a deal that would allow the
country to take control of half of Kuwait. Bush rejected this proposal
and insisted on a complete withdrawal of Iraqi forces. The planning of
a ground operation by US-led coalition forces began forming in
September 1990, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf. Bush spoke before a joint session of the U.S. Congress
regarding the authorization of air and land attacks, laying out four immediate objectives: "Iraq must withdraw from
Kuwait completely, immediately, and without condition. Kuwait's legitimate government must be restored. The
security and stability of the Persian Gulf must be assured. And American citizens abroad must be protected." He then
outlined a fifth, long-term objective: "Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective € a new world order € can
emerge: a new era € freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for
peace. An era in which the nations of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and live in harmony....
A world where the rule of law supplants the rule of the jungle. A world in which nations recognize the shared
responsibility for freedom and justice. A world where the strong respect the rights of the weak." With the United
Nations Security Council opposed to Iraq's violence, Congress authorized the use of Military force with a set goal of
returning control of Kuwait to the Kuwaiti government, and protecting America's interests abroad.
Early on the morning of January 17, 1991, allied forces launched the first attack, which included more than 4,000
bombing runs by coalition aircraft. This pace would continue for the next four weeks, until a ground invasion was
launched on February 24, 1991. Allied forces penetrated Iraqi lines and pushed toward Kuwait City while on the
west side of the country, forces were intercepting the retreating Iraqi army. Bush made the decision to stop the
offensive after a mere 100 hours. Critics labeled this decision premature, as hundreds of Iraqi forces were able to
escape; Bush responded by saying that he wanted to minimize U.S. casualties. Opponents further charged that Bush
should have continued the attack, pushing Hussein's army back to Baghdad, then removing him from power. Bush
George H. W. Bush
595
explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred
incalculable human and political costs.... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq."
Bush's approval ratings skyrocketed after the successful offensive. Additionally, President Bush and Secretary of
State Baker felt the coalition victory had increased U.S. prestige abroad and believed there was a window of
opportunity to use the political capital generated by the coalition victory to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace process.
The administration immediately returned to Arab-Israeli peacemaking following the end of the Gulf War; this
resulted in the Madrid Conference, later in 1991.
[12]
Somali Civil War
Main article: Somali Civil War
Faced with a humanitarian disaster in Somalia, exacerbated by a complete breakdown in civil order, the United
Nations had created the UNOSOM I mission in April 1992 to aid the situation through humanitarian efforts, though
the mission failed. The Bush administration proposed American aid to the region by assisting in creating a secure
environment for humanitarian efforts and UN Resolution 794 was unanimously adopted by the Security Council on
December 3, 1992.
[13]
A lame duck president, Bush launched Operation Restore Hope the following day under
which the United States would assume command in accordance with Resolution 794.
[14]
Fighting would escalate and
continue into the Clinton administration.
NAFTA
Main article: North American Free Trade Agreement
From left to right: (standing) President Carlos
Salinas, President Bush, Prime Minister Brian
Mulroney; (seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla
Hills, and Michael Wilson at the NAFTA
Initialing Ceremony, October 1992
Bush's administration, along with the Progressive Conservative
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, spearheaded the
negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
which would eliminate the majority of tariffs on products traded
among the United States, Canada, and Mexico, to encourage trade
amongst the countries. The treaty also restricts patents, copyrights, and
trademarks, and outlines the removal of investment restrictions among
the three countries.
The agreement came under heavy scrutiny amongst mainly Democrats,
who charged that NAFTA resulted in a loss of American jobs. NAFTA
also contained no provisions for labor rights; according to the Bush
administration, the trade agreement would generate economic
resources necessary to enable Mexico's government to overcome
problems of funding and enforcement of its labor laws. Bush needed a renewal of negotiating authority to move
forward with the NAFTA trade talks. Such authority would enable the president to negotiate a trade accord that
would be submitted to Congress for a vote, thereby avoiding a situation in which the president would be required to
renegotiate with trading partners those parts of an agreement that Congress wished to change. While initial signing
was possible during his term, negotiations made slow, but steady, progress. President Clinton would go on to make
the passage of NAFTA a priority for his administration, despite its conservative and Republican roots•with the
addition of two side agreements•to achieve its passage in 1993.
The treaty has since been defended as well as criticized further. The American economy has grown 54% since the
adoption of NAFTA in 1993, with 25 million new jobs created; this was seen by some as evidence of NAFTA being
beneficial to the United States. With talk in early 2008 regarding a possible American withdrawal from the treaty,
Carlos M. Gutierrez, current United States Secretary of Commerce, writes, "Quitting NAFTA would send economic
shock waves throughout the world, and the damage would start here at home." But John J. Sweeney, President of the
AFL-CIO, wrote in The Boston Globe that "the U.S. trade deficit with Canada and Mexico ballooned to 12 times its
George H. W. Bush
596
pre-NAFTA size, reaching $111 billion in 2004."
Vomiting incident
Main article: George H. W. Bush vomiting incident
On January 8, 1992, around 8:20 p.m. JST, Bush fainted after vomiting at a banquet hosted by the then Prime
Minister of Japan, Kiichi Miyazawa. Bush had been attending a state event for 135 diplomats held at the home of the
Japanese Prime Minister, near the end of his 12-day trade-oriented trip through Asia. Earlier that day Bush had
played a doubles tennis match in which the Emperor of Japan Akihito and his son the Crown Prince Naruhito beat
Bush and his partner, a former U.S. ambassador to Japan. Bush later stated to the press that he had been afflicted
with a 24-hour flu bug.
The incident was widely reported, and quickly became fodder for the nation's comedians. Footage of the President
vomiting was broadcast on the ABC network, and Saturday Night Live presented a parody skit of the incident in the
form of an Oliver Stone conspiracy movie. The incident was also satirized in an episode of The Simpsons, and an
episode of King of the Hill. According to USA Today, the incident was one of the top "25 memorable public
meltdowns that had us talking and laughing or cringing over the past quarter-century".
Pardons
Main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush
As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992,
he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal of the late
1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Bush described Weinberger, who was
scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, as a "true American patriot".
In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, Robert C. McFarlane, Elliott
Abrams, and Alan G. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of criminal charges by an
Independent Counsel headed by Lawrence Walsh.
Honorary degrees
ƒ Sacred Heart University
[15]
ƒ Dartmouth College, awarded a Doctor of Laws
[16]
Awards and honors
In 1990 Time magazine named him TimeMan of the Year. In 1991 the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded
Bush its Lone Sailor award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1993, he was made an
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath by Queen Elizabeth II.
1992 presidential campaign
Main article: United States presidential election, 1992
Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval
ratings, reelection initially looked likely. As a result, many leading Democrats declined to seek their party's
presidential nomination. But an economic recession, and doubts of whether Bush ended the Gulf War properly,
reduced his popularity.
Conservative political columnist Pat Buchanan challenged Bush for the Republican nomination, and shocked
political pundits by finishing second, with 37% of the vote, in the New Hampshire primary. Bush responded by
adopting more conservative positions on issues, in an attempt to undermine Buchanan's base. Once he had secured
the nomination, Bush faced his challenger, Democrat and Governor of Arkansas William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton.
George H. W. Bush
597
Clinton attacked Bush as not doing enough to assist the working middle-class and being "out of touch" with the
common man, a notion reinforced by reporter Andrew Rosenthal's false report that Bush was "astonished" to see a
demonstration of a supermarket scanner.
The 1992 presidential electoral votes by state
In early 1992, the race took an unexpected
twist when Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot
launched a third party bid, claiming that
neither Republicans nor Democrats could
eliminate the deficit and make government
more efficient. His message appealed to
voters across the political spectrum
disappointed with both parties' perceived
fiscal irresponsibility. Perot later bowed out
of the race for a short time, then reentered.
Clinton had originally been in the lead, until
Perot reentered, tightening the race
significantly. Nearing election day, polls
suggested that the race was a dead-heat, but Clinton pulled out on top, defeating Bush in a 43% to 38% popular vote
margin. Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the highest totals for a third party candidate in U.S. history,
drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls. Bush received 168 electoral votes to Clinton's
370.
Several factors were key in Bush's defeat. The ailing economy which arose from recession may have been the main
factor in Bush's loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on election day that the economy was either "not so good" or "poor". On
the eve of the 1992 election against these factors, Bush's approval rating stood at just 37% after suffering low ratings
throughout the year.
Conservative Republicans point to Bush's 1990 agreement to raise taxes in contradiction of his famous "Read my
lips: no new taxes" pledge. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support
for his re-election. According to one survey, of the voters who cited Bush's broken "No New Taxes" pledge as "very
important", two thirds voted for Bill Clinton. Bush had raised taxes in an attempt to address an increasing budget
deficit, which has largely been attributed to the Reagan tax cuts and military spending of the 1980s. The tax revenue
increase had not hurt his approval ratings to the extent that it prevented it from reaching 89% during the Gulf War,
four months after the tax vote.
[17]
By February 1991 his approval rating rose to its highest level•89%.
[18]
Public image
Bush is visiting NAS JRB, New Orleans
personnel before receiving briefs on the status of
Joint Task Force Katrina relief efforts, October
2005
George Bush was widely seen as a "pragmatic caretaker" president
who lacked a unified and compelling long-term theme in his efforts.
Indeed, Bush's sound bite where he refers to the issue of overarching
purpose as "the vision thing" has become a metonym applied to other
political figures accused of similar difficulties. "He does not say why
he wants to be there", wrote columnist George Will, "so the public
does not know why it should care if he gets his way".
His Ivy League and prep school education led to warnings by advisors
that his image was too "preppy" in 1980, which resulted in deliberate
efforts in his 1988 campaign to shed the image, including meeting
voters at factories and shopping malls, abandoning set speeches.
George H. W. Bush
598
His ability to gain broad international support for the Gulf War and the war's result were seen as both a diplomatic
and military triumph, rousing bipartisan approval, though his decision to withdraw without removing Saddam
Hussein left mixed feelings, and attention returned to the domestic front and a souring economy. A New York Times
article mistakenly depicted Bush as being surprised to see a supermarket barcode reader; the report of his reaction
exacerbated the notion that he was "out of touch". Amid the early 1990s recession, his image shifted from
"conquering hero" to "politician befuddled by economic matters".
Although Bush became the first elected Republican president since Hoover in 1932 to lose a reelection bid (facing a
34% approval rating leading up to the 1992 election), the mood did not last. Despite his defeat, Bush climbed back
from election day approval levels to leave office in 1993 with a 56% job approval rating. By December 2008, 60%
of Americans gave Bush's presidency a positive rating.
Post-presidency
Upon leaving office, Bush retired with his wife, Barbara, and temporarily moved into a friend's house near the
Tanglewood community of Houston as they prepared to build a permanent retirement house nearby.
[19]
Ultimately
they built their retirement house in the community of West Oaks, near Tanglewood. They had a presidential office
within the Park Laureate Building on Memorial Drive.
[20]
Mimi Swartz of National Geographic wrote that "The
Bushes are too studiously sedate to live in River Oaks".
[21]
They spend the summer at Walker's Point in
Kennebunkport, Maine. On January 10, 1999, the Bushes became the longest-married Presidential couple in history,
outlasting John and Abigail Adams, who were married for 54 years and 3 days. At 68 years as of January 2013, they
still hold the record, by a year and a half, over Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. Bush holds his own fishing tournament
in Islamorada, an island in the Florida Keys.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In 1993, Bush was awarded an honorary knighthood (GCB) by Queen Elizabeth II. He was the third American
president to receive the honor, the others being Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan.
In 1993, Bush visited Kuwait to commemorate the coalition's victory over Iraq in the Gulf War, where he was
targeted in an assassination plot. Kuwaiti authorities arrested 17 people allegedly involved in using a car bomb to kill
Bush. Through interviews with the suspects and examinations of the bomb's circuitry and wiring, the FBI established
that the plot had been directed by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. A Kuwaiti court later convicted all but one of the
defendants. Two months later, in retaliation, Clinton ordered the firing of 23 cruise missiles at Iraqi Intelligence
Service headquarters in Baghdad. The day before the strike, U.S. Ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright went
before the Security Council to present evidence of the Iraqi plot. After the missiles were fired, Vice President Al
Gore said the attack "was intended to be a proportionate response at the place where this plot" to assassinate Bush
"was hatched and implemented".
From 1993 to 1999, he served as the chairman to the board of trustees for Eisenhower Fellowships.
President Bush is Honorary Chairman of Points of Light, an international nonprofit dedicated to engaging more
people and resources in solving serious social problems through voluntary service.
His eldest son, George W. Bush, was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States on January 20, 2001, and
re-elected in 2004. Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as "George
Bush" or "President Bush", but following his son's election the need to distinguish between them has made
retronymic forms such as "George H. W. Bush" and "George Bush senior"•and colloquialisms such as "Bush 41"
and "Bush the Elder" much more common.
George H. W. Bush
599
Presidential library
Main article: George Bush Presidential Library
The George Bush Presidential Library is the presidential library named for Bush. This tenth presidential library was
built between 1995 and 1997 and contains the presidential and vice-presidential papers of Bush and the
vice-presidential papers of Dan Quayle. It was dedicated on November 6, 1997, and opened to the public shortly
thereafter; the architectural firm of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum designed the complex.
The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on a 90-acre (360,000 m
2
) site on the west campus of
Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, on a plaza adjoining the Presidential Conference Center and the
Texas A&M Academic Center. The Library operates under NARA's administration and the Presidential Libraries
Act of 1955
[22]
's provisions.
The George Bush School of Government and Public Service is a graduate public policy school at Texas A&M
University in College Station, Texas. The graduate school is part of the presidential library complex, and offers four
programs: two master's degree programs (Public Service Administration and International Affairs) and two
certificate programs (Advanced International Affairs and Homeland Security). The master's program in International
Affairs (MPIA) program offers concentration on either National Security Affairs or International Economics and
Development.
Later activities
Bush continues to make many public appearances. He and Mrs. Bush attended the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in
June 2004, and of Gerald Ford in January 2007. One month later, he was awarded the Ronald Reagan Freedom
Award in Beverly Hills, California, by former First Lady Nancy Reagan. Despite his political differences with Bill
Clinton, it has been acknowledged that the two former presidents have become friends. He and Clinton appeared
together in television ads in 2005, encouraging aid for victims of Hurricane Katrina and the 2004 Indian Ocean
tsunami.
In October 2006, Bush was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) with the NIAF One
America Award for fundraising, with Bill Clinton, for the victims of the 2004 tsunami and Hurricane Katrina.
[23]
Upon the death of Gerald Ford, Bush became the oldest living president, 111 days older than Jimmy Carter. Bush
and Carter are the fourth pair of Presidents born in the same year, and their birthdays are the third closest among
presidents, behind Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln (45 days apart) and Bush's immediate successors, Bill
Clinton and George W. Bush (44 days).
On February 18, 2008, Bush formally endorsed Senator John McCain for the presidency of the United States. The
endorsement offered a boost to McCain's campaign, as the Arizona Senator had been facing criticism among many
conservatives.
On January 10, 2009, both George H. W. and George W. Bush were present at the commissioning of the
USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77), the tenth and last Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy. Bush paid
a visit to the carrier again on May 26, 2009.
On February 15, 2011, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom•the highest civilian honor in the United States•by
President Barack Obama.
[24]
On November 23, 2012, he had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston
for treatment. He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got
worse with a high fever. He was moved to the Intensive-care unit on December 23. and after his condition improved,
he was moved to a regular patient's room on December 29, 2012. He was discharged on January 14, 2013.
Bush suffers from a form of Parkinson's disease which has forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair since
at least 2012.
George H. W. Bush
600
In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security
detail, who had leukemia.
In April 2014, Frederick D. McClure, chief executive of the Bush library foundation, organized a three-day gathering
in College Park, TX, to mark the 25th anniversary of the Bush administration. Also in early 2014, the John F.
Kennedy Library Foundation presented the Profile in Courage Award to Bush and Mount Vernon awarded him its
first Cyrus A. Ansary Prize.
[25]
The Kennedy foundation award was presented by Jack Schlossberg, the late
president's grandson, to Lauren Bush Lauren, who accepted on her grandfather's behalf.
[26]
The Ansary prize was
presented in Houston with Ansary, Barbara Lucas, Ryan C. Crocker, dean of the Bush school since January 2010,
Barbara Bush, and Curt Viebranz in attendance with the former president. Fifty thousand dollars of the prize was
directed by Bush to the Bush school at Texas A&M and $25,000 will fund an animation about the Siege of
Yorktown for Mt. Vernon.
[27]
Several books about Bush including one by Jon Meacham -- a biography called The
Last Gentleman -- and one about the two Bush presidents by Mark K. Updegrove, director of the Lyndon Johnson
presidential library, were reportedly also in the works at the time.
Bush delivers a eulogy to Ronald
Reagan, June 11, 2004 in the
Washington National Cathedral
Bush, along with George W.
Bush, Laura Bush, Bill Clinton,
Condoleezza Rice, and Andrew
Card pay their respects to Pope
John Paul II before the pope's
funeral, 2005
George H. W. Bush with
son George W. Bush and
China's President Hu Jintao
in Beijing, People's
Republic of China, August
10, 2008
Capt. Kevin E. O'Flaherty,
commanding officer of the
aircraft carrier , escorts former
President George H. W. Bush,
2009
Bush meets President Barack
Obama in the Oval Office,
January 30, 2010
Electoral history
See also: Electoral history of George H. W. Bush
References
[1] http:/ / bushlibrary. tamu. edu/
[2] " Story of George H. W. Bush World War II Experience (http:/ / transcripts. cnn. com/ TRANSCRIPTS/ 0312/ 20/ cp. 00. html)". CNN.
December 20, 2003.
[3] Hickey, Elisabeth. " Bushes' lot: No room for real estate (http:/ / nl. newsbank. com/ nl-search/ we/ Archives?p_product=WT& p_theme=wt&
p_action=search& p_maxdocs=200& p_topdoc=1& p_text_direct-0=0EB0EFD27A57641B& p_field_direct-0=document_id&
p_perpage=10& p_sort=YMD_date:D& s_trackval=GooglePM)". The Washington Times. Thursday November 19, 1992. Part E Life E1.
Accessed on LexisNexis.
[4] Feldman, Claudia. " Moving back to the 'hood . . ./CITIZEN BUSH (http:/ / www. chron. com/ CDA/ archives/ archive.
mpl?id=1992_1099189)". The Houston Chronicle. Sunday December 13, 1992. Lifestyle p. 1. Retrieved on October 15, 2012.
George H. W. Bush
601
[5] Gallup, George W.The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1991, Published 1992, Rowman & Littlefield
[6] http:/ / rnasa. org/ 1998files/ winner1998.html
[7] Devroy, Ann. "Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill; Measure Said to Encourage Job Quotas; Women, Minorities Sharply Critical". The Washington
Post 23 October 1990, Print. Note:(Andrew Johnson and Ronald Reagan had vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil Rights
Restoration Act of 1987, respectively, but both were successfully overridden by Congress).
[8] " Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC& pg=PA282& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Jeffrey D. Schultz (2000). Greenwood Publishing Group.
p. 282. ISBN 1-57356-148-7
[9] " The Paper curtain: employer sanctions' implementation, impact, and reform (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=jUJGWwD-9x8C&
pg=PA304& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Michael Fix (1991). The Urban Institute. p. 304. ISBN 0-87766-550-8
[10] Congressional Chronicle (http:/ / www. c-spanarchives. org/ congress/ ?q=node/ 77531& id=8730335), C-SPAN (March 7, 2000).
[11] See Malta Summit for more information
[12] Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal Volume 6, No. 1 € March 2002 Underwriting Peace in the Middle East: U.S. Foreign
Policy and the Limits of Economic Inducements (http:/ / meria. idc. ac. il/ journal/ 2002/ issue1/ jv6n1a7. html)
[13] [13] Security Council Resolution 794
[14] [14] Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92
[15] http:/ / news. google.com/ newspapers?id=KP1cAAAAIBAJ& sjid=71kNAAAAIBAJ& pg=6030,1813745& dq=sacred+ heart+ george+
bush& hl=en
[16] Former President George H.W. Bush Among Nine Dartmouth Honorary Degree Recipients | Dartmouth Now (http:/ / now. dartmouth. edu/
2011/ 05/ former-president-george-h-w-bush-among-nine-dartmouth-honorary-degree-recipients/ ). Now.dartmouth.edu (2011-05-12).
Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
[17] The Illusory Power of Grover Norquist (http:/ / www. tnr. com/ blog/ plank/ 110499/ the-illusory-power-grover-norquist)| Timothy Noah|
November 27, 2012
[18] Presidential Approval Ratings € Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends (http:/ / www. gallup. com/ poll/ 116677/
presidential-approval-ratings-gallup-historical-statistics-trends. aspx) Gallup.com
[19] " From White House to 'regular house' (http:/ / news.google. com/ newspapers?id=26kkAAAAIBAJ& sjid=fQcEAAAAIBAJ&
pg=5357,12289& dq=tanglewood+ houston& hl=en)". Associated Press at the Ocala Star-Banner. Saturday November 21, 1992. 2A.
Retrieved from Google Books (2 of 84) on October 14, 2012.
[20] " Bushes upbeat for step-down (http:/ / nl.newsbank. com/ nl-search/ we/ Archives?p_product=ST& s_site=dfw& p_multi=ST&
p_theme=realcities& p_action=search& p_maxdocs=200& p_topdoc=1& p_text_direct-0=0EAF8EDE5F8E0428&
p_field_direct-0=document_id& p_perpage=10& p_sort=YMD_date:D& s_trackval=GooglePM)". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. January 10,
1993. 1 News. Retrieved on October 15, 2012. "Bush's Houston office will be in the Park Laureate Building on Memorial Drive"
[21] Swartz, Mimi. " Survival of the Richest (http:/ / ngm.nationalgeographic. com/ ngm/ 0603/ feature8/ )." National Geographic. March 2006.
Retrieved on June 4, 2014.
[22] http:/ / www.archives. gov/ presidential-libraries/ laws/ 1955-act. html
[23] "UNIVISION CEO JOE UVA TO RECEIVE ONE AMERICA AWARD", National Italian American Foundation press release (http:/ /
www.niaf.org/ news/ index. asp?id=782)
[24] [24] For the transcript of Obama's remarks honoring Bush, see
[25] Baker, Peter, "Bush 41 Reunion Looks to Burnish His Legacy" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2014/ 04/ 04/ us/ politics/
hindsight-proves-kinder-and-gentler-to-bush-41.html), New York Times, April 3, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
[26] Edelman, Adam, "George H.W. Bush honored with Kennedy Profile in Courage Award" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ news/ politics/
george-h-w-bush-honored-kennedy-profile-courage-award-article-1. 1779221), New York Daily News, May 4, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
[27] "Former U.S. President Honored with Ansary Prize" (http:/ / www. mountvernon. org/ ansaryprize), Mt. Vernon web page. Retrieved
2012-06-01.
Further reading
ƒ Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era
of Change. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-94418-2.
ƒ Bush, George H. W. (1999). All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings. New York:
Scribner. ISBN 0-684-83958-X.
ƒ Bush, George H. W.; Scowcroft, Brent (1998). A World Transformed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43248-5.
ƒ Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity.
Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4344-3.
ƒ Duffy, Michael; Goodgame, Dan (1992). Marching in Place : The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. New
York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-73720-1.
ƒ Fitzwater, Marlin (1995). Call the Briefing. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-7388-3458-0.
George H. W. Bush
602
ƒ Green, John Robert (2000). The Presidency of George Bush. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
ISBN 0-7006-0993-8.
ƒ Hyams, Joe (1991). Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic.
ISBN 0-15-131469-1.
ƒ Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty. London: Doubleday.
ISBN 0-385-50324-5.
ƒ Podhoretz, John (1993). Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989€1993. New York: Simon &
Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79648-8.
ƒ Smith, Jean Edward (1992). George Bush's War. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-1388-1.
ƒ Tarpley, Webster G.; Chaitkin, Anton (1991, reprinted 2004). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography.
Washington: Executive Intelligence Review. ISBN 0-930852-92-3.
ƒ UFOs and the Whitehouse (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Ufo_files#2006_season) (Documentary). History
Channel. 25 July 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
External links
ƒ Bush Presidential Library and Museum (http:/ / bushlibrary. tamu. edu/ )
ƒ White House biography (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ georgehwbush/ )
ƒ Points of Light (http:/ / www. pointsoflight. org/ )
ƒ Daily Point of Light Award (http:/ / www. pointsoflight. org/ programs/ recognition/ dpol/ )
ƒ Works by George Bush (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ George+ Bush) at Project Gutenberg Note:
Contains only Bush's 1990 State of the Union address
ƒ George H. W. Bush (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=B001166) at the Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress
ƒ Essays on Bush and His Administration (http:/ / www. millercenter. virginia. edu/ index. php/ academic/
americanpresident/ bush)
ƒ The President Who Treated Me Like A Son (http:/ / www. thedailybeast. com/ blogs-and-stories/ 2009-06-12/
the-president-who-treated-me-like-a-son/ ), brief memoir by his personal aide
ƒ Photographs of President George H. W. Bush shaking hands with Philip G. Hoffman at a University of Houston
commencement ceremony. (http:/ / digital. lib. uh. edu/ u?/ p15195coll6,224)
ƒ George Bush (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=40) at C-SPAN's
American Presidents: Life Portraits
ƒ Bush, George H. W. and Jim McGrath. George H. W. Bush Oral History (http:/ / digital. houstonlibrary. org/
oral-history/ george-bush. php) ( Directory entry (http:/ / digital. houstonlibrary. org/ cdm/ singleitem/ collection/
oralhistory/ id/ 121)), Houston Oral History Project, July 2009. Houston Public Library Digital Archives.
ƒ The Presidents: George H.W. Bush (http:/ / video. pbs. org/ video/ 979907571)•An American Experience
Documentary
William Sloane Coffin
603
William Sloane Coffin
William Sloane Coffin, Jr. (1924-2006)
William Sloane Coffin, Jr. (June 1, 1924 € April 12, 2006) was an
American Christian clergyman and long-time peace activist. He was
ordained in the Presbyterian church and later received ministerial
standing in the United Church of Christ. In his younger days he was an
athlete, a talented pianist, a CIA agent, and later chaplain of Yale
University, where the influence of Reinhold Niebuhr's social
philosophy led him to become a leader in the civil rights and peace
movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He also was a member of the
secret society Skull and Bones. He went on to serve as Senior Minister
at the Riverside Church in New York City and President of
SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action), the nation's largest peace and
justice group, and prominently opposed United States military
interventions in conflicts such as the Vietnam War to the Iraq War. He was also an ardent supporter of gay rights.
Biography
Childhood
William Sloane Coffin, Jr. was born into the wealthy elite of New York City. His paternal great-grandfather William
Sloane was a Scottish immigrant and co-owner of the very successful W. & J. Sloane Company. His uncle was
Henry Sloane Coffin, president of Union Theological Seminary and one of the most famous ministers in the U.S. His
father, William Sloane Coffin, Sr. was president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and an executive in the family
business.
His mother, Catherine Butterfield, had grown up in the Midwest, and as a young woman spent time in France during
World War I providing relief to soldiers, and met her future husband there, where he was also engaged in charitable
activities. Their three children grew up fluent in French by being taught by their nanny, and attended private schools
in New York.
William Sr.'s father, Edmund Coffin, was a prominent lawyer, real estate developer, and reformer who owned Hearth
and Home Corporation (see
[1]
), a property investment and management firm that renovated and rented low-income
housing in New York. Upon Edmund's death in 1928, it went to his sons William and Henry, with William managing
the firm. When the Great Depression hit in 1929, William allowed tenants to stay whether or not they could pay the
rent, quickly draining his own funds, and at a time when the family's substantial W. & J. Sloane stock was not paying
dividends.
William Sloane Coffin
604
William Sloane Coffin, Sr. (1879-1933)
William Sloane Coffin, Sr. died at home in 1933 from a heart attack
he suffered returning from work on his oldest son Edmund's eleventh
birthday. After this, his mother Catherine decided to move the family
to Carmel, California to make life more affordable, but was only able
to do this with financial support from her brother-in-law Henry. After
years spent in the most exclusive private schools in Manhattan, the
three Coffin children were educated in Carmel's public schools, where
William had his first sense that there was injustice•sometimes very
great•in the world.
A talented musician, he became devoted to the piano and planned a
career as a concert pianist. At the urging of his uncle Henry (who was
still contributing to the family's finances), his mother enrolled him in
Deerfield Academy in 1938.
The following year (when Edmund left for Yale University), William
moved with his mother to Paris at the age of 15 to receive personal
instruction in the piano and was taught by some of the best music
teachers of the 20th century, including Nadia Boulanger. The Coffins
moved to Geneva, Switzerland when World War II came to France in
1940, and then back to the United States, where he enrolled in Phillips
Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.
Early adulthood
When he graduated from high school in 1942, he enrolled in Yale University's School of Music. While continuing
his pursuit of the piano, he was also excited by the prospect of fighting to stop fascism and became very focused on
joining the war effort. He applied to work as a spy with the Office of Strategic Services in 1943, but was turned
down for not having sufficiently "Gallic features" to be effective. He then left school, enlisted in the Army, and was
quickly tapped for becoming an officer. After training, he was assigned to work as liaison to the French and Russian
armies in connection with the Army's military intelligence unit, and where he heard first-hand stories of life in
Stalin's USSR.
After the war, Coffin moved to New Haven, Connecticut where his mother and brother were, and returned to Yale,
where he would later become President of the Yale Glee Club. Coffin had been a friend of George H. W. Bush since
his youth, as they both attended Phillips Academy (1942), and he brought Coffin into the exclusive Skull and Bones
secret society at the university in Coffin's senior year.
Upon graduating in 1949, Coffin entered the Union Theological Seminary, where he remained for a year, until the
outbreak of the Korean War reignited his interest in fighting against communism. He joined the CIA as a case officer
in 1950 (his brother-in-law Frank Lindsay had been head of the OSS's Office of Policy Coordination which was one
of the predecessors of the CIA) spending three years in West Germany recruiting anti-Soviet Russian refugees and
training them how to undermine Stalin's regime.
He grew increasingly disillusioned with the role of the CIA and the United States due to events including the CIA's
involvement in overthrowing Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh of Iran in 1953, followed by the CIA's
orchestration of the coup that removed President Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954.
William Sloane Coffin
605
The ministry and political activism
with William Sloane Coffin on Vietnam, the Ministry and political activism
[2]
After leaving the CIA, he enrolled at Yale Divinity School and earned his Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1956, the
same year he was ordained a Presbyterian minister. This same year he married Eva Rubinstein, the daughter of
pianist Arthur Rubinstein, and became chaplain at Williams College. Soon, he accepted the position as Chaplain of
Yale University, where he remained from 1958 until 1975. Gifted with a rich bass-baritone voice, he was an active
member of the Yale Russian Chorus during the late 1950s and 1960s.
With his CIA background, he was terribly dismayed when he learned in 1964 of the history of French and U.S.
involvement in South Vietnam and how it differed from what the U.S government public position was, especially
regarding broken promises to hold a referendum in the south about unification with North Vietnam. He was in early
opposition to the Vietnam War and became famous for his anti-war activities and his civil rights activism. Among
others, he was a founder in the early 1960s of the Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam, organized to resist
President Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the war. He had a prominent role in the freedom rides, challenging
segregation and the oppression of black people. As chaplain at Yale in the early 1960s, Coffin organized busloads of
Freedom Riders to challenge segregation laws in the South. Through his efforts, hundreds of students at Yale
University and elsewhere were recruited into civil rights and anti-war activity. He was jailed many times, but his first
conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court. In 1962, he joined SANE: The Committee for a SANE Nuclear
Policy, an organization he would later lead. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Coffin was approached by Sargent Shriver in 1961 to run the first training programs for the Peace Corps. Coffin took
up the task and took a temporary leave from Yale, working to develop a rigorous training program modeled on
Outward Bound and supervising the building of a training camp in Puerto Rico. He used his pulpit as a platform for
like-minded crusaders, hosting the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu and
Nelson Mandela, among others. Fellow Yale graduate Garry Trudeau has immortalized Coffin (combined with
Coffin's protege Rev. Scotty McLennan) as "the Rev. Scot Sloan" in the Doonesbury comic strip. During the
Vietnam War years, he and his friend Howard Zinn often spoke from the same anti-war platform. An inspiring
speaker, Coffin was known for optimism and humor: "Remember, young people, even if you win the rat race, you're
still a rat." Wikipedia:Citation needed
By 1967, Coffin increasingly concentrated on preaching civil disobedience and supported the young men who turned
in their draft cards. He was, however, uncomfortable with draft-card burning, worried that it looked "unnecessarily
hostile."
[3]
Coffin was one of several persons who signed an open letter entitled "A Call to Resist Illegitimate
Authority", which was printed in several newspapers in October 1967. In that same month, he also raised the
possibility of declaring Battell Chapel at Yale a sanctuary for resisters, or possibly as the site of a large
demonstration of civil disobedience. School administration barred the use of the church as a sanctuary. Coffin later
wrote, "I accused them of behaving more like 'true Blues than true Christians'. They squirmed but weren't about to
change their minds.... I realized I was licked." Wikipedia:Citation needed
And so on January 5, 1968, Coffin, Dr. Benjamin Spock (the pediatrician and baby book author who was also a
Phillips Academy alumnus), Marcus Raskin, and Mitchell Goodman (all signers of "A Call to Resist Illegitimate
Authority") were indicted by a Federal grand jury for "conspiracy to counsel, aid and abet draft resistance." All but
Raskin were convicted that June, but in 1970 an appeals court overturned the verdict. Coffin remained chaplain of
Yale until December 1975. Wikipedia:Citation needed
In 1977, he became senior minister at the Riverside Church•an interdenominational congregation affiliated with
both the United Church of Christ and American Baptist Churches, and one of the most prominent congregations in
New York City. He was controversial, yet an inspirational leader at Riverside. He openly and vocally supported gay
rights when many liberals still were uncomfortable with homosexuality. Some of the congregation's socially
conservative members openly disagreed with his position on sexuality. His progressive Christianity led The Nation to
William Sloane Coffin
606
call him "the true heir to Martin Luther King, Jr." after Martin Luther King's death. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Nuclear disarmament
Coffin started a strong nuclear disarmament program at Riverside, and hired Cora Weiss (a secular Jew he had
worked with during the Vietnam War and had traveled with to North Vietnam in 1972 to accompany three released
U.S. prisoners of war) which was uncomfortable for some parishioners. Broadening his reach to an international
audience, he met with numerous world leaders and traveled abroad. His visits included going to Iran to perform
Christmas services for hostages being held in the U.S. embassy during the Iran hostage crisis in 1979 and to
Nicaragua to protest U.S. military intervention there.
In 1987, he resigned from Riverside Church to pursue disarmament activism full-time, saying then that there was no
issue more important for a man of faith. He became president of SANE/FREEZE
[4]
(now Peace Action), the largest
peace and justice organization in the United States. He retired with the title president emeritus in the early 1990s, and
then taught and lectured across the United States and overseas. Coffin also wrote several books. He cautioned that
we are all living in "the shadow of Doomsday," and urged that people turn away from isolationism and become more
globally aware. Shortly before his death, Coffin founded Faithful Security, a coalition for people of faith committed
to working for a world free of nuclear weapons.
Personal life
Coffin was married three times. His first two marriages, to Eva Rubinstein and Harriet Gibney, ended in divorce. He
was survived by his third wife, Virginia Randolph Wilson (called "Randy").
[5]
Eva Rubinstein, his first wife and
mother of his children, was a daughter of pianist Arthur Rubinstein. The loss of their son Alexander in a car accident
in 1983 inspired one of Coffin's most requested sermons. Coffin's daughter Amy lives in California, and his son
David is a musician in Boston.
Although he was given only six months to live in early 2004 due to a weakened heart, Coffin and his wife lived in
the small town of Strafford, Vermont, a few houses away from his brother Ned, until his death nearly two years later
at age 81.
Sources
ƒ Once to Every Man: A Memoir (1977)
ƒ William Sloane Coffin, Jr.: A Holy Impatience (2004)
A Passion for the Possible A Message to the U.S. Churches
Books
By Coffin
ƒ Letters to a Young Doubter, Westminster John Knox Press, July 2005, ISBN 0-664-22929-8 (review and article
from CommonDreams.org)
[6]
ƒ Credo, Westminster John Knox Press, December 2003, ISBN 0-664-22707-4
ƒ The Heart Is a Little to the Left: Essays on Public Morality, Dartmouth College, 1st edition, October 1999, ISBN
0-87451-958-6
ƒ The Courage to Love, sermons, Harper & Row, c1982, ISBN 0-06-061508-7
ƒ Once to Every Man: A Memoir, autobiography, Athenaeum Press, 1977, ISBN 0-689-10811-7
William Sloane Coffin
607
About Coffin
ƒ William Sloane Coffin, Jr.: A Holy Impatience, by Warren Goldstein, Yale University Press, March 2004, ISBN
0-300-10221-6
ƒ The Trial of Dr. Spock, William Sloane Coffin, Michael Ferber, Mitchell Goodman, and Marcus Raskin, by
Jessica Mitford, New York, Knopf, 1969 ISBN 0-394-44952-5
References
[1] http:/ / www. gvshp. org/ south_villagemacsulgardhd.htm
[2] http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/ vietnam-35b1e5-interview-with-william-sloane-coffin-1982'''Interview
[3] …Interview with William Sloane Coffin, 1982.† (http:/ / openvault. wgbh. org/ catalog/ org. wgbh.
mla:3bb66d9e87ac276621c7fb31553f01c16835b1e5), August 30, 1982. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
[4] SANE: The Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy merged with the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign in 1987 and was renamed
SANE/FREEZE; it was renamed Peace Action in 1993.
[5] Obituary in The Seattle Times (http:/ / community.seattletimes. nwsource. com/ archive/ ?date=20060416& slug=coffinobit16)
[6] http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ headlines05/ 0318-02. htm
External links
ƒ Interview from 1982 with William Sloane Coffin on Vietnam and the Anti-War movement (http:/ / openvault.
wgbh. org/ catalog/ vietnam-35b1e5-interview-with-william-sloane-coffin-1982) WGBH Educational Foundation
ƒ A Politically Engaged Spirituality (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ divinity/ video/ coffin/ coffin. htm) Video and
transcript of Coffin's April 2005 speech at Yale Divinity School
ƒ Interview with William Sloane Coffin (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wnet/ religionandethics/ week752/ profile. html)
from Religion & Ethics Newsweekly, August 2004
ƒ William Sloane Coffin: A Lover's Quarrel With America (http:/ / olddogdocumentaries. com/ vid_wsc. html)
Video interview from Old Dog Documentaries
ƒ William Sloane Coffin - Not to Bring Peace, But a Sword (http:/ / www. 30goodminutes. org/ csec/ sermon/
coffin_3519. htm) Sermon and interview.
ƒ A film clip "The Open Mind - A Man for All Seasons (1986)" (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ openmind_ep253) is
available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
ƒ Profile of Coffin (http:/ / www. yalealumnimagazine. com/ issues/ 2004_03/ coffin. html) from Yale Alumni
Magazine, March 2004
ƒ Personal papers archive (http:/ / hdl. handle. net/ 10079/ fa/ mssa. ms. 1665) at Yale University
ƒ Selected writings (http:/ / ecojustice. net/ coffin/ Coffin-Documents. htm) (PDF format)
ƒ Peace Action (http:/ / www. peace-action. org/ ) (formerly SANE/Freeze, the merger of SANE and the Nuclear
Weapons Freeze Campaign)
ƒ Faithful Security (http:/ / www. faithfulsecurity. org/ )
ƒ www.williamsloanecoffin.org (http:/ / www. williamsloanecoffin. org) This is the complete digital collection of
William Sloane Coffin's sermons preached from the pulpit of New York City's Riverside Church 1977-1987.
William Sloane Coffin
608
Memorials
ƒ Obituary (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 04/ 13/ us/ 13coffin. html) from the New York Times
ƒ Obituary (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ obituaries/ la-me-coffin13apr13,0,6172195,full.
story?coll=la-home-obituaries) from the Los Angeles Times
ƒ Obituary (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ education/ higher/ articles/ 2006/ 04/ 12/
former_yale_chaplain_william_sloane_coffin_dead_at_81?mode=PF) from the Associated Press
ƒ Remembrance (http:/ / news. ucc. org/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=526& Itemid=54) from
the United Church of Christ (article and video)
ƒ Remembrance (http:/ / www. thenation. com/ blogs/ notion?bid=15& pid=77125) from The Nation
ƒ Remembrance (http:/ / www. yaledailynews. com/ opinion/ guest-columns/ 2006/ 04/ 14/
coffins-passion-topped-ideology/ ) by William F. Buckley Jr. in the Yale Daily News
ƒ The Legacy of William Sloane Coffin (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ globe/ editorial_opinion/ oped/ articles/
2006/ 04/ 15/ the_legacy_of_william_sloane_coffin?mode=PF) by Rev. Scotty McLennan
ƒ Tribute of Yale Class of 1968 (http:/ / www. ecojustice. net/ Coffin) to its "Permanent Chaplain "
ƒ Obituary on Commondreams.org (http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ views06/ 0413-32. htm)
ƒ Photo gallery of Coffin (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ gallery/ 2006/ 04/ 12/
GA2006041202220_metaRefresher.
htm?startat=1','cwgallery_win','toolbar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,copyhistory=no,width=730,height=670,left=0,top=0,screenX=0,screenY=0')
from the Washington Post
Daniel P. Davison
This article is about the American banker. For the drummer, see Daniel Davison.
Daniel Pomeroy Davison (January 30, 1925 € August 25, 2010) was an American banker who served from 1979 to
1990 as president of United States Trust, the oldest trust company in the United States, helping guide the company's
transformation and growth through a focus on the richest of the rich, offering such personal services as walking the
dogs of its top clients.
Davison was born on January 30, 1925, in Manhattan to Frederick Trubee Davison, who had served in the New York
State Assembly and as Assistant United States Secretary of War, before becoming president of the American
Museum of Natural History. attended the Groton School, which had been founded in 1884 by his grandfather,
Endicott Peabody. Davison enlisted during World War II in the United States Army Air Forces where he was a pilot
of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. He earned his undergraduate degree in 1949 from Yale University in 1949 where
he was a member of the Skull and Bones society, and earned his legal degree from Harvard Law School in 1952.
[1]
He was an associate for three years at White & Case and became the fifth generation of his family to be employed by
the J. P. Morgan & Company when he was hired in 1955. He became secretary of the bank in 1957 and was involved
with the legal aspects of the bank's 1959 merger with Guaranty Trust Company, becoming secretary of the merged
firm.
[2][3]
He had risen to executive vice president, and left after being passed over for a more senior position.
Davison was hired as president and chief operating officer of U.S. Trust in 1979.
[4]
Davison segmented the firm's
clients with those with more than $2 million in assets being called "first class", those with $300,000 to $2 million
"middle class" and those with less than $300,000 termed "poor". He had the firm focus their intentions on its first
class clients, a group that it called "underprivileged" in ads, offering personal service that extended to walking the
dogs of its top customers. In 1982, the board commissioned an Edwina Sandys sculpture that depicts Davison
walking a client's dog, as a way of demonstrating the firm's commitment to the best possible service for the
super-rich. The changes he made at U.S. Trust helped the company grow from a market capitalization of $40 million
when he took the helm to $2.7 billion when it was acquired by Charles Schwab in 2000 and $3.3 billion when it was
Daniel P. Davison
609
taken over by Bank of America, where by the time of Davison's death it was operated as U.S. Trust, Bank of
America Private Wealth Management. He left United States Trust in 1990 as chairman when he reached the
mandatory retirement age of 65.
Davison died at age 85 at his family home in Locust Valley, New York on August 25, 2010, due to pancreatic
cancer. He was survived by his wife, the former Katusha Cheremeteff, as well as by three sons and seven
grandchildren.
References
[1] Martin, Douglas. "Daniel Davison, Banker Who Revitalized U.S. Trust, Dies at 85" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 08/ 28/ business/
28davison. html), The New York Times, August 28, 2010. Accessed September 2, 2010.
[2] Staff. "Vice Presidents at J.P. Morgan" (http:/ / select.nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F60815FC3C5D167B93CBA81789D95F438585F9), The New York Times, December 19, 1957. Accessed September 2, 2010.
[3] Staff. "OFFICERS CHOSEN FOR MERGED BANK; Divisional Leadership Split Equally Between Morgan, Guaranty Executives" (http:/ /
select. nytimes.com/ gst/ abstract.html?res=F70A11FC345C1A7B93C7A9178ED85F4D8585F9), The New York Times, May 5, 1959.
Accessed September 2, 2010.
[4] Staff. "BUSINESS PEOPLE; U.S. Trust President Lured From Morgan" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F20A14FD3C5A12728DDDAA0A94DD405B898BF1D3), The New York Times, May 23, 1979. Accessed September 2, 2010.
Tony Lavelli
610
Tony Lavelli
Tony Lavelli
Lavelli in 1959.
No. 4, 11, 6, 16
Small forward
Personal information
Born July 11, 1926
Somerville, Massachusetts
Died January 8, 1998 (aged 71)
Laconia, New Hampshire
Nationality American
Listed height 6 ft 3 in (191 cm)
Listed weight 185 lb (84 kg)
Career information
High school Somerville
(Somerville, Massachusetts)
College Yale (1945€1949)
NBA draft 1949 / Round: 1 / Pick: 4th overall
Selected by the Boston Celtics
Pro playing career 1949€1951
Career history
1949€1950 Boston Celtics
1950€1951 New York Knicks
Career highlights and awards
ƒ Helms Foundation Player of the Year (1949)
ƒ NCAA Division I scoring leader (1949)
ƒ Consensus first team All-American (1949)
ƒ 2œ Consensus second team All-American (1946, 1948)
Career NBA statistics
Points 591 (6.9 ppg)
Rebounds 59 (2.0 rpg)
Assists 63 (0.7 apg)
Tony Lavelli
611
Stats
[1]
at Basketball-Reference.com
Anthony Lavelli, Jr. (July 11, 1926 € January 8, 1998) was an American basketball player and musician. He
averaged 6.9 points
[2]
per game during his two-year NBA career (1949€1951) while also providing half-time
entertainment with his accordion performances.
College
A native of Somerville, Massachusetts, Lavelli attended Yale University as a music student and was a member of
Skull and Bones.
:169
He aspired to compose musical comedies after he graduated.
[3]
He wrote over a dozen songs
while in college, with titles like "I Want a Helicopter"
[4]
and "You're the Boppiest Bee-Bop",
[5]
and he also appeared
as an accordion soloist for the New Haven Symphony Orchestra.
[6]
As a senior, he applied to the Juilliard School, the
Curtis Institute of Music, and the New England Conservatory of Music.
[7]
However, Lavelli's musical talents were often overshadowed by his achievements on the basketball court. Lavelli
claimed that he had only learned basketball as a teenager to impress his friends, who were mostly apathetic to his
music.
[8]
Nevertheless, he would become one of Yale's all-time greatest players. A 6'3" forward with an accurate
one-handed hook shot, he scored 1,964 points in four years and graduated as the fourth highest-scorer in college
basketball history.
[9]
He also earned four All-American team selections and one Player of the Year award during his
college career.
[10]
Upon graduating, he was selected as the first overall pick of the Boston Celtics in the 1949 BAA
Draft.
[11]
Professional basketball
Despite his athletic accomplishments, Lavelli„s first love was music, and he initially refused to sign with the Celtics
so that he could enroll at Juilliard.
[12]
Eventually, however, he proposed to join the team on the condition that they
would pay him an extra $125 per game to play his accordion during half-time breaks at Boston Garden and certain
visitors' arenas.
[13]
The Celtics conceded to his demands.
Lavelli made his Celtics debut on November 24, 1949 in a game against the Fort Wayne Pistons. He tallied 20 points
in his first game,
[14]
and would average 8.8 points per game over the course of the 1949-50 NBA season. However,
he received much more attention for his half-time accordion performances; indeed, some basketball historians have
credited Lavelli's mini-concerts for saving the early Celtics franchise, which was in danger of folding due to lack of
fans and money.
[15]
In a typical performance, Lavelli would greet the fans and play …Granada,† …Lady of Spain,† and
other musical pieces before dashing off to the Celtics' locker room.
[16]
He usually played in his basketball jersey, as
he had little time to change his clothes. The Celtics unfortunately finished last in their division that season, but one
newspaper joked that the team "doubtless [found] his music soothing".
[17]
Lavelli signed with the rival New York Knicks prior to the start of the 1950-51 NBA season. He averaged 3.3 points
per game with the Knicks and participated in their playoff run, which ended in the 1951 NBA Finals at the hands of
the Rochester Royals.
[18]
However, Lavelli had joined the Knicks specifically so that he would be close to Juilliard,
and he finally began taking courses there during his tenure with the team.
During the mid-1950s, Lavelli played with the College All-Stars, who primarily served as opponents to the Harlem
Globetrotters, and his accordion performances became a fixture of the Globetrotters„ halftime shows.
[19]
Tony Lavelli
612
Post-basketball career
After retiring from basketball in the late 1950s, Lavelli embarked on a long career as a songwriter and nightclub
performer.
[20]
He released two records during his life: All-American Accordionist and Accordion Classics.
[21]
In
1998, he suffered a heart attack at his home in Laconia, New Hampshire and died shortly afterwards. .
Trivia
ƒ Lavelli twice appeared on the television program Toast of the Town, which was later renamed The Ed Sullivan
Show.
[22]
ƒ Lavelli„s cousin, Dante Lavelli, played for the Cleveland Browns in the 1940s and 1950s and was later inducted
into the Professional Football Hall of Fame.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. basketball-reference.com/ players/ l/ lavelto01. html
[2] Tony Lavelli. http:/ / www. databasebasketball. com/ players/ playerpage. htm?ilkid=LavelTo01.
[3] †Baskets in 4/4 Time†. Time. March 14, 1949. http:/ / time-proxy. yaga. com/ time/ archive/ printout/ 0,23657,794702,00. html.
[4] [4] ibid.
[5] "Lavelli of Yale passes up pro basketball for music career". New York Times. April 16, 1949. p. 18.
[6] "Tony Lavelli solos with New Haven Symphony" Accordion World. 1949. http:/ / www. ksanti. net/ free-reed/ essays/ tonylavelli. html.
[7] "Baskets in 4/4 Time". Time. March 14, 1949. http:/ / time-proxy. yaga. com/ time/ archive/ printout/ 0,23657,794702,00. html.
[8] [8] ibid.
[9] [9] ibid.
[10] [10] ibid.
[11] The Official NBA Encyclopedia. New York: Doubleday, 2000. p. 368.
[12] †Lavelli of Yale passes up pro basketball for music career†. New York Times. April 16, 1949. p. 18.
[13] Burwell, Brian. At the Buzzer! New York: Doubleday, 2001 p. 145.
[14] "Celtics bow, Lavelli gets 20". New York Times. November 25, 1949. p. 34.
[15] Cavanaugh, Jack. "The last days of a garden where memories grew". New York Times. April 16, 1995. p. S7.
[16] Goldstein, Richard. …Tony Lavelli, 71, musician with a memorable hook shot† New York Times. January 13, 1998. p. D21.
[17] "Tony from Yale likes accordion, cage combination; halftime 'concerts' prove biggest success". The Charleston Gazatte. November 28,
1949.
[18] †Royals Reign, Despite Knicks Unlikely Comeback†. NBA.com. http:/ / www. nba. com/ history/ finals/ 19501951. html.
[19] [19] ibid.
[20] [20] ibid.
[21] Tony Lavelli. Records by Mail. http:/ / www. recordsbymail. com/ artistPage. php?artistFirst=TONY& artistLast=LAVELLI
[22] Tony Lavelli. IMDb.com. http:/ / www.imdb.com/ name/ nm1676598/ .
External links
ƒ Career statistics (http:/ / www. databasebasketball. com/ players/ playerpage. htm?ilkid=LavelTo01) at
databasebasketball.com
ƒ Profile (http:/ / imdb. com/ name/ nm1676598/ ) at IMDb
ƒ "Tony Lavelli solos with New Haven Symphony" (http:/ / www. ksanti. net/ free-reed/ essays/ tonylavelli. html),
1949 article from Accordion World (includes picture of Lavelli).
David McCord Lippincott
613
David McCord Lippincott
David McCord Lippincott (17 June 1924 - January 1984) was an American composer and lyricist.
Education
David McCord Lippincott wrote music and lyrics from an early age. The first evidence of that is a musical revue he
wrote while attending the Hotchkiss School called "Little Boy Blue". He then went to Yale University, as did his
father; was a member of Skull & Bones, as was his father William Jackson Lippincott. He graduated in 1949.
Work
After college, Lippincott worked for McCann Erickson as a creative director, writing copy and creating jingles. His
original album musical, The Body in the Seine has become a collector's item.
During this time, he also wrote books, several of which are still available. Some of the writings were turned into
films. Titles include: Unholy Mourning, Black Prism, E Pluribus Bang!, The Blood of October, The Home, Salt
Mine, The Voice of Armageddon, Savage Ransom, and Tremor Violet.
References
External links
ƒ The Music of David Lippincott (https:/ / sites. google. com/ site/ themusicofdavidlippincott/ )
Charles Lord
Charles Edwin Lord II also known as Charles E. Lord. (born April 26, 1928 in New York City - died January 8,
1993, Bridgeport, Connecticut, died aged 64) was an investment banker and appointed Vice-Chairman of the
Export-Import Bank of the United States of the United States by President Reagan.
[1]
He also worked in the Office of
the Comptroller of the Currency for the United States government, and became the acting Comptroller in 1981. After
leaving the Office of the Comptroller Charles worked in the private sector becoming chairman and chief executive of
the Prudential Bank and Trust Company. Concurrently he was a senior adviser with Dillon Read & Company. Later
he was Vice Chairman of the Madison Financial Group. He had been a principal of Lord & Associates beginning in
1989.
He was the son of William Galey Lord and Francis Norton. He attended Yale University being selected in his junior
year to become a member of Skull and Bones in 1949, the year he graduated with B.A. He received an M.A.H. in
1976 from Yale. He had four children with his wife Margaret Plunkett Lord.
[2]
Also, he was on the membership list of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1985 which publishes the popular
magazine Foreign Affairs. His relative, Winston Lord, former Ambassador to China, was President of the Council on
Foreign Relations in between 1977 and 1985, and he was also a member of Skull and Bones in 1959.
Charles Lord
614
Other Positions
Director of Institutional Relations and Alumni Program for Yale University from 1979 until 1979.
Positions in Hartford National Bank and Trust Co. Became manager of Constitution Plaza office (in Hartford, Conn.)
1962 Manager of the International Department 1962. Senior Vice President of the Loan and Investment Division in
1966. President in 1967.
CIA (Chief Executive Officer) in 1972.
Elected President of the Hartford National Corporation in 1969. Vice Chairman 1972, President and CEO in 1975
Banker's Association for Foreign Trade, Director from 1969€1971
Connecticut Regional Export Expansion Council of the Department of Commerce, Chairman 1969-1971
References
[1] http:/ / www. presidency. ucsb. edu/ ws/ index.php?pid=43842
[2] http:/ / articles. courant.com/ 1993-01-13/ news/ 0000107449_1_hartford-national-bank-mr-lord-export-import-bank
William F. Buckley, Jr.
615
William F. Buckley, Jr.
For other persons of like name, see William F. Buckley (disambiguation).
William F. Buckley, Jr.
William F. Buckley Jr.
Born William Frank Buckley, Jr.
November 24, 1925
New York City, New York, United States
Died February 27, 2008 (aged 82)
Stamford, Connecticut, United States
Occupation Editor, author, commentator, television personality
Subjects American conservatism, politics, anti-communism, espionage
Spouse(s) Patricia Taylor Buckley (died 2007)
Children Christopher Buckley (b. 1952)
William Frank Buckley, Jr.
[1]
(November 24, 1925 € February 27, 2008) was an American conservative author
[2]
and commentator. He founded the political magazine National Review in 1955, which had a major impact in
stimulating the conservative movement. He hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line from 1966 until
1999, where he became known for his transatlantic accent and wide vocabulary.
[3]
He also wrote a nationally
syndicated newspaper column, and wrote numerous spy novels.
[4]
George H. Nash, a historian of the modern American Conservative movement, states that Buckley was "arguably the
most important public intellectual in the United States in the past half century... For an entire generation, he was the
preeminent voice of American conservatism and its first great ecumenical figure." Buckley's primary contribution to
politics was a fusion of traditional American political conservatism with laissez-faire economic theory and
anti-communism, laying groundwork for the new American conservatism of U.S. presidential candidate Barry
Goldwater and President Ronald Reagan.
Buckley wrote God and Man at Yale (1951) and over 50 other books on writing, speaking, history, politics and
sailing, including a series of novels featuring CIA agent Blackford Oakes. Buckley referred to himself as either a
libertarian or conservative.
[5][6]
He resided in New York City and Stamford, Connecticut. He was a practicing
Catholic, regularly attending the traditional Latin Mass in Connecticut.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
616
Early life
Buckley was born November 24, 1925, in New York City to lawyer and oil baron William Frank Buckley, Sr., of
Irish ancestry, and Aloise Josephine Antonia Steiner, a New Orleans native of Swiss-German, and some Irish,
origins.
[7]
The sixth of ten children, Buckley moved as a boy with his family from Mexico to Sharon, Connecticut,
before beginning his formal schooling in Paris, where he attended first grade. By age seven, he received his first
formal training in English at a day school in London; his first and second languages were Spanish and French.
[8]
As
a boy, Buckley developed a love for music, sailing, horses, hunting, skiing, and story-telling. All of these interests
would be reflected in his later writings. Just before World War II, at age 13, he attended high school at the Catholic
preparatory school Beaumont College in England. During the war, his family took in the future British historian
Alistair Horne as a child war evacuee. Buckley and Horne remained lifelong friends. Buckley and Horne both
attended the Millbrook School, in Millbrook, New York, and graduated as members of the Class of 1943. At
Millbrook, Buckley founded and edited the school's yearbook, The Tamarack, his first experience in publishing.
When Buckley was a young man, his father was an acquaintance of libertarian author Albert Jay Nock. William F.
Buckley, Sr., encouraged his son to read Nock's works.
As a youth, Buckley developed many musical talents. He played the harpsichord very well, later calling it "the
instrument I love beyond all others". He was an accomplished pianist and appeared once on Marian McPartland's
National Public Radio show "Piano Jazz".
[9]
A great admirer of Johann Sebastian Bach,
[]
Buckley said that he
wanted Bach's music played at his funeral.
Marriage and family
In 1950, Buckley married Patricia Aldyen Austin "Pat" Taylor (1926€2007), daughter of Canadian industrialist
Austin C. Taylor. He met Pat, a Protestant from Vancouver, British Columbia, while she was a student at Vassar
College. She later became a prominent fundraiser for such charitable organizations as the Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer Center, the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at New York University Medical Center and the
Hospital for Special Surgery. She also raised money for Vietnam War veterans and AIDS patients. On April 15,
2007, she died of an infection after a long illness at age 80.
[10]
After her death, Buckley seemed "dejected and
rudderless," according to friend Christopher Little.
[11]
The couple had one son, author Christopher Buckley.
William F. Buckley Jr. had nine siblings, including sister Maureen Buckley-O'Reilly (1933€1964) who married
Gerald A. O'Reilly, the CEO of Richardson-Vicks drugs; sister Priscilla L. Buckley, author of Living It Up With
National Review: A Memoir, for which William wrote the foreword; sister Patricia Buckley Bozell, who was Patricia
Taylor's roommate at Vassar before each married; brother Fergus Reid Buckley, an author, debate-master, and
founder of the Buckley School of Public Speaking; and brother James L. Buckley, who became a U.S. Senator from
New York and was later a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.
[12]
Buckley co-authored
a book, McCarthy and His Enemies, with his brother-in-law, attorney L. Brent Bozell, Jr., (Patricia's husband), who
worked with Buckley at The American Mercury in the early 1950s when it was edited by William Bradford Huie.
[13]
Buckley's oldest sister Aloise Buckley Heath was a writer and conservative activist. His nephew is political
consultant Bill O'Reilly.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
617
Religious views
See also: Mater si, magistra no
Buckley was raised a Catholic, and was a member of the Knights of Malta.
[14]
He described his faith by saying, "I
grew up, as reported, in a large family of Catholics without even a decent ration of tentativeness among the lot of us
about our religious faith."
[15]
As a child, he attended St. John's, Beaumont, a prestigious Catholic boarding school in
England, for a time before the outbreak of World War II. Later, he attended Millbrook, a Protestant school, but was
permitted to attend Catholic Mass at a nearby church. As a youth, he became aware of anti-Catholic bias in the
United States, particularly American Freedom and Catholic Power, a Paul Blanshard book that accused American
Catholics of having 'divided loyalties.'
The release of his first book, God and Man at Yale, was met with some specific criticism pertaining to his
Catholicism. McGeorge Bundy, dean of Harvard at the time, wrote in The Atlantic that "it seems strange for any
Roman Catholic to undertake to speak for the Yale religious tradition." Henry Sloan Coffin, a Yale trustee, accused
Buckley's book of "being distorted by his Roman Catholic point of view" and stated that Buckley "should have
attended Fordham or some similar institution."
[16]
In his 1997 book Nearer, My God, he condemned what he viewed as "the Supreme Court's war against religion in the
public school," and argued that Christian faith was being replaced by "another God ... multiculturalism."
[17]
As an
adult, Buckley regularly attended the traditional Latin Mass in Connecticut. He disapproved of the liturgical reforms
following the Second Vatican Council. Buckley also revealed an interest in the writings and revelations of the 20th
Century Italian writer Maria Valtorta. In his spiritual memoir Buckley reproduced Valtorta's detailed accounts of
Jesus Christ's crucifixion, which were based on Valtorta's visionary experiences of Christ and the mystical
revelations she reported experiencing between the years 1943€47, being shown Jesus' life in 1st-century Palestine
and recording the visions in her book The Poem of the Man-God.
Education, military service, and the CIA
Part of a series on
Conservatism
in the United States
Conservatism portal
ƒƒ v
ƒƒ t
ƒ e
[18]
Buckley was homeschooled through the 8th grade, using the Calvert School of Baltimore's Homeschool
Curriculum.Wikipedia:Citation needed Buckley attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico (or
UNAM) in 1943. The following year upon his graduation from the U.S. Army Officer Candidate School, he was
commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. In his book, Miles Gone By, he briefly recounts being a
member of Franklin Roosevelt's honor guard upon the President's death.
With the end of World War II in 1945, he enrolled in Yale University, where he became a member of the secret
Skull and Bones society,
[19]
was a debater,
[20]
an active member of the Conservative Party (now the Independent
Party), and later the Party of the Right, of the Yale Political Union, and served as Chairman of the Yale Daily News
and as an informer for the FBI.
[21]
Buckley studied political science, history, and economics at Yale, graduating with
honors in 1950. He excelled as the captain of the Yale Debate Team, and under the tutelage of Yale professor Rollin
William F. Buckley, Jr.
618
G. Osterweis, Buckley honed his acerbic style.
In 1951, like some of his classmates in the Ivy League, Buckley was recruited into the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA); he served for two years including one year in Mexico City working as a political action specialist in the elite
Special Activities Division for E. Howard Hunt.
[22]
These two officers remained lifelong friends.
[23]
In a November
1, 2005, column for National Review, Buckley recounted that while he worked for the CIA, the only employee of the
organization that he knew was Hunt, his immediate boss. While in Mexico, Buckley edited The Road to Yenan, a
book by Peruvian author Eudocio Ravines.
First books
God and Man at Yale
Buckley (right) and L. Brent Bozell Jr. promote
their book McCarthy and His Enemies, 1954
In 1951, Buckley's first book, God and Man at Yale, was published.
The book was written in Hamden, Connecticut, where William and Pat
Buckley had settled as newlyweds. A critique of Yale University, the
work argued that the school had strayed from its original educational
mission. Buckley himself credited the attention the book received in
the media to the "Introduction" written by John Chamberlain, saying
that it "chang[ed] the course of his life" and that the famous Life
magazine editorial writer had acted out of "reckless generosity."
[24]
The next year, Buckley wrote an article for Commonweal which
insisted that Big Government and a large U.S. military might be a
necessity for the duration of the Cold War. William F. Buckley, Jr. was
referred to in the novel, The Manchurian Candidate, by Richard
Condon in 1959 as "...that fascinating young man who wrote about
man and God at Yale."
McCarthy and His Enemies
In 1954, Buckley co-wrote a book McCarthy and His Enemies with his brother-in-law, L. Brent Bozell Jr., strongly
defending Senator Joseph McCarthy as a patriotic crusader against communism.
In McCarthy and his Enemies he asserted that "McCarthyism ... is a movement around which men of good will and
stern morality can close ranks."
Buckley worked as an editor for The American Mercury in 1951 and 1952, but left after perceiving newly emerging
anti-Semitic tendencies in the magazine.
National Review
Buckley founded National Review in 1955 at a time when there were few publications devoted to conservative
commentary, serving as editor-in-chief until 1990.
[25][26]
During that time, National Review became the
standard-bearer of American Conservatism, promoting the fusion of traditional conservatives and libertarians.
Examining postwar conservative intellectual history, Kim Phillips-Fein writes:
The most influential synthesis of the subject remains George H. Nash's The Conservative Intellectual Tradition
since 1945.... He argued that postwar conservatism brought together three powerful and partially contradictory
intellectual currents that previously had largely been independent of each other: libertarianism, traditionalism,
and anticommunism. Each particular strain of thought had predecessors earlier in the twentieth (and even
nineteenth) centuries, but they were joined in their distinctive postwar formulation through the leadership of
William F. Buckley, Jr.
619
William F. Buckley Jr. and National Review. The fusion of these different, competing, and not easily
reconciled schools of thought led to the creation, Nash argued, of a coherent modern Right."
[27][28]
As editors and contributors, Buckley especially sought out intellectuals who were ex-Communists or had once
worked on the far Left, including Whittaker Chambers, William Schlamm, John Dos Passos, Frank Meyer and James
Burnham.
[29]
When James Burnham became one of the original senior editors he urged the adoption of a more
pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center. Smant
(1991) finds that Burnham overcame sometimes heated opposition from other members of the editorial board
(including Meyer, Schlamm, William Rickenbacker, and the magazine's publisher William A. Rusher), and had a
significant impact on both the editorial policy of the magazine and on the thinking of Buckley himself.
[30]
Defining the boundaries of conservatism
See also: Conservatism in the United States
Buckley and his editors used his magazine to define the boundaries of conservatism•and to exclude people or ideas
or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title.
[31]
Therefore he denounced Ayn Rand, the John Birch
Society, George Wallace, racists, white supremacists (starting in the 1960s), and anti-Semites.
When he first met author Ayn Rand, according to Buckley, she greeted him with the following: "You are much too
intelligent to believe in Gott."
[32]
In turn, Buckley felt that "Rand's style, as well as her message, clashed with the
conservative ethos"
[33]
and he decided that Rand's hostility to religion made her philosophy unacceptable to his
understanding of conservatism. After 1957, he attempted to read her out of the conservative movement by publishing
Whittaker Chambers's highly negative review of Rand's Atlas Shrugged. In 1964, he wrote of "her desiccated
philosophy's conclusive incompatibility with the conservative's emphasis on transcendence, intellectual and moral,"
as well as "the incongruity of tone, that hard, schematic, implacable, unyielding, dogmatism that is in itself
intrinsically objectionable, whether it comes from the mouth of Ehrenburg, Savonarola•or Ayn Rand."
[34]
Other
attacks were penned by Garry Wills, and M. Stanton Evans. Nevertheless, Burns argues, her popularity and her
influence on the right forced Buckley and his circle into a reconsideration of how traditional notions of virtue and
Christianity could be integrated with all-out support for capitalism.
[35]
White supremacy in the South
MacLean states that, "The National Review made Kilpatrick its voice on the civil rights movement and the
Constitution, as Buckley and Kilpatrick united North and South in a shared vision for the nation that included
upholding white supremacy."
[36]
James Jackson Kilpatrick (1920€2010) was a well-known newspaper editor in
Richmond, Virginia, who was a leader in supporting segregation and the control of the South by whites only. In the
August 24, 1957 issue, Buckley's editorial "Why the South Must Prevail" spoke out explicitly in favor of white
supremacy in the South.
[37]
It argued that "the central question that emerges... is whether the White community in the
South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does
not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes € the White community is so entitled because, for the
time being, it is the advanced race."
[38]
His answer was that white supremacy in the South was a good idea now (in
1957) and the black population lacked the education, economic, or cultural development for racial equality to be
possible, claiming the white South had "the right to impose superior mores for whatever period it takes to effect a
genuine cultural equality between the races."
[39][40][41][42]
In 2004, he clarified his comments, saying, "the point I made about white cultural supremacy was sociological" and
linking his usage of the word "Advancement" to its usage in the name NAACP, continued, "The call for the
'advancement' of colored people presupposes they are behind. Which they were, in 1958, by any standards of
measurement." Buckley changed his views and by the mid-1960s renounced racism. This change was caused in part
because he became appalled at the violence used by white supremacists during the Civil Rights Movement, and in
part because of the influence of friends like Garry Wills, who confronted Buckley on the morality of his politics.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
620
In the late 1960s, Buckley disagreed strenuously with segregationist George Wallace, who ran in Democratic
primaries (1964 and 1972) and made an independent run for president in 1968. Buckley later said it was a mistake
for National Review to have opposed the civil rights legislation of 1964€65. He later grew to admire Martin Luther
King, Jr. and supported creation of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day national holiday for him.
[43]
During the 1950s,
Buckley had worked to remove anti-Semitism from the conservative movement and barred holders of those views
from working for National Review.
In 1962, Buckley denounced Robert W. Welch, Jr., and the John Birch Society, in National Review, as "far removed
from common sense" and urged the GOP to purge itself of Welch's influence.
[44]
Democracy and Communism
Buckley's opposition to Communism extended to support of the overthrow and replacement of leftist governments by
non-democratic forces. Buckley supported Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco who led the rightist military
rebellion in its military defeat of the Spanish Republic. He called Franco "an authentic national hero," applauding his
overthrow of Spanish Republican "visionaries, ideologues, Marxists and nihilists."
[45]
He supported the military
dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet that led the 1973 coup that overthrew Chilean president Salvador Allende's
democratically-elected Marxist government, referring to Allende as "a president who was defiling the Chilean
constitution and waving proudly the banner of his friend and idol, Fidel Castro."
[46]
Political commentary and action
Young Americans for Freedom and Barry Goldwater
In 1960, Buckley helped form Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). YAF was guided by principles Buckley called,
"The Sharon Statement". Buckley was proud of the successful campaign of his elder brother, Jim Buckley, on the
Conservative Party ticket to capture the U.S. Senate seat from New York State held by incumbent Republican
Charles Goodell in 1970, giving very generous credit to the activist support of the New York State chapter of Y.A.F.
Buckley served one term in the Senate, then was defeated by Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan in 1976.
[47]
In 1963€64, Buckley mobilized support for the candidacy of Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, first for the
Republican nomination against New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and then for the Presidency. Buckley used
National Review as a forum for mobilizing support for Goldwater.
[48]
On The Right
Buckley's column On The Right was syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate beginning in 1962. From the early
1970s, his twice-weekly column was distributed to more than 320 newspapers across the country.
Mayoral candidacy
In 1965, Buckley ran for mayor of New York City as the candidate for the new Conservative Party. He ran to restore
momentum to the conservative cause in the wake of Goldwater's defeat.
[49]
He tried to take votes away from the
relatively liberal Republican candidate and fellow Yale alumnus John Lindsay, who later became a Democrat.
Buckley did not expect to win; indeed, when asked what he would do if he won the race, Buckley responded,
"Demand a recount.") and used an unusual campaign style; during one televised debate with Lindsay, Buckley
declined to use his allotted rebuttal time and instead replied, "I am satisfied to sit back and contemplate my own
former eloquence."
To relieve traffic congestion, Buckley proposed charging cars a fee to enter the central city, and a network of bike
lanes. He opposed a civilian review board for the New York Police Department, which Lindsay had recently
introduced to control police corruption and install community policing. Buckley finished third with 13.4% of the
vote, possibly having inadvertently aided Lindsay's election by instead taking votes from Democratic candidate Abe
William F. Buckley, Jr.
621
Beame.
Firing Line
Buckley with President Ronald Reagan at
Reagan's birthday celebration, 1986
Buckley with Reagan in the Oval Office, 1988
For many Americans, Buckley's erudition on his weekly PBS show
Firing Line (1966€1999) was their primary exposure to him.
Throughout his career as a media figure, Buckley had received much
criticism, largely from the American left but also from certain factions
on the right, such as the John Birch Society and its second president,
Larry McDonald, as well as from Objectivists.
[50]
In 1953€1954, long before he founded Firing Line, Buckley was an
occasional panelist on the conservative public affairs program,
Answers for Americans, broadcast on ABC and based on source
material from the H. L. Hunt-supported publication Facts Forum.
Feud with Gore Vidal
Buckley appeared in a series of televised debates with Gore Vidal
during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In their
penultimate debate on August 28 of that year, the two disagreed over
the actions of the city police and the protesters at the ongoing
convention. In reference to the response of the police involved in
supposedly taking down a Viet Cong flag, moderator Howard K. Smith
asked whether raising a Nazi flag during the Second World War would
have elicited a similar response. Vidal responded that people were free
to state their political views as they saw fit, whereupon Buckley interrupted and noted that people were free to speak
their views but others were also free to ostracize them for holding those views, noting that in the U.S. during the
Second World War "some people were pro-Nazi and they were well treated by those who ostracized them•and I'm
for ostracizing people who egg on other people to shoot American Marines and American soldiers. I know you
[Vidal] don't care because you have no sense of identification with ...". Vidal then interjected that "the only sort of
pro- or crypto-Nazi I can think of is yourself", whereupon Smith interjected, "Now let's not call names." Buckley,
visibly angered, rose several inches from his seat and replied, "Now listen, you queer, stop calling me a crypto-Nazi
or I'll sock you in your goddamn face, and you'll stay plastered."
[51]
Buckley was to later apologize in print for
having called Vidal a "queer" in a burst of anger rather than in a clinical context, but also reiterated his distaste for
Vidal as an "evangelist for bisexuality": "The man who in his essays proclaims the normalcy of his affliction, and in
his art the desirability of it, is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly. The addict is to be
pitied and even respected, not the pusher."
[52]
This feud continued the following year in the pages of Esquire, which commissioned essays from both Buckley and
Vidal on the television incident. Buckley's essay "On Experiencing Gore Vidal", was published in the August 1969
issue, and led Vidal to sue for libel. The court threw out Vidal's case.
[53]
Vidal's September essay in reply, "A
Distasteful Encounter with William F. Buckley", was similarly litigated by Buckley. In it Vidal strongly implied that,
in 1944, Buckley and unnamed siblings had vandalized a Protestant church in their Sharon, Connecticut, hometown
after the pastor's wife had sold a house to a Jewish family. Buckley sued Vidal and Esquire for libel; Vidal
counter-claimed for libel against Buckley, citing Buckley's characterization of Vidal's novel Myra Breckenridge as
pornography. Both cases were dropped, with Buckley settling for court costs paid by Vidal, while Vidal absorbed his
own court costs. Buckley also received an editorial apology in the pages of Esquire as part of the settlement.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
622
The feud was reopened in 2003 when Esquire re-published the original Vidal essay, at which time further legal
action resulted in Buckley being compensated both personally and for his legal fees, along with an editorial notice
and apology in the pages of Esquire, again.
Buckley maintained a philosophical antipathy towards Vidal's other b‡te noire, Norman Mailer, calling him "almost
unique in his search for notoriety and absolutely unequalled in his co-existence with it".
[54]
Meanwhile, Mailer
summed up Buckley as having a …second-rate intellect incapable of entertaining two serious thoughts in a row†. After
Mailer's 2007 death, however, Buckley wrote warmly about their personal acquaintance.
Associations with liberal politicians
Buckley became close friends with liberal Democratic activist Allard K. Lowenstein. Buckley featured Lowenstein
on numerous Firing Line programs, publicly endorsed his candidacies for U.S. Congress, and delivered a eulogy at
his funeral.
[55][56]
Buckley was also friends with economist John Kenneth Galbraith
[57][58]
and former senator and presidential
candidate George McGovern,
[59]
both of whom he frequently featured or debated on Firing Line and college
campuses. He and Galbraith were also popular for their occasional appearances on The Today Show, where host
Frank McGee would introduce them and then deftly step aside and defer to the verbal thrust and parry.
[60]
United Nations delegate
In 1973, the Nixon Administration appointed Buckley to serve as a delegate to the United Nations, upon which
Buckley would later write a book.
[61]
In 1981, Buckley informed President-elect (and personal friend) Ronald
Reagan that he would decline any official position offered to him. Reagan jokingly replied that that was too bad,
because he had wanted to make Buckley ambassador to (then Soviet-occupied) Afghanistan. Buckley replied that he
was willing to take the job but only if he were to be supplied with "10 divisions of bodyguards".
[62]
Amnesty International
In the late 1960s, Buckley joined the Board of Directors of Amnesty International USA. He resigned in January 1978
in protest over the organization's stance against capital punishment as expressed in its Stockholm Declaration of
1977, which he said would lead to the "inevitable sectarianization of the amnesty movement".
Spy novelist
In 1975, Buckley recounted being inspired to write a spy novel by Frederick Forsyth's The Day of the Jackal: "...If I
were to write a book of fiction, I'd like to have a whack at something of that nature."
[63]
He went on to explain that
he was determined to avoid the moral ambiguity of Graham Greene and John le Carr„. Buckley wrote the 1976 spy
novel Saving the Queen, featuring Blackford Oakes as a rule-bound CIA agent, based in part on his own CIA
experiences. Over the next 30 years, he would write another ten novels featuring Oakes. New York Times critic
Charlie Rubin wrote that the series "at its best, evokes John O'Hara in its precise sense of place amid simmering
class hierarchies".
[64]
Stained Glass, second in the series, won a 1980 National Book Award in the one-year category
Mystery (paperback).
[65][66]
Buckley was particularly concerned about the view that what the CIA and the KGB were doing was morally
equivalent. As he wrote in his memoirs, "To say that the CIA and the KGB engage in similar practices is the
equivalent of saying that the man who pushes an old lady into the path of a hurtling bus is not to be distinguished
from the man who pushes an old lady out of the path of a hurtling bus: on the grounds that, after all, in both cases
someone is pushing old ladies around.
[67]
Buckley began doing his writing work on computers in the 1980s, and according to his son, he developed an almost
fanatical loyalty to the word processing application WordStar, installing it on every new PC he got despite its
William F. Buckley, Jr.
623
growing obsolescence over the years. He still used it to write his last novel, and when asked why he continued using
something so outdated, he would answer "They say there's better software, but they also say there's better alphabets."
Later career
Buckley shakes hands with President George W.
Bush on October 6, 2005
Buckley participated in a live and very heated debate on ABC
following the airing of The Day After, a 1983 made-for-television film
about the effects of nuclear war. The debate panel included former
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of Defense
Robert McNamara, and prominent scientist and author Carl Sagan.
Sagan argued against nuclear proliferation, while Buckley, a staunch
anti-communist, promoted the concept of nuclear deterrence. During
the debate, Sagan discussed the concept of nuclear winter and made an
analogy comparing the arms race between the United States and the
Soviet Union to two sworn enemies standing waist-deep in gasoline,
one with 9,000 matches, the other with 7,000.
[68]
In 1988 Buckley was instrumental in the defeat of liberal Republican Senator Lowell Weicker. Buckley organized a
committee to campaign against Weicker and endorsed his Democratic opponent, Connecticut Attorney General
Joseph Lieberman.
[69]
In 1991, Buckley received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H. W. Bush. Upon turning 65
in 1990, he retired from the day-to-day running of the National Review and relinquished his controlling shares of
National Review in June 2004 to a pre-selected board of trustees. The following month he published the memoir
Miles Gone By. Buckley continued to write his syndicated newspaper column, as well as opinion pieces for National
Review magazine and National Review Online. He remained the ultimate source of authority at the magazine and
also conducted lectures, granted occasional radio interviews
[70]
and made guest appearances on national television
news programs.
[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]
Views on modern-day conservatism
Buckley around 2000
Buckley criticized certain aspects of policy within the modern conservative
movement. Of George W. Bush's presidency, he said, "If you had a European
prime minister who experienced what we've experienced it would be expected
that he would retire or resign."
[84]
He further said, "Bush is 'conservative', but he
is not a 'Conservative', and that the president was not elected 'as a vessel of the
conservative faith.'" Buckley would distinguish between so-called "lowercase c"
and "Capital C" conservatives, the latter being true conservatives: fiscally
conservative and socially Conservative/Libertarian or libertarian-leaning.
[85]
Regarding the War in Iraq, Buckley stated, "The reality of the situation is that
missions abroad to effect regime change in countries without a bill of rights or
democratic tradition are terribly arduous." He added: "This isn't to say that the
Iraq war is wrong, or that history will judge it to be wrong. But it is absolutely to
say that conservatism implies a certain submission to reality; and this war has an unrealistic frank and is being
conscripted by events." In a February 2006 column published at National Review Online and distributed by
Universal Press Syndicate, Buckley stated unequivocally that, "One cannot doubt that the American objective in Iraq
has failed." Buckley has also stated that "...it's important that we acknowledge in the inner councils of state that it
(the war) has failed, so that we should look for opportunities to cope with that failure."
William F. Buckley, Jr.
624
According to Jeffrey Hart, writing in The American Conservative, Buckley had a "tragic" view of the Iraq war: he
"saw it as a disaster and thought that the conservative movement he had created had in effect committed intellectual
suicide by failing to maintain critical distance from the Bush administration... At the end of his life, Buckley
believed the movement he made had destroyed itself by supporting the war in Iraq."
[86]
Regarding the Iraq War troop
surge of 2007, however, it is noted by the editors of National Review that: "Buckley initially opposed the surge, but
after seeing its early success believed it deserved more time to work."
Buckley was an advocate for the legalization of marijuana and some drug legalization as early as his 1965 candidacy
for mayor of New York City. He wrote a pointed pro-marijuana legalization piece for National Review in 2004
where he calls for conservatives to change their views on legalization, stating, "We're not going to find someone
running for president who advocates reform of those laws. What is required is a genuine republican groundswell. It
is happening, but ever so gradually. Two of every five Americans [...] believe 'the government should treat marijuana
more or less the same way it treats alcohol: It should regulate it, control it, tax it, and make it illegal only for
children.'" In his December 3, 2007 column, Buckley seemed to advocate banning tobacco use in America.
About neoconservatives, he said in 2004: "I think those I know, which is most of them, are bright, informed and
idealistic, but that they simply overrate the reach of U.S. power and influence."
[][87][88][89]
Death
Buckley died at his home in Stamford, Connecticut, on February 27, 2008. Initially, it was reported that he was
found dead at his desk in his study, a converted garage. "He died with his boots on", his son Christopher Buckley
said, "after a lifetime of riding pretty tall in the saddle." Subsequently, however, in his 2009 book Losing Mum and
Pup: A Memoir, Christopher Buckley admitted that this account was an embellishment on his part: his father had
actually been found lying on the floor of his study after suffering a fatal heart attack. At the time of his death, he had
been suffering from emphysema and diabetes. In a December 3, 2007 column, Buckley commented on the cause of
his emphysema, citing his lifelong habit of smoking tobacco, despite endorsing a legal ban of it.
Notable members of the Republican political establishment paying tribute to Buckley included President George W.
Bush, former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich, and former First Lady Nancy Reagan. Bush
said of Buckley, "[h]e influenced a lot of people, including me. He captured the imagination of a lot of people."
Gingrich added, "Bill Buckley became the indispensable intellectual advocate from whose energy, intelligence, wit,
and enthusiasm the best of modern conservatism drew its inspiration and encouragement... Buckley began what led
to Senator Barry Goldwater and his Conscience of a Conservative that led to the seizing of power by the
conservatives from the moderate establishment within the Republican Party. From that emerged Ronald Reagan."
Reagan's widow, Nancy, commented, "Ronnie valued Bill's counsel throughout his political life, and after Ronnie
died, Bill and Pat were there for me in so many ways."
William F. Buckley, Jr.
625
Linguistic expertise
William F. Buckley, Jr. in 1985
Buckley was well known for his command of language.
[90]
He came late to
formal instruction in English, not learning it until he was seven years old and
having earlier learned Spanish and French.
[8]
Michelle Tsai in Slate says that he
spoke English with an idiosyncratic accent: something between an old-fashioned,
upper class Mid-Atlantic accent, and British Received Pronunciation, with a
Southern drawl.
Rhetoric
Epstein (1972) argues that liberals were especially fascinated by Buckley, and
often wanted to debate him, in part because his ideas resembled their own, for
Buckley typically formulated his arguments in reaction to left-liberal opinion,
rather than being founded on conservative principles that were alien to the
liberals.
[91]
Appel (1992) argues from rhetorical theory that Buckley's essays are often
written in "low" burlesque in the manner of Samuel Butler's satirical poem "Hudibras". Considered as drama, such
discourse features black-and-white disorder, a guilt-mongering logician, distorted clownish opponents, limited
scapegoating, and a self-serving redemption.
[92]
Lee (2008) argues that Buckley introduced a new rhetorical style that conservatives often tried to emulate. The
"gladiatorial style", as Lee calls it, is flashy and combative, filled with sound bites, and leads to an inflammatory
drama. As conservatives encountered Buckley's arguments about government, liberalism and markets, the theatrical
appeal of Buckley's gladiatorial style inspired conservative imitators, becoming one of the principal templates for
conservative rhetoric.
[93]
Buckley Rule
The Buckley Rule is often misquoted. William F. Buckley first used his assertion during the 1964 Republican
primary election that featured Barry Goldwater and Nelson Rockefeller. Debate within the Republican party led
Buckley to state his support for …the rightwardmost viable candidate.† It is often misquoted and misapplied as
proclaiming support for …the rightwardmost electable candidate† or simply the most electable candidate.
According to National Review„s Neal B. Freeman, …It meant somebody who saw the world as we did. Somebody
who would bring credit to our cause. Somebody who, win or lose, would conservatize the Republican party and the
country. It meant somebody like Barry Goldwater.†
[94]
Works
Main article: William F. Buckley, Jr. bibliography
See also: List of Blackford Oakes novels
Notes
[1] "William Francis" in the editorial obituary "Up From Liberalism" The Wall Street Journal February 28, 2008, p. A16; Martin, Douglas,
"William F. Buckley Jr., 82, Dies; Sesquipedalian Spark of Right", obituary, New York Times, February 28, 2008, which reported that his
parents preferred "Frank", which would make him a "Jr.", but at his christening, the priest "insisted on a saint's name, so Francis was chosen.
When the younger William Buckley was 5, he asked to change his middle name to Frank and his parents agreed. At that point, he became
William F. Buckley Jr. ."
[2] Italie, Hillel via Associated Press. "Conservative Author Buckley Dead at 82" (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ n/ a/ 2008/
02/ 27/ national/ a082531S11. DTL& type=politics), San Francisco Chronicle, February 27, 2008. Accessed January 18, 2009.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
626
[3] The Wall Street Journal February 28, 2008, p. A16
[4] For complete, searchable texts see Buckley Online (http:/ / cumulus. hillsdale. edu/ buckley/ Standard/ index. html).
[5] [5] C-SPAN Booknotes October 23, 1993
[6] Buckley, William F., Jr. Happy Days Were Here Again: Reflections of a Libertarian Journalist, Random House, ISBN 0-679-40398-1, 1993.
[7] http:/ / www. wargs. com/ other/ buckley. html
[8] [8] Early chapters recount his early education and mastery of languages.
[9] Tanglewood Jazz Festival, September 1€3, 2006 in Lenox, Massachusetts (http:/ / www. allaboutjazz. com/ php/ news. php?id=10676)
August 2, 2006
[10] William F. Buckley Jr. dies at 82 (http:/ / www.cnn. com/ 2008/ POLITICS/ 02/ 27/ buckley. obit/ index. html) February 27, 2008
[11] Buck, Rinker, "William F. Buckley Jr. l 1925€2008: Icon Of The Right: Entertaining, Erudite Voice Of Conservatism" (http:/ / www.
courant.com/ news/ local/ hc-buckleyobit0228.artfeb28,0,6920688,print. story), obituary, The Hartford Courant, February 28, 2007.
"Material from the Associated Press was also used." Retrieved February 29, 2007
[12] John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr. (2001) pp 312€16 103
[13] Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr. (2001) p 103
[14] Phelan, Matthew (2011-02-28) Seymour Hersh and the men who want him committed (http:/ / www. salon. com/ news/ politics/ war_room/
2011/ 02/ 28/ seymour_hersh_whowhatwhy/ index.html), Salon.com
[15] [15] Buckley, Nearer, My God. p241
[16] Buckley, Nearer, My God p. 30
[17] [17] Buckley, Nearer, My God. p. 37
[18] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Conservatism_US& action=edit
[19] [19] , 41
[20] Yale Debate Association officers, Yale University Manuscripts & Archives, Digital Images Database, Yale University, New Haven, CT
(http:/ / images.library. yale.edu/ madid/ oneItem.aspx?id=1809005& q=osterweis& q1=& q2=& qc1=& qc2=& qf1=& qf2=& qn=& qo=&
qm=15& qs=1& sid=0& qx=)
[21] [21] Chapter 7 is devoted to Buckley.
[22] William F. Buckley, Jr. (January 26, 2007), "Howard Hunt, RIP" (http:/ / www. uexpress. com/ ontheright/ index.
html?uc_full_date=20070126)
[23] Tad Szulc, Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt (New York: Viking, 1974)
[24] Chamberlain, John, A Life With the Printed Word, Chicago: Regnery, 1982, p. 147.
[25] Buckley Retires As Editor; National Review Founder Steps Down After 35 Years (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1P2-1151505.
html) June 10, 1990
[26] A Personal Retrospective (http:/ / www.nationalreview. com/ flashback/ flashback200511170846. asp) November 17, 2005
[27] Kim Phillips-Fein, "Conservatism: A State of the Field," Journal of American History, (Dec. 2011) 98#3 pp 723€743, quote p. 729
[28] George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 (1976)
[29] John P. Diggins, "Buckley's Comrades: The Ex-Communist as Conservative," Dissent July 1975, Vol. 22 Issue 4, pp. 370€386
[30] Kevin Smant, "Whither Conservatism? James Burnham and 'National Review,' 1955€1964," Continuity, 1991, Issue 15, pp. 83€97; Smant,
Principles and Heresies: Frank S. Meyer and the Shaping of the American Conservative Movement (2002) pp. 33€66
[31] Roger Chapman, Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices (2009) vol 1 p 58
[32] "Ayn Rand, R.I.P.", The National Review, April 2, 1982.
[33] Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the market: Ayn Rand and the American Right, 1930€1980 (2010) p 162
[34] William F. Buckley, Jr., "Notes toward an Empirical Definition of Conservatism," in Frank S. Meyer, ed., What is Conservatism? (1964) p.
214
[35] Jennifer Burns, "Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement," Modern Intellectual History, (2004) 1#3 pp. 359€385
[36] Nancy MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace (2008) p. 46
[37] Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974€2008 (HarperCollins, 2009) p. 471
[38] John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (2001) p. 138
[39] Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr. p. 138
[40] Stephen J. Whitfield, A death in the Delta: the story of Emmett Till (Johns Hopkins U.P. p 11
[41] Jeremy Lott, William F. Buckley Jr. (2010) p 136
[42] Joseph Crespinon, In Search of another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Princeton U.P., 2007) pp. 81€2
[43] Tanenhaus, Sam, on William F. Buckley (http:/ / papercuts. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 02/ 27/
qa-with-sam-tanenhaus-on-william-f-buckley/ ), Paper Cuts blog at The New York Times website, February 27, 2008.
[44] William F. Buckley, Jr., "Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me". Commentary (March 2008) online (http:/ / www.
commentarymagazine. com/ article/ goldwater-the-john-birch-society-and-me/ )
[45] National Review, 10/ 26/57
[46] National Review, November 23, 1998
[47] Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives pp. 185€98, 311
[48] Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives ch 10
[49] Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (2002) pp 162€89
William F. Buckley, Jr.
627
[50] William F. Buckley, Jr.: The Witch-Doctor is Dead by Harry Binswanger € Capitalism Magazine (http:/ / capmag. com/ article.
asp?ID=5128)
[51] Youtube video of the exchange (http:/ / youtube.com/ watch?v=nYymnxoQnf8)
[52] Esquire (August 1969), p. 132.
[53] Vidal Discredited! Esquire apologies to Buckley; picks up legal tab. (http:/ / www. nationalreview. com/ document/
document200412140834. asp)
[54] William F. Buckley Jr. on Norman Mailer on National Review Online (http:/ / article. nationalreview. com/
?q=YzhhYmYzNjQzM2ViYmMzZmUwNjRiZTQ4YTVmY2I1OTY=)
[55] Firing Line, "Allard Lowenstein: A Retrospective", Episode #415 (http:/ / hoohila. stanford. edu/ firingline/ programView2.
php?programID=843), May 18, 1980
[56] Buckley, Jr., William F., On The Firing Line: The Public Life of Our Public Figures, 1988, pp. 423-434.
[57] The Sydney Morning Herald, "Mordant wit perched atop Manhattan society (Pat Buckley, 1926-2007)" (http:/ / www. smh. com. au/ news/
obituaries/ mordant-wit-perched-atop-manhattan-society/ 2007/ 04/ 27/ 1177459974997. html?page=2), Mark McGinness, April 28, 2007
[58] The Daily Beast, "Buckley Bows Out of National Review" (http:/ / www. thedailybeast. com/ articles/ 2008/ 10/ 14/ sorry-dad-i-was-fired.
html), Christopher Buckley, October 14, 2008
[59] C-SPAN, "Conservative v. Liberal Ideology" (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ 80308-1) (Debate: William F. Buckley v. George S.
McGovern), Southeast Missouri State University, April 10, 1997
[60] Hoover Institute, Stanford University, Library and Archives, The Firing Line Archive (http:/ / hoohila. stanford. edu/ firingline)
[61] http:/ / www.nytimes.com/ books/ 00/ 07/ 16/ specials/ buckley-un. html
[62] Reagan: A Life in Letters, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 64. (http:/ / video. google. com/
videoplay?docid=-6724737060193073610& q=william+ buckley)
[63] The Paris Review € The Art of Fiction No. 146 (http:/ / www. theparisreview. org/ viewinterview. php/ prmMID/ 1395)
[64] 'Last Call for Blackford Oakes': Cocktails With Philby (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 07/ 17/ books/ review/ 17RUBINL.
html?ex=1279339200& en=845293053a63c725& ei=5088), Charlie Rubin, The New York Times, July 17, 2005
[65] "National Book Awards € 1980" (http:/ / www.nationalbook. org/ nba1980. html). National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-28. (With
essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
[66] From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories. Most all
of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including this one.
[67] Linda Bridges and John R. Coyne, Strictly Right: William F. Buckley, Jr. and the American Conservative Movement (2007) p. 182
[68] ABC News Viewpoint - The Day After (http:/ / www.fuzzymemories. tv/ index. php?c=1817& m=xxdayafterxx) 20 November 1983
[69] Did He Kiss Joe? (http:/ / article. nationalreview.com/ ?q=NGEwNmYxYjRhZmRkZjA4MmM1YzE5MDIzMzJlYjExNmU=) July 5, 2006
[70] NPR: A Life on the Right: William F. Buckley (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story. php?storyId=3387080) July 14, 2004
[71] Neoconservatism: a CIA Front? (http:/ / www.informationclearinghouse. info/ article3700. htm), by Gregory Pavlik. The
Rothbard-Rockwell Report, 1997
[72] William F. Buckley Jr. (http:/ / www.salon. com/ people/ feature/ 1999/ 09/ 03/ wfb/ ) September 3, 1999
[73] The Decline of National Review (http:/ / www.amren. com/ 009issue/ 009issue. html#cover), by James P. Lubinskas, American
Renaissance, September, 2000
[74] Buckley Revealed (http:/ / www. lewrockwell.com/ rothbard/ rothbard6. html) 2001
[75] William F. Buckley Jr. and the John Birch Society (http:/ / www. haciendapub. com/ politics13. html) December 13, 2002
[76] Appreciating Bill Buckley (http:/ / www.intellectualconservative. com/ 2003/ an-american-original-appreciating-bill-buckley/ ) 2003
[77] Pied Piper for the Establishment (http:/ / www. newsmax. com/ archives/ articles/ 2003/ 2/ 21/ 02850. shtml) February 21, 2003
[78] The Great Prevaricator: William F. Buckley helped killer Edgar Smith to a second trial (http:/ / crimemagazine. com/ 03/ edgarsmith,0825.
htm) August 25, 2003
[79] Buckley's Final Passage? (http:/ / www.intellectualconservative. com/ 2004/ buckleys-final-passage/ ) 2004
[80] Interview with Buckley (http:/ / www. frontpagemag.com/ Articles/ ReadArticle. asp?ID=14563) August 9, 2004
[81] dec04/buckley_09-08.html ML NewsHour: William F. Buckley Jr. (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ bb/ media/ july) September 8, 2004
[82] Cathleen P. Black and William F. Buckley Jr. to Receive Magazine Industry Lifetime Achievement Awards (http:/ / www. magazine. org/
editorial/ about_asme/ press_releases/ 14154. cfm) November 10, 2005
[83] Happy is the Columnist who has no history (http:/ / baltimorechronicle. com/ 2007/ 040607Hickman. shtml) April 6, 2007
[84] Buckley: Bush Not A True Conservative (http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/ stories/ 2006/ 07/ 22/ eveningnews/ main1826838. shtml) CBS
News, July 22, 2006
[85] Buckley: "My dad always distinguished between capital•large C and small C. And he thought W. was a small C."
[86] Right at the end, The American Conservative, March 24, 2008
[87] Video of Buckley debating James Baldwin, October 26, 1965, Cambridge University; digitized by UC Berkeley (http:/ / sunsite. berkeley.
edu/ videodir/ asx2/ 2299. asx)
[88] "The Collected Controversies of William F. Buckley" (http:/ / www. 10zenmonkeys. com/ 2008/ 02/ 28/
the-collected-controversies-of-william-f-buckley/ ), February 28, 2008.
ƒ "Where does one Start? A Guide to Reading WFB," (http:/ / article. nationalreview. com/
?q=OWQ4Y2VmNjNmZjhiZTEwOThmNTA3NGY1Y2UwNTE4ZDM=) National Review Online, February 29, 2008
William F. Buckley, Jr.
628
[89] "Walking the Road that Buckley Built," (http:/ / michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 03/
walking-road-that-buckley-built.html) by Michael Johns, March 7, 2008.
[90] See Schmidt, Julian. (June 6, 2005) National Review Notes & asides. (Letter to the Editor) Volume 53; Issue 2. Pg. 17. ("Dear Mr. Buckley:
You can call off the hunt for the elusive "encephalophonic". I have it cornered in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, where the
noun "encephalophone" is defined as "an apparatus that emits a continuous hum whose pitch is changed by interference of brain waves
transmitted through oscillators from electrodes attached to the scalp and that is used to diagnose abnormal brain functioning." I knew right
where to look, because you provoked my search for that word a generation ago, when I first (and not last) encountered it in one of your books.
If it was used derisively about you, I can only infer that the reviewer's brain was set a-humming by a) his failure to follow your illaqueating
(ensnaring) logic, b) his dizzied awe at your manifold talents, and/or c) his inability to distinguish lexiphanicism (the use of pretentious words)
from lectio divina. I say, keep it up. We could all do with more brain vibrations.")
[91] Joseph Epstein, "The Politics of William Buckley: Conservative Ideologue as Liberal Celebrity", Dissent, Oct 1972, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp
602€61
[92] Edward C. Appel, "Burlesque drama as a rhetorical genre: The hudibrastic ridicule of William F. Buckley, Jr.," Western Journal of
Communication, Summer 1996, Vol. 60 Issue 3, pp 269€284
[93] Michael J. Lee, "WFB: The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation," Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Summer 2010, Vol. 13 Issue 2,
pp 43€76
[94] http:/ / www.nationalreview. com/ articles/ 340485/ buckley-rule-according-bill-not-karl-neal-b-freeman/ page/ 0/ 1
External references
ƒ Appel, Edward C. "Burlesque drama as a rhetorical genre: The hudibrastic ridicule of William F. Buckley, Jr.",
Western Journal of Communication, Summer 1996, Vol. 60 Issue 3, pp 269€284.
ƒ Bridges, Linda, and John Coyne. Strictly Right: William F. Buckley Jr. and the American Conservative Movement
(Wiley, 2007). ISBN 0-471-75817-5.
ƒ Buckley, James Lane (2006). Gleanings from an Unplanned Life: An Annotated Oral History. Wilmington:
Intercollegiate Studies institute. ISBN 978-1-933859-11-8.
ƒ Buckley, Reid (1999). Strictly Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-134610-4.
ƒ Epstein, Joseph. "The Politics of William Buckley: Conservative Ideologue as Liberal Celebrity," Dissent, Oct
1972, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 602€61
ƒ Farber, David. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History (2010) pp 39€76
ƒ Gottfried, Paul (1993). The Conservative Movement. ISBN 0-8057-9749-1
ƒ Johns, Michael (2008). "Walking the Road that Buckley Built" (http:/ / michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.
blogspot. com/ 2008/ 03/ walking-road-that-buckley-built. html)
ƒ John B. Judis (1990). William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives. New York: Touchstone.
(full-scale biography). ISBN 0-671-69593-2
ƒ Lamb, Brian (2001). Booknotes: Stories from American History. New York: Penguin. ISBN 1-58648-083-9.
ƒ Lee, Michael J. "WFB: The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation," Rhetoric and Public Affairs,
Summer 2010, Vol. 13 Issue 2, pp 43€76
ƒ Meehan, William F., ed. (2002). William F. Buckley, Jr.: A Bibliography. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books.
ISBN 9781882926664.
ƒ Miller, David (1990). Chairman Bill: A Biography of William F. Buckley, Jr.. New York
ƒ Nash, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006)
ƒ Winchell, Mark Royden (1984). William F. Buckley, Jr. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.
ISBN 0-8057-7431-9.
ƒ Sarchett, Barry W. "Unreading the Spy Thriller: The Example of William F. Buckley Jr.," Journal of Popular
Culture, Fall 1992, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 127€139, theoretical literary analysis
ƒ Smith, W. Thomas, Jr. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Facts on File.
ISBN 0-8160-4667-0.
ƒ Straus, Tamara (1997). The Literary Almanac: The Best of the Printed Word: 1900 to the Present. New York:
High Tide Press. ISBN 1-56731-328-0.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
629
ƒ "William F. Buckley, Jr" (http:/ / www. americanwriters. org/ classroom/ resources/ tr_buckley. asp). C-Span
American Writers II. Retrieved September 2, 2004.
External links
ƒ William F. Buckley (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm118702/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Buckley Online (http:/ / cumulus. hillsdale. edu/ Buckley/ ), a complete guide to the writings William F. Buckley
at Hillsdale College
ƒ William F. Buckley (http:/ / lccn. loc. gov/ n79065205) at Library of Congress Authorities • with 109 catalog
records
ƒ William Frank Buckley, Jr (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=24915565) at Find a
Grave
ƒ William F. Buckley's FBI files, hosted at the Internet Archive: part 1 (https:/ / archive. org/ details/
foia_Buckley_William_F. -HQ-1), part 2 (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ foia_Buckley_William_F. -HQ-2)
Party political offices
New political party Conservative Party nominee for Mayor of New York
City
1965
Succeeded by
John Marchi
William Henry Draper III
William Henry Draper III in 2009. Photograph by
Steve Jurvetson
William Henry Draper III (born 1928) is a prominent American
venture capitalist.
Early life and career
Draper was born in White Plains, New York, the son of Katherine
Louise (n„e Baum) and banker and diplomat William Henry Draper, Jr.
He attended Yale University with George H. W. Bush, graduated in
1950, the year after George H. W. Bush and is a member of the secret
society Skull and Bones. After graduating from college, Draper served
as a second lieutenant in the Korean War. Upon returning to the United
States, he attended Harvard Business School and studied under
professor Georges Doriot, who is often credited with starting the
venture capital industry. Draper graduated with a Masters of Business
degree, with distinction, in 1954. He then worked from 1954-1959 as a
steel salesman at Chicago's Inland Steel Company.
Early venture capital
In 1959, Draper left Chicago to work as an associate at his father's
newly formed firm, Draper, Gaither & Anderson, the first venture
capital company on the West Coast. In 1962, Draper left Draper, Gaither & Anderson to co-found the venture capital
firm Draper & Johnson Investment Company with his good friend Pitch Johnson, whom he had met while working at
Inland Steel. In 1965, Draper founded Sutter Hill Ventures, which to this day remains one of the top venture capital
William Henry Draper III
630
firms in the country. During his twenty years as the senior partner of Sutter Hill, Draper helped to organize and
finance several hundred high technology manufacturing companies.In 1986, he became the head of the world's
largest source of multilateral development grant assistance, the United Nations Development Programme, and was
instrumental in leadership of several global initiatives, such as the international Education for All movement
(beginning formally with the 1990 Conference in Jomtien, Thailand), the 1995 Beijing Women's' Conference, and
the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sabbatical from Silicon Valley € public Service
Draper has played an international leadership role in expanding the world economy. He served from 1981 to 1986 as
President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States and was appointed to this position by
President Ronald Reagan. In this post, Draper assumed a leadership role in U.S. efforts to sustain world trade in the
face of major liquidity problems among the developing countries.
In 1986, he became the head of the world's largest source of multilateral development grant assistance, the United
Nations Development Programme.
[1]
As the second highest ranking individual in the United Nations, Draper
oversaw nearly 10,000 international aid projects. During his time at the UN and the Export-Import Bank, Draper
traveled to 101 developing countries and met with over 50 heads of state.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Return to venture capital
In 1994, Draper and Robin Richards Donohoe founded Draper International, the first U.S. venture capital fund to
focus on investing in private companies with operations in India. In 2002, he co-founded Draper Richards LP, a
venture capital fund that invests in early-stage technology companies in the U.S., and he also founded Draper
Investment Company, which concentrates on seed investments in Europe and Asia.
The Draper Richards Foundation
In 2002, along with Robin Richards Donohoe and Jenny Shilling Stein, Draper co-founded the Draper Richards
Foundation, which provides selected social entrepreneurs with $100,000 annually for three years. The funds are
specifically and solely for entrepreneurs starting new non-profit organizations. Run much like a venture capital fund,
in addition to financial support, the foundation also provides expert guidance and coaching to its fellows and fosters
their growth from a start-up non-profit to a successful venture. Draper Richards is highly selective, awarding
fellowships to approximately 1% of applicants each year. Since its founding, the Draper Richards Foundation has
awarded more than 50 fellowships.
Community service
As a civic leader, Draper has been involved in many community service programs. He is currently on the boards of
the Atlantic Council, The Draper Richards Foundation, Hoover Institution, Freeman Spogli Institute of International
Studies at Stanford University, World Affairs Council of Northern California, the United Nations Association of the
United States of America and the Harvard Business School California Research Center Advisory Board. He is a
member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the President„s Council on International Activities at Yale
University.
Draper formerly served as the Chairman of the World Affairs Council of Northern California, Chairman of the
Institute of International Education, as a Trustee of Yale University and as Chairman of the Board of the American
Conservatory Theater in San Francisco; he was a former Board member of Population Action International, George
Bush Library Foundation, the Advisory Council of the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the World
Rehabilitation Fund in New York.
William Henry Draper III
631
Personal life
Draper is married to Phyllis Culbertson Draper, and is the father of venture capitalist Timothy C. Draper, actress
Polly Draper and Becky Draper.
Awards and honors
In 1982 Harvard Business School honored Draper with its Alumni Achievement Award, and in 1992 he was awarded
the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. In 1996 he received the Citizen Diplomacy Award from the International
Diplomacy Council, and in 2002 he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service from the Woodrow
Wilson International Center for Scholars. In 2005 Draper received the Vision Award from SD Forum and was
inducted into the Dow Jones Venture Capital Hall of Fame. In 2006 he received the Silicon Valley Fast 50 Lifetime
Achievement Award and the Distinguished Service Award from the Institute of International Education. In 2009
Draper received the Global Citizen of the Year Award from International House Berkeley, the Lifetime Achievement
Award from the Commonwealth Club, the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Business Forum, and
the Philanthropic Leadership Award from the American India Foundation. In addition, he has received honorary
decorations from Bolivia, Morocco, and Samoa and an honorary degree, Doctor of Laws, from Southeastern
University[2] in 1985 and an honorary M.A. from Yale University in 1991.
References
[1] http:/ / www. undp. org/ about/ helen-clark-bio. shtml
[2] http:/ / toolserver.org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=William_Henry_Draper_III&
editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/ editintro& client=Template:Dn
External links
ƒ http:/ / www. draperrichards. com/
ƒ http:/ / www. draperco. com/
ƒ http:/ / www. draperrichards. org/
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
F. Bradford Morse
Administrator of the United Nations Development
Programme
1986-1993
Succeeded by
James Speth
Evan G. Galbraith
632
Evan G. Galbraith
Evan (Van) Griffith Galbraith (July 2, 1928 € January 21, 2008) was the United States Ambassador to France
from 1981 to 1985 under Ronald Reagan and the Secretary of Defense Representative to Europe and NATO under
Donald Rumsfeld from 2002 to 2007.
Galbraith was born in Toledo, Ohio. He graduated from Ottawa Hills High School in 1946 and was a graduate of
Yale University (class of 1950, member of Skull and Bones
[1][2]
) and Harvard Law School. Galbraith served on
active duty in the Navy from 1953 to 1957, attached to the Central Intelligence Agency. From 1960 to 1961, he was
the confidential assistant to the Secretary of Commerce under Dwight Eisenhower. He was a close personal friend
and Yale classmate of William F. Buckley, Jr. who died one month after Galbraith.
Prior to his post as Ambassador to France under President Ronald Reagan, Galbraith spent more than twenty years in
Europe, primarily as an investment banker. He started his banking career at Morgan Guaranty in Paris selling and
designing bonds and later became the Managing Director of Dillon Read in London in 1969. In the 1990s he was an
Advisory Director of Morgan Stanley in New York, Chairman of the Board of National Review and a member of the
board of the Groupe Lagard•re S.A. Paris. Together with Daimler Benz, the Groupe Lagard•re S.A. controls EADS
(European Aerospace and Defense Systems), Europe's largest defense contractor and principal owner of Airbus.
Galbraith also served on several other commercial boards and until 1998, was Chairman of the Board of LVMH
(Možt Hennessy Louis Vuitton) USA.
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld appointed Evan G. Galbraith as his representative in Europe and the defense
advisor to the U.S. mission to NATO. In making this appointment Rumsfeld said, "I wanted a seasoned, vigorous
representative in Europe who will bring experienced leadership to this important mission."
Galbraith was also a member of the Center for Security Policy, Council of Foreign Relations and the Bohemian Club
in San Francisco. He was also a member of the board of directors of Club Med Inc.
He was married to Marie "Bootsie" Rockwell Galbraith, has three surviving children, Evan, Christina and John and
three grandchildren. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Works
ƒ Ambassador in Paris: The Reagan Years. (1987) ISBN 0-89526-577-X
References
[1] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 181, 187
[2] David W. Dunlap, "Yale Society Resists Peeks Into Its Crypt" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1988/ 11/ 04/ nyregion/
yale-society-resists-peeks-into-its-crypt. html?scp=2& sq=David W. Dunlap) New York Times, November 4, 1988. Link retrieved 9/30/09. No
mention of Galbraith in article.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Arthur A. Hartman
U.S. Ambassador to
France
1981€1985
Succeeded by
Joe M. Rodgers
Thomas Guinzburg
633
Thomas Guinzburg
Thomas Henry Guinzburg (March 30, 1926 € September 8, 2010) was an American editor and publisher who
served as the first managing editor of The Paris Review following its inception in 1953 and later succeeded his father
as president of the Viking Press.
Life and career
Guinzburg was born on March 30, 1926, in Manhattan. His father, Harold K. Guinzburg, the publisher and
co-founder of Viking Press, gave him a manuscript copy of The Story of Ferdinand when he was nine years old.
Guinzburg enjoyed the book so much that it convinced his father to publish the book and ended up selling four
million copies, giving the young Guinzburg his first inkling that he might have a career in the publishing business.
[1]
He attended the Hotchkiss School and served in the United States Marine Corps, where he received the Purple Heart
for action on Iwo Jima. After completing his military service he attended Yale University, where he was a member
of Skull and Bones as well as the managing editor of the Yale Daily News at the same time that William F. Buckley,
Jr. was editor.
[1]
Guinzburg visited Paris in the 1950s after graduating from Yale, joining other literatti such as Donald Hall, Peter
Matthiessen, George Plimpton and William Styron. He joined with Matthiessen and Plimpton in 1953 to establish
The Paris Review, an English-language literary magazine for "the good writers and good poets, the non-drumbeaters
and non-axe grinders. So long as they're good" that is known for its author interviews about their writing craft and
for helping launch the careers of such authors as T. Coraghessan Boyle, Jack Kerouac, V. S. Naipaul, Adrienne Rich,
Philip Roth and Mona Simpson.
[2]
Guinzburg was chosen as the Paris Review's first managing editor, as he was the
only one with and prior publishing experience, building on his time at the Yale Daily News. Editor Robert B. Silvers
of The New York Review of Books cited Guinzburg's "marvelous combination of idealist and realist" in which "He
was always encouraging The Review not to be deterred from discovering young writers of quality" while always
maintaining "a grasp of the really rough details of commercial publishing."
He joined the publicity department at Viking Press in 1954 and assumed the position of president after his father's
death in 1961.
[3]
Viking was purchased by Penguin Books in 1975 for a price estimated at $12 million.
[4]
Guinzburg
retained his title as president at the combined firm Viking/Penguin. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who he hired as an
editor in 1975, joined other notable editors he brought to Viking, including Aaron Asher, Elisabeth Sifton and
Corlies Smith. Onassis left the firm in 1977 after Viking published the Jeffrey Archer book Shall We Tell the
President?, a fictional political thriller that depicted an assassination plot against U.S. President Ted Kennedy.
[5]
Among the many literary prizes awarded to Viking authors during his tenure as President were eight National Book
Awards, three Pulitzer Prizes, and two Nobel Prizes in literature. Guinzburg published books by Saul Bellow,
Kingsley Amis, Rebecca West, Nadine Gordimer, Graham Greene, Wallace Stegner, John Ashberry, Arthur Miller,
Hannah Arendt, Malcolm Cowley, Jimmy Breslin, Jack Kerouac, Ken Kesey, Iris Murdoch and John Steinbeck who
was the Best Man at his wedding to Rusty Unger. He published Gravity's Rainbow, the 1973 book by Thomas
Pynchon, which won the National Book Award the following year. As a now infamous stunt, Guinzburg had
Professor Irwin Corey accept the award on Pynchon's behalf, delivering a hilarious stream-of-consciousness speech
in which he referred to the author as "Richard Python".
Guinzburg was an active philanthropist, sponsoring and working intensively with an inner city high school class as
part of Eugene Lang's I Have a Dream Foundation and founding The Dream Team of Memorial Sloan€Kettering
Cancer Center. which fulfills wishes of adult cancer patients.
Guinzburg died in Manhattan at age 84 on September 8, 2010, due to complications of heart bypass surgery. He was
survived by a companion of 15 years, Victoria Anstead, two granddaughters, a daughter Kate and a son Michael
from his first wife, actress Rita Gam, whom he married in 1956.
[6]
He was also survived by a daughter, Amanda
Thomas Guinzburg
634
Guinzburg, from his second marriage to writer, Rusty Unger.
References
[1] Silverman, Al. "The time of their lives: the golden age of great American book publishers" (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=KXt8u1q6PwYC& pg=PT157& lpg=PT157), p. 157. Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 0-312-35003-1. Accessed September 13, 2010.
[2] History (http:/ / www.parisreview. com/ page. php/ prmID/ 19), The Paris Review. Accessed September 13, 2010.
[3] Staff. "Harold K. Gulnzburg, 61, Dead; Co-Founder of the Viking Press; President of Publishing Firm Started Literary Guild and Portable
Library Editions" (http:/ / select. nytimes.com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F50B13F73A5912738DDDA00994D8415B818AF1D3), The New
York Times October 19, 1961. Accessed September 13, 2010.
[4] Whitman, Alden. "Viking Press Is Sold to Penguin Books" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F40711FD355D137B93C3A8178AD95F418785F9), The New York Times, November 11, 1975. Accessed September 13, 2010.
[5] McFadden, Robert D. "Death of a First Lady ; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/
general/ onthisday/ bday/ 0728. html), The New York Times, May 20, 1994. Accessed September 13, 2010.
[6] Staff. "RITA GAM REMARRIED; Film Actress Is Wed Here to Thomas H. Guinzburg" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F70713FE3555177B93C6AB1788D85F428585F9), The New York Times, March 24, 1956. Accessed September 13, 2010.
Victor Henningsen
Victor William Henningsen, Jr. (May 19, 1924 € March 26, 2007) was an American businessman, entrepreneur,
political activist and philanthropist.
Education and military service
Henningsen was educated at Phillips Academy, the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and Yale University, where he
graduated in 1950 and was a member of Skull and Bones. He served in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean
war zones as a midshipman, third and second mate in the merchant navy, finishing as Lt. (JG) in the United States
Navy Reserve.
Business career
He spent his entire professional career with his family's poultry and egg company, Henningsen Foods Inc. (founded
1889), from office boy to President/CEO. He retired in 1993 as Chairman Emeritus. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Affiliations
He volunteered his services to his almae matres, the US Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA), as well as Sweet
Briar College, where he was past president of the Board of Trustees. He was also a trustee of the Chapel of St.
Thomas More at Yale. He was a past president of the Yale Club of NYC and of the American Friends of the
Bermuda Maritime Museum.
Victor Henningsen
635
Political career
Victor Henningsen served as chair of the Pelham Community Chest in his hometown of Pelham Manor, New York,
as trustee/mayor of the village of Pelham Manor, co-chairman of the Pelham Town Library, and boardmember
(1985-2007) and chairman of the Board of Governors of the Sound Shore Medical Center from 1991-94.
Death
Victor Henningsen died in 2007, aged 82, in Pelham Manor. He was survived by his widow, Mayde (n„e Ludington),
whom he married in 1949, and their four children.
External links
ƒ New York Times obituary, March 28, 2007
[1]
References
[1] http:/ / query.nytimes.com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9900E1DC153AF93BA15750C0A9619C8B63
Ray Price (speechwriter)
636
Ray Price (speechwriter)
For other people named Ray Price or Raymond Price, see Raymond Price (disambiguation).
Raymond Kissam Price, Jr.
Born May 6, 1930
New York City, New York
Residence New York, New York
Nationality United States
Other names Ray Price
Education Yale University, B.A., 1951
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation writer, speechwriter
Parents Raymond Kissam Price(an investment
banker)
Beth (Porter) Price
Raymond K. "Ray" Price, Jr (born 1930) was the chief speechwriter of U.S. President Richard Nixon, working on
both inaugural addressess, his resignation speech, and Gerald Ford's pardon speech.
Born in New York, USA, he graduated from Yale University in 1951, where he was a member of the Conservative
Party of the Yale Political Union and Skull and Bones.
:173
He wrote a retrospective on the presidency titled With Nixon (New York : Viking Press, 1977. ISBN 0-670-77672-6)
and assisted Nixon in the writing of several books.
He was listed by John Dean as one person suspected to be Deep Throat.
He was president of the Economic Club of New York for 19 years.
Career
ƒ Collier's magazine, New York City, assistant to editor, 1955€57
ƒ Life magazine, New York City, reporter, 1957
ƒ New York Herald Tribune, New York City, member of editorial staff, 1957€64, editor of editorial page, 1964€66
ƒ assistant to Richard M. Nixon, 1967€69, special assistant, 1969€73, special consultant, 1973€74, 1980. Writer.
Chief speechwriter for President Nixon
ƒ Fellow at John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 1977
ƒ visiting fellow at American Enterprise Institute, 1977
ƒ Nixon Professor at Whittier College, Whittier, California, 1978.
Ray Price (speechwriter)
637
Other memberships
ƒƒ Overseas Press Club of America
ƒƒ Aurelian Honor Society
ƒƒ Federal City Club
ƒƒ Metropolitan Club
ƒƒ Yale Club
ƒƒ Skull and Bones Club
Further reading
ƒƒ New York Times Book Review, November 20, 1977;
ƒƒ Newsweek, November 28, 1977;
ƒƒ New York Review of Books, April 6, 1978.
References
External links
ƒ PBS Biography (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ forum/ january97/ price. html)
ƒ C-SPAN Q&A interview with Price, December 28, 2008 (http:/ / www. q-and-a. org/ Program/
?ProgramID=1211)
Reid Buckley
Fergus Reid Buckley (July 14, 1930 € April 14, 2014) was an American writer, speaker, and educator. Among his
books is a history of his family, An American Family•The Buckleys (2008),
[1]
which primarily focuses on his father,
William Frank Buckley, Sr. Reid's brother, the late William F. Buckley, Jr., is the best known member of the family.
He graduated from Yale University in 1952, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He was born in Paris,
France, where his father worked in the oil industry.
[2]
Reid Buckley was the founder of The Buckley School of Public Speaking. He died of cancer at a hospice in
Columbia, South Carolina in April 2014.
[3]
Works
ƒ Strictly Speaking: Reid Buckley‚s Indispensable Handbook on Public Speaking. McGraw-Hill, 1999.
ƒ An American Family: The Buckleys. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008.
ƒ Speaking in Public: Buckley's Techniques for Winning Arguments and Getting Your Point Across. HarperCollins,
2010.
Obituaries
Jack Fowler
[4]
David Limbaugh
[5]
Legacy.com
[6]
New York Times
[7]
Powers Funeral Home
[8]
Reid Buckley
638
References
[1] 2008, An American Family € The Buckleys, Threshold Editions, Simon & Schuster, New York, 459 p.
[2] [2] "Fergus Reid Buckley." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 2 May. 2011.France
[3] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2014/ 04/ 17/ books/ f-reid-buckley-novelist-and-columnist-dies-at-83. html
[4] http:/ / www. nationalreview. com/ corner/ 375839/ fergus-reid-buckley-rip-jack-fowler
[5] http:/ / www. nationalreview. com/ article/ 375937/ rip-reid-buckley-david-limbaugh
[6] http:/ / www. legacy.com/ obituaries/ thestate/ obituary.aspx?pid=170683474
[7] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2014/ 04/ 17/ books/ f-reid-buckley-novelist-and-columnist-dies-at-83. html?_r=0
[8] http:/ / powersfuneralhome. net/ DisplayObituary.aspx?id=1395
External links
ƒ The Buckley School of Public Speaking (http:/ / www. buckleyschool. com/ )
ƒ Daily Caller Interview (November, 2010) (http:/ / dailycaller. com/ 2010/ 11/ 15/
to-awaken-his-late-brothers-movement-reid-buckley-offers-bold-conservative-vision/ )
ƒ IMDB Page (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0118678/ )
ƒ Simon & Schuster's Author Page for Reid Buckley (http:/ / authors. simonandschuster. com/ Reid-Buckley/
46407770)
ƒ Western Kentucky University photographs of Reid Buckley (http:/ / www. wku. edu/ pcal/
reed-buckley-visitation)
Charles S. Haight, Jr.
Charles Sherman Haight, Jr. (b. 23 September 1930, New York City) is an American lawyer and federal judge for
the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,
[1]
sitting by designation in the District of
Connecticut.
[2]
Biography
Judge Haight graduated from Yale University in 1952, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, with a BA and
entered Yale Law School the following year, graduating in 1955 with a LL.B. Haight gained admission to the New
York State bar and in the same year joined the Admiralty and Shipping Department of the Department of Justice as a
district court trial attorney. Haight got this job on recommendation from his father, who was heavily involved in
shipping affairs. He left the Department of Justice in 1957 to join his father at Haight, Gardner, Poor & Havens as an
associate. Haight became a partner of the firm on the death of his father in 1968 and continued the practice of law
with them until 1976.
On March 2, 1976, President Gerald Ford nominated Haight as a U.S. District Court judge to fill the Southern
District of New York seat vacated by Murray I. Gurfein. The Senate confirmed his nomination on March 26, 1976
and, three days later, Haight received his commission. One of his earliest decisions, involved an act aimed at
protection of the young. In May 1976, Judge Haight passed a restraining order blocking a law that would disallow
people under the age of twenty-one who are not living with a guardian from claiming benefits without first obtaining
a potentially lengthy Family Court order.
Early the following year, Haight made an unusual provision, when he sentenced John G. Stoessinger, a United
Nations official, to teaching prison inmates for failing to report fraud in excess of $260,000. Haight continued to
preside over high profile cases, including fraud relating to investors at Morgan & Stanley Co. and Lehman Brothers,
Kuhn Loeb, Inc. in 1982, insider trading at Dean Witter Reynolds in 1984, police surveillance in 1989, and fraud
relating to Contel in 1990.
Charles S. Haight, Jr.
639
Judge Haight was granted senior judge status in 1995 and since then his most noted case that spanned from 2002 to
2003 reduced restrictions in police surveillance, which he had imposed himself in 1985 under the Handschu
guidelines, even when there is no evidence of criminal offence ([3]). Since March 2007, Judge Haight has revisited
his 2003 order, which was made in the antiterrorism climate after 9/11. He was subsequently designated to sit in
New Haven, Connecticut, carrying a diminishing existing caseload of New York cases.
[4]
He was a director of the Kennedy Child Study Center; advisory trustee of the American-Scandinavian Foundation
(Chairman, 1970€1976); manager of the Havens Fund; member of the Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce's
editorial board; and a White House Fellow (1991€92).
References
ƒ Charles S. Haight, Jr.
[5]
at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the
Federal Judicial Center.
[1] http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=938& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na
[2] http:/ / www. ctd. uscourts. gov/ csh. html
[3] http:/ / www. dallasnews.com/ sharedcontent/ dws/ news/ nation/ stories/ 021607dnnatpolice. 8fe406. html
[4] http:/ / www. ctd. uscourts. gov/ csh. html
[5] http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=938& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na
Jonathan Bush
640
Jonathan Bush
This article is about banker. For the CEO of athenahealth, see Jonathan S. Bush. For the Irish cricketer, see Jonathan
Bushe.
Jonathan Bush
Born Jonathan James Bush
May 6, 1931
Greenwich, Connecticut
Residence New Haven, Connecticut and North Haven, Maine
Education Yale University
Occupation Banker
Spouse(s) Josephine (Bradley) Bush
Children Billy Bush and Jonathan S. Bush
Parents Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush
Jonathan James Bush (born May 6, 1931) is an American banker.
Education and family
Bush was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, to Prescott Sheldon Bush, a politician, and Dorothy Walker Bush. He
graduated from The Hotchkiss School and Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:145, 179
He
is the fourth child of Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush and is the brother of Prescott "Pressy" Bush,
Jr. (1922-2010), the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush (1924), Nancy Bush (1926), and William
"Bucky" Bush (1938). He is the uncle of the 43rd President George W. Bush.
Bush is the father of NBC entertainment reporter Billy Bush and health care executive Jonathan S. Bush, and he
resides in New Haven, Connecticut, and North Haven, Maine, with his wife, Josephine (Bradley) Bush.
Career
Jonathan Bush founded J. Bush & Co. which provided discreet banking services for the Washington D.C. embassies
of foreign governments for many years. In 1997, Riggs Bank bought J. Bush & Co. and made Bush CEO &
President of Riggs Investment, a firm based in New Haven, Connecticut.
In the early 1980s, Jonathan Bush helped organize investors for George W. Bush's first oil venture, Arbusto, later
called Bush Explorations.
During the 2000 presidential campaign, Bush was a major contributor and fundraiser to his nephew's election and
was named a "Bush Pioneer" for raising more than $100,000 for the campaign.
[1]
Jonathan Bush
641
Controversy
On May 15, 2004, The Washington Post published an item about Jonathan Bush which states: "A political Web site
written by a Democratic operative drew attention yesterday to the fact that President Bush's uncle, Jonathan J. Bush,
is a top executive at Riggs Bank, which this week agreed to pay a record $25 million in civil fines for violations of
law intended to thwart money laundering."
The bank accounts under investigation may have been Saudi, though the article does not state such. It does, however,
go on to say: "...a source familiar with the multiple federal investigations of the bank's Saudi accounts and other
embassy accounts say Jonathan Bush's investment advice unit has 'no relationship whatsoever' with any of the
Riggs's Saudi accounts." Moreover, the newspaper quotes a spokesman for the Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency as saying "any suggestion of political influence in the Riggs situation is 'preposterous.'"
In 1991, Bush was fined $30,000 in Massachusetts and several thousand in Connecticut for violating registration
laws governing securities sales. He was barred from securities brokerage with the general public in Massachusetts
for one year.
References
[1] Page at americanprogress.org (http:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20060613185518/ http:/ / www. americanprogress. org/ site/ pp.
asp?c=biJRJ8OVF& b=78928), archived
William H. Donaldson
642
William H. Donaldson
For other people named William Donaldson, see William Donaldson (disambiguation).
William H. Donaldson
27th Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
In office
February 18, 2003 € June 2005
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Harvey Pitt
Succeeded by Christopher Cox
Personal details
Born June 2, 1931
Buffalo, New York, USA
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Jane Phillips Donaldson
Alma mater Yale University (B.A.)
Harvard Business School (M.B.A.)
Occupation former SEC chairman (retired)
William Henry Donaldson (born June 2, 1931) was the 27th Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), serving from February 2003 to June 2005. He served as Under Secretary of State for
International Security Affairs in the Nixon Administration, as a special adviser to Vice President Nelson Rockefeller,
Chairman and CEO of the New York Stock Exchange, and Chairman, President and CEO of Aetna. Donaldson
founded Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette.
Donaldson attended both Yale University (B.A. 1953) and Harvard University (M.B.A. 1958).While he was a senior
at Yale, he joined its Skull and Bones secret society.
[1]
He began his career at G.H. Walker & Co..
[2]
He was Chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from 1999 to 2003. Donaldson returned to
Yale and founded the Yale School of Management where he served as dean and professor of management studies.
The main building of the school continues to display a live size portrait of him and the premier leadership award at
William H. Donaldson
643
Yale School of Management is called "Donaldson Fellows". He also served in the United States Marine Corps.
[3]
Donaldson is a chartered financial analyst (CFA) and has received a number of honorary degrees. Donaldson is the
father of three children. He is married to Jane Phillips Donaldson.
References
[1] "Skull And Bones: Secret Yale Society Includes America's Power Elite" (http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/ stories/ 2003/ 10/ 02/ 60minutes/
main576332. shtml), CBS News, June 13, 2004
[2] Wall Street figure tapped to head SEC (http:/ / articles. sfgate. com/ 2002-12-11/ news/
17573803_1_wall-street-william-donaldson-securities-industry). San Francisco Chronicle, December 11, 2002
[3] Official biography at SEC website. (http:/ / www. sec. gov/ about/ commissioner/ donaldson. htm)
Government offices
Preceded by
Harvey Pitt
Securities and Exchange Commission
Chair
2003€ 2005
Succeeded by
Charles Christopher Cox
John Marshall (swimmer)
644
John Marshall (swimmer)
John Marshall
Personal information
Born 29 March 1930
John Birnie Marshall (29 March 1930 € 31 January 1957) was an Australian freestyle swimmer of the 1940s and
1950s who won a silver and bronze medal in the 1500 m and 400 m freestyle respectively at the 1948 Summer
Olympics in London. Despite his Olympic results suggesting that he only had a moderate international career, he
broke 28 world records.
Born in Bondi, New South Wales, Marshall made his first headlines as a 16 year old, when he won every event from
the 220yd to the 1650yd freestyle at the 1947 Australian Championships. The following year, he was selected for the
London Olympics, where he claimed bronze in the 400 m freestyle behind the United States duo of Bill Smith and
Jimmy McLane. He claimed a silver medal in the 1500 m freestyle, behind McLane. In Marshall's era, the 200 m
freestyle was not part of the Olympics.
McLane's coach, Bob Kiphuth was so impressed by Marshall's performance that he arranged for Marshall to study
and swim under him at Yale University. Under Kiphuth's rigorous guidance, Marshall set 19 world records, 15 of
them in just one month.
However, Marshall peaked too soon between Olympics, and was burnt out by the time of the 1952 Summer
Olympics in Helsinki. He failed to qualify for the final of the 400 m, and finished an ignominious last in the 1500 m
freestyle, more than 41 seconds behind the second-last finisher.
Marshall made a third attempt at Olympic glory at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. At the age of 26, he
had given up freestyle, and placed his efforts in the newly created butterfly stroke. Although he reached the finals of
the 200 m butterfly, he finished fifth behind American William Yorzyk. A few weeks later, Marshall was killed in a
car accident.
References
ƒ ADB profile
[1]
ƒ John Marshall profile
[2]
provided by databaseolympics.com
ƒ Andrews, Malcolm (2000). Australia at the Olympic Games. Sydney, New South Wales: ABC Books.
pp. 280€281. ISBN 0-7333-0884-8.
References
[1] http:/ / www. adb. online.anu.edu. au/ biogs/ A150367b. htm
[2] http:/ / www. databaseolympics. com/ players/ playerpage. htm?ilkid=MARSHJOH01
Jimmy McLane
645
Jimmy McLane
Jimmy McLane
Personal information
Full name James Price McLane, Jr.
Nickname(s) "Jimmy"
Nationality  United States
Born September 13, 1930
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Sport
Sport Swimming
Stroke(s) Freestyle
Club New Haven Swim Club
College team Yale University
James Price McLane, Jr. (born September 13, 1930) is an American former competition swimmer, three-time
Olympic champion, and former world record-holder.
McLane represented the United States as a 17-year-old at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, England, he won a
gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, with teammates Wally Ris,
Wally Wolf and Bill Smith. Ris, McLane, Wolf and Smith set a new world record of 8:46.0 in the event final.
Individually, he received another gold medal for winning the men's 1,500-meter freestyle, and a silver medal for his
second-place finish in the 400-meter freestyle.
[1]
Four years later at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, he won another gold medal by swimming the
anchor leg for the first-place U.S. team in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, together with relay teammates Wayne
Moore, Bill Woolsey and Ford Konno. The Americans set a new Olympic record of 8:31.1 in the final.
McLane graduated from Philips Academy. He attended Yale University, where he swam for the and Yale Bulldogs
swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. He was a member of
Skull and Bones, and graduated from Yale in 1953.
[2]
References
[1] Sports-Reference.com, Olympic Sports, Athletes, Jimmy McLane (http:/ / www. sports-reference. com/ olympics/ athletes/ mc/
jimmy-mclane-1. html). October 4, 2012.
[2] "Barbara C. Hamby Is Married Here: Little Church Is Setting for Wedding to Pvt. J. McLane, 1952 Olympic Swimmer," The New York Times
(January 14, 1954).
External links
ƒ Jimmy McLane (http:/ / www. sports-reference. com/ olympics/ athletes/ mc/ jimmy-mclane-1. html) € Olympic
athlete profile at Sports-Reference.com
ƒ Jimmy McLane (USA) (http:/ / www. ishof. org/ Honorees/ 70/ 70jmclane. html) € Honor Swimmer profile at the
International Swimming Hall of Fame
George Herbert Walker III
646
George Herbert Walker III
For other people named George Herbert Walker, see George Herbert Walker (disambiguation).
George Herbert Walker III
George Herbert Walker III (born in St. Louis 1931), commonly
known as Bert Walker, grew up in the East. He is a former U.S.
ambassador to Hungary and the first cousin of former President George
Herbert Walker Bush.
[1]
Walker's grandfather, George Herbert Walker, was the founder of G.
H. Walker & Co., which is now part of the Merrill Lynch
conglomerate. He also served as the President of W.A. Harriman Co.
1916-1929, which is now known as Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
His father George Herbert Walker, Jr. was the cofounder of the New
York Mets baseball team with Joan Whitney Payson.
George Herbert Walker III graduated from Yale University in 1953,
where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He graduated from
Harvard School of Law in 1955, served two years in the U. S. Air
Force as staff judge advocate at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in
Dayton, Ohio. Walker then returned to St. Louis and worked first with
his grandfather's company, G. H. Walker & company, then with Stifel
Nicolaus in 1977. During his term as CEO Stifel Nicolaus became a publicly traded firm on the New York Stock
Exchange. He is married to the former Carol Banta and they have eight children between them and ten
grandchildren. He has served on the Board of Directors of Webster University since 1974 and serves on the board of
many philanthropic organizations. Following a significant donation to Webster University in 2005, the business
school was renamed the George Herbert Walker School of Business. In 1992, he was a candidate for the U.S. House
seat representing Missouri's 2nd Congressional District,
[2]
but was defeated by then State Rep. Jim Talent in the
Republican primary by a margin of 58% to 32%.
Walker's son, George Herbert Walker IV is the Chief Executive Officer of investment management firm, Neuberger
Berman. He was also designated a "Pioneer,"Wikipedia:Citation needed the name given to large financial
contributors to the United States Republican Party.
References
[1] Rothkopf, David. Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. 260.
[2] Minutalgio, Bill. First Son: George W. Bush and the Bush Family Dynasty. New York: Three Rivers, 2001. 260.
David McCullough
647
David McCullough
For the illustrator and writer on design, see David Macaulay.
David McCullough
David McCullough speaking at Emory University, on April 25, 2007
Born David Gaub McCullough
July 7, 1933
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Occupation Historian, author
Nationality American
Period 1968 € present
Genres History
Notable work(s) The Path Between the Seas (1977), Truman (1992), John Adams (2001)
Spouse(s) Rosalee Ingram Barnes McCullough (1954 € present)
Children Five
David Gaub McCullough (/m•Œk‘l•/; born July 7, 1933) is an American author, narrator, historian, and lecturer. He
is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of
Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award.
Born and raised in Pittsburgh, McCullough earned a degree in English literature from Yale University. His first book
was The Johnstown Flood (1968); and he has since written eight more on such topics as Harry S Truman, John
Adams, and the Brooklyn Bridge. McCullough has also narrated multiple documentaries, as well as the 2003 film
Seabiscuit; and he hosted American Experience for twelve years.
McCullough's two Pulitzer Prize-winning books, Truman and John Adams, have been adapted by HBO into a TV
film and a mini-series, respectively. McCullough's most recent history, The Greater Journey (2011), is about
Americans in Paris from the 1830s to the 1900s.
David McCullough
648
Life and career
Youth and education
McCullough was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Ruth (n„e Rankin) and Christian Hax McCullough. He
is of Scots-Irish descent. He was educated at Linden Avenue Grade School and Shady Side Academy, in his
hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of four sons, McCullough had a "marvelous" childhood with a wide
range of interests, including sports and drawing cartoons. McCullough's parents and his grandmother, who read to
him often, introduced him to books at an early age. His parents often talked about history, a topic he says should be
discussed more often. McCullough "loved school, every day"; he contemplated many career choices, ranging from
architect, actor, painter, writer, to lawyer, and attended medical school for a time.
In 1951, McCullough began attending Yale University. He said that it was a "privilege" to study English at Yale
because of faculty members such as John O'Hara, John Hersey, Robert Penn Warren, and Brendan Gill. McCullough
occasionally ate lunch with the Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder. Wilder, says
McCullough, taught him that a competent writer maintains "an air of freedom" in the storyline, so that a reader will
not anticipate the outcome, even if the book is non-fiction.
While at Yale, he became a member of Skull and Bones. He served apprenticeships at Time, Life, the United States
Information Agency, and American Heritage, where he enjoyed research. "Once I discovered the endless fascination
of doing the research and of doing the writing, I knew I had found what I wanted to do in my life." While attending
Yale, McCullough studied Arts and earned his Bachelor's degree in English, with the intention of becoming a fiction
writer or playwright. He graduated with honors in English literature (1955).
Writing career
Early career
After graduation, McCullough moved to New York City, where Sports Illustrated hired him as a trainee. He later
worked as an editor and writer for the United States Information Agency in Washington, D.C. After working for
twelve years, including a position at American Heritage, in editing and writing, McCullough "felt that [he] had
reached the point where [he] could attempt something on [his] own."
McCullough "had no anticipation that [he] was going to write history, but [he] stumbled upon a story that [he]
thought was powerful, exciting, and very worth telling." While working at American Heritage, McCullough wrote in
his spare time for three years. The Johnstown Flood, a chronicle of one of the worst flood disasters in United States
history, was published in 1968 to high praise by critics. John Leonard, of The New York Times, said of McCullough,
"We have no better social historian." Despite rough financial times, McCullough, with encouragement from his wife
Rosalee decided to become a full-time writer.
"People often ask me if I'm working on a book. That's not how I feel. I feel like I work in a book. It's like putting myself under a
spell. And this spell, if you will, is so real to me that if I have to leave my work for a few days, I have to work myself back into the
spell when I come back. It's almost like hypnosis."
Gaining recognition
After the success of The Johnstown Flood, two new publishers offered him contracts, one to write about the Great
Chicago Fire and another about the San Francisco earthquake. Simon & Schuster, publisher of his first book, also
offered McCullough a contract to write a second book. Trying not to become "Bad News McCullough", he decided
to write about a subject showing "people were not always foolish and inept or irresponsible." He remembered the
words of his Yale teacher: "[Thornton] Wilder said he got the idea for a book or a play when he wanted to learn
about something. Then, he'd check to see if anybody had already done it, and if they hadn't, he'd do it." McCullough
decided to write a history of the Brooklyn Bridge, which he had walked across many times.
David McCullough
649
"To me history ought to be a source of pleasure. It isn't just part of our civic responsibility. To me it's an
enlargement of the experience of being alive, just the way literature or art or music is."
€ David McCullough He also proposed, from a suggestion by his editor, a work about the Panama Canal; both
were accepted by the publisher. Critics hailed The Great Bridge (1972) as "the definitive book on the event."
Five years later, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal was released, gaining
McCullough widespread recognition. The book won the National Book Award in History, the Samuel Eliot
Morison Award, the Francis Parkman Prize, and the Cornelius Ryan Award. Later in 1977, McCullough
travelled to the White House to advise Jimmy Carter and the United States Senate on the Torrijos-Carter
Treaties, which would give Panama control of the Canal. Carter later said that the treaties, which were agreed
upon to hand over ownership of the Canal to Panama, would not have passed, had it not been for the book.
"The story of people"
McCullough's fourth work was his first biography, reinforcing his belief that "history is the story of people".
Released in 1981, Mornings on Horseback tells the story of seventeen years in the life of Theodore Roosevelt, the
26th President of the United States. The work ranged from 1869, when Roosevelt was ten years old, to 1886, and
tells of a "life intensely lived." The book won McCullough's second National Book Award
[1]
and his first Los
Angeles Times Prize for Biography and New York Public Library Literary Lion Award. Next, he published Brave
Companions, a collection of essays that "unfold seamlessly". Written over twenty years, the book includes essays
about Louis Agassiz, Alexander von Humboldt, John and Washington Roebling, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Conrad
Aiken, and Frederic Remington.
With his next book, McCullough published his second biography, Truman (1993) about the 33rd president. The book
won McCullough his first Pulitzer Prize, in the category of "Best Biography or Autobiography."
[2]
And his second
Francis Parkman Prize. Two years later, the book was adapted as Truman (1995), a television movie by HBO,
starring Gary Sinise as Truman.
"I think it's important to remember that these men are not perfect. If they were marble gods, what they did
wouldn't be so admirable. The more we see the founders as humans the more we can understand them."
€ David McCullough Working for the next seven years, McCullough published John Adams (2001), his third
biography about a United States president. One of the fastest-selling non-fiction books in history, the book
won McCullough's second Pulitzer Prize for "Best Biography or Autobiography." He started it as a book about
the founding fathers and back-to-back presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson; but dropped Jefferson to
focus on Adams. HBO adapted John Adams as a seven-part miniseries by the same name. Premiering in 2008,
it starred Paul Giamatti in the title role. The DVD version of the miniseries includes the biopic, "David
McCullough: Painting with Words." McCullough's 1776, tells the story of the founding year of the United
States, focusing on George Washington, the amateur army, and other struggles for independence. Because of
McCullough's popularity, its initial printing was 1.25 million copies, many more than the average history
book. Upon its release, the book was a number one best-seller in the United States. A miniseries adaptation of
1776 was rumored. McCullough considered writing a sequel to 1776. However, he signed a contract with
Simon & Schuster to do a work about Americans in Paris between 1830 and 1900, The Greater Journey,
which was published in 2011.
[3]
The book covers 19th-century Americans, including Mark Twain and Samuel
Morse, who migrated to Paris and went on to achieve importance in culture or innovation. Other subjects
include Elihu Washburne, the American ambassador to France during the Franco-Prussian War, and Elizabeth
Blackwell, the first female doctor in the United States.
David McCullough
650
Personal life
David McCullough lives in Boston and is married to Rosalee Barnes McCullough, whom he met at age 17 in
Pittsburgh. The couple has five children and eighteen grandchildren. He enjoys sports, history and art, including
watercolor and portrait painting.
His son David Jr., an English teacher at Wellesley High School in the Boston suburbs, achieved sudden fame in 2012
with his commencement speech. He told graduating students, "you're not special" nine times, and his speech went
viral on YouTube.
McCullough speaking in 2008 at Vassar College.
Awards and accolades
McCullough has received numerous awards, including the
Presidential Medal of Freedom in December 2006, the highest
civilian award that a United States citizen can receive. In 1995 the
National Book Foundation conferred its lifetime Medal for
Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
[4]
McCullough
has been awarded more than 40 honorary degrees, including one
from the Eastern Nazarene College in John Adams' hometown of
Quincy, Massachusetts. McCullough has received two Pulitzer
Prizes, two National Book Awards, two Francis Parkman Prizes,
the Los Angeles Times Book Award, and New York Public Library's Literary Lion Award, among others.
McCullough was chosen to deliver the first annual John Hersey Lecture at Yale University on March 22, 1993.
[5]
He
is a member of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and the Academy of Achievement. In 2003, the National
Endowment for the Humanities selected McCullough for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest
honor for achievement in the humanities.
[6]
McCullough's lecture was entitled "The Course of Human Events";
[7]
In 1995, McCullough received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award. The Helmerich Award is
presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust.
McCullough has been called a "master of the art of narrative history." The New York Times critic John Leonard wrote
that McCullough was "incapable of writing a page of bad prose." His works have been published in ten languages,
over nine million copies have been printed, and all of his books are still in print.
In December, 2012, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania announced that it would rename the 16th Street Bridge in
Pittsburgh in honor of McCullough.
Works
Books
David McCullough
651
Title Year Awards
The Johnstown Flood 1968
The Great Bridge 1972
The Path Between the Seas 1977 National Book Award € 1978
Francis Parkman Prize € 1978
Samuel Eliot Morison Award € 1978
Cornelius Ryan Award € 1978
Mornings on Horseback 1981 National Book Award € 1982
Brave Companions 1992
Truman 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography € 1993
The Colonial Dames of America Annual Book Award € 1993 Francis Parkman
Prize
John Adams 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography € 2002
1776 2005 American Compass Best Book € 2005
In the Dark Streets Shineth: A 1941 Christmas Eve
Story
2010
The Greater Journey 2011
Narrations
McCullough has narrated many television shows and documentaries throughout his career. In addition to narrating
the 2003 film Seabiscuit, McCullough hosted PBS's American Experience from 1988€1999. McCullough has also
narrated numerous documentaries directed by Ken Burns, including Emmy Award winning The Civil War, Academy
Award nominated Brooklyn Bridge, The Statue of Liberty, and The Congress.
List of films presented or narrated
ƒ Brooklyn Bridge (1981)
ƒ Smithsonian World (5 episodes, 1984€1988)
ƒ The Shakers: Hands to Work, Hearts to God (1984)
ƒ The Statue of Liberty (1985)
ƒ Huey Long (1985)
ƒ A Man, A Plan, A Canal : Panama (NOVA) (1987)
ƒ The Congress (1988)
ƒ The Civil War (9 episodes, 1990)
ƒ American Experience (23 episodes, 1991€2006)
ƒ Coney Island (1991)
ƒ The Donner Party (1992)
ƒ D-Day Remembered (1994)
ƒ Napoleon-PBS Empires Special (2000)
ƒ Seabiscuit (2003)
David McCullough
652
Notes
[1] Mornings on Horseback won the 1982 award for hardcover "Autobiography/Biography".
From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and several
nonfiction subcategories including General Nonfiction. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1982
Autobiography/Biography.
[2] "Biography or Autobiography" (http:/ / www. pulitzer. org/ bycat/ Biography-or-Autobiography). Past winners and finalists by category. The
Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
[3] Books € The Greater Journey (http:/ / books.simonandschuster. com/ Greater-Journey/ David-McCullough/ 9781416571766), Simon and
Schuster. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
[4] "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters" (http:/ / www. nationalbook. org/ amerletters. html). National Book Foundation. Retrieved
2012-03-12.
(With acceptance speech by McCullough and ex-post introduction by one of his publishers.)
[5] "A Life in Writing John Hersey, 1914€1993" (http:/ / www. yalealumnimagazine. com/ issues/ 93_10/ hersey. html). The Yale Alumni
Magazine. October, 1993.
[6] Jefferson Lecturers (http:/ / www. neh. gov/ whoweare/ jefflect. html) at NEH Website (retrieved January 22, 2009).
[7] David McCullough, "The Course of Human Events (http:/ / www. neh. gov/ whoweare/ mccullough/ lecture. html), text of Jefferson Lecture
at NEH website.
References
External links
ƒ David McCullough (http:/ / authors. simonandschuster. com/ David-McCullough/ 938) at Simon and Schuster
ƒ Appearances (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ davidmccullough) on C-SPAN
ƒ Booknotes interview with McCullough on Truman, July 19, 1992. (http:/ / www. booknotes. org/ Watch/
27217-1/ David+ McCullough. aspx)
ƒ In Depth interview with McCullough, December 2, 2001 (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ McCul)
ƒ David McCullough (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm567184/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Works by or about David McCullough (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n50-7726) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
ƒ David McCullough (http:/ / topics. nytimes. com/ top/ reference/ timestopics/ people/ m/ david_mccullough/
index. html) collected news and commentary at The New York Times
ƒ A film clip "The Past as an Act of Faith‹In Print and On The Air (1992)" (https:/ / archive. org/ details/
openmind_ep924) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
ƒ Elizabeth Gaffney and Benjamin Ryder Howe (Fall 1999). "David McCullough, The Art of Biography No. 2"
(http:/ / www. theparisreview. org/ interviews/ 894/ the-art-of-biography-no-2-david-mccullough). The Paris
Review.
ƒ Speech Transcript: "Knowing History and Knowing Who We Are" (http:/ / www. realclearpolitics. com/
Commentary/ com-4_18_05_DM. html) at Hillsdale College National Leadership Seminar on the topic,
"American History and America's Future."
Caldwell Esselstyn
653
Caldwell Esselstyn
Caldwell Esselstyn
Born December 12, 1933
New York, New York
Residence Shaker Heights, OH
Nationality American
Fields Cardiology
Plant-based diet
Institutions Cleveland Clinic
Alma mater Yale University, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic
Known for Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease
Forks Over Knives
Notable awards Gold Medal, 1956 Olympic Games - 8-oared rowing event
Spouse Ann
Children Rip, Jane, Zeb, and Ted
Medal record
Men's rowing
Competitor for the  United States
Olympic Games
Gold 1956 Melbourne Men's eights
Caldwell Esselstyn
Caldwell Blakeman Esselstyn Jr. (born December 12, 1933) is an American surgeon and former Olympic rowing
champion. He is a "leading proponent" in the field of "plant-based diets"
[1]
and starred in the 2011 American
documentary, Forks Over Knives. Esselstyn's book, Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease (2007), influenced former
U.S. President Bill Clinton.
[2]
Background
Esselstyn was born in New York, New York in 1933.
[3]
He grew up on a cattle farm in upstate New York and
attended public schools. He attended Deerfield Academy for high school
[4]
and graduated from Yale University in
1956
[5]
where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He also competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne,
winning a gold medal in "eights" as a member of the American team.
[6]
Esselstyn received his M.D. from the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in 1961 (during which
time he met his wife Ann), and was an Intern (1961€62) and Resident (1962€66) at the Cleveland Clinic. After
returning in 1968 from duty as an Army surgeon in Vietnam, he began work at the Cleveland Clinic where he
eventually rose to serve as President of the Staff and as a member of the Board of Governors. He served as the
President of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons in 1991. In 2000, he gave up his post at the Cleveland
Clinic.
Caldwell Esselstyn
654
In 2005, he also "became the first recipient of the Benjamin Spock Award for Compassion in Medicine. He received
the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Cleveland Clinic Alumni Association in 2009. In September 2010, he
received the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame Award." Esselstyn is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board
of Nutrition Action magazine, published by the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
Book and film
Esselstyn is the author of the 2007 text, Prevent and reverse heart disease, in which he discusses his heart diseased
patients's reversals of atherosclerosis by following a low-fat, whole foods, plant-based diet.
[7]
The second half of the
book contains recipes from his wife Ann Crile Esselstyn (the granddaughter of George Washington Crile, founder of
the Cleveland Clinic) who works with him to counsel patients on cooking practices. Esselstyn and his family of four
children have maintained a plant-based diet since the mid-1980s. Esselstyn attributes the success of his twelve-year
trial with heart patients to low mean levels of both total cholesterol (145 mg/dl) and LDL cholesterol
(82 mg/dl).Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)
After undergoing cardiac surgery in 2010, former American president Bill Clinton adopted the plant-based diet
recommended by Dean Ornish, T. Colin Campbell, and Esselstyn.
[8]
Esselstyn stars in the 2011 documentary Forks Over Knives, based on his work in Prevent and Reverse Heart
Disease and the research of his colleague T. Colin Campbell in The China Study (2005). It also explores the work of
other doctors who share this approach, as well as the personal experiences of some Esselstyn's patients. Esselstyn's
son, Rip Esselstyn, a former "professional triathlete," firefighter, and author of The Engine 2 Diet based on his
father's research, also appears in the film, as does his wife Ann.
Views on heart disease and nutrition
Plaque does not develop until the endothelium, or the lining of the arteries, is injured -- and it is injured every
time people eat meat, dairy, fish, and chicken. This cannot be emphasized enough.
•
Cardiovascular disease is a toothless paper tiger that need never exist. And if it does exist, it need never
progress. It is a food-borne illness. Change your food, and you change your life.
•
Controversy
Dr. Harriet Hall, in the blog Science Based Medicine
[9]
, has questioned the validity of Esselstyn's research, drawing
attention to what she alleges is a discrepancy in the numbers of patients in the original study and in a twelve-year
follow-up.
Bibliography
ƒ Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease: The Revolutionary, Scientifically Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure
[10]
. (2007)
ƒ "Is the Present Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease the Radical Mastectomyof the Twenty-First Century?
[11]
."
ƒ Esselstyn CB Jr. et al. "A Strategy to Arrest and Reverse Coronary Artery Disease: A 5 -Year Longitudinal Study
of a Single Physician's Practice
[12]
." The Journal of Family Practice, 1995 December; 41(6): 560-68.
ƒ Esselstyn CB Jr. Updating a 12 -Year Experience With Arrest and Reversal Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease
(An Overdue Requiem for Palliative Cardiology)
[13]
". The Am J of Cardiology, 1999 August 1; 84:339-341.
ƒ Esselstyn CB Jr. "Resolving the Coronary Artery Disease Epidemic through Plant-Based Nutrition (with photos
of disease reversal)
[14]
." Preventive Cardiology, 2001;4: 171-177.
[15]
Caldwell Esselstyn
655
ƒ Campbell, T. Colin and Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr, MD. "Forks Over Knives: How a Plant-Based Diet Can Save
America
[16]
." Huffington Post, May 13, 2011.
References
[1] Philip J Tuso, MD; Mohamed H Ismail, MD; Benjamin P Ha, MD; Carole Bartolotto, MA, RD. " Nutritional Update for Physicians:
Plant-Based Diets (http:/ / www. thepermanentejournal.org/ issues/ 2013/ spring/ 5117-nutrition. html)." The Permanente Journal (Kaiser
Permanente). 2013 Spring; 17(2):61-66.
[2] David S. Martin, "From omnivore to vegan: The dietary education of Bill Clinton" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2011/ HEALTH/ 08/ 18/ bill.
clinton. diet.vegan/ index.html), CNN, August 18, 2011.
[3] Official Website:CV (http:/ / www. heartattackproof. com/ cv. htm)
[4] A New Cardiovascular Approach:Eating for Life (http:/ / www. vegsource. com/ articles/ esselstyn_approach. htm)
[5] Official Website: Biography (http:/ / www. heartattackproof. com/ biography. htm)
[6] "1956 Summer Olympics € Melbourne, Australia € Rowing" (http:/ / www. databaseolympics. com/ games/ gamessport. htm?g=14&
sp=ROW) (Retrieved on May 15, 2008)
[7] The 'heart attack proof' diet? (http:/ / www.cnn.com/ 2011/ HEALTH/ 08/ 19/ heart. attack. proof. diet/ index. html)
[8] Caldwell Esselstyn Jr. MD & Dean Ornish MD Explain Bill Clinton's Diet To CNN (http:/ / www. vegsource. com/ news/ 2010/ 09/
cnn-interviews-caldwell-esselstyn-md-dean-ornish-md-about-bill-clintons-plant-based-diet. html)
[9] http:/ / www. sciencebasedmedicine. org/ bill-clintons-diet/ /
[10] http:/ / www.heartattackproof. com/ excerpt.htm
[11] http:/ / www.heartattackproof. com/ Esselstyn_Caldwell_Article. pdf
[12] http:/ / www.heartattackproof. com/ study01_background. htm
[13] http:/ / www.heartattackproof. com/ reversal01. htm
[14] http:/ / www.heartattackproof. com/ resolving_cade.htm
[15] SELECTED ARTICLES BY DR. ESSELSTYN (http:/ / www. heartattackproof. com/ articles. htm)
[16] http:/ / www.huffingtonpost. com/ t-colin-campbell/ forks-over-knives-how-a-p_b_861672. html
External links
ƒ Official website (http:/ / www. heartattackproof. com)
ƒ Caldwell Esselstyn (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm3233857/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
Jack McGregor
656
Jack McGregor
Jack McGregor
Born September 22, 1934
Kittanning, Pennsylvania
Residence Bridgeport, Connecticut
Nationality  United States
Education Yale (B.S.)
Pittsburgh (J.D.)
Occupation Attorney
Employer Cohen and Wolf, P.C.
Political party
Republican
Board member of
Advisory Board of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
Spouse(s) Mary-Jane Foster
Carol Dangerfield (Divorced)
Children Douglas Hampton McGregor
Parents Leah and Russell McGregor
Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 44th district
In office
January 1, 1963 € November 30, 1970
Preceded by Hoseph Ripp
Succeeded by Thomas Nolan
Personal details
Political party Republican
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch
U.S. Marine Corps
Rank
Captain
Jack Edwin McGregor is a former Pennsylvania State Senator from Pittsburgh and the founder of the National
Hockey League's Pittsburgh Penguins. He currently resides in Bridgeport, Connecticut where he serves as counsel to
Cohen and Wolf, P.C. where he serves as an advisor to companies looking to create business opportunities in the
Bridgeport region. He also serves as a consultant to existing companies wishing to expand their market share in the
area.
Jack McGregor
657
Biography
Early life and career
McGregor was born in Kittanning, Pennsylvania, to parents Leah and Russell McGregor. He studied at various
universities and received his B.S. from Yale University in 1956, where he was a member of the Skull and Bones
society. He received his J.D. from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, where he was named class
valedictorian and editor-in-chief of the University of Pittsburgh Law Review. He would later receive an honorary
Doctor of Laws degree from Quinnipiac University in 1995. After college, McGregor served as a captain in the
United States Marine Corps. He is currently allowed to practice law in Connecticut, Pennsylvania and the District of
Columbia.
In the 1960s, McGregor practiced law in the Pittsburgh and Washington offices of the law firm, Reed Smith, LLP
(formerly Reed, Smith, Shaw and McClay). In 1965, McGregor became a founder the Pittsburgh Penguins, by
helping bring the NHL back to Pittsburgh. In the early 1970s, he held appointive regulatory positions in the federal
government, and then became general counsel of a major electric utility. He later served as general counsel and then
as chief operating officer of a multinational oil company. Meanwhile his older brother, James R. McGregor, trailed a
similar military to law career path. After a three-year stint in the U.S. Army as a Russian interpreter, before serving
as a lawyer, and finally, judge in Allegheny County.
In 1993, he married his second wife, Mary-Jane Foster.
Politics
McGregor is a Republican who served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1963 to 1970, representing the
Allegheny County-based 44th District. In 1970, he ran an unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Pennsylvania. In
2004, he was appointed as a member of the Advisory Board of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development
Corporation by President George W. Bush. Today McGregor continues to support the GOP, by contributing funds to
the Connecticut Republican Party. During the 2008 Presidential Election, McGregor supported the Republican ticket
of John McCain and Sarah Palin.
Sports franchises
Pittsburgh Penguins
In the spring of 1965, McGregor travelled along the Pennsylvania Turnpike to Harrisburg with a law school
classmate, Peter Block, who was a huge hockey fan. During the long car ride, McGregor stated that he felt that
Pittsburgh had not reached its potential as a sports town. This led both men to examine ways on bring the NHL back
to Pittsburgh after a 35-year absence.
McGregor's plan involved lobbying some of his campaign contributors who were avid sports fans, and community
leaders. The group focused on leveraging the NHL as an urban renewal tool for Pittsburgh. The senator formed a
group of local investors for the Pittsburgh franchise that included, HJ Heinz II, Art Rooney, and Richard Scaife. The
1967 NHL Expansion depended on securing votes from the then-current NHL owners. To ensure Pittsburgh would
be selected for expansion, McGregor enlisted the help of Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney, to petition votes
from Jim Norris, owner of the Chicago Blackhawks, and Bruce Norris, owner of the Detroit Red Wings. The effort
was as success and on February 8, 1966, the National Hockey League granted a franchise to Pittsburgh. The
Penguins paid $2.5 million for its entry to the NHL and $750,000 more for start-up costs. The Civic Arena's capacity
was boosted from 10,732 to 12,500 to meet the NHL requirements for expansion. The Pens also paid an
indemnification bill to settle with the Detroit Red Wings that held a minor league team in Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh
Hornets. McGregor was named president and chief executive officer by the investor group, and he represented
Jack McGregor
658
Pittsburgh on the NHL„s Board of Governors. McGregor and Block each owned 12.5 percent of the team.
The team was officially named February 10, 1967, after more than 26,000 entries from a newspaper contest were
fielded. McGregor's wife, Carol, named them the "Penguins" since the team would play in the Pittsburgh Civic
Arena, which had been dubbed "The Igloo" by the locals. Meanwhile Jack McGregor obtained Andy Bathgate for
the team's first pick in the 1967 NHL Expansion Draft.
McGregor was also responsible for the Penguins' their first mascot, Penguin Pete, an Ecuadorian-born penguin on
loan from the Pittsburgh Aquazoo. The bird was meant as a surprise for McGregor's son, Doug, for his ninth
birthday. Pete made a six appearances at various Penguins' home games before dying from pneumonia. McGregor
sent Pete to an area taxidermist, and was he later displayed in the lobby of the Penguins team offices at the arena
until several callers objected to the stuffed bird.
On October 11, 1967, Clarence Campbell and McGregor jointly dropped the ceremonial first puck of the Penguins
opening home game against the Montreal Canadiens. The Penguins would go 27-34-13 that year. However during
the 1969-70 NHL season, financial issues caught up with the team. The investors were "tapped out" after having
invested in a pro soccer team, the Pittsburgh Phantoms. The Penguins were sold to the Donald Parsons Group from
Michigan. The Penguins would be sold by Parsons in another short three years.
Amarillo Wranglers
McGregor also founded the Pittsburgh Penguins second farm team, the Amarillo Wranglers and served as team
president. The Wranglers were in the Central Hockey League for two years, but the years were not back to back. The
Wranglers suspended operations after the 1968-69 season.
[1]
They then returned to the league for the 1970-71 season
but again they ceased operations after that season. The McGregor and the Penguins tried twice to establish a team in
Amarillo however the plan failed due to poor attendance.
[2]
Bridgeport Bluefish
In 1998 McGregor and his wife, Mary-Jane Foster, founded the Bridgeport Bluefish a minor league baseball
franchise in the Atlantic League. Prior to the 2006 season, the franchise was purchased by Get Hooked, LLC, a
group of investors from Fairfield County, Connecticut that still includes McGregor and Foster as co-owners.
Current activities
Prior to joining the firm of Cohen and Wolf, McGregor served as president and chief executive officer of
Connecticut-based water utility Aquarion Company. Prior to that, he operated his own venture capital company for
six years. McGregor also served as president of the National Association of Water Companies, chairman of the
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection's Pollution Prevention Committee, and chairman of the
Bridgeport Regional Business Council. In addition, he served on the boards of Fairfield University; the University of
Bridgeport; and the Barnum Museum; and on the Governor's Greenway Committee; the Bridgeport Regional
Economic Development Committee; and the Governor's Team Bridgeport.
Jack McGregor
659
Jack McGregor Scholarship
The Jack McGregor Scholarship is an endowment at Senator's alma mater, the University of Pittsburgh, with the
purpose of providing scholarship support to financially needy student who have demonstrated strong academic
performance in prior studies and who have made a commitment to utilize their law degree working in the public
sector.
References
[1] The Windsor Star, May 16, 1969, p.32: Penguins deserting Amarillo (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=8kQ_AAAAIBAJ&
sjid=ClIMAAAAIBAJ& pg=6260,1001050& dq=amarillo-wranglers& hl=en)
[2] The Windsor Star, May 25, 1971, p.34: Amarillo quits Central League (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=3Dg_AAAAIBAJ&
sjid=zFEMAAAAIBAJ& pg=4931,6067112& dq=amarillo-wranglers& hl=en)
Sporting positions
Preceded by
First
Owner of the Pittsburgh Penguins
1965 € 1969
Succeeded by
The Donald Parsons Group
Pennsylvania State Senate
Preceded by
Hoseph Ripp
Member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 44th
District
1961€1970
Succeeded by
Thomas Nolan
R. Inslee Clark, Jr.
Russell Inslee "Inky" Clark, Jr. (1935-August 3, 1999) was an educator, administrator, and a key player in the
transition of the Ivy League into co-education in the 1960s.
Personal life
Clark was born in 1935 and graduated from Garden City High School in 1953. Clark graduated from Yale University
as a member of the class of 1957. Clark earned a Master's Degree from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and
Public Affairs at Syracuse University.
Career
As Director of Undergraduate Admissions (1965-1969) at Yale University, Clark oversaw the school's transition to a
coeducational admission policy, and shares credit with Yale President Kingman Brewster for establishing academic
credentials in the admissions process. For decades in college admissions to prestigious, northeastern colleges,
"character" had been used seemingly as a code to limit the number of acceptances afforded to secondary school
students of Jewish-ancestry and working class Catholics for college settings defined by an Episcopalian or WASP
social standard. Associated with this move, Yale, and followed by other prestigious colleges in the northeast section
of the United States, recruited for the first time beyond the prep school orbit of New England and mid-Atlantic
boarding schools, and private schools in New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.,
now a standard in their respective admissions practices.
Headmaster and President (1970-1991) of the Horace Mann School in the Bronx, New York, Clark reintroduced
co-education and oversaw the school's merger with the Barnard School. His obituary, published August 7, 1999 in
The New York Times, read: "a brilliant, dynamic teacher, he taught an Urban History course and took students into
prisons and courtrooms to learn first hand about the complex urban issues confronting New York City. His
inspirational leadership, his ebullient personality...His impressive intellect and passion for baseball are legendary."
R. Inslee Clark, Jr.
660
Horace Mann School Pedophilia Scandal
However, a cover feature was published in the New York Times Sunday magazine, datelined 6 June 2012, that
reports on many years that faculty members practiced pedophilia among the Horace Mann School student body
while Clark was Headmaster and President. Clark was described as one of many teachers and administrators
implicated in the criminal behavior and resultant coverup. Clark is acknowledged as a member of the cohort of
homosexual and heterosexual pedophiles described in the resultant legal proceedings.
In March 2013, the school, with legal and other counsel, settled many claims brought by victims of sexual abuse
during many of the years Clark was associated with Horace Mann School. The New Yorker, datelined April 1, 2013,
presented further reportage on pedophilia at Horace Mann School during Clark's tenure. The REPORTER AT
LARGE feature was authored by Marc Fisher, an alumnus of Horace Mann School.
Effort is afoot to rename the school's main athletic field. The field is named in honor of the disgraced administrator.
Notes
Bibliography
ƒ Paid Death Notice (New York Times, August 7, 1999) (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.
html?res=990CE0DA1330F934A3575BC0A96F958260)
ƒƒ New York Times Magazine Section: Prep School Preditors, Amos Kamil, June 6, 2013
ƒƒ New Yorker Magazine: The Master, Marc Fisher, March 25, 2013, online
External links
ƒ The Birth of a New Institution: How two Yale presidents and their admissions directors tore up the "old
blueprint" to create a modern Yale (Yale Alumni Magazine, December, 1999) (http:/ / www.
yalealumnimagazine. com/ issues/ 99_12/ admissions. html)
ƒ New York Times: Prep-School Predators, The Horace Mann School„s Secret History of Sexual Abuse (http:/ /
www. nytimes. com/ 2012/ 06/ 10/ magazine/ the-horace-mann-schools-secret-history-of-sexual-abuse.
html?pagewanted=all )
Linden Blue
661
Linden Blue
Linden Blue
Born Linden Stanley Blue
1936 (age 77€78)
Meeker, Colorado, USA
Nationality USA
Occupation Businessman
Known for Co-owner and vice-chairman of General Atomics
Relatives Neal Blue (brother)
Linden Stanley Blue (born 1936 in Meeker, Colorado) is an American aviation executive. He is the co-owner of
General Atomics, where he serves as the Vice Chairman, and runs aircraft manufacturer Spectrum Aeronautical.
Blue earned his BA from Yale University in 1958 and graduated from the Advanced Management Program at
Harvard Business School.
He acquired his private pilot's license on 17 December 1955. An engine failure while flying a single-engine Stinson
Voyager over the jungles of Honduras in 1958 made Blue a believer in twin-engine aircraft. Both the Spectrum S-40
Freedom and Spectrum S-33 Independence are designed to be twin-engine aircraft.
In 1961, during a flight from Nicaragua, he was forced to land in Havana, Cuba and was jailed for 12 days, just prior
to the Bay of Pigs invasion.
He and his brother James Neal Blue acquired General Atomics in 1986 from Chevron for a reported $60 million.
Linden P. Blue, the son of James Neal Blue, is President of the Reconnaissance System Group (RSG) of General
Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. (GA-ASI).
Blue's contributions to the aeronautical, energy, and military sciences were recognized by the Industrial Research
Institute in 2010 when he was presented the IRI Achievement Award.
In November 2012 it was announced that he plans to marry Ronne Froman, a retired Navy admiral and former Chief
Operating Officer for the city of San Diego.
References
Robert Morey (rower)
662
Robert Morey (rower)
Medal record
Competitor for the  United States
Menƒs Rowing
Olympic Games
Gold 1956 Melbourne Eights
Robert Morey
Robert Willis Morey, Jr. (born August 23, 1936) is an American competition rower and Olympic champion.
He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, where he received a gold medal in coxed eights with the
American team.
[1]
He graduated from Yale University in 1958 and was a member of Skull and Bones. He served in
the United States Navy aboard the icebreaker USS Atka as a lieutenant jg.
References
[1] "1956 Summer Olympics € Melbourne, Australia € Rowing" (http:/ / www. databaseolympics. com/ games/ gamessport. htm?g=14&
sp=ROW) (Retrieved on May 15, 2008)
Stephen Adams (business)
663
Stephen Adams (business)
Stephen Adams
Born 1937 (age 76€77)
Minnesota
Nationality United States
Education Yale University (1959), Stanford Graduate School of Business (1962)
Occupation Private equity investor
Employer Good Sam Enterprises, Adams Outdoor Advertising
Stephen Adams (born 1937) is an American businessman and private equity investor. His current holdings include
Good Sam Enterprises, a national publishing, retail stores, and member-based direct marketing organization directed
toward owners of recreational vehicles and Adams Outdoor Advertising, an operator of outdoor advertising
structures in the Midwest, Southeast, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. His previous holdings have
included operators of television and radio stations, print publishers, cola bottlers and community banks.
[1]
Early life
Adams was born in 1937 and was raised in Minnesota. Adams received a bachelor's degree in 1959 from Yale
University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
:180
He received his MBA from the Stanford Graduate
School of Business in 1962.
Professional career
As of the end of 2007, Adams served as chairman of the board of Affinity Group Inc., FreedomRoads and Affinity
Bank, and is also chairman and the controlling shareholder of Adams Outdoor Advertising. He has been chairman of
Affinity Group Inc., since its acquisition in December 1988 and chairman of Adams Outdoor Advertising since its
founding in 1983.
Adams began his career in banking and soft drink bottling. Since the 1970s, Adams has served as chairman of
privately owned banking, bottling, publishing, outdoor advertising, television and radio companies in which he holds
a controlling ownership interest.
In 1982, he won a protracted fight to gain control of the Bank of Montana System.
[2][3]
In 1984, Adams failed in a
bid to take control of publicly traded Union Planters.
[4][5]
Adams Outdoor
Adams Outdoor was founded in 1983 with the acquisition of Central Outdoor Advertising, located in Michigan.
Over the next five years, Adams pursued a rollup of billboard and other outdoor advertising assets into additional
medium-sized markets, primarily through the acquisition of existing outdoor advertising businesses in selected
midwest, southeast and mid-Atlantic states.
[6]
Today the company is privately held, however in its final year of
reporting public financials, 2000, the company had approximately $80 million of revenue. Since 2000, the company
has increased its market position from the 6th largest outdoor advertising company in the US to the 4th largest
behind Clear Channel Communications, Lamar Advertising Company, and CBS Outdoor Americas.
Stephen Adams (business)
664
Television and radio investments
In 1992, Radio Group Corporation and Adams Radio of Charlotte, Inc., entities in which Stephen Adams was the
chairman and controlling shareholder, consented to the appointment of receivers to effect a transfer of control of the
radio operations of such entities as part of a consensual restructuring of the debt of such entities. In 1993, Adams
Outdoor of Atlanta, Inc. (Adams Atlanta), a corporation controlled by Stephen Adams, entered into a consensual
foreclosure agreement with its lenders. Adams Atlanta was acquired in 1988 in a leveraged transaction, and
ownership was transferred to its secured lender in July 1993. In addition, in July 1993, a party whose claim was
being disputed filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against Adams Atlanta. The petition was withdrawn and
dismissed three days after the filing.
[7][8]
Affinity Group Inc.
On December 23, 1988, the direct predecessor of Affinity Group Inc. (AGI), owned by Adams, acquired a company
called American Bakeries Company for approximately $138 million .
[9]
Adams was a noted private equity investor
in the 1980s completing rollups of billboard assets to form Adams Outdoor Advertising and he also owns or has
owned various banking, bottling, publishing as well as television and radio companies.
[10][11]
At the time of the
merger, the sole operating assets of American Bakeries Company were TL Enterprises, Inc. (Trailer Life magazine)
and Camp Coast to Coast, Inc. These entities consisted of what is today the Good Sam Club, Coast to Coast, AGI„s
subscription-based products and services business and AGI„s RV-related publications, with the exception of the
Woodall„s titles.
From 1990 through 1997 AGI made a number of significant acquisitions that expanded AGI„s scale and presence. In
1990, AGI acquired Golf Card International, Inc. for approximately $18 million. Subsequently, in May 1994, AGI
acquired Woodall Publishing Company, L.P. and Woodall World of Travel, L.P. (collectively Woodall„s) for
approximately $11.5 million.
In 1995, AGI acquired San Francisco Thrift and Loan (founded in 1982) and the company„s headquarters were
relocated to Ventura, California. In 1997 the bank was renamed Affinity Bank and in 1999, AGI transferred
ownership to Affinity Bank Holdings, Inc. a separate entity controlled by Adams
[12]
In March 1997, as part of AGI„s $130.0 million offering of the holding company notes due 2007, AGI acquired
Camping World, Inc. and Ehlert Publishing for approximately $123.0 million and $22.3 million, respectively.
[13][14]
On August 28, 2009, Affinity Bank was closed by the California Department of Financial Institutions and the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC]) was named Receiver. Pacific Western Bank of San Diego, California
took over all deposit accounts, excluding certain brokered deposits. The closure was a result of Affinity„s depleted
capital reserves due to defaults on commercial mortgages and construction loans. Regulators estimate the cost of the
Affinity Bank failure at $254 million.
Between September 14 and December 14, 2009, AGI sought and received ten extensions on bond payments due
from creditors. On Dec 17, 2009 AGI received $70M from a private equity source
Stephen Adams (business)
665
Political affiliations
Adams has been actively involved in fundraising for Republican Party candidates. He reportedly contributed over $1
million of billboard advertising (through his Adams Outdoor Advertising business) to support George W. Bush's
2000 presidential campaign.
[15]
Philanthropy
Adams currently serves on the board of visitors for the Yale School of Music. The Adams Family Foundation,
founded by Adams and his wife, Denise, has made grants to a variety of educational institutions including Yale
University, Stanford University,
[16]
Westmont College, the Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts and The Blake
School. Adams gave a $100 million gift to the Yale School of Music, the largest single contribution in the school's
108-year history to that point.
[17]
Awards
Adams was selected to receive the Arbuckle Award from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business in
2006.
[18][19]
References
[1] Angelo, Jean Marie. " Neophyte publisher pumps $145 million into expansion; the company that put Chicago on the map takes on more
regional and leisure-time titles (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m3065/ is_n3_v18/ ai_7398743)" Magazine for Magazine
Management, March 1989.
[2] Cuff, Daniel. Montana Bank Fight Ends as Head Resigns (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=FB0E1EFB3B5C0C748EDDAC0894DA484D81& scp=7& sq="stephen+ adams"& st=nyt) New York Times, May 27, 1982.
[3] [3] American Casualty Co. of Reading, Pennsylvania vs. Bank of Montana System, Stephen Adams, Lloyd A. Amundson, Alfred T. Burke,
Thomas R. Zorr, Joseph Friend, C. Robert Paciotti and Ester M. Devault v. CNA Financial Corporation, 675 F. Supp 538 (F. Supp 1987)
[4] Union Planters (http:/ / query. nytimes.com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9900EFD61338F932A35756C0A962948260& scp=8& sq="stephen+
adams"& st=nyt) (New York Times, June 19, 1984)
[5] Union Planters (http:/ / query. nytimes.com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=940DE3DF1739F93AA25755C0A962948260& scp=9& sq="stephen+
adams"& st=nyt) (New York Times, June 19, 1984)
[6] ADAMS OUTDOOR ADVERTISING FORM S-4/A (http:/ / www. sec. gov/ Archives/ edgar/ data/ 1011976/ 0000950131-96-002660. txt)
(US Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR filing system as filed June 5, 1996)
[7] TRAVEL AMERICA, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION, ET AL. (PLAINTIFFS) VS. CAMP COAST TO COAST, INC., A
DELAWARE CORPORATION, ET AL. (DEFENDANTS), CASE NO. 789743 (http:/ / www. natlassoc. com/ c2/ c2cpdf/ ca0614. pdf)
(SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA, COUNTY OF ORANGE) June 14, 2000
[8] TRAVEL AMERICA, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION, ET AL. (PLAINTIFFS) VS. CAMP COAST TO COAST, INC., A
DELAWARE CORPORATION, ET AL. (DEFENDANTS), CASE NO. 789743 (http:/ / www. natlassoc. org/ companies/ c2cpdf/ ca0713.
pdf) (SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA, COUNTY OF ORANGE) July 13, 2000
[9] Affinity Group Holding Inc. Business Information, Profile, and History (http:/ / companies. jrank. org/ pages/ 85/
Affinity-Group-Holding-Inc. html)
[10] Adams Outdoor Advertising (http:/ / www. adamsoutdoor. com)
[11] Adams Honored with 2006 Arbuckle Award (http:/ / www. gsb. stanford. edu/ news/ bmag/ sbsm0605/ spreadsheet_adams. html) (Stanford
Business Magazine, 2006)
[12] Affinity Bank - About Us page (http:/ / www.affinitybank. com/ ab/ aboutUs. asp)
[13] Just About Everything in the World You Would Ever Want to Know About Affinity Group„s Acquisition of Camping World (http:/ / www.
rv-news.com/ june1997/ feature.htm) (RV News Online, 1997)
[14] Affinity Group to Acquire a Retailer and a Publisher (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.
html?res=9907E6D81730F937A35750C0A961958260& scp=1& sq="affinity+ group"& st=nyt) (New York Times, March 4, 1997)
[15] SIGNS ERECTED BY VENTURA BUSINESSMAN PUSH BUSH (http:/ / www. madcowprod. com/ billboardenvy. htm) Los Angeles
Times, November 6, 2000
[16] Stanford GSB (http:/ / www.gsb.stanford.edu/ community/ bmag/ sbsm0005/ spreadsheet_two. html), May 2000
[17] Yale School of Music gets $100 million (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ opa/ arc-ybc/ v28. n10/ story1. html) (Yale Bulletin, October 25-November
1, 1999)
Stephen Adams (business)
666
[18] Stephen Adams Honored with 2006 Arbuckle Award (http:/ / www. gsb. stanford. edu/ news/ headlines/ 2006arbuckleaward. shtml)
Stanford Graduate School of Business, February 2006
[19] Adams Honored with 2006 Arbuckle Award (http:/ / www. gsb. stanford. edu/ news/ bmag/ sbsm0605/ spreadsheet_adams. html) Stanford
Business Magazine May 2006
External links
ƒ Affinity Group (http:/ / www. affinitygroup. com) (official website)
ƒ Affinity Bank (http:/ / www. affinitybank. com) (official website)
ƒ Adams Outdoor Adveritising (http:/ / www. adamsoutdoor. com) (official website)
ƒ Camping World (http:/ / www. campingworld. com) (official website)
ƒ Affinity Group Holding Inc Company History (http:/ / www. fundinguniverse. com/ company-histories/
Affinity-Group-Holding-Inc-Company-History. html) (FundingUniverse.com)
Winston Lord
Winston Lord
Winston Lord (born on August 14, 1937) is a United States
diplomat and leader of non-governmental foreign policy
organizations. He served as the president of the Council on
Foreign Relations between 1977 and 1985, Ambassador to China
(1985€1989) and Assistant Secretary of State
(1993€1997).Wikipedia:Citation needed He is a former member of
the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.
Biography
Lord was born in New York City, New York, United States, North
America.Wikipedia:Citation needed He is the third of three sons
born to Oswald Bates Lord (1903€1986) and Mary Pillsbury Lord
(of the flour family, Pillsbury) (1904€1978). His older brother,
Richard, died in 1935, aged three months. The oldest brother is
Charles Pillsbury Lord. His father was a leader in the textile
industry. His mother served for eight years under President
Eisenhower as United States Delegate to the United Nations and U.S. Representative to the United Nations
Commission on Human Rights and she was the recipient of many awards including International Rescue
Committee's Freedom Award. Mary Pillsbury Lord was a survivor of the sinking of the Clyde-Mallory Line's
passenger liner SS Mohawk off the New Jersey Coast in January 1935.Wikipedia:Citation needed
After preparing at The Hotchkiss School, Lord graduated magna cum laude from Yale University in 1959 and
obtained an M.A. at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1960 (first in class). Among his honors were the
Pentagon's Outstanding Performance Award and the State Department's Distinguished Service Award, as well as the
National Committee on US-China Relations award and the Hotchkiss and Fletcher alumni awards. He has honorary
doctorate degrees from Williams College, Tufts University, Dominican College[1], Bryant College, and Pepperdine
University. He is a member of the Yale secret society Skull and Bones.
[2][3]
Lord was a key figure in the restoration of relations between the United States and China in the early 1970s and
US-China relations ever since. From 1969€73, as a member of the United States National Security Council„s
planning staff, he was the special assistant to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, accompanying him on his
secret trip to Beijing in 1971. The following year, he was part of the U.S. delegation during President Richard
Winston Lord
667
Nixon's historic visit to China, was on President Ford's visit in 1975 and many other Kissinger trips.
Lord became the State Department's Director of Policy Planning and top policy adviser on China (1973€77), United
States Ambassador to China (1985€1989) under President Reagan, and Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian
and Pacific Affairs (1993€1997) under President Clinton. Early in his career he served in the Foreign Service and the
Defense Department.Wikipedia:Citation needed He was a senior counselor for the President's National Bi-partisan
Commission on Central America (1983-1984).
Between governmental postsWikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological itemsWikipedia:Please
clarify Ambassador Lord has headed and helped direct many private organizations related to international affairs. He
served as President of the Council on Foreign Relations (1977-1985). He was co-Chairman of the International
Rescue Committee, Chairman of the National Endowment for Democracy and Chairman of the Carnegie
Endowment National Commission on America and the New World (1992). He is currently a director of the U.S.
Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Wikipedia:Citation needed, a global advisor to the Women's Tennis
Association, Chair Emeritus of the International Rescue Committee, trustee of the Trilateral Commission, Vice Chair
of the NCAFP Northeast Asia Security Forum, and member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Lord has also previously served on the Boards or as a member of the America-China Forum, The Fletcher School,
National Committee on US-China Relations, US-Japan Foundation, American Academy of Diplomacy, Asia Society
and Aspen Institute Distinguished Fellows.
Lord is married in 1963 to best selling author and human rights activist Bette Bao Lord and has two children,
Elizabeth Pillsbury and Winston Bao. He spoke to the USC U.S.-China Institute in November 2010 on the current
state of U.S.-China relations.
References
[1] http:/ / toolserver.org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Winston_Lord& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/ editintro&
client=Template:Dn
[2] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 174-5, 189
[3] David W. Dunlap, "Yale Society Resists Peeks Into Its Crypt", New York Times, November 4, 1988
External links
ƒ Interview with Winston Lord (http:/ / hdl. loc. gov/ loc. mss/ mfdip. 2004lor02) as part of Frontline Diplomacy:
The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (http:/ /
memory. loc. gov/ ammem/ collections/ diplomacy/ index. html), a site at the Library of Congress (http:/ / www.
loc. gov/ ). Complete oral history at ADST.org
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Arthur W. Hummel, Jr.
US Ambassador to China
1985€1989
Succeeded by
James R. Lilley
Government offices
Preceded by
William Clark, Jr.
Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific
Affairs
April 23, 1993 € February 18, 1997
Succeeded by
Stanley O. Roth
Gene Scott (tennis)
668
Gene Scott (tennis)
Gene Scott
Full name Eugene L. Scott
Country  United States
Residence New York, USA
Born December 28, 1937
New York, USA
Died March 20, 2006 (aged 68)
Height 6'1" (185 cm)
Turned pro 1968 (amateur tour from 1951)
Retired 1975
Plays Right-handed
Int. Tennis HOF
2008 ( member page
[1]
)
Singles
Career record 39€47
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open 2R (1964)
French Open QF (1964)
Wimbledon 3R (1964, 1965)
US Open SF (1967)
Doubles
Career record 12€22
Grand Slam Doubles results
Australian Open 2R (1964)
Last updated on: November 8, 2012.
Eugene Lytton Scott (December 28, 1937 € March 20, 2006) was an American tennis player of the 1960s.
Early years
Scott was the grandson of Dr. Eugene C. Sullivan, one of the inventors of Pyrex and chair and president of Corning
Glass Works. He graduated with a BA in history from Yale University in 1960, where he was a member of Skull and
Bones and lettered in tennis, hockey, soccer, and lacrosse. He earned a law degree from the University of Virginia in
1964.
Tennis career
Gene Scott's highest U.S. ranking as an amateur was No. 4 in 1963, whilst he reached as high as World No. 11 in
1965.
[2]
At the time he was a member of the United States Davis Cup team, and was both teammate and roommate
of Arthur Ashe. They remained friends and, with Charlie Pasarell and Sheridan Snyder, founded the National Junior
Tennis League in 1969. He founded the magazine Tennis Week in 1974.
Gene Scott (tennis)
669
Later in life Scott remained among the best players in the world in his age group. He won the USTA Men's 65 Grass
Court Championships in September 2004, and the International Tennis Federation's Men's Super-Seniors World
Individual Championships in the 65 division a week later. Scott also played real tennis at New York City's Racquet
and Tennis Club.
Scott grew up in St. James, NY, and played varsity hockey, track, soccer, and tennis at St. Mark's School in
Southborough, Mass. At Yale, Scott earned letters in hockey, soccer, lacrosse, and tennis.
Scott competed in the Davis Cup in 1963 and 1965, and his 1963 singles and doubles victories helped the United
States win the Cup that year. Scott also made it to the semifinals of the U.S. Championships at Forest Hills in 1967
and the quarterfinals of the French Championships in 1964.
Death and legacy
Scott died of heart disease at the age of 68 and was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2008
[3]
in the
"contributor" category.
References
[1] http:/ / www. tennisfame. com/ hall-of-famers/ eugene-scott
[2] http:/ / www. addvantageuspta. com/ default. aspx?act=newsletter. aspx& category=ADDvantage& MenuGroup=ADD-depts&
NewsLetterID=656& & AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
[3] url=http:/ / www. tennisfame. com/ hall-of-famers/ eugene-scott
External links
ƒ Eugene L. Scott website (http:/ / www. eugenelscott. com/ )
ƒ Tennis Week obituary (http:/ / www. sportsmediainc. com/ tennisweek/ index. cfm?func=showarticle&
newsid=14969)
ƒ International Tennis Hall of Fame (http:/ / www. tennisfame. com/ hall-of-famers/ eugene-scott)
Mike Pyle
670
Mike Pyle
This article is about the NFL player. For the mixed martial artist, see Mike Pyle (fighter). For other people
with the name Michael Pyle, see Michael Pyle (disambiguation).
Mike Pyle
Date of birth: July 18, 1939
Place of birth: Keokuk, Iowa
Career information
Position(s): Center
College: Yale
NFL Draft: 1961 / Round: 7 / Pick: 89
Organizations
As player:
1961-1969 Chicago Bears
Career highlights and awards
Pro Bowls: 1
Career stats
Playing stats at DatabaseFootball.com
[1]
Michael Johnson Pyle (born July 18, 1939) is a former American football center who played nine seasons between
1961 and 1969 for the Chicago Bears.
Background
Pyle was born in 1939 to William Palmer Pyle, an executive with Kraft Foods and Cathryn Johnson Pyle in Keokuk,
Iowa. He has two brothers: William Palmer Pyle Jr. (who played offensive guard at Michigan State University and
with the Baltimore Colts, the Minnesota Vikings and the Oakland Raiders) and Harlen Pyle.
Pyle attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois, where he wrestled and threw the discus and shot put in
addition to playing football. He was an Illinois state wrestling champion in 1957 in the heavyweight division. He
also won a state championship in 1957 for his efforts with the discus and set a state record on his way to winning the
shot put title, as well.
He graduated in 1957 from New Trier and went on to Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.
He played center for the Bulldogs and captained the undefeated 1960 team.
Mike Pyle
671
Chicago Bears
Pyle played nine seasons with the Chicago Bears from 1961 through 1969 where he played for George Halas. In
1963 he earned a Pro Bowl berth and served as the Bears offensive team captain from 1963 through his retirement.
He was named to the Sporting News First Team - All Conference and the UPI Second Team - All NFL in 1963 and
to the New York Daily News All NFL team in 1965.
Broadcast career
After his retirement in 1969, Pyle was a broadcaster for WGNG radio, where he was the Bears pre and post game
program host, as well as the host of a Sunday sports talk show. He later co-hosted the "Mike Ditka Show" when
Ditka coached the Bears.
Post Health Career Problems
Several years after retiring from the NFL, Pyle began to suffer from symptoms of dementia. His condition eventually
worsened, and his family was forced to put him into a full-time assisted living facility. Pyle went to Silverado, a
national chain that has an arrangement with the NFL to treat all former players with at least three years of service •
and dementia • free of charge.
‰‰We have treated about 20 NFL players • we have about a dozen right now,„„ Loren Shook, the president and CEO
of Silverado Senior Living, says. ‰‰This is under the ‰88 Plan„ with the NFL.„„
The 88 Plan is a brain trauma program named for Hall of Fame tight end John Mackey
[2]
, whose number was 88.
Mackey was in a near vegetative state from CTE by the time he died in 2011.
[3]
References
[1] http:/ / www. databasefootball.com/ players/ playerpage. htm?ilkid=PYLEMIK01
[2] http:/ / John_Mackey_%28American_football%29
[3] http:/ / www. silveradocare. com/ silverado-locations/ illinois/ highland-park/ highland-park/ articles/ stories/
ex-bear-mike-pyle-another-nfl-great-sadly-slipping-away-from-dementia/
External links
ƒ Pro Football Reference (http:/ / www. pro-football-reference. com/ players/ P/ PyleMi00. htm)
ƒ Illinois High School Athletics Association (http:/ / www. ihsa. org/ activity/ trb/ records/ ybyyr6. htm)
ƒ New Trier HS Wrestling (http:/ / www. newtrier. k12. il. us/ athletics/ sports/ NTWRESTLING/ teamhistory.
htm)
ƒ New Haven Register (http:/ / www. nhregister. com/ WebApp/ appmanager/ JRC/ BigDaily?_nfpb=true&
_pageLabel=pg_article& r21. pgpath=/ NHR/ Sports/ Yale+ Football& r21. content=/ NHR/ Sports/ Yale+
Football/ ContentTab_Feature_1103081)
ƒ Sports Illustrated - May 19, 1958 (http:/ / vault. sportsillustrated. cnn. com/ vault/ article/ magazine/
MAG1002271/ index. htm)
John Walsh (art historian)
672
John Walsh (art historian)
John Walsh
Born 1937 (age 76€77)
Mason City, Washington
Institutions J. Paul Getty Museum
Alma mater Columbia University
Thesis
Jan and Julius Porcellis: Dutch Marine Painters
[1]
(1974)
Doctoral advisor Julius S. Held
John Joseph Walsh, Jr. (born 1937, Mason City, WA) is an American art historian, curator and museum director.
He served as director of the J. Paul Getty Museum from 1983€2000, supervising the planning and completion of the
Getty's Richard Meier-designed Getty Center and transforming the Getty's art collection through new acquisitions.
[2]
Walsh graduated from Yale University in 1961, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. Walsh earned a Ph.D
from Columbia University. He worked in curatorial capacities at the Frick Collection and the Metropolitan Museum
of Art in New York and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, prior to assuming the directorship of the Getty.
[3]
Walsh
is now on the Board of Trustees of the Hammer Museum
[4]
References
[1] http:/ / search.proquest. com/ docview/ 302478704/
[2] "Walsh, John [Joseph], Jr.." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). http:/ / www. dictionaryofarthistorians. org/ walshj. htm
[3] Getty Trust press release on the occasion of Walsh's retirement, Sept 2000 (http:/ / www. getty. edu/ news/ press/ leaders/ walsh. html)
[4] http:/ / hammer. ucla. edu/ about/ museum_board_and_staff. html
William Hamilton (cartoonist)
673
William Hamilton (cartoonist)
William Hamilton
Born William Hamilton
June 2, 1939
Palo Alto, California
United States
Nationality American
Education Yale University
Phillips Academy
Occupation Cartoonist, playwright, novelist
Employer The New Yorker (1965-present)
Spouse(s) Candida Vargas (1969-1976)
William Hamilton (born June 2, 1939 in Palo Alto, California)
[1]
is an American cartoonist and playwright. He is
most closely associated with the magazine The New Yorker. Hamilton is famous for his wit and irony and for
presenting his characters, most often examples of modern, affluent types, with distinctive "ski-jump" noses noted for
a peculiar shape that has become a sort of unofficial trademark.
Biography
Hamilton grew up on the family estate Ethelwild in St. Helena, California. While he came from a moneyed family,
his father was an unemployed, free-spending eccentric amateur inventor. The house, inherited from an uncle, was
much as it was in 1901, and Hamilton tells of ancient pencils that shattered upon use. Hamilton's interest in
cartooning was sparked by stacks of European magazines found in the house.
Hamilton attended Phillips Academy, where the relatively poor Hamilton studied alongside the children of the
wealthy. He said that the experience of being "out of place" was "an ideal experience for going into the arts" and "the
process of being an alien gives you the distance to be an artist." He went on to Yale, where he drew cartoons and
covers for campus humor magazine The Yale Record
[2]
and was a member of Skull and Bones. He graduated from
Yale in 1962 with a degree in English.
While serving in the US Army (1963€5) he sold his first cartoon to The New Yorker in 1965. In the World
Encyclopedia of Cartoons, Richard Calhoun describes Hamilton's work:
His close-up renderings of features have more the quality of preliminary portrait sketches than of
caricature... His humor also tends to be of a rather personal stamp•very much New York, corporate and
Ivy League in setting, and dedicated to the deflation of intellectual pretension and clich„... those familiar
with the rather hermetic environment he satirizes will laugh (or wince) at his thrusts. Especially keen are
his frequent variations upon the theme of the cocktail party•surely one of civilization's most persistent
forms of self-inflicted torture. The drink is innocuous, the food familiar, and the topics of conversation
hopelessly predictable.
In 1969, Hamilton married Candida Vargas, granddaughter of Get•lio Dornelles Vargas, dictator of Brazil. They
separated in 1976. The disintegration of his marriage prompted his turn to playwriting, and his first play Save Grand
Central was "about the middle of the end of a marriage." Hamilton's plays document the same world as his cartoons,
and sometimes recycle lines from his cartoons. His play White Chocolate has been described as "a farce about race
and class in the upper echelons of New York society."
William Hamilton (cartoonist)
674
Bibliography
Cartoons
ƒ The Antisocial Register, Chronicle Books, 1974.
ƒ Terribly Nice People, Putnam, 1975.
ƒ Husbands, Wives and Live-Togethers, Putnam, 1976.
ƒ Introducing William Hamilton, Wildwood (London), 1977.
ƒ Money Should Be Fun, Houghton, 1979.
ƒ The Men Will Fear You, and the Women Will Adore You, St. Martin's Press, 1986.
ƒ Voodoo Economics, Chronicle Books, 1992.
ƒƒ My goodness, I had no idea people from California had ancestors!
Novels
ƒ The Love of Rich Women, Houghton, 1980.
ƒ The Charlatan, Simon and Schuster, 1985.
ƒ The Lap of Luxury, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988.
Plays
ƒ Save Grand Central, 1976
ƒ Plymouth Rock, 1977
ƒ White Chocolate, 2004
References
[1] [1] "William Hamilton." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 3 May. 2011.
[2] Hamilton, William (September, 1960). Cover Illustration. The Yale Record. New Haven: Yale Record.
External links
ƒ Official website (http:/ / williamhamiltoncartoons. com/ cda/ )
ƒ Huffington Post blog (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ william-hamilton)
David L. Boren
675
David L. Boren
David L. Boren
13th President of the University of Oklahoma
Incumbent
Assumed office
December 1, 1994
Preceded by Richard L. Van Horn
United States Senator
from Oklahoma
In office
January 3, 1979 € November 15, 1994
Preceded by Dewey F. Bartlett
Succeeded by James Inhofe
21st Governor of Oklahoma
In office
January 13, 1975 € January 3, 1979
Lieutenant George Nigh
Preceded by David Hall
Succeeded by George Nigh
Personal details
Born David Lyle Boren
April 21, 1941
Washington, D.C.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Janna Lou Little (deceased)
Molly Shi
Residence Norman, Oklahoma
Profession Lawyer
David L. Boren
676
Religion Methodist
Military service
Service/branch Oklahoma Army National Guard
Years of service 1963-1974
Rank Captain
David Lyle Boren (born April 21, 1941) is an academic leader and American politician from the state of Oklahoma.
A Democrat, he served as the 21st Governor of Oklahoma from 1975 to 1979 and in the United States Senate from
1979 to 1994. He is currently the 13th President of the University of Oklahoma. He was the longest serving
Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Currently, he serves as Co-Chair of the nonpartisan U.S.
President's Intelligence Advisory Board.
The Boren family has a strong interest in public policy and three generations of public service. His father, Lyle
Boren, served in the U.S. House of Representatives (OK-04) from 1937 to 1947. His son, Dan Boren, served in the
U.S. House of Representatives (OK-02) from 2005 to 2013.
Early life and career
Boren was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Christine (n„e McKown) and Lyle Hagler Boren.
[1]
He graduated in
1963 from Yale University, where he majored in American history, graduated in the top one percent of his class and
was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
[2]
He was a member of the Yale Conservative Party, elected president of the Yale
Political Union and is a member of Skull and Bones.
[3][4]
He was selected as a Rhodes Scholar and earned a master's
degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics from University of Oxford (1965), serving later as a member of the
Rhodes Scholarship selection committee.
In 1966 Boren ran successfully for a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives, where he served four terms,
1967 to 1975. In 1968, he received a law degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Law.
While serving in the House, Boren was a member of the committee that investigated the University of Oklahoma
after the school allowed black militant Paul Boutelle, a socialist and anti-Vietnam War activist, to give a speech
there. During his House tenure Boren was also a professor at Oklahoma Baptist University.
Boren served in the Oklahoma Army National Guard from 1963 to 1974, attaining the rank of Captain and serving as
commander of the 2120th Supply & Service Company in Wewoka.
[5]
Boren has been a friend and political associate of several Speakers of the House, including Carl Albert. Albert's
Chief of Staff, Charles Ward later served as Boren's Chief of Staff when he became U.S. Senator.
Boren's son, Dan Boren, represented Oklahoma's 2nd Congressional District. Boren's daughter, Carrie, is a former
actress and current director for evangelism in the Episcopal Diocese of Dallas. Boren was a first cousin to the late
folk singer Hoyt Axton. His aunt Mae Boren Axton wrote "Heartbreak Hotel" which became popular after the tune
was recorded by Elvis Presley.
He has been married twice, to the late Janna Little and currently to Molly Shi.
David L. Boren
677
As governor
In 1974 Boren ran for Governor. In keeping with the anti-establishment movements of that Watergate scandal-era
campaign season, Boren's effort included the "Boren Broom Brigade" to demonstrate his pledge to "sweep out the
Old Guard" and bring fundamental reforms to state government.
[6]
Boren and Clem McSpadden defeated incumbent David Hall in the primary election and moved into a runoff for the
Democratic nomination.
[7]
Boren beat McSpadden in the runoff
[8]
and subsequently defeated Republican Jim Inhofe
in the general election.
[9]
Boren's term included: eliminating the inheritance tax for property left by one spouse to another; a reduction in the
state income tax rate; improvements to the state corrections program in the wake of the 1973 Oklahoma State
Penitentiary riot; and elimination of more than a hundred state agencies, commissions, and boards. Boren attracted
national attention during the Energy Crisis when he advocated nationwide deregulation of natural gas prices.
[10]
Boren opted not to run for reelection in 1978, instead running for the United States Senate seat held by the retiring
Dewey Bartlett. Boren won a multi-candidate primary with 46 percent of the vote to second place finisher Ed
Edmondson's 28 percent.
[11]
During the campaign, his opponent Anthony Points accused Boren of being gay. In a
bizarre stunt following his victory, Boren swore out on oath on a white bible, declaring "I know what homosexuals
and bisexuals are. I further swear that I am not a homosexual or bisexual. And I further swear that I have never been
a homosexual or bisexual."
[12]
Boren then defeated Edmondson in the runoff,
[13]
and Republican Robert Kamm,
former President of Oklahoma State University, in the general election.
[14]
In the Senate
In the U.S. Senate, Boren was known as a centrist or conservative Democrat, and was a prot„g„ of Texas Sen. Lloyd
Bentsen and was often aligned with southern Democrats such as Sam Nunn of Georgia and Howell Heflin of
Alabama. He was a strong advocate of tax cuts across the board as the cornerstone of economic policy. He opposed
the Windfall profit tax on the domestic oil industry, which was repealed in 1988. At one point, the tax was
generating no revenue, yet still required oil companies to comply with reporting requirements and the IRS to spend
$15 million to collect the tax. Of the tax, Boren said: "As long as the tax is not being collected, the accounting
requirements are needless. They result in heavy burdens for the private sector and unnecessary cost to the taxpayer."
Sen. Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), who served with Sen. Boren, publicly stated that Boren should be elected President.
Boren's Chief of Staff was a respected Capitol Hill insider, Charles Ward, a former longtime Administrative
Assistant to Speaker Albert.
Boren served on the Senate Committee on Finance and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. He
also served as chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1987 to 1993. His six years is the
longest tenure of any Senate Intelligence Committee chairman. Boren sponsored the National Security Education Act
of 1991, which established the National Security Education Program.
Boren was one of only two Democratic senators to vote in favor of the controversial nomination of Robert Bork to
the Supreme Court, in 1987. Boren also decided in 1991 to vote against the Persian Gulf War, surprising most
political observers.
Boren was one of the President Bill Clinton's top choices to replace Les Aspin as a U.S. Secretary of Defense in
1994. However, Clinton selected William J. Perry instead.
[15]
In a controversial public mea culpa in a New York Times Op/Ed piece, Boren expressed regret over his vote to
confirm Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. Partly as a result of that statement, The Daily Oklahoman, the
largest newspaper in Oklahoma, which had encouraged and endorsed Boren's entire career, began calling for his
retirement from the U.S. Senate.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In 1994, he resigned his Senate seat to accept the presidency of the University of Oklahoma.
David L. Boren
678
Praise from Mandela
As Chairman of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Boren was instrumental in building consensus
and bipartisan support for the U.S. State Department initiatives to promote democracy abroad which helped lead to
the release of Nelson Mandela. Boren was praised and received a standing ovation led by Mandela at a special
broadcast of ABC News Nightline with Ted Koppel, which commemorated Mandela's historic release from prison in
South Africa. During his first visit to the USA after his release, Mandela was a dinner guest of Boren and wife Molly
according to media reports in Oklahoma. Boren utilized a consensus building approach to governance with bipartisan
co-sponsors for legislation plus a focus on non-partisan policy research and analysis in his frequent …Dear Colleague†
letters to fellow senators.
[16][17][18]
After the Senate
David Boren, May 2008
Boren currently serves as President of the University of Oklahoma, and
has served on the Board of Directors of Texas Instruments and AMR
Corporation (the parent company of American Airlines). His current
salary as the University of Oklahoma President is $383,852.88
annually. One semester every school year, President Boren teaches a
freshman level Political Science class to 200 students.
In 1996, Reform Party Presidential candidate Ross Perot
unsuccessfully sought Boren to be his vice-presidential running
mate.
[19]
In 2001, Boren, along with fellow Democrat former Governor
George Nigh was listed as being in support of the Right to Work law in
Oklahoma. The measure, proposed and sponsored by then Gov. Frank
Keating, was passed by the voters.
Boren is regarded as a mentor to former Director of Central
Intelligence George Tenet from his days as chairman of the Senate
Intelligence Committee. On the morning of September 11, 2001, Boren and Tenet were having breakfast together
when Tenet was called away to respond to the terror attacks. Boren said that in the weeks before the Iraq War began
in March 2003, he warned Tenet that since he was not a member of President George W. Bush„s closest circle of
advisers, the White House would make him the scapegoat if things went badly in Iraq. "I told him they had your
name circled if anything goes wrong," Boren recalls telling Tenet.
In June 2007, conservative political columnist Robert Novak claimed that Boren had met with New York Mayor
Michael Bloomberg to discuss a possible third-party presidential campaign. Bloomberg had just recently left the
Republican Party, and speculation arose that he discussed the possibility of Boren joining him as a running mate.
However, on April 18, 2008, Boren endorsed the leading Democratic candidate, Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois.
In 2008, he released a book titled A Letter to America.
Boren and former U.S. Senator Chuck Hagel served as co-chairmen of the nonpartisan U.S.President's Intelligence
Advisory Board under Barack Obama.
Boren also sits on the Honorary Board of the National Association for Urban Debate Leagues.
Boren was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1988.
David L. Boren
679
References
[1] http:/ / freepages. genealogy. rootsweb.ancestry.com/ ~battle/ reps/ boren. htm
[2] Biography: Office of the President (http:/ / www.ou.edu/ content/ president/ biography. html) at University of Oklahoma website.
[3] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 124, 158.
[4] Lloyd Grove, "The Boren Identity; Oklahoma's Senator, Unlikely Point Man for Clinton Plan", Washington Post, March 24, 1993.
[5] Lawton Constitution, Morale Of Sooner Guard Troops High (http:/ / www. newspapers. com/ newspage/ 22932181/ ), July 25, 1975
[6] United Press International, Frederick Daily Leader, Boren Sweeps Past Opponent (http:/ / news. google. com/
newspapers?id=rVVDAAAAIBAJ& sjid=sK0MAAAAIBAJ& pg=2889,3975863& dq=boren+ broom+ brigade& hl=en), November 6, 1974
[7] Martin Waldron, New York Times, Gov. Hall Defeated in Oklahoma: McSpadden and Boren in Runoff; Boren Total a Surprise (http:/ /
select. nytimes.com/ gst/ abstract.html?res=F50914F935581A7493CBAB1783D85F408785F9), August 29, 1974
[8] United Press International, Warsaw Times-Union, Rhodes Scholar Captures Runoff Race in Oklahoma (http:/ / news. google. com/
newspapers?id=9oJHAAAAIBAJ& sjid=cnwMAAAAIBAJ& pg=4552,2254399& dq=boren+ defeat+ mcspadden+ runoff& hl=en),
September 18, 1974
[9] Associated Press, Lawrence World-Journal, New Oklahoma Governor is Rhodes Scholar (http:/ / news. google. com/
newspapers?id=9aoyAAAAIBAJ& sjid=uOgFAAAAIBAJ& pg=4591,721347& dq=boren+ defeat+ inhofe+ oklahoma+ governor& hl=en),
November 6, 1974
[10] Bob Burke, Oklahoma Historical Society, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Biography, David Lyle Boren (http:/ / digital.
library. okstate.edu/ encyclopedia/ entries/ b/ bo018.html), accessed July 16, 2013
[11] United Press International, Altus Times-Democrat, Derryberry Cinches Runoff Berth With Nigh (http:/ / news. google. com/
newspapers?id=ZRhDAAAAIBAJ& sjid=Y6wMAAAAIBAJ& pg=1768,4908562& dq=boren+ edmondson+ senator& hl=en), August 25,
1978
[12] Mother Jones We're OK; How's Oklahoma (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=s-YDAAAAMBAJ& lpg=PA12& ots=KXcZUyjDTo&
dq=boren bible governor bisexual& pg=PA12#v=onepage& q& f=false) Dev. 1978
[13] National Journal, Election results: Oklahoma (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kZUnAQAAMAAJ), Volume 10, Part 3, 1978, page
1525
[14] Arrell Morgan Gibson, Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HiP-sWiqYL4C), 1981, page 262
[15] George Stephanopoulos, All Too Human: A Political Education, 1999
[16] Dana Hertneky, KWTV Television News, OU President David Boren Remembers Nelson Mandela (http:/ / www. news9. com/ story/
24199094/ ou-president-former-ok-senator-remembers-nelson-mandela), December 11, 2013
[17] ABC News, Nightline, David L. Boren converses with Nelson Mandela (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=a1HZIfK4e8E), retrieved via
YouTube, December 17, 2013
[18] C-SPAN, Senate Dinner for Mandela (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ 12894-1), June 25, 1990
[19] AllPolitics - Reform Party - Pat Choate (http:/ / www-cgi. cnn. com/ ALLPOLITICS/ 1996/ candidates/ reform/ choate/ )
External links
ƒ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Boren, David (http:/ / digital. library. okstate. edu/
encyclopedia/ entries/ B/ BO018. html)
Political offices
Preceded by
David Hall
Governor of Oklahoma
January 13, 1975, € January 8, 1979
Succeeded by
George Nigh
Preceded by
David Durenberger
Minnesota
Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee
1987€1993
Succeeded by
Dennis
DeConcini
Arizona
United States Senate
Preceded by
Dewey F. Bartlett
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Oklahoma
1979€1994
Served alongside: Henry Bellmon , Don Nickles
Succeeded by
James Inhofe
Academic offices
Preceded by
Richard L. Van Horn
President of the University of Oklahoma
1994€current
Succeeded by
current
David L. Boren
680
Party political offices
Preceded by
David Hall
Democratic nominee for Governor of Oklahoma
1974
Succeeded by
George Nigh
Preceded by
Ed Edmondson
Democratic nominee for United States Senator from
Oklahoma
(Class 2)
1978, 1984, 1990
Succeeded by
Dave McCurdy
How Starbucks Saved My Life
681
How Starbucks Saved My Life
How Starbucks Saved My Life
Author Michael Gates Gill
Country United States
Language English
Genre Memoir
Publisher Gotham Books
Publication date
September 2007
Pages 270
ISBN ISBN 978-1-59240-286-1
How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else is a memoir by Michael
Gates Gill that chronicles his journey from a high-level advertising executive with J. Walter Thompson to a barista at
Starbucks.
[1]
The book has been optioned by Tom Hanks for a film; filmmaker Gus Van Sant has also been in talks
to direct. Gill is the son of famed The New Yorker writer Brendan Gill, and the brother of Charles Gill, author of the
1987 fiction book The Boozer Challenge.
About the story
In his fifties, Michael Gates Gill had it all: a mansion in the suburbs, a wife and loving children, a six-figure salary,
and an Ivy League education. But in a few years, he lost his job, got divorced, and was diagnosed with a brain tumor.
With no money or health insurance, he was forced to get a job at Starbucks. Having gone from power lunches to
scrubbing toilets, from being served to serving, Michael was a true fish out of water.
But fate brings an unexpected teacher into his life who opens his eyes to what living well really looks like. The two
seem to have nothing in common: She is a young African American, the daughter of a drug addict; he is used to
being the boss but reports to her now. For the first time in his life he experiences being a member of a minority
trying hard to survive in a challenging new job. He learns the value of hard work and humility, as well as what it
truly means to respect another person.
Behind the scenes at one of America„s most intriguing businesses, an inspiring friendship is born, a family begins to
heal, and, thanks to his unlikely mentor, Michael Gill at last experiences a sense of self-worth and happiness he has
never known before.
References
[1] How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else. (http:/ / www. amazon. com/
How-Starbucks-Saved-Life-Privilege/ dp/ 1592402860)
William Nordhaus
682
William Nordhaus
Bill Nordhaus
Born May 31, 1941
Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
Nationality American
Institution Yale University
Field Environmental economics
School/tradition Environmental economics
Alma mater Yale University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Influences Paul Samuelson
James Tobin
Influenced Gary Yohe
Information
[1]
at IDEAS/RePEc
William Dawbney "Bill" Nordhaus (May 31, 1941) is the Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University.
Nordhaus lives in New Haven, Connecticut, with his wife Barbara.
Education and career
Nordhaus received his B.A. and M.A from Yale in 1963 and 1973 respectively where he was a member of Skull and
Bones. He also holds a Certificat from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (1962) and a Ph.D. from MIT (1967). He has
been a member of the faculty at Yale since 1967 and has also served as its Provost from 1986€1988 and its Vice
President for Finance and Administration from 1992€1993. His tenure as provost was among the shortest in the
university's history. He has been on the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity since 1972. During the Carter
administration, from 1977€1979, Nordhaus was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers.
Writing
Nordhaus is the author or editor of over 20 books. He is the co-author of the textbook Economics, the original
editions of which were written by Nobel Laureate Paul Samuelson. The book is currently in its 19th edition and has
been translated into at least 17 other languages.
He has also written several books on global warming and climate change, one of his primary areas of research. Those
books include Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change (1994), which won the 2006
Award for …Publication of Enduring Quality† from the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics.
Another book, with Joseph Boyer, is Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming (2000). His 2013
book is The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World (ISBN 978-0300189773).
In 1972 Nordhaus, along with fellow Yale economics professor James Tobin, published Is Growth Obsolete?, an
article that introduced the Measure of Economic Welfare (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare) as the first model
for economic sustainability assessment.
Nordhaus is also known for his critique on current measures of national income. He wrote that …If we are to obtain
accurate estimates of the growth of real incomes over the last century, we must somehow construct price indexes that
account for the vast changes in the quality and range of goods and services that we consume, that somehow compare
the services of horse with automobile, of Pony Express with facsimile machine, of carbon paper with photocopier, of
William Nordhaus
683
dark and lonely nights with nights spent watching television, and of brain surgery with magnetic resonance imaging†
(1997, 30).
[2]
Palda summarizes the importance of Nordhaus' insight as follows "The practical lesson to be drawn
from this fascinating study of lighting is that the way we measure the consumer price index is severely flawed.
Instead of putting goods and their prices directly into the index we should reduce all goods to their constituent
characteristics. Then we should evaluate how these goods can best be combined to minimize the cost of consuming
these characteristics. Such an approach would allow us to include new goods in the consumer price index without
worrying about whether the index of today is comparable to that of ten years ago when the good did not exist. Such
an approach would also allow governments to more precisely calculate the rate at which welfare and other forms of
aid should be increased. At present such calculations tend to overestimate the cost of living because they do not take
into account the manner in which increases in quality reduce the monetary cost of maintaining a certain standard of
living."
[3]
Contributions on economics of climate change
Nordhaus has written on the economics of climate change. He is the developer of the DICE and RICE models,
integrated assessment models of the interplay between economics, energy use, and climate change.
A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies ISBN 978-0-300-13748-4 was published
by Yale University Press on June 24, 2008.
In Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change (1993), he states: "Mankind is playing dice with the natural
environment through a multitude of interventions € injecting into the atmosphere trace gases like the greenhouse
gases or ozone-depleting chemicals, engineering massive land-use changes such as deforestation, depleting
multitudes of species in their natural habitats even while creating transgenic ones in the laboratory, and accumulating
sufficient nuclear weapons to destroy human civilizations."
[4]
Under the climate change models he has developed, in
general those sectors of the economy that depend heavily on unmanaged ecosystems € that is, are heavily dependent
upon naturally occurring rainfall, runoff, or temperatures € will be most sensitive to climate change. Agriculture,
forestry, outdoor recreation, and coastal activities fall in this category."
[5]
Nordhaus takes seriously the potentially
catastrophic impacts of climate change.
Nordhaus, who has done several studies on the economics of global warming, criticized the Stern Review for its use
of a low discount rate:
The Review„s unambiguous conclusions about the need for extreme immediate action will not survive
the substitution of discounting assumptions that are consistent with today„s market place. So the central
questions about global-warming policy € how much, how fast, and how costly € remain open. The
Review informs but does not answer these fundamental questions.
A January 2012 opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal criticized some aspects of the science underlying concerns
about global warming, including quoting Nordhaus' research, to argue that economics does not support policies to
slow climate change in the next half-century.
[6]
Nordhaus rebutted the contentions in the op-ed in an article
published in The New York Review of Books in March 2012,
[7]
drawing an analogy to the well-documented use of
public relations by the tobacco industry, in the face of financially disastrous scientific findings on the health effects
of tobacco, to manufacture doubt about the facts. Three signatories of the original piece, Richard Lindzen, William
Happer and ex-ExxonMobil manager of Strategic Planning & Programs Roger W. Cohen, responded to Nordhaus's
rebuttal, and Nordhaus replied to their response in The New York Review of Books in April 2012
[8]
and to S. Fred
Singer's defense of them in a follow-up.
[9]
William Nordhaus
684
Honors
Among many honors, he is a Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and an Elected Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Engineering Sciences since 1999.
In 2004, Nordhaus was designated a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association (AEA), along
with George P. Shultz and William A. Brock.
[10]
The accompanying AEA statement referred to his "knack for asking
large questions about the measurement of economic growth and well-being, and addressing them with simple but
creative insights," among them, his pioneering work on the political business cycle,
[11]
ways of using national
income accounts data to devise economic measures reflecting better health, increases in leisure and life expectancy,
and "constructing integrated economic and scientific models to determine the efficient path for coping with climate
change".
[12]
In 2013, Nordhaus became president-elect of the AEA.
[13]
References
[1] http:/ / ideas.repec. org/ e/ pno115. html
[2] Nordhaus, William D. 1997. …Do Real Output and Real Wage Measures Capture Reality? The History of Light Suggests Not.† The Economics
of New Goods. Edited by Robert J. Gordon and Timothy F. Bresnahan. University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic
Research. 27-70.
[3] [3] Palda, Filip (2013). The Apprentice Economist: Seven Steps to Mastery. Cooper-Wolfling Press. ISBN 978-0987788047
[4] Nordhaus, W. D. '"Reflections on the economics of climate change", Journal of Economic Perspectives (1993); 7(4) 11€25 at p. 11
[5] Nordhaus, W. D. '"Reflections on the economics of climate change", Journal of Economic Perspectives (1993); 7(4) 11€25 at p. 15
[6] Claude All•gre et al., "No Need to Panic About Global Warming" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/
SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366. html), The Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2012; "Concerned Scientists Reply on
Global Warming", January 27, 2012
[7] Nordhaus, William. "Why the Global Warming Skeptics Are Wrong" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ archives/ 2012/ mar/ 22/
why-global-warming-skeptics-are-wrong/ ), The New York Review of Books, March 22, 2012, regarding climate change denial
[8] Nordhaus, William. "In the Climate Casino: An Exchange", (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ archives/ 2012/ apr/ 26/
climate-casino-exchange/ ) The New York Review of Books, April 26, 2012
[9] Nordhaus, William. "The Climate Contrarians, (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ archives/ 2012/ aug/ 16/ climate-contrarians/ ) The New
York Review of Books, August 16, 2012
[10] American Economic Association "Distinguished Fellows". (http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ honors_awards/ disting_fellows. php)
[11] ’ William D. Nordhaus, 1975. "The Political Business Cycle," Review of Economic Studies, 42(2), pp. 169 (http:/ / www. jstor. org/
discover/ 10.2307/ 2296528?uid=3739936& uid=2& uid=4& uid=3739256& sid=21101641116423)-190.
   ’ _____, 1989:2. "Alternative Approaches to the Political Business Cycle," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, p. p. 1 (http:/ / www.
jstor.org/ pss/ 2534461)-68.
[12] American Economic Association, 2004. "William D. Nordhaus, Distinguished Fellow". (http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ PDF_files/ Bios/
Nordhaus_bio. pdf)
[13] Officers of the American Economic Association, 2013 (http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ AboutAEA/ board. php)
External links
ƒ William Nordhaus (Yale Home Page) (http:/ / www. econ. yale. edu/ ~nordhaus/ homepage/ index. html)
ƒ The Question of Global Warming (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 21811) Nordhaus exchange with
Freeman Dyson and others from The New York Review of Books
ƒ Energy: Friend or Enemy? (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ archives/ 2011/ oct/ 27/
energy-friend-or-enemy/ ) 27.October.2012 in The New York Review of Books
Orde M. Coombs
685
Orde M. Coombs
Orde M. Coombs
Born June 3, 1939
Saint Vincent, Caribbean Islands
Died September 1, 1984 (aged 45)
New York City, New York, United States
Occupation Writer, editor
Orde Musgrave Coombs (June 3, 1939 € September 1, 1984) was an African-American writer and editor.
Biography
Coombs was born on Saint Vincent in the Caribbean in 1939. He received his B.A. degree from Yale University in
1965, where he was the first black student initiated into the secret society Skull and Bones. He earned his M.A.
degree from New York University in 1971. He then worked as an editor for Doubleday & Company and later for
McCall Corporation. In addition to editing, he produced documentaries on West Indian culture, and was an adjunct
professor at New York University. He was a co-host for Black Conversations, a talk show on WPIX in 1975.
Publications
ƒ Do You See My Love for You Growing? (1972)
ƒ Drums of Life (1974, with Chester Higgins, Jr.)
ƒ Sleep Late With Your Dreams (1977)
ƒ Some Time Ago: A Historical Portrait of Black Americans from 1850-1950 (1980, with Chester Higgins, Jr.).
Editor
ƒ We Speak as Liberators: Young Black Poets (1970)
ƒ What We Must See: Young Black Storytellers (1971)
ƒ Is Massa Day Dead? Black Moods in the Caribbean (1974)
References
External links
ƒ Orde M. Coombs (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm1472301/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
John Shattuck
686
John Shattuck
John Shattuck
John Shattuck, inauguration as Central European University President and Rector. November 2, 2009
3rd United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic
In office
October 22, 1998 € December 16, 2000
President Bill Clinton
Preceded by Jenonne R. Walker
Succeeded by Craig Roberts Stapleton
Personal details
Born 1943 (age 70€71)
Alma mater Yale University
Yale Law School
John Shattuck (born 1943)
[1]
is an international legal scholar and human rights leader, became the fourth President
and Rector of Central European University (CEU) in August 2009. CEU is a research-intensive global institution of
graduate education in the social sciences, the humanities, law, business, environmental studies, government and
public policy, with students from over 100 countries and a faculty from 40 countries. Under Shattuck's leadership,
CEU is opening a new School of Public Policy in the fall of 2013, expanding its Business School, redeveloping its
campus in Budapest, and strengthening partnerships with other international universities in Europe, the United
States, Turkey, India and China. Shattuck is also Professor of Legal Studies and International Relations, and teaches
an interdisciplinary course entitled …U.S. Foreign Policy, Human Rights and The Rule of Law.†
Biography
Prior to his appointment as President and Rector of CEU, Shattuck served as Chief Executive Officer of the John F.
Kennedy Library Foundation from 2001 to 2009, and Senior Fellow at Tufts University, where he taught
international relations. At the Kennedy Library Foundation, Shattuck As CEO, Shattuck delivered 200 forums,
conferences, curricula and study projects in areas including presidential history, political participation and public
service, democracy and the arts, civil rights and human rights, international relations, terrorism, nuclear weapons,
strategies for peace, and other topics. In 2001 and 2002, the Library and Foundation delivered a widely broadcast
series of public events, …Responding to Terrorism,† that examined issues of international security and human rights
following the September 11 attacks.
[2]
John Shattuck
687
Shattuck has had a distinguished diplomatic career. As United States Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy,
Human Rights and Labor from 1993 to 1998, under President Bill Clinton, he played a key role in the establishment
by the United Nations of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and former Yugoslavia, working closely
with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.
Shattuck was the first international diplomat to reach survivors of the Srebrenica genocide in Bosnia in July 1995,
assembling evidence later introduced in the UN Security Council prior to a vote authorizing NATO intervention in
Bosnia. Shattuck participated with Ambassador Richard Holbrooke in negotiating the Dayton Peace Agreement and
other efforts to end the war in Bosnia. Shattuck's other policy initiatives included human rights reporting leading to
the deployment of multinational force to facilitate the return of democratically-elected government to Haiti;
assistance for administration of justice in post-genocide Rwanda; diplomatic strategies to press for human rights
improvements in China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Colombia, and Guatemala; development of U.S. aid programs to
promote democracy in post-conflict countries such as Haiti, Guatemala, Bosnia, Rwanda, Albania, and Cambodia.
Shattuck served as U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2000. There his initiatives included
working with the Czech government to prepare the country's accession to NATO in March 1999; facilitating Czech
support for NATO military action to stop genocide and crimes against humanity in Kosovo during spring of 1999;
promoting Czech military and civilian contributions to international peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Kosovo;
advancing U.S. and NATO nonproliferation policies with the Czech Republic; developing a U.S.-sponsored regional
judicial training institute in Prague; helping U.S. businesses seek trade and investment opportunities; supporting the
growth of Czech nongovernmental organizations; and providing U.S. assistance to Czech civic education programs
in primary and secondary schools.
Shattuck was Vice President of Government, Community and Public Affairs at Harvard University from 1984-1993.
His primary areas of responsibility included federal research funding and federal financial aid; federal tax policy
affecting charitable giving; academic freedom issues; Harvard policy regarding investments in companies doing
business in South Africa; preparation of case materials for Harvard„s $2 billion development campaign; media
relations and university communications; university publications; university relations with communities in
Cambridge and Boston; and student public service programs. He founded the Cambridge Partnership for Public
Education,
[3]
a collaboration among Harvard, MIT, businesses and public schools in Cambridge to support public
education.
His career began at the American Civil Liberties Union, where he served as Executive Director of the Washington
office and national staff counsel, and handled a number of prominent civil rights and liberties cases, including
Halperin v. Kissinger,
[4]
a successful challenge to the warrantless wiretapping program conducted by the Nixon
White House.
Shattuck is the author of three books, including Freedom on Fire, a study of the international response to genocide
and crimes against humanity in the 1990s and has published more than 50 articles on human rights, civil liberties,
international relations, public service and higher education. In 2007, he was elected to the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences.
A graduate of Yale Law School, where he received a JD degree, Shattuck was awarded an MA from Clare College,
Cambridge University, with First Class Honors in International Law, and a BA from Yale College, magna cum laude
and Phi Beta Kappa. He has received honorary degrees from Kenyon College, the University of Rhode Island, the
John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, and the University of Western Bohemia in
the Czech Republic. He received the Ambassador's Award from the American Bar Association Central and East
European Law Initiative, the Human Rights Award from the United Nations Association of Boston, and the Yale
Law School Public Service Award. At Yale, he was a member of Skull and Bones.
John Shattuck
688
References
[1] Elfstrom, Gerard, International ethics: a reference handbook (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=cxEWAQAAIAAJ& q="John+
Shattuck"+ AND+ "1943"& dq="John+ Shattuck"+ AND+ "1943"& hl=en& ei=gPbXTdDuFOHL0QG4xIH9Aw& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA), ABC-CLIO, 1998.
[2] http:/ / www. jfklibrary.org/ About-Us/ News-and-Press/ Press-Releases/
Kennedy-Library-Presents-Special-Forum-Series-Responding-to-Terrorism. aspx
[3] http:/ / community. harvard.edu/ programs/ cambridge-partnership-public-education-cppe
[4] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ cases/ federal/ us/ 452/ 713/ case. html
External links
ƒ "John Shattuck Commences Term as New CEU President and Rector" (http:/ / www. ceu. hu/ news/ 2009-08-06/
john-shattuck-commences-term-as-new-ceu-president-and-rector), 06/08/2009. Appointment as President of
Central European University]
ƒ "Biography: John Shattuck" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050209002918/ http:/ / www. jfklibrary. org/
biography_shattuck. html), JFK Library and Museum (archived 2005)
Government offices
Preceded by
Patricia Diaz
Dennis
Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor
June 2, 1993 € November 13, 1998
Succeeded by
Harold Hongju Koh
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Jenonne R. Walker
U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic
1998€2000
Succeeded by
Craig Roberts
Stapleton
John Kerry
689
John Kerry
For the sixteenth-century English politician, see John Kerry (MP).
John Kerry
68th United States Secretary of State
Incumbent
Assumed office
February 1, 2013
President Barack Obama
Deputy William Joseph Burns
Preceded by Hillary Rodham Clinton
United States Senator
from Massachusetts
In office
January 3, 1985 € February 1, 2013
Preceded by Paul Tsongas
Succeeded by Mo Cowan
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
In office
January 6, 2009 € February 1, 2013
Preceded by Joe Biden
Succeeded by Bob Menendez
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
In office
January 4, 2007 € January 3, 2009
Preceded by Olympia Snowe
Succeeded by Mary Landrieu
In office
June 6, 2001 € January 3, 2003
John Kerry
690
Preceded by Kit Bond
Succeeded by Olympia Snowe
In office
January 3, 2001 € January 20, 2001
Preceded by Kit Bond
Succeeded by Kit Bond
66th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
In office
March 6, 1983 € January 2, 1985
Governor Michael Dukakis
Preceded by Thomas Phillip O'Neill III
Succeeded by Evelyn Murphy
Personal details
Born John Forbes Kerry
December 11, 1943
Aurora, Colorado, U.S.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Julia Stimson Thorne
(m. 1970€1988; divorced)
Maria Teresa Thierstein SimŸes Ferreira
(m. 1995€present)
Relations Cameron Forbes Kerry (brother)
Brice Lalonde (cousin)
Children Alexandra Forbes Kerry
Vanessa Bradford Kerry
Parents Richard John Kerry
Rosemary Isabel Forbes
Residence Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
(official)
Boston, Massachusetts (private)
Alma mater Yale University (B.A.)
Boston College (J.D.)
Profession Lawyer, politician
Religion Catholicism
Signature
Website
http:/ / state. gov/ secretary
[1]
Military service
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch  United States Navy
Years of service 1966€1978
Rank Lieutenant
John Kerry
691
Unit USS Gridley (DLG-21)
Coastal Squadron 1
Commands PCF-44
PCF-94
Battles/wars Vietnam War (WIA)
Awards Silver Star
Bronze Star Medal
Purple Heart (3)
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American politician who is the 68th and current United States
Secretary of State. He has served in the United States Senate, and was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee. Kerry was the candidate of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election but lost to George W.
Bush.
The son of an Army Air Corps veteran, Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado. He attended boarding school in
Massachusetts and New Hampshire and went on to graduate from Yale University class of 1966, where he majored
in political science and became a member of the Skull and Bones secret society. He enlisted in the Naval Reserve in
1966, and during 1968€1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge
(OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and
three Purple Hearts. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the
War in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War.
He appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam
to be the cause of "war crimes."
After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked as an Assistant District Attorney. He served
as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985. He won a tight Democratic
primary in 1984 for the U.S. Senate and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran€Contra affair. Kerry
was reelected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008.
In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President "to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein", but warned
that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war. In his 2004 presidential
campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate Senator John Edwards lost
the race, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush-Cheney. Subsequently, he established the Keeping America's
Promise PAC.
Kerry became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. Having been nominated by President
Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S.
Senate by a vote of 94€3 on January 29, 2013, Kerry assumed the office on February 1, 2013.
Early years (1943€1966)
Childhood
John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital to diplomat
Richard John Kerry (1915€2000) and World War II nurse Rosemary Isabel Forbes (1913€2002). Rosemary was
born in Paris, France, to American parents. Kerry has an elder sister named Margaret (Peggy) (born 1941), a younger
sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named Cameron (born 1950). Through Rosemary, he is a first
cousin of French politician Brice Lalonde. His father was a member of the Army Air Corps at the time.
Richard's parents, shoe businessman Frederick A. "Fred" Kerry and musician Ida Lowe, were immigrants from the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fred was born as "Fritz Kohn" before he and Ida took on the "Kerry" name and moving
John Kerry
692
to the United States. Rosemary was of Scottish and English descent. Her father James Grant Forbes II was a member
of the Forbes family while her mother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the Dudley€Winthrop family.
Margaret's paternal grandfather Robert Charles Winthrop served as the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of
Representatives. Robert's father was Governor Thomas Lindall Winthrop. Thomas' father John Still Winthrop was a
great-great-grandson of Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor John Winthrop and great-grandson of Governor
Thomas Dudley.
Kerry was raised as a Catholic by his Catholic father and Episcopalian mother. As a child, Kerry served as an altar
boy. Although the extended family enjoyed a great fortune, Kerry's parents themselves were upper-middle class; a
wealthy great aunt paid for Kerry to attend elite schools in Europe and New England. He also attended St. Paul's as a
teenager in Concord, New Hampshire. Kerry learned skills in public speaking and began developing an interest in
politics. Kerry has said that his first memory is from when he was three years old, of holding his crying mother's
hand while they walked through the broken glass and rubble of her childhood home in Saint-Briac, France. This visit
came two and a half years after the United States had liberated Saint-Briac from the Nazis on August 14, 1944. The
family estate, known as Les Essarts, had been occupied and used as a Nazi headquarters during the war. When the
Germans abandoned it, they bombed Les Essarts and burned it down.Wikipedia:Citation needed The sprawling
estate was rebuilt in 1954. Kerry and his parents would often spend the summer holidays there..Wikipedia:Citation
needed
While his father was stationed at the U.S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, Kerry was sent to Massachusetts to attend
boarding school. In 1957, he attended the Fessenden School in West Newton, a village in Newton, Massachusetts.
The Fessenden School is the oldest all-boys independent junior boarding school in the country. There he met and
became friends with Richard Pershing, grandson of World War I U.S. Gen. John Joseph Pershing. Former
Massachusetts senator Ted Kennedy also attended the Fessenden School, although several years prior to
Kerry.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In 1959, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Paul's to debate the issues of the day; the Society still exists
there. According to Kerry, when he told the president he was about to enter Yale University, Kennedy grimaced,
because he had gone to rival Harvard University. Kerry later recalled, "He smiled at me, laughed and said: 'Oh, don't
worry about it. You know I'm a Yale man too now.'" According to Kerry "The President uttered that famous
comment about how he had the best of two worlds now: a Harvard education and Yale degree", in reference to the
honorary degree he had received from Yale a few months earlier. Later that day, a White House photographer
snapped a photo of Kerry sailing with Kennedy and his family in Narragansett Bay.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Yale University
In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and residing in Jonathan Edwards College.
:35
He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966. Kerry played on the soccer, hockey, lacrosse, and fencing
teams; in addition, he took flying lessons.
:37, 43
In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later
he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford
Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union.
[2]
His involvement with the Political Union
gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and
Kennedy's New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society. He also
traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale.
Under the guidance of the speaking coach and history professor Rollin Osterweis, Kerry won many debates against
other college students from across the nation. In March 1965, as the Vietnam War escalated, he won the Ten Eyck
prize as the best orator in the junior class for a speech that was critical of U.S. foreign policy. In the speech he said,
"It is the spectre of Western imperialism that causes more fear among Africans and Asians than communism and
thus, it is self-defeating."
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693
Overall, Kerry had lackluster grades at Yale, graduating with a cumulative average of 76 over his four years. His
freshman-year average was a 71, but he improved to an 81 average his senior year. He never received an "A" during
his time at Yale; his highest grade was an 89.
Military service (1966€1970)
Main article: Military career of John Kerry
Duty on the USS Gridley
On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve.
[3]
He began his active duty military service on August
19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport,
Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry
posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry
released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized
full public access to those records.
During his tour on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley Gridley, Kerry requested duty in Vietnam, listing as his
first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), also known as a "Swift boat."
[4]
These
50-foot (15 m) boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. "I
didn't really want to get involved in the war", Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986.
"When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal
patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing." However, his second choice of billet was on a river
patrol boat, or "PBR", which at the time was serving a more dangerous duty on the rivers of Vietnam.
Military honors
Kerry receiving a medal after serving in the
Vietnam War.
During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3,
1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula
north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60).
According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that
night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group
of men unloading sampans at a river crossing, who began running and
failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew
opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left.
During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm
above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first
Purple Heart.
Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action
on the Bo De River on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support
helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. As the Swift boats reached the Cua
Lon River, Kerry's boat was hit by a RPG round, and a piece of shrapnel hit Kerry's left leg, wounding him.
Thereafter, they had no more trouble, and reached the Gulf of Thailand safely. Kerry still has shrapnel in his left
thigh because the doctors tending to him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with sutures
rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel. Kerry received his second Purple Heart for this injury, but
like several others wounded earlier that day, he did not lose any time off from duty.
Eight days later, on February 28, 1969, came the events for which Kerry was awarded his Silver Star. On this
occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two others in an eight boat formation. Their mission
on the Duong Keo river included bringing a demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy
John Kerry
694
enemy sampans, structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43. Running into an ambush,
Kerry "directed the boats to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions" and he "expertly directed" his
boat's fire and coordinated the deployment of the South Vietnamese troops, according to the original medal citation
(signed by Admiral Zumwalt). Going a short distance farther, Kerry's boat was the target of an RPG round; as the
boat hove to and beached, a Viet Cong ("VC") insurgent armed with a rocket launcher emerged from a spider hole
and ran. While the boat's gunner opened fire, wounding the VC in the leg, and while the other boats approached and
offered cover fire, Kerry jumped from the boat to chase the VC insurgent, subsequently killing him and capturing his
loaded rocket launcher.
Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, joked to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he
didn't know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the
crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to
Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the
original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press
release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969.
On March 13, 1969, on the Song B‡i H‡p (Bay Hap river), five Swift boats were returning to their base after
performing an Operation Sealords mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at C‡i N¡c and
MIKE Force advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal. Earlier in the day, Kerry
received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker. Debarking some but not all of the
passengers at a small village, the boats approached a fishing weir; one group of boats went around to the left of the
weir, hugging the shore, and a group with Kerry's PCF-94 boat went around to the right, along the shoreline. A mine
was detonated directly beneath the lead boat, PCF-3, as it crossed the weir to the left, lifting PCF-3 "about 2-3 ft out
of water".
James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to
witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the
documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion.
PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star for his
actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.
Personal life
Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an "avid cyclist", primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to
his presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides (centuries). Even during his
many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff
requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms. In 2003, Kerry was diagnosed with and successfully
treated for prostate cancer.
During the 2012 Obama reelection campaign, Kerry participated in one-on-one debate prep with the president,
impersonating the Republican candidate Mitt Romney.
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695
Family
Kerry's daughter Vanessa and grandson
Alexander
Kerry was married to Julia Stimson Thorne in 1970, and they had two
daughters together:
ƒ Alexandra Forbes Kerry (born September 5, 1973), documentary
filmmaker
ƒ Vanessa Bradford Kerry (born December 31, 1976), physician
Alexandra was born days before Kerry began law school. In 1982,
Julia asked Kerry for a separation while she was suffering from severe
depression. They were divorced on July 25, 1988, and the marriage
was formally annulled in 1997. "After 14 years as a political wife, I
associated politics only with anger, fear and loneliness" she wrote in A
Change of Heart, her book about depression. Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth, an architect, and moved to
Bozeman, Montana, where she became active in local environmental groups such as the Greater Yellowstone
Coalition. Thorne supported Kerry's 2004 presidential run. She died of cancer on April 27, 2006.
Kerry and his second wife, Portuguese-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein SimŸes
Ferreira, the widow of Republican Pennsylvania Senator Henry John Heinz III, were introduced to each other by
Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. They did not meet again until after Heinz's death, at the 1992 Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro. They married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket. Teresa's three sons from her previous marriage to
Heinz are Henry John Heinz IV, Andr„ Thierstein Heinz, and Christopher Drake Heinz.
The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However,
estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in
the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator whilst serving in
the Senate. Kerry is wealthy in his own name, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes
family members, including his mother, who died in 2002. Forbes magazine (a major business magazine named for
an unrelated Forbes family) estimated that if elected, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in
history when adjusted for inflation. This assessment was based on the couple's combined assets, but Kerry and Heinz
signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate. Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his
personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000, including the assets of his spouse and any dependent
children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of H. J. Heinz Company assets, which
increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 due to Berkshire Hathaway announcing they would
purchase the company.
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696
Religious beliefs
Congressional portrait with U.S. flag
in the background
Kerry is Catholic, and is said to carry a rosary, a prayer book, and a St.
Christopher medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. While
Kerry is personally against abortion, he supports a woman's legal right to have
one. Discussing his faith, Kerry said, "I thought of being a priest. I was very
religious while at school in Switzerland. I was an altar boy and prayed all the
time. I was very centered around the Mass and the church." He also said that the
Letters of Paul moved him the most, stating that they taught him to "not feel
sorry for myself."
Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 "I'm a Catholic and I practice, but
at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of
spirituality that come through different religions..... I've spent some time reading
and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much
a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways." He
said that he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a
fundamental story which connects with readers.
Controversy
Main article: John Kerry military service controversy
With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000
Presidential election (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the
Texas Air National Guard, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army, and possible
service in the Vietnam War), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated war hero posed a problem for Bush's
re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the
presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for
Truth (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press
conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group
included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's,
and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative
'swiftboating', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that
SBVT's allegations are false.
Return from Vietnam
After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat
duties. Kerry's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston, New York or Washington, D.C.
[5]
On April 11, 1969, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, where he would
remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer, Rear Admiral Walter Schlech. On
January 1, 1970 Kerry was temporarily promoted to full Lieutenant. Kerry had agreed to an extension of his active
duty obligation from December 1969 to August 1970 in order to perform Swift Boat duty.
[6][7]
John Kerry was on
active duty in the United States Navy from August 1966 until January 1970. He continued to serve in the Naval
Reserve until February 1978.
[8]
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697
Anti-war activism (1970€1971)
Main article: Vietnam Veterans Against the War
After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Then numbering
about 20,000, VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an
effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement. Kerry participated in the "Winter Soldier
Investigation" conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that
documents the investigation.
[9]
According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, "I didn't approve of what he
did, but I understood the protesters quite well", and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve
Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity.
Kerry at the Fulbright Hearings
On April 22, 1971, Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify
before Congress about the war, when he appeared before a Senate
committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. He was still
a member of the United States Navy Reserve, holding the rank of
Lieutenant Junior Grade.
The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration
with thousands of other veterans in which he and other veterans threw
their medals and ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the
United States Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war.
Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans
were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed
their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name,
hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his decorations as well as some given to him by
other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: "I'm not doing this for any
violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all."
Operation POW
Kerry's prominence also made him a frequent leader and spokesman at antiwar events around the country in 1971.
One of particular note was Operation POW, organized by the VVAW in Massachusetts. The protest got its name
from the group's concern that Americans were prisoners of the Vietnam War, as well as to honor American POWs
held captive by North Vietnam.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The event sought to tie antiwar activism to patriotic themes. Over the Memorial Day weekend, veterans and other
participants marched from Concord to a rally on Boston Common. The plan was to invoke the spirit of the American
Revolution and Paul Revere by spending successive nights at the sites of the Battle of Lexington and Concord and
the Battle of Bunker Hill, culminating in a Memorial Day rally with a public reading of the Declaration of
Independence.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The second night of the march, May 29, 1971, was the occasion for Kerry's only arrest, when the participants tried to
camp on the village green in Lexington. At 2:30 a.m. on May 30, 1971, local and state police awoke and arrested 441
demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing. All were given the Miranda Warning and were hauled away on
school buses to spend the night at the Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry and the other protesters later paid a $5
fine, and were released. The mass arrests caused a community backlash and ended up giving positive coverage to the
VVAW.
[10][11][12]
Kerry eventually quit the organization over differences with its more radical leaders and members. Kerry was later
criticized during his political campaigns for his antiwar activities with VVAW.Wikipedia:Citation needed
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Early political career (1972€1985)
1972 campaign
In February 1972, after Kerry previously passed on an opportunity to run in another district, his wife, Julia bought a
house in Worcester. Residence there would have required Kerry to run for Congress against an incumbent Democrat,
Harold D. Donohue. Instead however, the couple rented an apartment in Lowell. The incumbent in that district, F.
Bradford Morse, was a Republican who was thought to be retiring.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Counting Kerry, the Democratic primary race in 1972 had 10 candidates. One of these was State Representative
Anthony R. DiFruscia of Lawrence. Both Kerry's and DiFuscia's campaign HQs were in the same building. On the
eve of the September primary, Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, both
then 22 years old, were found by police in the basement of this building, where the telephone lines were located.
They were arrested and charged with "breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny", but the case
was dismissed about a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that they were trying to disrupt his
get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone
lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.
Although Kerry's campaign was hurt by the election-day report of the arrest, he still won the primary, narrowly
beating state Representative Paul J. Sheehy. DiFruscia placed third. Kerry lost in Lawrence and Lowell, his chief
opponents' bases, but placed first in 18 of the district's 22 towns.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former state Representative
Paul W. Cronin, and an independent, Roger P. Durkin. A major obstacle, however, was the district's leading
newspaper, the conservative leaning Sun. The paper editorialized against him. It also ran critical news stories about
his out-of-state contributions and his "carpetbagging", because he had moved into the district only in April.
Subsequently released "Watergate" Oval Office tape recordings of the Nixon White House showed that defeating
Kerry's candidacy had attracted the personal attention of President Nixon.
The final blow came when, four days before the election, Durkin withdrew in favor of Cronin. Cronin won the
election, becoming the only Republican to be elected to Congress that November in a district carried by Democratic
presidential nominee George McGovern.Wikipedia:Citation needed
District Attorney tenure
After Kerry's 1972 defeat, he and his wife bought a house in Lowell. He spent some time working as a fundraiser for
the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), an international humanitarian organization. In
September 1973, he entered Boston College Law School. In July 1974, while attending law school, Kerry was named
executive director of Mass Action, a Massachusetts advocacy association.Wikipedia:Citation needed
He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Boston College in 1976. While in law school he had been a student
prosecutor in the office of the District Attorney of Middlesex County, John J. Droney. After passing the bar exam
and being admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1976, he went to work in that office as a full-time
prosecutor.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney. In that position, Kerry had dual roles.
First, he tried cases, winning convictions in a high-profile rape case and a murder. Second, he played a role in
administering the office of the district attorney by initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime
units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and of witnesses, and managing
trial calendars to reflect case priorities.Wikipedia:Citation needed It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an
investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke, regarding "misstatements" in his
first divorce trial.
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Election for U.S. Senate
The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for
health reasons. Kerry decided to run for the seat. As in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the
endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon (a favorite of
House Speaker Tip O'Neill) was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he "won broad establishment support
and led in early polling."
[13]
Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary. In his campaign, he
promised to mix liberalism with tight budget controls. As the Democratic candidate, he was elected to the Senate
despite a nationwide landslide for the re-election of Republican president Ronald Reagan, for whom Massachusetts
voted by a narrow margin. In his acceptance speech, Kerry asserted that his win meant that the people of
Massachusetts "emphatically reject the politics of selfishness and the notion that women must be treated as
second-class citizens." Kerry was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in January 1985.Wikipedia:Citation needed
U.S. Senate term (1985€2013)
A Senate portrait of Kerry
See also: Sponsorship of legislation by John Kerry
Iran€Contra hearings
Main article: Kerry Committee report
On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry
and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the
country's president, Daniel Ortega. Though Ortega had won
internationally certified elections, the trip was criticized because
Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba
and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses. The
Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed
rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin
talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators,
Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the US dropping
support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan
administration as a "propaganda initiative" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package,
but Kerry said "I am willing..... to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas." The
House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in
part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.
Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal
activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National
Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect,
North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and
supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long
inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise "serious questions about whether the United States
has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years."
The Kerry Committee report found that "the Contra drug links included..... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S.
State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after
the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers
were under active investigation by these same agencies." The US State Department paid over $806,000 to known
drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras. Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media
and official Washington.
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The Kerry report was a precursor to the Iran€Contra affair. On May 4, 1989, North was convicted of charges relating
to the Iran/Contra controversy, including three felonies. On September 16, 1991, however, North's convictions were
overturned on appeal.
George H. W. Bush administration
On November 15, 1988, at a businessmen's breakfast in East Lynn, Massachusetts, Kerry made a joke about
then-President-elect George H. W. Bush and his running mate, saying "if Bush is shot, the Secret Service has orders
to shoot Dan Quayle." He apologized the following day.
During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit
and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a
separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry
and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The
report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the
Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as
influential lobbyists and the CIA.
Kerry was criticized by some Democrats for having pursued his own party members, including former Secretary of
Defense Clark Clifford, although Republicans said he should have pressed against some Democrats even harder. The
BCCI scandal was later turned over to the Manhattan District Attorney's office.
Precursors to presidential bid
See also: Massachusetts United States Senate election, 1996 and United States presidential election, 2000
In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent
who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely
watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of
$6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing
the other of being first to break the agreement. During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic
National Convention. Senator Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In the 2000 presidential election, Kerry found himself close to being chosen as the vice presidential running mate.
A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list
to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator
Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut
Senator Joe Lieberman.
Voting record
Overall
Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus.
[14]
During the 2004
presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative special interest groups and the Bush
campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that
rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the
National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at
least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social
Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital
punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements.
Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed
the Central American Free Trade Agreement.Wikipedia:Citation needed
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In July 1997 Kerry joined his Senate colleagues in voting against ratification of the Kyoto Treaty on global warming
without greenhouse gas emissions limits on nations deemed developing, including India and China. Since then,
Kerry has attacked President Bush, charging him with opposition to international efforts to combat global warming.
On October 1, 2008, Kerry voted for Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, also known as the TARP
bailout.
Iraq
In 1991, during the debate before the Persian Gulf War, Kerry initially opposed the immediate use of military force
to expel Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait. The United Nations had imposed sanctions on Iraq, and Kerry argued that the
sanctions then in place should be given more time to work.Wikipedia:Citation needed
On December 14, 2001, 3 months after the attacks of 9/11, Kerry said on Larry King Live that "I think we clearly
have to keep the pressure on terrorism globally. This doesn't end with Afghanistan by any imagination. And I think
the president has made that clear. I think we have made that clear. Terrorism is a global menace. It's a scourge. And
it is absolutely vital that we continue against, for instance, Saddam Hussein."Wikipedia:Citation needed
Kerry said on October 9, 2002; "I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force,
if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his
hands is a real and grave threat to our security." Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying "Without question, we need to disarm
Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous
threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass
destruction is real." Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before
launching war: "Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the
war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard."
Kerry had spoken before the war about the sorts of weapons many believed Saddam Hussein had. On the Senate
floor on October 9, 2002, he said that "According to the CIA's report, all U.S. intelligence experts agree that Iraq is
seeking nuclear weapons. There is little question that Saddam Hussein wants to develop nuclear
weapons."Wikipedia:Citation needed
After the invasion of Iraq, when no weapons of mass destruction were found, Kerry strongly criticized Bush,
contending that he had misled the country: "When the President of the United States looks at you and tells you
something, there should be some trust."
Leadership
During his Senate career, Kerry has sponsored or cosponsored dozens of bills. Some of his notable bills have
addressed small business concerns, education, terrorism, veterans' and Vietnam War POW/MIA issues, marine
resource protection and other topics. Of those bills with his sponsorship, as of December 2004, 11 have been signed
into law.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which
Kerry endorsed, stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity
in Southeast Asia." In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John
McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for
normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam. His
long-time senior Senate staff included Chief of Staff David "Mac" McKean and Legislative Director George Abar.
Kerry was the chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 1987 to 1989. He was reelected to
the Senate in 1990, 1996 (after winning re-election against the then-Governor of Massachusetts Republican William
Weld), 2002, and 2008. In January 2009, Kerry replaced Joe Biden as the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee.
John Kerry
702
As a role model for campus leaders across the nation and strong advocate for global development, Kerry was
honored by the Millennium Campus Network (MCN) as a Global Generation Award winner
[15]
in 2011.
Committee assignments
During his tenure, Kerry served on four Senate committees and nine subcommittees:
ƒƒ Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
ƒ Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet (Chairman)
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Science and Space
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
ƒƒ Committee on Finance
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Health Care
ƒƒ Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure
ƒƒ Subcommittee on International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness
ƒ Committee on Foreign Relations(Chairman)2009-2013
ƒƒ Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
ƒƒ Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
ƒƒ Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction
Caucus memberships
ƒƒ Congressional Bicameral High-Speed and Intercity Rail Caucus
ƒƒ Congressional Internet Caucus
ƒƒ Congressional Vietnam-Era Veterans Caucus (Co-Chair)
ƒƒ International Conservation Caucus
ƒƒ Senate Prosecutors Caucus (Co-Chair)
ƒƒ Senate Oceans Caucus
Seniority
Main article: Seniority in the United States Senate
From the beginning of the 113th United States Congress until his resignation, Kerry ranked as the 7th most senior
US Senator. Due to the longevity of Ted Kennedy's service, Kerry was the most senior junior Senator in the 111th
United States Congress. On Tuesday, August 25, 2009, Kerry became the senior senator from Massachusetts
following Ted Kennedy's death.Wikipedia:Citation needed
John Kerry
703
2004 presidential campaign
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2004 and John Kerry presidential campaign, 2004
Kerry and Teresa Heinz crossing Lake Michigan
on the Lake Express during the 2004 campaign
Kerry on the campaign trail in Rochester,
Minnesota
In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated
several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North
Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army
General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely
believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging
campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states
like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to
win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the
Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States
against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his
selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist
Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article
in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that
he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since
stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's
This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a
"ridiculous waste of time."
During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently
criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War.
[16]
While Kerry
had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force
in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion
supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His
statement on March 16, 2004, "I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it," helped the Bush
campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat.
On November 3, 2004, Kerry conceded the race. Kerry won 59.03 million votes, or 48.3 percent of the popular vote;
Bush won 62.04 million votes, or 50.7 percent of the popular vote. Kerry carried states with a total of 252 electoral
votes. One Kerry elector voted for Kerry's running mate, Edwards, so in the final tally Kerry had 251 electoral votes
to Bush's 286. Although, as in the previous election, there were disputes about the voting, no state was as close as
Florida had been in 2000 (see 2004 United States presidential election controversy and irregularities).
Post-presidential election activities
Kerry in 2005
2008 presidential election
Immediately after the 2004 election, some Democrats mentioned Kerry
as a possible contender for the 2008 Democratic nomination. His
brother had said such a campaign was "conceivable", and Kerry
himself reportedly said at a farewell party for his 2004 campaign staff,
"There's always another four years."
Kerry established a separate political action committee, Keeping
America's Promise, which declared as its mandate "A Democratic
John Kerry
704
Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq", and raised money
and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races. Through Keeping America's
Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign
account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for
various party committees and 179 candidates for the US House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing
on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle. "Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more
than any other individual senator", Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the DSCC said.
Kerry speaks during the third night of the 2008
Democratic National Convention in Denver,
Colorado.
On January 10, 2008, Kerry endorsed Illinois Senator Barack Obama
for president. He was mentioned as a possible vice presidential
candidate for Senator Obama, although fellow Senator Joe Biden was
eventually chosen. After Biden's acceptance of the vice presidential
nomination, speculation arose that John Kerry would be a candidate for
Secretary of State in the Obama administration. However, Senator
Hillary Clinton was offered the position.
"Stuck in Iraq" controversy
On October 30, 2006, Kerry was a headline speaker at a campaign rally
being held for Democratic California gubernatorial candidate Phil
Angelides at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. Speaking
to an audience composed mainly of college students, Kerry said, "You know, education, if you make the most of it,
you study hard, you do your homework and you make an effort to be smart, you can do well. If you don't, you get
stuck in Iraq."
The day after the remarks were made public, leaders from both sides of the political spectrum criticized Kerry's
remarks, which he said were a botched joke. Republicans including President George W. Bush, Senator John
McCain and then-Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, said that Kerry's comments were insulting to American
military forces fighting in Iraq. Democratic Representative Harold Ford, Jr. called on Kerry to apologize.
Kerry initially stated: "Let me make it crystal clear, as crystal clear as I know how. I apologize to no one for my
criticism of the president and of his broken policy." Kerry also responded to criticism from George W. Bush and
Dick Cheney.
Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush, and described the remarks as a "botched joke",
having inadvertently left out the key word "us" (which would have been, "If you don't, you get us stuck in Iraq"), as
well as leaving the phrase "just ask President Bush" off of the end of the sentence. In Kerry's prepared remarks,
which he released during the ensuing media frenzy, the corresponding line was "... you end up getting us stuck in a
war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush." He also said that from the context of the speech which, prior to the "stuck in
Iraq" line, made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography, that Kerry was referring to
President Bush and not American troops in general.
After two days of media coverage, citing a desire not to be a diversion, Kerry apologized to those who took offense
at what he called the misinterpretation of his comment.
Yacht moored in Rhode Island
According to the Boston Herald, dated July 23, 2010, Kerry commissioned construction on a new $7 million yacht (a
Friendship 75) in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, where the Friendship yacht company is
based. The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including
approximately $437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $500.
[17][18]
However, on July 27, 2010,
Kerry stated he had yet to take legal possession of the boat, had not intended to avoid the taxes, and that when he
John Kerry
705
took possession, he would pay the taxes whether he owed them or not.
Afghanistan/Pakistan
Kerry leaving the U.S. Embassy in
Kabul in 2013
Kerry "has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan
and Pakistan during times of crisis," a Washington Post report stated in May
2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama
bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report
continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from
Kabul to Pakistan. Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan,
under the general rubric of "recalibrating" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought
and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had
had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike. In 2013, Kerry
met with Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace
process with the Taliban in Afghanistan.
Secretary of State (2013€present)
John Kerry is sworn in as Secretary of State by
Justice Elena Kagan, Feb 1, 2013
Nomination
On December 15, 2012, several news outlets reported that President
Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as
Secretary of State, after Susan Rice, widely seen as Obama's preferred
choice, withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized
confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012
Benghazi attack. On December 21 Obama proposed the nomination
[19]
which received positive commentary. His confirmation hearing took
place on January 24, 2013, before the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, the same panel where he first testified in 1971.
[20][21]
The
committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29, 2013, and the same day the full Senate confirmed him
on a vote of 94€3. In a letter to Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, Kerry announced his resignation from the
Senate effective February 1.
John Kerry
706
Tenure
Kerry meets with Egyptian President Mohamed
Morsi in Cairo, Egypt on March 3, 2013
Kerry was sworn in as Secretary of State on February 1, 2013.
After six months of rigorous diplomacy within the Middle East,
Secretary Kerry was able to have Israeli and Palestinian negotiators
agree to start the 2013-2014 Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. Senior U.S.
officials stated the two sides were able to meet on July 30, 2013 at the
State Department without American mediators following a dinner the
previous evening hosted by Kerry. On 27 September 2013, he met with
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif during P5+1 and Iran
summit. It was the highest-level direct contact between the United
States and Iran in last six years and makes him the first U.S. Secretary
of State that had met with his Iranian counterpart since Iranian Revolution.
[22][23][24]
Ukrainian opposition leaders Vitali Klitschko,
Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Petro Poroshenko
meeting Kerry, February 1, 2014
In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation "for being
aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos."
Career State Department officials have complained that power has
become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows
department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas
trips. Others in State describe Kerry as having "a kind of diplomatic
attention deficit disorder" as he shifts from topic to topic instead of
focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling
too much, he responded, "Hell no. I'm not slowing down." Despite
Kerry's early achievements, morale at State is lower than under Hillary
Clinton according to department employees. However, he has high
approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State.
In January 2014 having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said "We touched on just
about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at
great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop„s raising this issue, and equally
grateful for the Holy Father„s comments € the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II
process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is
particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over
130,000 lives".
Syria
Kerry views the Mrajeeb al-Fhood camp for
Syrian refugees
Following the August 21, 2013 chemical weapons attack on the Ghouta
suburbs of Damascus attributed to Syrian government forces, Kerry
became a leading advocate for the use of military force against the
Syrian government for what he called "a despot's brutal and flagrant
use of chemical weapons."
In what was widely described as a "gaffe", Kerry said on September 9
in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President
Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike: "He could turn over
every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international
community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and
John Kerry
707
allow a full and total accounting for that. But he isn't about to do it, and it can't be done, obviously." This unscripted
remark initiated a process that would lead to Syria agreeing to relinquish and destroy its chemical weapons arsenal,
as Russia treated Kerry's statement as a serious proposal. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia would
work "immediately" to convince Syria relinquish and destroy its large chemical weapons arsenal.
Syria quickly welcomed this proposal and on September 14, the UN formally accepted Syria's application to join the
convention banning chemical weapons, and separately, the U.S. and Russia agreed on a plan to eliminate Syria's
chemical weapons by the middle of 2014. On September 28, the UN Security Council passed a resolution ordering
the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons and condemning the August 21 Ghouta attack.
Latin America
In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the
Monroe Doctrine was over. He went on to explain, "The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to
foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American
states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security
issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the
interests that we share."
Electoral history
Main article: Electoral history of John Kerry
References
[1] http:/ / state. gov/ secretary
[2] Martin, Douglas. "H. Bradford Westerfield, 79, Influential Yale Professor" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 01/ 27/ education/
27westerfield. html?scp=1& sq=H.+ Bradford+ Westerfield& st=nyt). The New York Times. January 27, 2008.
[3] https:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20040723192004/ http:/ / www. johnkerry. com/ pdf/ jkmilservice/ Request_For_History_of_Service. pdf
[4] Official Record Copy of request for duty in Vietnam (http:/ / fl1. findlaw. com/ news. findlaw. com/ hdocs/ docs/ jkerry/ rqstswiftboat. pdf).
Retrieved November 4, 2009.
[5] "Thrice wounded" (http:/ / files. findlaw. com/ news.findlaw. com/ hdocs/ docs/ jkerry/ thricewnd. pdf), Official Record Copy via
findlaw.com, March 2, 1969.
[6] http:/ / news.findlaw. com/ hdocs/ docs/ jkerry/ rqstswiftboat. pdf
[7] http:/ / news.findlaw. com/ hdocs/ docs/ jkerry/ releaseactduty. pdf
[8] Critics countered on Kerry record of inactive service € Naval Reserve tour is defended (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ politics/ president/
articles/ 2004/ 09/ 10/ critics_countered_on_kerry_record_of_inactive_service/ ); Boston Globe; September 10, 2004.
[9] The Washington Post, 9 December 2005, "'Winter Soldier': Cold Days in Hell," http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/
2005/ 12/ 08/ AR2005120801996.html
[10] Unfinished Symphony: Democracy and Dissent € Documentary, 2001.
[11] Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists, Mary Susannah Robbins, pp. 78€90.
[12] [12] Lexington Minute-Man Newspaper, May 23, 1991.
[13] Kornacki, Steve (February 7, 2011) Will things finally, really work out for John Kerry? (http:/ / www. salon. com/ news/ politics/
hillary_rodham_clinton/ index. html?story=/ politics/ war_room/ 2011/ 02/ 07/ john_kerry_secretary_state), Salon.com.
[14] How Liberal is John Kerry? (http:/ / www.factcheck. org/ how_liberal_is_john_kerry. html) FactCheck.org. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
[15] https:/ / www.youtube. com/ watch?v=qO33By_msYw
[16] "Text of Kerry's Acceptance Speech," (http:/ / www.nbcnews. com/ id/ 5552784/ #. UU4rEpGZwg9), NBC News, July 29, 2004. "Saying
there are weapons of mass destruction in Iraq doesn't make it so. Saying we can fight a war on the cheap doesn't make it so. And proclaiming
mission accomplished certainly doesn't make it so."
[17] Sen. John Kerry skips town on sails tax (http:/ / www. bostonherald. com/ track/ inside_track/ view/
20100723senator_skipper_skips_town_on_sails_tax/ srvc=home& position=0), Boston Herald, July 23, 2010.
[18] Massachusetts Boat Excise Rate (http:/ / www. cityofboston. gov/ assessing/ boatexcise. asp), cityofboston.gov.
[19] "Remarks by the President at Nomination of Senator John Kerry as Secretary of State" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ the-press-office/
2012/ 12/ 21/ remarks-president-nomination-senator-john-kerry-secretary-state), The White House, December 21, 2012.
[20] Senator John Kerry's confirmation hearing to serve as US Secretary of State scheduled for next week (http:/ / www. boston. com/
politicalintelligence/ 2013/ 01/ 16/ senator-john-kerry-confirmation-hearing-serve-secretary-state-scheduled-for-next-week/
John Kerry
708
hgbzMfe7cvhff9qELYNMLJ/ story.html) € Boston.com 1-16-13.
[21] Nomination of John F. Kerry to be Secretary of State: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One
Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, January 24, 2013 (http:/ / purl. fdlp. gov/ GPO/ gpo46636)
[22] Diplomats hail new Iranian attitude in nuke talks (http:/ / news. yahoo. com/ diplomats-hail-iranian-attitude-nuke-talks-220409043. html)
[23] U.S., Iran voice optimism and caution after rare encounter (http:/ / news. yahoo. com/
u-iran-voice-optimism-caution-rare-encounter-002840696. html)
[24] Remarks After the P-5+1 Ministerial on Iran (https:/ / www. state. gov/ secretary/ remarks/ 2013/ 09/ 214827. htm)
Further reading
ƒ Brinkley, Douglas (2004). Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War. New York: William Morrow &
Company. ISBN 0-06-056523-3.
ƒ Kerry, John; Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971). The New Soldier (http:/ / freekerrybook. org/ ). New
York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-073610-X.
ƒ •• (1997). The New War: The Web of Crime That Threatens America's Security. New York: Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 0-684-81815-9.
ƒ •• (2003). A Call to Service: My Vision for a Better America. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-03260-3.
ƒ •• Heinz Kerry, Teresa (2007). This Moment on Earth: Today's New Environmentalists and Their Vision for
the Future. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-431-6.
ƒ Kranish, Michael; Mooney, Brian C.; Easton, Nina J. (2004). John F. Kerry: The Complete Biography by The
Boston Globe Reporters Who Know Him Best. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-273-4.
ƒ McMahon, Kevin; Rankin, David; Beachler, Donald W.; White, John Kenneth (2005). Winning the White House,
2004. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6881-0.
ƒ O'Neill; Corsi, Jerome R. (2004). Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry.
Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-017-4.
External links
Official
ƒ Secretary of State John F. Kerry (http:/ / www. state. gov/ secretary/ )
ƒ Kerry's military records (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20041209135553/ www. johnkerry. com/ about/
john_kerry/ military_records. html)•from JohnKerry.com via the Internet Archive
Information
ƒ Biography (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=k000148) at the Biographical Directory
of the United States Congress
ƒ Profile (http:/ / www. votesmart. org/ candidate/ 53306) at Project Vote Smart
ƒ Financial information (federal office) (http:/ / www. fec. gov/ fecviewer/ CandidateCommitteeDetail. do?&
tabIndex=1& candidateCommitteeId=S4MA00069) at the Federal Election Commission
ƒ Legislation sponsored (http:/ / beta. congress. gov/ member/ john-kerry/ 1379) at The Library of Congress
ƒ John Kerry Campaign material (http:/ / www. archivoelectoral.org/ politicos/ john-kerry/ 89)•from
ArchivoElectoral.org
ƒ Political donations made by John Kerry (http:/ / www. newsmeat. com/ washington_political_donations/
John_Kerry. php)
ƒ Snopes.com: "Service Mettle" (http:/ / www. snopes. com/ politics/ kerry/ service. asp)•Snopes.com on Kerry's
Vietnam service medals
ƒ Profile (http:/ / www. sourcewatch. org/ index. php?title=John_Kerry) from SourceWatch
John Kerry
709
Statements and interviews
ƒ John Kerry's letter to his parents about Richard Pershing's death (http:/ / www. boston. com/ globe/ nation/
packages/ kerry/ images/ day1/ transcript. htm)•1968.
ƒ Statement on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War•April 1971.
ƒ John Kerry's Senate hearing testimony (http:/ / www. cwes01. com/ 13790/ 23910/ ktpp179-210. pdf) to the
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 1971 (PDF file)
ƒ John Kerry's complete 1971 statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from National Review
(http:/ / www. nationalreview. com/ document/ kerry200404231047. asp)
ƒ Selections from John Kerry's 1971 statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (http:/ / www.
richmond. edu/ ~ebolt/ history398/ JohnKerryTestimony. html)
ƒ The BCCI Affair, A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (http:/ / fas. org/ irp/
congress/ 1992_rpt/ bcci/ ), by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, December 1992
ƒ Obama rally with John Kerry and Others MP3 (https:/ / archive. org/ details/
GreatSpeechesAndInterviewsWithJohnKerryAndOthers) on February 2, 2008 in Sacramento, CA
Media coverage
ƒ John Kerry: Candidate in the making (http:/ / www. boston. com/ globe/ nation/ packages/ kerry/ ), Michael
Kranish, The Boston Globe, June 15, 2003
ƒ When John Kerry's Courage Went M.I.A. (http:/ / www. villagevoice. com/ 2004-02-17/ news/
when-john-kerry-s-courage-went-m-i-a/ ), Sydney H. Schanberg, The Village Voice, February 17, 2004]
ƒ Frontline: The Choice 2004 (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ pages/ frontline/ shows/ choice2004/ ), PBS, two-hour
special comparing Kerry and Bush
ƒ Researcher Alleges Potential Plagiarism in 11 Passages of Kerry's Writings (http:/ / www. nysun. com/ article/
3775), Josh Gerstein, New York Sun, October 26, 2004
ƒ Profile: John Kerry (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 3003306. stm), Paul Reynolds, BBC News,
November 5, 2004
Political offices
Preceded by
Thomas O'Neill
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
1983€1985
Succeeded by
Evelyn Murphy
Preceded by
Hillary Rodham Clinton
United States Secretary of State
2013€present
Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by
Paul Tsongas
Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from
Massachusetts
(Class 2)
1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008
Succeeded by
Ed Markey
Preceded by
George Mitchell
Chairperson of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign
Committee
1987€1989
Succeeded by
John Breaux
Preceded by
Al Gore
Democratic nominee for President of the United
States
2004
Succeeded by
Barack Obama
United States Senate
John Kerry
710
Preceded by
Paul Tsongas
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts
1985€2013
Served alongside: Ted Kennedy, Paul Kirk, Scott
Brown, Elizabeth Warren
Succeeded by
Mo Cowan
Preceded by
Kit Bond
Chairperson of the Senate Small Business and
Entrepreneurship Committee
2001
Succeeded by
Kit Bond
Chairperson of the Senate Small Business and
Entrepreneurship Committee
2001€2003
Succeeded by
Olympia Snowe
Preceded by
Olympia Snowe
Chairperson of the Senate Small Business and
Entrepreneurship Committee
2007€2009
Succeeded by
Mary Landrieu
Preceded by
Joe Biden
Chairperson of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee
2009€2013
Succeeded by
Bob Menendez
United States order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Ambassadors from the
United States
(while at their posts)
Order of Precedence of the United States
as Secretary of State
Succeeded by
Ambassadors to the United
States
(in order of tenure)
Preceded by
Otherwise George W. Bush
as Former President
Succeeded by
Otherwise Ban Ki-moon
as Secretary-General of the
United Nations
United States presidential line of succession
Preceded by
Patrick Leahy
as President pro tempore of
the Senate
4th in line
as Secretary of State
Succeeded by
Jack Lew
as Secretary of the Treasury
David Rumsey
711
David Rumsey
For other people named David Rumsey, see David Rumsey (disambiguation).
David Rumsey at the 2005 Where 2.0 Conference.
David Rumsey is a map collector and the founder of the
David Rumsey Map Collection. He is also the president
of Cartography Associates.
Rumsey has a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Fine Arts
from Yale University and was a founding member of
Yale Research Associates in the Arts also known as
PULSA, a group of artists working with electronic
technologies. He was also a 1966 initiate into the Skull
and Bones Society, before becoming Associate Director
of the American Society for Eastern Arts in San
Francisco. Later, he entered a 20 year career in real estate
development and finance during which he had a long
association with Charles Feeney's General Atlantic
Holding Company of New York and served as President
and Director of several of its real estate subsidiaries;
General Atlantic eventually became the Atlantic
Philanthropies, a Bermuda based philanthropic
foundation that is one of the world's largest charities.
Rumsey was a lecturer in art at the Yale School of Art for
several years. He has lectured widely regarding his online
library work, including talks at the Library of Congress,
New York Public Library, Digital Library Federation,
Stanford University, Harvard University, Where 2.0,
O'Reilly Open Source Convention, and at conferences in
Hong Kong, Mexico, Japan, United Kingdom, and Germany.
Starting in the early 1980s, and entering into his third career, Rumsey has collected nearly 150,000 maps of
eighteenth - and nineteenth-century North and South America. The collection also features world maps which
includes atlases, globes, school geographies, maritime charts, and a variety of other maps. The collection is available
on his website for free viewing.
In February 2009, David Rumsey announced that the entire collection would be donated to Stanford University
including 150,000 maps and their digital images, as well as the database used to track the images. Stanford will
house the collection in a new David Rumsey Map Center to be built in the main library. The davidrumsey.com
[1]
web site (where the images are posted on-line) will continue as a separate public resource.
See:
Main article: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection
David Rumsey
712
Awards, associations and books
For making his map collection public through his (free) website, Rumsey was given an Honors award in 2002 by
Special Libraries Association. The website, developed in conjunction with Luna Imaging and TechEmpower, won
the Webby Award for Technical Achievement in 2002.
On May 18, 2012, Rumsey received the Warren R. Howell Award from the Stanford University Libraries in
recognition of his service to Stanford.
As of January 2008, following are some of the institutions where Rumsey serves as a board member:
ƒƒ John Carter Brown Library
ƒƒ Internet Archive
ƒ Samuel H. Kress Foundation
[2]
ƒƒ Stanford University Library Advisory Board
ƒƒ Yale Library Associates (as a trustee)
ƒƒ The Long Now Foundation
ƒ Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)
[3]
ƒƒ American Antiquarian Society
He is the author of the following books:
ƒƒ "Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed" - with Edith M. Punt - ISBN 1-58948-044-9
ƒƒ "Historical Maps in GIS" - with Meredith Williams, a chapter in "Past Time, Past Place: GIS for History" - ISBN
1-58948-032-5
About Cartography Associates
Cartography Associates was founded in 1996 in San Francisco, California. It promotes the distribution of digital
facsimiles both in print and electronic media. Specializing in both primary source documents and cutting-edge
technology, Cartography Associates develops tools that integrate cataloging with visual images on the Internet.
External links
ƒ David Rumsey Map Collection: Cartography Associates
[1]
ƒ O'reilly Network: Historical Maps Online
[4]
by David Rumsey
ƒ Wired.com: This Is a Real Quest for Maps
[5]
ƒ Technology Review: Historical Maps in Second Life
[6]
ƒ PBS Newshour: New Digital Maps vs Old Paper Maps video
[7]
ƒ Harper's Magazine, September, 2012: "All Over the Map: A Revolution in Cartography"
[8]
ƒ 2011 Digital Humanities conference, keynote address
[9]
David Rumsey
713
References
[1] http:/ / www. davidrumsey. com/
[2] http:/ / www. kressfoundation. org
[3] http:/ / www. clir. org/
[4] http:/ / www. oreillynet. com/ pub/ a/ network/ 2005/ 06/ 02/ davidrumsey. html
[5] http:/ / www. wired. com/ news/ technology/ 0,1282,50785,00. html
[6] http:/ / www. technologyreview. com/ Infotech/ 20357/ ?a=f
[7] http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ bb/ science/ july-dec12/ maps_10-31. html
[8] http:/ / rumsey3. s3. amazonaws.com/ images/ harpers/ HarpersJelly-Shapiro. pdf
[9] http:/ / www. davidrumsey. com/ blog/ 2011/ 7/ 11/
reading-historical-maps-digitally-how-spatial-technologies-can-enable-close-distant-and-dynamic-interpretations
Frederick W. Smith
714
Frederick W. Smith
For the physician and surgeon in Syracuse, New York, see Frederick W. Smith (physician).
For other people named Fred Smith, see Fred Smith (disambiguation).
Frederick W. Smith
Born Frederick Wallace Smith
August 11, 1944
Marks, Mississippi, United States
Nationality American
Alma mater Yale University
Occupation Founder of FedEx
Employer FedEx
Salary $8.64 million
Net worth $2.1 billion
Title Chairman, President and Chief executive officer
Parents James "Fred" Frederick Smith
Military career
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch  United States Marine Corps
Rank
Captain
Battles/wars Vietnam War
Awards Silver Star, Bronze Star
Purple Heart (2)
Frederick Wallace "Fred" Smith (born August 11, 1944), is the founder, chairman, president, and CEO of FedEx,
originally known as Federal Express, the first overnight express delivery company in the world, and the largest in the
world.Wikipedia:Citation needed The company is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee.
Early years
Smith was born in Marks, Mississippi, the son of James Frederick Smith • who (before age 20) dropped his first
name, expressing a preference to be known as Fred or Frederick • the founder of the Toddle House restaurant chain
and the Smith Motor Coach Company (renamed the Dixie Greyhound Lines after The Greyhound Corporation
bought a controlling interest in 1931). Fred Smith, the father, died while Fred Smith, the son, was only 4, and the boy
was raised by his mother and uncles.
Smith was crippled by bone disease as a small boy but regained his health by age 10, before becoming an excellent
football player and learning to fly at 15.
Smith had a great interest in flying, and became an amateur pilot as a teen. He attended elementary school at
Presbyterian Day School and high school at Memphis University School.
In 1962, Smith entered Yale University. While attending Yale, he wrote a paper for an economics class, outlining
overnight delivery service in a computer information age. Folklore suggests that he received a C for this paper,
although in a later interview he claims that he told a reporter, "I don't know what grade, probably made my usual C",
while other tales suggest that his professor told him that, in order for him to get a C, the idea had to be feasible. The
Frederick W. Smith
715
paper became the idea of FedEx (for years, the sample package displayed in the company's print advertisements
featured a return address at Yale). Smith became a member and eventually the President of the Delta Kappa Epsilon
fraternity and the secret society Skull and Bones.
[1]
He received his Bachelor's degree in economics in 1966. In his
college years, he was a friend and DKE fraternity brother of George W. Bush. Smith was also friends with John
Kerry and shared an enthusiasm for aviation with Kerry and was a flying partner with him.
Marine Corps service
After graduation, Smith was commissioned in the U.S. Marine Corps, serving for three years (from 1966 to 1969) as
a platoon leader and a forward air controller (FAC), flying in the back seat of the OV-10. Much mythology exists
about this part of his life; Smith was a Marine Corps "Ground Officer" for his entire service. He was specially
trained to fly with pilots and observe and 'control' ground action. He never went through Navy flight training and
was not a "Naval aviator" or "pilot" in the military. Individuals who completed Navy flight training and became a
"Designated Naval Aviator" (pilot) were obligated to serve six years at the time.
As a Marine, Smith had the opportunity to observe the military's logistics system first hand. He served two tours of
duty in Vietnam, flying with pilots on over 200 combat missions. He was honorably discharged in 1969 with the
rank of Captain, having received the Silver Star, the Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. While in the military, Smith
carefully observed the procurement and delivery procedures, fine-tuning his dream for an overnight delivery service.
Business career
In 1970, Smith purchased the controlling interest in an aircraft maintenance company, Ark Aviation Sales, and by
1971 turned its focus to trading used jets. On June 18, 1971, Smith founded Federal Express with his $4 million
inheritance (approximately $23 million in 2013 dollars),
[2]
and raised $91 million (approximately $525 million in
2013 dollars) in venture capital. In 1973, the company began offering service to 25 cities, and it began with small
packages and documents and a fleet of 14 Falcon 20 (DA-20) jets. His focus was on developing an integrated
air-ground system, which had never been done before. Smith developed FedEx on the business idea of a shipment
version of a bank clearing house where one bank clearing house was located in the middle of the representative
banks and all their representatives would be sent to the central location to exchange materials.
In the early days of FedEx, Smith had to go to great lengths to keep the company afloat. In one instance, he took the
company's last $5,000 to Las Vegas and won $27,000 gambling on blackjack to cover the company's $24,000 fuel
bill.
Smith has served on the boards of several large public companies, the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and
Mayo Foundation boards. He was formerly chairman of the Board of Governors for the International Air Transport
Association and the U.S. Air Transport Association. Smith is chair of the Business Roundtable's Security Task
Force, and a member of the Business Council and the Cato Institute. He served as chairman of the U.S.-China
Business Council and is the current chairman of the French-American Business Council. In addition, Smith was
named 2006 Person of the Year by the French-American Chamber of Commerce. He is a member of the Aviation
Hall of Fame. Smith was approached by Senator Bob Dole, who asked Smith for support in opening corporate doors
for a new World War II memorial. Smith was appointed to co-chairman of the U.S. World War II Memorial Project.
Smith was named as Chief Executive magazine's 2004 "CEO of the Year".
In addition to FedEx, Smith is also a co-owner of the Washington Redskins NFL Team. His son, Arthur Smith, who
played football at the University of North Carolina, is an Offensive Line/Tight End Assistant Coach for the
Tennessee Titans. This partnership resulted in FedEx sponsorship of the Joe Gibbs NASCAR racing team. Smith
also owns or co-owns several entertainment companies, including Dream Image Productions and Alcon Films
(producers of the Warner Bros. film Insomnia starring Al Pacino and Robin Williams).
Frederick W. Smith
716
In 2000, Smith made an appearance as himself in the Tom Hanks movie Cast Away, when Tom's character is
welcomed back, which was filmed on location at FedEx's home facilities in Memphis, Tennessee.
A DKE Fraternity Brother of George W. Bush while at Yale, after Bush's 2000 election, there was some speculation
that Smith might be appointed to the Bush Cabinet as Defense Secretary. While Smith was Bush's first choice for the
position, he declined for medical reasons • Donald Rumsfeld was named instead. Although Smith was friends with
both 2004 major candidates, John Kerry and George W. Bush, Smith chose to endorse Bush's re-election in 2004.
When Bush decided to replace Rumsfeld, Smith was offered the position again, but he declined in order to spend
time with his terminally ill daughter.
Smith was a supporter of Senator John McCain's 2008 Presidential bid, and had been named McCain's National
Co-Chairman of his campaign committee. Some had speculated that Smith might have a role as an economic advisor
in a theoretical McCain administration.
Smith was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1998. His other awards include
"CEO of the Year 2004" by Chief Executive Magazine and the 2008 Kellogg Award for Distinguished Leadership,
presented by the Kellogg School of Management on May 29, 2008. He was also awarded the 2008 Bower Award for
Business Leadership from The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is the 2011 recipient of the Tony
Jannus Award for distinguished contributions to commercial aviation.
While CEO of FedEx in 2008, Frederick W. Smith earned a total compensation of $10,434,589, which included a
base salary of $1,430,466, a cash bonus of $2,705,000, stocks granted of $0, and options granted of $5,461,575.
[3]
In
June 2009, Smith expressed interest in purchasing the controlling share (60%) of the St. Louis Rams from Chip
Rosenbloom and Lucia Rodriguez. In 2009, Frederick W. Smith earned a total compensation of $7,740,658, which
included a base salary of $1,355,028, a cash bonus of $0, stocks granted of $0, options granted of $5,079,191, and
other compensation totaling $1,306,439.
[4]
In March 2014, Fortune Magazine ranked him 26th among the list of "World's 50 Greatest Leaders"
[5]
Smith currently resides in Memphis.
Forgery Indictment and Fatal Hit and Run
On January 31, 1975, Fred Smith was indicted for forgery by a Federal Grand Jury. The suit was filed by Smith's two
half-sisters, Fredette Smith Eagle and Mrs. Laura Ann Patterson. The lawsuit alleged that Smith had forged
documents to obtain a $2 million bank loan and that he and executives of his family's trust fund had sold stock from
the fund to a loss of $14 million. A warrant for Smith's arrest was issued for which Smith posted bond with federal
authorities in Memphis.
[6]
Smith was later found not guilty on the forgery charge.
The same evening of his forgery indictment Smith was involved in a fatal hit and run whereby he killed a 54-year old
handyman named George C. Strughill. Smith was arrested and charged with leaving the scene of an accident and
driving with an expired license. He was released on a $250 bond. All charges were later dismissed.
This was not the first time Smith was involved in a fatal car accident. During his first summer break from Yale,
Smith was back in Memphis driving out to a lake with friends when he lost control of the car he was driving, causing
the vehicle to flip and killing the passenger in the front seat. The cause of the accident was never determined.
[7]
Frederick W. Smith
717
Notes
[1] "Frederick W. Smith." Contemporary Newsmakers 1985, Issue Cumulation. Gale Research, 1986.
[2] The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (http:/ / minneapolisfed. org/ index. cfm). Minneapolisfed.org. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.
[3] 2008 CEO Compensation for Frederick W. Smith (http:/ / www. equilar. com/ CEO_Compensation/ FedEx_Frederick_W. _Smith. php),
Equilar.com
[4] 2009 CEO Compensation for Frederick W. Smith (http:/ / www. equilar. com/ CEO_Compensation/ FedEx_Frederick_W. _Smith. php),
Equilar.com
[5] (http:/ / money. cnn.com/ gallery/ leadership/ 2014/ 03/ 20/ worlds-best-leaders. fortune/ 26. html) The World's 50 Greatest Leaders
[6] "Jury Indicts Freight Flyer In Bank Loan" (February 4, 1975), The Commercial Appeal, Little Rock Bureau, page 1.
[7] "A Review of OVERNIGHT SUCCESS: FEDERAL EXPRESS AND ITS RENEGADE CREATOR" (Bernhard Reichert), Journal of
Business Leadership, page 39.
References
ƒ "FedEx Executive Bios" (http:/ / www. fedex. com/ us/ about/ today/ bios. html?link=2). FedEx. Retrieved
2007-01-27.
ƒ Profile in Fortune Magazine's Innovators Hall of Fame (http:/ / www. fortune. com/ fortune/ fsb/ specials/
innovators/ smith. html)
ƒ Article by Smith on how Fedex came to be (http:/ / www. fedex. com/ us/ about/ news/ ontherecord/ speaker/
fredsmith. pdf?link=4), includes the story of the paper he wrote while at Yale.
ƒ USA Today Q&A on his love of history (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ money/ companies/ management/
2005-06-19-fedex-advice_x. htm)
ƒ Chief Executive Magazine Names Fred Smith 2004 CEO of the Year (http:/ / www. chiefexecutive. net/ ME2/
Audiences/ dirmod. asp?sid=& nm=& type=Publishing& mod=Publications::Article&
mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791& AudID=257093CD337F495B86A6A07046702F8C& tier=4&
id=BC4BF379C0C24E3EA4F7D5BDE800B8EF)
ƒ "Frederick W. Smith" (http:/ / www. aflcio. org/ corporatewatch/ paywatch/ ceou/ database. cfm?tkr=FDX&
pg=1). Executive PayWatch Database. AFL-CIO. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
Media
ƒ Interview (http:/ / www. thebusinessmakers. com/ episodes/ shows/ 2008/ april/ episode-150/
fred-smith-and-rob-carter-fedex. html) on The BusinessMakers Show.
Further reading
ƒ Frock, Roger (2006). Changing How the World Does Business: FedEx's Incredible Journey to Success•The
Inside (http:/ / www. bkconnection. com/ ProdDetails. asp?isbn=9781576754139& PG=1& Type=RLA1&
PCS=BKP). Berrett-Koehler. ISBN 1-57675-413-8.
David Thorne (diplomat)
718
David Thorne (diplomat)
David Thorne
United States Ambassador to Italy
In office
August 17, 2009 € September 2013
President Barack Obama
Preceded by Ronald P. Spogli
Succeeded by John R. Phillips
United States Ambassador to San Marino
In office
August 17, 2009 € September 2013
President Barack Obama
Preceded by Ronald P. Spogli
Succeeded by John R. Phillips
Personal details
Born September 16, 1944
Relations Julia Thorne (sister)
Alexandra Kerry (niece)
Vanessa Kerry (niece)
Alma mater Yale University (1966)
Website
Ambassador to Italy
[1]
Military service
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
United States Navy
Years of service 1966€1970
Battles/wars Vietnam War
David Thorne (diplomat)
719
David Thorne (born September 16, 1944) is an American businessman and diplomat who served as United States
Ambassador to Italy and Ambassador to San Marino from 2009 to 2013. He was nominated by President Barack
Obama and sworn in August 17, 2009.
David Thorne's parents were Alice Smith (Barry) and Landon K. Thorne Jr. David lived in Italy for a decade while
his father helped administer the Marshall Plan. David's twin sister Julia was the first wife of John Kerry. Thorne
graduated from Yale University in 1966, where he roomed with Kerry and both were members of Skull and
Bones
:85
, served in the United States Navy during the Vietnam War, and worked in political consulting, real estate
development, and publishing. He is married and has two grown children.
Honours and decorations
ƒ  Italy Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic on June 26, 2013
References
[1] http:/ / italy. usembassy.gov/ ambassador.html
External links
Media related to David Thorne at Wikimedia Commons
ƒ "Ambassador to Italy" (http:/ / italy. usembassy. gov/ ambassador. html). U.S. Department of State.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Ronald P. Spogli
United States Ambassador to Italy
2009€13
Succeeded by
John R. Phillips
United States Ambassador to San
Marino
2009€13
Victor Ashe
720
Victor Ashe
For other people with a similar name, see Victor Ash (disambiguation).
Victor Henderson Ashe
II
United States Ambassador to Poland
In office
2004€2009
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Christopher R. Hill
Succeeded by Lee Feinstein
Mayor of Knoxville, Tennessee
In office
1987€2003
Preceded by Kyle Testerman
Succeeded by Bill Haslam
Personal details
Born January 1, 1945
Knoxville, Tennessee
Political party Republican
Alma mater Yale University
Profession Politician
Victor Henderson Ashe II (born January 1, 1945) is the former United States Ambassador to Poland. From 1987 to
2003, he was mayor of Knoxville, Tennessee. Ashe is a Republican. Ambassador Ashe concluded his service as
Ambassador to Poland on September 26, 2009.
[1]
Early career
Ashe was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he attended public school. He attended the Groton School in Groton,
Massachusetts and subsequently the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, CT. He graduated from Yale University in 1967
with a BA in history. At Yale, Ashe was a member of the Skull and Bones society, as was George W. Bush. In 1974
he earned his law degree from the University of Tennessee College of Law. Before becoming an elected official,
Ashe worked as an intern for Congressman Bill Brock, and as a staff assistant for Senator Howard Baker.
In 1968 Ashe was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives; he was only 23 years old at the time. After
serving three terms in the State House, Ashe won the August 1974 Republican primary for a Tennessee Senate seat
representing Knox County, Tennessee. In a lawsuit brought by a former legislator Ashe had defeated in 1972, the
Victor Ashe
721
Tennessee Supreme Court ruled Ashe ineligible to be the Republican nominee as he would not meet the minimum
age qualification of 30 on the day of the general election in November.
[2]
The Knox County GOP then nominated his
mother, Martha Ashe, to replace him as the nominee. She was elected by the voters with the promise to resign in
January 1975 when Ashe turned 30. Upon her resignation the Knox County Commission appointed Victor Ashe to
replace her;
[3][4]
he was later elected to the position and served for nine years. He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S.
Senate in 1984 against future Vice-President Al Gore.
From 1967 to 1973, during the Vietnam War, Ashe was a member of the United States Marine Corps Air Reserves.
He was also the Executive Director of the Americans Outdoors Commission from 1985 until 1987.
Mayor
Ashe was elected to be the mayor of Knoxville in November 1987. He served 16 years as mayor, the longest term in
the city„s history. As mayor, Ashe led several initiatives to improve Knoxville„s civic and financial footing. These
initiatives focused on such things as waterfront development along the Tennessee River and the building of a
convention center to attract tourism and business. The latter was a cause for controversy, with many residents saying
that the city of Knoxville did not offer enough amenities to attract would-be events or shows to a convention center.
Other initiatives included downtown redevelopment and sign and billboard control.
[5]
Ashe stressed diversity within his administration, noting when he left office the growth of minorities and women on
commissions and boards during his time as mayor. While Ashe often had the support of the city council, he was
unable to get it to institute a Police Advisory Review Committee to perform as a civilian review of police action,
something which, in 1998, he felt was necessary to investigate the questionable deaths of three black men at the
hands of police officers. At the time, hostility in the black community toward the police department was extremely
high due to these deaths. Ashe circumvented the council and established the committee by executive order. Three
years later, the council unanimously ratified the order, defusing growing protests for recall elections for Ashe and
other councilors [6].
Parkland and public domain
As mayor, Ashe favored preserving buildings that had possible historic value, at one point threatening to put historic
zoning restrictions on a building its owners wished to demolish.
[7]
Ashe was a strong supporter of parkland in the city, and during his tenure, parkland in Knoxville was increased from
700 to 1,700 acres (7 km
2
) and 30 miles (48 km) of greenway was added. He initiated a program called "Penny for
the Parks" to create a trust fund that would use a one cent tax and federal matching money to commit $250,000 a
year for city parks, greenways and historic preservation. After leaving office, Ashe was awarded a Cornelius Amory
Pugsley Medal, which was granted by the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration in recognition
of his work on greenways and public parks.
Ambassador to Poland
Ashe was sworn in as a US ambassador to Poland in June 2004;
[8]
during Ashe's tenure as mayor of Knoxville he,
acting on the advice of Dr. Marek Pienkowski, helped to establish a sister city relationship with the city of Che¢m,
Poland, and led two delegations to that city.
One of the issues Ashe engaged in when he was appointed ambassador to Poland was the difficulty Poles have
getting work and tourist visas for the United States. After Ashe met with President George W. Bush and Polish
President Aleksander Kwa£niewski in Washington in 2005, Bush suggested that the visa rejection rate for Poles be
lowered.
[9]
Ashe has also noted that Poland has a growing economy that offers many opportunities for US businesses. He is
interested in having his own area of Knoxville and East Tennessee take advantage of such opportunities, and in 2005
Victor Ashe
722
advised a group of 16 Knoxville-area businesses to put together a trade mission to Poland.
[10]
During his ambassadorship it appears that the Polish government cooperated with the CIA in an 'extraordinary
rendition' program in which individuals were transshipped to torture centers in other countries.
On March 16, 2009 he was honoured by President of Poland Lech Kaczy¤ski with Commander's Cross with Star of
the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, for his contribution to Polish-American cooperation. He was decorated
on September 25, 2009 by Mariusz Handzlik, undersecretary of state in President's Office.
[11]
Broadcasting Board of Governors
Ashe serves on the Broadcasting Board of Governors. He was highlighted as the "former mayor" on the board in a
federal Office of Inspector General report in 2013 and as one responsible on a "governing board that is incompetent,
useless and perhaps fatally broken". Ashe called the report in response …unwarranted, unfair and factually incorrect†
and pointed to his support from labor in his defense.
[12]
Notes
[1] U.S. Embassy in Warsaw (http:/ / poland.usembassy. gov/ ambassador2. html)
[2] Comer v. Ashe, 514 S.W.2d 730 (Tenn. 1974) (http:/ / piratenews. org/ comer_v_ashe_election_fraud. html)
[3] United States Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw Biography (http:/ / usembassy. state. gov/ poland/ ambassador. html), last accessed June 6, 2006
[4] "Ashe takes the oath as ambassador." Knoxville News-Sentinel, June 24, 2004.
[5] "Victor Ashe's 16 Years as Mayor", Metro Pulse, Dec. 11 2003.
[6] http:/ / www. hellbenderpress.com/ e?a=94
[7] "Preservation group decries demolition plans" Knoxville News-Sentinel, March 24, 2005
[8] "Ashe takes the oath as ambassador." Knoxville News-Sentinel, June 24, 2004
[9] "Ambassador Ashe meets with Bush, Polish president", Knoxville News-Sentinel, February 10, 2005
[10] "Ashe talks up Poland to Knox businesses", Knoxville News-Sentinel, February 19, 2005
[11] Odznaczenie dla Ambasadora USA (http:/ / www.prezydent. pl/ aktywnosc/ ordery-i-odznaczenia/ art,699,odznaczenie-dla-ambasadora-usa.
html) - prezydent.pl - 25-09-2009 (in Polish)
[12] Davidson, Joe, "Report blasts foreign broadcasting board as ‰dysfunctional„ and ‰ineffectual„" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ national/
report-blasts-foreign-broadcasting-board-as-dysfunctional-and-ineffectual/ 2013/ 01/ 22/ 1f3b1a84-64cd-11e2-9e1b-07db1d2ccd5b_story.
html), Washington Post Federal Diary, January 22, 2013; with links to the IG report (http:/ / oig. state. gov/ documents/ organization/ 203193.
pdf) and the union statement in Ashe's support (http:/ / laborweb. afge. org/ sites/ bbg/ l1812/ index. cfm?action=article&
articleID=9ee48c2b-8f22-4372-b183-7decf38ff8ac). Retrieved 2012-01-23.
Political offices
Preceded by
Kyle Testerman
Mayor of Knoxville,
Tennessee
1987 € 2003
Succeeded by
Bill Haslam
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Christopher Robert Hill
U.S. Ambassador to Poland
2004 € 2009
Succeeded by
Lee A. Feinstein
Roy Austin
723
Roy Austin
Roy Leslie Austin (born 1939) was United States Ambassador to Trinidad and
Tobago October 2001 to December 2009.
Biography
Born in Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, he moved to the United
States to study and later became a U.S. citizen. He attended Yale University and
graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology. While there he befriended
future President George W. Bush and both were inducted to the secret society
Skull and Bones.
[1][2][3]
He earned a Master of Arts and Ph.D in sociology from
the University of Washington.
Austin was Associate Professor of Sociology, Justice, and African American Studies at Pennsylvania State
University and served as director of the Crime, Law, and Justice Program and the Africana Research Center.
Bush appointed Austin to the post of Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago. He was sworn in October 19, 2001. He
left the post on December 18, 2009.
References
[1] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 177, 181-2.
[2] Don Oldenburg, "Tippy-Top Secret; Yalies Bush and Kerry Share a Patrician Past Of Skull and Bones", Washington Post, April 4, 2004
[3] George W. Bush, Decision Points, London: Virgin Books, 2010, p. 14
External links
ƒ US Department of State bio (http:/ / www. state. gov/ outofdate/ bios/ 7061. htm)
George W. Bush
724
George W. Bush
This article is about the 43rd U.S. president. For his father, the 41st U.S. president, see George H. W. Bush. For the
pioneer, see George Washington Bush. For other persons of the same name, see George Bush.
George W. Bush
43rd President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2001 € January 20, 2009
Vice President Dick Cheney
Preceded by Bill Clinton
Succeeded by Barack Obama
46th Governor of Texas
In office
January 17, 1995 € December 21, 2000
Lieutenant Bob Bullock
Rick Perry
Preceded by Ann Richards
Succeeded by Rick Perry
Personal details
Born George Walker Bush
July 6, 1946
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Laura Lane Welch
(m. 1977€present)
Children Barbara Pierce Bush
Jenna Welch Bush
Parents George H. W. Bush
Barbara Bush
George W. Bush
725
Alma mater Yale University
Harvard Business School
Profession Businessman (oil, baseball)
Religion Episcopal (before 1977)
United Methodist (1977€present)
Signature
Website
Bush Presidential Library
[1]
Bush Presidential Center
[2]
The White House
[3]
Archived
Military service
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch Texas Air National Guard
Alabama Air National Guard
Years of service 1968€1974
Rank First Lieutenant
Unit 147th Reconnaissance Wing
187th Fighter Wing
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd
President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son
of Barbara and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University
in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and
ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball
team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. Bush was elected president in 2000
after a close and controversial election, becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular
votes nationwide than his opponent. Bush is the second president to have been the son of a former president, the first
being John Quincy Adams (with the other familial presidential relations being grandfather-grandson of the
Harrisons, as well as the Roosevelts being 5th cousins). He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of
Florida.
Eight months into Bush's first term as president, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks occurred. In response, Bush
announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in
2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush also promoted policies on the
economy, health care, education, social security reform, and amending the Constitution to disallow same-sex
marriage. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth
Abortion Ban Act, Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors, and funding for the AIDS relief program known
as PEPFAR. Bush announced the U.S. would not implement the Kyoto Protocol on global warming that had been
negotiated by the Clinton Administration in 1997, and agreed to by 178 other countries, but never ratified by the U.S.
Senate. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced
interrogation techniques.
Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004, in another relatively close
election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum
[4]
for
his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, and numerous other challenges. As a result, the Democratic Party
won control of Congress in the 2006 elections. In December 2007, the United States entered its longest post€World
War II recession, often referred to as the "Great Recession", prompting the Bush Administration to enact multiple
George W. Bush
726
economic programs intended to preserve the country's financial system. Nationally, Bush was both one of the most
popular and unpopular presidents in history, having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the
wake of 9/11, as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis. Internationally, he was a
highly controversial figure, with public protests occurring even during visits to close allies, such as the United
Kingdom.
Bush left office in 2009, and was succeeded as president by Barack Obama, who ran on a platform of change from
Bush's policies. Since leaving office, Bush has returned to Texas and purchased a home in a suburban area of Dallas.
He is currently a public speaker, has written a memoir titled Decision Points, and his presidential library was opened
in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in recent surveys of presidential scholars, although as with
most former presidents, Bush has been viewed more favorably by the public since leaving office.
Childhood to mid-life
Main article: Early life of George W. Bush
George Walker Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut, at Grace-New Haven Hospital (now Yale € New Haven
Hospital), on July 6, 1946, the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce. He was raised in
Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died
from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut.
Bush's father, George H. W. Bush, was Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and President from 1989 to 1993. Bush
has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, and Scottish roots.
Education
Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh
grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years.
[5]
Bush finished high school at Phillips Academy, a boarding school (then all-male) in Andover, Massachusetts, where
he played baseball and during his senior year was the head cheerleader. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to
1968, graduating with an B.A. in history. During this time, he was a cheerleader and a member of the Delta Kappa
Epsilon, being elected the fraternity's president during his senior year. Bush also became a member of the Skull and
Bones society as a senior.
[6]
Bush was a rugby union player and was on Yale's 1st XV.
[7]
He characterized himself as
an average student. His average during his first three years at Yale was 77 and he had a similar average under a
nonnumeric rating system in his final year.
Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard Business School, where he earned a Master of Business
Administration. He is the only U.S. President to have earned an M.B.A.
George W. Bush
727
Texas Air National Guard
See also: George W. Bush military service controversy
Lt. George W. Bush while in the
Texas Air National Guard
In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard. After
two years of active-duty service while training, he was assigned to Houston,
flying Convair F-102s with the 147th Reconnaissance Wing out of Ellington
Field Joint Reserve Base. Critics, including former Democratic National
Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe, have alleged that Bush was favorably
treated due to his father's political standing as a member of the House of
Representatives, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test
scores and his irregular attendance. In June 2005, the United States Department
of Defense released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service,
which remain in its official archives.
In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the 187th Fighter Wing of the
Alabama Air National Guard, having moved to Montgomery, Alabama to work
on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican Winton M. Blount. In
1972, Bush was suspended from flying for failure to take a scheduled physical
exam.
[8]
He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974.
Marriage, family, and personal life
See also: Bush family
George and Laura Bush with their daughters
Jenna and Barbara, 1990
At a backyard barbecue in 1977, friends introduced him to Laura Lane
Welch, a school teacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after a
three-month courtship, and they married on November 5 of that year.
The couple settled in Midland, Texas. Bush left his family's Episcopal
Church to join his wife's United Methodist Church. On November 25,
1981, Laura Bush gave birth to fraternal twin daughters, Barbara
Pierce Bush and Jenna Welch Bush; they graduated from high school
in 2000 and from Yale University and the University of Texas at
Austin, respectively, in 2004.
Prior to his marriage, Bush had multiple episodes of alcohol abuse. In
one instance, on September 4, 1976, he was arrested near his family's
summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine, for driving under the influence of alcohol. He pleaded guilty, was fined
$150 and had his Maine driver's license briefly suspended. Bush says his wife has had a stabilizing effect on his life,
and attributes to her influence his 1986 decision to give up alcohol. While Governor of Texas, Bush said of his wife,
"I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to
put up with my rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."
Bush mostly reads "serious historical nonfiction" for pleasure. During his time as president, Bush read 14 Lincoln
biographies and, during the last three years of his presidency, he reportedly read 186 books. A reporter recalls seeing
"books by John Fowles, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Gore Vidal lying about, as well as biographies of
Willa Cather and Queen Victoria" in his home when Bush was a Texas oilman. Other hobbies include cigar smoking
and golf. Since leaving the White House, Bush has also taken up oil painting.
[9]
Bush welcomed his first granddaughter, Margaret Laura "Mila" Hager on April 14, 2013, when his daughter Jenna
Bush gave birth. Margaret is named after her two grandmothers.
George W. Bush
728
Early career
George W. Bush with his father
outside the White House on April 29,
1992
Main article: Professional life of George W. Bush
In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives from Texas's 19th
congressional district. His opponent, Kent Hance, portrayed him as out of touch
with rural Texans. Bush lost the election by 6,000 votes (6%) of the 103,000
votes cast. He returned to the oil industry and began a series of small,
independent oil exploration companies. He created Arbusto Energy, and later
changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the
larger Spectrum 7, and Bush became chairman. The company was hurt by
decreased oil prices, and it folded into HKN, Inc. Bush served on the board of
directors for HKN. Questions of possible insider trading involving HKN arose,
but the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) investigation concluded
that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to
constitute insider trading.
Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in 1988 to work on his father's
campaign for the U.S. presidency. He served as a campaign adviser and liaison to
the media; he assisted his father by campaigning across the country. Returning to Texas after the successful
campaign, he purchased a share in the Texas Rangers baseball franchise in April 1989, where he served as managing
general partner for five years. He actively led the team's projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to
sit in the open stands with fans. Bush's sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998 brought him over $15 million from
his initial $800,000 investment.
In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 Presidential
re-election campaign as "campaign advisor". The prior month, his father asked him to tell White House chief of staff
John H. Sununu that he should resign.
Governor of Texas
Main article: Governorship of George W. Bush
Governor Bush with wife, Laura, and father,
George H. W. Bush
As Bush's brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of Florida, Bush
declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His
campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime
reduction, and education improvement. Bush's campaign advisers were
Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove.
After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular
Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards. In the course of the
campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain
permits to carry concealed weapons. Richards had vetoed the bill, but
Bush signed it after he became governor. According to The Atlantic
Monthly, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into
the public record € when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be
quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed homosexual activists' to state jobs". The Atlantic, and others,
connected the lesbian rumor to Karl Rove, but Rove denied being involved. Bush won the general election with
53.5% against Richards' 45.9%.
Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion. He extended government funding for
organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic
George W. Bush
729
violence. Critics contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations, but
supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improve educational test scores.
In 1999, Bush also helped make Texas eventually the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.
[10]
by
signing a state law obliging electric retailers to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources (RPS).
[11]
In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record 69% of the vote. He became the first governor in Texas history to be
elected to two consecutive four-year terms. For most of Texas history, governors served two-year terms; a
constitutional amendment extended those terms to four years starting in 1975. In his second term, Bush promoted
faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings. He proclaimed June 10, 2000 to be Jesus Day in Texas,
a day on which he "urge[d] all Texans to answer the call to serve those in need".
Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate.
Following his re-election, speculation soared. Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential
nomination.
Presidential campaigns
2000 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2000
Bush in Concord, New Hampshire signing to be a
candidate for president
Primary
In June 1999, while Governor of Texas, Bush announced his candidacy
for President of the United States. With no incumbent running, Bush
entered a large field of candidates for the Republican Party presidential
nomination consisting of John McCain, Alan Keyes, Steve Forbes,
Gary Bauer, Orrin Hatch, Elizabeth Dole, Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan,
Lamar Alexander, John Kasich, and Robert C. Smith.
Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative, implying he
was more centrist than other Republicans. He campaigned on a
platform that included bringing integrity and honor back to the White
House, increasing the size of the United States Armed Forces, cutting
taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities. By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.
Bush won the Iowa caucuses, but, although he was heavily favored to win the New Hampshire primary, he trailed
McCain by 19% and lost that primary. Despite this, Bush regained momentum and, according to political observers,
effectively became the front runner after the South Carolina primary, which according to The Boston Globe made
history for his campaign's negativity; The New York Times described it as a smear campaign.
General election
On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking Dick Cheney, a former White House Chief of Staff, U.S.
Representative, and Secretary of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of Bush's
Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, Cheney was officially nominated by the Republican Party at the
2000 Republican National Convention.
Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas. Bush's campaign
criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and taxation.
When the election returns came in on November 7, Bush won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the
Florida outcome led to a recount. The initial recount also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in courts for a
month until reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.
[12]
On December 9, in a controversial ruling the Bush v. Gore case the
George W. Bush
730
Court reversed a Florida Supreme Court decision ordering a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide hand
recount based on the argument that the use of different standards among Florida's counties violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote
by a margin of 537 votes out of six million cast. Although he received 543,895 fewer individual votes than Gore
nationwide, Bush won the election, receiving 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266.
2004 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2004
George W. Bush speaks at a
campaign rally in 2004.
In 2004, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not
encounter a primary challenge. He appointed Ken Mehlman as campaign
manager, with a political strategy devised by Karl Rove. Bush and the
Republican platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and
Afghanistan, support for the USA PATRIOT Act, a renewed shift in policy for
constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,
[13]
reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts, creation of an
ownership society, and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls. Bush
also called for the implementation of a guest worker program for immigrants,
which was criticized by conservatives.
The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates,
including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry. Kerry
and other Democrats attacked Bush on the Iraq War, and accused him of failing
to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as
a staunch liberal who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously
criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq, and argued that Kerry lacked the
decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the War on Terror.
In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an outright majority of
the popular vote (50.7% to his opponent's 48.3%). The previous President to win an outright majority of the popular
vote was Bush's father in the 1988 election. Additionally, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's election in
1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-elected Republican majorities in both Houses of Congress.
Presidency
Main articles: Presidency of George W. Bush, George W. Bush's first term as President of the United States and
George W. Bush's second term as President of the United States
President Bush addresses the media at the
Pentagon on September 17, 2001
Though Bush originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, his
priorities were significantly altered following the September 11
terrorist attacks in 2001. Wars were waged in Afghanistan and Iraq
with significant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare,
Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees.
Over an eight-year period, Bush's once-high approval ratings steadily
declined, while his disapproval numbers increased significantly. In
2007, the United States entered the longest post-World War II
recession.
George W. Bush
731
Domestic policy
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration
Economic policy
Main article: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration
Bush took office during a period of economic recession in the wake of the bursting of the Dot-com bubble.
[14]
The
terrorist attacks also impacted the economy. The Bush administration increased federal government spending from
$1.789 trillion to $2.983 trillion (60%) while revenues increased from $2.025 trillion to $2.524 trillion (from 2000 to
2008). Individual income tax revenues increased by 14%, corporate tax revenues by 50%, customs and duties by
40%. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107%, discretionary domestic spending by 62%, Medicare
spending by 131%, social security by 51%, and income security spending by 130%. Cyclically adjusted, revenues
rose by 35% and spending by 65%.
[15]
President Bush signing a $1.35
trillion tax cut into law. June 7, 2001
The increase in spending was more than under any predecessor since Lyndon B.
Johnson.
[16]
The number of economic regulation governmental workers
increased by 91,196.
The surplus in fiscal year 2000 was $237 billion•the third consecutive surplus
and the largest surplus ever.
[17]
In 2001, Bush's budget estimated that there
would be a $5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.
[18]
Facing congressional
opposition, Bush held townhall style meetings across the U.S. in order to
increase public support for his plan for a $1.35 trillion tax cut program•one of
the largest tax cuts in U.S. history. Bush argued that unspent government funds
should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the government„s
money. The surplus is the people„s money." Federal Reserve Chairman Alan
Greenspan warned of a recession and Bush stated that a tax cut would stimulate
the economy and create jobs. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill, opposed some of
the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and
undermine Social Security. O'Neill disputes the claim, made in Bush's book
Decision Points, that he never openly disagreed with him on planned tax cuts. By 2003, the economy showed signs
of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant. Another tax cut program was passed that year.
During the 2001 to 2008 years, GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.125%, less than for past business cycles.
Bush entered office with the Dow Jones Industrial Average at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at
over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.
George W. Bush
732
Deficit and debt increases 2001€2009. Gross debt has increased over $500 billion
each year since FY2003.
Unemployment originally rose from 4.2% in
January 2001 to 6.3% in June 2003, but
subsequently dropped to 4.5% as of July
2007. Adjusted for inflation, median
household income dropped by $1,175
between 2000 and 2007, while Professor
Ken Homa of Georgetown University has
noted that "after-tax median household
income increased by 2%" The poverty rate
increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in
2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004. By
October 2008, due to increases in
spending,
[19]
the national debt had risen to
$11.3 trillion,
[20]
an increase of over 100%
from 2000 when the debt was only
$5.6 trillion. Most debt was accumulated as
a result of what became known as the "Bush
tax cuts" and increased national security spending. In March 2006, then-Senator Barack Obama said when he voted
against raising the debt ceiling: "The fact that we are here today to debate raising America„s debt limit is a sign of
leadership failure." By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2%.
In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post€World War II recession, which included a housing
market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices, and a declining dollar value. In February, 63,000
jobs were lost, a five-year record.
[21]
To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus
package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and
providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation
of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003, and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the
Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency
created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector„s risky practices. In September 2008, the
crisis became much more serious beginning with the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac followed
by the collapse of Lehman Brothers and a federal bailout of American International Group for $85 billion.
[22]
Many economists and world governments determined that the situation became the worst financial crisis since the
Great Depression. Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former
Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan. Bush, meanwhile, proposed a financial rescue plan to buy back a large
portion of the U.S. mortgage market. Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American
Enterprise Institute, said "it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the
Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the FDIC to look at these issues more closely", and
additionally, that it would have helped "for Congress to have held hearings".
In November 2008, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34
years. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were lost. By the
end of 2008, the U.S. had lost a total of 2.6 million jobs.
George W. Bush
733
Education and health
Bush undertook a number of educational priorities, such as increasing the funding for the National Science
Foundation and National Institutes of Health in his first years of office, and creating education programs to
strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was
cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.
Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into
law, January 2002.
One of the administration's early major initiatives was the No Child
Left Behind Act, which aimed to measure and close the gap between
rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with
students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to
low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with
broad bipartisan support, including that of Senator Ted Kennedy of
Massachusetts. It was signed into law by Bush in early 2002. Many
contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that
students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state
reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into
law. Critics argue that it is underfunded and that NCLBA's focus on
"high stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.
After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare drug benefit program that, according to Jan Crawford
Greenburg, resulted in "the greatest expansion in America's welfare state in forty years;" the bill's costs approached
$7 trillion.
[23]
In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) legislation,
which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP legislation would
have significantly expanded federally funded health care benefits and plans to children of some low-income families
from about six million to ten million children. It was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax. Bush viewed
the legislation as a move toward socialized health care, and asserted that the program could benefit families making
as much as $83,000 per year who did not need the help.
Social services and Social Security
Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes
to the Medicare program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while
relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits. The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the
Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion
over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".
Bush speaks at the United States Coast Guard
Academy commencement, May 2007.
Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to reform
Social Security, which was facing record deficit projections beginning
in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite
opposition from some in the U.S. Congress. In his 2005 State of the
Union Address, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of
the program and outlined his new program, which included partial
privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and
options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security
tax (FICA) into secured investments. Democrats opposed the proposal
to partially privatize the system.
Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning vigorously for his initiative in media events, known as the
"Conversations on Social Security", in an attempt to gain support from the general public. Despite the energetic
George W. Bush
734
campaign, public support for the proposal declined and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social
Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda. The proposal's legislative
prospects were further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005. After the
Democrats gained control of both houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 midterm elections, the prospects of
any further congressional action on the Bush proposal were dead for the remainder of his term in office.
Environmental policies
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration ‚ Environment
Upon taking office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UN Convention
on Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the
treaty exempted 80% of the world's population and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year. He also cited
that the Senate had voted 95€0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.
Bush delivers a statement on energy, urging
Congress to end offshore oil drill ban, June 18,
2008.
In May 2001, Bush signed an executive order to create an inter-agency
task force to streamline energy projects,
[24]
and later signed two other
executive orders to tackle environmental issues.
[25]
In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Act of 2003, aimed at
amending the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through the use of
emissions trading programs. Many experts argued that this legislation
would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher
emission rates of pollutants than were previously legal. The initiative
was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.
Bush has said that he believes that global warming is real and has
noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over
whether it's man-made or naturally caused". The Bush Administration's stance on global warming remained
controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics have alleged that the administration
misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.
[26]
Energy policies
In his 2006 State of the Union Address, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and announced his Advanced
Energy Initiative to increase energy development research.
That same year, Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument, creating the largest marine
reserve to date. The Papah¥naumoku¥kea Marine National Monument comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km
2
) and
is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.
The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".
In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil
by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production. Amid high gasoline prices in 2008,
Bush lifted a ban on offshore drilling. However, the move was largely symbolic as there is still a federal law banning
offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil
reserves is action from the U.S. Congress." Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce
demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest
in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.... In the short run, the American economy
will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my
administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."
George W. Bush
735
President Bush signing the Federal Funding
Accountability and Transparency Act, September
26, 2006
In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced that the U.S.
would commit $2 billion over the next three years to a new
international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight
climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other
countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all
forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like
India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by
making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also
announced plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work
with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an
international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the
growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be
effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."
Stem cell research and first use of veto power
Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the
Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health has been forbidden by law since the
passage in 1995 of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment by Congress and the signature of President Bill Clinton. Bush
has said that he supports adult stem cell research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell
research. However, Bush did not support embryonic stem cell research. On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an
executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells, but the ability of these
existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on 12 of the
original lines, and all of the approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety
issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines. On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto
power for the first time in his presidency to veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill would have
repealed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells
are derived from the destruction of an embryo.
Genetic Non-Discrimination
President George W. Bush signed into law the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). The bill protects
Americans against discrimination based on their genetic information when it comes to health insurance and
employment. The issue had been debated for 13 years before becoming law. It is designed to protect citizens while
not hindering genetic research.
Immigration
George W. Bush
736
Bush discusses border security with Homeland
Security Director Michael Chertoff near El Paso,
November 2005.
In 2006, Bush urged Congress to allow more than 12 million illegal
immigrants to work in the United States with the creation of a
"temporary guest-worker program". Bush did not support amnesty for
illegal immigrants, but argued that the lack of legal status denies the
protections of U.S. laws to millions of people who face dangers of
poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand
for immigrant labor. Nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United
States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in
the nation's history. Almost half entered illegally.
Bush also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border
security and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to
the Mexico€United States border. In May€June 2007, Bush strongly supported the Comprehensive Immigration
Reform Act of 2007, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush
administration. The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path to
citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of
the green card application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination
of "chain migration" and of the Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush contended that the proposed bill
did not amount to amnesty.
A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives
opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions. The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June
28, 2007, when a cloture motion failed on a 46€53 vote. Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of
his signature domestic initiatives. The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement
measures that do not require a change in law.
On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said that Bush offered to accept 100,000
Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent settlement had been reached between Israel and the
Palestinian Authority.
Hurricane Katrina
Main article: Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina, one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history, struck early in Bush„s second term.
Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central
Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans.
Bush shakes hands with New Orleans Mayor Ray
Nagin on September 2, 2005, after viewing the
devastation of Hurricane Katrina.
Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27, and in
Mississippi and Alabama the following day; he authorized the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his
announcement failed to spur these agencies to action. The eye of the
hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood
due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major
disaster existed in Louisiana, officially authorizing FEMA to start
using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS
Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national
significance", triggering the first use of the newly created National
Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard
George W. Bush
737
troops first entered the city of New Orleans. The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".
As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, critics charged that Bush was misrepresenting his administration's role in
what they saw as a flawed response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed apparently incompetent leaders to
positions of power at FEMA, notably Michael D. Brown; it was also argued that the federal response was limited as
a result of the Iraq War and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.
[27]
Bush responded to mounting
criticism by accepting full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency. It has
been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.
Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys
Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
Bush with Alberto Gonzales
During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the Justice
Department's midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys. The
White House maintained that the U.S. attorneys were fired for poor
performance. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales later resigned over
the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice Department.
The House Judiciary Committee issued subpoenas for advisers Harriet
Miers and Josh Bolten to testify regarding this matter, but Bush
directed Miers and Bolten to not comply with those subpoenas,
invoking his right of executive privilege. Bush maintained that all of
his advisers were protected under a broad executive privilege
protection to receive candid advice. The Justice Department determined that the President's order was legal.
Although Congressional investigations focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using
the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the
Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas. On July 31, 2008, a United States district court
judge ruled that Bush's top advisers were not immune from Congressional subpoenas.
In all, twelve Justice Department officials resigned rather than testify under oath before Congress. They included
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and his chief of staff Kyle Sampson, Gonzales„ liaison to the White House
Monica Goodling, aide to the president Karl Rove and his senior aide Sara M. Taylor. In addition, legal counsel to
the president Harriet Miers and deputy chief of staff to the president Joshua Bolten were both found in contempt of
Congress.
In 2010, the Justice Department investigator concluded that though political considerations did play a part in as
many as four of the attorney firings, the firings were "inappropriately political", but not criminal. According to the
prosecutors, there was insufficient evidence to pursue prosecution for any criminal offense.
George W. Bush
738
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
Bush with Italian Prime Minister Silvio
Berlusconi in 2005.
Foreign Minister of India Pranab Mukherjee with
US President George W. Bush in 2008.
In July 2001, Bush visited Pope John Paul II at Castel Gandolfo.
[28]
During his Presidential campaign, Bush's foreign policy platform
included support for stronger economic and political relationship with
Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in
"nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The
administration pursued a national missile defense. Bush was an
advocate of China's entry into the World Trade Organization.
In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred to an axis of evil
including Iraq, Iran and North Korea. After the September 11 attacks
on New York, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United
States military and a small international coalition invaded Afghanistan,
the location of Osama Bin Laden, who planned the New York attacks.
In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of Iraq, searching for
Weapons of Mass Destruction, which he described as being part of the
War on Terrorism. Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power
in Iraq.
Countries visited by President George W. Bush
during his terms in office
Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained
relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen
Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the
pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.
In March 2006, a visit to India led to renewed ties between the two
countries, reversing decades of U.S. policy. The visit focused
particularly on areas of nuclear energy and counter-terrorism
cooperation, discussions that would lead eventually to the U.S.-India
Civil Nuclear Agreement.
This is in stark contrast to the stance taken by his predecessor, Clinton, whose approach and response to India after
the 1998 nuclear tests was that of sanctions and hectoring. The relationship between India and the United States was
one that dramatically improved during Bush's tenure.
Midway through Bush's second term, it was questioned whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and
democracy agenda, highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.
In an address before both Houses of Congress on September 20, 2001, Bush thanked the nations of the world for
their support following the September 11 attacks. He specifically thanked U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair for
traveling to Washington to show "unity of purpose with America", and said "America has no truer friend than Great
Britain."
George W. Bush
739
September 11 attacks
Main article: September 11 attacks
Bush, standing with firefighter Bob Beckwith,
addresses rescue workers at Ground Zero in New
York, September 14, 2001.
The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's
presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval
Office, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized
the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the
victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero, meeting with
Mayor Rudy Giuliani, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers.
Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on a
heap of rubble, to much applause: "I can hear you. The rest of the
world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down
will hear all of us soon."
President Bush Declares 'Freedom at War with Fear', September 20, 2001
Problems playing this file? See media help.
In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and his organization Al-Qaeda, and issued an
ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or ...
share in their fate".
War on Terrorism
Main article: War on Terror
Bush presents former UK Prime Minister Tony
Blair with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terror. The
Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so
Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban
regime. In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union Address, he asserted
that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was
"arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and
growing danger". The Bush Administration asserted both a right and
the intention to wage preemptive war, or preventive war. This became
the basis for the Bush Doctrine which weakened the unprecedented
levels of international and domestic support for the United States
which had followed the September 11 attacks.
Dissent and criticism of Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq continued.
[29]
In 2006, a
National Intelligence Estimate concluded that the Iraq War had become the "cause c„l•bre for jihadists".
George W. Bush
740
Afghanistan invasion
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001€present)
Bush and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan
appear together in 2006 at a joint news
conference in Kabul.
On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing
campaigns that led to the arrival of Northern Alliance troops in Kabul
on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban,
drive al-Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders.
In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been
defeated, but cautioned that the war would go on to continue
weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. Later that month the UN had
installed the Afghan Transitional Administration chaired by Hamid
Karzai. In 2002, based on UNICEF figures, Nicholas Kristof reported
that "our invasion of Afghanistan may end up saving one million lives
over the next decade" as the result of improved healthcare and greater
access to humanitarian aid.
[30]
Efforts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he
escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush Administration later
acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops. It was not until May 2011, two
years after Bush left office, that bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces. Bin Laden's successor, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as
well as the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.
Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping,
amassing new funds and recruits. The 2005 failure of Operation Red Wings showed that the Taliban had returned In
2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied
offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success. As a result, Bush commissioned 3,500
additional troops to the country in March 2007.
Iraq invasion
Main articles: Iraq War and George W. Bush and the Iraq War
Bush, with Naval Flight Officer
Lieutenant Ryan Philips, in the flight
suit he wore for his televised arrival
and speech in 2003
Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush began
publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil"
allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests
through possession of weapons of mass destruction.
In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's
intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for
Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range
greater than allowed by the UN sanctions. Contentions that the Bush
Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's
weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point
of criticism for the president.
[31][32]
In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi
disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002,
Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were
advised by the U.S. to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion,
despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks. The U.S. initially sought a UN Security Council
resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from
several countries.
George W. Bush
741
Bush pays a surprise visit to Baghdad
International Airport, November 27, 2003.
More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated
the "coalition of the willing" joined the United States in invading Iraq.
They launched the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was
quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9, 2003. On May
1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The
initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S.
and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups;
Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech was later criticized as
premature. From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated
further, with some observers arguing that there was a full-scale civil
war in Iraq. Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands
domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, led
by James Baker, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted that there
were strategic mistakes made in regards to the stability of Iraq, he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq
strategy.
Bush shakes hands with Iraqi Prime Minister
Nouri al-Maliki in 2006.
In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in Iraq for the
first time in 50 years. According to Iraqi National Security Advisor
Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "This is the greatest day in the history of this
country." Bush praised the event as well, saying that the Iraqis "have
taken rightful control of their country's destiny". This led to the
election of Jalal Talabani as President and Nouri al-Maliki as Prime
Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was
held in October 2005, supported by most Shiites and many Kurds.
On January 10, 2007, Bush announced a surge of 21,500 more troops
for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction
proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs. On May 1, 2007, Bush
used his second-ever veto to reject a bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops, saying the debate over
the conflict was "understandable" but insisting that a continued U.S. presence there was crucial.
In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi
Army, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq". He said he would carefully weigh
recommendations from his commanding General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about how to
proceed after the end of the military buildup in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative
achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law, and a
provincial powers measure that, he said, set the stage for the Iraqi elections. By July 2008, American troop deaths
had reached their lowest number since the war began, and due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced the
withdrawal of additional American forces.
Surveillance
Following the events of September 11, Bush issued an executive order authorizing the President's Surveillance
Program which included allowing the NSA to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S
and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. As
of 2009, the other provisions of the program remained highly classified. Once the Department of Justice Office of
Legal Counsel questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was
subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly
superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.
[33]
The
program proved to be controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as organizations such as the American
George W. Bush
742
Bar Association, argued that it was illegal.
[34]
In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the NSA
electronic surveillance program was unconstitutional, but on July 6, 2007, that ruling was vacated by the United
States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked standing. On January 17, 2007,
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the
President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight. Later in 2007, the NSA launched a replacement for the
program, referred to as PRISM, that was subject to the oversight of the United States Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Court. This program was not publicly revealed until reports by the Washington Post and The Guardian
emerged in June 2013.
At the military parade celebrating the sixtieth
anniversary of victory in World War II, Red
Square, Moscow
Interrogation policies
Bush authorized the CIA to use waterboarding as one of several
enhanced interrogation techniques. Between 2002 and 2003 the CIA
considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as
waterboarding, to be legal based on a secret Justice Department legal
opinion arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the Geneva
Conventions' ban on torture and Vice President Cheney said enhanced
interrogation including waterboarding was not torture or illegal. The
CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under
authority given to it in the Bybee Memo from the Attorney General,
though that memo was later withdrawn. While not permitted by the
U.S. Army Field Manuals which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information", the Bush
administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.
Critics, such as former CIA officer Bob Baer, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to
confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."
On October 17, 2006, Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006, a law enacted in the wake of the
Supreme Court's decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557
[35]
(2006), which allows the U.S. government to
prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denies them
access to habeas corpus and bars the torture of detainees, but allows the president to determine what constitutes
torture.
On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082, a bill that would have expanded congressional oversight over the
intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted
under the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations, saying that "the bill
Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the War on Terror". In April 2009, the ACLU
sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics. One
memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as
that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.
George W. Bush
743
Bush with China's President and Communist
party leader Hu Jintao in 2006
North Korea condemnation
Main article: North Korea€United States relations
Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North
Korea one of three states in an "axis of evil", and saying that "the
United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous
regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."
Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective
commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October
1994." North Korea's October 9, 2006, detonation of a nuclear device
further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both
terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who
seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world". Bush condemned
North Korea's position, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and stated that "transfer of
nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the
United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable. On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut
down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a
result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China. On September 2, 2007, North
Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007. By May 2009, North Korea
had restarted its nuclear program and threatened to attack South Korea.
On June 22, 2010, "While South Korea prospers, the people of North Korea have suffered profoundly," he said,
adding that, "communism had resulted in dire poverty, mass starvation and brutal suppression. "In recent years," he
went on to say, "the suffering has been compounded by the leader who wasted North Korea's precious few resources
on personal luxuries and nuclear weapons programs."
Syria sanctions
Bush with Russian president Vladimir Putin,
Shanghai, October 21, 2001
Bush expanded economic sanctions on Syria. In early 2007, the
Treasury Department, acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze
American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science
and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and
Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing
business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of
mass destruction
[36]
and being supportive of terrorism. Under separate
executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury
Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing
them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in
Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: Assaad
Halim Hardan, a member of Lebanon's parliament and current leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; Wi'am
Wahhab, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister Omar
Karami (2004€2005); Hafiz Makhluf, a colonel and senior official in the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and
a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik, identified as a close adviser to
Assad.
George W. Bush
744
Africa
Bush initiated the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Program (PEPFAR). The U.S. government has spent
some $44 billion on the project since 2003 (a figure that includes $7 billion contributed to the Global Fund to Fight
AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, a multilateral organization), saving an estimated 5 million lives. According to New
York Times correspondent Peter Baker, "Bush did more to stop AIDS and more to help Africa than any president
before or since."
Assassination attempt
On May 10, 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian, a native Georgian who was born to a family of ethnic Armenians, threw a
live hand grenade toward a podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian
President Mikheil Saakashvili was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after
hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, confessed, was convicted and was given
a life sentence in January 2006.
Other issues
Bush, Mahmoud Abbas, and Ariel Sharon meet at
the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4,
2003.
Bush withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements,
including the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. He
also signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty with Russia.
Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and
the Palestinians; he denounced Palestine Liberation Organization
leader Yasser Arafat for his support of violence, but sponsored
dialogues between Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian
National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported
Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic
elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death.
Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following
the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E
Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with a People's Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S.
personnel. In 2003€2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests.
Bush condemned the militia attacks Darfur and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide. Bush said that an
international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but opposed referring the situation to the International
Criminal Court.
George W. Bush
745
Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia
Tymoshenko meeting with Bush on
April 1, 2008
In his State of the Union address in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year
strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan for
AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort which directly supported
life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 3.2 million men, women and
children worldwide.
On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and became
the first president to visit Albania. Bush has voiced his support for the
independence of Kosovo. Bush opposed South Ossetia's independence. On
August 15, 2008, Bush said of Russia's invasion of the country of Georgia:
"Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in
the 21st century."
Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Departing from
previous practice, he stood among a group of U.S. athletes rather than from a
ceremonial stand or box, saying: "On behalf of a proud, determined, and grateful
nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic
Winter Games." In 2008, in the course of a good-will trip to Asia, he attended the Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush
nominated John Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist,
this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts
was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005.
On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated long time White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position. After
facing significant opposition from both parties, who found her to be ill-prepared and uninformed on the law,
[37]
Miers asked that her name be withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal
appellate judge Samuel Alito. Alito was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.
Other courts
Main article: List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the United States courts of appeals
and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Each of these numbers, along with his total of 324 judicial
appointments, is third in American history, behind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush experienced a number
of judicial appointment controversies. Debate during one confirmation session lasted "39 stupefying hours"
according to The New York Times. On August 3, 2001, the Senate did not consent to keep existing nominations in
status quo, returning 40 judicial nominations, and 164 total nominations.
At the outset, Judicature magazine noted that the "Senate Democrats were gearing up for the approaching
confirmation hearings" before the first set of nominees were sent to the Senate. It then cites the New York Times as
saying "Senate Democrats have pledged they will not automatically vote to confirm Mr. Bush's judicial nominees
and will subject them to intense scrutiny."
The Senate only confirmed 8 out of 60 judicial nominations by October 2001. In February 2003, the Democrats
successfully filibustered the nomination of Miguel Estrada.
George W. Bush
746
Public image and perception
Domestic
Main article: Public image of George W. Bush
See also: Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
  approve  disapprove  unsureGallup
pollGallup/USA Today Bush public opinion
polling from February 2001 to January 2009.
Blue denotes approve, red disapprove and green
unsure.
Image
Bush's upbringing in West Texas, his accent, his vacations on his
Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his
folksy, American cowboy image. "I think people look at him and think
John Wayne," said Piers Morgan, editor of the British Daily Mirror. It
has been suggested that Bush's accent was an active choice, as a way of
distinguishing himself from Northeastern intellectuals and anchoring
himself to his Texas roots. Both supporters and detractors have pointed
to his country persona as reasons for their support or criticism.
Bush has been parodied by the media, comedians, and other politicians. Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors
made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially referred to as Bushisms. Some pundits labeled
Bush "the worst president ever". In contrast to his father, who was perceived as having troubles with an overarching
unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks. Tony
Blair wrote in 2010 that the caricature of Bush as being dumb is "ludicrous" and that Bush is "very smart".
Job approval
Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%. After the September 11 attacks, Bush gained an approval
rating of 90%, maintaining 80€90% approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50% during most of
his first term and then fell to as low as 19% in his second term.
In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to
someone who the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year". In May 2004, Gallup
reported that 89% of the Republican electorate approved of Bush. However, the support waned due mostly to a
minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.
Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in
the 2004 presidential elections. While 73% of military personnel said that they would vote for Bush, 18% preferred
his Democratic rival, John Kerry. According to Peter D. Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied
the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him
more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.
Bush's approval rating went below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos polling in December 2004. Thereafter, his approval
ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. Bush received heavy
criticism for his handling of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse,
NSA warrantless surveillance, the Plame affair, and Guantanamo Bay detention camp controversies. There were
calls for Bush's impeachment, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans would not support such an action.
The arguments offered for impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, the Bush
administration's justification for the war in Iraq, and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions. Representative
Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), who had run against Bush during the 2004 presidential campaign, introduced 35 articles of
impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives against Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi
(D-CA) declared that impeachment was "off the table".
George W. Bush
747
Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush, the lowest for any second-term
president at that point of his term since Harry S. Truman in March 1951 (when Truman's approval rating was 28%),
which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 mid-term elections.
Throughout most of 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties; the average for his entire second term
was 37%, according to Gallup.
Bush approval rating with key events marked
2001€2006
By the beginning of 2008, his final year in office, Bush„s approval
rating had dropped to a low of just 19%, largely from the loss of
support among Republicans. Commenting on his low poll numbers and
accusations of being "the worst president," Bush would say, "I make
decisions on what I think is right for the United States based upon
principles. I frankly don't give a damn about the polls."
In the spring of that year, Bush's disapproval ratings reached the
highest ever recorded for any president in the 70-year history of the
Gallup poll, with 69% of those polled in April 2008 disapproving of
the job Bush was doing as president and 28% approving € although the
majority (66%) of Republicans still approved of his job performance. In polls conducted in the fall, just before the
2008 election, his approval ratings remained at record lows of 19€20%, while his disapproval ratings ranged from
67% to as high as 75%. In polling conducted January 9•11, 2009, his final job approval rating by Gallup was 34%,
which placed him on par with Jimmy Carter and Harry Truman, the other presidents whose final Gallup ratings
measured in the low 30's (Richard Nixon's final Gallup approval rating was even lower, at 24%). According to a
CBS News/New York Times poll conducted January 11•15, 2009, Bush's final approval rating in office was 22%.
Early in his presidency, following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, he had achieved the highest job approval
rating of any American president since World War II, at 90%; but Bush left the White House as one of the most
unpopular presidents, second in overall unpopularity only to Richard Nixon.
Foreign perceptions
Bush with President Pervez Musharraf of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan in late 2006
Bush was criticized internationally and targeted by the global anti-war
and anti-globalization campaigns for his administration's foreign
policy. Views of him within the international community were more
negative than those of most previous American Presidents, even from
close ally France.
Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships
with Tony Blair of the UK and Vicente Fox of Mexico, although
formal relations were sometimes strained. Other leaders, such as
Afghan president Hamid Karzai, Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,
Spanish prime minister Jos„ Luis Rodr“guez Zapatero, and Venezuelan
president Hugo Ch‡vez, openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's
presidency, tensions arose between himself and Vladimir Putin, which led to a cooling of their relationship.
George W. Bush
748
Anti-war demonstration against a
visit by George W. Bush to London
in 2008
In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were
found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they
judged his administration as negative for world security. In 2007, the Pew Global
Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the
United States and the American people became less favorable around the world.
A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the
University of Maryland found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab
world.
The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47
countries, in only nine countries did most respondents express "a lot of
confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory
Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.
During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly Muslim Eastern European nation
of Albania, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of
2.8 million,
[38]
has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's
government is highly supportive of American foreign policy. A huge image of
the President was hung in the middle of the capital city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags while a
local street was named after him. A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in Fushe-Kruje, a few kilometers
northwest of Tirana. The Bush administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while
endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the
U.S. embassy in Belgrade.
Acknowledgments and dedications
On May 7, 2005, during an official state visit to Latvia, Bush was awarded the Order of the Three Stars presented to
him by President Vaira V¦§e-Freiberga. A few places outside the United States bear Bush's name. In 2005, the Tbilisi
City Council voted to rename a street in honor of the U.S. president. Previously known as Melaani Drive, the street
links the Georgian capital's airport with the city center and was used by Bush's motorcade during his visit four
months earlier. A street in Tirana, formerly known as Rruga PuntorŠt e Rilendjes, situated directly outside the
Albanian Parliament, was renamed after Bush a few days before he made the first-ever visit by an American
president to Albania in June 2007. In Jerusalem, a small plaza with a monument bearing his name is also dedicated
to Bush.
[39]
In 2012, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves awarded Bush the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana for his
work in expanding NATO.
George W. Bush
749
Post-presidency
Residence
George and Laura Bush wave to a crowd of 1000
at Andrews Air Force Base before their final
departure to Texas, January 20, 2009.
Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and his family
flew from Andrews Air Force Base to a homecoming celebration in
Midland, Texas, following which they returned to their ranch in
Crawford, Texas. They bought a home in the Preston Hollow
neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, where they settled down.
He makes regular appearances at various events throughout the
Dallas/Fort Worth area, most notably when he conducted the opening
coin toss at the Dallas Cowboys first game in the team's new stadium
in Arlington and an April 2009 visit to a Texas Rangers game, where
he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle in and was met
with a standing ovation. He also attended every home playoff game for
the Texas Rangers 2010 season and, accompanied by his father, threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Rangers
Ballpark in Arlington for Game 4 of the 2010 World Series on October 31, 2010.
On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had
been found during an annual medical examination.
Messages
Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile though he has made public appearances, most notably
after the release of his memoirs in 2010 and for the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2011. In March
2009, he delivered his first post-presidency speech in Calgary, Alberta, appeared via video on The Colbert Report
during which he praised U.S. troops for earning a "special place in American history," and attended the funeral of
Senator Ted Kennedy. Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the "Get Motivated" seminar
in Dallas. In the aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting that took place on November 5, 2009, in Texas, the Bushes paid
an undisclosed visit to the survivors and victims' families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base
commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage.
Bush, Obama, and Clinton, January 2010
Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on November 9, 2010.
During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he
considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping "the country safe
amid a real danger", and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure
the passage of Social Security reform. He also made news defending
his administration's enhanced interrogation techniques, specifically the
waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying, "I'd do it again to
save lives."
Bush appeared on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on
November 19, 2013, along with the former First Lady. When asked by
Leno why he does not comment publicly about the Obama administration, Bush said, "I don„t think it's good for the
country to have a former president criticize his successor."
George W. Bush
750
Collaborations
At President Obama's request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund to raise contributions
for relief and recovery efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake earlier in January.
On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin
Laden had been killed. The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham
Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.
Bush as an artist
After serving as U.S. president, Bush has started painting as a hobby. Subjects include dogs and still lifes. He has
also painted self-portraits and portraits of world leaders, including Vladimir Putin and Tony Blair.
Legacy
George W. Bush's legacy remains a contested one, with both liberals and conservatives still holding strong feelings
with regards to his overall place in history. Supporters credit Bush's counterterrorism policies with preventing
another major terrorist attack from occurring after 9-11, and have also praised individual policies such as the No
Child Left Behind Act, the Medicare prescription drug benefit and the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR. His
critics often point to his handling of the Iraq War, specifically the failure to find Weapons of Mass Destruction that
were initially the basis for the war, as well as his handling of tax policy, Hurricane Katrina and the 2008 financial
crisis as proof that George W. Bush was unfit to be president.
Despite the ongoing debate between liberals and conservatives, it is often acknowledged that Bush was one of the
most consequential presidents in American history. According to Princeton University scholar Julian Zelizer, Bush's
presidency was a "transformative" one, and stated that "some people hate him, some people love him, but I do think
he'll have a much more substantive perception as time goes on". Bryon Williams of The Huffington Post referred to
Bush as "the most noteworthy president since FDR" and pointed to policies such as the Patriot Act which he argues
"increased authority of the executive branch at the expense of judicial opinions about when searches and seizures are
reasonable" as evidence. These arguments are further reflected in the continuation of many policies implemented
during his presidency. His administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the Reagan administration, and his
homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great
Society, with much of these policies having endured in the administration of Bush's Democratic successor, Barack
Obama.
Since leaving office, Bush's presidency has received mostly negative reviews from professional scholars. A 2010
Siena College poll of 238 Presidential scholars found that Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in
handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence,
while a 2013 History News Network poll of 64 historians showed that 35 of them • over half • rated his
presidency as a failure.
Among the public, his reputation has improved somewhat since his presidency ended in 2009. In February 2012,
Gallup reported that "Americans still rate George W. Bush among the worst presidents, though their views have
become more positive in the three years since he left office." Gallup had earlier noted that Bush's favorability ratings
in public opinion surveys had begun to rise a year after he had left office, from 40% in January 2009 and 35% in
March 2009, to 45% in July 2010, a period during which he had remained largely out of the news. Other pollsters
have noted similar trends of slight improvement in Bush's personal favorability since the end of his presidency. In
April 2013, Bush's approval rating stood at 47% approval and 50% disapproval in a poll jointly conducted for the
Washington Post and ABC, his highest approval rating since December 2005. Bush had achieved notable gains
among seniors, non-college whites, and moderate and conservative Democrats since leaving office, although
George W. Bush
751
majorities disapproved of his handling of the economy (53%) and the Iraq War (57%). His 47% approval rating was
equal to that of President Obama's in the same polling period. A CNN poll conducted that same month found that
55% of Americans said Bush's presidency had been a failure, with 80% of Republican calling it a success, but only
43% of independents calling it a success and nearly 90% of Democrats calling it a failure.
References
[1] http:/ / www. georgewbushlibrary. smu.edu/
[2] http:/ / www. bushcenter. com/
[3] http:/ / georgewbush-whitehouse.archives. gov/ index. html
[4] [4] Baker, Kevin,
[5] Bush, then the Governor of Texas, was the commencement speaker at St. John's Academy in 1995:
[6] Bush, George W., A Charge to Keep, (1999) ISBN 0-688-17441-8
[7] Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd Edition), Chichester: John
Wiley and Sons, p. 297 ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5
[8] [8] Rutenberg, Jim (May 17, 2004).
[9] George W. Bush Talks About Life After the White House at Memphis Hospital Celebration (http:/ / www. thedailybeast. com/ articles/ 2012/
07/ 17/ george-w-bush-talks-about-life-after-the-white-house-at-memphis-hospital-celebration. html). The Daily Beast July 17, 2012.
Retrieved July 15, 2013.
[10] Koronowski, Ryan. It„s Not Just Oil: Wind Power Approaches 8% of Texas Electricity in 2010 (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/
20120113144117/ http:/ / www.repoweramerica.org/ states/ texas/ wind-power-in-texas/ ) Repower America', January 19, 2011. Retrieved
September 24, 2011.
[11] SB7 (http:/ / www.capitol.state. tx.us/ BillLookup/ Text. aspx?LegSess=76R& Bill=SB7) Law text (http:/ / www. capitol. state. tx. us/
tlodocs/ 76R/ billtext/ html/ SB00007I. htm)Texas Legislature Online, May 1999. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
[12] George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al. (http:/ / www. law. cornell. edu/ supct/ html/ 00-949. ZPC. html), 531 U.S. 98
(2000). Retrieved February 12, 2010.
[13] [13] After initial comments made in March, there was no statement on the latter issue until June.
[14] [14] Origins of the Crash: The Great Bubble and Its Undoing, Roger Lowenstein, Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 1-59420-003-3, ISBN
978-1-59420-003-8 page 114-115
[15] Historical Budget Data (http:/ / www.cbo.gov/ ftpdocs/ 108xx/ doc10871/ appendixf. shtml), Congressional Budget Office, Tables F-1, F-3,
F-7, F-9, and F-12.
[16] Spending Under President George W. Bush (http:/ / mercatus. org/ uploadedFiles/ Mercatus/ WP0904_GAP_Spending Under President
George W Bush. pdf), Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Mar 2009, Table 2
[17] [17] Office of Management! and Budget; National Economic Council, September 27, 2000
[18] A BLUEPRINT FOR NEW BEGINNINGS € A RESPONSIBLE BUDGET FOR AMERICA¨S PRIORITIES (http:/ / web. archive.org/
web/ 20041018020541/ http:/ / www. gpoaccess.gov/ usbudget/ fy02/ pdf/ blueprnt. pdf), U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
WASHINGTON 2001, page 7
[19] [19] Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court, 2007,
Penguin Books, p. 273
[20] Debt nation, post two (http:/ / www. sbscpagroup.com/ blog/ debt-nation-post-two/ ), Small Business Services CPA Group, Inc.
[21] Aversa, Jeannine, Employers Slash 63,000 Jobs in February (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 23518599), Most in 5 Years, Feeding
Recession Fears", Associated Press, March 7, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
[22] See American International Group for details and citations.
[23] [23] Greenburg, Jan Crawford, Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court, 2007,
Penguin Books, p. 274
[24] Bush, George W. Executive Order 13212•Actions To Expedite Energy-Related Projects (http:/ / energy. gov/ sites/ prod/ files/ oeprod/
DocumentsandMedia/ Executive_Order_13212. pdf) United States Department of Energy, May 18, 2001. Amendment (http:/ / www.
presidency. ucsb.edu/ ws/ index. php?pid=61397#axzz1YsGHfHdk). Retrieved September 24, 2011.
[25] Sovacool et al. Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States (http:/ / www. columbiaenvironmentallaw. org/
articles/ preventing-national-electricity-water-crisis-areas-in-the-united-states) PDF (http:/ / www. columbiaenvironmentallaw. org/ assets/
pdfs/ 34.2/ 6._Sovacool_34.2.pdf) p389 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, July 20, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
[26] [26] ; Romm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. Part 2.
[27] "I don't think anybody anticipated the breach of the levees." George W. Bush to Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America, September 1, 2005.
[28] [28] Decision Points Bush, George W. Random House 2010 page 116
[29] Lopez, George, "Perils of Bush's Pre-emptive War Doctrine", The Indianapolis Star, October 3, 2003.
[30] Kristof, Nicholas D., "A Merciful War," (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2002/ 02/ 01/ opinion/ a-merciful-war. html) The New York Times,
February 1, 2002. "Now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale. Unicef, for example, has vaccinated 734,000
children against measles over the last two months, in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous
George W. Bush
752
10 years. Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan, the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children's lives each
year....Heidi J. Larson of Unicef says that if all goes well, child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five
years. That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year."
[31] Judis, John B. and Ackerman, Spencer, …The Selling of the Iraq War†, The New Republic, June 2003.
[32] Hersh, Seymour M., "The Stovepipe", The New Yorker, October 27, 2003.
[33] [33] U.S. Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities.
[34] [34] ; ;
[35] http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 548/ 557/ case.html
[36] "U.S. Treasury moves to clamp down on Syrian entities accused of spreading weapons" (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/
summary_0286-29109026_ITM). Registration required. January 4, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
[37] [37] Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.2007. Penguin
Books. Page 278.
[38] http:/ / census. al/ Resources/ Data/ Census2011/ Instat_print%20. pdf
[39] W. Bush Plaza, Jerusalem | Flickr € Condivisione di foto! (http:/ / www. flickr. com/ photos/ troels/ 3595333455/ ). Flickr.com. June 2,
2009. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Further reading
Academic
ƒ Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006
Elections (2007), 324pp excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0872894150)
ƒ Allard, Scott W. "The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration." Publius 2007 37(3): 304€332.
Issn: 0048-5950
ƒ Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), highly detailed coverage of
electoral politics and Congress.
ƒ Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an
Evangelical Presidential Style." Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36#4 2006. pp 606+. online edition (http:/ / www.
questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=5018322436)
ƒ Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. The George W. Bush Legacy Congressional
Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars excerpts and online search from Amazon.com (http:/ / www.
amazon. com/ dp/ 0872893464)
ƒ Congressional Quarterly. CQ Almanac Plus highly detailed annual compilation of events in Congress, White
House, Supreme Court, summarizing the weekly "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report". (annual, 2002€2009)
ƒ Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. "Federalism, the Bush Administration, and the Transformation of American
Conservatism." Publius 2007 37(3): 279€303. Issn: 0048-5950
ƒ Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations
(2001) online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=99208680)
ƒ Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of Presidents George H. W. Bush
and George W. Bush." White House Studies 2007 7(2): 163€179. Issn: 1535-4738
ƒ Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals." Foreign Affairs 2007 86(3): 97€108. Issn: 0015-7120 Fulltext: Ebsco
ƒ Eckersley, Robyn. "Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol, the Bush Administration's Climate Policy and the Erosion of
Legitimacy." International Politics 2007 44(2€3): 306€324. Issn: 1384-5748
ƒ Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds. New Challenges for the American Presidency New York:
Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from Presidential Studies Quarterly
ƒ Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush (2007), 478pp;
essays by scholars; excerpt and online search from Amazon.com (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ reader/
0199217971)
ƒ Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed (2007),
146pp excerpt and online search from Amazon.com (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ reader/ 0815728840)
ƒ Graham John D. Bush on the Home Front: Domestic Policy Triumphs and Setbacks (Indiana University Press,
2010) 425 pages; covers taxation, education, health care, energy, the environment, and regulatory reform.
George W. Bush
753
ƒ Greenstein, Fred I. ed. The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment Johns Hopkins University Press,
2003
ƒ Greenstein, Fred I. …The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and
Post-9/11 Comparison† in Presidential Studies Quarterly v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. online edition (http:/ / www.
questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=5000773171)
ƒ Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. Considering the Bush Presidency Oxford University Press, 2004. 210
pp. British perspectives
ƒ Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO
Enlargement." White House Studies. (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM.
qst?a=o& d=5008838303)Wikipedia:Link rot
ƒ Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm
SUNY Press 2004
ƒ Jacobson, Gary C. …The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate† Presidential Studies Quarterly v 33 No.4
2003 pp 701+. online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=5002052614)
ƒ Jacobson, Gary C. "Referendum: the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." Political Science Quarterly 2007
122(1): 1€24. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: Ebsco
ƒ Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism." Publius
2007 37(3): 478€503. Issn: 0048-5950
ƒ Moens, Alexander The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty. Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.
ƒ Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and
State Experimentation." Publius 2007 37(3): 413€431. Issn: 0048-5950
ƒ Sabato, Larry J. ed. The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency (2007), experts on
the 2006 elections in major states
ƒ Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of
Bush 41 and 43." White House Studies 2007 7(1): 35€51. Issn: 1535-4738
ƒ Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the
Presidency?" White House Studies 2007 7(2): 113€124. Issn: 1535-4738
ƒ Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. "Education Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child Left Behind
and the Bush Presidency." Publius 2007 37(3): 333€350. Issn: 0048-5950
Reflections on the Bush presidency
ƒ Barnes, Fred. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming
America (2006)
ƒ Bartlett, Bruce. Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy (2006)
ƒ Cheney, Dick. In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir (2011)
ƒ Draper, Robert. Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush (2007)
ƒ Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a
New Politics of Gender (2007)
ƒ Gerson, Michael J. Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They
Deserve to Fail If They Don't) (2007), excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 006134950X)
ƒ Greenspan, Alan. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (2007)
ƒ Hayes, Stephen F. Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President
(2007), excerpts and online search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0060723467)
ƒ Hughes, Karen. George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader (2005)
ƒ Mabry, Marcus. Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power (2007)
ƒ Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential (2003)
online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=107370497)
ƒ Rice, Condoleezza. No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (2011)
George W. Bush
754
ƒ Rumsfeld, Donald. Known and Unknown: A Memoir (2011)
ƒ Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O‚Neill (2004),
excerpts and online search from Amazon.com (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0743255461)
ƒ Woodward, Bob. Plan of Attack (2003), excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 074325547X)
Primary sources
ƒ Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President (annual 1947€) (http:/ / fraser. stlouisfed.org/
publications/ ERP/ ), complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical
tables
ƒ Bush, George W. George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and
Patriotism (2004)
ƒ Bush, George W. Decision Points (2010)
External links
ƒ Official White House biography (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ georgewbush/ )
ƒ Archived White House website (http:/ / georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov/ ) € National Archives and
Records Administration, maintains content from January 20, 2009
ƒ George W. Bush Presidential Speech Archive (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ george_bush_archive) at the Internet
Archive
ƒ George W. Bush (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ politics/ Profiles/ George_W. _Bush_topic. html) collected
news and commentary at The Washington Post
ƒ George W. Bush (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Society/ History/ By_Region/ North_America/ United_States/
Presidents/ Bush,_George_Walker) at DMOZ
ƒ "Republican National Committee biography" (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070414215908/ http:/ / www.
gop. com/ About/ Bio. aspx?id=1). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. gop. com/ About/ Bio. aspx?id=1)
on April 14, 2007.
ƒ George W. Bush photos (http:/ / www. history. com/ topics/ george-w-bush/ photos#) € History Channel
collection of presidential photographs.
ƒ Essays on Bush, each member of his cabinet and First Lady (http:/ / millercenter. org/ index. php/ academic/
americanpresident/ gwbush) the Miller Center of Public Affairs
Rex Cowdry
755
Rex Cowdry
Rex William Cowdry (born February 12, 1947 in Des Moines, Iowa
[1]
) is an American psychiatrist. He graduated
from Yale University in 1968, where he was a member of Skull and Bones,
:177
, and earned an MD and Master of
Public Health from Harvard University in 1973. He was Acting Director of the National Institute of Mental Health
from 1994 to 1996. He was the Executive Director of the Maryland Health Care Commission from 2005 to 2011.
[2]
References
[1] "Rex William Cowdry." American Men & Women of Science: A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological, and
Related Sciences. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 6 Apr. 2011.
[2] https:/ / www. linkedin.com/ pub/ rex-cowdry/ 63/ 680/ 6a2
Robert McCallum, Jr.
756
Robert McCallum, Jr.
For the pornographic director of the same name, see Gary Graver.
The Honourable
United States Ambassador to Australia
In office
2006€2009
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Thomas Schieffer
Succeeded by Jeff Bleich
Personal details
Born 1946
Memphis, Tennessee
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Mary Rankin Weems
Alma mater Yale University;
Oxford University
Robert D. McCallum, Jr. (born 1946) was the United States Ambassador to Australia, from 2006€2009.
Early life
McCallum was born in Memphis, Tennessee, where his father, Robert D. McCallum, was a businessman [1]. He was
educated at Presbyterian Day School in Memphis and then at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in
Wallingford, Connecticut, where he was a star tennis player and captain of the basketball team. He then went to Yale
University, where he graduated in 1968. At Yale his roommate and fellow member of Skull and Bones was George
W. Bush.
[2][3]
In 1968, McCallum was named a Rhodes Scholar and attended Oxford University in England. In
1969, he met and married Mary Rankin Weems ("Mimi") of Memphis, who, until that time, had worked as a flight
attendant for Trans World Airlines. They have two adult sons, one of whom was also a Rhodes Scholar. McCallum
graduated from Yale Law School in 1973.
Professional life
After completing his LL.B. at Yale in 1973, McCallum joined the Atlanta law firm of Alston & Bird. Philip Alston,
one of the principals of this firm, was U.S. Ambassador to Australia under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to
1981. McCallum remained with the firm for 28 years, before joining the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001 as
Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division. In this position he oversaw litigation involving the defense of
challenges to Presidential actions and acts of Congress; national security issues; immigration; benefit programs;
commercial issues including health care fraud, banking, insurance, patents, debt collection; and the Food Drug and
Cosmetic Act.
In July 2003 McCallum was appointed Associate Attorney General. He served as Acting Deputy Attorney General
from September to December 2004 and from August 2005 until he resigned on being nominated as Ambassador to
Australia.
In 2005 McCallum was accused of interfering with the government's prosecution of the tobacco industry by
requiring Justice Department lawyers to cut their demand for an industry-sponsored smoking cessation program from
Robert McCallum, Jr.
757
$130 billion to $10 billion. During his ambassadorial confirmation hearings before the United States Senate, Senator
Dick Durbin of Illinois raised this issue and demanded an investigation of McCallum's role. The Justice
Department's Office of Professional Responsibility found no wrongdoing on McCallum's part. In her 2006 decision
in the case, Judge Gladys Kessler placed limits on tobacco companies' abilities to market cigarettes, but found that a
previous appeals court ruling prevented her (in the judicial branch) from requiring the industry to pay for a smoking
cessation program.
Australia
McCallum had never been to Australia prior to his appointment and had had no previous involvement with the
country, or indeed with foreign policy at all. The position of U.S. Ambassador to Australia is traditionally held by
friends or political associates of the President, rather than by career diplomats, since Australia is a close ally of the
U.S. and the post is considered a highly desirable one. The previous Ambassador, Tom Schieffer, was a business
associate of President Bush.
In an interview with The Australian, a national daily newspaper, McCallum said that he had been attending seminars
on Australian affairs since his appointment. "I feel that [from the seminars] I have got a good grounding in the
fundamentals of what is going on in a very, very important relationship to the U.S. with Australia, and I'm eager to
learn and experience that firsthand", he said. He said that he would seek to meet and establish close relations with
Australian politicians of all parties, including those critical of U.S. policies.
[4]
McCallum's arrival in Australia ended an 18-month period in which there was no U.S. Ambassador in Canberra.
Following Schieffer's departure to take up the position of Ambassador to Japan in January 2005, the U.S. was
represented by a Charg• d'Affaires, Bill Stanton, who also departed Australia before McCallum's appointment. The
long delay was caused by the Bush Administration's apparent inability to find a candidate who was suitably close to
the President but willing to undergo the scrutiny which accompanies the Senate confirmation process.
McCallum announced that he would resign his position following the inauguration of President Barack Obama in
2009, claiming that a new ambassador with a close relationship with the President is important to the US-Australia
alliance.
[5]
He resigned from the position and left Australia on 20 January 2009.
External links
ƒ Remarks to the American Health Lawyers Association Meeting, September 30, 2002.
[6]
ƒ United States Department of Justice recovers record $1.6 billion in fraud payments.
[7]
ƒ Statement of Assistant Attorney General Robert McCallum, Jr. about the Third Circuit Decision issued in North
Jersey Media Group v. Ashcroft, October 8, 2002.
[8]
ƒ Statement of Assistant Attorney General Robert McCallum, Jr. following daily arguments in 9/11 Victim
Compensation Fund Case, April 14, 2003.
[9]
ƒ New envoy a smart lawyer and friend of Bush
[10]
Robert McCallum, Jr.
758
References
[1] http:/ / www. rhodes. edu/ NewsCenter/ RhodesMagazine/ Summer2005/ CampusNews/ Remembering-Trustee-Robert-McCallum. cfm
[2] "Leak Investigation: An Oversight Issue?" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 8853002/ site/ newsweek/ ), Newsweek, August 15, 2005
[3] Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company,
2002, page 177, 181.
[4] http:/ / www. theaustralian. news. com.au/ story/ 0,20867,19941242-28737,00. html
[5] http:/ / www. theage.com. au/ world/ us-election-2008/ american-ambassador-takes-his-leave-of-australia-20081106-5jbo. html?page=1
[6] Transcript (http:/ / www. usdoj.gov/ civil/ speeches/ mccallum093002. htm)
[7] "Justice Recovers Record $1.6 Billion in Fraud Payments; Highest Ever For One Year Period" (http:/ / www. usdoj. gov/ opa/ pr/ 2001/
November/ 01_civ_591.htm)
[8] "Statement of Assistant Attorney General Robert McCallum on the Third Circuit Decision Issued in North Jersey Media Group v. Ashcroft:"
(http:/ / www. usdoj.gov/ opa/ pr/ 2002/ October/ 02_civ_586. htm)
[9] "Statement of Assistant Attorney General Robert McCallum, Jr. following today's arguments in 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Case" (http:/
/ www.usdoj. gov/ opa/ pr/ 2003/ April/ 03_civ_235.htm)
[10] http:/ / www.theage.com. au/ news/ world/ new-envoy-a-lawyer-but-no-diplomat/ 2006/ 03/ 15/ 1142098528947. html
Legal offices
Preceded by
Peter D.
Keisler
(acting)
United States Associate Attorney
General
2003-2006
Succeeded by
William W. Mercer
(acting)
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Tom Schieffer
United States Ambassador to Australia
2006-2009
Succeeded by
Designate: Jeff Bleich
Don Schollander
759
Don Schollander
Don Schollander
Personal information
Full name Donald Arthur Schollander
Nickname(s) "Don"
Nationality  United States
Born April 30, 1946
Charlotte, North Carolina
Height 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Weight 174 lb (79 kg)
Sport
Sport Swimming
Stroke(s) Freestyle
Club Santa Clara Swim Club
College team Yale University
Donald Arthur Schollander (born April 30, 1946) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic
champion, and former world record-holder. He won a total of five gold medals and one silver medal at the 1964 and
1968 Summer Olympics. With four gold medals, he was the most successful athlete at the 1964 Olympics.
Early career
Schollander was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, and learned competitive swimming from his uncle, Newt Perry,
who ran a swim school in Florida. As a boy, Schollander moved with his family to Lake Oswego, Oregon. Although
his first sporting passion was football, he was too small to compete in high school football. Instead, he joined Lake
Oswego High School's swim team, and in 1960, helped lead the team to an Oregon state swimming championship as
a freshman.
Olympics
As a teenager in 1962, Schollander moved to Santa Clara, California to train under swim coach George Haines of the
Santa Clara Swim Club. Two years later at the age of 18, he won three freestyle events at the AAU national
championships. He made the U.S. Olympic team in two individual events and two relays. Months later, he won four
gold medals and set three world records at the 1964 Summer Olympics, at the time the most medals won by an
American since Jesse Owens in 1936. His success helped earn him the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur
athlete in the United States, and the AP Athlete of the Year, defeating runner-up Johnny Unitas by a wide margin. He
was also named ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year.
Schollander appeared on an episode of To Tell the Truth immediately after winning his four gold medals.
Don Schollander
760
College and Olympic swimming
Schollander attended Yale University and is a member of the Skull and Bones secret society and the Delta Kappa
Epsilon (Phi chapter) fraternity along with the future President George W. Bush. He was the captain of Yale's swim
team, winning three individual NCAA championships. Schollander returned to the Olympics in 1968, winning the
gold medal in the 4œ200 meter freestyle relay, but finishing second in the 200 meter freestyle, the event that
Schollander had considered to be his best. This was the first Olympics in which 200 meter swimming events were
part of the competition.
Following the 1968 Olympics, Don Schollander retired from competitive swimming.
After swimming
Schollander was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1965, at the age of 19. In 1983, he was
one of the first group of inductees into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. He is also a member of Oregon Sports Hall
of Fame.
In 1971, he published his first book, Deep Water (ISBN 0720705428, with Duke Savage) chronicling his swimming,
his teammates and coaches, and the behind-the-scenes politics of international swimming, especially the Olympic
Games. He followed this book in 1974 with Inside Swimming (ISBN 0809289059, with Joel H. Cohen).
Schollander resides with his wife Cheryl in Lake Oswego, where he runs Schollander Development, a real estate
development company. His gold medals are on display to the public at a Bank of America branch location in
downtown Lake Oswego. Schollander has three children, Jeb, Kyle and Katie.
References
External links
ƒ Don Schollander (http:/ / www. sports-reference. com/ olympics/ athletes/ sc/ don-schollander-1. html) € Olympic
athlete profile at Sports-Reference.com
ƒ Don Schollander (USA) (http:/ / www. ishof. org/ Honorees/ 65/ 65dschollander. html) € Honor Swimmer profile
at International Swimming Hall of Fame
ƒ Wheaties Sports Federation (http:/ / www. ishof. org/ video_archive/ swimming/ don_schollander. htm) €
Archive video featuring Don Schollander at International Swimming Hall of Fame
Preceded by
R. Malcolm
Graham
Robert A. Griese
Floyd Little
James R. Lynch
Alan C. Page
Ricardo M. Urbina
Silver Anniversary Awards
(NCAA)
Class of 1993
Dick Anderson
Bob Johnson
Donna A. Lopiano
Donald A. Schollander
Stan Smith
Wyomia Tyus
Succeeded by
Kareem
Abdul-Jabbar
Lee Evans
Calvin Hill
William C. Hurd
Leroy Keyes
Jim Ryun
Brian Dowling (American football)
761
Brian Dowling (American football)
Brian Dowling
Date of birth: April 1, 1947
Place of birth: Cleveland, Ohio
Career information
Position(s): Quarterback
College: Yale University
NFL Draft: 1969 / Round: 11 / Pick 277
Organizations
As player:
1969
1970-1973
1974-1975
1977
Minnesota Vikings (camp)
New England Patriots
Charlotte Hornets (WFL)
Green Bay Packers
Career stats
Playing stats at DatabaseFootball.com
[1]
Brian John Dowling (born April 1, 1947) is a former college and professional football player and was the starting
quarterback of the Yale University football team in the late 1960s. He set, and held for decades, a number of Yale
passing records. Dowling finished 9th in vote for the 1968 Heisman Trophy, and was awarded the Nils V. "Swede"
Nelson Award for sportsmanship in 1967. At Yale, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity.
The 1968 team was undefeated and favored going into The Game against Harvard University. Harvard was
undefeated and untied, too. Harvard, trailing 29€13 with less than a minute remaining, rallied to tie the game, which
ended with a score of 29€29. The contest's result inspired the Harvard Crimson to print the headline "Harvard Beats
Yale, 29-29". Dowling at that point had lost only one game he started since the sixth grade.
Dowling played football in high school for St. Ignatius High School, located in Cleveland, Ohio. He played in two
consecutive City Championship games in 1963 and 1964; St. Ignatius lost to Benedictine High School, 30-16, in the
1963 game but avenged the loss the following year with a 48-6 victory over Benedictine.
Dowling played briefly in the National Football League for the New England Patriots and Green Bay Packers. He
was drafted in the 11th round of the 1969 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings, but cut in training camp. He had two
touchdown passes and three rushing touchdowns during his NFL career.
The character B.D., in the Doonesbury comic strip, was originally based and named after Dowling, a Yale classmate
of cartoonist Garry Trudeau.
[2]
Dowling is currently an insurance industry consultant who works with a venture capitalist in the Boston area.
[3]
Brian Dowling (American football)
762
References
[1] http:/ / www. databasefootball.com/ players/ playerpage. htm?ilkid=DOWLIBRI01
[2] Gene Weingarten, Doonesbury's War (http:/ / www.washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 10/ 20/ AR2006102000446_3.
html). The Washington Post, October 22, 2006, p. W14.
[3] Randall Beach, Character forever linked to tie game Yale ‰lost„ to Harvard in „68 (http:/ / www. nhregister. com/ articles/ 2010/ 03/ 05/ news/
doc4b90b4fe3f00d654965384.txt). New Haven Register, March 5, 2010.
Stephen A. Schwarzman
763
Stephen A. Schwarzman
This article is about the investor. For his namesake building, see New York Public Library Main Branch.
Stephen A. Schwarzman
Stephen A. Schwarzman speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 2008
Born Stephen Allen Schwarzman
February 14, 1947
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Residence New York City, US
Ethnicity
Jewish
[1][2]
Alma mater Yale University (A.B.)
Harvard Business School (M.B.A.)
Occupation Co-founder, Chairman & CEO of the The Blackstone Group
Salary US$ 350,000 (2011)
Total: US$ 4,959,440(2011)
Net worth
US$ 10.0 billion (March 2014)
[3]
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s) Ellen Philips (divorced)
Christine Mularchuk Hearst (current)
Children 3 (2 with Philips; 1 stepchild with Hearst)
Stephen Allen Schwarzman (born February 14, 1947) is an American business magnate and investor. He is best
known as the chairman and CEO of the Blackstone Group, a private equity and financial advisory firm he formed in
1985 with former US Secretary of Commerce Pete Peterson. His personal fortune is estimated at $10.0 billion,
according to Forbes.
[3]
Early life and education
Schwarzman was raised in a Jewish family
[4][5]
in Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, the son of Arline and Joseph
Schwarzman. His father owned Schwarzman's, a former dry-goods store in Philadelphia.
[6]
Schwarzman attended the Abington School District in suburban Philadelphia and graduated from Abington Senior
High School in 1965.
[7]
He attended Yale University during the same period as George W. Bush, one year behind
him (both were in the Skull and Bones society)
[8][9]
and graduated in 1969. He then went on to Harvard Business
School and graduated in 1972.
Stephen A. Schwarzman
764
Career
Schwarzman's first job in financial services was with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, a now defunct investment bank.
After business school, Schwarzman started working at the investment bank Lehman Brothers, where he reached the
rank of managing director at age 31.
[10]
He eventually became the head of Lehman Brothers' global mergers and
acquisitions team. In 1985, Schwarzman and his boss Peter Peterson started Blackstone, which originally focused on
mergers and acquisitions.
[11][12]
With an estimated current[13] net worth of around $4.7 billion, Schwarzman was ranked by Forbes as the
52nd-richest person in America in 2011. He lives in a large apartment on Park Avenue in New York, previously
owned by the Mayflower descendent George Brewster and John D. Rockefeller Jr. Schwarzman bought it from Saul
Steinberg in 2000 for just under $30 million.
[14]
However, an article in The New Yorker claims that the apartment
was purchased for $37 million.
[15]
On 13 February 2007, Schwarzman celebrated his 60th birthday at the Armory on Park Avenue. Guests included
Colin Powell, Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg, and Cardinal Edward M. Egan of New York. The
climax of the evening was a half-hour live performance by Rod Stewart, for which he was reportedly paid $1
million.
[16][17][18][19]
When Blackstone went public in June 2007, it revealed in a securities filing that Schwarzman had earned about
$398.3 million in fiscal 2006.
[20][21]
He ultimately received $684 million selling part of his Blackstone stake in the
IPO, keeping a stake then worth $9.1 billion.
[22]
In 2007, Schwarzman was listed among Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World.
Schwarzman has served as an adjunct professor at the Yale School of Management and is Chairman of the Board of
Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
In June 2007, Schwarzman described his view on financial markets with the statement: "I want war, not a series of
skirmishes... I always think about what will kill off the other bidder."
[23]
On March 11, 2008 Schwarzman announced that he contributed $100 million toward the expansion of the New York
Public Library, for which he serves as a trustee. The central reference building on 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue was
renamed "The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building".
[24]
In August 2010, Schwarzman compared the Obama administration's plan to raise carried interest taxes to Hitler's
invasion of Poland in 1939, a comment for which Schwarzman later apologized.
[25][26]
Among Blackstone's largest investments were SeaWorld Parks, in 2009. SeaWorld Parks were the focus of the 2013
film Blackfish, a documentary on Killer Whale attacks at these parks and the ethics of keeping them captive. When
asked about the film, Stephen Schwarzman said on record that SeaWorld trainer Dawn Brancheau should be blamed
for her own death, claiming that the veteran animal trainer broke multiple safety rules before she was pulled into a
tank and killed by a six-ton orca in February 2010. Blackstone said in a written statement that Schwarzman
"misspoke" in response to a question about "Blackfish," the controversial documentary that examines Brancheau's
death and killer-whale captivity. The firm said its chief executive had not anticipated a question about the film and
had not been briefed on the subject. The firm said Schwarzman does not plan to go back on CNBC to correct the
record on air.
[27][28]
SeaWorld, for its part, said unequivocally that Brancheau bore no blame. "Dawn was one of the
world„s most skilled and experienced marine mammal trainers. Her dedication to safety was among the many reasons
she was so respected by her colleagues at SeaWorld and within the worldwide animal training community," the
company said in a written statement. "We have never said and do not believe that she was at fault for the events of
February 24, 2010."
[29][30]
Stephen A. Schwarzman
765
Schwarzman Scholars
On April 21, 2013, Schwarzman announced a $100 million personal gift to establish and endow a scholarship
program in China, Schwarzman Scholars, modeled after the prestigious Rhodes Scholarship program. Schwarzman
simultaneously announced a fundraising campaign with a goal of $200 million. The Schwarzman Scholars program
will be housed at Tsinghua University, one of China„s most prestigious universities. The first class of 200 students is
slated for 2016, upon completion of Schwarzman college, designed by Robert A. M. Stern, Dean of the Yale School
of Architecture.
Personal life
ƒ Schwarzman met his first wife, Ellen Philips, during his second year at Harvard Business School, where she
worked as a researcher and helped grade essays. She was the daughter of Jesse Philips, a wealthy Ohio
industrialist. They were married in 1971 and divorced in 1990. They had two children:
[31][32]
ƒ Elizabeth (born 1976), married in November 2005 to Andrew Curtis Right.
[33]
ƒ Edward Frank also known as Teddy (born 1979), married in November 2007 to Ellen Marie Zajac.
[34]
ƒ In 1995, Schwarzman married Christine Hearst, an intellectual-property lawyer who grew up on Long Island.
She was the daughter of Peggie and Peter Mularchuk of Hicksville, New York. Her father was a fireman. She was
recently divorced from Austin Hearst, grandson of the legendary newspaper tycoon Randolph Hearst. Rabbi
Bertram Siegel co-officiated along with the Rev. Sam Matarazzo, a Roman Catholic priest. She has one child
from a previous marriage.
[35]
References
[1] New York Times: "Live From New York, It„s Steve Schwarzman" By MICHAEL J. DE LA MERCED (http:/ / dealbook. nytimes. com/
2011/ 10/ 21/ live-from-new-york-its-steve-schwarzman/ ) October 21, 2011
[2] Jerusalem Post: "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 31-40 #33 Stephen Schwarzman (http:/ / www. jpost. com/ JewishWorld/ JewishFeatures/
Article. aspx?id=187427) September 2012
[3] Forbes: The World's Billionaires- Stephen Schwarzman (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ profile/ stephen-schwarzman/ ) March 2014
[4] New York Times: "Live From New York, It„s Steve Schwarzman" By MICHAEL J. DE LA MERCED (http:/ / dealbook. nytimes. com/
2011/ 10/ 21/ live-from-new-york-its-steve-schwarzman/ ) October 21, 2011
[5] Jerusalem Post: "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 31-40 #33 Stephen Schwarzman (http:/ / www. jpost. com/ JewishWorld/ JewishFeatures/
Article. aspx?id=187427) September 2012
[6] New York Times: "WEDDINGS;Christine Hearst, S. A. Schwarzman" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1995/ 11/ 05/ style/
weddings-christine-hearst-s-a-schwarzman. html) November 05, 1995
[7] http:/ / www. abington. k12. pa. us/ shs/ ?page=hall_past_reward_recipients#2005, December 19, 2009
[8] Evan Thomas and Daniel Gross, "Taxing the Super Rich," Newsweek, July 23, 2007
[9] Andrew Clark, "The Guardian profile: Stephen Schwarzman," The Guardian, June 15, 2007
[10] David Carey & John E. Morris, King of Capital: The Remarkable Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Steve Schwarzman and Blackstone, New
York: Crown Business, 2010 (http:/ / king-of-capital.com/ ), pp. 13€30
[11] Blackstone.com - Team (http:/ / www.blackstone. com/ team/ pdfs/ schwarzman_stephen. pdf)
[12] King of Capital, pp. 45-56
[13] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Stephen_A. _Schwarzman& action=edit
[14] Gross, Michael. 740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building. (http:/ / www. mgross. com/ books/ 740-park/ ) New York:
Broadway Books, 2005.
[15] Stewart, James B. Profiles: The Birthday Party: How Stephen Schwarzman became private equity's designated villain. (http:/ / www.
newyorker.com/ reporting/ 2008/ 02/ 11/ 080211fa_fact_stewart)
[16] Landon Thomas, Jr., …More Rumors About His Party Than About His Deals,† New York Times, Jan. 27, 2007
[17] Michael J. de la Merced, …Dealbook -- Inside Stephen Schwarzman„s Birthday Bash,† New York Times, Feb. 14, 2007
[18] Richard Johnson with Paula Froelich, Bill Hoffmann, and Corynne Steindler, …Page Six - $3M Birthday Party Fit for Buyout King,† New
York Post, Feb. 14, 2007
[19] Michael Flaherty, …Blackstone CEO gala sign of buyout boom,† Reuters, Feb. 14, 2007
[20] Blackstone IPO Prospectus, http:/ / www. sec.gov/ Archives/ edgar/ data/ 1393818/ 000104746907005160/ a2178575z424b4.
htm#07NYC1853_1 (pp. 198-199)
[21] Michael Flaherty, "Blackstone Co-Founders to Get $2.3 Billion Post IPO," Reuters, June 11, 2007
Stephen A. Schwarzman
766
[22] King of Capital, p. 3
[23] The Guardian profile: Stephen Schwarzman, 15 June 2007 (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ business/ 2007/ jun/ 15/ 4)
[24] Robin Pogrebin, "A $100 Million Donation to the N.Y. Public Library" New York Times, March 11, 2008 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/
2008/ 03/ 11/ arts/ design/ 11expa.html).
[25] Jonathan Alter, "A ‰Fat Cat„ Strikes Back," Newsweek, Aug. 15, 2010, http:/ / www. newsweek. com/ 2010/ 08/ 15/
schwarzman-it-s-a-war-between-obama-wall-st. html#
[26] http:/ / www.salon. com/ 2012/ 04/ 01/ how_billionaires_destroy_democracy/
[27] Blackstone chief blames Brancheau for own death, contradicting Seaworld (http:/ / www. orlandosentinel. com/ business/ blog/
tourism-central/ os-blackstone-chief-blames-brancheau-for-own-death-contradicting-seaworld-20140124,0,2268545. post). Orlando Sentinel,
January 24, 2014
[28] CEO of SeaWorld shareholder suggests trainer was to blame for her own death (http:/ / www. palmbeachpost. com/ news/ news/
ceo-seaworld-shareholder-suggests-trainer-was-blam/ nc2wd/ ). Palm Beach Post, January 24, 2014
[29] Blackstone chief blames Brancheau for own death, contradicting Seaworld (http:/ / www. orlandosentinel. com/ business/ blog/
tourism-central/ os-blackstone-chief-blames-brancheau-for-own-death-contradicting-seaworld-20140124,0,2268545. post). Orlando Sentinel,
January 24, 2014
[30] CEO of SeaWorld shareholder suggests trainer was to blame for her own death (http:/ / www. palmbeachpost. com/ news/ news/
ceo-seaworld-shareholder-suggests-trainer-was-blam/ nc2wd/ ). Palm Beach Post, January 24, 2014
[31] New York Sun: "Schwarzman in the Spotlight at Library Gala" By BRADLEY HOPE (http:/ / www. nysun. com/ new-york/
schwarzman-in-the-spotlight-at-library-gala/ 56736/ ) June 18, 2007
[32] The New Yorker: "The Birthday Party: How Stephen Schwarzman became private equity„s designated villain" by James B. Stewart (http:/ /
www.newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2008/ 02/ 11/ 080211fa_fact_stewart?currentPage=all) February 11, 2008
[33] New York Times: "Zibby Schwarzman and Andrew Right" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 06/ 12/ fashion/ weddings/ 12schw.
html?gwh=9148DED40F82DD10B7801373A816F66D) June 12, 2005
[34] New York Times: "Ellen Zajac and Teddy Schwarzman" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 11/ 11/ fashion/ weddings/ 11Zajac.
html?gwh=8DA624147DB00BF47CF543B97A6C7D47) November 11, 2007
[35] The Guardian: "The Guardian profile: Stephen Schwarzman" by Andrew Clarke (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ business/ 2007/ jun/ 15/ 4)
June 15, 2007
Further reading
ƒƒ King of Capital: The Remarkable Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Steve Schwarzman and Blackstone.
ƒ Greed and Glory on Wall Street•The Fall of the House of Lehman by Ken Auletta, The Overlook Press, New
York, ISBN 1-58567-088-X
External links
ƒ Fortune: Wall Street's Hottest Hand Blackstone CEO Steve Schwarzman has built a powerhouse unlike any other.
(http:/ / money. cnn. com/ magazines/ fortune/ fortune_archive/ 2003/ 06/ 09/ 343947/ index. htm)
ƒ Schwarzman Scholars (http:/ / schwarzmanscholars. org/ )
\
Douglas P. Woodlock
767
Douglas P. Woodlock
Douglas Preston Woodlock (born February 27, 1947) is a United States federal judge.
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Woodlock received a B.A. from Yale University in 1969, where he was a member of
Skull and Bones, and a J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1975. He was a law clerk, Hon. Frank J.
Murray, U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1976. He was in private practice in Boston,
Massachusetts from 1976 to 1979. He was a Chairman, Board of Appeals for the Town of Hamilton, Massachusetts
from 1978 to 1979. He was an assistant U.S. Attorney of the District of Massachusetts from 1979 to 1983. He was an
Instructor, Harvard Law School, 1980 in 1981. He was in private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1983 to
1986. He was a Chairman, Massachusetts Committee for Public Counsel Services from 1984 to 1986.
Woodlock is a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Woodlock was
nominated by President Ronald Reagan on April 22, 1986, to a seat vacated by W. Arthur Garrity, Jr.. He was
confirmed by the United States Senate on June 13, 1986, and received his commission on June 16, 1986.
In 2008, Woodlock issued a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) in the case of Massachusetts Bay Transportation
Authority v. Anderson, et al., Civil Action No. 08-11364, preventing four MIT students from revealing weaknesses
in the MBTA's "Charlie Card" fare system. This was widely viewed as unconstitutional prior restraint of the students
free speech and Woodlock did not renew the TRO when it expired.
Sources
ƒ Douglas P. Woodlock (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=2643& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na) at
the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Charles Levin (actor)
768
Charles Levin (actor)
Charles Levin
Born Charles Herbert Levin
March 12, 1949
Chicago, IL, United States
Years active 1977 € Present
Spouse(s) Katherine DeHetre (deceased)
Charles Levin (born March 12, 1949) is an American actor who has appeared in television and movies and on stage.
He is best known for the role of Elliot Novak on the series Alice having become a regular in the show's 9th season
and the recurring role of Eddie Gregg on Hill Street Blues from 1982 to 1986.
Life and career
He is also known for having played the mohel on "The Bris" episode of Seinfeld and Coco, the gay cook, on the pilot
episode of The Golden Girls. His part was dropped in favor of making the character of Sophia Petrillo played by
Estelle Getty a regular. (Many of her snassy one-liners were originally written for Coco.)
He appeared as a guest star on many television shows including Family Ties, Tales from the Darkside, The Twilight
Zone, The Facts of Life, Falcon Crest (as Arthur Habermann), Punky Brewster (as Officer Bob), Thirtysomething,
Night Court, L.A. Law (as Robert Caporale), Designing Women, Murphy Brown, NYPD Blue, and Law & Order.
Filmography
ƒ A Civil Action (1998)
ƒ No Holds Barred (1989)
ƒ Ghost Busters (1984)
ƒ This Is Spinal Tap (1984)
ƒ Honeysuckle Rose (1980)
ƒ Manhattan (1979)
ƒ Annie Hall (1977)
References
External links
ƒ Charles Levin (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm505570/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Charles Levin (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ person. asp?ID=100742) at the Internet Broadway Database
George Lewis (trombonist)
769
George Lewis (trombonist)
George Lewis, moers festival 2009
Photo by Andy Newcombe
George E. Lewis (born July 14, 1952) is a composer,
electronic performer, installation artist, trombone
player, and scholar in the fields of improvisation and
experimental music. He has been a member of the
Association for the Advancement of Creative
Musicians (AACM) since 1971, and is a pioneer of
computer music.
Biography
Born in Chicago, Lewis graduated from Yale
University in 1974 with a degree in philosophy. In the
1980s, he succeeded Rhys Chatham as the music
director of The Kitchen.
[1]
Since 2004, he has served as
a professor at Columbia University in New York City,
having previously taught at the University of
California, San Diego. In 2002 Lewis received a
MacArthur Fellowship.
In addition to his own recordings, he has recorded or
performed with musicians including Anthony Braxton,
John Zorn, Roscoe Mitchell, Douglas Ewart, Laurie
Anderson, Muhal Richard Abrams, Count Basie, Gil
Evans, Nicole Mitchell, Karl E. H. Seigfried, Fred
Anderson, Conny Bauer, Evan Parker, Bertram
Turetzky, Marina Rosenfeld, Anthony Davis, David
Behrman, David Murray, Derek Bailey, Frederic
Rzewski, Han Bennink, Irene Schweizer, J.D. Parran,
James Newton, Joel Ryan, Jožlle L„andre, Leroy
Jenkins, Michel Portal, Misha Mengelberg, Miya
Masaoka, Richard Teitelbaum, Sam Rivers, Steve Lacy
and Wadada Leo Smith. He was also a sometime
member of Musica Elettronica Viva, the Globe Unity
Orchestra, and the ICP Orchestra (Instant Composer's Pool).
Lewis has long been active in creating and performing with interactive computer systems, most notably his software
called Voyager, which "listens to" and reacts to live performers. Between 1988 and 1990, Lewis collaborated with
video artist Don Ritter to create performances of interactive music and interactive video controlled by Lewis„s
improvised trombone.
[2]
Lewis and Ritter performed at venues in North America and Europe, including Festival
International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville, Verona Jazz Festival, Art Institute of Chicago, The Kitchen
(NYC), New Music America 1989 (NYC), The Alternative Museum (NYC), A Space (Toronto), and the MIT Media
Lab (Cambridge).
In 2008 Lewis published a book-length history of the AACM titled A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and
American Experimental Music (University of Chicago Press). The book received the 2009 American Book Award.
George Lewis (trombonist)
770
Appearances
In 1992 Lewis collaborated with Canadian artist Stan Douglas on the video installation Hors-champs which was
featured at documenta 9 in Kassel, Germany. The installation features Lewis in an improvisation of Albert Ayler's
"Spirits Rejoice" with musicians Douglas Ewart, Kent Carter and Oliver Johnson.
[3]
Lewis is featured extensively in Unyazi of the Bushveld (2005), a documentary about the first symposium of
electronic music held in Africa, directed by Aryan Kaganof.
Lewis gave an invited keynote lecture and performance at NIME-06, the sixth international conference on New
Interfaces for Musical Expression, which was held at IRCAM, Paris, in June 2006.
In 2008 his work "Morning Blues for Yvan" was featured on the compilation album Crosstalk: American Speech
Music (Bridge Records) produced by Mendi + Keith Obadike.
Discography
Portrait recordings
ƒ Solo Trombone Record (Sackville, 1976)
ƒ Shadowgraph (Black Saint, 1977)
ƒ Chicago Slow Dance (Lovely, 1977)
ƒ Homage to Charles Parker (Black Saint, 1979)
ƒ Voyager (Avant, 1993)
ƒ Changing with the Times (New World, 1996)
ƒ Endless Shout (Tzadik, 2000)
ƒ The Shadowgraph Series: Compositions for Creative Orchestra (Spool, 2003)
ƒ Sequel (for Lester Bowie) (Intakt, 2006)
ƒ ICI Ensemble & George Lewis (PAO, 2007)
ƒ Les Exercices Spirituels (Tzadik, 2011)
Collaborations
ƒ Elements of Surprise (1976) with Anthony Braxton
ƒ George Lewis - Douglas Ewart (Black Saint, 1979) with Douglas Ewart
ƒ Company, Fables (Incus, 1980) with Derek Bailey, Evan Parker, and Dave Holland
ƒ From Saxophone & Trombone (Incus, 1980) with Evan Parker
ƒ Yankees (Celluloid, 1983) with John Zorn and Bailey
ƒ Hook, Drift & Shuffle (Incus, 1985) with Parker, Barry Guy and Paul Lytton
ƒ Change of Season (Music of Herbie Nichols) with Steve Lacy, Han Bennink, Misja Mengelberg, Arjen Gorter
(Soul Note, 1986)
ƒ News for Lulu (hat Hut, 1988) with Zorn and Bill Frisell
ƒ More News for Lulu (hat Hut, 1992; recorded 1989) with Zorn and Frisell
ƒ Duo (Donaueschingen) 1976 (hat Hut, 1994; recorded 1976) with Braxton
ƒ Slideride (hat Hut, 1994) with Ray Anderson, Craig Harris, and Gary Valente
ƒ Triangulation (9 Winds, 1996) with Vinny Golia and Bertram Turetzky
ƒ The Usual Turmoil and Other Duets (Music & Arts, 1998) with Miya Masaoka
ƒ Conversations (Incus, 1998) with Turetzky
ƒ The Storming of the Winter Palace (Intakt, 1988) with Irene Schweizer, Maggie Nicols, Jožlle L„andre, and
G—nter Sommer
ƒ Dutch Masters (Black Saint, 1991) with Steve Lacy, Han Bennink, Misja Mengelberg, Ernst Reyseger
ƒ Streaming (Pi Recordings, 2006) with Muhal Richard Abrams and Roscoe Mitchell
George Lewis (trombonist)
771
ƒ Transatlantic Visions
[4]
(RogueArt
[5]
, 2009) with Jožlle L„andre
ƒ Sour Mash (Innova Recordings, 2009) with Marina Rosenfeld
ƒ Metamorphic Rock (Iorram Records, 2009) with Glasgow Improvisers Orchestra
ƒ SoundDance (Muhal Richard Abrams with Fred Anderson and George Lewis (PI Recordings, 2011)
ƒ Sonic Rivers (with Wadada Leo Smith and John Zorn, Tzadik, 2014)
As performer
ƒ Roscoe Mitchell Quartet, Roscoe Mitchell Quartet (Sackville, 1975)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista, 1976)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, Dortmund (Quartet) 1976 (hatART, 1976 released 1991)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, The Montreux/Berlin Concerts (Arista, 1975-6)
ƒ Roscoe Mitchell, Nonaah (Nessa, 1977)
ƒ Barry Altschul, You Can't Name Your Own Tune (Muse, 1977)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, Quintet (Basel) 1977 (hatOLOGY, 1977, released 2000)
ƒ Roscoe Mitchell, L-R-G / The Maze / S II Examples (Nessa, 1978)
ƒ Fred Anderson, Another Place (Moers Music, 1979)
ƒ Jacques Bekaert, Summer Music 1970 (Lovely/Vital, 1979)
ƒ Roscoe Mitchell Creative Orchestra, Sketches from Bamboo (Moers, 1979)
ƒ Leo Smith Creative Orchestra, Budding of a Rose (Moers, 1979)
ƒ Muhal Richard Abrams, Spihumonesty (Black Saint, 1979)
ƒ Sam Rivers, Contrasts (ECM, 1979)
ƒ Leroy Jenkins, Space Minds, New Worlds, Survival of America (Tomato, 1979)
ƒ Muhal Richard Abrams, Mama and Daddy (Black Saint, 1980)
ƒ David Murray Octet, Ming (Black Saint, 1980)
ƒ John Zorn, Archery (Parachute, 1981)
ƒ Laurie Anderson, Big Science (Warner Brothers, 1981)
ƒ Anthony Davis/James Newton Quartet, Hidden Voices (India Navigation)
ƒ Anthony Davis, Episteme (Gramavision)
ƒ Anthony Davis, Variations in Dream Time (Gramavision)
ƒ Anthony Davis, Hemispheres (Gramavision)
ƒ Gil Evans, Live at the Public Theater, Vols 1&2 (Trio, 1981€82)
ƒ Material, Memory Serves (Celluloid, 1981)
ƒ David Murray Octet, Home (Black Saint, 1982)
ƒ John Lindberg Trio, Give and Take (Black Saint, 1982)
ƒ Company Week 1982 with Derek Bailey and others (Incus, 1983)
ƒ Rhys Chatham, Factor X (Moers Music, 1983)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983 (Black Saint, 1983)
ƒ Steve Lacy Seven, Prospectus (hat Hut, 1984)
ƒƒ Anthony Braxton, Four Compositions (Quartet) (Black Saint, 1985)
ƒ Steve Lacy Nine, Futurities (hat Hut, 1985)
ƒƒ Joelle Leandre, Les Douze Sons (NATO Records, 1985)
ƒ Ushio Torikai, Go Where? (Victor, 1986)
ƒ ICP Orchestra, ICP Plays Monk (1986)
ƒ Heiner Goebbels, Der Mann im Fahrstuhl (ECM, 1987)
ƒ ICP Orchestra, Bospaadje Konijnehol I (1986)
ƒ Richard Teitelbaum, Concerto Grosso (hat Hut, 1988)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, Ensemble (Victoriaville) 1988 (Victo, 1988 [1992])
George Lewis (trombonist)
772
ƒ Richard Teitelbaum, Cyberband (Moers Music, 1993)
ƒ Gil Evans Big Band, Lunar Eclypse (New Tone, 1993; recorded 1981)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, Creative Orchestra (Kƒln) 1978 (hat Hut, 1995; recorded 1978)
ƒ Bert Turetzky & Mike Wofford, Transition and Transformation (9 Winds)
ƒ Globe Unity Orchestra, 20th Anniversary (FMP, 1993; recorded 1986)
ƒ Richard Teitelbaum, Golem (Tzadik, 1995)
ƒ India Cooke, RedHanded (Music & Arts, 1996)
ƒ Roscoe Mitchell, Nine to Get Ready (ECM, 1997)
ƒ Steve Lacy Seven, Clich•s (hat Hut, 1997; recorded 1992)
ƒ Steve Coleman, Genesis & The Opening of the Way (BMG/RCA Victor, 1997)
ƒ Evod Magek, Through Love to Freedom (Black Pot, 1998)
ƒ Miya Masaoka Orchestra, What Is the Difference Between Stripping and Playing the Violin? (Victo, 1998)
ƒ Anthony Braxton, News from the '70s (New Tone, 1999; recorded 1971-1976)
ƒ NOW Orchestra, WOWOW (Spool, 1999)
ƒ Globe Unity Orchestra, Globe Unity • 40 Years (Intakt, 2007)
ƒ Musica Elettronica Viva, MEV 40 (New World, 2008)
Compositions
Solo and chamber music
ƒƒ "Thistledown" (2012), for quartet
ƒƒ "The Will To Adorn" (2011), for large chamber ensemble
ƒƒ "Ikons" (2010), for octet
ƒƒ "Dancing in the Palace" (2009), for tenor voice and viola, with text by Donald Hall
ƒƒ "Signifying Riffs" (1998), for string quartet and percussion
ƒƒ "Ring Shout Ramble" (1998), for saxophone quartet
ƒƒ "Collage" (1995), for poet and chamber orchestra, with text by Quincy Troupe
ƒƒ "Endless Shout" (1994), for piano
ƒƒ "Toneburst" (1976) for three trombones
Electronics
ƒƒ "Anthem" (2011), for chamber ensemble with electronics
ƒƒ "Les Exercices Spirituels" (2010) for eight instruments and computer sound spatialization
ƒƒ "Sour Mash" (2009), composition for vinyl turntablists, with Marina Rosenfeld
ƒƒ "Hello Mary Lou" (2007) for chamber ensemble and live electronics
ƒƒ "Crazy Quilt" (2002), for infrared-controlled "virtual percussion" and four percussionists
ƒƒ "North Star Boogaloo" (1996), for percussionist and computer, with text by Quincy Troupe
ƒƒ "Virtual Discourse" (1993), composition for infrared-controlled "virtual percussion" and four percussionists
ƒƒ "Nightmare At The Best Western" (1992), for baritone voice and six instruments
ƒƒ "Atlantic" (1978), for amplified trombones with resonant filters
Installations
ƒƒ "Ikons" (2010), interactive sound sculpture, with Eric Metcalfe
ƒƒ "Travelogue" (2009), sound installation
ƒƒ "Rio Negro II" (2007), robotic-acoustic sound installation, with Douglas Ewart and Douglas Irving Repetto.
ƒƒ "Information Station No. 1" (2000), multi-screen videosonic interactive installation for the Point Loma
Wastewater Treatment Plant, San Diego, Calif.
ƒƒ "Rio Negro" (1992), robotic-acoustic sound-sculpture installation, with Douglas Ewart
ƒƒ "A Map of the Known World" (1987), interactive mbira-driven audiovisual installation, with David Behrman
George Lewis (trombonist)
773
ƒƒ "Mbirascope/Algorithme et kalimba" (1985), interactive mbira-driven audiovisual installation, with David
Behrman
Interactive computer music
ƒƒ "Interactive Duo" (2007), for interactive computer-driven piano and human instrumentalist
ƒƒ "Interactive Trio" (2007), for interactive computer-driven piano, human pianist, and additional instrumentalist
ƒƒ "Virtual Concerto" (2004), for improvising computer piano soloist and orchestra
ƒ "Voyager" (1987), for improvising soloist and interactive …virtual orchestra"
ƒƒ "Rainbow Family" (1984), for soloists with multiple interactive computer systems
ƒƒ "Chamber Music for Humans and Non-Humans" (1980), for micro-computer and improvising musician
ƒƒ "The KIM and I" (1979), for micro-computer and improvising musician
Music Theatre
ƒƒ "The Empty Chair" (1986), computer-driven videosonic music theatre work
ƒƒ "Changing With The Times" (1991), radiophonic/music theatre work
Creative orchestra
ƒƒ "Triangle" (2009)
ƒƒ "Something Like Fred" (2009)
ƒƒ "Fractals" (2007)
ƒƒ "Angry Bird" (2007)
ƒƒ "Shuffle" (2007)
ƒƒ "The Chicken Skin II" (2007)
ƒƒ "Hello and Goodbye" (1976/2000)
ƒ "The Shadowgraph Series, 1-5" (1975€77)
Graphic and instructional scores
ƒƒ "Artificial Life 2007" (2007), composition for improvisors with open instrumentation
ƒƒ "Sequel" (2004), for eight electro-acoustic performers
ƒƒ "Blues" (1979), graphic score for four instruments
ƒƒ "Homage to Charles Parker" (1979), for improvisors and electronics
ƒƒ "Chicago Slow Dance" (1977), for electro-acoustic ensemble
ƒƒ "The Imaginary Suite" (1977), two movements for tape, live electronics, and instruments
ƒƒ "Monads" (1977), graphic score for any instrumentation
Books and Essays
ƒ Lewis, George E. …Americanist Musicology and Nomadic Noise.† Journal of the American Musicological Society,
Vol. 64, No. 3 (Fall 2011), pp. 691€95.
ƒ Lewis, George E. "Interactivity and Improvisation". In Dean, Roger T., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Computer
Music. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press (2009), 457-66.
ƒ Lewis, George E. A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2008.
ƒ Lewis, George E. "The Virtual Discourses of Pamela Z". In Hassan, Salah M., and Cheryl Finley, eds. Diaspora,
Memory, Place: David Hammons, Maria Magdalena Campos-Pons, Pamela Z. Munich: Prestel (2008), 266-81.
ƒ Lewis, George E., "Foreword: After Afrofuturism.† Journal of the Society for American Music, Volume 2,
Number 2, pp. 139€53 (2008).
ƒ Lewis, George E., "Stan Douglas's Suspiria: Genealogies of Recombinant Narrativity." In Stan Douglas, Past
Imperfect: Works 1986-2007. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 42-53 (2008).
George Lewis (trombonist)
774
ƒ Lewis, George E., "Improvising Tomorrow's Bodies: The Politics of Transduction."
[6]
E-misf•rica, Vol. 4.2,
November 2007.
ƒ Lewis, George E., "Mobilitas Animi: Improvising Technologies, Intending Chance." Parallax, Vol. 13, No. 4,
(2007), 108€122.
ƒ Lewis, George E., "Living with Creative Machines: An Improvisor Reflects." In Anna Everett and Amber J.
Wallace, eds. AfroGEEKS: Beyond the Digital Divide. Santa Barbara: Center for Black Studies Research, 2007,
83-99.
ƒ Lewis, George E. "Live Algorithms and the Future of Music."
[7]
CT Watch Quarterly, May 2007.
ƒ Lewis, George E. Improvisation and the Orchestra: A Composer Reflects. Contemporary Music Review, Vol. 25,
Nos. 5/6, October/December 2006, pp. 429€34.
ƒ Lewis, George E. "The Secret Love between Interactivity and Improvisation, or Missing in Interaction: A
Prehistory of Computer Interactivity". In F©hndrich, Walter, ed. Improvisation V: 14 Beitr©ge. Winterthur:
Amadeus (2003), 193-203.
ƒ Lewis, George E. 2004. "Gittin' to Know Y'all: Improvised Music, Interculturalism and the Racial Imagination".
Critical Studies in Improvisation (peer-reviewed online journal), Vol. 1, No. 1, ISSN 1712-0624,
www.criticalimprov.com.
ƒ Lewis, George E. 2004. "Leben mit kreativen Maschinen: Reflexionen eines improvisierenden Musikers". In
Knauer, Wolfram, ed. Improvisieren: Darmst‹dter Beitr‹ge zur Jazzforschung, Band 8. Hofheim: Wolke Verlag,
123-144.
ƒ Lewis, George. 2004. Afterword to "Improvised Music After 1950": The Changing Same. In Fischlin, Daniel, and
Ajay Heble, eds. The Other Side of Nowhere: Jazz, Improvisation, and Communities in Dialogue. Middletown:
Wesleyan University Press, 163-72.
ƒ Lewis, George E., …Too Many Notes: Computers, complexity and culture in Voyager.† Leonardo Music Journal
10, 2000, 33-39. Reprinted in Everett, Anna, and John T. Caldwell, eds. 2003. New Media: Theories and
Practices of Intertextuality. New York and London: Routledge, 93-106.
ƒ Lewis, George, †Teaching Improvised Music: An Ethnographic Memoir.† In Zorn, John, ed. Arcana: Musicians
on Music. New York: Granary Books (2000), 78-109.
ƒ Lewis, George, "Improvised Music After 1950: Afrological and Eurological Perspectives." Black Music Research
Journal, vol. 16, No.1, Spring 1996, 91-122. Excerpted in Cox, Christoph, and Daniel Warner. 2004. Audio
Culture: Readings In Modern Music. New York: Continuum, 272-86.
References
[1] http:/ / www. newmusicbox.org/ article.nmbx?id=6409
[2] http:/ / aesthetic-machinery. com/ biography. html
[3] Gale, Peggy (1996). "Stan Douglas: Evening and others." VIDEO Re/VIEW: The (best) Source for Critical Writings on Canadian Artists'
Video. Eds. Peggy Gale and Lisa Steele. Toronto: Art Metropole. p. 363. ISBN 0-920956-37-8
[4] http:/ / web. roguart.com/ shop/ album/ id/ 32
[5] http:/ / web. roguart.com/ main
[6] http:/ / www. hemi. nyu.edu/ journal/ 4. 2/ eng/ en42_pg_lewis. html
[7] http:/ / www. ctwatch. org/ quarterly/
George Lewis (trombonist)
775
Bibliography
ƒ A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
"Four Decades of Music That Redefined Free", New York Times May 2, 2008 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/
05/ 02/ arts/ music/ 02aacm. html?ref=music)
ƒ Monaghan, Peter. …Thoroughly Modern Music† (review of A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and
American Experimental Music by George E. Lewis). Chronicle of Higher Education, November 14, 2008,
113€117.
ƒƒ Bruno, Franklin J. Review of A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music by
George E. Lewis. The Nation, February 2, 2009, 34, 36.
ƒ Zorn, John, ed. (2000). Arcana: Musicians on Music. New York: Granary Books/Hips Road. ISBN
1-887123-27-X.
ƒ Interview with George Lewis in Christian Broecking: Jeder Ton eine Rettungsstation, Verbrecher, Berlin 2007,
ISBN 978-3-935843-85-0
ƒ Massarenti, Armando. …Vive bene chi sa improvvisare† (George Lewis and philosopher Arnold I. Davidson). Il
Sole 24 Ore (Italy), 5 Luglio 2009.
ƒƒ Zenni, Stefano. Per il pensiero innovativo (interview with George Lewis). Il Giornale della Musica, January 2009
External links
ƒ Audio Recordings of WCUW Jazz Festivals - Jazz History Database (http:/ / www. jazzhistorydatabase. com/
collections/ wcuw_festivals/ 1980. html)
ƒ George Lewis faculty profile (http:/ / music. columbia. edu/ people/ bios/ glewis) from Columbia University site
ƒ George Lewis on the Voyager (http:/ / emfinstitute. emf. org/ exhibits/ voyager. html) interactive computer
system.
ƒ Casserley, Lawrence. … Person to... person? (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060517014255/ http:/ / www.
l-m-c. org. uk/ texts/ lewis. html)† Interview with George Lewis, discussing computer music and other topics,
including improvisation and Voyager.
ƒ Golden, Barbara. …Conversation with George Lewis.† eContact! 12.2 • Interviews (2) (http:/ / cec. concordia. ca/
econtact/ 12_2/ interviews_golden. html) (April 2010). Montr„al: CEC.
Christopher Buckley (novelist)
776
Christopher Buckley (novelist)
For other people of the same name, see Christopher Buckley.
Christopher Buckley
Christopher Buckley at the LBJ Presidential Library.
Born September 28, 1952
Stamford, Connecticut
Nationality American Canadian
Alma mater
Yale University
[1]
Occupation Author, Satirist, Novelist,
Spouse(s) Lucy Gregg Buckley [Divorced], Katherine Close
Children Caitlin Gregg Buckley, William Conor Buckley, Jonathan Buckley
Parents William F. Buckley Jr. and Patricia Buckley
Christopher Taylor Buckley (born December 24, 1952) is an American political satirist and the author of novels
including God Is My Broker, Thank You for Smoking, Little Green Men, The White House Mess, No Way to Treat a
First Lady, Wet Work, Florence of Arabia, Boomsday, Supreme Courtship, Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir and,
most recently, They Eat Puppies, Don't They?: A Novel. He is the son of William F. Buckley Jr. and Patricia Buckley
and inherited Canadian citizenship through his mother.
Life
After a classical education at the Portsmouth Abbey School, Buckley graduated from Yale University in 1975.
[2]
He
was a member of Skull and Bones like his father, living at Jonathan Edwards College.
:173
He became managing
editor of Esquire.
In 1981, he moved to Washington, D.C., to work as chief speechwriter for Vice President George H. W. Bush. This
experience led to his novel The White House Mess, a satire on White House office politics and political memoirs.
(The title refers to the White House lunchroom, which is known as the "mess" because the Navy operates it.)
Thank You for Smoking is another satire, its protagonist a lobbyist for the tobacco industry, Nick Naylor. He
followed that with more humor about Washington in the form of Little Green Men, about the government agency
investigating UFO sightings. His No Way To Treat A First Lady has the president's wife on trial for assassinating her
husband and Florence of Arabia is about a do-gooding State Department bureaucrat in the Middle East. His one
serious novel, Wet Work, is about a billionaire businessman avenging his granddaughter's death from drugs.
Thank You for Smoking was adapted into a movie written and directed by Jason Reitman, and starring Aaron
Eckhart. It was released on 17 March 2006.
Christopher Buckley (novelist)
777
Buckley also wrote the non-fiction Steaming To Bamboola, about the merchant marine, as well as contributed to an
oral history of Milford, Connecticut, and is an editor at Forbes Magazine. Buckley has written for many national
newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Time,
The Atlantic Monthly, Smithsonian, US News & World Report, Vanity Fair, Vogue, Conde Nast Traveler and
numerous humorous essays in The New Yorker.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Obama endorsement
For a brief time in summer and fall 2008, Christopher Buckley also wrote the back-page column for National
Review, the conservative magazine founded by his father. This came to an end after Buckley endorsed the 2008
Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama in October 2008. Buckley's endorsement, entitled "Sorry Dad, I'm
Voting for Obama", appeared in The Daily Beast. He chose The Daily Beast to avoid complications with National
Review. After many readers and contributors expressed their displeasure, Buckley resigned from National Review.
Buckley last wrote a column for The Daily Beast in April 2010.
Family
As an only child, Buckley found his mother easier to talk to than his father, because "She got it," the "it" being
religion.
[3]
He first married Lucy Gregg Buckley, daughter of Donald Gregg, who served as assistant to Vice President Bush for
national security affairs. They have two children, Caitlin and William (born in 1988 and 1991). He also has a son
Jonathan (born 2000), from a relationship with former Random House publicist Irina Woelfle. Buckley and Gregg
divorced in spring 2011.Wikipedia:Citation needed
According to the New York Post, "Author Christopher Buckley has married Dr. Katy Close, a South Carolinian who
runs a clinic in Haiti. They wed in Stamford, Conn., on Sept. 29 [2012] in front of 150 guests."
Bibliography
Satirical novels
ƒ The White House Mess (1986)
ƒ Thank You for Smoking (1994)
ƒ God Is My Broker: A Monk-Tycoon Reveals the 7Œ Laws of Spiritual and Financial Growth (1998) (written with
John Tierney)
ƒ Little Green Men (1999)
ƒ No Way to Treat a First Lady (2002)
ƒ Florence of Arabia (2004)
ƒ Boomsday (2007)
ƒ Supreme Courtship (2008)
ƒ They Eat Puppies, Don't They?: A Novel (2012)
Christopher Buckley (novelist)
778
Films based on novels
ƒ Thank You for Smoking (2006) (Directed by Jason Reitman, Screenplay also by Reitman)
ƒ Little Green Men (In development for 2013) (Screenplay by Sean Bates and Gregory Mackenzie)
ƒ Boomsday (In development) Screenwriters Ron Bass and Jen Smolka have adapted the novel into a screenplay.
Tom Vaughan will direct the film in early 2011 for GreeneStreet Films and Das Films
Travelogues
ƒ Steaming to Bamboola € The World of a Tramp Freighter (1983)
ƒ Washington Schlepped Here: Walking in the Nation's Capital (2003)
Other
ƒ My Harvard, My Yale (1981) (contributor, segment "Stoned in New Haven") (university biography)
ƒ Campion: A Play in Two Acts (1990) (written with James Macguire) (play)
ƒ Wet Work (1991) (novel)
ƒ Wry Martinis (1997) (collected humor and journalism)
ƒ Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir (2009) ISBN 0-446-54094-3 (Biographical)
Eulogy to Christopher Hitchens (The New Yorker
[4]
)
References
[1] "Profile: Christopher Buckley" (http:/ / www.forumonlawcultureandsociety. org/ biography/ christopher-buckley), Forum on Law, Culture,
and Society, Dir. Thane Rosenbaum
[2] "Yale Class Day Speaker: Christopher Buckley" (http:/ / opac. yale. edu/ news/ article. aspx?id=6706), Yale University, Office of Public
Affairs and Communications, May 24, 2009
[3] "Questions for Christopher Buckley: The Right Stuff," (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 10/ 26/ magazine/ 26wwln-q4-t. html) Deborah
Solomon, The New York Times Magazine, October 23, 2008.
[4] http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ online/ blogs/ newsdesk/ 2011/ 12/ postscript-christopher-hitchens. html
External links
ƒ Media related to Christopher Buckley (novelist) at Wikimedia Commons
ƒ Author's Official Website (http:/ / www. christopher-buckley. com)
ƒ NadaPress.com The Home of Buckley Prose (http:/ / www. nadapress. com)
ƒ Christopher Buckley (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm1740772/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ NOW. Arts & Culture. Christopher Buckley (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ now/ arts/ buckley. html) PBS interview by
David Brancaccio.
ƒ Novelist Buckley, Smoking Out the Self-Righteous (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story.
php?storyId=5258101)
ƒ Christopher Buckley € National Book Festival (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ bookfest/ author/ Christopher_Buckley),
Library of Congress
ƒ Christopher Buckley audio interview about Losing Mum and Pup (http:/ / thecommentary. ca/ ontheline/ 365/ )
ƒ Booknotes interview with Buckley on Wry Martinis, May 4, 1997. (http:/ / www. booknotes. org/ Watch/
80114-1/ Christopher+ Buckley. aspx)
ƒ In Depth interview with Buckley, May 3, 2009 (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ Depthwith)
Robert Kagan
779
Robert Kagan
Robert Kagan
Robert Kagan in Warsaw on April 17, 2008
Born September 26, 1958 (age 55)
Athens, Greece
Residence Virginia
Nationality American
Education PhD
Alma mater Yale University, Harvard University and American University
Known for Project for the New American Century
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s) Victoria Nuland
Parents Donald Kagan
Relatives Frederick Kagan, brother
Signature
Robert Kagan (born September 26, 1958 in Athens, Greece) is an American historian, author, columnist, and
foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution. A co-founder of the Project for the New American Century,
Kagan is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He has been
a foreign policy advisor to several U.S. Republican presidential candidates as well as to Hillary Clinton, when she
was Secretary of State under President Obama.
Personal life and education
Robert Kagan is the son of Donald Kagan, Sterling Professor of Classics and History at Yale University and a
specialist in the history of the Peloponnesian War. His brother, Frederick, is a military historian and author. All three
are signatories to the Project for the New American Century manifesto titled Rebuilding America's Defenses (2000).
Kagan has a BA in history (1980) from Yale, where in 1979 he had been Editor in Chief of the Yale Political
Monthly, a periodical that he is credited with reviving. He later earned an MPP from Harvard's Kennedy School of
Government and a PhD in American history from American University in Washington, D.C. Kagan is married to
long-time career diplomat Victoria Nuland, who is currently serving as Assistant Secretary of European and Eurasian
Affairs in the Barack Obama administration.
[1]
The couple has two children.
Robert Kagan
780
Ideas and career
In 1983, Robert Kagan was foreign policy advisor to New York Republican Representative Jack Kemp. Between
1984 and 1986, he worked at the State Department Policy Planning Staff and was a speechwriter for Secretary of
State George P. Shultz. From 1986 to 1988, he served in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs at the State
Department. In 1997, he co-founded and served as a director for the now-defunct Project for the New American
Century.
Kagan spent 13 years as a Senior Associate with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, before joining the
Brookings Institution as a senior fellow in the Center on United States and Europe in September 2010.
[2][3][4][5][6]
During the 2008 presidential campaign he served as foreign policy advisor to John McCain, the Republican Party's
nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election.
[7]
Kagan also serves on the State Department's Foreign Affairs Policy Board,
[8]
originally under Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton. He is also a member of the board of directors for The Foreign Policy Initiative (FPI).
Because of his association with PNAC and his early endorsement of the Iraq War, Kagan is widely considered a
neoconservative foreign-policy theorist.
[9]
Kagan describes his foreign-policy views as "deeply rooted in American
history and widely shared by Americans".
Writings
In 2003, Kagan's book, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order, published on the eve
of the US invasion of Iraq, created something of a sensation through its assertions that Europeans tended to favor
peaceful resolutions of international disputes while the United States takes a more "Hobbesian" view in which some
kinds of disagreement can only be settled by force, or, as he put it: "Americans are from Mars and Europe is from
Venus." New York Times book reviewer, Ivo H. Daalder wrote:
When it comes to setting national priorities, determining threats, defining challenges, and fashioning and
implementing foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted ways, writes Mr.
Kagan, concluding, in words already famous in another context, '"Americans are from Mars and
Europeans are from Venus."
[10]
Kagan's book, Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth
Century (2006), argued forcefully against what he considers the widespread misconception that the United States had
been isolationist since its inception. It was awarded a Lepgold Prize from Georgetown University.
Kagan is a columnist for the Washington Post and a contributing editor at The New Republic and the Weekly
Standard. He has also written for the New York Times, Foreign Affairs, the Wall Street Journal, Commentary, World
Affairs, and Policy Review.
Kagan's essay "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline" (The New Republic, February 2, 2012) was very
positively received by President Obama. Josh Rogin reported in Foreign Policy that the president "spent more than
10 minutes talking about it...going over its arguments paragraph by paragraph." That essay was excerpted from his
book, The World America Made (2012).
John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on Realpolitik and American Exceptionalism at the Library of
Congress.
Robert Kagan
781
Select bibliography
ƒ A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990. (1996) ISBN 978-0-028-74057-7
ƒ Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. (2003) ISBN 1-4000-4093-0
ƒ Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century.
(2006) ISBN 0-375-41105-4
ƒ The Return of History and the End of Dreams. (2008) ISBN 978-0-307-26923-2
ƒ The World America Made. (2012) ISBN 978-0-307-96131-0
Notes
Robert W. Kagan, who has been deeply involved in the Reagan Administration's policy on the rebels in
Nicaragua, will be leaving the State Department next month to become a fellow at the Naval War
College in Rhode Island, where he will write a book on the Central American country. Mr. Kagan has
been a close friend and deputy to Elliot Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs,
who is the principal architect of the Administration's Central American policy. As he leaves Washington
for Newport, Mr. Kagan will also be gaining new experience in commuter marriage. His wife, Victoria
Nuland, a career officer in the Foreign Service, will be leaving next month to open a United States
consulate in Ulan Bator, capital of Mongolia.( "Washington Talk, New York Times, March 3, 1988.
(http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1988/ 03/ 18/ us/ washington-talk-briefing-departing-official. html?|))
[2] Robert Kagan joins Brookings (http:/ / www.brookings. edu/ media/ NewsReleases/ 2010/ 0908_kagan. aspx)
[3] Profile on the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace site (http:/ / www. carnegieendowment. org/ experts/ index.
cfm?fa=expert_view& expert_id=16)
[4] Robert Kagan, "I Am Not a Straussian", Weekly Standard 11: 20 (February 6, 2006)
[5] "Robert Kagan Follows Father but Forges Own Path" (http:/ / www. yaledailynews. com/ article. asp?AID=30540), Andrew Mangino, Yale
Daily News
[6] Robert Kagan profile on "Right Web" (http:/ / rightweb. irc-online. org/ profile/ 1241)
[7] Foreign policy: 2 camps seek McCain's ear - International Herald Tribune (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ 2008/ 04/ 10/ america/ 10mccain.
php?page=1)
[8] Current Board Members" (http:/ / www. state.gov/ s/ p/ fapb/ c50662. htm), State Department webpage. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
[9] Robert Kagan, "Present at the Re-Creation: A Neoconservative Moves On, Foreign Affairs, July-August, 2008. (http:/ / www. foreignaffairs.
com/ articles/ 64466/ andrew-j-bacevich/ present-at-the-re-creation)
[10] Ivo Daalder, Books of the Times, March 5, 2003. (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2003/ 03/ 05/ books/
books-of-the-times-americans-are-from-mars-europeans-from-venus. html)
External links
ƒ Appearances (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ robertkagan) on C-SPAN (1996-present)
ƒ "The End of the End of History: Why the twenty-first century will look like the nineteenth." (http:/ / www. tnr.
com/ article/ environment-energy/ the-end-the-end-history) Kagan in The New Republic, 23 April 2008.
ƒ Video debates featuring Kagan (http:/ / bloggingheads. tv/ search/ ?participant1=Kagan, Robert) on
Bloggingheads.tv
ƒ Audio: Robert Kagan in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/
worldservice/ specials/ 1246_the_forum/ page9. shtml) The Forum
ƒ Russia: The Art of Power Politics (http:/ / thepolitic. org/ russia-the-art-of-power-politics/ ) The Politic interviews
Robert Kagan on Russian foreign policy at the beginning of Barack Obama's first presidential term•April 4,
2009
ƒ Booknotes interview with Kagan on Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order,
February 16, 2003. (http:/ / www. booknotes. org/ Watch/ 174980-1/ Robert+ Kagan. aspx)
ƒ C-SPAN Q&A interview with Kagan, March 4, 2007 (http:/ / www. q-and-a. org/ Program/ ?ProgramID=1118)
ƒ C-SPAN Q&A interview with Kagan, March 4, 2012 (http:/ / www. q-and-a. org/ Program/ ?ProgramID=1381)
Robert Kagan
782
ƒ Hey, What's the Big Idea? (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,2105984,00. html) by
Michael Crowley Time.com, Feb. 02, 2012
ƒ Lest We Forget: Neo-conservatives and Republican Foreign Policy, 1976-2000 (http:/ / www. freezerbox. com/
archive/ article. php?id=41)
Michael Cerveris
Michael Cerveris
Michael Cerveris, July 2, 2006
Born November 6, 1960
Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Occupation Actor
Website
www.amazing-journey.com
[1]
Michael Cerveris (born November 6, 1960) is an American singer, guitarist and actor. He has performed in many
stage musicals and plays, including several Stephen Sondheim musicals: Assassins, Sweeney Todd, Road Show, and
Passion. He won the Tony Award as Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Assassins.
He was called, by Playbill.com, "arguably the most versatile leading man on Broadway",
[2]
playing roles from
"Shakespeare's Romeo to The Who's Tommy, from the German transsexual rock diva Hedwig in Hedwig and the
Angry Inch to the homicidal title character of Sondheim's Sweeney Todd."
[3]
Cerveris' most visible television role to date has been as the Observer code-named September in the FOX science
fiction television series Fringe. His character, a mysterious man seen attending many unusual events, has appeared
regularly during the series and became one of the main characters to bring the story to its end.
Early life
Cerveris was born in Bethesda, Maryland and raised in Huntington, West Virginia. His mother, Marsha (n„e
Laycock), was a dancer, and his father, Michael Cerveris, was a professor of music; the two met while students at the
Juilliard School.
[4]
He is a 1979 graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy and a 1983 cum laude graduate of Yale
University, where he was a member of the Skull and Bones Society and majored in Theatre and studied voice,
German lieder and Italian songs.
Michael Cerveris
783
Career
Theatre
Broadway and Off-Broadway
Cerveris had roles in several Off-Broadway productions, starting with Macbeth in 1983 as Malcolm and including
Total Eclipse in 1985 as Rimbaud at the Westside Theatre,
[5]
Abingdon Square in 1987 as Frank at the Women's
Project,
[6]
and Blood Sports in 1987 as Nick at the New York Theatre Workshop.
[7]
He made his Broadway debut in The Who's Tommy in 1993 as "18-20 year old Tommy/Narrator", receiving a Tony
Award nomination as Best Featured Actor in a Musical, Drama League Award nomination, Theater World Award
winner, and Original Cast Grammy winner.
[8]
He had appeared in Tommy in the La Jolla Playhouse prior to
Broadway.
[9]
He next appeared in the Broadway musical Titanic in 1997 as Thomas Andrews. He played the role of
John Wilkes Booth in the Broadway musical Assassins in 2004, and won the Tony Award, Best Featured Actor in a
Musical
[10]
and the Outer Critics Circle Award.
In the 2005 Broadway revival of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Ceveris played the title role, and
was nominated for the Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, Outer Critics Circle Award, Drama League Award, and
received the Drama Critics Circle citation. In this John Doyle production, the actors also played instruments, with
Cerveris playing lyric guitar.
[11][12]
In the Broadway musical LoveMusik (2007) he appeared as Kurt Weill,
[13]
and
received Tony, Drama Desk, Outer Critics, and Drama League Award nominations. In 2007 he played Kent in King
Lear at the Off-Broadway Public Theater,
[14]
receiving a Drama League Award nomination. He appeared
Off-Broadway in the Stephen Sondheim-John Weidman musical Road Show at the Public Theater in 2008 as Wilson
Mizner.
[15]
Ceveris appeared opposite Mary-Louise Parker in the limited Roundabout Theatre Company production
of Hedda Gabler from January 2009 to March 2009.
[16]
He next played Dr. Givings in the Broadway comedy by
Sarah Ruhl, In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play), starting in October 2009.
[17]
Other venues
In 2000 Cerveris played the lead role of Hedwig in Hedwig and the Angry Inch in the West End. He had previously
played the role Off-Broadway from July 8, 1998 to August 4, 1998
[18]
and again from February 1999
[19][20]
He was
a Garland Award winner, and Ovation Award nominee. During 2002, the Kennedy Center presented a "Sondheim
Celebration"; Cerveris appeared in Passion as Giorgio.
[21]
Ceveris has appeared several times at the Ravinia Festival
Concerts (Chicago), including: Passion (2003)
[22]
Sunday In The Park With George (2004),
[23]
and Anyone Can
Whistle in 2005.
[24]
He performed in the New York City Center Encores! staged concert of The Apple Tree in 2005,
with Kristin Chenoweth.
[25]
Regional
[26][27][28]
ƒ Crow in The Tooth of Crime, Hartford Stage (1985€86)
ƒ Romeo in Romeo and Juliet, opposite Phoebe Cates at the Goodman Theatre (1988)
ƒ Bazarov in Nothing Sacred, Northlight Theatre, Illinois (1988)
[29]
ƒ Puck in A Midsummer Night‚s Dream, Dallas Theater Center
ƒ Eastern Standard with Tom Hulce, Seattle Repertory Theatre (1988)
[30]
ƒ Richard II, Mark Taper Forum (1991€1992)
ƒ Measure for Measure, Old Globe Theatre
ƒ El Dorado, South Coast Repertory (1991)
[31]
ƒ A Little Night Music, as Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm, Chicago Shakespeare Theater (December 23, 2003 -
January 21, 2004) Jefferson award nomination
[32]
Michael Cerveris
784
Film
A partial list of films
ƒ Stake Land (2010)
[33]
ƒ Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant (2009)
ƒ Brief Interviews With Hideous Men (2009)
[34]
ƒ The Mexican (2001)
[35]
ƒ Lulu on the Bridge (1998)
Television
ƒ The Observer (September) on Fringe
ƒ Ian Ware on Fame
ƒ Jarek Koska on Person of Interest
Cerveris also appeared as The Observer at several real-life events covered by FOX as part of a viral marketing
campaign for the series. These include appearing in the audience at a taping of American Idol, and being shown in
the stands at various football and NASCAR events. He also made a cameo in a commercial for Glee. In 2014, he
began a recurring role as State's Attorney General James Castro on The Good Wife.
Music career
Cerveris played guitar as a member of Bob Mould's touring band supporting the album The Last Dog And Pony
Show. A performance at The Forum in London was recorded and released as BobMouldBand: LiveDog98 (Granary
Music 2002). His debut solo album, Dog Eared (Low Heat Records 2004), was co-produced with Adam Lasus and
includes guest appearances from Norman Blake (Teenage Fanclub), Corin Tucker and Janet Weiss (Sleater-Kinney),
Ken Stringfellow (The Posies, R.E.M.), Steve Shelley (Sonic Youth), Kevin March (Guided by Voices), Anders
Parker (Varnaline), and Laura Cantrell.
He has also contributed vocals to "My Other Phone Is a Boom Car" as part of a ringtone project by They Might Be
Giants for Wired Magazine in March 2007. In They Might Be Giants' 2011 release, Join Us, Cerveris also provided
vocals for the track, "Three Might Be Duende."
Other activities
Cerveris has performed at many events, to honor or celebrate notable performers and creatives. He performed at The
Drama League gala, A Musical Celebration of Broadway on February 7, 2011, which also honored Patti LuPone.
[36]
In November 2010 he appeared at the Sonnet Repertory Theatre benefit, which honored director Jack O'Brien.
[37]
On
April 27, 2009, he performed at the Signature Theatre gala, a benefit and to celebrate the first annual Sondheim
Award.
[38]
On December 8, 2010, he took part in the Symphony Space "Selected Shorts and Thalia Book Club" series of
readings.
[39]
His concert appearances include the Broadway Cabaret Festival, held in October 2010 at The Town Hall (New
York).
[40]
Michael Cerveris
785
Work
Broadway
ƒ The Who's Tommy (1993) as "18-20 year old Tommy/Narrator"
ƒ Titanic: A New Musical (1997) as "Thomas Andrews"
ƒ Assassins (2004) as "John Wilkes Booth"
ƒ Sweeney Todd (2005) as "Sweeney Todd"
ƒ Lovemusik (2007) as "Kurt Weill"
ƒ Cymbeline (2007) as "Posthumus"
ƒ Hedda Gabler (2009) as "Jorgen Tesman"
ƒ In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play) (2009) as "Dr. Givings"
ƒ Evita (2012) as "General Juan Domingo Per•n"
West End
ƒ Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2000) Hedwig
Filmography
ƒ Doubletake (1985) (TV)
ƒ Fame (1982) TV Series (1986€1987)
ƒ Quantum Leap (TV)
ƒ Strangers (1990)
ƒ Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever (1990)
ƒ Steel and Lace (1991)
ƒ A Woman, Her Men, and Her Futon (1992)
ƒ Lulu on the Bridge (1998)
ƒ CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2001) (TV)
ƒ The Mexican (2001)
ƒ The American Embassy (2002) (TV)
ƒ Temptation (2004)
ƒ Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2007) (TV) (episode "Depths")
ƒ Fringe (2008€2013) (TV)
ƒ Brief Interviews with Hideous Men (2009)
ƒ The Vampire's Assistant (2009)
ƒ Person of Interest (2011) (TV) (episode "Judgement")
Discography
ƒƒ BobMouldBand: LiveDog98 (2002)
ƒ Dog Eared (2004)
Off-Broadway
ƒ Macbeth (1983)- Malcolm
ƒ Life is a Dream (1984) - Astolfo
ƒ The Games (1984) - Young Man
ƒ Green Fields (1985) - Levi-Yitshok
ƒ Total Eclipse (1985) - Rimbaud
ƒ Blood Sports (1986) - Nick
ƒ Abingdon Square (1986) - Frank
ƒ Eastern Standard (1988) - Peter Kidde
ƒ Hedwig and the Angry Inch (1998) - Hedwig
ƒ Fifth of July (2003) - Kenneth Talley
ƒ The Apple Tree (2005) (Encores! staged concert) - Snake
ƒ King Lear (2007) - Kent
ƒ Road Show (2008) - Wilson Mizner
ƒ Nikolai and the Others (2013) - George Balanchine
ƒ Fun Home (2013) - Bruce Bechdel
Awards and nominations
Michael Cerveris
786
Year Award Category Nominated Work Result
1993 Tony Award Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a
Musical
The Who's Tommy
Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated
Outer Critics Circle
Award
Outstanding Actor in a Musical
Nominated
Theatre World Award Won
2004 Tony Award Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a
Musical
Assassins
Won
Outer Critics Circle
Award
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
Won
2006 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a
Musical
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of
Fleet Street
Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated
Outer Critics Circle
Award
Outstanding Actor in a Musical
Nominated
2007 Drama League Award Distinguished Performance King Lear Nominated
Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a
Musical
LoveMusik
Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated
Outer Critics Circle
Award
Outstanding Actor in a Musical
Nominated
2012 Tony Award Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a
Musical
Evita
Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Nominated
References
[1] http:/ / www. amazing-journey.com
[2] Simonson, Robert. "Brief Encounter With Michael Cerveris" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ celebritybuzz/ article/
134697-PLAYBILLCOMS-BRIEF-ENCOUNTER-With-Michael-Cerveris) Playbill.com, November 19, 2009
[3] "About Michael Cerveris" (http:/ / www. masterworksbroadway. com/ artist/ michael-cerveris) MasterWorksBroadway.com, accessed March
13, 2011
[4] Michael Cerveris, Star File: Broadway.com Buzz (http:/ / www. broadway. com/ gen/ Buzz_Star_File. aspx?ci=36192)
[5] "'Total Eclipse', 1985" (http:/ / www. lortel.org/ LLA_archive/ index. cfm?search_by=show& id=2182) InternetOff-BroadwayDatabase.com,
accessed March 11, 2011
[6] "'Abingdon Square' listing" (http:/ / www. lortel. org/ LLA_archive/ index. cfm?search_by=show& id=1719)
InternetOff-BroadwayDatabase.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[7] "'Blood Sports' listing" (http:/ / www.lortel.org/ LLA_archive/ index. cfm?search_by=show& id=1906) InternetOff-BroadwayDatabase.com,
accessed March 11, 2011
[8] "'The Who's Tommy' listing" (http:/ / www.ibdb.com/ production. php?id=4715) InterneBroadwayDatabase.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[9] Churnin, Nancy. From Angel to Devil : Stage: Michael Cerveris, star of 'Tommy,' sees parallels in his latest, villainous role (http:/ / articles.
latimes. com/ 1992-10-23/ entertainment/ ca-644_1_michael-cerveris) Los Angeles Times, October 23, 1992
[10] "'Assassins' listing" (http:/ / www. ibdb.com/ production. php?id=13580) InterneBroadwayDatabase.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[11] "'Sweeney Todd' listing" (http:/ / www.ibdb. com/ production. php?id=400379) InterneBroadwayDatabase.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[12] Brantley, Ben. "Review:Grand Guignol, Spare and Stark" (http:/ / theater. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 11/ 04/ theater/ reviews/ 04swee. html) The
New York Times, November 4, 2005
Michael Cerveris
787
[13] Jones, Kenneth. "Weill and Lenya Conjured in LoveMusik, Opening May 3" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/ article/
107785-Weill-and-Lenya-Conjured-in-LoveMusik-Opening-May-3) Playbill.com, May 3, 2007
[14] Goodwin, Joy. Busy Actor„s Long, Long Day: Shakespeare, Weill and Rock" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 04/ 01/ theater/ 01good.
html) The New York Times, April 1, 2007
[15] Brantley, Ben. "Theater Review:Brothers in Flimflammery on a Continental Sojourn" (http:/ / theater. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 11/ 19/ theater/
reviews/ 19road. html) The New York Times, November 19, 2008
[16] Jones, Kenneth. "Parker's 'Hedda Gabler' Takes Her Last Shot March 29" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/ article/
127789-Parkers-Hedda-Gabler-Takes-Her-Last-Shot-March-29) Playbill.com, March 29, 2009
[17] Ishwood, Charles. "Theater Review: 'In The Next Room, Or The Vibrator Play' (http:/ / theater. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 11/ 20/ theater/
reviews/ 20innextroom.html) The New York Times, November 20, 2009
[18] Simonson, Robert. Titanic's Michael Cerveris to Be Hedwig July 8-Aug. 4" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/ article/
39941-Titanics-Michael-Cerveris-to-Be-Hedwig-July-8-Aug-4) Playbill.com, July 8, 1998
[19] Gutman, Les. "Review, 'Hedwig', 1999" (http:/ / www. curtainup. com/ hedwig. html) CurtainUp.com, March 15, 1999 and in Los Angeles.
[20] "Stars Line Up For Hedwig, the New Rocky Horror" (http:/ / www. untamedspirits. net/ aj/ hedwig/ uk/ h-independant_9_10. htm) The
Independent, September 10, 2000
[21] "'Passion', Kennedy Center" (http:/ / www. sondheimguide. com/ passion. html#KC) sondheimguide.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[22] "'Passion', Ravinia" (http:/ / www.sondheimguide.com/ passion. html#Ravinia) sondheimguide.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[23] "'Sunday in the Park With George', Ravinia" (http:/ / www. sondheimguide. com/ sunday. html#longbeach) sondheimguide.com, accessed
March 11, 2011
[24] "'Anyone Can Whistle', Ravinia" (http:/ / www. sondheimguide. com/ whistle. html#Ravinia) sondheimguide.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[25] Simonson, Robert. "Chenoweth, Gets and Cerveris Shake 'The Apple Tree' at Encores! May 12-16" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/
article/ 92890-Chenoweth-Gets-and-Cerveris-Shake-The-Apple-Tree-at-Encores-May-12-16) Playbill.com, May 12, 2005
[26] Playbill bios (http:/ / mcerverisfan. tripod. com/ mcBIO2. html) mcerverisfan.tripod.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[27] Biography, Lincoln Center (http:/ / www.lct.org/ showBio. htm?id=189& creditId=1735) LincolnCenterTheater.com, accessed March 11,
2011
[28] Biography (http:/ / www. filmreference.com/ film/ 26/ Michael-Cerveris. html) filmreference.com, accessed March 11, 2011
[29] Christiansen, Richard. "'Nothing Sacred` Adds A Twist To A Finely Woven, Well-worn Story" (http:/ / articles. chicagotribune. com/
1988-12-16/ news/ 8802250003_1_bazarov-fathers-and-sons-northlight-theatre) Chicagotribune.com, December 16, 1988
[30] Rich, Frank. Review/Music; Seattle Grabs Spotlight: New Play, Renewed Musical" (http:/ / theater. nytimes. com/ mem/ theater/ treview.
html?pagewanted=print& res=940DE5DE153FF933A25756C0A96E948260& scp=11& sq=contemporary dining& st=cse) The New York
Times, May 10, 1988
[31] "'El Dorado' listing and review (http:/ / www. untamedspirits. net/ aj/ regional_eldorado. htm) untamedspirits.net, accessed March 11, 2011
[32] "'A Little Night Music', 2003 Chicago Shakespeare Theater Production" (http:/ / www. sondheimguide. com/ night. html#2003Chicago)
sondheimguide.com, accessed March 12, 2011
[33] Gans, Andrew. Michael Cerveris and Kelly McGillis Star in New Vampire-Themed Film "Stake Land" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/
article/ 143132-Michael-Cerveris-and-Kelly-McGillis-Star-in-New-Vampire-Themed-Film-Stake-Land) Playbill.com, September 20, 2010
[34] Holden, Stephen. "Movie review:'Brief Interviews With Hideous Men'" (http:/ / movies. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 09/ 25/ movies/ 25brief. html)
The New York Times, September 25, 2009
[35] "'The Mexican' see full acting credtis" (http:/ / movies. nytimes. com/ movie/ 237094/ The-Mexican/ details) The New York Times, accessed
March 12, 2011
[36] Andrew Gans "Audra McDonald, Justin Guarini, Michael Cerveris Join Drama League Celebration of Patti LuPone" (http:/ / www. playbill.
com/ news/ article/ 145554-Audra-McDonald-Justin-Guarini-Michael-Cerveris-Join-Drama-League-Celebration-of-Patti-LuPone)
Playbill.com, January 18, 2011
[37] Gans, Andrew. "Kerry Butler, Michael Cerveris, Victor Garber, Ethan Hawke Will Be Part of Jack O'Brien Tribute" (http:/ / www. playbill.
com/ news/ article/ 144378-Kerry-Butler-Michael-Cerveris-Victor-Garber-Ethan-Hawke-Will-Be-Part-of-Jack-OBrien-Tribute) Playbill.com,
October 27, 2010
[38] Jones, Kenneth. "Peters and Cerveris Celebrate Sondheim at DC Sondheim Award Gala April 27" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/
article/ 128598-Peters-and-Cerveris-Celebrate-Sondheim-at-DC-Sondheim-Award-Gala-April-27) Playbill.com, April 27, 2009
[39] Peter, Thomas. "Mary-Louise Parker, Michael Cerveris, Amy Ryan, Lois Smith and More to Read at Symphony Space" (http:/ / www.
playbill. com/ news/ article/ 144643-Mary-Louise-Parker-Michael-Cerveris-Amy-Ryan-Lois-Smith-and-More-to-Read-at-Symphony-Space)
Playbill.com, November 5, 2010
[40] Gans, Andrew. "Alice Ripley and Michael Cerveris Join Lineup for Broadway Cabaret Festival" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/ article/
143192-Alice-Ripley-and-Michael-Cerveris-Join-Lineup-for-Broadway-Cabaret-Festival) Playbill.com, September 21, 2010
Michael Cerveris
788
External links
ƒ Michael Cerveris official website (http:/ / www. amazing-journey. com/ )
ƒ Michael Cerveris (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ person. asp?ID=67061) at the Internet Broadway Database
ƒ Michael Cerveris (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm148964/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Internet Off-Broadway Database listing (http:/ / www. lortel. org/ LLA_archive/ index. cfm?search_by=people&
keyword=name& first=Michael& last=Cerveris& middle=)
ƒ Yale Daily News: Broadway actor arrives late, entertains Berkeley crowd (http:/ / www. yaledailynews. com/
article. asp?AID=2266)
ƒ Michael Cerveris (http:/ / www. americantheatrewing. org/ downstagecenter/ detail/ michael_cerveris) -
Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
ƒ TonyAwards.com Interview with Michael Cerveris (http:/ / www. tonyawards. com/ en_US/ interactive/ video/
index. html#c)
ƒ Spring 2009 interview with Michael Cerveris (http:/ / sondheimreview. com/ v15n4. htm#sample) at The
Sondheim Review
Earl G. Graves, Jr.
Earl Gilbert "Butch" Graves, Jr. (born January 5, 1962, in Brooklyn, New York, US) is an American businessman
and retired basketball player. He is a Scarsdale High School graduate.
Graves, the son of Black Enterprise founder Earl G. Graves, Sr., attended Yale University and earned an MBA from
Harvard University. While at Yale he was a member of Skull and Bones and captained the college basketball team.
He currently is the all-time leading scorer in Yale men's basketball history and third all-time in Ivy League. He was
drafted into the NBA by the Philadelphia 76ers and later played briefly for the Cleveland Cavaliers (1984-85).
Graves has worked for Morgan Stanley, as president and CEO of Earl G. Graves Publishing Company, publisher of
Black Enterprise, and director of Autozone, Inc.
In 1995, Graves was detained and searched by two New York Metro-North Police looking for a suspect who did not
resemble Graves in any way except race. The police department publicly apologized and Metro-North Railroad
purchased ads featuring a printed apology in three New York newspapers, including The New York Times.
[1]
On July 22, 2009, Graves stated to the media that "there's nothing post-racial about U.S.",
[2]
as he responded to the
arrest of Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates.
Notes
[1] "Earl Graves Jr. receives apologies from NY Metro-North Police, railroad after being detained", Jet, June 5, 1995 v88 n4 p35(1)
[2] http:/ / www. msnbc.msn. com/ id/ 32077998/ ns/ us_news-race_and_ethnicity/ ?GT1=43001
References
ƒƒ "Earl G. Graves, Jr." Who's Who Among African Americans, 20th ed. Gale, 2007.
External links
ƒ NBA statistics (http:/ / www. basketballreference. com/ players/ playerpage. htm?ilkid=GRAVEBU01) @
basketballreference.com
ƒ Black Enterprise profile (http:/ / www. blackenterprise. com/ AboutUsOpen. asp?id=1755)
ƒ Forbes profile (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ finance/ mktguideapps/ personinfo/ FromPersonIdPersonTearsheet.
jhtml?passedPersonId=924334)
Edward Lampert
789
Edward Lampert
Edward S. "Eddie" Lampert
Born July 19, 1962
Roslyn, New York
Nationality United States
Ethnicity Jewish
Occupation Businessman, investor
Net worth
$3.18 Billion USD (March 2014)
[1]
Spouse(s) Kinga Lampert
Children three
Parents Floyd M. Lampert
Dolores Lampert
Edward S. Lampert (born July 19, 1962) is an American businessman and investor. He is the chairman and CEO of
Sears Holdings (SHLD) and founder, chairman, and CEO of ESL Investments. Until May 2007 he was a director of
AutoNation, Inc. He previously served as a director of AutoZone, Inc. from July 1999 to October 2006.
Early life and education
Lampert was born in 1962 to Dolores Lampert and Floyd M. Lampert. His mother was a housewife. His father was a
senior partner in the law firm of Lampert & Lampert in New York City. He has a younger sister Tracey.
Lampert's grandmother was a passive investor and big fan of Louis Rukeyser's Wall Street Week television program.
She instilled in him an interest in investing. His mother would later recall that young Eddie would sit with his
grandmother reviewing and evaluating the performance of her stock picks in the daily newspaper.
Lampert's father died at the age of 47 and his mother took a job as a clerk at Saks Fifth Avenue. His mother would
later say: "Eddie really assumed the responsibility, knowing that life had changed and we had to accomplish
something by ourselves now." In order to help support his family, Eddie worked after school and on weekends at
various warehouses, stocking shelves and filling orders. Despite working, he earned good grades, played both soccer
and basketball, and won the scholar athlete award at his high school. He received financial aid to help pay for
college.
Lampert graduated from Yale University in 1984 (B.A., economics, summa cum laude), where he was a member of
Skull and Bones and Phi Beta Kappa.
Career
In July 1984, Lampert worked as an intern at Goldman Sachs, and then worked in the firm's risk arbitrage
department from March 1985 to February 1988. While there, he worked directly with Robert Rubin. When Lampert
decided to go out on his own, Rubin warned him it would be a bad career decision.
In April 1988, Lampert left the bank to form ESL Investments, based in Greenwich, Connecticut (the name ESL
derives from Lampert's initials). Richard Rainwater, whom Lampert had met on Nantucket Island, gave him $28
million in seed money and introduced him to clients, such as David Geffen.
Lampert typically holds his investments for several years and usually has between three and fifteen stocks in his
portfolio. His investment style was once drawing comparisons to the financier Warren Buffett. Lampert is considered
responsible for forming and merging Kmart and Sears into Sears Holdings.
Edward Lampert
790
Lampert's earnings in 2004 were estimated to be $1.02 billion, making him the first Wall Street financial manager to
exceed an income of $1 billion in a single year. In 2006, Lampert was the richest person in Connecticut with a net
worth of $3.8 billion.
Lampert's earnings in 2006 were estimated to be from $1.0 billion to $1.5 billion.
In March 2012, Lampert came in at No. 367 on the Forbes world wealthiest people list with a net worth of $3.1
billion.
In January 2013, it was announced that Lampert would take over as chief executive officer at Sears after Louis
D'Ambrosio stepped down due to family health matters, which took effect in May 2013.
Kidnapping
In 2003, Lampert was kidnapped from the parking lot of his Greenwich office, but was able to convince his captors
to let him go after two days of captivity.
Personal life
In 2001, he married Kinga Lampert. They have three children.
[1]
They have homes in Aspen, Colorado and
Greenwich, Connecticut.
References
[1] Forbes: The World's Billionaires - Eddie Lampert (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ profile/ edward-lampert/ ) March 2014
External links
ƒ SHC Speaks (http:/ / blog. searsholdings. com/ ) Sears Holdings' corporate blog.
ƒ Eddie Lampert's Blog. (http:/ / eddielampert. com/ )
ƒ SHC: Chairman's Messages to Shareholders (http:/ / www. searsholdings. com/ invest) ( Previous years (http:/ /
www. searsholdings. com/ invest/ archives))
ƒ Mr. Lampert's Stock Picks, Market Opinions, & Portfolio Holdings at EyeVest (http:/ / eyevest. com/ profiles/
hedge-funds/ eddie-lampert/ )
ƒ Eddie Lampert Latest Portfolio (http:/ / relationalstocks. com/ / instshow. php?op=summary& id=2795)
ƒ Cramer, James J. (December 6, 2004). "Blue-Light Specialist: A conversation with Eddie Lampert" (http:/ /
nymag. com/ nymetro/ news/ people/ columns/ intelligencer/ 10561/ ). New York magazine.
ƒ Rosenberg, Yuval (November 17, 2004). "The man behind the deal" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2004/ 11/ 17/
news/ newsmakers/ lampert/ ). CNNMoney.com.
ƒ Parraramore, Lynn Stuart (July 17, 2013) http:/ / www. alternet. org/ economy/
ayn-rand-sears-and-eddie-lampert?page=0%2C3& paging=off
James E. Boasberg
791
James E. Boasberg
James E. Boasberg
Judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Incumbent
Assumed office
May 18, 2014
Appointed by John Roberts
Preceded by Reggie Walton
Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Incumbent
Assumed office
March 17, 2011
Appointed by Barack Obama
Preceded by Thomas Hogan
Personal details
Born James Emanuel Boasberg
February 20, 1963
San Francisco, California
Spouse(s) Elizabeth Leslie Manson
Alma mater Yale University
University of Oxford
James Emanuel "Jeb" Boasberg (born February 20, 1963) is a District Judge on the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia, also serving as a Judge on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court; and former
associate judge on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
James E. Boasberg
792
Early life and education
Boasberg was born in San Francisco, California in 1963, to Sarah Margaret (Szold) and Emanuel Boasberg III.
[1]
The family moved to Washington, D.C. when Boasberg's father accepted a position in Sargent Shriver's Office of
Economic Opportunity, a Great Society agency responsible for implementing and administering many of Lyndon B.
Johnson's War on Poverty programs.
Boasberg received an A.B. from Yale University in 1985, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and a Master
of Studies the following year from Oxford University. He then earned his law degree from Yale Law School in 1990.
After completing law school, Boasberg served as a law clerk for Judge Dorothy W. Nelson of the United States
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Judicial service
During the 111th Congress, Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton recommended Boasberg to fill a judicial vacancy on
the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. On June 17, 2010, President Barack Obama formally
nominated Boasberg to the District Court for the District of Columbia. Boasberg was confirmed on March 14, 2011
by a vote of 96 ayes to 0 nays.
[2]
He received his commission on March 17, 2011.
[3]
Osama Bin Laden Photos
On April 26, 2012, Judge Boasberg issued a publicly controversial ruling. He denied the public's right to view
government photos of a deceased Osama Bin Laden. Judicial Watch, a conservative legal group, had filed a request
under the Freedom of Information Act, but were unsuccessful in convincing the Judge that FOIA rights outweighed
national-security factors.
[4]
Registered Tax Return Preparer Regulations
On January 18, 2013, Judge Boasberg issued a permanent injunction prohibiting the Internal Revenue Service from
enforcing regulations on Registered Tax Return Preparers, which otherwise required tax return preparers to register
with the IRS and pass a written test as evidence of competency. Loving v. Internal Revenue Service, No. 12-385
(U.S.D.C. D.C. 1/18/2013). The IRS plans to appeal.
[5]
Appointment to United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
On February 7, 2014 Chief Justice John G. Roberts announced that he would appoint Boasberg to the United States
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for a term starting May 18, 2014 to a seat being vacated by Reggie Walton.
His term began May 18, 2014
Personal
Boasberg married Elizabeth Leslie Manson in 1991. His brother, Tom Boasberg, succeeded Michael Bennet as
Superintendent of Denver Public Schools after Colorado Governor Bill Ritter appointed Bennet to the United States
Senate in January 2009.
References
[1] http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ local/ obituaries/ sally-boasberg-landscape-designer-and-advocate-for-districts-green-spaces-dies-at-74/
2012/ 04/ 03/ gIQANEDCuS_story.html
[2] http:/ / judiciary.senate.gov/ nominations/ 112thCongress. cfm
[3] Biographical Directory of Federal Judges (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ servlet/ nGetInfo?jid=3363& cid=999& ctype=na& instate=na)
[4] http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2012/ 04/ 26/ justice/ bin-laden-photos/ index. html?hpt=ju_c2
[5] http:/ / www. irs. gov/ uac/ IRS-Statement-on-Court-Ruling-Related-to-Return-Preparers (Retrieved 1/25/2013)
James E. Boasberg
793
External links
ƒ Biography of Judge Boasberg at the Superior Court (http:/ / www. dccourts. gov/ dccourts/ docs/
DCSC_Bio_Boasberg. pdf)
Legal offices
Preceded by
Thomas Hogan
Judge of the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia
2011€present
Incumbent
Preceded by
Reggie Walton
Judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
2014€present
Paul Giamatti
794
Paul Giamatti
Paul Giamatti
Giamatti at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival
Born Paul Edward Valentine
Giamatti
June 6, 1967
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation Actor
Years active 1989€present
Religion Atheist
Spouse(s) Elizabeth Cohen (m. 1997)
Parents Angelo Bartlett Giamatti
Toni Marilyn (Smith) Giamatti
Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti (/d“i•Œm”•ti/; born June 6, 1967) is an American actor. Giamatti began his career
as a supporting actor in several films produced during the 1990s including Private Parts, The Truman Show, Saving
Private Ryan, The Negotiator, and Man on the Moon, before earning lead roles in several projects in the 2000s such
as American Splendor, Sideways, Cinderella Man, The Illusionist, John Adams, Cold Souls, Barney's Version, and
Win Win.
Early life
Giamatti, the youngest of three children, was born in New Haven, Connecticut. His father, Angelo Bartlett Giamatti,
was a Yale University professor who later became president of the university, and commissioner of Major League
Baseball. His mother, Toni Marilyn (n„e Smith), was a homemaker and English teacher who taught at Hopkins
School and had also previously acted. His paternal grandfather's family were Italian immigrants from Telese Terme,
near Naples (the surname was originally spelt "Giammattei", Italian pronunciation: [d“amatŒt•i]). The rest of Giamatti's
ancestry includes English, Dutch, Irish, Scottish, and French.
[1]
His paternal grandmother had deep roots in New
England, dating back to the colonial era. His brother, Marcus, is also an actor, and his sister, Elena, is a jewelry
designer.
Paul Giamatti
795
Giamatti was first educated at The Foote School and later graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1985. Giamatti
attended Yale, where he was elected to the Skull and Bones secret society. Giamatti was active in the undergraduate
theater scene, working alongside actors Ron Livingston and Edward Norton, who were also Yale students. Giamatti
graduated from Yale in 1989 with a bachelor's degree in English and went on to earn a Master of Fine Arts degree
from the Yale School of Drama, where he studied with Earle R. Gister. Giamatti performed in numerous theatrical
productions, including Broadway and a stint from 1989 to 1992 with Seattle's Annex Theater,
[2]
before appearing in
some small television and film roles in the early 1990s.
Career
In 1997, Giamatti landed in his first high-profile role as Kenny "Pig Vomit" Rushton in the film adaptation of
Howard Stern's Private Parts. Stern praised Giamatti's performance often on his radio program, calling for him to be
nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1998, Giamatti appeared in a number of supporting
roles in the big-budget films The Truman Show, Saving Private Ryan, and The Negotiator. In 1999, Giamatti played
Bob Zmuda (and Tony Clifton) in Miloª Forman's Andy Kaufman biopic, Man on the Moon. Giamatti later
continued steadily during the early 2000s by appearing in major studio releases including Big Momma's House,
Planet of the Apes, and Big Fat Liar.
Giamatti at the 2010 Toronto International Film
Festival
In 2003, Giamatti began to earn critical acclaim after his lead role in
the film American Splendor. In 2004, Giamatti gained mainstream
recognition and fame with the 2004 independent romantic comedy
Sideways. His portrayal of a depressed writer vacationing in the Santa
Barbara wine country garnered him a Golden Globe nomination and an
Independent Spirit Award. Following the commercial success of
Sideways, Giamatti appeared in Cinderella Man, for which he earned
an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He was
also nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Screen Actors Guild
Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture. In 2006, Giamatti
was the lead in M. Night Shyamalan's Lady in the Water, a
supernatural thriller, followed by the animated film The Ant Bully, and
Neil Burger's drama The Illusionist co-starring Edward Norton.
Giamatti had his first major role in an action movie in the 2007 film
Shoot 'Em Up, while also starring in The Nanny Diaries and Fred
Claus. In 2008, Giamatti received his first Emmy Award
[3]
for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
for his title performance in the HBO miniseries John Adams, a role that also led to a Screen Actors Guild award.
That same year, he starred in the independent film Pretty Bird which is a fictionalized retelling about the drama
behind the invention of a rocketbelt.
[4]
Giamatti received his second Golden Globe win for his role in the 2010 film, Barney's Version. Giamatti starred as
the lead in the comedy-drama film Win Win, which earned positive reviews from critics. The same year he also had
small roles Ironclad, The Hangover Part II and The Ides of March.
In 2012, Giamatti became the voiceover actor for Liberty Mutual insurance commercials. He was also the narrator
for the PBS Nature episode An Original DUCKumentary. Giamatti produced and starred in John Dies at the End,
which is based on the book of the same name. He also had roles in the film Rock of Ages and Cosmopolis.
In 2013, Giamatti returned to his alma mater to play Shakespeare's Hamlet at the Yale University Theater in New
Haven to rave reviews. He also had supporting roles in several movies such as the animated film Turbo, The
Congress, Parkland, Saving Mr. Banks and the critically acclaimed 12 Years a Slave. Giamatti played New Yorker
Harold Levinson, the brother of Cora, the Countess of Grantham (Elizabeth McGovern), in the 2013 Christmas
Paul Giamatti
796
special of the fourth series of Downton Abbey.
In 2014, Giamatti played villain The Rhino in The Amazing Spider-Man 2.
Personal life
A resident of the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.
[5]
Giamatti has been married to Elizabeth
Giamatti (n„e Cohen) since 1997. They have a son, Samuel Paul, known as Sam (born 2001), who is raised in
Elizabeth's Jewish religion. Giamatti himself is an atheist.
[6]
Filmography
Film
Year Title Role Notes
1991 Past Midnight Larry Canipe
1992 Singles Kissing Man
1995 Mighty Aphrodite Extras Guild Researcher
1995 Sabrina Scott
1996 Breathing Room George
1996 Before and After Member of the Jury Uncredited
1997 Arresting Gena Detective Wilson
1997 Donnie Brasco FBI Technician
1997 Private Parts Kenny "Pig Vomit"
Rushton
1997 My Best Friend's Wedding Richard the Bellman
1997 Deconstructing Harry Professor Abbot
1997 Further Gesture, AA Further Gesture Hotel Clerk
1998 Truman Show, TheThe Truman Show Control Room Director
1998 Dr. Dolittle Blaine
1998 Saving Private Ryan Sergeant Hill
1998 Safe Men Veal Chop
1999 Cradle Will Rock Carlo
1999 Man on the Moon Bob Zmuda/Tony
Clifton
1999 Negotiator, TheThe Negotiator Rudy Timmons
2000 If These Walls Could Talk 2 Ted Hedley Segment: "1961"
2000 Big Momma's House John Maxwell Nominated € Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite
Supporting Actor € Comedy
2001 Duets Todd Woods
2001 Storytelling Toby Oxman Segment: "Non-Fiction"
2001 Planet of the Apes Limbo
2002 Big Fat Liar Marty Wolf
2002 Thunderpants Johnson J. Johnson
Paul Giamatti
797
2003 American Splendor Harvey Pekar ƒ National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Award for Best
Breakthrough Performance by an Actor
ƒƒ Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor
ƒ Nominated € Chicago Film Critics Association Award for
Best Actor
ƒ Nominated € Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association
Award for Best Actor
ƒ Nominated € Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Male
ƒ Nominated € Online Film Critics Society Award for Best
Actor
ƒ Nominated € Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best
Actor
ƒ Nominated € Satellite Award for Best Actor € Motion
Picture Musical or Comedy
2003 Paycheck Shorty
2003 Confidence Gordo
2004 Sideways Miles Raymond ƒƒ Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast
ƒƒ Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
ƒƒ Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
ƒ Comedy Film Honor for Best Actor
ƒƒ Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best
Actor
ƒƒ Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Male
ƒƒ New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
ƒƒ Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor
ƒƒ Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
ƒ San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
ƒƒ Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor
ƒƒ Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by
a Cast in a Motion Picture
ƒ Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best
Performance, Male
ƒ Nominated € Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for
Best Actor
ƒ Nominated € Golden Globe Award for Best Actor € Motion
Picture Musical or Comedy
ƒ Nominated € London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actor of
the Year
ƒ Nominated € Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture
Musical or Comedy
ƒ Nominated € Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding
Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
2005 Robots Tim the Gate Guard
(voice)
2005 The Fan and the Flower Narrator Short
Paul Giamatti
798
2005 Cinderella Man Joe Gould ƒƒ Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting
Actor
ƒƒ Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best
Supporting Actor
ƒƒ Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting
Actor
ƒƒ Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
ƒƒ Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor
ƒƒ Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by
a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
ƒƒ Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best
Supporting Actor
ƒ Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting
Performance, Male
ƒ Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for
Best Supporting Actor
ƒ Nominated € Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
ƒ Nominated € Chicago Film Critics Association Award for
Best Supporting Actor
ƒ Nominated € Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting
Actor € Motion Picture
2006 Asterix and the Vikings Asterix (voice) English dub
2006 Hawk Is Dying, TheThe Hawk Is Dying George Gattling
2006 Illusionist, TheThe Illusionist Chief Inspector Uhl
2006 Lady in the Water Cleveland Heep
2006 Ant Bully, TheThe Ant Bully Stan Beals (voice)
2007 Nanny Diaries, TheThe Nanny Diaries Mr. X
2007 Shoot 'Em Up Karl Hertz
2007 Fred Claus Nicholas "Nick" Claus
2008 Pretty Bird Rick Also producer
2009 Duplicity Richard "Dick" Garsik
2009 Cold Souls Paul ƒ Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Award for Best
Actor
ƒ Nominated € Gotham Award for Best Ensemble Cast
2009 Haunted World of El Superbeasto, TheThe
Haunted World of El Superbeasto
Dr. Satan/Steve
Wachowski (voice)
2009 Last Station, TheThe Last Station Vladimir Chertkov
2010 Barney's Version Barney Panofsky ƒ Golden Globe Award for Best Actor € Motion Picture
Musical or Comedy
ƒƒ Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading
Role
2011 Win Win Mike Flaherty Indiana Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
2011 Ironclad King John
2011 Hangover Part II, TheThe Hangover Part II Kingsley
2011 Ides of March, TheThe Ides of March Tom Duffy Nominated € Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best
Acting Ensemble
2012 Rock of Ages Paul Gill
2012 Cosmopolis Benno Levin
Paul Giamatti
799
2012 John Dies at the End Arnie Blondestone Also producer
2013 Turbo Chet (voice) Nominated € Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature
Production
2013 Congress, TheThe Congress Dr. Baker
2013 Romeo and Juliet Friar Laurence
2013 Parkland Abraham Zapruder
2013 12 Years a Slave Theophilus Freeman ƒƒ Black Reel Award for Best Ensemble
ƒ Nominated € Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding
Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
ƒ Nominated € San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best
Performance by an Ensemble
ƒ Nominated € Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best
Cast
ƒ Nominated € Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for
Best Cast
ƒ Nominated € Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
Award for Best Ensemble
2013 All Is Bright Dennis Also producer
2013 Saving Mr. Banks Ralph Nominated € Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
2014 Ernest & Celestine Rat Judge (voice) English dub
2014 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Aleksei Sytsevich/The
Rhino
2014 Love and Mercy Dr. Eugene Landy Post-Production
2014 Madame Bovary Monsieur Homais Post-Production
2015 The Little Prince (voice) Development
2016 The Amazing Spider-Man 3 Aleksei Sytsevich/The
Rhino
Announced
TBA The Goon Frankie (voice)
Pre-Production
[7]
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1990 She'll Take Romance Heckler #2 TV Film
1994 NYPD Blue Man in Sleeping
Bag
Episode: "You Bet Your Life"
1995 New York News Dr. Wargner Episode: "Past Imperfect"
1996 Show, TheThe Show Jeffrey Roffman Episode: "Pilot"
1998 Tourist Trap Jeremiah Piper TV Film
1998 Homicide: Life on the Street Harry Tjarks Episode: "Pit Bull Sessions"
1998 Winchell Herman Kurfeld TV Film
1999 American Experience Narrator Episode: "New York: Part V - Cosmopolis"
2001 King of the Hill Mr. McKay
(voice)
Episode: "It's Not Easy Being Green"
2003 Pentagon Papers, TheThe Pentagon
Papers
Anthony Russo TV Film
Paul Giamatti
800
2005 Saturday Night Live Host Episode: "Paul Giamatti/Ludacris featuring Sum-41"
2006 Amazing Screw-On Head, TheThe
Amazing Screw-On Head
Screw-On Head
(voice)
Television pilot
2008 John Adams John Adams TV Miniseries
ƒƒ Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a
Movie
ƒ Golden Globe Award for Best Actor € Miniseries or Television Film
ƒ Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor € Mini Series
ƒƒ Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male
Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
ƒ Satellite Award for Best Actor € Miniseries or Television Film
ƒƒ TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama
2010 30 Rock Ritchie Episode: "When It Rains, It Pours"
2011 Too Big to Fail Ben Bernanke TV Film
ƒƒ Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male
Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
ƒ Nominated € Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor € Series,
Miniseries or Television Film
ƒ Nominated € Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor
in a Miniseries or a Movie
2011 Prohibition Himself TV Documentary
2013 Downton Abbey Harold Levinson Episode: "The London Season"
2014 Inside Amy Schumer God Episode: "You Would Bang Her?"
Video games
Year Title Role Notes
1996 Ripper Doctor Bud Cable
References
[1] http:/ / www. imdb.com/ name/ nm0316079/ bio
[2] Wiecking, Steve. Seattle Met magazine. "Worried Man". July 2009 edition. http:/ / www. seattlemet. com/ arts-and-entertainment/ articles/
arts-giamatti/
[3] Paul Giamatti Emmy Award Winner (http:/ / www. emmys. com/ celebrities/ paul-giamatti)
[4] Paul Giamatti's Good Times (http:/ / www.craveonline. com/ filmtv/ articles/ 04648582/ 4/ paul_giamattis_good_times. html)
[5] Hale, Mike. "Film" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9E00E6DF1331F93AA15754C0A9619C8B63), The New York
Times. July 29, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2007.
[6] "I never saw Russell lose it on set..." | TotalFilm.com (http:/ / www. totalfilm. com/ features/ i-never-saw-russell-lose-it-on-set)
[7] Kickstarter campaign for the independent animated film adaption of The Goon (http:/ / kickstarter. com/ projects/ 624061548/
the-goon-movie-lets-kickstart-this-sucker/ )
Paul Giamatti
801
External links
ƒ Paul Giamatti (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm316079/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Paul Giamatti (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ person. asp?ID=42042) at the Internet Broadway Database
ƒ Paul Giamatti (http:/ / www. lortel. org/ LLA_archive/ index. cfm?search_by=people& first=Paul&
last=Giamatti& middle=) at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
ƒ Paul Giamatti: 'I'm clearly not Brad Pitt,' The Guardian, Oliver Burkeman, November 12, 2009 (http:/ / www.
guardian. co. uk/ film/ 2009/ nov/ 12/ paul-giamatti-cold-souls)
ƒ Paul Giamatti at Emmys.com (http:/ / www. emmys. com/ celebrities/ paul-giamatti)
Dana Milbank
802
Dana Milbank
Dana Milbank
Born Dana Timothy Milbank
April 27, 1968
Spouse(s) Dona Lynn DePasquale (m. 1993)
Dana Timothy Milbank (born April 27, 1968) is a columnist for The Washington Post.
Personal life
Milbank is the son of Ann C. and Mark A. Milbank. He is a graduate of Yale University, where he was a member of
Trumbull College, the Progressive Party of the Yale Political Union and the secret society Skull and Bones. He is a
graduate of Sanford H. Calhoun High School in Merrick, New York.
Milbank has been married since 1993 to Dona Lynn DePasquale.
Career
Milbank covered the 2000 US Presidential election and the 2004 US Presidential election. He also covered US
President George W. Bush's first term in office. After Bush won the 2000 election, Karl Rove asked the Washington
Post not to assign Milbank to cover White House news.
[1]
In 2001, a pool report penned by Milbank which covered a
Bush visit to the US Capitol generated controversy within conservative circles.
[2]
According to Milbank, the
nickname given to him by the president is "not printable in a family publication."
[3]
Milbank writes "Washington Sketch" for the Post, an observational column about political theater in the White
House, Congress, and elsewhere in the capital. Before coming to the Post as a political writer in 2000, he covered the
Clinton White House for The New Republic and Congress for The Wall Street Journal.
Milbank was criticized for a July 30, 2008 article
[4]
in which, in part by using snippets of quotations, he portrayed
Barack Obama as being presumptuous.
[5][6]
A few days later MSNBC's Keith Olbermann stated that Milbank would
not be allowed back onto his show, which Milbank had appeared on since 2004, until Milbank submitted "a
correction or an explanation."
[7]
However, Milbank had apparently already left Olbermann's show for another show
on CNN.
[8]
Milbank stated that he has been dissatisfied since he was criticized by Olbermann's staff over making a
positive comment about Charlie Black, a McCain senior advisor, and as a result had already been negotiating with
CNN.
[9]
Milbank and Chris Cillizza appeared in a series of humor videos called "Mouthpiece Theater" which appeared on the
Washington Post's website. An outcry followed a video in which, during a discussion of the White House "Beer
Summit", they chose new brands for a number of people, including "Mad Bitch Beer" for Hillary Clinton. Both men
apologized for the video and the series was canceled.
[10]
In 2011, Milbank was the subject of street art featuring his likeness and last name.
Dana Milbank
803
Books
Milbank is the author of Smash Mouth: Two Years in the Gutter with Al Gore and George W. Bush•Notes from the
2000 Campaign Trail. A new book, Homo Politicus: The Strange and Scary Tribes that Run Our Government, was
published by Random House in January 2008.
[11]
In 2010, Doubleday released Milbank's polemic biography of conservative pundit Glenn Beck: Tears of a Clown:
Glenn Beck and the Tea Bagging of America, which a review in Milbank's paper, the Washington Post, said was a
"droll, take-no-prisoners account of the nation's most audacious conspiracy-spinner."
Political views
Milbank has stated that his "policy" on presidential general elections is to vote for the best candidate who is not on
the ballot. He voted for John McCain in 2000, Chuck Hagel in 2004, and Michael Bloomberg in 2008. He has
explained that his approach allows him to "go through the exercise of who would be a good president" while
avoiding committing to one candidate or another in the race.
References
[1] Nicholas Confessore, "Beat the Press: Does the White House have a blacklist?" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070413154103/ http:/ /
www.prospect.org/ print/ V13/ 5/ confessore-n. html)
[2] Christopher Cooper, "Bloggers Parse Pool Reportage On Bush Doings" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ public/ article/
SB111041711828575367-snUr2HdKp7dVE_hG7_mthlq1x_U_20050408. html), The Wall Street Journal, March 10, 2005
[3] Bryan Keefer, "Dana Milbank on Covering the White House and Nicknames We Can't Publish" (http:/ / www. cjrdaily. org/
the_water_cooler/ dana_milbank_on_covering_the_w. php#BTG), Columbia Journalism Review
[4] Dana Milbank. President Obama Continues Hectic Victory Tour (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2008/ 07/ 29/
AR2008072902068. html). Washington Post. July 30, 2008
[5] Jason Linkins, Huffington Post, July 30, 2008 (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ 2008/ 07/ 30/ iwashington-posti-fans-ou_n_115861. html,)
[6] http:/ / talkingpointsmemo.com/ archives/ 206260. php Josh Marshall, TalkingPointsMemo, July 31, 2008
[7] Countdown with Keith Olbermann for Monday, August 4 (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 26037831/ )
[8] http:/ / www. politico.com/ blogs/ michaelcalderone/ 0808/ WaPos_Milbank_leaves_Countdown_. html
[9] http:/ / www. politico.com/ blogs/ michaelcalderone/ 0808/ Milbanks_Move. html?showall
[10] Howard Kurtz, "Post's Video 'Theater' Ends Its Run: Hosts Apologize for Off-Color Clinton Joke" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/
wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 08/ 05/ AR2009080502394. html), Washington Post, August 6, 2009
[11] Homo Politicus by Dana Milbank - Books - Random House (http:/ / www. randomhouse. com/ catalog/ display.
pperl?isbn=9780385517508)
External links
ƒ Dana Milbank's Web site (http:/ / www. danamilbank. com)
ƒ Dana Milbank discusses his new book - January 2008 (http:/ / fora. tv/ 2008/ 01/ 10/
Dana_Milbank_Discusses_His_Book_Homo_Politicus)
Austan Goolsbee
804
Austan Goolsbee
Austan Goolsbee
26th Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers
In office
September 9, 2010 € August 5, 2011
President Barack Obama
Preceded by Christina Romer
Succeeded by Alan Krueger
Personal details
Born Austan Dean Goolsbee
August 18, 1969
Waco, Texas, U.S.
Political party Democratic Party
Alma mater Yale University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Austan Dean Goolsbee (born August 18, 1969) is an American economist and the Robert P. Gwinn Professor of
Economics at The University of Chicago's Booth School of Business.
[1]
Goolsbee formerly served as the Chairman
of the Council of Economic Advisers and was the youngest member of the cabinet of President Barack Obama.
Goolsbee served on the three-member Council from the start of the Obama Administration. He advised President
Obama during his 2004 U.S. Senate race and was senior economic policy adviser during the 2008 Obama
Presidential Campaign. He took over in September 2010 as the Council's Chairman, replacing Christina Romer, who
had left to return to a teaching position at the University of California at Berkeley. On June 6, 2011, he announced
that he was departing the administration and returning to the University of Chicago.
Since January 2013 he has been a strategic partner at 32 Advisors.
[2]
He leads their Economic Intelligence practice.
Austan Goolsbee
805
Early life and education
Goolsbee was born in Waco, Texas, the son of Linda Catherine (n„e Dean) and Arthur Leon Goolsbee. He was
raised primarily in Whittier, California.
He graduated from Milton Academy and received both his B.A. summa cum laude and M.A. in economics from Yale
University in 1991 and went on to receive his Ph.D. in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1995. He was an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow (2000€02) and Fulbright Scholar via the Fulbright Commission Belgium.
(2006€07).
At Yale, Goolsbee was a member of the Yale Political Union, the improv comedy troupe Just Add Water, Skull and
Bones, and the Yale Debate Association. He and debate partner David Gray won the American Parliamentary Debate
Association National Debate Team of the Year competition in 1991 defeating Ted Cruz who would win in 1992 with
partner David Panton. He and partner Dahlia Lithwick were runners up for the award in 1990. As a high school
student, Goolsbee won the national championship in International Extemporaneous Speaking (IX) in 1987.
Academia
Goolsbee has been a Research Fellow at the American Bar Foundation,
[3]
Research Associate at the National Bureau
of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
[4]
and a member of the Panel of Economic Advisors to the
Congressional Budget Office.
[5]
He served as Senior Economist to the Progressive Policy Institute (PPI).
[6]
Goolsbee's academic research focuses on the Internet, the new economy, government policy, and taxes. He taught a
class on economics and policy in the telecom, media and technology industries. He is known in political circles as a
centrist and in academic circles as an empirical economist. He focuses on human activity in natural settings to find
economic explanations for how people behave.
Goolsbee was an award winning journalist while serving as an academic. Goolsbee is the former host of the
television show History's Business on the History Channel. In April 2006, Goolsbee began writing for the Economic
Scene column in The New York Times. This column was later moved to Sundays and renamed the Economic View.
Prior to this, he wrote the "Dismal Science" column for Slate.com, for which he won the 2006 Peter Lisagor Award
for Exemplary Journalism. He has published scores of papers in various peer-reviewed journals and books.
Public service
Support of Barack Obama's campaigns
Main articles: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004 and Democratic Party (United States) presidential
primaries, 2008
He has been Barack Obama's economic advisor since Obama's successful U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois. He
advised Barack Obama in his 2004 Senate race and was the senior economic advisor to the 2008 Obama presidential
campaign.
[7][8]
At one point during the primary of Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, Goolsbee was alleged to have told
Canadian consular officials in Chicago that Obama's political position on the North American Free Trade Agreement
was "more reflective of political maneuvering than policy."
[9][10]
The allegation was refuted by Goolsbee, the
Obama campaign, and the Canadian government and subsequent press examination called the claim into question.
[11]
Goolsbee remained Obama's senior economic adviser through the rest of the primary and the general election
including many television debates with John McCain's economic advisers.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Austan Goolsbee
806
Service in Obama administration
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
Goolsbee was nominated by Obama to serve on the Council of Economic Advisers on his first day in office.
Goolsbee was confirmed by the Senate on March 10, 2009.
[12]
He concurrently served as chief economist at the
Economic Recovery Advisory Board. He was designated chair of the Council on September 10, 2010 succeeding
Christina Romer.
[13]
In these capacities, Goolsbee has served as a media surrogate for the Obama Administration and his skill on
television has been noted in the media.
[14][15]
Goolsbee was interviewed by Jon Stewart on August 11, 2009;
[16]
February 1, 2010;
[17]
October 25, 2010; February
24, 2011; August 3, 2011; and September 6, 2012.
He also appeared in Daily Show segments on November 11, 2009,
[18]
where he was interviewed by Josh Gad about
whether the Cash for Clunkers program had ruined demolition derby and on March 17, 2009
[19]
where he said that
executives at AIG deserved the "Nobel prize for evil". Jon Stewart described him as "Eliot Ness meets Milton
Friedman"
[20]
.
In 2009, he was voted the Funniest Celebrity in Washington
[21]
. One practical joke was giving a dead fish to the
departing White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, who has been known to give dead fish to political opponents.
On June 15, 2009, he appeared as a guest on The Colbert Report
[22]
.
He made a second appearance on the Colbert Report on October 13, 2010, where he defended Obama's tax cut
policies which would allow tax breaks to expire for Americans earning more than $250,000 per year. Goolsbee's
main arguments were that 98% of Americans would still receive a tax break under the Obama proposal and that the
country would have to borrow money to fund tax breaks for the wealthiest Americans if all tax breaks were
extended. In November 2010, however, the House of Representatives swung to a Republican majority who
threatened that they would not extend the expiring tax cuts on that 98% without extending the cuts for the wealthiest
2% as well, and in December Obama signed a compromise deal to extend the cuts for all.
In January 2011, Goolsbee expressed the administration's confidence that the U.S. debt limit would be raised, noting
that rhetoric from some members of Congress, who suggested the routine increase should be opposed, "(appear) to
reflect a deep misunderstanding of the consequences of default".
[23]
Goolsbee agreed with Tim Geithner and
numerous conservative commentators "that the debt ceiling must be allowed to rise", commenting that "playing
chicken" with a default of government liabilities could have a catastrophic impact on the U.S. economy.
[24]
He noted
that the Obama administration sought to fuel economic growth during the continuing gradual recovery by "focusing
on spurring investment and improving U.S. exports and innovation" but noted that "in the medium run, a series of
tough choices" would need to be made and that the president's budget would indicate his willingness to make budget
cuts a part of the long-term plan.
On June 6, 2011, Goolsbee announced that he would return to the University of Chicago, claiming that the economy
was "a million miles from where it started". He was expected to play an informal role from Chicago in Obama's 2012
campaign.
Recognition
Over the years he has been named one of the 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in
Switzerland, one of the six "Gurus of the Future" by the Financial Times, one of the 40 Under 40 by Crain's Chicago
Business, and one of the 30 Under 30 by the Chicago Sun-Times.
[]
He topped The New Yorker's list of the Ten Most
Intriguing Political Personalities of 2010.
[25]
Salon.com named him to its list of the 15 Sexiest Men of 2010.
[26]
To
this he remarked on NPR's quiz show 'Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me,' "I didn't even know Salon was printed in
Braille."
[27]
Additionally, the National Forensic League recognized Goolsbee, a former national champion in
extemporaneous speaking, as the 2011 Communicator of the Year.
[28]
Austan Goolsbee
807
Press profiles of him include those done by the New York Times
[29]
, NPR
[30]
, George Will,
[31]
the Financial
Times,
[32]
Reuters TV,
[33]
the Chicago Tribune, Crain's Chicago Business,
[34]
and Politico.
[35]
Personal life
Goolsbee married Robin Winters on November 1, 1997. She was a management consultant with McKinsey &
Company at the time and earlier the director of business development at MTV International.
[36]
They have a
daughter and two sons.
References
[1] Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / faculty. chicagogsb. edu/ austan. goolsbee/ website/ )
[2] 32 Advisors team (http:/ / 32advisors. com/ team/ )
[3] Research Fellows - Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / www. abf-sociolegal. org/ Research_Fellows/ Goolsbee/ Goolsbee_index. htm) American Bar
Foundation
[4] Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / www. nber.org/ cgi-bin/ familyinfo. pl?a=a& user=austan_goolsbee) National Bureau of Economic Research
[5] Panel of Economic Advisers (http:/ / www. cbo. gov/ aboutcbo/ econadvisers. shtml) Congressional Budget Office
[6] DLC: Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / www. dlc.org/ ndol_ci.cfm?contentid=254329& kaid=86& subid=191) Democratic Leadership Council
[7] The Advisers Are Writing Our Future (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 04/ 18/ business/ 18leonhardt. html?ex=1334548800&
en=7eb5e2553d92a9f4& ei=5090& partner=rssuserland& emc=rss) David Leonhardt, New York Times, April 18, 2007.
[8] Seeking Clues to Obamanomics (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ public/ article/
SB117737514082179798-rKCyT2SfyScRQ0gbLpb3V0N1_0U_20080423. html?mod=tff_main_tff_top), Deborah Solomon, Wall Street
Journal, April 24, 2007
[9] Luo, Michael (2008-03-04). "Memo Gives Canada's Account of Obama Campaign's Meeting on Nafta," (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/
fullpage. html?res=9E00E6DA163EF937A35750C0A96E9C8B63) New York Times, accessed April 4, 2011.
[10] Austen, Ian (2008-03-07). "Trade Pact Controversy in Democratic Race Reaches Into Canadian Parliament ," (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/
2008/ 03/ 07/ us/ politics/ 07nafta. html?_r=1) New York Times, accessed April 4, 2011.
[11] Did Clinton Win Ohio on a Lie? (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ paul-loeb/ did-clinton-win-ohio-on-a_b_90254. html) Paul Loeb,
Huffington Post, March 6, 2008
[12] The White House. Nominations & Appointments (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ briefing-room/ nominations-and-appointments), row 331,
accessed April 4, 2011.
[13] The White House (10-09-10). "President Obama Appoints Austan Goolsbee as Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers," (http:/ / www.
whitehouse.gov/ the-press-office/ 2010/ 09/ 10/ president-obama-appoints-austan-goolsbee-chair-council-economic-advisers), accessed April
4, 2011.
[14] Letters From Washington: On Message and On Everywhere (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 06/ 21/ us/ 21iht-letter22web.
html?pagewanted=all) New York Times, Albert Hunt, June 21, 2009
[15] Politico (http:/ / www. politico. com/ news/ stories/ 0309/ 20631. html) Ben Smith, March 30, 2009
[16] Austan Goolsbee interviewed by Jon Stewart (http:/ / www. thedailyshow. com/ watch/ tue-august-11-2009/ austan-goolsbee/ ), The Daily
Show, August 11, 2009
[17] Austan Goolsbee interviewed by Jon Stewart (http:/ / www. thedailyshow. com/ watch/ mon-february-1-2010/ austan-goolsbee), The Daily
Show, February 1, 2010
[18] Crash for Clunkers (http:/ / www.thedailyshow.com/ watch/ wed-november-11-2009/ crash-for-clunkers), The Daily Show, November 11,
2009
[19] The Notorious AIG - Outrage (http:/ / www. thedailyshow. com/ watch/ tue-march-17-2009/ the-notorious-aig---outrage), The Daily Show,
March 17, 2009
[20] http:/ / www.thedailyshow. com/ watch/ tue-august-11-2009/ exclusive---austan-goolsbee-extended-interview-pt--2
[21] http:/ / blogs. wsj.com/ economics/ 2009/ 10/ 01/ austan-goolsbee-stand-up-economist
[22] http:/ / www.colbertnation. com/ the-colbert-report-videos/ 230578/ june-15-2009/ austan-goolsbee
[23] Debt cap to be raised, Obama adviser says - MarketWatch (http:/ / www. marketwatch. com/ story/
debt-cap-to-be-raised-obama-adviser-says-2011-01-02?siteid=rss& rss=1)
[24] First Read - Obama admin. confident Congress will raise debt ceiling (http:/ / firstread. msnbc. msn. com/ _news/ 2011/ 01/ 06/
5778274-obama-admin-confident-congress-will-raise-debt-ceiling)
[25] Top Ten Most Intriguing Political Personalities of 2010 (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ online/ blogs/ newsdesk/ 2010/ 12/ ryan-lizza-year.
html) Ryan Lizza "The New Yorker", December 9, 2010
[26] Salon's Men on Top 2010 (http:/ / www.salon. com/ life/ feature/ 2010/ 11/ 17/ men_on_top_salon_sexiest_men_of_2010/ index. html)
Salon.com, November 17, 2010
[27] http:/ / www.npr.org/ player/ v2/ mediaPlayer.html?action=1& t=3& islist=true& id=35& d=09-03-2011
[28] http:/ / www.nflonline. org/ uploads/ Rostrum/ Goolsbee. pdf
Austan Goolsbee
808
[29] http:/ / www.nytimes.com/ 2008/ 11/ 12/ us/ politics/ 11web-goolsbee. html?ref=austan_goolsbee
[30] http:/ / www.npr.org/ templates/ story/ story. php?storyId=89467266
[31] "The Democratic Economist" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2007/ 10/ 03/ AR2007100302003. html) George
Will Washington Post, October 4, 2007
[32] "Green Youth and Academic Colours" (http:/ / search. ft. com/ ftArticle?queryText=goolsbee& aje=true& id=050918002505& ct=0&
page=2) Jeremy Grant, Financial Times, September 18, 2005
[33] Obama's Economic Alter Ego (http:/ / in.reuters. com/ news/ video?videoId=75458& videoChann) Reuters TV, February 1, 2008
[34] 40 under 40, 2006 (http:/ / www.chicagobusiness.com/ cgi-bin/ article. pl?portal_id=35& mpid=35& page_id=2088)Chicago Business
[35] Goolsbee Sets Populist Tone (http:/ / www.politico. com/ news/ stories/ 0309/ 20631. html) Ben Smith, Politico, March 30, 2009
[36] WEDDINGS; Robin Winters and Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.
html?res=9D07E5DF1E31F931A35752C1A961958260) New York Times, November 2, 1997
External links
ƒ Staff Director and Chief Economist Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ administration/ eop/ perab/
members/ goolsbee) at the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board
ƒ Austan Goolsbee profile at the University of Chicago Experts panel (http:/ / experts. uchicago. edu/ experts.
php?id=411)
ƒ Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ politics/ Profiles/ Austan_Goolsbee_topic. html) collected
news and commentary at The Washington Post
ƒ Appearances (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ austangoolsbee) on C-SPAN
ƒ Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / topics. nytimes. com/ top/ reference/ timestopics/ people/ g/ austan_goolsbee/ index.
html) collected news and commentary at The New York Times
ƒ Works by or about Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-no97-44749) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
ƒ Austan Goolsbee (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm3704384/ ) at the Internet Movie Database
ƒ Austan Goolsbee, "Democratizing Capitalism" (http:/ / www. dlc. org/ ndol_ci. cfm?contentid=253989&
kaid=125& subid=163), July 22, 2006, and "Why Deficits Still Matter" (http:/ / www. dlc. org/ ndol_ci.
cfm?contentid=254285& kaid=125& subid=162), April 30, 2007 at the Democratic Leadership Council
Political offices
Preceded by
Christina Romer
Chairman of the Council of Economic
Advisers
2010€2011
Succeeded by
Alan Krueger
Article Sources and Contributors
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George Ingersoll Wood  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117267  Contributors: Enfcer, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jcware, StAnselm, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats
John W. Houston  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117316  Contributors: Aspects, Bethling, Bgwhite, Burzmali, Chzz, EATC, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Golbez,
Good Olfactory, Ipankonin, Jamo58, Jcware, Jwillbur, Khazar2, Klemen Kocjancic, Newyorkbrad, Offenbach, PaulHanson, Pubdog, Pvmoutside, Slash, Stilltim, Tassedethe, The Sage of
Stamford, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
John Hubbard Tweedy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117398  Contributors: BaronLarf, Bearcat, Collect, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoldRingChip, Good Olfactory,
HollyAm, Jamo58, Jcware, Johnbibby, Joseph Solis in Australia, Maplewooddrive, RFD, Rjwilmsi, The Sage of Stamford, WhisperToMe
William Henry Washington  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117444  Contributors: AaronB0413, Aboutmovies, Caponer, Chameleon, Cornell2010, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Hmains, HollyAm, Jcware, MarmadukePercy, Seth Ilys, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats
John E. Seeley  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117494  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Billmckern, Burzmali, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Pvmoutside, The Sage of Stamford, TonyTheTiger, Waacstats, William Allen Simpson
Article Sources and Contributors
810
Thomas Anthony Thacher  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117535  Contributors: AaronB0413, All Hallow's Wraith, BrownHairedGirl, Dismas, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Jcware, Johnpacklambert, JustAGal, Khatru2, Klemen Kocjancic, OMHalck, Oculi, SLY111, Skier Dude, Tesscass, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Henry C. Deming  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117589  Contributors: Cewvero, D.c.camero, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Infrogmation, Jcware, John of Reading,
Johnpacklambert, Klemen Kocjancic, Kuralyov, MarmadukePercy, RogDel, The Sage of Stamford, TubularWorld, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
William M. Evarts  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117649  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, AKGhetto, AaronB0413, Afelton, Akhristov,
All Hallow's Wraith, Awbeal, Bbsrock, Bender235, Billmckern, Blankfaze, Bob Burkhardt, BookWorm, Brholden, Canuckian89, Caponer, Carabinieri, Cjs2111, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris,
Colorajo, Complex01, Cornell2010, D6, DLJessup, DMG413, Davepape, Dismas, Eastlaw, EoGuy, Floydspinky71, Freakofnurture, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gabrasca, Gamaliel, Good
Olfactory, GoodDay, Ground Zero, HLSLHSC, HOT L Baltimore, HennessyC, JForget, Jack Cox, Jajhill, Jcware, Jengod, John of Reading, LaszloWalrus, Linonia, MarcoLittel, Markvo,
Muboshgu, Nightscream, Nlwilson, NoSeptember, Nunh-huh, PBS, PBS-AWB, Packerfansam, Pattonnh, Peterklevy, PoccilScript, Postdlf, PurpleHz, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjanag,
RodC, Rogerd, SLY111, StAnselm, Stonewall61, SummerPhD, TFBCT1, Template namespace initialisation script, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, TiMike, Tom,
Wierzba, Wikitoddia, Y, Yellowdesk, ²thelwold, 38 anonymous edits
Chester Lyman  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117703  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Ineuw, Kilom691, Mack2, Panyd, RJHall, Rjwilmsi, The Sage of
Stamford, Viriditas, W Nowicki, Waacstats, WadeSimMiser, 2 anonymous edits
Allen Ferdinand Owen  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117758  Contributors: Casperonline, CutOffTies, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Monegasque, Rich
Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, RogDel, Roswell native, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, Wittyname, 2 anonymous edits
Benjamin Silliman, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117801  Contributors: Afelton, Annika64, Bachrach44, Demi, Dewey Finn, DonSiano, East 99 187killum,
Etacar11, Extraextrareadallaboutit, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Glendoremus, Grendelkhan, Hmains, JPG-GR, Khazar2, Lagrange613, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Oculi, Persian Poet Gal,
Plazak, Plindenbaum, Seb az86556, Seek4All, Sensiblekid, ShelfSkewed, The Sage of Stamford, WPGA2345, Waacstats, Xaosflux, 10 anonymous edits
Morrison Waite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117884  Contributors: 7&6=thirteen, 8th Ohio Volunteers, A.R., Acaryatid, Americus55, Anomalocaris, BD2412,
Bbsrock, Bender235, Bob Burkhardt, Bobblehead, BorgHunter, Cbrown285, Cdogsimmons, Chaser, Chrisn4255, Cjohnsonmn, Cmguy777, Connormah, Courcelles, D6, DFRussia, DLJessup,
DabMachine, Dbrice88, Duffy2032, Dugwiki, EamonnPKeane, Eastlaw, Embokias, EncMstr, Engineer Bob, Fairlane75, FeanorStar7, Foofighter20x, FriscoKnight, Fritzlipshitz77, Galathrax,
GoodDay, Ground Zero, Haeleth, Hmains, Homagetocatalonia, JForget, Jcware, Jengod, Jmcneill2, Jni, John K, Jun Nijo, Junkyardprince, JustDerek, Kate, Khazar2, Koavf, Krscal, Llapitan,
MZMcBride, Markjoseph125, Mcoupal, Mendaliv, MikeOtown, Miss Manzana, Msclguru, Naraht, Newyorkbrad, Nfgii, Noneforall, OCNative, OPMaster, Omnipaedista, PBS-AWB, Parkwells,
PhantomS, Philip Stevens, Philwelch, Postdlf, Raprchju, Rebrane, Reliableforever, Ricky81682, Rjwilmsi, Roseohioresident, Rudyoliver, Samatva, Samsara, Samuel 69105, Supertigerman, The
Sage of Stamford, Tim!, TimBentley, Tobetheman, Tom, Tompw, Topbanana, Ulric1313, VocabularyBear, W E Hill, WOSlinker, Waacstats, Woohookitty, Ydorb, Zoicon5, ²thelwold, 93
anonymous edits
Joseph B. Varnum, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117937  Contributors: Bob Burkhardt, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Koavf, Kraxler, Kumioko (renamed), Mklobas,
Modal Jig, NYSPolitics, PBS-AWB, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Waacstats
Richard D. Hubbard  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612117983  Contributors: Bmclaughlin9, BuzyBody, Epbr123, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gevan, GoodDay,
IgnorantArmies, Kumioko (renamed), Lamro, Littywiki, Ohconfucius, OlEnglish, PaulHanson, Pvmoutside, Rayc, Roundhouse0, Sardanaphalus, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach,
Ulric1313, Vanished user 38hfun34tunkewfij4t, Waacstats
James Mason Hoppin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118041  Contributors: EmperorVelocicaptor, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jaraalbe, Jcware, Lawrence Cohen,
Roundhouse0, Scaledelay, The Sage of Stamford, 1 anonymous edits
John Perkins, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118109  Contributors: Bearcat, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jamo58, Jcware, Pvmoutside, R'n'B, Scott Mingus, The Sage of
Stamford, TonyTheTiger, TubularWorld, Waacstats, Zigzig20s, 1 anonymous edits
William T. S. Barry  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118153  Contributors: Donner60, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jcware, King of Hearts, Klemen Kocjancic, Nunh-huh,
RogDel, The Sage of Stamford, TubularWorld, Waacstats, 6 anonymous edits
John A. Peters (1822€1904)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118203  Contributors: ATX-NL, AmyLagata, Baseballtom, Buskahegian, Ealdgyth, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Johnpacklambert, Jwillbur, Kumioko (renamed), Namiba, Rjwilmsi, Skoopy, The Sage of Stamford, TubularWorld, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Benjamin T. Eames  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118262  Contributors: BuzyBody, Chris the speller, Cornell2010, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Rich
Farmbrough, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Roswell Hart  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118299  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Billmckern, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay,
Jwillbur, Kumioko (renamed), PaulHanson, Rrius, The Sage of Stamford, The wub, TonyTheTiger, Waacstats, William Allen Simpson, 1 anonymous edits
Henry Stevens (bibliographer)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118336  Contributors: Bender235, CalJW, Chick Bowen, Chowbok, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, GoodDay, H0n0r, JaGa, Johnpacklambert, Magnus Manske, Officiallyover, Reinadoherty, Tassedethe, The Sage of Stamford, Varnesavant, Vermontcivilwar, Victuallers, Waacstats, 3
anonymous edits
Orris S. Ferry  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118373  Contributors: 8th Ohio Volunteers, Aboutmovies, AustralianRupert, Bob Burkhardt, Brigcmccoy, Catapult, Chris
the speller, Connormah, Cornell2010, Darwinek, Davepape, EmeraldBlue, EoGuy, Floydspinky71, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoldRingChip, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Gregbard, Hmains,
Hobbamock, HollyAm, Hoppin087, Ian Rose, JoshuaZ, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko (renamed), Lordoliver, LtNOWIS, Oculi, PBS-AWB, Packerfansam, Piledhigheranddeeper, Rich
Farmbrough, ScooterDe, Scott Mingus, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Spacini, Steinsky, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Tom, Tommy2010, Wembwandt,
Whatsoevernever, 4 anonymous edits
William B. Washburn  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118448  Contributors: AaronB0413, Alex Middleton, Canuckian89, Chevymontecarlo, Chris the speller,
Cornell2010, Davepape, Diannaa, Dimadick, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoldRingChip, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Hmains, Jengod, Ken Gallager, Ktr101, Magicpiano, Mathwizard1232, Mattisse,
Mulad, Namiba, Nick, Packerfansam, Panchitaville, Pvmoutside, RandomWalk, Rich Farmbrough, RobStreatham, Sahasrahla, Sardanaphalus, Scott Mingus, Tassedethe, The Mystery Man, The
Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Tom, Waacstats, Wrelwser43, 9 anonymous edits
Constantine C. Esty  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118528  Contributors: Astocker, Cornell2010, Dimadick, Dismas, Durno11, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Innapoy, Jwillbur, Kumioko (renamed), Magioladitis, Pvmoutside, Swampyank, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, TubularWorld, WOSlinker, Waacstats, Wmcewenjr, 2 anonymous edits
Richard Taylor (general)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118580  Contributors: 2005, 248Garland, 8th Ohio Volunteers, Abraham, B.S., Agoodall, Airplaneman,
Alansohn, Bedford, Berean Hunter, Beyond My Ken, Billy Hathorn, Binabik80, BrownHairedGirl, Bruce.Robinson79, Caponer, Catapult, Civil Engineer III, CommonsDelinker, Diabsoule,
Donner60, ERcheck, Excirial, Fatidiot1234, Fdewaele, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gardnermike, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Hlj, Hmains, Indrian, J JMesserly, J.delanoy, Ja 62, Jjmillerhistorian,
John K, Johnpacklambert, Joshmaul, Jtodsen, Kresock, Kumioko (renamed), LanternLight, Lieutcoluseng, Lightmouse, Lowe4091, LtNOWIS, Mazur-Grosskopf, Mpleahy, Neelix, Niceguyedc,
Nomadic Whitt, Norm mit, North Shoreman, Npeters22, PC78, PKT, Parkwells, Paul A, PerrysSaints, ProudIrishAspie, RFD, Rangerdude, Rebelyell1861, Rockinglock, Ryuhaku, S2grand,
Scarfaced Charley, Scott Mingus, Searcher 1990, Spacini, Stevenmitchell, Tabletop, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, The wub, Thesomeone987, Thomas legion, TommyBoy, Ulric1313,
Ultraexactzz, Wexeb, 61 anonymous edits
Leonard Eugene Wales  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118625  Contributors: BD2412, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Stilltim, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats
Henry Baldwin Harrison  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118671  Contributors: AaronB0413, AutomaticStrikeout, Autumn Hawk, Bearcat, BuzyBody, Canuckian89,
Canute, Cornell2010, Dagrqv, Dthomsen8, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Ground Zero, Hmains, John K, Kumioko (renamed), Mareino, Markvs88, Neutrality, RFD, Rayc, Roundhouse0,
Sardanaphalus, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, TubularWorld, WBardwin, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Stephen Wright Kellogg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118710  Contributors: AaronB0413, Altzinn, DMG413, Dismas, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, HOT L Baltimore,
Johnpacklambert, Kane5187, LaszloWalrus, Pvmoutside, RFD, Sgt Pinback, Stavia, TexasDex, The Sage of Stamford, Valadius, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Rensselaer Nelson  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118740  Contributors: Adanielch, BD2412, DragonflySixtyseven, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Magioladitis, RFD, The
Sage of Stamford, 1 anonymous edits
Article Sources and Contributors
811
John Donnell Smith  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118785  Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, Bender235, Berean Hunter, Ego White Tray, Fadesga, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Jcware, Magioladitis, Merlissimo, Neelix, Packerfansam, Ptelea, The Sage of Stamford, TimBentley, Topbanana, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Dwight Foster (1828€1884)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118857  Contributors: AaronB0413, BD2412, BuzyBody, CharlotteWebb, Connormah, Dismas,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Guat6, Jcware, Kumioko (renamed), Lesnail, Magicpiano, MarmadukePercy, Richsage, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, Wmcewenjr
Augustus Brandegee  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118892  Contributors: Billmckern, Bjoel5785, Chris the speller, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Gregbard, Guroadrunner, Hmains, JustAGal, Kuralyov, LaszloWalrus, Lightmouse, Lucastheory, Mercurywoodrose, Mrwojo, Mwprods, Oculi, Pvmoutside, The Sage of Stamford, Valadius, 1
anonymous edits
Timothy Dwight V  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118929  Contributors: AaronB0413, Aecis, Alyoshka, Bender235, Catapult, Charles Matthews, Connormah,
Cornell2010, Dismas, Enkyo2, Francs2000, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gene Nygaard, GrapedApe, Hugh Manatee, Infrogmation, Jcware, Ketiltrout, Klemen Kocjancic, Linonia, MSGJ,
Magioladitis, Mandarax, Nunh-huh, Oculi, RogDel, Roundhouse0, Sammy Houston, Someone else, SportsMaster, Staxringold, Superslum, The Sage of Stamford, W E Hill, Zigzig20s, 11
anonymous edits
Francis Miles Finch  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612118974  Contributors: BD2412, Bender235, Cornell2010, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Kraxler, Labombarde, Linonia,
OlEnglish, Racepacket, Reconsideration, Tagishsimon, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, 4 anonymous edits
Lowndes Henry Davis  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120263  Contributors: Cornell2010, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jwillbur, Kumioko (renamed), LonelyPilgrim, The
Sage of Stamford, The wub, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
William Walter Phelps  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120315  Contributors: AaronB0413, Accurizer, Alansohn, Appraiser, Bob Burkhardt, Btphelps, Cmdrjameson,
Cnwb, Connormah, Cornell2010, Davepape, Dismas, Fadesga, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hall Monitor, HollyAm, Kanelba, Kumioko (renamed), Liface, MeltBanana, Nikai, Nimetapoeg, Rich
Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi, Scapler, Snocrates, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, TheDJ, Thismightbezach, WOSlinker, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Simeon Eben Baldwin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120359  Contributors: AaronB0413, Acaryatid, AdjustShift, Brianyoumans, Caponer, Captainktainer, Catapult,
Cornell2010, D6, Daytrivia, Dimadick, DrKiernan, Everyking, Florian Huber, Freepsbane, FriscoKnight, GcSwRhIc, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Grendelkhan, Ground Zero, IgnorantArmies,
Iridescent, Keilana, Kumioko (renamed), MWaller, Matt319, Michael A. White, MrDolomite, Oculi, Packerfansam, Rjwilmsi, RogDel, SLY111, Sardanaphalus, Someone else, Staib, Struthious
Bandersnatch, Suslindisambiguator, TFBCT1, Tagishsimon, The Little Blue Frog, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Tom, Valadius, Vanished user 38hfun34tunkewfij4t, Waacstats, 13
anonymous edits
Anthony Higgins (politician)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120415  Contributors: AaronB0413, BD2412, Bgwhite, Bill Slawski, Cornell2010, EATC,
Fingers-of-Pyrex, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Ipankonin, Jamo58, Johnpacklambert, Khazar2, Newyorkbrad, Packerfansam, Pvmoutside, RevelationDirect, ScooterDe, Spike
Wilbury, Stilltim, Studerby, Tassedethe, The Sage of Stamford, Thincat, TonyTheTiger, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Edward Rowland Sill  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120461  Contributors: Bob Burkhardt, DanielVonEhren, Derek R Bullamore, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Geoffrey.landis, HOT L Baltimore, Howcheng, Johnpacklambert, Masterpiece2000, Midnightdreary, Prismsplay, SDC, Tangotango, The Sage of Stamford, Themfromspace, Wiki alf, 10
anonymous edits
Daniel Henry Chamberlain  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120509  Contributors: Cjs2111, Clariosophic, Cornell2010, D6, DJ Silverfish, Dismas, Eastfrisian, Eliyak,
Everyking, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gamecock, GoodDay, Hmains, Hughespj, Johnpacklambert, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kumioko (renamed), Looper5920, MarmadukePercy, Ohconfucius,
Rjwilmsi, Sardanaphalus, SchmuckyTheCat, Scott Mingus, Sexyfoxboy, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, 7 anonymous edits
Franklin MacVeagh  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120559  Contributors: Bender235, Complex01, Conscious, D, D6, Dismas, EricEnfermero, Everyking,
FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gamaliel, GiantSnowman, GoodDay, Harfarhs, J.delanoy, Jengod, John K, Magicpiano, Mandarax, Packerfansam, Patsw, Pubdog, RFD, Shsilver, SoundGod3, The
Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thecheesykid, Thismightbezach, Tom, TonyTheTiger, Waacstats, «³¯´µ¶¬-® ±·¸¹¬, 25 anonymous edits
Henry F. Dimock  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120601  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Henckel, JustAGal, Namiba, Niceguyedc, OlEnglish, RogDel,
TastyPoutine, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, 9 anonymous edits
William Collins Whitney  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120658  Contributors: Adam sk, Aepstein607, Anthony22, Bellhalla, Bob Burkhardt, BritishWatcher, Caponer,
D6, DCDuring, DanielPenfield, Downwards, Dschueler, Dugwiki, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gamaliel, Grantsky, Grenavitar, Handicapper, Henckel, Hmains, Jack Cox, Jaksmata, JamesAM,
JayHenry, Jbeans, Jengod, JiggeryPokery, Joefromrandb, John, Johnpacklambert, Julian Felsenburgh, KNewman, Kbdank71, LaszloWalrus, Lightmouse, Magioladitis, Mandarax,
MarmadukePercy, Mksmith, Nfgii, PBS-AWB, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Robertjohnsonrj, Rontrigger, Scewing, Scooteristi, Slowking4, Tassedethe, TastyPoutine, Tdoyle, Ted Wilkes,
The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, TonyTheTiger, Triona, Vegaswikian, Waacstats, ²thelwold, 37 anonymous edits
Charles Fraser MacLean  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120704  Contributors: Bgwhite, Coemgenus, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, John, Koavf, Muboshgu, RFD, The Sage
of Stamford
John William Sterling  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120743  Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Amikake3, Bbpen, Behack, Boleyn3, D6, Everyking, Firsfron,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Jnkatz1, Markvs88, Neo-Jay, Nunh-huh, Olivier, Paxse, Remes, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), SLY111, Seidenstud, Someone else, Staib,
The Sage of Stamford, Wikiplato, «¬-®¯° ±-1212, 13 anonymous edits
George Chandler Holt  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120821  Contributors: BD2412, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, The Sage of Stamford, 1 anonymous edits
Henry Morton Dexter  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120865  Contributors: Big iron, Fnorp, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GhostofSuperslum, GoodDay, Jaraalbe, Ken
Gallager, RogDel, Stoshmaster, The Sage of Stamford, Twilightstorm, Waacstats
Albert Elijah Dunning  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120903  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Neelix, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats
Thomas Hedge  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120935  Contributors: Brigcmccoy, Canley, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Klemen Kocjancic, SkeletorUK, The Sage
of Stamford, Waacstats, Wikijsmak
George P. Wetmore  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612120989  Contributors: AaronB0413, Barticus88, Brigcmccoy, Canuckian89, Dismas, Drwong64, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, GregorB, Infrogmation, Innapoy, Kane5187, Kintetsubuffalo, Kumioko (renamed), LeoNomis, PaulHanson, Pvmoutside, Rjwilmsi, Rrius, Sardanaphalus,
Shunpiker, Speculos, Swampyank, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, 8 anonymous edits
Chauncey B. Brewster  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612121037  Contributors: 1549bcp, Danbarnesdavies, Magioladitis, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), The Sage of
Stamford, Waacstats
LeBaron Bradford Colt  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612121092  Contributors: AKGhetto, BD2412, Bearcat, Breffni Whelan, Brewcrewer, Briancua, Canuckian89,
Coasterlover1994, Cornell2010, DLJessup, Eastlaw, Epolk, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, HollyAm, Jengod, Jonahthomas, Katharineamy, Mathwizard1232, Megapixie, Newyorkbrad,
NoSeptember, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), RogDel, ScooterDe, Scrivener, Swampyank, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, 5 anonymous edits
Wilson S. Bissell  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612121148  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Bearcat, Canuckian89, DJ Jones74, Dhartung, Fplay, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl,
Gamaliel, Howcheng, Jcware, Jengod, Kbdank71, Kraxler, Ksnow, Mattdpoole1999, Mayumashu, Navydenim, PaulHanson, Polaron, RFD, Rjwilmsi, Sam Chase, Staxringold, The Duke of
Waltham, The Mystery Man, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, TonyTheTiger, WOSlinker, 5 anonymous edits
William H. Welch  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127803  Contributors: 83d40m, Alai, All Hallow's Wraith, AntonyZ, Aristogenesis, Biglovinb, Borntostorm, Charles
Matthews, Chicheley, Conscious, Cornell2010, Crosbiesmith, Danmac216, Deanlaw, Dismas, DiverDave, Dominus, Dsp13, El Mayimbe, Emerson7, FriscoKnight, Fvasconcellos, Headbomb,
Iridescent, Johnpacklambert, Klemen Kocjancic, LilHelpa, Luca Borghi, Materialscientist, MelanieN, MichaelSH, MilborneOne, Mlaffs, Mrwick1, Npeters22, Pcb21, Pinecone99, Plindenbaum,
Praemonitus, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Studerby, TFBCT1, TennisGrandSlam, The Sage of Stamford, Toyokuni3, Valentinejoesmith, Vlewitus, Waacstats,
Woohookitty, 22 anonymous edits
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812
Frederick Collin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127845  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gaff, Gamaliel, Jww28, Kraxler, NawlinWiki, PaulHanson, Rjwilmsi, Tangotango,
The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, 6 anonymous edits
Edwin F. Sweet  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127885  Contributors: Bkonrad, Bluedudemi, Cornell2010, Dimadick, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jjmillerhistorian,
MarmadukePercy, Pdcook, Peachespi, The Sage of Stamford, The wub, Thismightbezach, Waacstats
Thomas Thacher  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127919  Contributors: AaronB0413, Bearcat, Bender235, Dismas, Dsp13, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Garion96, Koavf,
Lamro, Magioladitis, Matthias Blume, Mediterraneo, Newyorkbrad, Raysonho, Seakintruth, Tesscass, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
William Kneeland Townsend  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127947  Contributors: BD2412, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Newyorkbrad, R'n'B, Roundhouse0,
SLY111, The Sage of Stamford, Waacstats, Y, 1 anonymous edits
George Foot Moore  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127992  Contributors: AaronB0413, Beetlebailey75, Bellhalla, ChrisGualtieri, Conscious, Cornell2010, Deb,
ELApro, Ferkeundigung, FriscoKnight, G.W., Gamaliel, Hmains, Johnpacklambert, Newman Luke, Rosiestep, SamuelTheGhost, SimonP, Suslindisambiguator, The Sage of Stamford,
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Theodore Salisbury Woolsey  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128032  Contributors: Alison9, Bob Burkhardt, Caerwine, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jcware, Moody
Wendelin, RogDel, Rosiestep, Superslum, The Sage of Stamford, Vegaswikian, 3 anonymous edits
Eben Alexander  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128092  Contributors: 5Q5, Aamsse, Argos'Dad, Biruitorul, Dismas, Doom-chronicle, EPadmirateur, Ealexander3,
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Samuel O. Prentice  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128130  Contributors: Brianyoumans, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, The Sage of Stamford,
Waacstats
Frank Bigelow Tarbell  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128183  Contributors: Arch dude, Auric, Bearcat, ChrisGualtieri, Churn and change, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
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Almet Francis Jenks  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128272  Contributors: Evangelidis, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Kraxler, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, The Sage of
Stamford, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
John Patton, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128333  Contributors: AaronB0413, Bkonrad, Canuckian89, Chicheley, Chowbok, Cornell2010, D6, Dismas,
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Stamford, Thismightbezach, Waacstats
Edward Curtis Smith  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128388  Contributors: Billmckern, Canuckian89, Delaywaves, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, John of Reading, Kumioko
(renamed), LarryJeff, MarmadukePercy, Mickmaguire, Ohconfucius, RFD, RogDel, Sardanaphalus, Tesscass, The Sage of Stamford, Vermontiana, Vidkun, Waacstats, Wikibout, 2 anonymous
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Walker Blaine  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128544  Contributors: Adam sk, Americus55, Billmckern, Coemgenus, Epbr123, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, OldOwl1872,
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Charles N. Fowler  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128646  Contributors: Accurizer, Alansohn, Americasroof, Bender235, Cornell2010, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
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Arthur Twining Hadley  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128732  Contributors: AaronB0413, Bob Burkhardt, Connormah, Cornell2010, D6, Dismas, Enkyo2,
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Hocevar, Sammy Houston, Struthious Bandersnatch, Suslindisambiguator, The Sage of Stamford, WillowW, Zigzig20s, 4 anonymous edits
Roger Sherman Baldwin Foster  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128771  Contributors: BuzyBody, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Johnpacklambert, Mgross1988,
The Sage of Stamford
Tudor Jenks  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612128835  Contributors: BPK2, Bender235, Closedmouth, Cornell2010, Dsp13, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jeanenawhitney,
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Timothy L. Woodruff  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612129470  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Aboutmovies, Americus55, CPAScott,
Carrite, DanielPenfield, Edwardx, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Ground Zero, Jeff3000, Kraxler, Mark Arsten, Nconwaymicelli, Omegastar, Scanz851, Scewing, The Sage of Stamford,
Thismightbezach, Veritas806, Waacstats, 26 anonymous edits
Walter Camp  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607392031  Contributors: *Paul*, .V., Aboutmovies, Aepryus, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Alex.deWitte, Alex.muller,
Alexsotolopez, Andycjp, Arch dude, Arjun01, AuburnPilot, BD2412, Beginning, Bender235, BillFlis, Billy Hathorn, Bongwarrior, Brianreading, BrokenSphere, Bsadowski1, Buckner400,
Burner0718, Cbl62, Chick Bowen, Chris the speller, Cornell2010, Courcelles, Crzrussian, D6, Dan D. Ric, Dawn Bard, Deejayk, DerHexer, DevorahLeah, Dgw, Docsports, ESkog, Emeraude,
Esprqii, Excirial, Falconer63m, Fan-1967, Fasttimes68, Fjordy5, Flyer22, Frebo3, FreplySpang, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius, Gamaliel, GcSwRhIc, Geologik, Gh, Giants3555s, Ginsuloft,
Gjd001, GordyB, Grant65, Greatwalk, Grendelkhan, Haeinous, HappyWaldo, Hersfold, Husond, I am wild man, Independent2100, JZCL, Jackmo77, Javierito92, Jayron32, Jeffrey O. Gustafson,
JetsLuvver, Jim1138, Jmundo, John Trapp, Jrcla2, Jwalte04, Jweiss11, Katieh5584, Kumioko (renamed), Latics, Leodmacleod, Linonia, MPF, Magioladitis, Markvs88, MarmadukePercy,
MartinHarper, Mayumashu, Mike Selinker, MisfitToys, My Boxing Ring, Ntadams, Oculi, OfficeBoy, Op. Deo, PSUMark2006, Paulmcdonald, Philip Trueman, Phydend, Plastikspork,
Poopginas, Prunesqualer, Quicksilvre, R00m c, RL1991, Ratherhaveaheart, Ravichandar84, Reeseg17, Remes, Rickyrab, Rjensen, Rlquall, Robert1947, RogDel, Rozehawk, SFGiants, SLY111,
Saxophobia, Seaphoto, Secret, Soldan, Someone else, Spiralx, Staxringold, Struthious Bandersnatch, Suslindisambiguator, Swliv, Tagishsimon, Tesscass, Tfine80, Thine Antique Pen,
Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Wikieditaccount88, Wikifier, Will2525252525, WilliamJE, Womble, X0man0x, X96lee15, 273 anonymous edits
Sidney Catlin Partridge  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608798333  Contributors: 1549bcp, Aw1805, DGG, Danbarnesdavies, Favonian, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay,
John of Reading, OldOwl1872, Rich Farmbrough
Henry Waters Taft  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603611851  Contributors: Amicus B., Behun, Bender235, Canute, Caponer, Chip123456, Dismas, Doom-chronicle,
Ekroski, Enkyo2, FriscoKnight, Frochtrup, Funandtrvl, Gamaliel, Hmains, Infrogmation, Jezhotwells, Jnestorius, Jooler, Kirkley9, Koavf, Lamro, Lightmouse, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ),
Sammy3434, Schmiteye, Trueshow111, Waacstats, 12 anonymous edits
E. E. Aiken  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604244677  Contributors: FriscoKnight, GB fan, Gamaliel, Johnpacklambert, Moe Epsilon, Moswento, Muad, Neelix, Nunh-huh,
RFD, Sourov0000
Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599490788  Contributors: BBuchbinder, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Magioladitis, Omnipaedista,
Quiet Editor, Rgdboer, Stone
Benjamin Brewster (bishop)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603980575  Contributors: AaronB0413, Aclayartist, BD2412, Cornell2010, Deaghaidhcjjd, Dismas, Dranster,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gonzo fan2007, Good Olfactory, Kcordina, Kingturtle, Lisatwo, Mack2, Matthias Blume, Nickj, Offenbach, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rockhopper10r, Snowyevening, Vclaw,
Waacstats, 4 anonymous edits
William Phelps Eno  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=587430608  Contributors: AI, AaronB0413, Alan Liefting, Cjs2111, Cornell2010, DavidLevinson, Deyyaz, EH101,
Econterms, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Howcheng, Isomorphic, Mtsmallwood, PeterEastern, Rl, Spalding, Staxringold, Vegaswikian, Waacstats, 8 anonymous edits
Elihu B. Frost  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603286721  Contributors: DanielRigal, David Eppstein, Fabrictramp, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Iridescent, Middim13,
Scosco62, Timrollpickering, Updatehelper, Waacstats, Xeno, 7 anonymous edits
E. H. Moore  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611662549  Contributors: AaronB0413, AdamSmithee, Alan smithee, Anne Bauval, Bender235, Bilby, Billymac00, Bletchley,
Cornell2010, Dismas, Dycedarg, Equendil, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gavin.collins, Giftlite, JRB-Europe, Jeff3000, Jive Dadson, JustAGal, Khazar2, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, LokiClock, Magioladitis,
MathMartin, Mayumashu, Michael Hardy, Mike Schwartz, Mlaffs, Nasmem, Nick Number, Nimetapoeg, Noodleki, Pamb0sd16, Pcap, R.e.b., RainerBlome, RayAYang, Rgdboer, RickJ,
Rjwilmsi, Rschwieb, Sean.hoyland, Suslindisambiguator, Tesscass, The Nut, Thomasmeeks, Uncle Milty, Vantelimus, VivaEmilyDavies, Waacstats, Zoicon5, 24 anonymous edits
Joseph R. Parrott  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457733603  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi
Article Sources and Contributors
814
Horace Dutton Taft  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581249839  Contributors: AaronB0413, Caponer, Cornell2010, Dismas, Dynzmoar, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hmains,
Horacedutton, Nunh-huh, Orlady, Spacini, Stevenmitchell, The wub, Theda, TommyBoy, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
Wilbur F. Booth  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568860613  Contributors: Adanielch, BD2412, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Nunh-huh, RFD
Maxwell Evarts  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590702239  Contributors: AaronB0413, Billmckern, Cbvt, Dismas, Ewoelber, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Johnpacklambert,
Lady Mondegreen, MarmadukePercy, Nunh-huh, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Frank B. Brandegee  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606931276  Contributors: Americus55, Appraiser, Billmckern, Canuckian89, Catapult, Cornell2010, Dahn, Delirium,
EmeraldBlue, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GeraldH, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Jodosma, Jun Nijo, Klemen Kocjancic, LaszloWalrus, Moodyfloydwhofan, Nick, PaulHanson, Pvmoutside, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), RogDel, Rrius, ScooterDe, Staxringold, TexianPolitico, The Mystery Man, Thismightbezach, Topbanana, Waacstats, 5 anonymous edits
Alfred Cowles, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457727541  Contributors: Addshore, AvicAWB, Doom-chronicle, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, LaszloWalrus,
Mercurywoodrose, Offenbach, Smith03, StanZegel, 1 anonymous edits
Edward Johnson Phelps  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608861159  Contributors: Addshore, Conquistador2k6, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Ironholds,
LaszloWalrus, Logan, Mercurywoodrose, Nlu, Squids and Chips, Waacstats, WereSpielChequers
Clinton L. Hare  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607396906  Contributors: Cbl62, Connormah, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jweiss11, Keith D, Northamerica1000, SMasters,
SharonButschFreeland
George G. Haven, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=602841724  Contributors: Bejnar, Brewcrewer, Chris the speller, Doom-chronicle, Evangelidis, FriscoKnight, Gene
Nygaard, Good Olfactory, Hmains, Mercurywoodrose, Nimetapoeg, Nunh-huh, Oculi, PaulHanson, TRBP, Waacstats, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits
Oliver Gould Jennings  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=587981393  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jcware, MarmadukePercy, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ),
Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
William Kent (U.S. Congressman)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606205052  Contributors: AaronB0413, Bobblewik, Bpmullins, Brholden, Catapult, Cornell2010,
Cullen328, Debresser, Delaywaves, Dismas, ENeville, Epolk, FeanorStar7, Fraggle81, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius, Gamaliel, Gene Nygaard, GoodDay, Ground Zero, Guliolopez,
Highfly3442, Jengod, Klemen Kocjancic, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Snappy, Stepheng3, That Guy, From That Show!, Thismightbezach, TommyBoy, WRK, Waacstats, 4 anonymous edits
Irving Fisher  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606298875  Contributors: 777sms, 90 Auto, A. Carty, AI, AaronB0413, AdamSmithee, Airships, Amelapay, Anthon.Eff,
Arjayay, Audacity, Bazonka, Bemoeial, Bender235, Biruitorul, Bob Burkhardt, Bornintheguz, Btyner, Calliopejen1, Cameron11598, Charles Matthews, Citynoise, Cmdrjameson, Conti,
Cornell2010, Cretog8, D6, D7240, DickClarkMises, Dismas, Dlrjgkwk2, Doanmanhtung.sc, DocendoDiscimus, Download, Dying, Eb.hoop, Edward, Eigenwijze mustang, Ellieswan,
Emeraldcityserendipity, Epbr123, Ewhiteside, Fennec, Fieldday-sunday, Fintor, Firsfron, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Garion96, GeorgeLouis, Gershwinrb, Glane23, Grick, Hadoren, Headbomb,
Hoangcnas, Hubris.jp, Isopropyl, J. Milch, JHP, JRSpriggs, Japanese Searobin, JavOs, John Quiggin, Johnfos, JonHarder, Jrtayloriv, Julian Felsenburgh, Kckranger, Kezaki211,
Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Lambiam, Lawrencekhoo, Lekoren, Lifefeed, LittleWink, Luk, Maarten Hermans, Magioladitis, Mandarax, MartinMichlmayr, Mentifisto, Ministry of random walks, Mrtno,
Mvaldemar, Nbarth, Nhy67ygv, Ninmacer20, O.K., Omnipaedista, Oracleofottawa, PonileExpress, Pyb, R'n'B, Rich Farmbrough, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rsrikanth05, Sdavid78, Semperf,
SlamDiego, Srich32977, Supereman123, Superglasshouse, Suslindisambiguator, Takeshi-br, TheAmbsAce, Thismightbezach, Thomasmeeks, Tom harrison, Tomi, Trafficone, Twillisjr, White
720, Wk muriithi, Yintan, Zeq, 135 anonymous edits
Richard Melancthon Hurd  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604989544  Contributors: Bender235, Bmclaughlin9, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Davidbrk, Dawynn, Dr
Gangrene, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Ironholds, MarnetteD, Neelix, OldOwl1872, Rich Farmbrough, RichardBond, Waacstats, WereSpielChequers
Amos Alonzo Stagg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=602846558  Contributors: Aeonx, Alansohn, Aquamelli, Aranel, Arkansascajun, Arobins, Aspects, Aymankamelwiki,
Ben76266, Bigmaninthebox, Blokhead, Bobak, Bornagain4, Braincricket, Bullytr, Cbl62, ChicJanowicz, Chick Bowen, Cholmes75, Cmaughan86, Craigelliott, Crystallina, Cuppysfriend, D6,
Dale Arnett, Daniel1212, DaveInAustin, Davepape, Deejayk, Digitalmaven, Downshifter, Dthomsen8, Ebyabe, Esprqii, Fabiform, Frank12, FriscoKnight, FŠ, Gamaliel, Geologik, Habap, Hall
Monitor, Hephaestos, Hoosierhistorian, Intrepidsfsu, Jbening, John of Reading, Johnpacklambert, Jossi, Jrcla2, Jrn105, Jrstick12, Jweiss11, Jwillbur, Karaboom, Kennypowers55, Kmanblue,
Kumioko (renamed), Leszek Ja¤czuk, Lightmouse, Longevitymonger, Lookingforgroup, MBisanz, MECU, Magioladitis, MarmadukePercy, Masonpatriot, Meegs, Mike Selinker, MisfitToys,
Moe Epsilon, Mottengott, MrDolomite, Noeticsage, Oaktree b, Offenbach, Patken4, Paulmcdonald, Piledhigheranddeeper, Plastikspork, Ppethoe, R'n'B, RealityTelevisionFan, Rjwilmsi,
SD6-Agent, Schulte, Shsilver, Smalleditor, Smitherz, SportsMaster, Strikehold, TPIRFanSteve, Tomticker5, VictPoets, Volmix, Wencer, Woohookitty, 103 anonymous edits
Charles O. Gill  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593033429  Contributors: Aquamelli, Cbl62, Connormah, DisabledCat, Dl2000, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Geologik, Instinct,
Jrcla2, Jweiss11, Ken Gallager, Masonpatriot, Nmajdan, PigFlu Oink, RadioFan, Revmoran, StAnselm, Truthanado, Waacstats, X96lee15
Henry L. Stimson  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607686227  Contributors: 172, A.S. Brown, A10t2, AKGhetto, AaronB0413, Abkoolaidman94, Adam Carr, All Hallow's
Wraith, Amicus B., Andrew Gray, Andycjp, Armeria, Arminius, Ary29, Astorknlam, Avraham, BD2412, BDR77777, Basilo, Bbsrock, Bc history, Bellerophon5685, Bender235, Betacommand,
Bigphatkafotee, Binksternet, Bjdtennis, Bluedogtn, Bluemask, BobM, Bobo192, Brian0918, Caponer, Carrite, Chevinki, Chowbok, Chris the speller, Chris troutman, Cjs2111, Concchambers,
Conti, Cornellrockey, Ctatkinson, Cuauti, Cuppysfriend, Czar, D6, DMG413, Danny, Darogers, Darth Kalwejt, DavidLevinson, Dellant, Derekbridges, Dpwkbw, E-Dogg, Earthere, Ebcdic.de,
Ehistory, ElijahBosley, Ellsworth, Eric119, EricEnfermero, Fellowstudent79, Franzeska, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gadfium, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Ground Zero, GusF, Hairy
poker monster, Hawkeye7, Hephaestos, Howcheng, Huskybear, Imagism, Ineuw, JForget, JW1805, Jajaklar82, Jaraalbe, Jatkins, Jayarathina, Jehochman, Jengod, Jfg284, Jiang, Jim.henderson,
John K, John Z, Johnsonb52, Jons63, Joseph Solis in Australia, K1Bond007, Kablammo, Kaltenmeyer, KamuiShirou, Kanguole, Kbdank71, Klemen Kocjancic, Kraxler, Kumioko (renamed),
LaszloWalrus, Laurinavicius, Lightlowemon, Lisabethwcmc, Lombroso, Lst27, MONGO, MSGJ, Maurice Carbonaro, MiFeinberg, Mikebar, Minesweeper, Mr Stephen, Mr.gangsta, MrDolomite,
NYIsles4, NawlinWiki, Neutrality, Nfgii, Nick-D, Night Gyr, Nishkid64, NormanEinstein, NuclearWarfare, OldakQuill, Olivier, Packerfansam, Patbreen, Pattonnh, Paul August, Peaceray,
Percommode, Perl, Pilotguy, Polycarp, Postdlf, Powerek38, R'n'B, RWReagan, Raul654, Reenem, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjensen, Robert Southworth, Rwendland, Ryulong, SFGiants,
Sardanaphalus, SeattleRetro, Seibun, Shiranweber, Smsarmad, SpeDIt, Splash, Srich32977, Srnec, StAnselm, Stor stark7, Str1977, Szlam, The Epopt, The Mystery Man, The wub,
Thismightbezach, Tobias Conradi, Tom, Tony619, TonyTheTiger, Totuck, Tuckerresearch, Tylerreino, Ubiquity, W E Hill, Waacstats, WikHead, Wikiti, Will Beback, Ydorb, Yopohari,
²thelwold, € • , 191 anonymous edits
Gifford Pinchot  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606044669  Contributors: 2over0, 5 albert square, Alyssa hoffel, Andonic, Androstachys, Anti Vandalism User, Bargomm,
Barneca, Bc history, Bede735, Ben Ben, Beyond My Ken, BgiMBA, Bigturtle69, BillFlis, Billy Hathorn, Billy bob joe jr., BlueCaper, Bmchenry, BobCMU76, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boothy443,
CWii, Caltas, Canuckian89, Carnildo, CasualObserver'48, Chrissypan, CodeWeasel, Cornbreadearl, Crashj, Crowish, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DASonnenfeld, DBaba, Dancter, Daniel Case,
David Gerard, Devon54, Devourer09, Discospinster, Dpham098, Dthomsen8, EATC, Ebear422, Emmaspencer, Falcon8765, FluttershyIsMagic, Foresthistorian, FriscoKnight, Fry1989,
GcSwRhIc, GeorgeLouis, Gerry D, Glaisher, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Grantsky, Ground Zero, HOT L Baltimore, Halcionne, Hashaw, Hattanguy, Hetar, Hierarchypedia, Hugo999,
Hushpuckena, IW.HG, Iacobus, Iknowhowtoparty, ImageSpirit, Ingleterra, Iridescent, JH82, JPMcGrath, Jack Greenmaven, Jajhill, Jeffrey Smith, Jeremy Pinchot, Jerzy, Joehall45, John Nevard,
Jonathan.s.kt, Juice33, Junglecat, JuniperisCommunis, JustAGal, Jweaver28, KAM, Kartyku, Keih On Seun, Khazar2, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko (renamed), Kvcad, LOL, Languagehat,
LarRan, LaszloWalrus, Laxnguard, Liface, Llachglin, Lohs21, MPerel, Magnus Manske, Marcopinchot, MarmadukePercy, Marymcg, Masoninman, Materialscientist, Mattbr, Megadownload,
Minnecologies, Monegasque, Mwanner, Nainsal, Ndl2014, Neilc, Nfgii, Niagara, Nickptar, Nishkid64, Nivix, Notheruser, Npeters22, Nunh-huh, O0zzerjar, Olborne, Orphic, PKn, PSUForester,
Pb30, Pgk, Phenz, Philip Trueman, Phyllis1753, Pigman, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Ponyo, Presidentman, Pustelnik, R'n'B, Ragesoss, Ramaksoud2000, Redsox00002, Reedj79, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Robofish, Rockfang, Rosarinagazo, Royhandy, Rrostrom, SDC, Saga City, Sardanaphalus, Scott Mingus, Scwlong, Senator2029, Seth Ilys,
Simtropolitan, Skabat169, Skeezix1000, Sm8900, Spencer, Stephenb, Suslindisambiguator, Tassedethe, Thanbo, Thingg, Thismightbezach, Tide rolls, Tommy2010, VasilievVV, WBardwin,
Wackywace, Wavelength, WereSpielChequers, Wesley0423, Wetman, WhisperToMe, Wikipelli, Wrightchr, Yellowdesk, 261 anonymous edits
George Washington Woodruff  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604773619  Contributors: 09er, Bgwhite, Cbl62, Disavian, Dthomsen8, EATC, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Geologik, Ground Zero, Jrcla2, Jweiss11, Jwillbur, Ketiltrout, Khatru2, Kmanblue, Koavf, MarmadukePercy, Masonpatriot, MaxVeers, No1lakersfan, Pennsylvania Penguin, Plastikspork,
Ruedetocqueville, Salamurai, Strikehold, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, Wizardman, X96lee15, 6 anonymous edits
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600885134  Contributors: Behun, Bgwhite, Bill Slawski, Bogey97, Butchdaulton, Cleared as filed, DLJessup,
Dugwiki, EATC, EstherLois, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Ipankonin, Jim Campbell, Lssg124, Newyorkbrad, Packerfansam, Pmanderson, RevelationDirect, Richard Arthur Norton
(1958- ), RogDel, ScooterDe, Steve Casburn, Stilltim, Ted Wilkes, The wub, Thismightbezach, Tom, TonyTheTiger, Veronica Mars fanatic, Waacstats, WilliamJE, 7 anonymous edits
Fairfax Harrison  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604885659  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, Anony1232, Another Believer, Arsonal, Bencherlite, Bms4880, Br'er
Rabbit, Canadian Paul, Caponer, Cirt, Connormah, Drpickem, Ealdgyth, EamonnPKeane, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Giants2008, Headbomb, Jackyd101, Jarble, John, Koavf,
LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Malleus Fatuorum, Mild Bill Hiccup, MisfitToys, Nick Number, Nikkimaria, Ning-ning, Omegastar, Piledhigheranddeeper, R'n'B, Safety Cap, Ser Amantio di Nicolao,
Article Sources and Contributors
815
Slambo, Tabletop, The Rambling Man, Webclient101, Yintan, 8 anonymous edits
Percy Hamilton Stewart  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604937876  Contributors: Accurizer, Alansohn, Chessie360, FisherQueen, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hqb,
JimMillerJr, Kumioko (renamed), Offenbach, Pvmoutside, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Waacstats, Wildhartlivie, 1 anonymous edits
Frederic C. Walcott  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558942869  Contributors: Alansohn, Brigcmccoy, BuzyBody, CSWarren, Canuckian89, EmeraldBlue, EyeSerene,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Gregbard, Hmains, Markvs88, PaulHanson, Pvmoutside, Rrius, ScooterDe, ShelfSkewed, The Mystery Man, Waacstats, WilliamJE, 2 anonymous edits
Hugh Aiken Bayne  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595510090  Contributors: Becked, Chanheigeorge, Cornell2010, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hmains,
Jossi, Klemen Kocjancic, LaszloWalrus, Mercurywoodrose, OldOwl1872, Rune-wl, Sadads, SchreiberBike, Woohookitty, Y, 1 anonymous edits
Howell Cheney  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546079902  Contributors: Betacommand, Chamberednautilus, Chrissypan, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, John of
Reading, Johnpacklambert, Markvs88, MarmadukePercy, Mercurywoodrose, Ohconfucius, Orlady, Staib, Treybien
Clive Day  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612115308  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Andrew Dalby, Caerwine, Cbustapeck, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Iamthecheese44,
KCCNY, Leszek Ja¤czuk, Neptune1969, ReclaimWarlock, RogDel, Shagha.81, Superslum, Tdslk, The Sage of Stamford, Verne Equinox, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
Henry S. Graves  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604773520  Contributors: 8th Ohio Volunteers, AgnosticPreachersKid, Cornbreadearl, DASonnenfeld, Delirium, ERcheck,
Felix Folio Secundus, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GeorgeLouis, Hashaw, Hmains, Hugo999, John Nevard, Kperrin1, MarmadukePercy, PamelaApril, Pradtke, Ragesoss, RetiredUser2, Woohookitty,
7 anonymous edits
James W. Husted (Representative)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=535013174  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Brewcrewer, Cornell2010,
Cuckooman4, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jwillbur, Kappa, Koavf, Kraxler, Kumioko (renamed), Parkwells, Pvmoutside, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), RogDel, TonyTheTiger,
Waacstats, William Allen Simpson, Woohookitty
Pierre Jay  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461132845  Contributors: Crosbiesmith, Dana boomer, FriscoKnight, Gobonobo, JustAGal, Mmpartee, Nfgii, RogDel, THF,
Theraven, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
Lee McClung  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599708510  Contributors: Aquamelli, Armchair QB, Biruitorul, Bms4880, Cbl62, Connormah, Cornell2010, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Howcheng, Jweiss11, Mandarax, Plastikspork, Roseohioresident, Scott5114, Sean0399, ShelfSkewed, Tidaress, Volmix, 5 anonymous edits
Edson Fessenden Gallaudet  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603009958  Contributors: Bender235, Chrisvanlang, Clercfan, Eroach, FlugKerl, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Jaywubba1887, Jj137, Jwalte04, Kenatipo, Khazar, Mr Adequate, Samuelsenwd, Sheenmeister, Sphilbrick, Steelpillow, Trharrington, 2 anonymous edits
Thomas Cochran (banker)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595696222  Contributors: Bellhalla, Beyond My Ken, Crosbiesmith, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jarry1250,
OldOwl1872, RogDel, Tfz, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Ralph Delahaye Paine  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592896712  Contributors: Adavidb, Anakronik, Arch dude, Bender235, Frecklefoot, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Katharineamy, Lotje, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Ohconfucius, Piledhigheranddeeper, RFD, SpaceFrank, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Harry Payne Whitney  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604083040  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, Betacommand, Bobo192, Calindigo, Calsicol, Caponer, Dana boomer,
Dismas, Donan.raven, Dugwiki, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius, Grenavitar, HOT L Baltimore, Handicapper, Hmains, Hugh Manatee, JiggeryPokery, Ki Longfellow, Lightmouse, Maias, Mike
Selinker, Neurolysis, Nfgii, Noles1984, PaulHanson, Pixeltoo, Randyharrisonfan, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rontrigger, Roundhouse0, Tabletop, Ted Wilkes, Trialsanderrors, Vegaswikian,
Wildcatman99, ²thelwold, 10 anonymous edits
Frank Butterworth  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604321239  Contributors: 09er, Aquamelli, Cbl62, Connormah, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Geologik, Jrcla2, Jweiss11,
Kbdank71, PigFlu Oink, RadioFan, SLY111, TheAllSeeingEye, Waacstats, X96lee15, 2 anonymous edits
Francis Burton Harrison  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595900043  Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, AaronB0413, Alansohn, Americus55, Andrew Dalby, Blamphere,
Carel.jonkhout, Darth Kalwejt, Dimadick, Dismas, Ebcdic.de, Exec8, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gerald Farinas, Good Olfactory, Haus, Iloilo Wanderer, JIP, JamestownArarat, Jengod, Joseph Solis
in Australia, Julian Felsenburgh, Kauffner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kraxler, Krk487, Kumioko (renamed), Lambanog, LilHelpa, MJO, Mowens35, Neutrality, Offenbach, Philip Trueman, Pohick2,
ReSearcher, Renpaul, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), RioHondo, Sardanaphalus, Shanedidona, Tabularius, Thismightbezach, Tony619, TonyTheTiger, Valentinian, Verna E. F. Harrison,
WikiEditor50, William Allen Simpson, 27 anonymous edits
Frank Hinkey  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604321864  Contributors: Aquamelli, Canadian Paul, Cbl62, ChrisGualtieri, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Geologik, JetsLuvver,
Jweiss11, LilHelpa, Patken4, Pennsylvania Penguin, Rejectwater, Struthious Bandersnatch, Tabularius, 6 anonymous edits
Jules Henri de Sibour  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=557635802  Contributors: 777sms, Afasmit, AgnosticPreachersKid, Eli.pousson, Farragutful, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Michael Hardy, Mild Bill Hiccup, PRRfan, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Slowking4, TheAMmollusc, Waacstats, Wetman, 3 anonymous edits
Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604263784  Contributors: A Nobody, Bob Burkhardt, Danbarnesdavies, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Koavf, Lucobrat, Magnet For Knowledge, Noroton, Npellegrino, Nunh-huh, Omegastar, Otto4711, RichardBond, Rjwilmsi, SIbuff, Waacstats, Warriorstory, Wikiprincess, 2 anonymous edits
Sam Thorne  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=467399419  Contributors: Aquamelli, Cbl62, Connormah, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Geologik, Jweiss11, Patken4, Tassedethe
Henry Sloane Coffin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=557566942  Contributors: Adam sk, Alai, Anthony22, Bcorr, Bender235, ChrisCork, Conscious, Cornell2010,
FriscoKnight, GoodDay, Historicist, Iacobus, Jfhutson, John Z, Johnpacklambert, Koavf, Magnus Manske, Monegasque, Orlady, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sterrettc, SteveGillam, Thief12,
Tom.Reding, Wikiklrsc, 3 anonymous edits
Clarence Fincke  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584161216  Contributors: Aquamelli, Cbl62, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Joeykai, Jweiss11, Rjwilmsi, Ute in DC, Waacstats
Amos Pinchot  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603008541  Contributors: Arch dude, Bender235, Carrite, Cornell2010, Darolew, Foresthistorian, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Good Olfactory, Hashaw, Infrogmation, Jaraalbe, Jhobson1, John Hill, LarRan, LiberalConservative, Pacobob, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinkadelica, Pissant, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur
Norton (1958- ), Rjensen, Stepp-Wulf, WereSpielChequers, YUL89YYZ, 6 anonymous edits
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=550408188  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Alexius08, Americasroof,
Americus55, Bearcat, Betacommand, Billy Hathorn, Bjoel5785, Bmclaughlin9, Brholden, Brigcmccoy, Canuckian89, Cjpuffin, Cornell2010, D6, DJ Jones74, Darth Kalwejt, David Justin,
Dimadick, Djrobgordon, EFCar98, ERcheck, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gil Gamesh, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Ground Zero, Henryrhenryr, HollyAm, Homagetocatalonia, Iacobus, Jonxwood,
KevinK15, Koavf, Kraxler, Mathmannix, MaxMercy, Mklobas, Moore2012, Nunquam Dormio, Oculi, OldakQuill, RWReagan, Reyk, Rrostrom, The Mystery Man, Thismightbezach, Tom,
TonyTheTiger, Ulric1313, Vclaw, Velocicaptor, Waacstats, William Allen Simpson, Zoicon5, 14 anonymous edits
Payne Whitney  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567577450  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, Americasroof, Brookie, Caponer, Cornell2010, Crystallina, Defixio, Dismas,
Eoghanacht, Eric Shalov, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius, Gamaliel, Gkklein, Gzuckier, Handicapper, Henry M. Trotter, Hmains, Huntington, Johnpacklambert, Katharineamy, Nunh-huh,
PaulHanson, Pharos, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rogerd, Rontrigger, ScottDavis, Ted Wilkes, Textorus, Thismightbezach, Waacstats, ²thelwold, 7 anonymous edits
James McDevitt Magee  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600933777  Contributors: Brigcmccoy, Dugwiki, Eastlaw, Eliz81, EyeSerene, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius,
Gamaliel, Hmains, JamesGothMog13, Kumioko (renamed), Npeters22, RJHaas, RogDel, Tdl1060, Vanished188, Waacstats
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603838906  Contributors: AMittelman, AN(Ger), AaronB0413, Adam sk, AlisonW, Alyssagpenick, Arminius,
BTDenyer, Bellhalla, Bob Burkhardt, Calsicol, Caponer, CarloCian, Cmacauley, D6, Dismas, Donan.raven, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Golbez, HOT L Baltimore, Hmains, Horation12, JLaTondre,
Jackyd101, JesseLeiman, JillandJack, Jonjames1986, K1Bond007, Katherinesdad, Kbdank71, Koplimek, LaszloWalrus, Lockley, Magus732, Manderion, Nfgii, Nick Number, O484, OfficeBoy,
Omegastar, PBS-AWB, Plucas58, Pryaltonian, Rcbutcher, Rgdboer, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi, Rontrigger, SPUI, Sc147, Scruffy, Sonett72, Spiffulent,
Srajan01, Swampyank, TantalumTelluride, Ted Wilkes, The Giant Puffin, TheFearow, Thomas.vehus, Tmangray, Waacstats, Weijiya, Worobiew, ºDA - DºP, 32 anonymous edits
Frederick Baldwin Adams  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607881364  Contributors: Cornell2010, Deb, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jarry1250, Jossi, Ken
Gallager, LaszloWalrus, Malcolma, Mercurywoodrose, Moe Epsilon, Stoshmaster, Tassedethe
Article Sources and Contributors
816
Ashley Day Leavitt  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612116117  Contributors: D6, De728631, Delirium, Dismas, EstherLois, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hmains, Mack2,
MarmadukePercy, NinetyCharacters, Orlady, Rjanag, Rjwilmsi, SMasters, Suntag, The Sage of Stamford, Volmix, WilliamJE
Percy Avery Rockefeller  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573868384  Contributors: AaronB0413, Arminius, Caerwine, Caponer, D6, Dismas, Doom-chronicle,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Grd212, Guat6, Howcheng, Ilion2, JasonBux, Johnpacklambert, K1Bond007, LaszloWalrus, MarmadukePercy, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Steinsky,
TonyTheTiger, Urbanrenewal, Waacstats, XXSNUGGUMSXX, 4 anonymous edits
Charles Edward Adams (industrialist)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606854790  Contributors: Appraiser, Cornell2010, Doom-chronicle, Ewoelber, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Hmains, ImGz, Jossi, LaszloWalrus, Mercurywoodrose, Moe Epsilon, OccultZone, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Tassedethe
Russell Cheney  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607872504  Contributors: AaronB0413, Chamberednautilus, Chick Bowen, Chris the speller, Cornell2010, DGG, Dismas,
EdJohnston, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jason Quinn, Katharineamy, Majorly, OccultZone, Ogram, Paul A, PhilKnight, RadioKirk, SpuriousQ, Treybien, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
Thomas D. Thacher  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607874591  Contributors: AaronB0413, Alansohn, All Hallow's Wraith, BD2412, BGFMSM, Bender235, BillFlis,
BrownHairedGirl, Charles Matthews, Cornell2010, Dugwiki, Dylan620, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Jack Cox, Kestenbaum, Kraxler, Lamro, Neptune1969, Newyorkbrad,
NoSeptember, OccultZone, Patstuart, PaulHanson, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Tesscass, Thismightbezach, Tim1357, Toyokuni3, Waacstats, Woodshed, 10 anonymous edits
John Magee (missionary)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=602896692  Contributors: Alandeus, Alienus, Athenaeum, Brian0324, BrownHairedGirl, Brunocerous, Caerwine,
Conscious, DAllen, DORC, Ed Poor, Ehistory, Elagatis, Erebus555, EstherLois, Eyc9a, Flying tiger, Fortdj33, Fraggle81, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, GregAsche, Guat6, Hmains,
HongQiGong, Ivananderson, KConWiki, Klemen Kocjancic, Materialscientist, Michael Hardy, Neptune's Trident, Phoe, Pseudo-Richard, RJHaas, RealGrayLogan, Rjwilmsi, Stareintoyou,
Sweeper tamonten, Uhhhhhno, WereSpielChequers, Yuje, Zscout370, 24 anonymous edits
Foster Rockwell  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603743200  Contributors: Aquamelli, Cbl62, Connormah, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Happy5214, Jrcla2, Jweiss11, Mehmet
Karatay, Rjwilmsi, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
William M. Blair  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=478726081  Contributors: BD2412, Bobo192, BrownHairedGirl, ChrisCork, Doom-chronicle, Dthomsen8, Emote,
FriscoKnight, KathyStrom, Kranar drogin, LaszloWalrus, MarmadukePercy, MartinDK, Mcco1, Mercurywoodrose, Pamdhiga, Rich Farmbrough, Rockpocket, Rustyview, StanZegel,
Urbanrenewal, W Nowicki, 5 anonymous edits
Hugh Knox  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607670151  Contributors: Cbl62, Connormah, Dthomsen8, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Nascar1996, OccultZone, Onuphriate,
Waacstats
Samuel Finley Brown Morse  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604220855  Contributors: Chris the speller, DoctorKubla, Eewild, Emargie, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
GoingBatty, Hillbillyholiday, Iloilo Wanderer, JustAGal, Jweiss11, Karenvogue, Kmandress, Lightmouse, Malcolmxl5, Ohconfucius, Pigman, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, SFwork1, Waacstats, 20
anonymous edits
Lucius Horatio Biglow  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=523503671  Contributors: Aquamelli, Cbl62, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jweiss11, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ),
Rjwilmsi, Victuallers
Charles Seymour  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=552847554  Contributors: AaronB0413, Achowat, Andrew Dalby, Andy Marchbanks, BD2412, Bender235, Bob
Burkhardt, Bobblehead, Connormah, Cyrius, Enkyo2, FriscoKnight, Gary J, GrapedApe, Jcware, Jesi, Ketiltrout, Klemen Kocjancic, LaszloWalrus, Neptune1969, Nfgii, Nunh-huh, Paul A,
PurpleHz, Quadell, ReSearcher, Roundhouse0, Sammy Houston, Tassedethe, ToddFrary, Waacstats, 12 anonymous edits
Harold Stanley  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594055552  Contributors: Acaryatid, Ali.eblis1, Arminius, Bearcat, Boojum, Captainktainer, D6, DMCer,
Emeraldcityserendipity, Erechtheus, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GermanUser2045, Guat6, K1Bond007, LaszloWalrus, Lowellian, Nfgii, Nunh-huh, Ottawahitech, PhilAnG, Rl,
Thismightbezach, Urbanrenewal, Waacstats, 8 anonymous edits
Harvey Hollister Bundy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605874563  Contributors: Acaryatid, Adam sk, Ardric47, Bender235, Betacommand, Bmclaughlin9, Briaboru,
Captainktainer, Clarityfiend, Crosbiesmith, Dismas, Dugwiki, Durova, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Garion96, Jengod, Jsmack, Khatru2, LaszloWalrus, LorenzoB, Magioladitis, Monegasque,
Mordantkitten, Nfgii, Patken4, Rjwilmsi, Santosga, Waacstats, 7 anonymous edits
Allen T. Klots  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607082671  Contributors: Cbmccarthy, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jeremy112233, Nick Number, OccultZone, Pattonnh, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Waacstats
Ted Coy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=588555056  Contributors: Alansohn, Angr, Aquamelli, Bassetman4, Bender235, Cbl62, Cbswe, Clarityfiend, Dsp13, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Geologik, JetsLuvver, Jweiss11, KConWiki, Masterknighted, Morel, Patken4, Paulmcdonald, Qwert4life, Ryan Roos, Scewing, Scooby17, Ute in DC, Waacstats, », 11 anonymous
edits
Albert DeSilver  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603309012  Contributors: Carrite, Dave Runger, Discospinster, Dugwiki, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jeremy112233, Jokestress,
OccultZone, SimonP, 4 anonymous edits
George L. Harrison  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583919200  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Bender235, Crosbiesmith, Cuppysfriend, Dismas, Duffy2032, Fcblackhawk,
Frank, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Garion96, Hawkeye7, Hello32020, Longbow4u, Mufka, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Ser Amantio di Nicolao, TheAllSeeingEye, TommyBoy, Versus22,
Waacstats, Yllosubmarine, 6 anonymous edits
Stephen Philbin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538458819  Contributors: Cbl62, Gamaliel
Robert Taft  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612077338  Contributors: 21655, A. B., AP1787, Acsenray, Adam9389, Adavidb, Admiralwaugh, Adsmith95, Agarvin, Agbook,
Alansohn, Alarob, All Hallow's Wraith, Angel ivanov angelov, Archives guy, Ari Publican, Awbeal, BanyanTree, Bbachtung, Bellerophon5685, Bender235, Bigturtle, Billy Hathorn, Biruitorul,
BizarreLoveTriangle, Bkonrad, BlueMoonlet, Bobo192, Brandon97, Btphelps, Canuckian89, Caponer, Catapult, Cavalier1745, Chester polarbear, Choster, ChrisP2K5, Chrisn4255, Cmr08,
Cofax48, Comradesandalio, Connormah, Cooman456, Csberger, Cwmacdougall, D6, DMG413, Danvera, Darolew, Darth Kalwejt, Darth Panda, Darwinek, Davewild, Dhartung, Dhawk1964,
Dimadick, DingoGroton, Dornette, DrKiernan, Dustimagic, Emops, Engines On, Ericl, Everyking, Faz90, Foofighter20x, Fox P McCloud, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gamaliel, Gilliam,
Gloriamarie, GoldRingChip, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Great Scott, Ground Zero, Gurch, GusF, Hadal, Hephaestos, Highground79, Hmains, Homagetocatalonia, Hoshie, Ihcoyc, Italian
Calabash, JNW, JW1805, JaGa, Jaedglass, JayJasper, Jeremy221, Jerry Jones, JettaMann, JimBurd, John, John J. Bulten, John K, John Paul Parks, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshmaul, KConWiki,
KPalicz, Kaisershatner, Kaltenmeyer, Kazvorpal, Kinneyboy90, LaDonnaMisteriosa, Laird Glecairn, LightSpectra, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lincolnite, Lst27, Magioladitis, Mapsax,
MartinGugino, ModRocker86, Monegasque, Nat Krause, Neo-Jay, Nfgii, Nick Number, Night Gyr, Nishkid64, OccultZone, Operation Spooner, Oren neu dag, Ottawakismet, Paterakis, Peter G
Werner, Peter Horn, Pgecaj, Philip Stevens, Piano non troppo, Pmcray, Postdlf, Prezbo, Quadell, R'n'B, Reach Out to the Truth, Reginald Perrin, Ricardianman, Richard David Ramsey, RickK,
Ricky81682, Rje, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rlquall, Rnedbal, Roseohioresident, SE7, SchreiberBike, Smith03, SnowFire, Spangineer, Srich32977, Supergee, Suslindisambiguator, TOO, Tentinator,
Tfine80, The Mystery Man, The wub, Thesomeone987, Thismightbezach, Tktru, Tom, TommyBoy, Tyrol5, Ulric1313, Vastango, WOSlinker, Waacstats, WhiteBook, Whoop whoop pull up,
Wiki Historian N OH, Will Beback, Willhsmit, Woohookitty, Ylee, 315 anonymous edits
Robert A. Gardner (golfer)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585502468  Contributors: Chowbok, Clindberg, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius, Gamaliel, GregorB, Jrcla2,
Kwiki, Michalisnikitaridis, PM800, Plrk, Sillyfolkboy, Tewapack, 18 anonymous edits
Gerald and Sara Murphy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607423584  Contributors: Ale And Quail, Americasroof, Anersword, C6541, Clawed, Cooperbe, Denisarona,
Dismas, Drshafer, Dsp13, EdoDodo, Farrtj, Foobarnix, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoShow, Harfarhs, Hargettp, Hcd6, JamesAM, JurgenNL, Khazar2, Lightmouse, Lockley, Lrw14, Mandarax,
Mwanner, NMCAIA, OccultZone, Orlady, Ozzieboy, Petrb, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Sanskritkanji, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Tassedethe, Teneriff, Walloon, Wunschter, Zomno,
«³¯´µ¶¬-¼®, 32 anonymous edits
Alfred Cowles  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605420330  Contributors: Andropod, Awhitby, Cornell2010, Dirknachbar, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Griot-de, Jimzim, John
Vandenberg, NawlinWiki, Nigholith, Nunh-huh, OccultZone, Rjwilmsi, Robofish, Stevenmitchell, SusanLesch, Teemu08, Weedpatch, Wknight94, 4 anonymous edits
W. Averell Harriman  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611178965  Contributors: AN(Ger), AaronB0413, Academic Challenger, Adam sk, Aelfthrytha, All Hallow's Wraith,
Ambadale, Amcl, Andros64, Angusmclellan, ArglebargleIV, Ariobarzan, Arminius, Ary29, Bbsrock, Behun, Bellhalla, Ben76266, Bender235, Bgoldenberg, Bgwhite, Bill37212, Blue387,
Bluedogtn, Bobblewik, Breffni Whelan, Buddyowe, CasualObserver'48, Caulde, Cbrown285, Cestertonio, Chicago2011, Chicheley, Chris the speller, Clariosophic, Collect, CommonsDelinker,
Article Sources and Contributors
817
Connormah, Cornellrockey, Crosbiesmith, Crowish, Curps, D6, DMG413, Dahn, Dana boomer, Darth Kalwejt, DavidA, Ddlamb, Debresser, Dimadick, Doom-chronicle, DrKiernan, Dspillmann,
Electrobe, EncMstr, Epolk, Esrever, Fat&Happy, Fdewaele, Fdouwes, Fennec, Finlay McWalter, Flyhighplato, Fredrik, Friism, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gbr3, Gkklein, Glacier109, Goldblooded,
Gongshow, GoodDay, Grandia01, Ground Zero, Guanaco, Haeinous, Handicapper, HennessyC, Hmains, Hugh16, Hugo999, Hushpuckena, Iberville, Intangible, JForget, JPatrickBedell, Jack
Cox, Jamesday, Jatkins, JayJasper, Jeff5102, Jengod, John K, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshdboz, K1Bond007, Kblakes, Keikoreo, Kraxler, Kuralyov, Las Casas, LaszloWalrus, Lent, Lepota,
LittleWink, Lst27, Majorclanger, Mapple, MarcosFenn, MartinHarper, Measles, Meegs, MelanieN, Mike Selinker, Mikebar, MinnesotanConfederacy, Moulin1, Mr Stephen, Nghtownclerk,
Niceguyedc, Ottawahitech, Packerfansam, PaulHanson, PhilAnG, Philip Stevens, Postdlf, QTxVi4bEMRbrNqOorWBV, RFD, Rande M Sefowt, RayneVanDunem, Rcbutcher, RevelationDirect,
Riadismet, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard75, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, RobStreatham, Rontrigger, Russavia, Ryssby, S2grand, SDC, Sardanaphalus, ScooterDe,
Sexyfoxboy, Sharecropper, Shellyber, Shevek, Shunpiker, Slambo, Slaniel, SoundGod3, Stevenmitchell, Str1977, Super48paul, Tabletop, Tazmaniacs, Tec15, Ted Wilkes, The wub,
Thismightbezach, Tiller54, Tom harrison, Tony619, Ulric1313, Umeboshi, Valetude, Velella, Veronica Mars fanatic, Vints, WBardwin, Welsh, Wereon, Wikiuser100, Woodshed, Yaksar,
YellowMonkey, Yopienso, Zigzig20s, Zscout370, 106 anonymous edits
Hank Ketcham (American football)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606207386  Contributors: After Midnight, Cbl62, Connormah, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jmfangio,
Jweiss11, Kenatipo, MECU, OccultZone, Phbasketball6, Plastikspork, Qutezuce, Strikehold
Edwin Arthur Burtt  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599345043  Contributors: Alan Liefting, Allecher, Caerwine, Charles Matthews, ChrisCork, ChrisGualtieri, Dimadick,
Duncharris, ELApro, Firefly322, Frietjes, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Inwind, JEN9841, Jaxl, Julian Felsenburgh, NekoDaemon, Omnipaedista, RogDel, Tellervo, Tim1357, Vojvodaen, Waacstats,
Warren Allen Smith, Wikiahronhe, 6 anonymous edits
Archibald MacLeish  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611690743  Contributors: 121a0012, Aboudaqn, Accotink2, Adam Carr, Adam sk, Agoodman.76, Alansohn,
Alex.muller, All Hallow's Wraith, Andrew Norman, Andrewman327, Anna Roy, Aracnid, Aristophanes68, Asafadd, Ashot Gabrielyan, Avraham, BartlebytheScrivener, Bbpen, Belovedfreak,
Bender235, Benson85, Bobo192, Btphelps, Calton, Candent shlimazel, Carlstak, Chain27, Charles Matthews, Chicheley, Clark89, Crimson2008, D6, David Schaich, Dcoetzee, DerHexer,
DocWatson42, Doom-chronicle, Dowenc, Dranster, Dreamachine, Emeraldcityserendipity, Emerson7, Finnusertop, Flowerpotman, FrankMJohnson, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gamaliel,
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Isomorphic, J M Rice, JSpung, Jablair51, Jack Cox, Jeremy112233, JerryFriedman, Jetman, Josh Triplett, Jrcla2, Kcirtapretrac, Kirponos, Kthejoker, Ktr101, Kumioko (renamed), La revanche
des aubergines, LaszloWalrus, Libroman, Llagllag, Lotje, Lpgeffen, Lugnuts, MK, MSGJ, Mandarax, Manistra, Mary Alice Martin, Materialscientist, Mbrme2, MindBodySoul, Monty845,
MrPrecise, Nfgii, Nikai, Northeastpolitics, Nowoneearthquotes, Nug Brunec, Ohconfucius, Olegwiki, Omnipaedista, Oracleofottawa, P64, Pegship, Phaedriel, Phil Boswell, PoetryForEveryone,
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Anthony, The Halo, The wub, Theosci, Thevoicebeforethevoid, Thismightbezach, Tommy2010, TonyTheTiger, Tprwiki, UpstateNYer, W E Hill, WFinch, Waacstats, Weslicourt, Wtstar, 138
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Wesley Oler  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606794427  Contributors: Chris the speller, Courcelles, Dabean, Doma-w, Erik9, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gh, Jcware, John of
Reading, Kasper2006, OccultZone, Waacstats
Phelps Putnam  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606725897  Contributors: Cornell2010, Fenwayguy, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hcd6, Hello Control, Niceguyedc, OccultZone,
Ser Amantio di Nicolao, TreasuryTag, Waacstats, 5 anonymous edits
Donald Ogden Stewart  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605969495  Contributors: After Midnight, Andy85, Aristophanes68, Autodidact1, Bill37212, BrandlandUSA,
Buzzlightyear, Carbon Caryatid, Charles Matthews, Cnwilliams, Cornell2010, FlashSheridan, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gene Nygaard, GoingBatty, Griot, Hmains, Irishguy, J. Van Meter,
Jagiellon, JamesAM, Jesse V., Jusdafax, Jzummak, K72ndst, Kumioko (renamed), LaszloWalrus, LiteraryMaven, Lugnuts, Magnus Manske, Marb, Markhh, MegX, Moorlock, Mwprods,
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Tjmayerinsf, Toyokuni3, Waacstats, 10 anonymous edits
Prescott Bush  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612082604  Contributors: 12345qwertasdfgzxcvb, 9tmaxr, Aaron north, Abbarocks, Aboutmovies, Acacadac, Academic
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Zaintoum, Zigzig20s, Zoe, Zoicon5, ½¶®´· ±¶´µ¹¾·¿¹À, 803 anonymous edits
E. Roland Harriman  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605838617  Contributors: AaronB0413, Aceupyoursleeve, Arminius, Aspects, Bearcat, Collect, D6, Damion, Dismas,
Dsp13, EdH, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gregthepig, Hu, J JMesserly, Jwillbur, K1Bond007, Livingwords, Lowellian, Neward Rylet, Nfgii, OccultZone, PKT, PaulHanson, Rholton, Rich
Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), RichardBond, ScottDavis, Slambo, SueHay, Ted Wilkes, Umeboshi, Urbanrenewal, Veronica Mars fanatic, Waacstats, Xtreambar, 7 anonymous
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Harry LeGore  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596186600  Contributors: Cbl62, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jweiss11, Mandarax, Rjwilmsi, TRBP, WereSpielChequers,
WikHead, WikkanWitch, 1 anonymous edits
Henry Neil Mallon  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594126829  Contributors: AaronB0413, Arminius, Big BLA, BrianY, Caerwine, Carabinieri, Chiswick Chap, Choess,
Cmdrjameson, D6, DGG, DIDouglass, Dismas, FriscoKnight, Jeepday, K1Bond007, LaszloWalrus, Melaen, Nfgii, Niceguyedc, Nonexistant User, Romney yw, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Kenneth F. Simpson  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604800697  Contributors: 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Billmckern, Bjoel5785, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Jcware, Johnpacklambert, Jwillbur, Kumioko (renamed), Lightmouse, MarmadukePercy, Pvmoutside, RogDel, Tabletop, Tatask89, TexianPolitico, Thismightbezach, TonyTheTiger,
Waacstats, Widr, William Allen Simpson, 6 anonymous edits
Howard M. Baldrige  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=589644314  Contributors: Bearcat, Bender235, Cornell2010, Dismas, Doom-chronicle, Dranster, Drmissio,
FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius, Gamaliel, Hmains, Jossi, LaszloWalrus, Magioladitis, Rjwilmsi, SDC, ScooterDe, Snocrates, TRBP, Tesscass, Thismightbezach, Valentinejoesmith, Waacstats, 5
anonymous edits
Article Sources and Contributors
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F. Trubee Davison  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609210744  Contributors: AaronB0413, All Hallow's Wraith, Arminius, Brookeangeline, Caerwine, ChrisCork, D6,
Djrobgordon, Docu, Fdssdf, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, Hailey C. Shannon, Hmains, ILovePlankton, Iacobus, John of Reading, Justito, K1Bond007, Kewp, Klemen
Kocjancic, Koavf, Kraxler, KumiokoCleanStart, LaszloWalrus, Martpol, NeilHynes, Nfgii, Nunh-huh, PaulHanson, Phil Fish, Reedmalloy, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), RogDel, Swliv, Ta bu
shi da yu, Tabularius, Tfine80, Theopolisme, Thismightbezach, WPGA2345, Waacstats, Yourfriend1, 13 anonymous edits
John C. Farrar  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610360267  Contributors: Acaryatid, Arch dude, Bender235, BillFlis, Charles Matthews, Cornell2010, CutOffTies, Dismas,
DragonflySixtyseven, Edwardx, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, H0n0r, Kbdank71, Merchbow, OldOwl1872, Pohick2, SLY111, Shortride, TreasuryTag, WFinch, 2 anonymous edits
Artemus Gates  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608319058  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Adam sk, Alba, Anxietycello, Bahamut0013, CJLippert, ChrisGualtieri, Conscious,
Fishal, Freechild, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, JHunterJ, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko (renamed), MikeJKearney, Nfgii, Phil Fish, Rich Farmbrough, RogDel, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Theraven,
Waacstats, 6 anonymous edits
Robert A. Lovett  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608855827  Contributors: Achillestendon69, Adam sk, Alienus, All Hallow's Wraith, Amcl, Aspects, BartBassist, Behun,
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Hugo999, Jiang, Jimbo online, John K, Johnpacklambert, Jpeob, Kablammo, Kingturtle, Kumioko (renamed), LaszloWalrus, Lokifer, LorenzoB, Lou Sander, Mdy66, MelanieN, Mikebar,
Moncrief, Morrowulf, Mrmuk, Nfgii, Nick, PKT, Packerfansam, Pauljeffersonks, Peruvianllama, Pharnabazus, Phyllis1753, Reedmalloy, Rgdboer, Rich Farmbrough, SDC, SchreiberBike,
SchuminWeb, Srich32977, Stevenmitchell, Tassedethe, The number c, Thismightbezach, Tom, TommyBoy, Tony619, Trylon, Tucoxn, Valentinejoesmith, Xealur, 32 anonymous edits
Charles Phelps Taft II  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609569392  Contributors: 8th Ohio Volunteers, Acsenray, Beanbatch, Bedford, Btphelps, Caponer, Catapult,
CopperSquare, Danny, Danvera, Dornette, Downwards, Frankimhoff, FriscoKnight, Funandtrvl, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Hmains, Infrogmation, J. Nguyen, Jcware, John K, Jrcla2,
Kinneyboy90, Kumioko (renamed), Littlemo, Nemesis63, Petronius2, Presidentman, RFD, Rich Farmbrough, Rikster2, Rnedbal, Roseohioresident, SGGH, Thismightbezach, Tim1965, Tom,
TommyBoy, Tyrol5, Unschool, 17 anonymous edits
John Martin Vorys  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606355268  Contributors: 8th Ohio Volunteers, Cornell2010, Darwinek, Eastlaw, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Kumioko
(renamed), Lombroso, OccultZone, Ohho, Rjwilmsi, Roseohioresident, 2 anonymous edits
Alexander McCormick, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609211691  Contributors: AKGhetto, Daleyboys, David A. Victor, Dismas, Esrever, EvenrÁd, FriscoKnight,
Herodotos, Jaraalbe, Jinian, Jwillbur, Kranar drogin, Kumioko (renamed), KumiokoCleanStart, Lugnuts, Mandarax, Nunh-huh, Rich Farmbrough, Sadads, Tim1965, Waacstats,
XXSNUGGUMSXX, Yaf
Lewis Greenleaf Adams  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612115731  Contributors: Bearcat, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, James Russiello, John of Reading, KatKephart,
LittleWink, Lockley, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, ShelfSkewed, Srich32977, The Sage of Stamford
Briton Hadden  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594055004  Contributors: Chivista, Cirt, D6, Deb, Evolauxia, G716, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Honeylocust, Kbdank71,
Kendrick7, M.nelson, Masterdeis, Michaeln, Nfgii, OldOwl1872, Peachespi, RJHall, RJaguar3, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), SLY111, Stefanomione, Steve Casburn, 21
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Thayer Hobson  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572865673  Contributors: Bbb23, CallTheConstables!, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Headbomb, Kellsboro Jack, Lamro,
LittlePeepBo, Mlaffs, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi, Rontrigger, Tassedethe, 1 anonymous edits
David Sinton Ingalls  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609910346  Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, Academic Challenger, Adam sk, Airbornelawyer, AjaxSmack, Ardric47,
BD2412, Bahamut0013, Bazonka, Bearcat, Behun, Bwmoll3, Caponer, Cincinnaticonncection, Clarityfiend, Counter-revolutionary, Dekimasu, Dismas, Doom-chronicle, Dormskirk, Erik9,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Georgejdorner, Hmains, Hugo999, Jcware, Khazar2, Kirbylinck, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko (renamed), Materialscientist, Mdnavman, Mercurywoodrose,
MilborneOne, NarayanGa, Nobunaga24, Noles1984, Rcbutcher, Rjwilmsi, Roseohioresident, Scoop100, Searcher 1990, Svick, Thomsonsr, Woohookitty, Xdamr, 21 anonymous edits
Henry Luce  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610553078  Contributors: 10stone5, 75pickup, Aboudaqn, AdRock, Al Lemos, All Hallow's Wraith, Americus55,
AmishThrasher, Aranel, Arminius, Betacommand, Binarybits, Bismarckboy, Bppubjr, Brian0324, Brianzimbz, Brooklynmuseum, BrownHairedGirl, CN3777, Cantabwarrior, Canthony,
Christofurio, Cirt, Cmdrjameson, D C McJonathan, D6, Danny, Dave Rave, Davepape, Dpv, Dreamdissolve, Drone5, Dtmaurer, Eag880, Edmundm, Egil, ElizabethCB123, Erianna, Eugene van
der Pijll, Fluppy, Freakofnurture, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Ghosts&empties, Gildir, Glaucus, Grafen, Guat6, Gwernol, Herschelkrustofsky, Hgff, Hierarchypedia, Hmains, Hushpuckena, J. Van
Meter, Jiang, Jie, Jnc, Joelwest, Jonathan.s.kt, K1Bond007, KConWiki, Kbdank71, Kjoonlee, Koavf, Kyorosuke, LaszloWalrus, Leszek Ja¤czuk, Libuªe, MaGioZal, Markkawika,
MarmadukePercy, Masterpiece2000, Mboverload, Meson537, MickScott, Modernist, Naddy, Nfgii, Niceguyedc, Nlu, OldOwl1872, Pat Berry, Paul August, Perl, Philip Cross, Piperh, Qrc2006,
Quasicharacter, Quintupeu, RamonFHerrera, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rolfmueller, Ruy Lopez, SFC9394, SLY111, SVTCobra, Scunizzo, Shoeofdeath, Sin-man,
SiobhanHansa, Sozo33, Srich32977, Staxringold, Stefanomione, Steven J. Anderson, Sugar Bear, Swampyank, Swliv, TIY, The Ink Daddy!, TheRedPenOfDoom, Thismightbezach, TommyBoy,
TonyW, Treybien, Trmichaels, Underbar dk, User2004, Vanhorn, VeloRa, Vulturell, WFinch, Waacstats, WikHead, WikiDon, Will Beback, Xiangjiao, Â ÃÄÅÆÇÃÈ, ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ , 87
anonymous edits
Charles H. Bradley, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=575433688  Contributors: Addshore, AvicAWB, Carptrash, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Giraffedata,
Ironholds, Johnpacklambert, JustAGal, Kumioko (renamed), LaszloWalrus, Logan, Mercurywoodrose, Moswento, Naraht, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rune-wl, Whitehead777
Stanley Woodward  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=563439992  Contributors: Adam sk, Bearcat, Docu, Esrever, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jabencarsey, Jcware, Joshdboz,
Mandarax, PotionsMasterSnape, Rjwilmsi, Spiessens, TaiwanTroubador, Waacstats
John Sherman Cooper  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607592298  Contributors: AaronB0413, Academic Challenger, Acdixon, Alansohn, Anna Lincoln, Another Believer,
Anotherclown, Arjayay, Athaenara, AustralianRupert, Bbsrock, Billy Hathorn, Bluemoose, Canuckian89, Caponer, Cgingold, Chester Markel, Crowish, D6, Dale Arnett, Dank, Dargen, Darth
Kalwejt, Drpickem, Dru of Id, Duffy2032, Dwarf Kirlston, Ealdgyth, EoGuy, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Gregbard, Ground Zero, Groupsixty, Haakonsson, Hmains,
HollyAm, InthePast, Jack Cox, Jackyd101, Jay32183, Jcbarr, Jengod, John of Reading, Jrcla2, Kevyn, Kikichugirl, Kuralyov, Laser brain, LaszloWalrus, Lightmouse, Mark Arsten, Mikebar,
MindBodySoul, Moodyfloydwhofan, Mr Stephen, NatusRoma, Nfgii, Ng.j, Nick Number, Nyttend, Ohconfucius, Packerfansam, PaulHanson, Postdlf, Quadell, RFD, RTFlemingWhit,
Randolph1776, Raul654, Raven1977, Ricksmoot, Robomanx, Rushadthomas, RustySpear, ScottyBoy900Q, Shok, Stefanomione, Tabletop, The Mystery Man, TheParanoidOne, Theda, Tiller54,
Tom, Trickybiscuit, Waacstats, WilliamJE, Woodshed, Zoicon5, Zzuuzz, 45 anonymous edits
Russell Davenport  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568837784  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, Bearcat, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hteen, Jhbeck23, Kbdank71, Kitia,
Klemen Kocjancic, Nfgii, Oleg Alexandrov, PAWiki, Rudowsky, 17 anonymous edits
F. O. Matthiessen  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607461260  Contributors: Abezgauz, Aboutmovies, Anti-Nationalist, Aristophanes68, Bearcat, Bender235, Bindingtheory,
Bluatre, Camgenea, Carrite, Chamberednautilus, Charles Matthews, Christopher Grattan, D6, Doprendek, EmyP, Esperant, FriscoKnight, Good Olfactory, GrindtXX, Hailey C. Shannon,
Hamiltonpaul75, John of Reading, Kbdank71, Khazar2, Koavf, Lantog, LarRan, LaszloWalrus, LeighStat, Lowellian, Mark K. Jensen, Mergy, Nfgii, Nlu, Omnipaedista, PDD, Pclv888822,
Polisher of Cobwebs, Radicalsubversiv, Rbellin, Redrose64, Rjwilmsi, Solar-Wind, TAnthony, Tassedethe, Thirdcamper, Triddle, Tspad, Varnent, Waacstats, 13 anonymous edits
Edwin F. Blair  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606260009  Contributors: AvicAWB, Cornell2010, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, JamesAM, John of Reading,
Jossi, Khatru2, LaszloWalrus, Mercurywoodrose, Waacstats, Willthacheerleader18, Yankees10
Walter Houghton  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595763174  Contributors: Dsp13, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Kozitt, Rich Farmbrough, Slj91, StarHOG, Tassedethe,
Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Charles Spofford  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605755909  Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Lockley, Waacstats, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits
John Allen Miner Thomas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606348322  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, JackofOz, OccultZone, Quiet Editor, 1 anonymous edits
Mal Stevens  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=602964374  Contributors: AndrewHowse, Cbl62, Courcelles, Dsp13, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Geologik, JetsLuvver, Jrcla2,
Jweiss11, Mishae, Moe Epsilon, Patken4, Paulmcdonald, Pennsylvania Penguin, Rikster2, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits
James Jeremiah Wadsworth  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592777384  Contributors: BjarteSorensen, Carabinieri, Crosbiesmith, Duffy2032, Fish and karate,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Good Olfactory, Jack Cox, Joy, Kathleen.wright5, Koavf, Kraxler, Linuxbeak, Marcd30319, Mathmannix, Mikebar, OldakQuill, R'n'B, Skepper43, Turgidson,
WOSlinker, Waacstats, WilliamKF, 4 anonymous edits
Article Sources and Contributors
819
George Herbert Walker, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603796169  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, Decathlete, Dhartung, Dismas, Dsmithsmithy, FriscoKnight,
Giants2008, GoodDay, Guat6, GusF, Howrealisreal, Levineps, Nancy, Nfgii, PaulHanson, Rich Farmbrough, Strongfitness, TMS63112, WilliamBarrett, 39 anonymous edits
John Rockefeller Prentice  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604560888  Contributors: A Nobody, Caerwine, Caponer, Colfer2, Dismas, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius,
Gamaliel, Givenunion, Guat6, Haus, J04n, Johnpacklambert, Kumioko (renamed), LaszloWalrus, Nobunaga24, RogDel, The wub, TonyTheTiger, Waacstats, Wizardman, 2 anonymous edits
Lanny Ross  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600164365  Contributors: Anklebrker32, Chamberednautilus, DA19, Darklilac, Dreaded Walrus, Dshigo, Englishnerd,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, John of Reading, JohnRogers, Johnpacklambert, Kosboot, Kumioko (renamed), Mattbr, Mogism, Paul A, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Sklemetti, Tai Ni Po Ni, We
hope, Welsh, Whpq, 6 anonymous edits
Granger K. Costikyan  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607919594  Contributors: Angusmclellan, Bearcat, ChrisGualtieri, Doom-chronicle, DukeOfDuchessStreet, Eupator,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hovhannesk, Johnpacklambert, Julia W, Lamro, Mercurywoodrose, Patapsco913, Rad vsovereign, Threeafterthree, Vanish2, Waacstats, Wabbit98, WoodpeckerMoose, 6
anonymous edits
George Crile, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603854945  Contributors: Alawa, Classicfilms, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, George Ponderevo, Malleus Fatuorum, Neelix,
Waacstats
Ralph Paine, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538248768  Contributors: Chris the speller, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
Charles Alderson Janeway  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545355112  Contributors: Breffni Whelan, Colonies Chris, DabMachine, Darkskynet, Davidtgordon, Eg brazil,
FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoodDay, HJKeats, Hjaneway, Hmains, Johnpacklambert, Plasma east, Postcard Cathy, Realkyhick, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
H. J. Heinz II  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605445846  Contributors: Americus55, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Derek R Bullamore, Flaconserve, Franchestnut,
FriscoKnight, Good Olfactory, Ithinkicahn, Jack O'Lantern, Johnpacklambert, Lockley, Lotje, Marketdiamond, Matthew Fennell, Mogism, Nikthestunned, Patty49er, Phil Fish, QuizzicalBee,
Rcsprinter123, Rjwilmsi, Robofish, Rudowsky, SamEV, Smetanahue, Tesscass, TommyBoy, Vanished188, Verica Atrebatum, Waacstats, Woohookitty, Wulf Isebrand, 16 anonymous edits
Lewis A. Lapham  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=604695179  Contributors: Gamaliel, Koavf, Waacstats
John M. Walker  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612001219  Contributors: 19XAVO90, Bluedrapes, Danbarnesdavies, EATC, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Klemen Kocjancic,
MidwestCuttlefish, Waacstats, Zigzig20s, 2 anonymous edits
Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595989911  Contributors: 12056, Andrewnadell, Bgwhite, Caerwine, CalendarWatcher, CenterforCollecting,
Cornell2010, D C McJonathan, Doom-chronicle, Ecphora, Fat&Happy, FeanorStar7, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GcSwRhIc, Hierarchypedia, ILovePlankton, JohnI, Jossi, Namiba, Nixxnutz,
Ohconfucius, PatienceFortitude, Pigsonthewing, Rodsan18, RogDel, Stoshmaster, Wetman, Woohookitty, 4 anonymous edits
Samuel Hazard Gillespie, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605010146  Contributors: Alansohn, Canadian Paul, Dismas, Frantastic56, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gitonga1,
Ground Zero, Gumruch, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kraxler, RogDel, Sean.hoyland, TLSuda, 14 anonymous edits
Tex McCrary  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610618848  Contributors: AHMartin, Alvestrand, Anfdeke, Backendgaming, Badbilltucker, Cavrdg, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Kbdank71, Kumioko (renamed), Mandarax, No1lakersfan, OldOwl1872, Paul Arnott, Pepso, Pointsmany, RadioBroadcast, [email protected], Rshagawat, Theoldanarchist, Threephi,
Tjmayerinsf, Volmix, Wildhartlivie, Yanksox, 5 anonymous edits
Eugene O'Neill, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593685244  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Manytexts, Nlu, TCMemoire, TonyTheTiger, 1 anonymous edits
Francis Judd Cooke  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586087050  Contributors: Badagnani, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Intelati, Jason Quinn, Jerome Kohl, Montiederby,
SBmeier, Slj91, Tomtheman5, W Nowicki, Waacstats, 4 anonymous edits
Sam Collier  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605008581  Contributors: AllardsGap, Belasd, BizarreLoveTriangle, Donnie Park, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Ilkeston1990,
LAMASLINDA, Lfstevens, Lockley, Maxcheung, Meatsgains, Petrb, R'n'B, Reedy, Shadowjams, Waacstats, 8 anonymous edits
Lyman Spitzer  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609422877  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, Anasrine, Bejnar, Binksternet, Bobblewik, CambridgeBayWeather, CarlosPS,
Cazorla, Chochopk, Clh288, Comatose51, CommonsDelinker, Curps, D6, Danim, Danski14, DavidLeighEllis, Duncan.Hull, Enceladus, Etacar11, Finell, FriscoKnight, G716, Gamaliel,
GcSwRhIc, Giftlite, Gothic2, Hakan KayÉ, Headbomb, Jacobolus, Japanese Searobin, Jclerman, Jfg284, John, Joke137, Jonarnold1985, Jrlevine, Kelson, Klemen Kocjancic, KnightRider, Krash,
Lemeza Kosugi, Limojoe, Mattkoskela, Melamed katz, Oanabay04, Offenbach, Omnipaedista, Oude38Hond, Owen, PlatinumX, Plindenbaum, Plucas58, RJHall, Rgbutler, Rjensen, Robvanvee,
Rsquid, ServiceAT, SimonP, SteveMcCluskey, Suslindisambiguator, TechnoFaye, Ugen64, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Waacstats, Xbcj0843hck3, Yoganate79, 50 anonymous edits
Sonny Tufts  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611206287  Contributors: After Midnight, Alexandria, AnonMoos, Anthony Winward, Arf!, Binksternet, Cnwilliams, D6,
Delusion23, Dutchy85, Elmer Clark, Fonnyboy, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gioto, Gobonobo, Gregorywoods90, J M Rice, JGKlein, Jim10701, Jkazoo, Johnpacklambert, Kumioko (renamed),
LWG, Lord Cornwallis, Ludivine, Lugnuts, Moon725cat, Noirish, OldOwl1872, Pburka, Peachespi, Pinkadelica, PurpleChez, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Squash, Srich32977, Thebanjohype,
Tjmayerinsf, W.a.tas, WOSlinker, Wjstafford, Woohookitty, Zippy, 20 anonymous edits
Jonathan Brewster Bingham  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596022294  Contributors: AaronB0413, All Hallow's Wraith, Bearcat, Ben42, Bjoel5785, Bluetooth954,
Brigcmccoy, BuzyBody, Cgingold, Colonies Chris, Computerjoe, Delaywaves, Denni, Doom-chronicle, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GiantSnowman, GoingBatty, Gzuckier, JYOuyang, Jossi,
KAVEBEAR, Kerowyn, LaszloWalrus, Mejkravitz, Nfgii, No1lakersfan, PaulHanson, Pearle, Pvmoutside, RFD, RJFJR, Raven1977, [email protected], Royboycrashfan, Rune-wl,
Swankydigs, TexasAndroid, Thismightbezach, TonyTheTiger, Waacstats, William Allen Simpson, 11 anonymous edits
Brendan Gill  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594780082  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Achowat, Amalas, Bbsrock, Beetstra, Bender235, Blg999, Bryanjrod, Charlene.fic,
Charles Matthews, Chick Bowen, Cornell2010, D C McJonathan, DCDuring, Dismas, Endomion, EurekaLott, Fixertool, FlashSheridan, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GeneralBelly, Gisse, Harry the
Dirty Dog, Interlingua, JEN9841, Jack O'Lantern, Jeffpescador, Kuru, Lockley, Mandarax, MarmadukePercy, Michael David, NellieBly, Newyorkbrad, P. K. Green, Pensativa, Pilettes,
Priceyeah, Psantry, Remuel, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rosebeth6, Sammyrice, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sherool, Splendoroftheirroots, Sunwin1960, The Anome, Valerius Tygart, Waacstats,
Zeiden, 57 anonymous edits
John Hersey  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612115819  Contributors: Acather96, Accotink2, Alansohn, All Hallow's Wraith, AngelOfSadness, Anna Roy, Arch dude,
ArielGold, BillFlis, Billinghurst, Black hawk514, Blackngold29, BraesideSchool, Bryan H Bell, Btphelps, CWH, Calton, CanadianLinuxUser, Caracas1830, CatherineMunro, Cbaer, Ccmhg,
Cgingold, Cielovista, Colonies Chris, Courcelles, D6, DJ Clayworth, Damirgraffiti, Danny, Davidruben, Dchurbuck, Derek R Bullamore, Dismas, Dispe, Edward, Excirial, Famspear, Fanra,
Farosdaughter, Flewis, Florentino floro, For7thGen, FriscoKnight, Fuhghettaboutit, Gadfium, Gamaliel, Get-back-world-respect, Gildir, Good Olfactory, GrahamHardy, GrapedApe, Grstain,
HarringtonSmith, Hawkeye7, Hifrommike65, Hjmndj, Italian David, J.delanoy, Jj137, John K, Johnfos, Jwilkinsen Jr, Kane5187, Kikichugirl, Knightrus, Known2no1, Kukini, Kuru, Kyziec, L
Kensington, Lotje, Mac Davis, MarmadukePercy, MiguelMunoz, Minusminority, NinetyCharacters, Palaeovia, Philip Trueman, Piperh, Plasticup, Qwertyytrewqqwerty, Qworty, RA0808,
Raul654, Rdeous, Rich Farmbrough, Rjd0060, Ronkriel, Rrawpower, SLY111, Salsa Shark, Sappleton, Selbymayfair, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Shelby Davis, ShelfSkewed, Shii, Shinmawa,
Sigma902, SpaceFlight89, Stevie, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TPK, Tablethree, Tagishsimon, Techyactor15, The Sage of Stamford, Thismightbezach, TimBovee, TonyTheTiger, Tova Hella,
Twomorerun, Varlaam, Veyklevar, Wavelength, Wustlkate, Xenxax, Xezbeth, Zawersh, ZephyrAnycon, –, 188 anonymous edits
J. Merrill Knapp  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608322480  Contributors: 4meter4, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Omnipaedista, Waacstats, 1 anonymous edits
William Horsley Orrick, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607427047  Contributors: BD2412, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Jcware, Klemen Kocjancic, Pvmoutside, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), 6 anonymous edits
Potter Stewart  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609867048  Contributors: 7&6=thirteen, AKGhetto, Acaryatid, Acsenray, Ahkond, AlanM1, AliveFreeHappy, All Hallow's
Wraith, Allon Fambrizzi, Arminius, BD2412, Barneyg, Bender235, Billyboy01, Black Regent, Bobblehead, Bulba2036, ButtonwoodTree, Cbbkr, D6, DLJessup, Dabomb87, Davewild,
DavidSteinle, Drews564, Duffy2032, EEng, Eastlaw, El Raki, Ellsworth, Emeraldcityserendipity, Foofighter20x, Fordmadoxfraud, FriscoKnight, Gabbe, Gamaliel, GoodDay, Ground Zero,
Haeinous, Hhawks12, Homagetocatalonia, Hydriotaphia, Iakinw1, Illegitimate Barrister, Isomorphic, J.A.McCoy, Jeremy112233, John K, JonRoma, Jonathan.s.kt, JonathanFreed, Jun Nijo,
K1Bond007, Kateshortforbob, Kbdank71, Koranyi, Kumioko (renamed), LaszloWalrus, Lightmouse, MSGJ, MZMcBride, Michaelsbll, Miles Blues, Miszatomic, Neo-Jay, Newyorkbrad, Nfgii,
NoSeptember, Noah Peters, Noitall, NuclearWarfare, Ohconfucius, Paul Barlow, Peachespi, PedanticallySpeaking, PhantomS, Philippe, Philwelch, Pitchka, Postdlf, Quadell, Que sera sera, R,
RSStockdale, RafaelRGarcia, Rfc1394, Rjensen, Rockhopper10r, Rpu3, Rrius, Rwalker, Saforrest, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, SidP, Superflush, TFBCT1, Tabletop, Thatguyflint, The wub, Tom,
Toytoy, Vikingstad, W E Hill, WOSlinker, Waacstats, WillC, WilliamJE, Y, Ydorb, Youngamerican, 86 anonymous edits
Article Sources and Contributors
820
J. Richardson Dilworth  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516964469  Contributors: Alison9, Arminius, D6, Elliemae, FriscoKnight, GabrielF, Gamaliel, GoingBatty, Ground
Zero, JasonBux, Johnpacklambert, Joy, K1Bond007, Kaltenmeyer, Lamro, LaszloWalrus, Linuxbeak, Nfgii, PaulHanson, QuantumOne, RogDel, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits
Clint Frank  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=601459752  Contributors: Aquamelli, Armchair QB, Bigmaninthebox, BillFlis, Blainster, ChicJanowicz, ChrisGualtieri,
Cliff1911, Cornell2010, Crystallina, Eliyak, Epbr123, FriscoKnight, Frog47, Gamaliel, Hmains, Hoops gza, Jcurtis, JustAGal, Jweiss11, Karichisholm, Kumioko (renamed), Mackensen,
Makaristos, Marketdiamond, Meegs, Mike Selinker, Mmb777e, Mogism, Mojo Hand, Phbasketball6, Plastikspork, R'n'B, Sigep 252, Waacstats, Xanderer, 6 anonymous edits
Al Hessberg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516345997  Contributors: Bender235, Biosketch, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Koavf, Ulric1313, Waacstats
William Bundy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611221343  Contributors: AHLM13, Aboudaqn, Adam sk, Amonduul, Arminius, Bbsrock, Bellerophon5685, CesarB,
Champagne&jam, Chrisn4255, Cjs2111, Crosbiesmith, D6, Deb, DocWatson42, FriscoKnight, Isomorphic, K1Bond007, Lamro, LaszloWalrus, Nfgii, OlEnglish, PaulHanson, Pfhorapedia, Phr,
QuantumOne, Seeleygmudd, SimonP, Smetanahue, Woohookitty, Zoicon5, 16 anonymous edits
William Welch Kellogg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605487676  Contributors: Dismas, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gilliam, Lagrange613, Lekoren, Nathan Johnson,
RDBrown, Sadads, Svsinco, VejvanÊickË, WQUlrich, Waacstats, Woohookitty, 5 anonymous edits
McGeorge Bundy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600786087  Contributors: (:Julien:), All Hallow's Wraith, Arminius, Avoided, Bbsrock, Bcorr, Bender235, Bhadani,
Binksternet, Blue387, Brighterorange, Chadloder, Champagne&jam, Chatanga, Chrisn4255, Crosbiesmith, D6, DMG413, Davepape, Delaywaves, Dismas, DocWatson42, DoubleBlue,
Drbreznjev, Dshervin, Ed Poor, Ehistory, Everyking, ExRat, Formeruser-81, FriscoKnight, GcSwRhIc, Gongshow, Gujuguy, Guy1890, Haeinous, Hbrady, Helenbrady, Henry Delforn (old),
Horsti123, Hydrargyrum, Ikip, Italia2006, IworkforNASA, Johnpacklambert, Jonesey95, Joshmaul, Jwillbur, K1Bond007, Kevin, Kkoling, LaszloWalrus, Lipstickandletdown, LittleIPEditor,
Mack2, Magioladitis, Mav, Mdnavman, Mdy66, Michael David, Model6, Modernist, Nfgii, Nicholasthompson, Nicolehh, Nirvana77, Nueni, Olivier, Patricio00, PaulHanson, Pavel Vozenilek,
Pearle, PeterWD, Pflynn11, Pissant, Punctilius, Qtoktok, Quadratic, QuantumOne, RSpeeter, Rich Farmbrough, Rj, Rjwilmsi, Rocketrod1960, Ronbo76, SW3 5DL, Saracup, Scewing, Schrockn,
Seduisant, SimonP, Superpup1414, Swliv, Ta bu shi da yu, The King Of Gondor, Thismightbezach, Tim1357, TreyHarris, Treybien, Ulric1313, WestA, Winnah, Zigzig20s, 64 anonymous edits
Andrew Downey Orrick  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612102586  Contributors: FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Islander99, Jcware, Johnpacklambert, JustAGal, Richard Arthur
Norton (1958- ), RogDel, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
Barry Zorthian  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538350859  Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, Adamdaley, Eumolpo, FriscoKnight, Hmains, Mogism, [email protected],
Solar-Wind, Swliv, WWGB, 5 anonymous edits
Harold H. Healy, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=539153321  Contributors: Fadesga, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Rich Farmbrough, Singingdaisies, Tassedethe, Wizardman
James L. Buckley  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=598458893  Contributors: 24dot, 6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, AKGhetto, AaronB0413, AaronRoth,
Alansohn, All Hallow's Wraith, Amcalabrese, Andrewsthistle, Anomalocaris, Archivist1174, Arminius, Astuishin, Awbeal, Ayannako, BD2412, Barnej, Bart133, Bentley4, Blackiedoyle,
Bogdangiusca, Breedimm, Brholden, Calliopejen1, Canuckian89, Captain-tucker, Cbrown285, Chekaz, Ck4829, Coemgenus, Craverguy, CruiserBob, Cwolfsheep, D6, DLJessup,
DandyDan2007, Davehammett, Dhartung, Dimadick, Dirtybutclean, Dismas, Drbreznjev, Dthomsen8, Duffy2032, DukeOfDuchessStreet, Emops, EncMstr, Everyking, Falconclaw5000, Fjl,
Franchestnut, Francvs, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gentgeen, Good Olfactory, Ground, Harfarhs, Hekerui, Highground79, Homagetocatalonia, Houstonbuildings, Iqyax, JForget, Jack O'Lantern,
JamesMLane, Jerzeykydd, Jkp1187, Johnbtv, Jun Nijo, Kaisershatner, Kate, KevinCuddeback, Kraxler, Kumioko (renamed), LaszloWalrus, Lebezki, Lionelt, Lokifer, MMEKAYHAGAN,
Mathwizard1232, MaxMercy, Metallurgist, Minesweeper.007, ModRocker86, Moncrief, Mydotnet, NawlinWiki, Neutrality, Nfgii, NoSeptember, Noroton, PaulHanson, Peter Chastain, Pinktulip,
Pvmoutside, Pwallach, Quadell, RFD, Raprchju, RickK, Ricky81682, Rizalninoynapoleon, Rjensen, RobbieFal, Sam Blacketer, ScooterDe, ScottyBerg, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Smashingworth,
Snowolf, Sun Creator, Tad Lincoln, Ted Wilkes, Tennisace101, The Mystery Man, The wub, The-bearister88, Therequiembellishere, Thismightbezach, Tom, Tothebarricades.tk, Treybien,
Valentinejoesmith, Vidor, WHPratt, WOSlinker, Wikiklrsc, WilliamJE, Woohookitty, 86 anonymous edits
John B. Goodenough  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608425263  Contributors: AKGhetto, AaronB0413, Bouchecl, ChemMater, Darklilac, FriscoKnight, Gaius Cornelius,
Gamaliel, Gene Nygaard, Gioto, Girona7, Itub, Jareha, Jonarnold1985, Katefan0, Kbdank71, Klemen Kocjancic, Lockley, Malcolma, NLWASTI, Ohyoungloo, PDH, Philip Trueman, Pixor,
Plucas58, Quarty, Quidam65, Rcaudillo, Rjwilmsi, Roens, Ruud Koot, Scm83x, SirHolo, Smalljim, Tabletop, Thue, Thumperward, 16 anonymous edits
Townsend Hoopes  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599372370  Contributors: Adam sk, Andrew Gray, Appraiser, Beanbatch, Cornell2010, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Gzornenplatz, Howardjp, Jfg284, JonathanDP81, Jwillbur, Kumioko (renamed), Longhair, Lugnuts, MacGyverMagic, Monegasque, Nobunaga24, Perceval, Pohick2, RicJac, RickK, Salsb,
ShelfSkewed, Stan Shebs, Steve Casburn, Wikiklrsc, Woohookitty, 19 anonymous edits
William S. Moorhead  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=523110814  Contributors: Appraiser, ChrisGriswold, Delaywaves, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, HangingCurve,
Johnpacklambert, Npeters22, Thismightbezach, Vanished188, Waacstats
James Whitmore  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612264236  Contributors: 4meter4, AlbertSM, All Hallow's Wraith, Allenk893, Ameliorate!, Anthony Winward,
Bender235, Bgwhite, Billy Hathorn, Blankfaze, Bleent, Bovineboy2008, Branddobbe, Brennanmeister, Brithgob, Calaglin, Carlossfsu, Cassandro, Cavarrone, Cburnett, Choor monster, Chris the
speller, Clarityfiend, Corsair1944, Courcelles, Cross porpoises, Cubscout390, Cue the Strings, Cvbear, Cyphoidbomb, D-Rock, D6, DanMS, Daniel4400, Danmoore, Davemcarlson, David
Gerard, DavidESpeed, Davidbanuelos, Davodd, Dcooper, Deb, DemirBajraktarevic, Dismas, DocWatson42, Dogru144, ERcheck, Edton, Emerson7, Erasmussen, Foofbun, FriscoKnight, Gaius
Cornelius, Gamaliel, Gingermint, GlassCobra, Gobonobo, Good Olfactory, Grayshi, Gridge, Griffin Dewey, Gtgleeson, Guat6, GusF, Gutmach, HOT L Baltimore, Hierarchypedia, Hiphats,
Histrydude, Hmains, ILuvTea, Icarusgeek, Jaciel Soares, Jack Cox, Jack Merridew, Jeffman52001, Jetman, Jimmypopeyedoyle, JustAGal, Jzummak, Kadengrey, Karaboom, Katydidit,
Kbdank71, Kelapstick, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko (renamed), Kwamikagami, LaVidaLoca, Ldm90, Lightmouse, Lugnuts, Lycurgus, Madman Marz, Magioladitis, Mahermis2,
Mapletreewizard, Marigold100, Marion5900, Martincc, MediaMNG, MegX, Michaelcarraher, Micheldene, Moorecook, MusiCitizen, Necrothesp, Neptune's Trident, Nfgii, Nietzsche 2,
Nightscream, Noirish, OLEF641, Oobopshark, Pegship, Phbasketball6, Phil Boswell, Piano non troppo, Pilot expert, Pleonic, Ptrik1, Pvmoutside, R'n'B, RFD, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough,
Rjwilmsi, [email protected], RogDel, Rpab, SFTVLGUY2, Savolya, Schweiwikist, Sky83, SlamDiego, Slulek, SmartyBoots, Sngnisfuk, Someone else, Sonett72, Swtpc6800, TDKR
Chicago, TDKR Chicago 101, Tabascoman77, Tabletop, TaerkastUA, Tassedethe, Ted Wilkes, TenPoundHammer, Thismightbezach, Tierjj, TjoeC, Trezjr, Ukexpat, Unsinkablerob, Vincelord,
VonDCW, WWGB, We hope, Wifione, Wildhartlivie, Wizardman, Wtimrock, ZincOrbie, Zoe, 147 anonymous edits
John Chafee  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609986988  Contributors: A Sniper, AMittelman, AaronB0413, Adam sk, All Hallow's Wraith, Anomalocaris, Ari Publican,
Bbsrock, Bearcat, Biruitorul, Bobblehead, Canuckian89, Cgersten, Cleared as filed, Connormah, Cornellrockey, D6, Darth Kalwejt, Debresser, Deflective, Derekgts, DocWatson42, Dr who1975,
DrKiernan, ERcheck, EricSerge, Ericci8996, Everyking, Fawcett5, FieldMarine, Fieldday-sunday, Florian Adler, FriscoKnight, GoldRingChip, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, HCOtis, HuskyHuskie,
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Jack McGregor  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=576987252  Contributors: Alansohn, Bearcat, Bender235, Blargh29, Chris the speller, Crazypaco, EATC, FriscoKnight,
Gamaliel, Ground Zero, Jeremy112233, Johnpacklambert, Juliancolton, LilHelpa, Mack2, Marketdiamond, Ng.j, Niceguyedc, Pennsylvania Penguin, TastyPoutine, Valenciano, WOSlinker,
Waacstats, Xezbeth, 2 anonymous edits
R. Inslee Clark, Jr.  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611710522  Contributors: Bearcat, Cornell2010, Dredbeck, Epbr123, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hall Monitor, Hoonesco,
Jonathan.s.kt, Lankiveil, Nightspore, Noq, Nunh-huh, Paterakis, Peterlmccall, SLY111, Tassedethe, Vinegar5, Wongo31, 10 anonymous edits
Linden Blue  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569261307  Contributors: Aborowie, Adimovk5, Conquistador2k6, Finlay McWalter, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gholden84, Ka
Faraq Gatri, Lockley, MelanieN, Mjrchaos, MortimerCat, Pmcallan, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rpyle731, Swwinc, TGCP, Thorwald, Zanotam
Robert Morey (rower)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545328393  Contributors: Bgwhite, Courcelles, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Ng.j, Oceanh, Waacstats
Stephen Adams (business)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610441894  Contributors: Bahooka, Barafost, Brewcrewer, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, DGG, FeanorStar7,
FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, GoingBatty, Ground Zero, Hammersoft, Joeykai, LilHelpa, N7bsn, Postcard Cathy, Rjwilmsi, SMasters, Shortride, Tassedethe, Trident13, Urbanrenewal,
VenkatesaMadhan, 6 anonymous edits
Winston Lord  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608637053  Contributors: AKGhetto, Adam sk, Al83tito, Arminius, Boothy443, Breffni Whelan, Cohesion,
CommonsDelinker, D6, DCnative1967, DanMS, Djsasso, Duffy2032, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Hemlock Martinis, JTM, Jaxl, Jnk, K1Bond007, LaszloWalrus, LiuSun, Mikebar, Mikedelsol,
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Waacstats, Wikiklrsc, Zxfl135792468, Œ • Ž • • ‘ ’ , 17 anonymous edits
Gene Scott (tennis)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585917464  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Alexius08, Ambuj.Saxena, Asmazif, BDD, Berasategui, Betacommand,
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Mayumashu, MichaelSH, Mjquinn id, Pats1, Rjwilmsi, Sliggy, Tennis expert, Ulric1313, 11 anonymous edits
Mike Pyle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=601218759  Contributors: AccountabilityGroup, David Gerard, Dirtlawyer1, EdChem, Eshaeffer, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
GoodDay, Gypaetus, Hirolovesswords, JustAGal, LibertyRI, Masonpatriot, SJCJR, Samois98, Slysplace, Tiyoringo, Waacstats, Woohookitty, Yankees10, 3 anonymous edits
John Walsh (art historian)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607792987  Contributors: BTfromLA, Closedmouth, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Gareth Jones, Logan, Ulric1313,
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Article Sources and Contributors
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William Hamilton (cartoonist)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595712700  Contributors: Aboutmovies, Argento Surfer, Fortdj33, FriscoKnight, GB fan, Gamaliel,
GoingBatty, J1.grammar natz, Leandrod, OldOwl1872, Piledhigheranddeeper, RFD, Sadads, ShelfSkewed, Xezbeth, 3 anonymous edits
David L. Boren  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611105009  Contributors: A Researcher, AMittelman, Academic Challenger, All Hallow's Wraith, Americus55, Anlome,
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How Starbucks Saved My Life  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606916283  Contributors: Chowbok, Csshaastry, Daysleeper47, Fences and windows, Fowl Footed,
Gamaliel, GeneralBelly, Heroeswithmetaphors, John, MJBurrage, Materialscientist, Pensativa, R27182818, The Interior, Tomwsulcer, 10 anonymous edits
William Nordhaus  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611731175  Contributors: Adrian.benko, Al Lemos, Arthur Rubin, Auntof6, Baaoknk2, Belamorreia, Bender235,
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Wikacan, 113 anonymous edits
Orde M. Coombs  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593411606  Contributors: Aelfthrytha, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel, Inscription, Neptune's Trident, Pegship, Richard Arthur
Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi, ShelfSkewed, Waacstats, 2 anonymous edits
John Shattuck  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595082170  Contributors: Adam sk, Brankru, Brucknera, Caerwine, ChangChienFu, Christopherljohnson, Connormah,
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Rjwilmsi, RussBlau, Themightyquill, Unruhly, Waacstats, Wikibuda, Wikiklrsc, 26 anonymous edits
John Kerry  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612113520  Contributors: $6 milkshake, (jarbarf), 0704monochrome, 1.21 jigwatts, 12345b, 172, 172.5, 1q0p, 2coasts,
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Al-Silverburg, MosheA, MotherfuckingSHIT, Moulton, Mount Paektu, Mountainsofolivs, Mountnbiker310, Mouse is back, Moverton, MovieMan123, Mozzie, MpegMan, Mpeisenbr, Mpt, Mr
Adequate, Mr Bound, Mr Jiggy Fly, Mr Stephen, Mr Tan, Mr cdface, Mr. Billion, Mr. G. Williams, Mr. Lefty, Mr. President, Mr. Strong Bad, Mr. Unknown, Mr.123, Mr.President, Mr.Treason
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Mythrandir, Myyra, MÔthrandir, N96, NBCBS, NBS525, NFUSA, NJA, NMChico24, NPOV Establishment from Dublin, NSLE, NX, NYCJosh, NYScholar, Nabla, Nadavspi, Nadia22, Naerii,
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Napster964, Naraht, Naranda7, Narco, Nascarchick, Nasirsafdar, Nat, Nat Krause, Natalie Erin, Natalie West, Nate Silva, Natedawg, Natedogg2053, Nathan (usurped), Nathan13954, Natobxl,
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[email protected], Ngard039, Nhaas34, Nhlfan111, NicAgent, Niceguyedc, Nichalp, Nicholas Cimini, Nicholas Tan, Nicholas Weiner, Nicholas.Tan, Nick, Nick Jezerinac, Nick
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NineASpades23, NinetyfourpointOH, Ninja pope, Ninjalemon, Ninjawarriordex, Nintendostar, Nippi, Nipsonanomhmata, Nipun1957, Niranwiki, Nis81, Nishkid64, Niteowlneils, Nithya,
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OneDoubleO, Onecatowner, Ongy2k3, Onifam R, Only, Onorem, Onslaught 789, OntoTheNextGuy, Oo64eva, Ooorscar, Opelio, Opiner, Opower95, Optigan13, Or whoever he or she is,
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Quantamm, Quantum Burrito, Quebec99, QueenMoon555, QueenofBattle, Quepasa, Query To Hue, Quesar, Quickbeam, Quinkysan, Quintessent, Quique217, QuixoticLife, Qvchater, Qwerty
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833
Magioladitis, Marcelo Armando, Markvs88, MarmadukePercy, MarnetteD, Martarius, Matheus6666, Mattbr, Memelite, Mentifisto, Michael riber jorgensen, Micheldene, Mike Rosoft,
MisterMorton, Mogism, Mojo Hand, Monkelese, Morley31, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mr Wesker, MrBill3, Mrblondnyc, MusikAnimal, Mvarick, MyNorthwest, Naturallyblind,
Nehrams2020, NeilN, Nemo2u, New World Man, Nicke Lilltroll, Nightscream, Noroton, NrDg, Nues20, Nuttycoconut, Ocatecir, OccamzRazor, Ohconfucius, Oogie13oogie, Orsoblonde,
OuroborosCobra, PC78, Paradigm26, Patstuart, Paul Benjamin Austin, Peripatetic, Phbasketball6, Piano non troppo, Piswaffer, Plainsong, Plasticup, Polylerus, Porcher, Postcard Cathy, Postdlf,
Prayerfortheworld, PrincessofLlyr, Promixcuous, Pwnage8, Quackslikeaduck, QuickMotion, RFBailey, RattleandHum, Redd Dragon, Redvers, Regibox, Regnator, Rettetast, Rfancher9588, Rito
Revolto, Ritto Revolto, Robina Fox, Rogerd, RoyBatty42, Rutherfordjigsaw, SSuper64, Sadistik, Sam, SaxTeacher, Schmiteye, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, She Who Must Be Obeyed, Siawase,
Sloman, SmartGuy Old, Smetanahue, Sohollywood, Someone else, Spacini, Sparker1108, Spartan, Spellcast, Squoups, Steel1943, Stefanomione, Stemonitis, Stereorock, Steve, Stfno88,
Stubesnarnia2010dawnttreader, Synchronism, TDFan1000, TMC1982, Tahsin51, Tassedethe, Tbhotch, Tentinator, The Duke of Waltham, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheCoffee,
TheMovieBuff, Theog11, Thorwald, Tide rolls, Tinton5, Tony1, TonyTheTiger, Treybien, Trivialist, TunaStreet, Valjuan, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, Vellocet Malchickawick, Victoriagirl,
Vizcarra, Vogue25, Volved, Voyageu3, VsevolodKrolikov, Vulturell, Waldo J. Cartridge, Ward3001, West.andrew.g, Westongale, Whilding87, Whitebirchterrace, Widr, Wildhartlivie, Wmahan,
WolfgangFaber, Woohookitty, Xanderer, Xezbeth, Xyzzyva, Yamanbaiia, Yllosubmarine, Your loved one, YourEyesOnly, Yubal, Zeromega, Zombie433, Zutopiaa, 673 anonymous edits
Dana Milbank  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605091250  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith, AniMate, Arjuna909, Austindickinson, Badagnani, Badmintonhist, Bgwhite,
Bluemarine, CAVincent, CENSEI, CJ King, CanadianLinuxUser, Candleabracadabra, CarTick, Cgingold, Crystallina, Dcstreetart, Diogenes00, DrFleischman, ESkog, FriscoKnight, Gamaliel,
Gglockner, Goethean, GreenGourd, Hodgdon's secret garden, Iain.dalton, Jamesx12345, Jehochman, John Bahrain, Johno95, Juliancolton, Jyurow, KConWiki, Ken Burch, Kmorrison610,
LadyofShalott, LaszloWalrus, Levineps, Makfan, Marechal Ney, Materialscientist, Minna Sora no Shita, MrRadioGuy, Naraht, Nfgii, PatrickFlaherty, Phildntaylor, Ploompy, RFD, Redthoreau,
Rickterp, SNIyer12, SQGibbon, Scjessey, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Szyslak, Thebozoshow, Thismightbezach, Threewms, Toslj, Ulric1313, VitoFossella, WhisperToMe, Wikifier, Wikipedian2,
Xezbeth, Zenohockey, 92 anonymous edits
Austan Goolsbee  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609673385  Contributors: 123ch123, 235bender, Abbarocks, Aboutmovies, Abrazame, Aea2007, All Hallow's Wraith,
Anders.Warga, AndrewHowse, Anmnd, Austan, Bachrach44, Bearcat, Ben76266, Bender235, Bigstaceysnider, Blinkleblinklewurdle, Bochko, Brozhnik, Bulba2036, Canuckian89, Cbbruss1,
Chimmiechimmie, Cjs2111, Conscious, Cst17, Dalillama, David Gerard, Deepakthomas, Delaywaves, Delirium, Djfpga, DragonflySixtyseven, Dumaka, Eastlaw, Emeritahears, Erichwwk,
Eumolpo, Everyking, Excirial, FishInWater, Flatterworld, FriscoKnight, GageSkidmore, Gogo Dodo, Ground Zero, Guat6, HHR, HOT L Baltimore, Hanswerner2, Hazillow, Hekerui,
Hickoryhillster, Hiqqq$, Historychanfan, Hobro74, Hwansokcho, Imperialgrunt, Jmz 1221, Jonathan.s.kt, Jonxwood, Joseph Gray, Jukes1, Just Jim Dandy, Justmeherenow, Jyzz242, Klemen
Kocjancic, Kuteni, Lawrencekhoo, Levineps, LongDistance06, Mack2, Madler, Meco, Moore103, Morbusmedicus, Mr. Anon515, Mr.grantevans2, Naniwako, Neo-Jay, Nestor44, Ninja247,
Ninly, Njerseyguy, Novartic2, OccultZone, P. S. Burton, PaulHanson, Pictureprovince, Pknkly, Pumpyhood, R'n'B, Ratchetor, Ravenhurst, Ray Chason, Rich Farmbrough, Rinconsoleao,
[email protected], Robbity, Scjessey, Skysmith, South Bay, Strombomboli, Syntacticus, TaerkastUA, Therequiembellishere, Thomasmeeks, Threeafterthree, Tiller54, ToddFrary,
TommyBoy, Topbanana, Trekker 11, Trivialist, Tskorick, Ulric1313, Utility Monster, Vanished user 342562, Viriditas, Vnangia, W E Hill, Waacstats, Warfreak, Webmgr, William.legacy,
Woohookitty, Wunschha, Zigzig20s, Ziop, 137 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
834
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Bones logo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bones_logo.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cathy Richards, Chanueting, Formulax, Kresspahl, Nevit,
Quibik, Rocket000, Shyam, TwoWings, Xenophon, 2 anonymous edits
File:Exterior Skull and Bones New Haven Connecticut.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Exterior_Skull_and_Bones_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Viola F. Barnes Photographic Collection
File:Skull and Bones Class of 1920.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Skull_and_Bones_Class_of_1920.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Yale Banner
(reprinting list from Skull and Bones)
File:William Huntington Russell Yale class of 1833.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Huntington_Russell_Yale_class_of_1833.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Moulthrop, Phoenix Building, 298 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut (photographer of Carte-de-visite)
File:Alphonso Taft - cropped and retouched.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alphonso_Taft_-_cropped_and_retouched.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Connormah
File:Appletons' Taft Alphonso signature.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Appletons'_Taft_Alphonso_signature.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Alphonso Taft
image:Alphonso Taft, U.S. Secretary of War.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alphonso_Taft,_U.S._Secretary_of_War.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Jupiter-Perfect, Mutter Erde
Image:wikisource-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo,
MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter
File:John E. Seeley.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_E._Seeley.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Billmckern
File:PD-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz, PBS,
Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous edits
Image:MayorHenryCDeming.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MayorHenryCDeming.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: & Co.
File:William M. Evarts - Brady-Handy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Davepape,
Qblik, V©sk
File:Hayes cabinet 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Auntof6, Coemgenus, Origamiemensch, P. S.
Burton
File:Portrait of William Evarts - New York Supreme Court.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portrait_of_William_Evarts_-_New_York_Supreme_Court.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: The Mystery Man
File:Wikisource-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo, MichaelMaggs,
NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter
file:Wikisource-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo, MichaelMaggs,
NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter
File:Lyman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lyman.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gamaliel
File:Benjamin SillimanJr2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Benjamin_SillimanJr2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: William S. Warren (Boston)
File:Benjamin SillimanJr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Benjamin_SillimanJr.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Materialscientist, NeverDoING
File:Chief Justice Morrison Waite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AWeenieMan,
Connormah, Davepape, Tom
File:Morrison R Waite Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Morrison_R_Waite_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Connormah, Morrison
R. Waite
File:Waite Chief Justice Nomination.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Waite_Chief_Justice_Nomination.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Daniel Rice
File:Roswell Hart (Rochester).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roswell_Hart_(Rochester).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Billmckern
File:Orris S. Ferry - Brady-Handy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orris_S._Ferry_-_Brady-Handy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Davepape, Frank C.
M—ller, Gumruch, Howcheng
File:Jackson Valley Campaign Part2.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jackson_Valley_Campaign_Part2.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
 Contributors: Hlj
File:Orris S. Ferry.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orris_S._Ferry.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lordoliver, Salavat
File:William B. Washburn - Brady-Handy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_B._Washburn_-_Brady-Handy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Davepape, Frank C. M—ller, Howcheng
File:WilliamWashburnSignature.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WilliamWashburnSignature.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: William B. Washburn
File:Constantine C. Esty.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Constantine_C._Esty.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SreeBot
File:Richard Taylor.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Richard_Taylor.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Athaenara, Jbarta, Lx 121, WBTS-Forum.de, 1
anonymous edits
File:Confederate States of America General-collar.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg  License: Creative
Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:248Garland
File:Rensselaer R. Nelson (Minnesota Supreme Court).gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rensselaer_R._Nelson_(Minnesota_Supreme_Court).gif  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: unknown
File:JohnDonnellSmith.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JohnDonnellSmith.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Berean Hunter
File:Dwight Foster (1828€1884).png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dwight_Foster_(1828€1884).png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Wmcewenjr
File:Augustus Brandegee 3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Augustus_Brandegee_3.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Billmckern
File:TimothyDwightV.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TimothyDwightV.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: photographer not credited.
Image:Francis Miles Finch.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Francis_Miles_Finch.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Henry Holt and Co., 1909
File:William Walter Phelps - Brady-Handy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Walter_Phelps_-_Brady-Handy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Davepape, Frank C. M—ller, Howcheng, Quadell
File:William walter phelps.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_walter_phelps.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Btphelps
File:Simeon Eben Baldwin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Simeon_Eben_Baldwin.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: TechGuy22
File:Simeon Eben Baldwin, 1910.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Simeon_Eben_Baldwin,_1910.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Struthious
Bandersnatch
File:HigginsAnthony.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HigginsAnthony.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Scooter
Image:Edward Rowland Sill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Rowland_Sill.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: I. W. Taber
File:Daniel Henry Chamberlain.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daniel_Henry_Chamberlain.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: South Carolina Department
of Archives and History. Original uploader was Gamecock at en.wikipedia
File:Franklin MacVeagh, formal bw photo portrait, 1909.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franklin_MacVeagh,_formal_bw_photo_portrait,_1909.jpg  License:
Public Domain  Contributors: Moffett Studio, Chicago
File:Franklin MacVeagh medal.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franklin_MacVeagh_medal.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Image by Wehwalt; medal
by George Morgan
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
835
File:William Collins Whitney by Charles Milton Bell c1892.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Collins_Whitney_by_Charles_Milton_Bell_c1892.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Charles Milton Bell; American (Fredericksburg, VA 1848 - 1893 Washington, DC)
Image:WCWhitney.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WCWhitney.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NA
File:William Whitney Monument 12-2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Whitney_Monument_12-2008.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Anthony22
File:Johnwilliamsterling.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Johnwilliamsterling.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cirt, Gamaliel
File:Hall of Graduate Studies, Yale.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hall_of_Graduate_Studies,_Yale.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
 Contributors: Ragesoss
File:George Wetmore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Wetmore.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: United States Senate Historical Office
File:Chateau-sur-Mer , Newport, Rhode Island.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chateau-sur-Mer_,_Newport,_Rhode_Island.jpg  License: GNU Free
Documentation License  Contributors: Eco84, Infrogmation, Look2See1
File:SenatorWetmoreInAutomobile.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SenatorWetmoreInAutomobile.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Harris & Ewing, Inc.
File:LeBaron B Colt.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LeBaron_B_Colt.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Scooter
File:Wilson S. Bissell cph.3b27412.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wilson_S._Bissell_cph.3b27412.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Howcheng
File:William Henry Welch 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Henry_Welch_2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Materialscientist
File:wikisource-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo, MichaelMaggs,
NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter
File:John Patton Jr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Patton_Jr.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Scooter
File:Edward Curtis Smith.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Curtis_Smith.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edited by Hiram Carleton
File:Walker Blaine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Walker_Blaine.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Billmckern
File:Charles N. Fowler 001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_N._Fowler_001.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: uncredited
File:Arthur Twining Hadley.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arthur_Twining_Hadley.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Billinghurst, Connormah,
Finemann, Ineuw, Kilom691, Materialscientist, Nickknack00, Quibik
File:TudorJenks.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TudorJenks.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was BPK2 at en.wikipedia
File:William Howard Taft 1909.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Howard_Taft_1909.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unattributed
File:William Howard Taft Signature2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: William
Howard Taft
File:William Howard Taft Yale College BA 1878.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Yale College (photographer unknown)
File:Taft Addressing First Philippine Assembly 1907.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Briarfallen, Handtell, M2545, Trilliumz
File:Wm H Taft smiling 1908.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ARTEST4ECHO, Closeapple,
Smallbones, 1 anonymous edits
File:1908 Electoral Map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1908_Electoral_Map.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Pruneau, Svens Welt, Tallicfan20
File:Taft inauguration.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taft_inauguration.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), 1 anonymous
edits
File:Whtaft.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Whtaft.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ATX-NL, Auntof6, Futurist110
File:WmHTaft.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WmHTaft.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photographer not credited
File:For Auld Lang Syne - Leonard Raven-Hill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Christoph Braun, Cirt, DieBuche, Fallschirmj©ger, Infrogmation, It Is Me Here, Jacklee, Kintetsubuffalo, P. S. Burton, Pawe¢MM, Ranveig, Serdechny, 1 anonymous edits
File:Taft cabinet 26 to 29 September 1910.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taft_cabinet_26_to_29_September_1910.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
unknown photographer
File:President William H. Taft's Second Cabinet 1912.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:President_William_H._Taft's_Second_Cabinet_1912.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Mitchumch
File:Edward White, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly left, 1905.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_White,_head-and-shoulders_portrait,_facing_slightly_left,_1905.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Johnston, Frances Benjamin,
1864-1952, photographer.
File:William Howard Taft as Chief Justice SCOTUS.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: US Army Signal Corps
File:TAFT, William H (signed check).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TAFT,_William_H_(signed_check).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0  Contributors: User:Godot13
File:Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: , National Photo Company
File:1925 U.S. Supreme Court Justices.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Allen3,
Edward, Groupsixty, Infrogmation, Man vyi, Themightyquill, Thuresson, Tom, Zolo, Zscout370, 2 anonymous edits
File:Taftheadstone.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taftheadstone.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User: RebelAt
Image:Ambrose Tighe.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ambrose_Tighe.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Adanielch
File:Timothy L Woodruff.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Timothy_L_Woodruff.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Scewing, Zhuyifei1999
File:021015-puck-woodruff.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:021015-puck-woodruff.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Carrite, Diannaa, Sfan00 IMG,
Sinbad the sailor
File:Walter Chauncey Camp portrait.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Walter_Chauncey_Camp_portrait.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BrokenSphere,
MarmadukePercy
File:Walter Camp at National Portrait Gallery IMG 4595.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Walter_Camp_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4595.JPG  License:
Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: Billy Hathorn
File:Walter Camp - Project Gutenberg eText 18048.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: ABF, Baileypalblue, Herbythyme, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tagishsimon, V©sk, 12 anonymous edits
File:Henry W. Taft.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_W._Taft.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News Service, publisher
File:Eeaiken.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eeaiken.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
File:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie
File:Moore Eliakim 2.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moore_Eliakim_2.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown -- Historical photo
File:Parrott 3477962339 f8b80b39ff o.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Parrott_3477962339_f8b80b39ff_o.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original
uploader was Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) at en.wikipedia
File:Frank Bosworth Brandegee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frank_Bosworth_Brandegee.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Harris & Ewing
File:Clinton L. Hare.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clinton_L._Hare.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cirt, Jweiss11
File:1890 Purdue football team.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1890_Purdue_football_team.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jweiss11, Thib Phil
File:Jennings 2163115183 005f7045f6 o.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jennings_2163115183_005f7045f6_o.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original
uploader was Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) at en.wikipedia
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
836
File:William Kent congressman.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Kent_congressman.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown; image from
Collection of U.S. House of Representatives
File:Irvingfisher.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Irvingfisher.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News Service
File:AAStagg-1906.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AAStagg-1906.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ahabvader, Common Good, GrapedApe, Howcheng,
Tamba52
File:Amos Alonzo Stagg 1899 UC yearbook.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amos_Alonzo_Stagg_1899_UC_yearbook.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
unknown
File:Charles Gill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Gill.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
File:Henry Stimson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1929.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Stimson,_Harris_&_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1929.jpg
 License: unknown  Contributors: Harris & Ewing
File:US-O6 insignia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US-O6_insignia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. federal government
File:YoungStimson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YoungStimson.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Dora Wheeler, the
subject's Aunt, painted while she was an art student studying with William Merritt Chase at Shinnecock Hills, Long Island.
File:HLStimson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HLStimson.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ebcdic, Yot
File:Henry Stimson and Frank Kellogg.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S.
Department of State from United States
File:Secretary of War Henry Stimson and Col. W. H. Kyle (right) arrive at the Gatow Airport in Berlin, Germany to attend... - NARA - 198795.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_(right)_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin,_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bj.schoenmakers, Docu
File:Photograph of Secretary of War Henry Stimson, evidently arriving at the White House for a Cabinet meeting. - NARA - 199142.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson,_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Docu
File:Gifford Pinchot 3c03915u.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gifford_Pinchot_3c03915u.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Beyond My Ken, David Gerard,
Howcheng, Materialscientist, Multichill
File:GiffordPinchot.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GiffordPinchot.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Digitally traced by Simtropolitan, original by Gifford
Pinchot
File:Portrait of Gifford Pinchot.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portrait_of_Gifford_Pinchot.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bede735, Julian
Felsenburgh
File:Pinchot Roosevelt.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pinchot_Roosevelt.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: not known
File:Gifford Pinchot visiting students at School of Forestry camp at Gray Towers.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gifford_Pinchot_visiting_students_at_School_of_Forestry_camp_at_Gray_Towers.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Beyond My Ken,
DASonnenfeld, DragonflySixtyseven, MarmadukePercy
File:Grey Towers National Historic Site.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grey_Towers_National_Historic_Site.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Daniel Case
File:George W. Woodruff.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W._Woodruff.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News Service, publisher
File:George Washington Woodruff 1898.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Washington_Woodruff_1898.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cirt,
Nusumareta, Scewing
File:Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thomas_F._Bayard,_Jr.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Cleared as filed
at en.wikipedia
File:Fairfax-harrison-1913.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fairfax-harrison-1913.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Unsigned photograph
File:Steam Locomotive, Southern Railway 1401.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steam_Locomotive,_Southern_Railway_1401.JPG  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Fletcher6
File:1921 Southern Railway map.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1921_Southern_Railway_map.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Caseyjonz, Red devil
666, SPUI, Thryduulf
File:Frederic Collin Walcott.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frederic_Collin_Walcott.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was
EmeraldBlue at en.wikipedia
Image:Henry S. Graves.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_S._Graves.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News Service
File:Henry Solon Graves Columbia Ridge Highway.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Solon_Graves_Columbia_Ridge_Highway.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, MarmadukePercy
File:JamesWHustedJr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JamesWHustedJr.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: unknown (Life time: unknown)
File:Lee McClung cph.3b13208.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lee_McClung_cph.3b13208.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Howcheng
File:Bum McClung.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bum_McClung.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
Image:Lee McClung sig.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lee_McClung_sig.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Scott5114
File:Edson Fessenden Gallaudet.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edson_Fessenden_Gallaudet.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SreeBot
File:Ralph-delahaye-paine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ralph-delahaye-paine.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gamaliel, Zhuyifei1999
File:Nathaniel Silsbee.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nathaniel_Silsbee.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Wmcewenjr at
en.wikipedia
File:Blackbeard Approaching.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blackbeard_Approaching.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Frank E. Schoonover
(1877€1972)
File:Harry Payne Whitney, Jr., 1924-02-20 (LOC npcc.25361).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harry_Payne_Whitney,_Jr.,_1924-02-20_(LOC_npcc.25361).jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Man vyi, Trialsanderrors
File:Whitney 5285330289 816d22fec6 o.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Whitney_5285330289_816d22fec6_o.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original
uploader was Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) at en.wikipedia
File:Frank Butterworth.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frank_Butterworth.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
File:Francis Burton Harrison.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Francis_Burton_Harrison.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News Service, publisher
File:Harrison 4332077751 b81624c6ab o.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harrison_4332077751_b81624c6ab_o.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original
uploader was Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) at en.wikipedia
File:FB Harrison Tomb.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FB_Harrison_Tomb.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Exec8
File:Frank Hinkey.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frank_Hinkey.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
File:Frank Hinkey close shot (American Football book).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frank_Hinkey_close_shot_(American_Football_book).jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Frank C. M—ller, Hohum, Man vyi, Struthious Bandersnatch, 1 anonymous edits
File:Frank Hinkey and Tom Shevlin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frank_Hinkey_and_Tom_Shevlin.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News
Service
File:Jules Henri de Sibour.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jules_Henri_de_Sibour.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown. Original uploader was
AgnosticPreachersKid at en.wikipedia
File:Andrew Mellon Building - Dupont Circle.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andrew_Mellon_Building_-_Dupont_Circle.JPG  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid
File:Sam "Brick" Thorne.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sam_"Brick"_Thorne.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
837
Image:HenrySloaneCoffin-TIMEcover 400.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HenrySloaneCoffin-TIMEcover_400.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bcorr,
Swtpc6800, Wikiklrsc
File:Henry Sloane Coffin Gravesite 2010.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Sloane_Coffin_Gravesite_2010.JPG  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DanTD
File:Pinchot 2515738603 56f11ca0d7 o.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pinchot_2515738603_56f11ca0d7_o.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Infrogmation, Nikkimaria, Shakko
File:Perkins-pinchot.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perkins-pinchot.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rollin Kirby
File:JWWadsworth.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JWWadsworth.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News Service
Image:Time Magazine - James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Time_Magazine_-_James_Wolcott_Wadsworth,_Jr.jpg  License: unknown
 Contributors: Artist: Gordon Stevenson (1892-1982)Time
File:Alfred Vanderbilt..JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfred_Vanderbilt..JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Deadstar, Drakedada, Materialscientist,
V©sk
File:Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Vanity Fair 1907-07-31.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt_Vanity_Fair_1907-07-31.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Rcbutcher
Image:4 Park Avenue Vanderbilt Hotel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:4_Park_Avenue_Vanderbilt_Hotel.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
 Contributors: Beyond My Ken
Image:2009-03-24 Holmwood 020a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2009-03-24_Holmwood_020a.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:
Katherinesdad
File:AshleyDayLeavitt1900.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AshleyDayLeavitt1900.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photographer
File:SkullAndBonesMembers1900.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SkullAndBonesMembers1900.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photographer
Image:Mem6.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mem6.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Crimson400
File:Percy A. Rockefeller cph.3b33666.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Percy_A._Rockefeller_cph.3b33666.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Underwood &
Underwood
File:Russell Cheney.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russell_Cheney.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gamaliel, Zhuyifei1999
File:Thomas D Thatcher.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thomas_D_Thatcher.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Tim1357
Image:nanking19371221.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nanking19371221.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Asahi Shimbun newspaper
File:Duke_of_Del_Monte.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Duke_of_Del_Monte.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SFwork1
File:L.H. Bigelow (LOC).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:L.H._Bigelow_(LOC).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: The Library of Congress
Image:Harvey Hollister Bundy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harvey_Hollister_Bundy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Complex01
File:Ted Coy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ted_Coy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Scewing
File:George L Harrison.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_L_Harrison.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was 718 Bot at
en.wikipedia
File:George L Harrison signature.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_L_Harrison_signature.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: George L. Harrison
File:Robert a taft.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_a_taft.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Common Good, MattSaller, Thomas Gun, V©sk
File:Robert A Taft Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_A_Taft_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Connormah, Robert A. Taft
Image:RobertATaft.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RobertATaft.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was RickK at en.wikipedia
Image:Taft stat.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taft_stat.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bbachtung, 1 anonymous edits
Image:EvansGardner1916Amateur.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EvansGardner1916Amateur.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Underwood &
Underwood
File:William Averell Harriman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Averell_Harriman.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Andros64, Rcbutcher
File:William Averell Harriman Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Averell_Harriman_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
William Averell Harriman
Image:WilliamAverallHarrimanWithWinstonChurchill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WilliamAverallHarrimanWithWinstonChurchill.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Flyhighplato, Monkeybait, Mwanner, NekoDaemon, 1 anonymous edits
File:W. Averell Harriman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:W._Averell_Harriman.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Lepota
File:H H Ketcham.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:H_H_Ketcham.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Yale University
File:Archibaldmacleish.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Archibaldmacleish.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Boh•me, Clindberg, Howcheng, Igrimm12,
Sven Manguard
File:LOC Main Reading Room Highsmith.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Brandmeister, Julia W, Sultan11, UpstateNYer
File:Archibald MacLeish.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Archibald_MacLeish.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FSII, Materialscientist, Zhuyifei1999
File:Donald Ogden Stewart.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Donald_Ogden_Stewart.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: MPAA
File:PrescottBush.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PrescottBush.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USGov
File:Peescott Bush Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peescott_Bush_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Connormah, Prescott Bush
File:Prescott Bush Grave.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prescott_Bush_Grave.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
Anthony22 (talk) Original uploader was Anthony22 at en.wikipedia
File:Prescott Bush Headstone.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prescott_Bush_Headstone.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
Anthony22 (talk) Original uploader was Anthony22 at en.wikipedia
File:Harry LeGore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harry_LeGore.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown
File:Kenneth F. Simpson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kenneth_F._Simpson.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Billmckern
File:Frederick Trubee Davison.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frederick_Trubee_Davison.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid,
Complex01, Tabularius
File:Robert Lovett, photo portrait, 1951.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Lovett,_photo_portrait,_1951.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Army
photographer
File:Lovett, Robert, Mr., and children, portrait photograph.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lovett,_Robert,_Mr.,_and_children,_portrait_photograph.jpg  License:
unknown  Contributors: Arnold Genthe (*1869, ‡1942)
File:The Air Force Role In Developing International Outer Space Law (Terrill, 1999) Page 018-1.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Air_Force_Role_In_Developing_International_Outer_Space_Law_(Terrill,_1999)_Page_018-1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Struthious Bandersnatch
File:NG1917 Charles Phelps Taft II.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NG1917_Charles_Phelps_Taft_II.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Harris Ewing
File:John Martin Vorys crop.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Martin_Vorys_crop.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Harris & Ewing
File:Briton Hadden.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Briton_Hadden.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: GeorgHH, Nickknack00, Quintupeu
File:David Sinton Ingalls US Navy Historical Center NH 49249.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:David_Sinton_Ingalls_US_Navy_Historical_Center_NH_49249.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: not stated
File:World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ipankonin
File:World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ipankonin
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
838
File:Clare Boothe Luce and Henry Luce NYWTS.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clare_Boothe_Luce_and_Henry_Luce_NYWTS.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: New York World-Telegram and the Sun staff photographer: Stanziola, Phil, photographer.
Image:THU Luce Memorial Chapel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:THU_Luce_Memorial_Chapel.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader
was Terrill at en.wikipedia
Image:Stanley Woodward.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stanley_Woodward.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Smith, Roger, photographer.
File:JohnShermanCooper.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JohnShermanCooper.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Scooter
File:John-Sherman-Cooper-sig.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John-Sherman-Cooper-sig.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: John Sherman Cooper
File:Happy Chandler - Harris and Ewing Crop.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Happy_Chandler_-_Harris_and_Ewing_Crop.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:
Harris & Ewing
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-61849-0001, Indien, Otto Grotewohl bei Ministerprƒsident Nehru cropped.jpg  Source:
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Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-61849-0001, Indien, Otto Grotewohl bei Ministerpr©sident Nehru.jpg: Heilig, Walter derivative work: Keyan20
File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_official_Presidential_portrait.jpg  License:
Public Domain  Contributors: James Anthony Wills
File:FrankChurch.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FrankChurch.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dragon695, Infrogmation, Nard the Bard, Soerfm
File:John Sherman Cooper bust.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Sherman_Cooper_bust.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: User:Acdixon
File:F.O. Matthiessen tablet at Eliot House, Harvard University.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:F.O._Matthiessen_tablet_at_Eliot_House,_Harvard_University.jpg
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File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:United_States_Department_of_the_Navy_Seal.svg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: User:Keeleysam
File:US-O4 insignia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US-O4_insignia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ipankonin
File:JamesJeremiahWadsworth.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JamesJeremiahWadsworth.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: US Dept. of State
File:Frank McIntyre Lanny Ross Maxwell House Show Boat 1935.JPG  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frank_McIntyre_Lanny_Ross_Maxwell_House_Show_Boat_1935.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benton & Bowles, advertising
agency for General Foods, the program sponsor. Photographer-Elite Studios, New York.
File:Hazard Gillespie.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hazard_Gillespie.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Gitonga1, TLSuda
File:Lyman Spitzer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lyman_Spitzer.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA
File:Jonathan Brewster Bingham.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: The Office of the Clerk,
U.S. House of Representatives
File:Johnhersey.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Johnhersey.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Alcmaeonid, Calliopejen1, Frank C. M—ller, Gildir, Man vyi,
Szczebrzeszynski
File:AtomicEffects-Hiroshima.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AtomicEffects-Hiroshima.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:W.wolny
Image:Yale Harkness Tower.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Madmedea, Ragesoss, 1
anonymous edits
File:Ralph Ellison photo portrait seated.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: United
States Information Agency staff photographer
Image:McCullough I.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McCullough_I.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Nrbelex at
en.wikipedia
File:US Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart - 1976 official portrait.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Robert S. Oakes
File:McGeorge Bundy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McGeorge_Bundy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Yoichi R. Okamoto
File:JamesLBuckley.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JamesLBuckley.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Congress
File:William S. Moorhead.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_S._Moorhead.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown; image courtesy of the
Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives
File:James Whitmore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:James_Whitmore.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: We hope
File:James Whitmore family 1954.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:James_Whitmore_family_1954.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Warner Brothers
Studio
File:John Chafee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Chafee.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Mhym at en.wikipedia
File:Flag of the United States Marine Corps.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Marine_corps_flag.gif: Himasaram derivative work: Mnmazur (talk)
File:Captain Insignia USMC.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Captain_Insignia_USMC.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SGT141. Original uploader was
SGT141 at en.wikipedia
File:Charles S. Whitehouse in 1978.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_S._Whitehouse_in_1978.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
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File:Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ipankonin
File:Air Medal ribbon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Air_Medal_ribbon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ipankonin
File:USA - DOS Distinguished Honor Award.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Honor_Award.png  License: unknown  Contributors:
SGT141, Sportsfan92
File:Superior Honor Award.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Superior_Honor_Award.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: The New
Mikemoral
File:Offizierskreuz.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Offizierskreuz.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alexvonf
File:Thomas W. L. Ashley 93rd Congress 1973.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thomas_W._L._Ashley_93rd_Congress_1973.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Roseohioresident
File:George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_1989_official_portrait.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: N/A, likely POTUS
File:George HW Bush Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Connormah, George HW
Bush
File:US flag 48 stars.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_48_stars.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Abjiklam, AnonMoos, Clindberg, Cycn, Dual
Freq, Flargman4, Homo lupus, Jacobolus, MuXXo, Rocket000, SiBr4, Tkgd2007, Zscout370, 6 anonymous edits
File:USNavyInfantryBattalionFlag.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USNavyInfantryBattalionFlag.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Carl Lindberg
File:US Navy O2 infobox.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_O2_infobox.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg: Ipankonin
derivative work: Mboro (talk)
File:George H W Bush at Age One and One-Half, ca 1925.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half,_ca_1925.gif  License:
Public Domain  Contributors: President Bush. Photograph Office.
File:TBF GeorgeBush.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TBF_GeorgeBush.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dryke, Jatkins, PMG, 1 anonymous edits
File:George Herbert Walker Bush and Eisenhower 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: BrokenSphere, Docu, Fadesga, Nima Baghaei
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
839
File:George Bush as United Nations Representative, 1971-72 - NARA - 186386.tif  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative,_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: JustSomePics
File:George Bush as United States Liaison to China, 1974-1975 - NARA - 186378.tif  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China,_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Morio,
Origamiemensch
File:CIA Director George H.W. Bush listens at a meeting following the assassinations in Beirut, 1976 - NARA - 7064954.jpg  Source:
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Public Domain  Contributors: Arbitrarily0, Bdcousineau, Michael Barera
File:Reagan-Bush Nashua 1980 debate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Happyme22,
HoboJones, Lionelt, 1 anonymous edits
File:George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, official portrait.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_official_portrait.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Library of Congres
File:Official portrait of President Reagan and Vice President Bush 1981.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: staff
File:Gwbush1988stl.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gwbush1988stl.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Johnmaxmena (talk)John Mena.
Original uploader was Johnmaxmena at en.wikipedia
File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 1j1z2, Oxam Hartog, SteveSims
File:George H. W. Bush inauguration.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BLueFiSH.as,
Benchill, Darth Kalwejt, Diaa abdelmoneim, Infrogmation, Jebur, V©sk, WTCA, 2 anonymous edits
File:Bush I approval rating.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_I_approval_rating.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
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File:George H. W. Bush on telephone.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House
Photo Office
File:Bush Gorba P15623-25A.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Susan Biddle, Whitehouse
photographer
File:Bush troops.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_troops.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill, Courcelles, FutureTrillionaire, Illegitimate
Barrister, Infrogmation, Klemen Kocjancic, Man vyi, Severino666, 2 anonymous edits
File:Nafta.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nafta.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Complex01, Edward, Frank C. M—ller, Jkelly, Mattes, Myself488, Riba,
Shizhao, Soerfm, WikedKentaur, 10 anonymous edits
File:ElectoralCollege1992.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ElectoralCollege1992.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Nkocharh
File:US Navy 051008-N-9274T-001 After arriving on board Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base (NAS JRB), New Orleans, former President George H. Bush sits down to eat with
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 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Infrogmation
File:GHWBSPEECH.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GHWBSPEECH.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Happyme22
File:JPII on bier.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JPII_on_bier.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Eric Draper
File:George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush with Hu Jintao.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:US Navy 090109-N-7656T-060 Capt. Kevin E. O'Flaherty, commanding officer of the aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77), escorts former President George H.W.
Bush.jpg  Source:
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 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill
File:Barack Obama and George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barack_Obama_and_George_H._W._Bush_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House (Pete Souza) / Maison Blanche (Pete Souza)
File:Photo of The Rev. William Sloane Coffin, Jr. (1924-2006), Senior Minister of The Riverside Church, New York, NY (1977-87).jpg  Source:
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Image:WilliamSloaneCoffinSr-LibraryOfCongress.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WilliamSloaneCoffinSr-LibraryOfCongress.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Bcorr
file:Nuvola apps arts.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuvola_apps_arts.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: Manco Capac
File:Tony Lavelli 1959.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tony_Lavelli_1959.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Larry Penzell (pubic relations), New York
City.
File:William F. Buckley, Jr. cropped.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._cropped.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bede735,
Jonund
File:DodgerBlue flag waving.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Red_flag_waving.svg: Wereon
derivative work: Dove (talk)
File:Bozell&Buckley,1954.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bozell&Buckley,1954.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Koavf, Tillman
File:William F. Buckley, Jr. with President Reagan 1986.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._with_President_Reagan_1986.jpg  License:
Public Domain  Contributors: White House Photo Office
File:Reagan with William F. Buckley, Jr 1988.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reagan_with_William_F._Buckley,_Jr_1988.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: White House photo office
File:William F. Buckley, Jr. with President Bush 2005.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Paul Morse, White House Photo Office
File:William F. Buckley, Jr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Happyme22
File:William F. Buckley, Jr. 1985.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._1985.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPC 5 Bert Goulait,
US Military
File:William Henry Draper III in 2009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Henry_Draper_III_in_2009.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
 Contributors: Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA
File:Donaldson140.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Donaldson140.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BD2412, Blackcat, Cirt, J JMesserly
Image:George Herbert Walker III, US Dept of State photo portrait.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Herbert_Walker_III,_US_Dept_of_State_photo_portrait.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: US Dept of State
File:McCullough I.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McCullough_I.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Nrbelex at en.wikipedia
File:McCullough speaking 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McCullough_speaking_2008.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0
 Contributors: Pete from USA
File:USMC logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USMC_logo.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Government
File:US-O3 insignia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US-O3_insignia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ipankonin
Image:Winston Lord.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Winston_Lord.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US State Dept.
File:DavidBorenByPhilKonstantin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DavidBorenByPhilKonstantin.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Phil Konstantin
File:John Shattuck CEU.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Shattuck_CEU.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Brankru
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
840
File:John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Kerry_official_Secretary_of_State_portrait.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Connormah, Denniss, DerHexer, Gage, Illegitimate Barrister, January, Jatkins, Maximus0970
File:John Kerry Signature2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Kerry_Signature2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: John F. Kerry
File:Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(Pantone).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Dbenbenn, Zscout370, Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion.
File:Flag of the United States Navy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Navy
File:US Navy O3 infobox.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_O3_infobox.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg: Ipankonin
derivative work: Mboro (talk)
File:Silver Star ribbon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Silver_Star_ribbon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ipankonin
File:Bronze Star ribbon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bronze_Star_ribbon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ipankonin
File:Purple Heart BAR.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Purple_Heart_BAR.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: AlanM1, Alno, Arch dude, CORNELIUSSEON,
Ed!, FSII, FieldMarine, Ipankonin, Jappalang, Jatkins, Juiced lemon, Madmedea, Magasjukur2, Mboro, Orem
File:Kerry medals.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerry_medals.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Notafish at fr.wikipedia
File:Secretary Kerry is Congratulated by his Family.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Secretary_Kerry_is_Congratulated_by_his_Family.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: FlickreviewR, January, RogDel
File:John F. Kerry.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_F._Kerry.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: United States Congress
File:Kerry Fulbright Commission.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerry_Fulbright_Commission.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was
Notafish at fr.wikipedia
File:JohnKerry.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JohnKerry.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Pmsyyz, Superm401, Tom, V©sk
File:Kerry-wind.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerry-wind.jpg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Original uploader was Jeff dean at en.wikipedia
File:Kerry, baby, horizontal.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerry,_baby,_horizontal.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mangledorf, Papa Lima Whiskey
File:John Kerry senator from MA-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Kerry_senator_from_MA-2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
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File:John Kerry DNC 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_Kerry_DNC_2008.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
Qqqqqq (talk). Original uploader was Qqqqqq at en.wikipedia
File:Secretary Kerry Departing U.S. Embassy Kabul.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Secretary_Kerry_Departing_U.S._Embassy_Kabul.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: FlickreviewR, RogDel
File:Supreme Court Justice Kagan Swears in Secretary Kerry (1).jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Supreme_Court_Justice_Kagan_Swears_in_Secretary_Kerry_(1).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FlickreviewR, January, RogDel
File:Secretary Kerry Meets With Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi.jpg  Source:
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RogDel, 2 anonymous edits
File:MSC 2014 Klychko-Kerry-Yatsenyuk Mueller MSC2014.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MSC_2014_Klychko-Kerry-Yatsenyuk_Mueller_MSC2014.jpg
 License: unknown  Contributors: Butko, Indeedous, January
File:Secretary Kerry Views the Mrajeeb al-Fhood Camp for Syrian Refugees.jpg  Source:
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BAR.svg by F l a n k e r Grande ufficiale OSSI medal BAR.svg by F l a n k e r Presidential_flag_of_Italy_(mod.1965) by F l a n k e r Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg by Masturbius & AnonMoos
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File:GeorgeWBush Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: George W. Bush (uploaded by
Vbudovski)
File:US Air Force O2 shoulderboard rotated.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Air_Force_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
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File:GW-Bush-in-uniform.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GW-Bush-in-uniform.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USAF
File:Bush daughters.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_daughters.gif  License: unknown  Contributors: http://usembassy.state.gov/seoul/wwwhe906.html
File:President Bush walks up the South Lawn towards the Oval Office with his son, George W. Bush - NARA - 186449.tif  Source:
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File:George H. W. Bush, Laura Bush, George W. Bush 1997.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_H._W._Bush,_Laura_Bush,_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg
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File:George W. Bush in Concord, New Hampshire signing papers for presidential run.jpg  Source:
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File:Bush 43 10-19-04 Stpete.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: FoeNyx,
Schekinov Alexey Victorovich, Scooter, Thuresson, TommyBee
File:Defense.gov News Photo 010917-D-9880W-034.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_010917-D-9880W-034.jpg  License: Public Domain
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Schaengel89, Shizhao, Slarre, TCY, Tom, Tony Wills
File:Deficits vs. Debt Increases - 2009.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0  Contributors: Farcaster (talk) 17:59, 17 October 2009 (UTC). Original uploader was Farcaster at en.wikipedia
File:No Child Left Behind Act.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Closeapple, Edward,
Illegitimate Barrister, Infrogmation, J 1982, Man vyi, Ondrejk, Rogerd, Slarre, TCY, Tony Wills, WhisperToMe
File:George W. Bush speaks at Coast Guard commencement.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W._Bush_speaks_at_Coast_Guard_commencement.jpg
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File:20080618 Bush Kempthorne oil exploration speech.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg  License: Public
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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File:George Bush signs the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006.jpg  Source:
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User:Burzum, User:Siebrand
File:Bush delivers statement at Mexican border.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:Hurricane Katrina President Bush with New Orleans Mayor.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hurricane_Katrina_President_Bush_with_New_Orleans_Mayor.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Denniss, Edward, Infrogmation, Kyle
Andrew Brown, Leit, Makthorpe, Morio, TCY, WIKImaniac, 1 anonymous edits
File:George W Bush and Alberto Gonzales.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Dantadd, Edward, Leit, SVTCobra, Slarre, SoIssetEben!
File:George W. Bush welcomes Silvio Berlusconi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W._Bush_welcomes_Silvio_Berlusconi.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Eric Draper
File:Bush meets Pranab Mukherjee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader
was Emperor Genius at en.wikipedia, photo by Eric Draper
File:US President George W. Bush Presidential Trips.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_President_George_W._Bush_Presidential_Trips.svg  License: Creative
Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Cflm001 (talk)
File:Bush Ground Zero.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_Ground_Zero.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Badseed, DanTD, Edward, Gin„s90,
Illegitimate Barrister, Jatkins, Jebur, Morio, Nickel Chromo, Piotrus, Schaengel89, SteveSims, TCY, Tom, 4 anonymous edits
File:Audio-input-microphone.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Audio-input-microphone.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: The people from the Tango! project
File:Blair MOF.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blair_MOF.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House photo by Chris Greenberg
File:GW Bush and Hamid Karzai in Kabul 2006-03-01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg  License: Public
Domain  Contributors: Eric Draper
File:George W. Bush walks with Ryan Phillips to Navy One.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg
 License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House photo by Susan Sterner
File:US Navy 031127-F-5435R-006 President George W. Bush pays a surprise visit to Baghdad International Airport (BIAP).jpg  Source:
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Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill, J 1982, Zaccarias, 1 anonymous edits
File:Bush al-Maliki handshake.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House photo by
Kimberlee Hewitt
File:Victory Day Parade 2005-17.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Victory_Day_Parade_2005-17.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
 Contributors: ITAR-TASS
File:Hu Jintao Bush.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hu_Jintao_Bush.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White house
File:Vladimir Putin at APEC Summit in China 19-21 October 2001-13.jpg  Source:
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Presidential Press and Information Office
File:Red Sea Summit in Aqaba.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Apalsola, Bontenbal,
Christophe cag„, Edward, Klemen Kocjancic, Leit, Morio, Rogerd, Schaengel89, Slarre, TCY, Tom, Vberger, Zaphod, 1 anonymous edits
File:GeorgeBush-Juliia Tymoshenko (2008)-Ukraine.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GeorgeBush-Juliia_Tymoshenko_(2008)-Ukraine.JPG  License: Public
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File:George W Bush approval ratings.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
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File:George W Bush approval ratings with events.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg  License: Creative Commons
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File:2006 Musharaff at the White House.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2006_Musharaff_at_the_White_House.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White
House photo by Eric Draper
File:UK Anti Bush visit protest.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:
CharlieTPhotographic
File:George & Laura Bush board Air Force One 1-20-09 hires 091220-F-0194C-001a.jpg  Source:
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Clapper, USAF
File:Obama, Bush, and Clinton discuss the 2010 Haiti earthquake.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Obama,_Bush,_and_Clinton_discuss_the_2010_Haiti_earthquake.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Official White House photo by Pete
Souza
File:StephenSchwarzman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StephenSchwarzman.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Copyright
World Economic Forum (www.weforum.org), swiss-image.ch/Photo by Remy Steinegger
File:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sarang
File:George-lewis 06n4708.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George-lewis_06n4708.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Nomo
michael hoefner / http://www.zwo5.de
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Farnborough, UK
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File:Robert Kagan Fot Mariusz Kubik 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Kagan_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_02.jpg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Mariusz
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File:Sweeney Todd with Michael Cerveris cropped.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sweeney_Todd_with_Michael_Cerveris_cropped.jpg  License: Creative
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Court for the District of Columbia
File:PaulGiamattiSept2013TIFF.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PaulGiamattiSept2013TIFF.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0
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at http://www.flickr.com/people/32153970@N07
File:Austan Goolsbee official portrait 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austan_Goolsbee_official_portrait_2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Chuck
Kennedy
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