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THE

METALLURGY

AND

OF

LEAD

DESILVERIZATION

THE

BASE

OF

BULLION

BY

H.
PbOFESSOS

of

0.

HOFMAN,

MaSSAOHXTBBTTB

MxTALLUBGT,

NINTH

HILL

PEARL

and

OF

TSCHNOLOOr

IMPRESSION

COMPANY

STREET,

NEW

YORK

STREET.

LONDON.

E.G.

6 BOUVERIE

Machinist "'Pomer

Ph.D.

IlTOTITtrrB

PUBLISHING
506

American

Met.E.,

The

and Mining Journal
Engineer" The Engineering

I

^.cA

COPYRIGHT,

1899,

BY

Thk

SciENTinc

PcBLisHiNo

COPYRIGHT,

Ca

1904,

BT

Thk

Enoinexrino

and

Mining

Journal

To

J.

This

MbHOBY

THE

HOFMAN

L.

Book

THE

of

is

Dedicated

by

AUTHOR

250789
,
^

PEEFACE
TO

THE

EDITION.

FIRST

The
Percy published his great work,
Metallurgy
and
of Lead, Including Desilverization
Gnpellation/' which has
the standard
book
for England and America, and is also
become
the French, into whose
and
guages
lanhighly esteemed
by the Oermans
In

1870

Dr.

it has

"

of

smelting
European works.
that

is

translated.

been

contains

an

carried
as
desilverizing
During the past 20 years,

and

introduced

exhaustive
on

in the

sion
discus-

principal

however,

much

so

in American

practicethat a book
almost
a
embodying the latest improvements seems
necessityfor
the student.
It is the aim of the present work
to supply this need.
the
from
Thus, while European practice is not at all excluded
it a guide for Americans,
book, the main object has been to make
have
been
discussed
in connection
and
more
European methods
in this country than from
with their applicability
any other point
In the subject of the blast furnace, for instance,only
of view.
such features have been brought out as seemed
useful for America.
Reverberatoryfurnace practice,on the other hand, which has not
this country, is given more
much
in the
made
as yet in
progress
European way, while the ore-hearth treatment follows both English
Three
and American
methods, which
supplement one another.
^the student, for whose
have
been kept in mind
classes of readers
and many
definitions are
the ground principles
use
given a prominent
who
minute
the
needs
detail
his
for
metallurgist,
place;
tical
pracwho
will
and
the
in
find
the
footnotes
investigator,
operations;
the principalreferences
for the subjectin its various branches.
of important German
To insure the latest data a number
works
visited in 1890 and the representative
American
in 1891,
ones
were
new

has

It

been

"

the information

and
the

obtained

authoritygiven,whenever

desires to thank
to

all who

have

has

been

this has
assisted

embodied
been
him

amplify his notes, gathered through

with

the

permitted.
in
many

The

this way
years

author

and
of

of

name

wise
other-

practical

life.
H.
MAflBACBUBSTTB

Ihbtitutb

ov

Tmohmologt,

May, 1808L

0.

H.

PREFACE

TO

As

author

will

still

uncorrected

favor

be

of

science

short

than

of

edition.

conclusions

difficulties

be

to

the

the

views

in

a

book

of

Thus

others

with

his

general

is
own

and

to

with

only
that

iMsnnm

or

Tbchnoloot,

January,

1888.

to

who

or

work

proved
im-

branch

the

personal

is very

himself

in

which

any
will

be

can

technical

he

in

The

attention

he

liable
a

given

has

not

the

by comparing
any

lasting

one

can

hope

value.
H.

MA"aA"iHimgi'iM

for

errata.

extent

great

familiar

It

contact.

of

any

writer.

expense

of others

end

the

of

his

his
on

a

called

otherwise,

or

which

to

advantages

or

brought

and
in

at

of

call

treatise

A

necessarily represent

and

will

it is

December,

been

list

a

type

through

suggestions

has

add

to

who

whether

errors,

which

second,

readers

to

in

only appeared

must

experiences
produce

the

time,

grateful

practice

happened

book

new

emphasize
of

for

EDITION.

each

experience

mode

this

of

more

with

him
in

to

do

to

unexpectedly

an

SECOND

first edition

the

impossible

to

THE

0.

H.

PREFACE

TO

the

SiNCB
been

has

now

become

the

bnlk

the

done
short

that
In

readily
with

time

full

not

details

been

the

increase
and

dry

quick

ores

edition
mach

could

be

within

appeared
methods

of

assay

This

have

have

too
wet

omitted.

treatises

of

enlarged

to

the

of

there

ago

of silver-lead

and

new

a

has

years

smelting

order

several

as

six

the

all discussion

volame,

more

book

in

bullion

metallurgical products

and

ores

of this

necessity.

a

the

of

base

of

EDITION.

changes

important

refining

the

and

FIFTH

first appearance

many

so

THE

in

a

common

use.

The
the

of

roasting

has

been

treatise

given
the

on

lead

copper,

and

the

considerable

that
and

of lead

several

this

is

of

some

to

given.
to

be

of

its
the

In

of

giving
however,

different

The

chapter

the
the

much

altered.

The

on

details

of

technical

F.

been

and
L.

have

been

Bartlett

analyses

of

added

and
of

process

facts
the

omitted,

recently

mand
dehas

ever,
how-

properties

new

deposits

ore

and

to

reaction

the

on

in

ing.
smelt-

believe,

all the

purchasing

metals,

seemed
a

lished
pubmany

because

appeared.

for

A

shipments

ore

ores

a

treat

rich

copper

but

cannot

have

full

have

time

contains

information

of

chapter

review

often

roasting

writer

compounds

sampling

field

to

to-day

precious

present

The

short

smelters

the
the

upon

At

districts
on

of

appropriate

are

on

attention

more

is

which

mechanical

against it;

sources

treatises

the

of

lead

chapter

new

that

than

ores,

collector

subject

said

But

only temporary.

1892.

large number,
from

the

notice.
in

set

since
references

of lead.

the

is

roasters

quite unavoidably

Therefore

be

gold-bearing

being only

encroach

apparently

mechanical

metallurgy

of silver

all kinds

thus

to

book

it may

Perhaps

ores.

the

in

change

important

most

the

references

will

be found

treating zinc-

PREFACE

Till

lead

sulphideshas

for the lead

TO

FIFTH

EDITION.

it has many
pointsof interest
it
does
smelter,although
not, strictly
speaking,belong

treatise

been

THE

described^as

lead smelting. The
argentiferous
chapter on
works
has
been
the
of
some
smelting
greatlyenlarged,
leading
in detail than is usual.
plantsof the country being described more
The chapteron the smeltingof ores in the blast furnace
has been
made
all the changes of detail which
have been
to include
so
to

a

on

within

numerous

the

past

has received
pattinsonizing

few

In desilverization,
steam
years.
the
a
ttention
of
creasing
inaccount
on
special

prevalenceof bismuth
that it may
consequent possibility
Parkes

the

in order

process
corrodinglead than

can

the

ores

treated and

now

in the future

be combined

the
with

produce a larger percentage

to

be

now

in

obtained.

In the

Parkes

of

process

the

have greatlychanged the
improvements by W. H. Howard
the typical
Englishfurnace has
practicalworking. In cupelling,
In the annual
radical
construction.
umes
volin
undergone
changes
Mineral Industry^*
the writer gives a summary
of
of "The
to silvereverythingthat appears in technical literature relating
lead smelting. Some
of the material collected for this purpose has
been

used

in the

of the

but most

presentvolume,

by personalvisits to the leadingworks
details with superintendents
and managers.

and

obtained
of

purpose was
desires to

undertaken

in

acknowledge

with

the

and

matter

new

A

the discussion
tour

the uniform
thanks
many
He feels
him at that time.

courtesybestowed upon
gratefulto Messrs. L. S. Austin, P. L. Bartlett, A.
C. Eilers,E. P. Eurich, W. H. Howard, M. W. lies,C.
.

E.
Weeks
as

well

P.

Mathewson,

and H. A.
as

necessary

P.

Vezin, with

to many

P.

B.
whom

others with whom

information

from

imrriTUTJ

of

kindness

especially
Dwight,
H. Livingstone,

Rhodes, R. D. Rhodes, P. D.
he
he

placeswhich

Tkjbmoloot,

this

writer

S.

into

personalcontact,
correspondedto obtain the

came

he

was

unable

to visit.

0.

H.
Masbachubbttb

for

the

of 1896, and

summer

was

H.

Boston, Mass., September, 1896.

Qoo^"z

TABLE

CONTENTS.

OF

PAOB

Preface
LiBT

v

Illustrations

OP

viii

PART
L"

Chapter

"

Historical

The

World's

g

"

Lead

III."

"13.

Lead

Chapter

of

24.

of

Lead

Missouri."

V."

"

"

80.

"

g

85.

The

Silver

"

88.

The

Silicates."

"

Lead
and

Sulphate

"

Compounds.
7.

Lead

Sul-

Sulphide;
Lead

12.

tions
Reac-

Oxide.

Lead

"

"

10.
4-18

Alloys

16.

Anglesite,

Cerus-

Ores.

The

"

21.

Other

Upper

"
New

Ores

Coast."

II.

22.

27.

the

of

Lead

Colorado."

g

IV.

Utah."

"

Silver-Lead

28.

South

The
Ores

Dakota."

Lead

Ores

"

Idaho."

the

of

" 20.

III.

Silver
28.

Atlantic

Ores

Mississippi Valley."

Occurrences."

Mexico."

"

I. Lead

Atlantic

19.

25.

"

Galena."

States:

of the

29.

of

the

Arizona
24-41

Sampling

"

and

"

84.

"

87.
of

of

Weighing
"

g

88.
and

Receiving
of

Assaying

Purchasing

and

Purchasing

Ores,

Fluxes

Fuels.

Assay-Sample.

Ores.-

its

Roasting

Lead

"

Receiyino,

Department.

9.

of

;

Receiving

32.

8.

"

19-28

United

the

Nevada."

AND

"

Lead

14.

"

Mountains."

26.

"

Some

of

Commerce."

of

of

California.

Chapter

Sutes."

Minerals

Ores

Valley."

Montana."

Pacific"
and

Lead

Ores

Rocky

the

Lead

Remarks."

Distribution

"18.

Mines

Sulphide,
11.

6.

"

"

IV."

Mississippi

Oxide."

Lead

"16.

Coast."

United

the

in

and

Sulphate."

Other

Lead

17.

Lead

Ores.

Introductory

site."

"

"

Carbonate."

Chapter

of

Lead

5.

between
Lead

2.

Lead

of

Lead

"8.

pbide."

"

1-8

Properties

Lead."

4.

"

Remarks."

Notice.

Production

II."

Chapter

Statistical

and

Introductory

1.

INTRODUCTORY.

I."

Lead-Silver

Purchasing
Fluxes

and

Ores."

81. The

Moisture-Sample.

Arrangement

Sampling
Ores.-

of

"

Generid

"

of
86.

Fluxes

and

Purchasing

Non-Argentiferous

Fuels

of

Lead

Sampling
Fuels.
of

"

LeadOres.

"

42-79

TABLE

X

PART

II." THE

OF

CONTENTS.

METALLURGICAL

TREATMENT

OF

LEAD

ORES.
PAOB

"39.

Clasgification of Methods

Smelting

VI."

C*HAPTBB

in

82

Reyerberatort

the

Furnace.

" 40. Introductory Remarks.
" 41. Influence of Foreign Matter.
"42. Classification of Reverberatory Methods."
"48. The Carinthian
Method."
44.
The
Method."
The
45.
Silesian Method."
"
English
"
88-115
" 46. Comparison of ReverberatoryMethods
"

VII.

Chapter

Smelting

"

in

"

Ore-Hearth.

the

"48. Influence of Foreign Matter.
"47. Introductory Remarks.
of
Ore-Hearths.49.
Description
" 50. Mode of Working in the Ore"
of
Treatment
Hearth."
" 51.
Slags."g 52. Recovery of Fluedust by
the Lewis and Bartlett Bag Process."
" 58. The F. L. Bartlett Process
of Complex Zinc-Lead
for the Treatment
116-148
Sulphides
"

"

"Smelting

VIII

Chapter

in

Blast-Furnace.

the

verized
" 55. Roastingof Sulphide Ores in Pulin
General.
naces
Operation
"
" 57. Roasting Furin General.
" 58. The Long-Bedded Hand-Roasting Furnace.
Line
Furnace."
" 00. The Pearce Turret
" 59. The Ropp StraightHorseshoe
The
Brown
61.
Furnace."
Furnace."
"
" 62. The O'Hara
Roaster."
Furnace."
" 64. The Wethey
" 63. The Keller Automatic
Furnace."
nace
" 65. The Brftckner Furnace."
" 66. The Selection of Fur-

"

54. Introductory Remarks.
Form.

"

56. The

"

"

"

Site and
and
of Fluxes

"

General

of Plant.

Arrangement

"

" 67.

The

" 68. Lead Slags. " 69. Action
" 70. Fuels Used in the
Foreign Matter.
the
Blast
Furnace.
of
Chemistry
" 72. Calcula-

Its Accessory Apparatus."
Influence

and

" 71.

Blast Furnace."

Blast Furnace

"

of

"

"

Charge

tionof

149-818

Smelting

General

Operations.

the Charging Floor." " 75.
on
"78. Blowing-In."" 74. Regular Work
Work
the
Furnace
Floor."
76.
the Dump.
Work
on
on
"
Regular
in
the
Blast
Furnace."
78.
77
"
Blowing-Out." " 79.
Irregularities
"
"

Fumifcce

""80.

Books.

Assay Books

Furnace

Products.

Furnace

"81.

Furnace

Speise." " 85. Matte."
Roasted

Matte."

Wall-Accretions."

Cleaningsand
"

94. Treatment

of Smelting

"82

Products."

"

88.

"

"

86.

Nickel

Base

Bullion."

Roasting
and

of

Cobalt

91. Hearth-Accretions

Furnace

Refuse.

of Fluedust."

819-^6

"

"

"

"
"

87.

Sows."

"

Matte."
or

98. Fluedust

95. Losses

"88. Sampling." "84.

Matte."

in

or

89.

Smelting of
Slag." " 90.
92. Furnace

Chamber-Dust.

"

Smelting." " 96. Cost
847-407

Qoo^"z

TABLE

PART

CONTENTS.

OF

III." DESILVERIZATION

xi
BASE

OF

BULLION.
PADS

gW.
Chaftkr

IX."

Pbocbbb.

PATTmSON'S

"

98. iDtrodnctory Remarks."

"

acting the

Cond

Pattinson

X."

Chapter

"

410-411

Introductory

101.

Process.

g

"

99.

Descriptionof

100. Luce

and

Rozan's

Plant

and

Process

Mode

(Steam*

Process. )

Parkes'

of

412-426

Process.

"

IntroductoryRemarks."

102. Outline

of

Plant

and

Process.

g
Softening Base Bullion."
silverizing
Conducting the Process." " 107. DeSoftened
Bullion." " 108. DesilverizingKettles." g 109.
LiquatingApparatus. g 110. Mode of Conductingthe Desilverization.
g 111. Mode of Liquating. g 112. Refining Desilverized Lead.
g
113. Refiningin the Reverberatory Furnace."
g 114. Refiningin the
the Refining Furnace."
Kettle." " 115. Molding from
g 116. MoldKettle.
Merchant
the
from
117.
Labor, Fuel, Output of Lead.
g
ing
of Zinc Crusts."
g 119. Flach's Process." g 120.
g 118. Treatment
Distillation of Zinc-Crusts."
g 121. Furnaces." g 122. Condensers."
g
of Working." g 124. Tools." g 126. Results."
128. The Method
126.
g
of By-Prod ucts.
Comparison of the Two Processes.- g 127. Treatment
g 128. Softening Furnace Dross and Skimmings." g 129. Tin Skimmings." g 130. Kettle Dross." g 181. Refining Skimmings and Polings." g 132. Rich Lead and Metallic Zinc" g 188. Retort Dross and
Blue Powder."
g 134. Litharge."g 135. Old Retorts,Cupel Bottoms,
etc.
g 187. General Remarks.
g 136. Table of Desilverization.
Parkes'
and
Pattinson's Processes. .427-^5
Relative
of
188.
Advantages
g
"

g

"

103. Receiving Base

106.

Furnaces."^

104.

Bullion."

106. Mode

of

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

^

Chapter

g

XL"

Cupellation.

189. IntroductoryRemarks

140. Characteristics."
Furnace."

g

506^07

German

A.

g

"

g

141. The

148. Mode

B.

Cupellation.

English

Furnace."

g

142. Plattner's

of Conducting the Process

pelling
Cu-

606-617

Cupellation.

g 146. The Furnace." g 146. Test Rings."
gl44. Charaeteristics.
g 147. Test-Ring Supports."g 148. The Blast." g 149. The Tools."
Process.
of Conducting the
g 150. Mode
g 161. Comparison of
"

"

Methods

518-586

Qoo^"z

LIST

ILLUSTRATIONS.

OP

naOBXB

PAOB

1 to

8 and

6"

Qoarteiing

7"

TheBranton

12

to

16
19

to

and
21

24

to

and

26

to

14"

54

The

55

BraDton

20"

The

Tajlor

28"

The

Bridgman

25"

The

Veain

pier

and

58
62

Sampler

64
Metallic

Works,

Extraction

Co., Bloience,

Colo..

67
.

Laboratory

Bridgman

Mixer

.

Sampler

89"

Reverberatory

41"

Air-Fumace

68

Sampler

71

Divider

and

Furnace

72
Carinthia.

Raibl,

at

89
94

to

47"

Reverberatory

48

to

61

Tools

62

to

67

68

to

70"

Scotch

72"

American

and

Colo

Victor,

Sampler

42

71

57

Sampler

Sampling-Mill,

Bridgman

The

"

Braoton

Constant

85"

"

56
Mechanical

New

The

88"

to

Ore-

Sampling

84

and

Sam

Pipe

82 and

40

Sampler

The

The

86

Jones

18"

29 to 81"

and

52

Riffle-Sampler

1 5"

28"

51
.

Shovels

9^Sp]it

lOandll"

49

Quartering-Shovel.

Used

Farnace

with

the
Furnace

Reverberatory
Ore-Hearth

Stiperstones, England

at

Reverberatory

Newcastle,

Water-Back

96-100

Stiperstones.

at

Silesia

Tarnowitz,

at

at

Farnace

102

106-109

England

118

Ore-Hearth

.119-120
.

Ore-Hearth

78

to

76"

Moffet

77

to

81"

Tools

82

to

84"

Slag-Eye

86"

Plan

88"

Cooling-Cylinders

86

to

Used

the

Furnace
the

of

121

with

of

Ore-Hearth

Moffet
the

Lone-Elm

Lone-Elm

122

128-180

Works

Works
and

182

Pipes

of

the

Lewis

and

Bartlett

Bag-

Process.
80"

188-186

Bag-House

the

of

Furnace

90

and

91"

Blowing-Up

92

and

98"

Bartlett's

Blast

94

and

95"

Refining

Furnace

Long-Bedded

96

to

101"

102

to

107"

Long-Bedded

106

to

112"

Details

118

to

117"

The

Ropp

119"

The

Pearce

118

and

of

Lewis

and
for

Furnace
for

Bartlett

Zinc
for

Bag-Process.

Zinc

140

Ores

141

Zinc-Lead

Making

Furnace

with

Hand-Roasting

Furnace

with

Straight-Line
Single-Hearth

146

Pigirert

Hand-Roasting

Roasting-Furnace

187

Ores

Level

Hearth..

162
.

House

.

165
171

Furnace
Turret

Slagging

Hearth

174
Farnace

176

LI8T

xi V

OF

ILL

U8TRA

TI0N8.

FiaURBS

PAOB

120 and

121"

The

Pearce

Double-Heartb

122 and

128" -The

Pearce

Turret

Furnace"

Detail of Rabble-Blades

124 and

126"

The

Pearce

Turret

Furnace"

Detail

126 to 138"

The

Brown

134 to 137"

The

Allen-O'Hara

138 to 141"

The

Keller

142"

The

196

148"

The

Wethej Double Furnace
Wethej SingleFurnace

144 and

145"

The

Briickner

200

146 and

Turret

Furnace

of

181
177

Closing Rabble-Arm

Slot

178
Horseshoe

182

Furnace

Furnace

187

Roaster

Automatic

191-198

199

Furnace

147"

Works

of the Union

Smelter, Leadville,Colo

148 to 151"

Works

of the United

Smelting and RefiningCo., East Helena,

158"

Works

of the Montana

154.

Works

of the

156

Works

207

Mont
152 and

210

Colo.
155 and

"

Falls,Mont..214-215

Smelting Co., Qreat
Smelting and Refining Co., Pueblo.

Pueblo

^Blast-Furnace

"

of the Omaha

216

Department

and

Grant

Smelting

and

Refining Co.,
219

Denver, Colo
157

"

Works

of the Consolidated

Kansas

City Smelting and

ing
Refin-

Co., El Paso, Texas
158 and

159"

Small

160 to 164"

Omaha

Blast-Furnace
and

Grant

220

Plant

223-224

Smelting and

Refining Co.. Denver,

Colo.

"Blast-Furnace
165 to 171"

227

Smelting

Globe

Refining Co., Denver.

and

Colo."

Blast-

Furnace
172 to 174" Colorado
175 to 196"

Montana

228

Iron Works,

Denver, Colo."

Smelting Co.. Great

197 and

198"

Water-Cooled

199 and

200"

Girders

for

Blast Furnace

Falls,Mont."

Blast

.

201 to 206"

The

Mathewson

207"

The

Henrich

208 and

209"

The

Austin

210 and

211"

Blast-Furnace

Improved Furnace

Shaft

282
238

Tap

Water-Cooler

248

234"

Tuyere
Unziger Tuyere
The Davis Slag-Escapeattached to ordinaryTuyere
The Murray Tuyere-Box
The Davis Slag-Escapeattached to the Devereux
Tuyere- Box
The Fraser and Chalmers
Axle
Slag-Potwith Common
The Fraser and Chalmers
Roller
with
Slag-Pot
Bearings
The Terhune
Sectional Slag-Pot
Overflow
Slag-Pot
Overflow
Slag-Potwith Tap-Hole
Detachable
Overflow
Slag-Pot with the Terhune
Tap

235 and

286"

Movable

287 and

238"

The

Rhodes

239 to 244"

The

Devereux

212 to 214"
215 to 220"
221 to 228"
224 to 226"
227 to 229"
230 and

281"
282"
233"

The

,

245 to 247"

The

248"

The

249 to 254"

The

BrickUned

282
380

Tuyere Nozzle.

Support of

280

Furnace.

Forehearth

254
256
256
268
259
260
260
261
261
262
263

Matte-Shell

Slag-Pot
for Handling Slag and
Livingstone^Plant
Nesmith
Single-BowlDumping Car
Double-Bowl
Nesmith
Dumping Car

263

264
266
Matte

267
269
270

Qoo^"z

OF

LIST

ILL

TI0N8.

U8TRA

x v
PAOB

255"
256 to 26a"
264"
26""
266"

The

Terhune

Plant
Slaff-Oranulating
The MacArthar
GranalatingTrough
Diagram of TypicalLead-Slags
Crystal-Forms of Lead-Slags
Distribution of Charge on Feed Floor

267 to 270"

Wall-Aocretions

271 to 278"

Bars

274 and
276

and

275"
277"
278"

of Base

271
273
277
280
328

in the Blast Furnace

339

Bullion

348

Sections

through Bars of Base Bullion
Sample-Punch for Base Bullion
Punching of Base Bullion

349
351
352

27"^" Sample-Bar
280"
281 to 284"
285 to 289"

291

295

and

and

The

Dalies

353
Converter

for

355

DesilverisingSpeise
Pribram
Roasting-Stalls
Matte-Concentration
ReverberatoryFurnace

861
872

290"

Suspended

Sheet-Iron

Flue

888

292"

Sheet-Iron

Flues

TriangularProjections

388

298"

Lattice of Iron

294"

Section

296"

Water-

297

Bundle

"

Wire

through
Cooled
of

with

384

Monier

Flue

of Sheet

Flue

384
Lead

Cooling-Pipesof the

386

Water-Tower

at

Tarnowitz.

Silesia.
298

and

299"

819"
820"

The

to

805

804"

to 807"

808 to 814"
and

816"
817"

818 and

821
822

to

and

838

"

889"

Parkes*

846"

347

to 876"

878"

879 to 881
882

Diagram
The

to

and

White

887"

840

377

387

with

Freudenberg Plates at "ms
Flue with Freudenberg Plates at Freiberg
The Roesing Wire System
Montana
Smelting Co. Flue and Dust-Chamber
Stack
Montana
Smelting Co. Blast Furnace
The Boyd Brick Press
Bricking Plant with the Boyd Press

800

815

Flue

"

to 884"

391
892
395-896
397
400
402

Tress

Mineral

Showing

Pribram

389

408
Decrease

Relative

Luce-Roaan

of Silver and

The

Howard

Alloy Press

The

Howard

Combined

and

431
489
and

Castings and
452
456

Machine
Zinc-Stirring
Lautentbal

and

Smelting

and

Cover

Lead-Reaning Kettle. Pueblo

887"

The

Howard

888"

The

Steitz Lead

"

390

to 392"

398

to

397

and

399

to

896"
398"
403"
404"

Smelting and

Refining

RefiningCo

Skimmer

for Refined

471
473
475

Siphon

Lead-Molding Apparatus
Lead-Mold

459

470

886"

889

416
418

Works

386

.

Plant
Desilverizing

Plant
Desilverizing
Water
Jackets
with
Furnace
Softening
DesilverizingKettles with Brick- Work
Liquating Kettles

Lead.Re6ning Kettle,

Bismuth

for

Refining Furnace

476

Lead

Lead-Molding Apparatus for Merchant
The Roesing Lead Pump
The Faber du Faur Retorting Furnace
Graphite Retort

47G

Kettle

479
481
484
486

X

LIST

vi

OF

ILL

U8TBA

TI0N8.

FIGURES

PAGE

405 to 407"

The

408 to 411"

The

412 to 416"

The

417 to 425"

The

426 to 435"

Test

486 to 488"

The

439 and

440"

The

426.427,441" The

Tatham

RetortingFarnaoe
German
CapellingFurnace, Pribram
English CapellingFumaoe
Modified English Capelling Farnaoe
Rings
Fraser and Chalmers
TestX^arrlage
Ljnch Test-Support
Rhodes
TestCarriage

487
509
619
622
524
526
626
527

Qoo^"z

L

CHAPTER

used

Egyptians
silver

of

in

ores

in

Laurium,

which

Spain,
and

of

amounts

large

Lead

2.

in

the

of

mines

back
mined

Puliifer,

t'*
9eq.^

ISQS.

United

Notes

Wasbinirton,
"t

seg..

New

for

of

a

History

Geological
1888;
York.

States.

At

**Tbe

the

occupy

In

were

by

Hannibal,
also

Rhine

carried
Bale

from

celebrated
the

of

part

German

Harz

Mountains,

discovered.

this
the

the

seventeenth

operated

of

Lead/'

Ya.

mainly

New

Mineral

Hineral

Indnslxy:

York,
Besouroes
Its

in

being

dates
when

as

lead

During

North

lead

Spain

mining

century,

Creek,

Survey:

place,

lead

the

day

present

second

country

Falling

near

mines

States

the

1863,

extracted

They

the
and

Bomans

in
mines

in

b.o.

along
a.d.

The

southeastern

to-day.

Silesia,

States

smelted

'*

the

"

beginning

lead

The

Spain
and

mined

was

company

century

1000

year

United

United

and

times

"

the

as

of

ous
argentifer-

Eomans.

g.

in

abondanoe

the

lead

third

England

were

the

the

Saxony,

producer.

leading

the

Austria

of

those

"

of

mines

b.

the

"

of

French

a

mines

district

the

and

century

the
in

in

About

silver-lead
and

lead

main

Cologne.

fifth

opened

operations

mining

to

by

from

ore

were

the

form

on

reopened
the

in

that

ver^

a

record

presence

know

Greeks

by

Attica,

especially

flourished

We

the

quantities

considerable

the

at

any

and

pottery,

suggests

places.

many

have

we

their

glazing

ancients

the

among

lead

of

in

it

"

whom

of

known

probably

was

"

people

oldest

The

date.

early

^Lead

Remabks.

Imtboductobt

1.

"

NOTICE.

STATISHCALt

AND

mSTOmCAL*

far
was

colonial

Carolina,

New

1888.
of

Statistics

the

United

TMhnoIogy

States,
and

1882.''

Trade,**

et

laSTALLUBGT

2
"

"

:

/"

-

*"'.*"

"

"".
I .'*'

'" z

*"

"'!

-

York,

\ \

"""

and

,

the New

Washington

County,

Conn.,
East

and

lead

Indians
after him

States

The

1,500

28,000
little

total

20

district

years,

reached

1869

lead

or

1867,

the

mines
the

opened, and
Next

year.

Idaho

with

United

"

States

and

were

from

the

the city named

lead

of the United

of the West

opened

were

States

in 1825

was

1848, when

falling off considerably for
of

the

same

As

the

total

228,475 tons,

was

year

entire

a

Mississippi Valley

in 1898.

tons

All

output.

the

Territories,which

those

rest

produce

of the Mississippi Valley

of

which

since

the

at

Nev., discovered

Eureka,
of

according
and

Mont.,

Helena,

near

Mexico, and

been

now

are

ores

begun

was

smelters

were

into

came

Arizona

Hahn,

Oreana,
in

1864,

Nev.
were

in the following
erected

prominence
added

were

to

largest producer, and

(1900)produces about 60%

to

in

1870,

in

1878.

the

list.

it together

of all the lead of the

States.

was

Production.

World's

3. The

1900*

the

Utah, where

came

has

Colorado

of

the

first produced,

was

treatment

Idaho, New

Later

La

the first

obtained

steadily until

50.468

while

by Colorado,

followed

Mine

silver.

practicallyfree from

In

was

United

States for the

Western

Argentiferous

the

After

produced 22%"
the

1866

to-day,

in 1700

Mississipi Valley

of

production

the

argentiferous lead ores,

in

the

the place where

increased

produced.

the United

from

these

Dubuque

bulk

of

product

again,and

productof

in the

"

This

were

over

came

is worked

on

districts the

tons.

tons

increased

this

lead mine

a

by Le Sueur

in 1720 ; of

in 1788

worked

were

Tennessee.

discovered

were

until the first great mines

came

in 1867.

only

and

mine, St.

produced

ore

the

are

stands.

now

these two

From

lead

no

not

Middletown,

near

of them

of lead in the upper

grant for

a

is

Carolina

1766, and

as

scale,and

Bossie

; the

mines

None

County, which

Rumors

early

as

Mass.

first worked

Motte, of Madison
discovered.

the

at present there

were

small

a

principally mentioned

and

of Missouri

ores

1701, and

afloat

T. ;

little in North

a

on

County, N. C.

Southampton,

except

The

mines

N.

continuously, and

or

-."

mine, Davidson

Lawrence

LEAD.

England States, but

successfully. The

very

OF

:

"

-

.

as

"

The

world's

production in

follows:
*

''The

Blineral Industry,"

vol. iz.

Qoo^"z

HISTORICAL

AND

STATISTICAL

(a) Estimated

The
year

priceof
190O,

per

principallead
is cheaper than

in

part.

pig lead in New
pound avoirdupois,4.37

common

markets
in New

are

York

St. Louis

by

NOTICE.

and

the cost

York
cents.

averaged for the
The

two

other

Chicago,where the lead
of transportation.

Qoo^"z

CHAPTER
PROPERTIES*

OP

IL

LEAD

AND

SOME

OP

OP

ITS

COMPOXJNDS.

"

Lead.

4.

shows

it

exposed

cooled

of

bundles

and

mold

the

C.

specific

The

has

lead

contained

impurities
allowed

to

which

it makes

it is rolled

a

into

when

is

hackly

form

of

filings it becomes

"

Ck"ndeD8ed

t "An

for

IntToductfon

the

is very

most
to

the

part
Study

a

is

from
of

Percy,

"

and

Lead/'

1804,

p.

cial
commer-

it
with

malleable
fracture

hot.
to

London,
15.

such

facility

The

if subjected

cooled

resistance

is very

when

of

of

the

when

metals,

the

foil.

columnar

London,

of

if

the

by

it

as

account

grade

Lead

Metatturgy

Metallurgy/'

of

Commercial

of other

into

mass

erally
gen-

grai?ity

harder

The

paper.

solid

been

according

on

It

finger-nail,

cold,

0"

at

soft, especially

etc.

hammered

broken

lead

11.37

determined

on

metals.

lead

rolled.

or

slowly.

the

and

sheets

slightly,

than

warm

10.37.

vary

zinc,

streak

gray

and

slight admixtures

with

scratching

offers

will

approximately

often

is

lead

10.65

a

base

specific

as

when

aggregates

has

that

one

gives

Lead

antimony,

arsenic,

copper,

as

the

hammered

it.

if it contains

and

quickly

pure

solidify

and

cool

to

for

gravity

in

crystalline

gravity

lead

specific

lower

a

into

specific

slowly,

or

temperature

all

Austenf

(" 98),
Also,

of

of lead

gravity

form.

when

readily.

process

heaviest

is

face
sur-

quickly

the

unity),

Roberts-

quickly

cooled

is

is

as

11.40, of liquid

lead

solid

cool, fern-like
It

it

cut

crystallize

octahedrons
correct

freshly

a

Pattinson

to

being

accepted.

the

not

the

11.37,

4^

at

(water

in

as

on

loses

does

at

surface.

figure,

Reich's

It

imperfect

allowed

is

at

appear

air.

poured

is

color;

luster, but

slowly,

small,

lead

refined

bluish-gray

a

atmospheric

is

it

has

considerable

a

to

When

C.

Lead

"

a

In

;

of
the

pressure

1870,

pp.

S-93.

PROPERTIES

of 13 tons

the

to

Lead

tenacity, according

of

access

C.

of

coefficient

about

10" and

C.

(Carnellyand
volatile
latent

dilation

for

when

undergoes

that is free from
it is

when

1"

with

300"

red

best solvent

The

and

action

of sulphuric and

purity

gave

facts

The

:

atfriosphericair

sulphuric

nitrous

employed
200"

under

C. the

This

acid

The

to

other

Pb,0|, and

nitric acid

up

the
to

ductivity
con-

in water

nor

of the

account

by

water

air it oxidizes

the
sufficiently

oxides

the peroxide,
acid.

which

no

lead

PbOt.

Dilute

chloric
hydroing
it; boil-

action upon

sulphuric acid of 66" B.

of Lunge

and Schmid

||on

the

lead of different degrees of

on

following

are

the principal

less will it be attacked
200"

by pure or
C, the highest temperature

in concentrating pans

stronger

and

completely, sulphur and
sudden

two

nitric

The

conditions

becomes

100, the

pellicle,said tq be the
the oxide, PbO, and if

C. be prolonged

researches

lead

normal

action

dissolved
formed.

the

on

with

in contact

iridescent

an

important results.
purer

as

linear

specific heat

perfectly dry air

lead is dilute

The

cherry-

a

for electricity10.7.

hydrochloric acid and

it slowly.

at between
cannot

is 5.369; the

The

silver

sulphuric acids have little or

concentrated
dissolve

of

most

tion
becomes, however, dull by oxida-

to 450"

the sesquioxide,

are

to

Similarly, it is oxidized

oxide, PbsO^, is obtained.

forms

of

0.000089; the

C,

suboxide, Pb,0; this gradually changes
the heating to from

lead

cubical.

If melted

air.

covered

becomes

to the

it contains.

free from

that is not
and

air; its surf ace
exposed

which

moisture

in

change

no

heated
of

C. is 0.0314; with

100"

that

to

Williams),!but

heat

of the

one-third

into fine wire ; its

boils
(Le Chatelier),t

for heat at 12" C. is 8.5, and
Lead

one-half

and

two

is inferior

The

air.

cubical

coefficient

between

*

to be drawn

at 325"

It is somewhat

be distilled.
red with

1600"

and

1450"

liquefiesat

Earmarsch,

to

It fuses

metals.

ductile

6

(Boberts-Austen).*

sufficientlyductile

is not

LEAD.

inch, and

square

this pressure

times

OF

effect of the acid

at 260"

G. lead is suddenly

sulphurous
can

be

; above

acid

being

slightlyretarded

Suppiemcnt^ New.
^Bngineering and Mining Journal^ Nor. 8. 1888; ScientificAmerican
"7S,878,STT; "An Introductloii to the Study of Metallurgy,'* p. 86.
iRngineering and Mining Journal^ Oct. 11, 1890.
Society^ zzzr., p. 688.
tJcumal of the Chemical
die Efnf Lunge, Engineering and Mining JoumiU^ Jan. 7, 14,81, 1808; Schmid, "Ueber
und
Schwefeto"ure
Saltpetersfture auf raines
reiner, nltroser und rauchender
wfrkUBg ran
und Kupfer,'iB81e,
Blei mit Autimon
Yon
18B8,W. Riehm, p. 184, tables
Blel und Leginmgen
Chemie, 1808,vol. iL, pp. 461,848.
xiitt.,ill.; Lange4tehmld, ZeiUchrifi fUr Anorganimske

Qoo^"z

by the addition
of 0. 2%

ALL

1%

antimony

nitrous

the

as

than

Organic acids
with

contact

"

of

to

1.76

is not

1.72

a

in the

low

the

red

Pb."

that %

one

on

Of

the

large scale

a

lead.

greasy

It is soft and

orthorhombic

attack lead in

"

to the touch

litharge is produced
over

an

; it is thus

While

on

a
as

an

flat
fast

If the temperature
heat

bright red

a

"

generally crystallizes

and

Chatelierfhave

Le

it is transparent

at which

it has

cooled ; quick

cooling the red color.
chilling it with

in small

lumps.

and

its color varies from

and

large scale by allowing it

a

iron plate and

obtained

and

molten

to the rate

on

arge,
lith-

crystalline litharge.

as

T^mier

the yellow, slow

cooling promotes

and

the film of suboxide

cold it is opaque,

according

oxides

large scale by cupelling argentiferous

a

tetragonal forms.
to red

different

massicot

as

^that is,to

"

octahedrons.

orange-colored ; when

The

to

Tellow
from

run

water, if

sary
neces-

red, flaky variety

by allowing the running litharge to collect in front of

is formed
the furnace

The

in cakes
inner

of from

part of

of red litharge; the outer
will

more

comi"osition.

by heating lead

cooled, it solidifies
on

slowly.

made

by

physical properties. Massicot,

melting point

Litharge is obtained

the furnace

corrosion

metallurgicallyinterestingand

heat, removing

oxide

the fused

yellow

of

readily attacked.

yellow powder, is formed

be raised to

found

of

chemical

it forms, and oxidizing it to yellow oxide.

and

tinued
con-

again instead

surface

rough

be

dilution

in the matter
or

more

different

have

amorphous

in

Dilute

increases

92.83%

It is obtained

which

a

presence

acetic,tartaric,and citric acids

"

Oxidb, PbO;

important.

as

that

sulphuric

pure

air.

gr.

power

smooth

a

sulphuric acid
of

acid, although if the

being the

enumerated, this is the

to

sp.

addition

air.

6. Lead

hearth

a

slight variation

a

surface

the rough

of

pure

sulphuric acid

nitrous

powerfully than

Junge* found

diminishing.
difference

prevented by the

Concentrated

this point the

beyond
nitrous

LEAD.

and

more

sulphuric acid

powerful

as

OF

effect is greater in the

the

acid, and

URO

to the lead.

all temperatores

at

acts

of

copper

T

MET

6

remain

solid

and

1 to 1.5 tons
a

and
have

cake

will swell

lower
a

to cool

in weight, and
and

up

form

flakes

parts, having cooled quickly,

yellow color.

This

^Freiberger Jahrbueh^ 1896, p. 11; ZeiUchrift fiirAngewandte
Berg- und HUtienmdnnimhe
Zeiiunff, 1896,p. 88.
HuitenmdnniM^
t Berg- und
Zeitung^ 1896,p. 452.

swelling is

C^mie,

189S,p. 708;

METALLURGY

8

be

is pasty

ore

OF

shortened
with

silica will be found

and

silica than

more

(2Pb0.3Si02),are
vitreous

fusible

low

the

form

If the

oxides,

metallic

Lead
Their

be

can

as

if they

copper,

In order

from
iron

is added

providing enough
The

the

on

singulo-silicateand

lead

to fonu

singulo-siiioute to
iron
bi-silicate;

silicate of

lead

silica by

all fusible

decomposes

the

from

all the

with

its combination

readily liberated by the ordinary

reduces

to extract

manganese,

by Seger and Cramer.^

lead, a double

being the result; carbon

green;

a

for glazing tiles,pottery,

used

less effect

some

is slagged in

cobalt, blue; tellurium,

decomposes

Sulphur

down

PbO.

in proportion to the oxide

studied

silicates is not

extent, but it has
throws

much

are

has been

behavior

reducing agents.

less

contaminated

are

if lead

seen

brown;

colors

silicates

lead from

lead.

silica be

proportionof

All fusible lead silicates are
mass.
porous
darker in proportionto the quantityof lead

yellowish-red, the colors growing dark

some

parent
trans-

a

singulo-silicate,PbtSiO^ (2PbO.SiOs),
water.

as

purple-black; nickel, brownish-yellow;

The

forming

a

scorifler;e,g,^ iron

etc.

tri-silicate,
Pb^ijO,

temperature,

They change their color

they contain.

added.

contain

not

the compound
becomes
tri-silicate,
2Pb0.9SiO, givesa porcelain-like
mixture, and

yellow;they become
other

a

do

of the

fusible;thus
ISSiOs fritts only to

with

at

; the

fluid

as

that

above

raised

to

is decomposed

the roast

silicates that

is required

mass

is

fused

when

when

All

nrged, uncombined

fusion

the

combined

in nitro-hydrochloric acid.

LEAD.

it must

be

iron

a

the

first set free

basic flux ; thus

silicates at
a

and

bi-silicate part of

a

a

lead

phide
sul-

metallic

bright-red heat,

singulo-silicate.

bi-silicate of lead

posed
readily decom-

are

by nitric acid, the tri-silicate is not completely decomposed
the

acid the silicate the less soluble

more

"

7. Lead

galena.

Sulphide, PbS;

with
with

dry

way

The

excess

an

carbonaceous

hydrogen
has the

existence

by Percy, who
"

with

same

of
shows

This

"

occurs

artificially
by heating lead

It is formed

lead oxide

or

Pb.

86.6%

of sulphur,

matter,

sulphide.

or

or

native

and

as

sulphur,

phate
by reducing lead sul-

by precipitation from

The

;

it is.

sulphide

produced

a

tion
solu-

in

the

properties as the mineral.
subsulphides of lead

(Pb,S,Pb^S)

that lead sulphide and

3Vmt'iuiiM^r"e-2;ei"un9,1898,p. 1284; Berg- wnd

lead

flfiftemndmniMA^

can

is denied
be

melted

^etfMng, 18B4,p. 11.

QoO'^Qi

OF

PROPERTIES

LEA

D,

9

ing
together in all proportions, and that the properties of the resultwill resemble

compound
of

one

Also, if such

an

carefully, comparatively

residue

a

lead according to the predominance

or

compound.

heated

be

will eliquate and

lead

other

the

or

subsulphide

apparent

galena

of

hard

pure

crystalline sulphide

behind.

remain

found

Bossier*

it

crystallizes,as

form

dissolved

sulphide
cubes

cools, in

which

those

lead

that

hearth

and

lead

metallic

in step form,

arranged

in wall

in

bling
resem-

of blast

accretions

furnaces.
Galena
at 935"

is not

fusible

as

C, but it is

fluid when

very

firebrick of the furnaces
veins

small

lead, melting, according

as

in which

its melting

galena

Lead

sulphide is isomorphous

Cu^,

ZnS, FeS.

With

others

can

Galena

as

be
well

that
lead

the

is

matte

as

has

in

sulphides,

in

a

the

than

other

any

remaining

lead

the

a

a

The

porous

reaction

that

takes

expressed thus

For

to form

place between

ways.

Iron

instance,

iron

decom-

combines

not

Zinc

matte.
is

so

poses
decom-

refractory

effected ; the result is

containing particles of lead

mass

wet

;

it alloys too readily with

separation of the liberated lead is

black,

it

minerals

sulphide formed

cuprous

sulphide

and

than

greater aflinityfor sulphur

lead, and

arsenic

as

metal.

galena partly, but the zinc sulphide formed
that

and

ores.

of electricity.
J

good conductor

a

in lead

sulphide

occur

dry

Ag,S,

as

found

are

smelting

of these

number

being

occurrence.

common

metallic

sulphide only partially,as

liberated

with

of

are

artificially
prepared

galena better

decomposes

IK"8es

a

ings.
lin-

states that it is

Lodin

of sulphides

obtained

Quite

of

in furnace

electro-negative sulphides of antimony

sulpho-salts.

copper

with

mixtures

matte

copper

the

forms

the

Such

network

a

naces
the walls of lead blast fur-

On

point.

crystals of sublimed

the

volatilize without

be excluded.

if free oxygen

volatile below

and

to

melted,galena begins

decomposed,

penetrates

it is treated ; often

bright crystalline galena is found

of

When

matte

melted, and

Lodin,t

to

iron

and

and

galena.

galena is

erally
gen-

:

PbS+Fe=FeS+Pb,
and

forms

the basis of what

"Ckemieal
New,
IzzL, p.^
tKOiani, Berg- und HUttenm"nniMche

is called

the

precipitation or

t Chemical

Newt,

Zeitung, 1888,pp. 887,966, 878.

xxi.

iron-

p. 2!".

METALL

10

reduction

T

LEAD,

OF

In reality,however, the iron sulphide retains

proceBs.

lead sulphide, and

undecomposed

some

URG

Nolte's*

formula,

3PbS+3Fe=2Pb+(PbS+Fe,iS+FeS),
be

may

truer

of

existence

IFe

too

of

an

the
of the afiOinity

for by the

limits,the better

sonable

sulphide has
than

present

to

that is in

of iron

remains
It may

for

; the

the

shows
excess

in

phide,
sul-

In addition

)

to

galena, the

higher it is,within
decomposition.

rea.

A basic

galena readily ; the

little effect.
of

iron

be accounted

can

85.

(See "

will decompose

silicate

the amount

be

will

(4 FeO. SiO,)
singulo-silicate(2 FeO.SiO,)

ferrous

in

argentiferous galena, since

matte

present.

is of great importance

temperature

be

to

of iron present to decompose

amount

correct

a

of lead

amount

silver

into the

silver will go

more

has

galena

is given, it is wasted.

excess

disadvantage in decomposing

a

decomposing

iron, enough

the

presupposes

If less is added, the resulting matte

for IPbS.

account

having

In

subsulphide.

means

rich in lead ; if

fact be
on

by

facts,although he

actual

iron

an

furnace-work
haye

the

to

that

In

practice,

to flux the

required

silica will be available for the decomposition of the lead sulphide.
Lime

as

well

as

If air has access,

baryta has

a

action

decomposing

the following reaction

takes place

galena.

on

(Kivot)cf

4PbS+4CaO=3CaS+CaS04+4Pb.
If the air be excluded

and

carbon

present, the following

occurs

:J
(Berthier)

2PbS+CaO+0=Pb+(PbS.CaS)+CO.
Hannay"

believes

there

that

lead sulphide of the formulee

are

volatile

two

PbS.H,0

and

evidencejlpoints to their non-existence.
" 8. Lead Sulphate, PbSO^; 68.3%' Pb.
It is formed

site.

in roasting lead sulphide

sulphates it is the only
at

a

bright-red heat

one

that is not

; it softens

at

PbS.SO,,
^This

"

compounds

occurs

(" 9).

a

as

other

angle-

Of all metallic

decomposed
white

but

of

heat

upon

and

tion
igniloses

Zeitung, 1860,p. 166.
mfitaUuifde,''Paris, 1872, vol. U., p. 42.
p. 880.
t ** Trait6 dee esaalB pur la voie sMie," Liege, 1887,vol 11.,
p. 171.
%hitiiiuHon of Mining and MetcMurgy, London, ii.,
the Chemieai
Smith, Joumalof
Chemical JVeuw, Ixz., p. 48; Jenkinsand
I Boberts-Auaten,
June
Society^ London, 18B7,Ixzi.,and IxxiL, p. 606,and Engineering and Mining Joumaiy
"Berg- vmd
t "Trait6

19, 1807.

de

HiLtten'm"nniacKe

PROPERTIES

OF

LEAD.

of its snlpbur irioxide,forming

some

the

decomposes
trioxide

is driven
this

In

oxygen.

silicious

sulphate, forming

basic salt.

a

Silica readily

lead silicate,while

a

the

phur
suland

off,being split into sulphur dioxide
lead

way

sulphate, obtained
The

galena, is decomposed.

of slag-roasting.

name

11

This

in

operation

roasting

of lead

decomposition

the

by

goes

a

sulphate is

expressed by

commonly

2PbS04+SiO^Pb,Si04+2SO"
2S0^2SO,+20.
While

it is not

to effect the

does
a

and

temperature

solution

to follow

necessary

dark-red

a

practice (see " 55)

assisting the fusion

fluid,thus

very

of the charge.

heat

and

Carbon, if

the sulphate completely to

present in sufficient quantity, reduces
at

proportions

the singulo-silicateis readily fusible at

of the less fusible components

sulphide

these

(see" 6), the usual

decomposition

pretty closely, as

so

low

absolutely

:

PbS04+20=PbS+2CO,.
If there

is not enough

will be reduced

present, only part of the sulphate

carbon

:

2PbSO,+2C=PbSO,+PbS+2CO"

and

4PbSO,+20=3PbSO,+PbS+2CO,.
At
react

cherry-red heat the resulting sulphate and

a

each

upon

other,

acid,
soluble

to

more

solvent

the

(Stetefeldt)

Lead

making

one

at

conductor

Lead

OF

an

Sulphide

and

Lead

the

"**T1ieLfadTiatlon

of

SilTer Ores

the

dilute sulphuric

of nitrates ; it is

solubility

temperature of the
in

; Beactions

Oxide.

"

The

react

temperature
process,

air-reduction
with

and

hyposulphite, the
and

products

elevated

also called the

Fimiicieco, 1805. p. SS.
^Btrg- und HUttenmdnniBdte

solutions

calcium

chloride.

of electricity(Eiliani).t

important lead-smelting

process,

paragraph.

in water

it is readily soluble

poor

Sulphate,

55) and

posed sulphide
since

a

BoABTiNo

sodium

concentration
-^

9.

in

extent

some

sulphate is

(see "

in nitric acid and

so

increasing with

"

in the next

sulphate is only slightly soluble

Lead

Lead

shown

as

sulphide will

Hyposulphite

Zeiiung^ 1888, p. 887.

Between

Lead

phide,
Sul-

roasting of galena
upon

is of

still undecom-

special interest,

the roasting and
process,

is based

Soiutions,'* New

York

tion
reac-

upon
and

San

ALL

MET

12

If galena is ground

it.

sufficientlylow
converted

into

dioxide.

Lead

fine and

form

the trioxide

trioxide
that
without
with

lead sulphide

galena

5PbO:

2PbS04;

which

contained

2PbO:

a

:PbSOA ;

of

with

to lead

An

oxide.

of

50%

lead

the

Hammelsbergf

phur
sulgests
sug-

sulphate

experiment

the

approximately

amount

the

proportion

Bleiberg (Garinthia)

blende

and

pyrite

of pyrite added

the ratio

this
was

SPbSO^.

This

shows

roasted
is

small

with

is present

oxide.

galena from

roasting a

temperature,

combines

suboxide

stage

sulphur

of the air and

directlyoxidized

to Plattner

gave
on

to PbO

changed

is

the

passing through

pure

If lead

this first to

converts

some

this

by contact, and

low

a

the oxygen

with

ture
tempera-

readily,and the dioxide

require

we

combines

sulphate.

oxide, forming

As

a

pasty, it will first be

suboxide) and

not oxidize

slowly.

only part of the dioxide
forms

into

(perhaps only

sulphide does

will therefore

roasted'*' carefully at

its becoming

to prevent

oxide

LEAD.

OF

7

URG

that

the

galena depends

the

on

generally accepted that

produces
quickly

at

higher

a

slow

oxide

roasting at
if the

temperature,

sulphate in

and

of other

presence

than

sulphate

more

of lead

relation

low

a

temperature

operation be
which

It

sulphides.
carried

perhaps

may

on

be

expressed by

2PbS+70=PbO+PbSO,+SO,
3PbS4-10O=2PbO+PbSO,+2SO8
But, according

to

Bammelsberg,|

If lead sulphide be heated

to

a

(slow roasting),
(quickroasting).
this is not

definitelysettled.

strong red heat with

sulphate, the following reactions will take place

or

lead oxide

:

(1) PbS+2PbO=Pbs+SO,.
(2) PbS+3PbO=Pb,+PbO+SO,.
(3) 2PbS+2PbO=Pb,+PbS+SO,.
(4) PbS+PbS0,=Pb,+2S0,.
(5) PbS+2PbSO,=Pb+2PbO+3SO,.
(6) PbS+3PbSO,=4PbO+4SOa.
Lodin"
(4) at
*

670"

found

C,

Plattner, *'Die

that reaction

continuing
metallurgiscben

up

(1) begins
to 820"

at 720^

C. and

reaction

C.

Rdstprooesse, theoretisch

betrachtet,''Freiberg, 180ft,

p. 146.
t

Percy-RammelBberg,

"Die

Metallurg^iedes Bleies/' Brunswick, 1872,p. 89.

tOSp.e"".,p.40.
de rAcctdimie
f Oomptet BendM
CentratttUiU, 1806,ii.,p. 16.

dea

Sciences^ yoL

cxx.,

pp.

1164-1107; C%emiae)U"

PROPERTIES

These

equations show

all the lead is reduced
to dioxide

oxygen

LEAD.

OF

that

with

13

by the sulphur, which

; if we

have

combines

the

with

of lead oxide

excess

an

(1 and 4)

proportions

correct

of

(2),or

We
find something similar to
sulphide (3),it remains unaltered.
be the case
with equations (5) and (6). With
too much
lead sulphate
retain

we

some

of sulphide it would
10.

"

Lbad

cerussite.
lead of

carbon

"

is
at

very

a

The

Lead

desilTcrized

).

(200%

are

Coicmebce

The

of the

ores

which

third

is

a

manufactured

making

of lead

C.

as

white

is readily
oxide

) into

and

a

and

Effect.

theib

undesilverized

:

The

lead.

first comes

second.

The

The

for other

type-metal, bearings, etc., but
use

part of the antimonial

lead

chemical

lead is used

hard

to

(Part

two

into sheet-lead and lead pipe ; they

the
from

argentiferous lead
the

of

by-product

good grade.

lead^

from

Mississippi Yalley, the second

desilverize

of these alloysprefer to

the

carbonate

Its Impurities

alloys,for corroding, and

that require

inferior

:

lead, and antimonial

for making

in

low

temperature

occurs

electricity.* The
Lead

find three kinds

we

refining works

leads

of

This

Pb."

77.5%'

basic carbonate.

of

non-argentiferous
m.

surplus

a

dioxide.

11.

the

a

oxide; with

as

unchanged.

conductor

poor

a

commerce

^In the market

"

remain

Cabbonate, PbCOj;

It is

decomposed

all of the lead

or

soft
used

are

purposes

some

extent

generally the makers

soft lead and antimony, and the greater
is used

for

purposes

for

which

an

lead will suffice,as, for instance, coffin-cases,
selling in

market

about

|c. per

lb. less than

ordinary desilverized

lead.

(See "12.)

According
the

to

Caswellf the

different manufactures

lead of
follows

this country

is absorbed

by

Paint

(white lead,litharge,
etc. ),35% ; lead pipe, 20% ; sheet lead, 8% ; shot and bullets,
^%'9 solder, 5%; tamping, fillingknobs, trimmings, etc., 23%
"total, 100%.
In the subjoined
American
been

added

brands

table

as

are

of lead ;

some

:

given the

analyses of the principal

well-known

European

for the sake of comparison.

^KfUani, Berg- xvnd HUttenmdnniache
t bvn
Age, Jan. 2, 1896.

Zeitung^ 1888,p. 287.

makes

have

14

METALLURGY

LEAD.

OF

vnd
Salinen-Wesen
in Pteusaen, xvii.,p. 306.
(a) ZeiUchrift
fUr Berg-^ HUUenvate
(6)PriZetUOtrift fOr Berg- tmd HHiten- Weten^ 1890, p. 497Notes, 1890. (c)OetterreicMsehe
'*
of American
Institute of Mining Engineers," ill.,
(d) Transactions
Ce)
Efurineerina
p. 88"
v
/^"y"
"y
and
MifUng Journal, July 14, 19BSL (/) Priyate iStosT

1.

and

Copper, Copper
"

In

alloys.
melted

order

the

If such

quickly.

these, the

obtain

to

together beyond

chilled

lead do not readily form
two

fusing point
alloy be

an

This

the copper.

The

retaining

copper

In order

mass.

to

will retain

of

gradually

some

the

remove

which

of zinc is necessary,

(Parkes Process, " 101).
lead

does

According

process.

shows

copper

the

to

acid, so does lead with
lead with

from

pure

0.1 to

is,and

lead

Junge X

says

observed

to be

attributes

lead, which

0.2%
0.2%

as

copper

a

an

addition

practical limit

of copper

in commercial

to

is almost

concentrating

readily attacked

other

100^
as

pans

than

making

Softening of

mechanical

lead

with

C.

At

If used

percentage of

Parkes

lead

Pattinson

BuUion,S104.

fOp.dt.

ought

C.
as

sulphuric acid.
has

been

lead, and

he

in the Parkes

for corroding

copper

200^

attacked

the melting point lower increases

by the acid.

0.1%

cold sulphuric

much

nitrous

it is by

porous

it to the

lead with

up

copper

than

as

the lead

Schmid,t

pure

the

0.08% copper.*

rolling and

and

Lunge

to

behind

this to the fact that there is less copper

flint-glassthe
See

in

more

of being attacked

*

more

that

the

behayior

same

extract

percentage

interfere with

not

copper

will

The

from

then

part of the lead

minimum

lead will remain

be

to

and

copper

heated

as

have

metals

melting point of lead, it is possible to separate
from

homogeneoua

not

the
or

liability
for making

to

exceed
t Op. cit.

MET

16

5. Tin.

^Tin makes

"

fusibility. It is
it is

ALL

The

Bauer).*

lead

by

effect in

has

corroding
to

off

oxide

as

and

powder, and the

a

Lead

leads.
than

pure

been

not

containing

lead

(Napier,

studied.

bright-red heat with

a
on

rest

It is

access

of

the

surface

as

slag consisting of stannic

a

is first

oxide

as

lead oxide.

(Softening of Base Bullion, " 104. )
small quantities of antimony
Antimony (Araenic). Even

6.

"

give lead

grayish-white color,and make

a

than

ordinary lead.

will

finds

Lead

still malleable.

Lunge

that

found

an

and

an

mony
anti-

some

moss-like

uneven,

did

antimony

no

easily by

more

this.

harm

to

cold

lead with

affected than soft lead, and

higher temperature

a

They

with

rather to be beneficial ; but

more

with

lead, but

pure

{he. cU.) substantiate

of 0. 2%

was

increases

as

Schmid

addition

0.2% antimony

center,

less malleable

that

acid, appearing

sulphuric

and

bar of lead containing

by cold sulphuric acid

hot acid.

it harder

0.005% antimony does not harden
that 0.25% makes
lead hard, but that it is
with
0.1% antimony is not so easily

states
lead; Heeren;|;

attacked

A

show, especiallyin the

Hampef

surface.

over

increases its

hard, and

gray,

sulphuric acid

air; part of the tin collecting
drawn

LEAD.

market

in

by heating the lead

removed

OF

light

uncommon

affected

more

T

UBO

the discrepancy

enormous

an

degree.
corroding, lead

For

(Hampe, Landsberg).
retards

contain

not

may

{loc.ciL)

Junge

the corrosion, but

has

0.005% antimony

over

finds that

effect

no

the

on

color of the

and

lead, while 0.1% has a decidedly bad influence.
arsenic are
removed, if the lead is heated to

heat

with

white

access

of

slagged by
(Pb82Sb(As)04),

an

arsenic, and

present

order
Base
7.

antimony

named, and

can

are

be

a

bright-red

arseniate

of

lead

they will be

oxidized

separately.

up

in the

(Softeningof

Bullion, " 104.)
Nickel

entrance

See

Antimony

of litharge. In fact, if tin,

excess

worked

{CobaU).
"

of nickel and

Binnuth

rarely

These

thier"produced a malleable
nickel.
Mrazek|| says that

"

and

antimoniate

air, as

mony
anti-

0.05%

market

in

occur

alloy containing
from

cobalt

above, p. 22. notes 7 and

into

8.

1

to

the

2%

antimony

"Die

0.4

to

t Loc.

cit.

Ber-

0.5%

favors

lead, but they rise

Metallurgie des Bleies," p. 49.
"
vole
la
sdche,'' liege^ 1847, 11.,
essais
p. 696.
des
par
S TralW
815.
1864,
Ztitung,
p.
Huttenmdnnische
und
I Berg-

JPorcj-Rammelsberg,

from

lead.

the

to the

8.

Iron.

Zinc.

but

lead

softness

the

on

the

(Landsberg).t

together in varying proportions,
According

cooling.

on

of

amount

of the

temperature

iron

0.003%

over

(Eeich),*which

roding
malleability. Cor-

and

be melted

can

Edelmann,|

retain depends

can

specialconditions,

iron

O.OT^

they separate again in part

and

Bossier

to

and

Zinc

"

the

on

to contain

lead ought not
9.

in maximo

effect

any

slowly, and

off.

lead contains

have

not

down

Alloys of lead and iron form under

"

market

does

17

is melted

lead

furnace

be easily skimmed

then

but

the

when

surface

LEAD,

OF

PROPERTIES

zinc

that

lead

The

lead.

will

subjoined

table illustrates this.

Decrees Centigrade.

Per cent, of sine retained.

gives lead

Zinc

Corroding

lead

oxidizing

Dezincification
10.

from

lead

11.

600

700

0.6 to 0.8

0.9 to 1.8

1.5 to 2.8

8.0

This

and

makes

"

Lead, "

is present

melted

liquid while

lead will have

seems

Edelmann

taken

112.

that

it

it readily.

(Landsberg).
bright-red, and

a

steam,

etc.

(See

)

only in very

and
down

lead show

small

amounts

taken

some

up

the
up

floating

0.5%

allowed

top will solidify.

on

and

aluminum
of

to cool

readily fusible will

more

aluminum

combination

littletendency

very

together and

alimiinum

found

favor

to

aluminum

aluminized

the

Richards

lead.

The

to

air, introducing

slowly they separate easily ; lead being

some

0.003%

over

(eatingit

^Aluminum

"

When

to combine.

The

hard

so

practical importance.

Aluminum.

remain

it

sulphuric acid attack

by

admitting

Manganese.
no

600

contain

of Desilverized
"

has

and

not

it by

hot

and

should

is removed

Zinc

silvery color

a

be rolled ; cold

cannot

400

.

the
in

lead

aluminum

lead.

with

is,however, readily removed,

mony
Anti-

aluminum.
as

in using

zinc for desilverizingargentiferous lead in the Rosslerprocess

(see"107) no

aluminum

appears

in the refined

lead.

"
*

12.

Lead

Berg- tmd

tLoc.

Alloys.

HiUtenmdnnUcKe

"

^Lead forms

alloys with

a

number

of metals,

Zeitung, 1860,pp. 2S, 284.

at.

Zettung^ 1800,p. 845 ; Engineering and
t Berg- wtd BSMenrndnniacht
15. 1800.
SBIchards, "Aluminium,'' Philadelphia,1806,p. 60a

Mining Journal.

Vo^.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

18

as

shown

in the

alloys are

OF

previous section.

recorded

below

LEAD.

Some

of the leading industrial

'J^

*
auf chemiich-phyiikaUschem Wege,"
Ledebur, " Verarbeitung der Metalle
Bnuswick,
der technitchen
1888, pp. 6^ 100 ; Kerl-Stohmann, *' Handbuch
Chemie," Brunswick
189-"
"ol. i.,p. 1648; Behrens, "Das
mikroskopische
Oefttge der Metalle und Legirungen/*
and Lefpsic,1894, pp. 60, 61 ; Brannt, " Metallic AUoys," Philadelphia, 1897,
Hamburg
p. 860;
Boberts-Austen, **An Introdaction to the Studj of Metallurgy," London, 1894,pp. 106, 107.

Qoo^"z

ni.

CHAPTER

LEAD

Intbodtjgtort

13.

"
but

only

two

of

sources

etc.

"

other

U.

Galena,

PbS

well

crystallized

in

Crystals

are

It

bunches.

of

the

vein

earthy
often

soft

millet,

the

The
some

before

often

in

coarsely

Triassic

nodules

2.5%

of

of

that

at

by

galena,

the

galena

grains

the

cemented

slightly

a

of

clay

and

more

etc.,

works

a

about

lime

cement.

runs

only

which
before
the

on

Bhenish

Mechemich,
of

or

quartz,

process

which

size

this

Silurian,

with

gneiss,

which,
or

the

in

in

occur

pea

the

of

size
The

about

ore

6

oz.

ton.

following
well-known
and

is probably

mine

is found

in

washing

The

granular

sandstone,

granite,

mechanical

irregular

fine

to

mixed

usually

is found

in

as

especially

or

drons.
octahe-

Oalena

rare.

more

isometric

dolomite,

smelter.

sandstone,

only
per

the

ore

small

is

clay-slate,
a

in

:

cerussite,

mineral

crystalline

but

classes

matter.

isolated

is

galena

by

to

galena

where

are

removed

This

S."

found

vein

be

to

made

are

and

lead,

two

(anglesite,

also

so

It

into

Both

13.4%

limestone,

as

quantity

Ores

sometimes

barite,

mineral

grade

contains
silver

be

to

Prussia,
a

Pb,

formations,

such

sufficient

Ores.

Triassic.

carbonates,
have

lowest

cubes,
not

contain

compounds

86.6%'

;

geological

matter,

sending

Carbonate

mineralB

divided

are

Oxidized

and

also

and

in

lead

metallic

occurs

Carboniferous,
less

of

cr^^pto-crystalline

varieties;
most

found

ores

called

by

impure

Many

"

are

(galena)

), commonly

less

three
The

Ores

Sulphide

Bemabks.

or

lead.

OBES.

after

table

shows

galena
dressing

the

deposits
:

rock
occur

and
and

formation
the

tenor

in
of

which
the

ore

OF

METALLUBGT

20

LEAD.

Dressed
of Bock.

Nature

LocaUty.

Ore.

Geological
Formation.

Ox. Sil-

ver

Per Gent.
Lead.

8t.

Dolomite
Dolomite

North

of England
Bleiberg, Carinthia...
Bohemia.
Freiberg, Sazonv

Pribram,

.

.

Gneiss

Dolomite

Silesia

Tamowitz,

Prussia.
Prussia.
Idaho

XTpper Harz,
Mechemich,
KeUogg,

1.
8.
8.

.

Oraywack

.

Sandstone

Sub-Carboniferous.
Triassic

slate.

0.06
76.60
17-88
18.60
85.00
8-4
80.00

notes.

Galena

often

in

occurs

contaminated

a

with

state,but it is

pure

yery

other

metallic

etc., as associated
etc., forming

minerals;

ally
gener-

These

sulphides.

associated

minerals

from

the galena, but

are

always

is almost

loss in the

and

state ; commonly

silver sulphide,

a

as

difference of form

part of the lead

occurs

sulphide, the

to the percentage

mineral

of

lead

brittle,is readily crushed

also lighter than

galena, is carried

that is often
*

seen

floating on

Raymond, Engineering

and

in

as

to
off

a
on

great,

The

tion.*
concentra-

as

will

spond
corre-

associated

as

this mineral,

fine powder, and, being
the water.

the water

Mining

is rarely

sulphide, replacing

concentration

be very

is

isomorphous

wet

in the tailings; if

it will
tetrahedrite),
{e,g,,

very

with

isomorphous
loss

silver

silver mineral.

in connection
as

separated

admixture

ment.
metallurgical treat-

it appears

finelydisseminated

is important

If the silver

lead sulphide.

the

argentiferous. The

present in the native
or

with

Sometimes

always.

not

zinc, iron, nickel,
the

usually be mechanically

can

intimate, causing trouble

Galena

silver,copper,

or

compounds

isomorphous

The

being

more

pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, blende, boumonite,

either

scum

8.00

"
Geological Survey of Wisconsin,'' 1878-70,iv.,p. 888.
Institute of Mining Engineers," xviii.,
of American
"Transactions
p. 862.
Desloge,
"^
of Metallurgy,"
British
Mining," London, 1884, p. 899; and PhUlips, *' Elements
Hunt,
1887,p. 666.
Philadelphia,
OeMterreioiiKheZeit^chriftftLrBerg- tmd HUtteinwe"en^ 1890,p. 886.
p. 10.
Jbid.y1888,p. 607; and Oeaierreichischea
JahrbuchjjaxiT.^
"
Freiberg's Berg- und Htlttenwesen,"
Freiberg^ 1888.
und Salii%en-Weaen
in Preuuent
zzzii.,p. 998.
ZeiUchrift fur Berg- HuttenIbid.^XXX., p. 181 and Private notes, 1890.
''
von
Mechemich," Cologne, 1686.
Bergbau und Hflttenbetrieb

4.
6.
6.
7.
8.
0.
10. Private

too

Silurian....
Lower
Carboniferous
Triassic
Silurian....
Lower
Archaean
Triassic

Oraywack

.

8.00
0.80
1.86

84
70
70-77
71
87-88
18-70
76.5
64
66-60
60

Sub-Oarboniferous.

Dolomite
Limestone.
limestone

Jofleph"Mo

Silurian....
Silurian....

Lower
Lower

Dolomite

Mineral Point, Wis...
RockyiU6,Wi8
Granbj, Mo

PerTOn.

If the dark

of jigs,where

Journal^ Feb.

11, 1888.

argen-

ORES,

LEAD

galena is concentrated, be

tiferous

21
main

assayed, the

of

source

loss in silver appears.
The

of silver in

tenor

galena

ores

varies

a

0.05

oz.

Bleiberg, Oarinthia, with

galena from

represents probably the lowest amount,
Idaho

from
The

and

dependent
favorable

unfavorable.

strata

not

said

to

be
be

tary
sedimen-

unchanged

of

galena

again disprove it,so that it is

of general application.

said, and

It has often been

coarse-grained galena is
give higher
it 40 years
such

The

ago.

minerals

silver,but

gold is

that

it does not

often

Cerussite, PbCOj; PbO,
using that

lead ores,

silicious

form

"

much

as

matter,

as

of

a

sand

taken

as

apt to have

waters

holding alkaline

carbonate

an

to

has

The

^Annalen
"

the particles

cases

been

sulphate
cases

or

or

crystalline

ical
by chem-

as

it is not

represents

Mines, Fourth

Metallurgy of Lead/'

the

the compound
of

by
from

circulating

in solution.
often

that

It often

transition

Series,1860,xvii., p. 86.

p. 96.

which

usually formed

oxidizing action of air.

des

caused

by the action

earthly carbonates

is rare,

ore

the

or

resulted

cerussite,and
t

earth, bearing

place since the galena from

deposited.

the

however, with

an

all oxidized

originally deposited; the

of the sulphide is in most

only

or

amorphous

found

more

are

have

was

as

embracing

In other

compact

seldom

are

which

Anglesite

Carbonate

carbonates.

changes that
the oxidation

sense

68.3.

SO,, 26.4; Pb,

73.6;

together by clay, iron, manganese,

forming

composition

they resulted

PbO,

general

cemented

are

minerals
and

a

as

in appreciable quantities.

soft carbonates.

or

called hard

exposed

galena

invariably present in galena

as

often in the form

occur

of carbonate

The

with

83.5; CO,, 16.5; Pb, 77.5."

in

term

of sand

name

lumps

associated

disproved

generally contain

not

occur

Anolesitb, PbSO^;

15.

ores,

oftenest
do

"

Durocher*

and

Malaguti

fine granular varieties

the galena.

as

Percyf* states
"

in silver,while

but

etc.

still be heard, that

sometimes

may

poor

assays,

pyrite, blende,

as

silver

the

the highest.

occurrences

many

this rule, others

to sustain

appear

While

oz.

crystallinerocks would

of silver,and

high percentage

a

2,042

ton,

specimens

galena is often

in

the inclosing rock ; thus

on

to

contained

silver per

occasional

with

Schemnitz, Hungary,

of silver

amount

and

The

great deal.

galena is
occurs,

between

OF

METALLURGY

22

the

sulphide and

the

in

interior anglesite and

the

site.

minerals

Thus
of

these two

The

the limit where
is not

ore

carbonate

much

as

to treat

in the wet

almost

silver
to

way

of

Erom'sf system

grade smelting
wet

The

way.

from

ores

as

associated

the galena and
ore,

are

*

"Tenth

Krom,

likely to be rich

; if

rock, this

The

ore.

grade of carbonate

concentration

unavoidable.

In

with

as

that of galena

instances

some

the

hyposulphite

sodium

This

Another

used

method

tailings and

minerals

dust,

shows

be

to

to

some

with

undergo

generally found
soluble

a

at the

done

that has been

tried
a

to be treated
pure

very

corresponding

contaminated

pure

high

in the

carbonate

galena, and

country rock.

process

of

oxidation

with

again in part in the carbonate
than

the lead sulphate, they

States/' 1880, vol. xiii.,
p. 415.
of Amercian
stitute
InRaymond's Report,'' 1876, p. 410; " Transactions
of Mining^ En^neers,"'xiv., p. 407; Engineering and
Mining Journal, Aug. 14,Sept.
26, Oct. 28, 1886; Stetefeldt,Engineering and
Mining Journal, Oct. 28, 1876; May 2, 1886;
"
Institute
of Mining Engineers," zv., p. 866; Furman^ School
Transactions
of American
and
Min.
of Minet Quarterly, iii.,
p. 127: Newberry, Ilnd.,iv.,p. 1; Heard, Engineering
'*
tions
Transacing JourmU^ July 8,Sept. 11, 1886; Dry Recorder, Jbid., Sept. 4, 1886; HoUister,
HUttenof American
Institute of Mining Engineers," zvi., p. 1; Sickel,Berg- und
m"nnische
Zeitung, 1886, pp
Zeitung, 1886,p. 813; BI6mecke, Berg- und HUttenmdnnische
Census

"

485,501,614.

of the United

passes

possible,and then the lead concentrated

and

more

may

of lead below

dry concentration, the result being

although, being

t

are

If

the percentage

the

resultingfrom

Colorado

cerus-

the outcrop

near

especiallyin silver,which

following table

Missouri

others from

The

ore,

ores

"rst leached

Old Telegraph* Mine, Utah.
is

to

great deal.

a

also the country

rich product.

a

is changed

varies

ores

to reduce

as

has been

ore

in the

contain

the decomposition has

extent

carbonate

raised by wet

off in the slimes, are

remove

what

the losses in lead, and

as

of which

illustrated by

will be always found

attacked

it pays

often

so

which

ores,

oxidized, the

action
the

contaminate

ores,

To

in lead of

richness

the decomposing

ore

surface

is further

local circumstances.

on

galena alon'e has been

so

carbonate

galena deposits.

progressed depends

This

carbonate.

pieces of galena found

LEAD.

Commissioner

IV.

CHAPTER

DISTRIBUTION

"

17.

Obbs

Lead

of

parts

many

England
the

the

furnish

present
The

the

the

I.
Lead

Atlantic

Carolina,
which

in

worked

were

now,

and

those

scale

and

spasmodically.

The

Archaean

galena,

which,

of

for

In

the

of

with

distributed

in

palaeozoic

rocks.
has

and
the
"

silicate

galena,

of

New

mines

in

on

since

or

less

of
sisting
con-

gangue

worked

at

1864.

argentiferous
irregularly

occurs

and

small

a

veins

were

highly

galena

abandoned

by

idle

North

England,

only

a

the

of

ores

Virginia,

traversed

more

lead,

the

lead

and

sulphides,

veins

;

^The

iron, have

been

cussed
dis-

Coast.

worked

Rossie

metallic

zinc

and

best

Mississippi

practically

is

have

deposits
of

are

is

metamorphosed

blende

however,

with

bonate
car-

subordinate

is

to

zinc.
Wealth

Whitney/'Metallic

Distribution
*'The

but

segregated

some

States

zinc

States,
other

are

The

years,

England

times,

it is not

Pacific.

York

New

York

from

"

and

subject.

the

England,

New

New

calcspar.
50

over

New

Virginia

free

being

associated

and

of

gneiss

mainly
intervals

former

the

but

the

n.

:

Atlantic

of

Southern

the

States

Coast.

Those

in

product,

coast

in

occur

Germany,

United

IV.

York,

New

Spain,

of

the

the

ores

branch

Atlantic

of

Tennessee.

and

in

Atlantio

the

of

that

I. The

Obes

of

occur

with

Lead

"

European

Mountains;

^Lead

"

ORES.

mines

the

ores

:

Rocky

Ores

coast

lead

heads

four

of

deal

to

of

III.

18.

bulk

LEAD

States.*

The

world.

occurrence

Valley;

United

the

purpose

under

"

op

OP

Ore

and

Deposits
vols.

tL

of

Production

and

of

the
yii. of

of
United
"

the

United

Lead,'*

In

States,"

Missouri

States,''

Philadelphia,

1854, p. 882;

''The

Mineral

Industry,''

New

York,

1896; Winslow,

QeoloKical

Surrey,"

1894.

1898,
""

pp.

Lead

IngaUs,

381-490;
and

^'The

Kemp,

Zinc

posits,"
De-

DISTRIBUTION

II.
This

OF

^Le"d Obes

"

heading

of

ORES.

25

Mississippi Valley.

the

divisions:

two

covers

LEAD

the

lead

Upper MississippiValley and that of Missouri.
features in

however,

and

common

so

are

differences

many

the

galena, in

often

associated

"

Upper

of Wisconsin

are

Mississippi Valley.

Valley, which
States

Iowa

of

around

Point

Iowa.

a

the

geological

southwestern

part

sissippi
deposits of the Upper Mis-

They

into the adjoining

principally centered

are

of the

90%

are,

separate.

Platteville,Wis.

and

About

in

small way

very

Illinois.

and

Mineral

Dubuque,

extend

many

of the

occurrence

In the

"

lead

the important

of
even

keep them

to

They have

together^ there

mode

in the

minerals, and

horizon, that it is advisable
19. The

discussed

region of the

lead

;

Galena, Bl., and

produced

from

comes

Wisconsin.
The

is

ore

undisturbed

a

non-argentiferous galena; it

dolomitic

limestone

crevices,flat crevices,or

as

(gash veins) are

thick by several himdred
20 to 40
or

commonly

disintegration has
is

found

have been

place, caves

distributed

either

crevices

the

they

are

crevices

has been

Combinations

strata

along the
form

same

the

of dolomite

vertical

as

and

size of the
but

occur^

frequent.

beds
galena (mineral)from the upper
As depth
minerals
is gained, the associated

quantity and

Ohalcopyrite is
than with

the

disintegrated,

of

pitches)increase

If

(flat
openings,

ore

in the

The

increase in

inclosing

of rock, calcareous

masses

galena is found

(flatsand

galena;

in which

of compact

seams

inches

for from

way,

formed

horizontal

deposits. Impregnations of certain
not

a

ices
crev-

together by galena.

of the rock, or, if the rock

of vertical crevices.

caves

few

coarse

irregular

loose

The
thin

solid with

are

among

etc.

enlarged, and

horizontal

an

cemented

are

taken

flat sheets)are

bedding planes

in

they expand

sand, clay, ocher,

in the

seams

(occasionally100) ft.,filled up

more

vertical

in the rock,

feet long, extending downward

particles of rock, which

galena

thin

wholly

period in vertical
The

impregnation.

an

either

in

occurs

of the Trenton

scarce,

galena.

Calcite

and

and

often

is found

of nickel, cobalt, and

occur

arsenic

"

predominate
with

more

Secondary minerals
barite

is pure

are

not

and

rich.

pyrite, blende
over

the

galena.
blende

pyrite and
of frequent

in the lower beds.

The

"

rence.
occur-

absence

is to be noted.

Qoo^"z

"

20. The

Mines

Missoubi.

of

the Southwestern

districts the

practicallyfree from
In
and

Motte

sian Limestone"

about

lead

1%

cobalt.
with

the galena

of arsenic, is found

the Bonne

Terre

The

mines.

The

pyrite-bearing galena

the

pure

galena) to

a

following composition

The

dolomitic

silica ;

Z%

where

ores

Magne-

at Bonne

times
some-

Terre"^

runs

a

nickel

cobalt

and

at Mine

more

are

almost

product of 70% lead.
pyrite containing nickel and
to

La

sulphides

Motte

of blende

absence

product

than

be noted.

is to

concentrated

at

(separatelyfrom

called "sulphide,"

which

has the

:

limestone

marked

a

as

mined

as

occurs

well

as

period, lying

strata

2 to 6 ft.,although it

is concentrated

and

Chalcopyrite,

traces

ore

Terre

through

lead-bearing ''Third

of the

The

higher.

with

Associated

thickness

Silurian

varies usually from

much

goes

and

coarsely crystallinegalena,

a

disseminated

occurs

of the Lower

limestone

horizontally.' The

ore

is

Southeastern

district,represented by the Bonne

mines, galena

of dolomitic

the

^In both

"

silver.

the Southeastern
La

LEAD.

OF

METALLURGY

26

in which

the

is the

feature

the usually disseminated

ores

contains

occur

of barite

presence

has been

mineral

about

in places

concentrated

to

small sheets.
The
and

Lead

of the Central

ores

Missouri

Bivers, also

occur

Begion, lying between
of the Lower

in dolomite

those of Wisconsin, but

period ; they resemble

the Osage

are

of

no

Silurian

special

importance.
In

Southwestern

the

Begion,

which

Territory,lead and zinc

Arkansas, and the Lidian

extensively at present, especially around

very
occurs

in dolomitic

limestone

it often emits

''

bituminous

Transactions

zyiii.,868; Kemp,

SOiool

of American

of Minea

ores

are

Joplin.

odor.

It

matter.

occurs

crystals,also in crystalline masses

aggregated
Monroe,

a

into

The

of the Sub-Carboniferous

containing layers of chert and bituminous

"

reaches

Institute

Quarterly,iz.,p.

of
74.

worked

galena
period,

When

in single or
of small

Mining Engineers;'

Kansas,

broken

loosely
dimen*

Dealoge, lirid.

DISTRIBUTION

sions imbedded

a

barite.

To

shipped

Other

"

Colorado.

22.

Colorado
Boulder
occur

County,
"

of the

certain

found

chalcopyrite and

with

the

The

lead

galena and

The
the

of

following

concentrates,

are

of

deposits of Southwestern
yet of

as

the

Booet

deposits
than

the eastern

argentiferous lead

New

Mexico.

of argentiferous lead
any

others

on

The

planes.
rich

mines

telluride

galena with

rich

proustite. The

Caribou

are

the

account

noted

of the indistinctness

principally for the
in

BvUetin

JfiMOurt

the Caribou

silver minerals, such
contains

a

argentiferous galena, chalcopyrite, and
"

Mining

ores

calls granite-gneiss. These

minerals, but
mine

of

ores

of the country.

slope of the Bockies

gneiss,which,

bedding, Emmons

Mountains.

of

occurrences

special importance.

no

real fissure veins but alterations of the country rock

of
found

On

of

absence

Dakota, Montana,

veins in Archsean

as

not

"

important

more

are

granular variety; pyrite is

character

Ores

The

gray,

plentifullyin two

occurs

the

belong the

"

chert, the

bluish

a

in the dolomite.

Mountains

in Colorado, South

ores

of

:

Oogurbenges.

this division

the beds

in

a

are

masses

Silyeb-Lead

"

27

together by

is the

show

Spencer*

ORES,

blende

calcite

smelting works

to

m.

are

and

in the Quitman

Texas

To

noted

in crystalline

occur

21.

and

cemented

are

be

Magnesite

analyses by

"

LEAD

coarsely crystalline and

subordinate.

often

limestone

Cadmium-bearing

mass.

forms,

the

whioh

of

fragments
clayey

in

OF

massive

as

along
rence
occur-

district is

stephanite and
mixture

of rich

blende, occurring

aub, i.,No. 1, p. 80; No. 2, p. 51.

in

METALLURGY

28

gneiss
in

near

1891

The

contained:

San

Pb,

oz.

Juan

44.1%;

per

This

Begion.
"

Dolores, San Juan, and
immense

rocks.
and

The

productive

brecciated
and

gneiss

embraces

veins

In

the

district

minerals

ruby

copper,

minerals

in

occurs

considerable

deposits of Bico
the

outcrop

ores

the

of

deposits

native

are

silver.

of gold

amounts

manganese

often

are

in

underlying

Bico

(Dolores
limestone
are

mainly

;

found
tiferous.
argen-

Bismuth-silver

are

found

; blende

is quartz

gangue

; fluorite also occurs.

and

eruptive

young

(Ouray County) deposits
The

Miguel,

of the region

in carboniferous

quantities. The

common

iron

also

occur

part

in the older massive

neighborhood

silver, and

kaolinite ; barite is

SiOg,

argentiferous galena, silver-bearing

are

frequent ; small

are

and

found

are
occur

in cavities of silicified andesite.

gray

9.1%;

southwestern

Characteristic

bodies

ore

granite.

The

made

ore

Hinsdale, San

traversing old

rocks, but

Mountain

of

Fe,

the

of Ouray,

County), sedimentary deposits
in the Bed

2.5%;

Zn,

Montezuma.

veins

quartz

A shipment

ton.

of Colorado, i.e., the counties

are

LEAD,

dike of eruptiye diabase.

a

Ag, 72.0

8.6%;

OF

In the bedded

prominent.

are

and

completely changed

Near

into

the

sandy

a

carbonate.
Two

and

the Amethyst
their

The
shown

in the

The

lead

to smelters

ore

60%

following analysis* shows

the

average

Pb, 61.35%;
oz.

;

Au,

50 to

character

and

more

County)
contain

oz.

"

Private

notes.

is
at

has furnished

in the form

of
5

general character

SiO, 12.2%; Fe, 2.4%; Zn,6.7%;
0.08

of

lead than

practicallynone

(Lake City, Hinsdale

mine

oxe

:

they have

lead

They

The

often contain

mine

analysis ; sometimes
desirable

(Hinsdale County)

mines.

in the following table

TJte " Ulay

Ag, 21.05

York-Chance

of the Amethyst

ores

much

ore:

New

is shown

ores

all. The

zinc.

Creede

important shippers from

to

centrates.
con-

10%
of the

S, 10.6%;

DISTRIBUTION

Analyses from

LEAD

characteristic

two

ORES,

29

samples of

carload

district by Kedzie"*"

Mountain

the Bed

OF

from

ore

subjoined.

are

n.

I.
8.87
8.89

80s..
CO,.
Total

Ag,

96.76
188.00
0.88

OB

Att,os

Custer

"

which

ore,

Bassick

other

occurrences.

Colorado

large bodies

in

is found

forms

boundary,

layers from

concentric

without

|

^

to

located

are

Bassick

mine

sizes most
rock

Bosita

near

the

have

common

It forms

them.

concentric

consists of sulphides of zinc,antimony,
silver and
next

from

3

1 to

is similar, but

one

oz.

|

mines

The

and

metallic

fillsthe interstices
The

first one
60

lead, assays

is dark

lighter in color, and

the

to 24 in. ; the

layers.

and

in gold, and

is blende, rich in silver and

third

The

4 to 12 in. ; the

ranging from

diameters

pebbles and bowlders

the

coating surrounds
between

from

vary

only traces of precious metal.

shows

proper

rock

pieces of wall

thickness

in. in

Cliff respectively. At

Silver

and

and

definite

any

spherical fragments of eruptive country rock.

upon

68.00
0.10

deposits of this region, the

mines, differ from

Bull-Domingo
The

Two

County,

....

in

assays

The

higher ;

gold.

Chalcopyrite with

occurrence

is similar.

in

oz.

color.

the

some

pyrite often follows.

a

of homblendic

nucleus

barren

the

mine

At the Bull-Domingo

gneiss is deposited

argentiferous galena, followed
The

gold.

no

assaying 60

produced
The

Terrible
A

respects.

rock

country

with
10
to

to
a

is dressed

ore

12%

to

minef

1

oz.

product assaying 70%

Lake

County,
"

Leadville

are

Of

the

argentiferous lead
"

127

"TranaactioDS

tPrlTmte

the

most

the other

mined

lead and

deposits

in

1.5

oz.

of American

ton.

in

two

some

the granite

nated
impreg-

carries from

rocks

about

those

60%

of

of the

principally at the

of Mining Engineers/' zvi.,p. 681.
Taylor " Brunton, Dec. 1, 1890.

Institute

of Messrs.

concentrates

silver.

important, producing
occur

ore

contains

It is concentrated

sedimentary

They

ore

ft. being
the

silver to the ton.

coating of

a

silver per

ft. wide, traverses

As

of Colorado.

eommunieation

oz.

distance, 87

crystals of cerussite.
of lead and

15

resembles

Use

considerable

a

and

the

mill, the

150-ton

a

lead

dike,

porphyry
for

in

65%
at

by siderite,but

Around

MET

30
of the

contact

the contact, but
there

is

a

the

again, the
between

extend

into the limestone

sheets

with

running

native

in silver than

native

state

blende

and

have

molybdenum

and

Iron

and

and

zinc

of silica

is not

as

an

are

a

sample of

SiOa
S

mixture

The

with
and
and

iron

of the

with

silicate,
vanadate

ore

iron and

a

tons

the character

ganese)
man-

Barite

product, Chinese

sulphate of alumina,

porphyry and

thousand

sists
con-

Siderite,pyrite,

decomposed

ore

as

sulpho-carbonate.

gangue

of silicate and

of the white

It shows

the limestone.

by Fluegger* represents
of

ore

coming from

of the

mined

ore

every

at that

(1880).
Per

Percent.

Ajf

A

following analysisof carbonate

producing mine.

CO,
PbO

sulphide

are

silicate of zinc.

irregularly distributed.

subordinate.

at the contact

average

time

occur

and

and

ciated
asso-

minerals

wulfenite

respectivelyas
as

it is usually

carbonate

as

are

of gold in the

combination

copper

and

of galena

accessory

in

oxides.

but

talc,consisting of
The

The

bismuth

pyromor-

chloro-iodide

amounts

(as chert, quartz, and combined

uncommon,

of

its secondary

various cla^'Scharged with iron and manganese.

gypsum

occurs

Small

and

sulphide,

as

ore

form

the

that nodules

in limestone, but

sulphide

vanadium

manganese

and

found

its secondary products, carbonate

arseniate,antimony
of lead and

found

as

is included

principally as chloride

ore

pyrite in porphyry.

and

and

in

;

limestone;

the formation.

cerussite.

been

is found

Arsenic

the

sulphuret, rarely as

as

cases

limestone

anglesite, cerussite, and

"

It has been

silver.

richer

with

in

surface

contact

in the altered

occurs

some

to

It is exceptional when

across

chloro-bromide, sometimes
and

In

is argentiferous galena with

ore

decomposition

Silver

phite.

the

confined

not

unaltered

caves

Car-

Leadville

or

below.
to

ore

of porphyry.

or

principal
of

from

"White

has entirely replaced the limestone

ore

irregular masses
products

of the Lower

however,

are,

pockets aiid

forms

unconnected

The

They

of

it.

ore

two

occurs

sheet

covers

gradual transition

others

in

LEAD.

OF

Limestone"

''Blue

instrusive

an

that

Y

UBO

dolomitic

.boniferous, with
porphyry"

ALL

FeO

8.68
26.77
0.81
2S.69
0.90

Fe,Oa
MnO,
Al,Os
C"0

*

Engineering

Per

Cent.
0.80
84.86
4.08
8.99
8.86

MrO

Cent

|

'au

(KNa).

8.04
0.01
0.08
0.96

^

""09i

As

Sb

and^Mining

Cu
Zn

H,0

Journal^ Jan. 8, 1881.

Total

Per Oent.
Trace
Trace
Trace
6.56

."ioiioo

OF

METALLURGY

32

galena, blende, and
the

pyrite

sulphide
Blow,* the

to
to

oxidized

smelting

is often very

ore

to

ore

Unfortunately,

This

transition
On

rapid.

suddenly

Iron

from

iron

sulphides with

of Leadville

ores

at

bonate
car-

ing
Hill,accordof fine

consisting:

ore

sulphide of lead in

following analyses show

quantities. The

from

body

a

close-grained sulphide

a

and

of the sulphuret

some

changes

ore

principally of zinc
small

encountered.

are

time, less silver is found.

same

LEAD,

the character

of

:

Institute
of Mining Engineers,'* xiv., p. 189, Freeland;
of American
(a) *' Transactions
(6)xiV.p. 988,Rolker; (c) zviii.,
p. 173,Blow; id) Private notes.

Bartlettfgives as
with

20%,

12

from

such

20%;

FeS"

concentrates

15

to

gold

per

ZnS,
oz.

The

silver and

oz.

0.05

will

ore

30

50%,

to

in

silver and

increasing depth have

forced

PbS,

20

sulphide
gangue,

lead

The

40

to

50%;

silver and

oz.

0.1

small

concentrating plants

6

8

in silver and

the silver and

70%

the

are

to

Ihlseng|several

enriching

6 to

10%

lead, 7

tons

from

of

in zinc with

the increase

the question of concentration

According

companies.

oz.

and

16%;
ton.

per

contain

lead and

some

to

PbS,

gold

oz.

zinky

ton.

decrease

the mining

an

of Leadville

FeS" 36%;

following: ZnS, 28%;

the

ore

fair example

a

ores

upon

large and

that

run

from

in lead, saving 60^^

being concentrated

of

to 1

ton.

Taylor and
by
*

"

Brunton" report
them,

Transactions

t "The

Mineral

that

concentrates

of American

Institute

the Colonel

from
of

75

to

90

Sellers mill,
tons

structed
con-

of sulphide

Mining Engineers,'* zviii.,
p. 170.

Industry,*'t., p. 690.

X ** Report of SUte
$ Bngineering and

School

Mining

of Mines,**

Golden, Colo.,1887,p. 44.
Journal^ May 8, 1886.

Qoo^"z

DI8TRIBUTI0N

ores,

and

9

from

free

very

10

or

lead at

2%

coarse-grained

"

mines

have, however,

is the

one

5 to 12

silver per

oz.

lead and

The

ton.

lead

10%

60%

to

per

ing
follow-

of the products obtained

with

district

mines

was

which

ores

a

Its

very

occurred

An

ton.

Madonna,
producer

in limestone.
The
20

averaged

ore

the

important

their best days.

seen

known.

best

55

running

Monarch

lead-silver

of oxidized

containing less than

the character

Silent Friend

Eclipse, and

33

ore.

The

Chaffee County.

ORES.

of 70 cents

cost

a

show

analyses by Keller
from

and

gangne,

silver,into heads

oz.

tailings under

LEAD

OF

Madonna

to

mine

lead

45%

Sticht*

analysis by

The

and

the following

gave

composition:

FcjOj, 32.99%'; MnA.
0.93%; Al^Os,
2.99%: ZnO, 4.17%; CaO, 1.78%; PbSO,, 12.47%; PbCO,,
32.35%; SiO^ 4.24%; SO,, 3.30%; CO,, 6.73%; H^O, 6.68%;
oz.
AgO, 0.23%(=6.8
per ton).
Park
County. The deposits of this county have been developed
"

Archaean

in

and

in Archaean

dikes

form

Prominent

ores

are

of lead and
and

deposits

chloride

associated

deposits of Mount

limestone, and
Bross

Mount

of
the

are

dikes

of

of

Mesozoic

sheets

Mount

Lincoln

oxides

Lincoln

found

form

generally
rather

occur

and

common

occurrence.

character

in the blue

surface ; those

of the limestone

mass

of

bonate
car-

is also found,

its upper

near

Mount

less decomposed,

or

irregular bodies

in the

The

porphyry.

of manganese,

barite is of

gangue;

strata.

sulphate and

of silver ; pyrite,more

with

porphyries

in Palaeozoic

argentiferous galena with

coloring the clay of the
The

The

rocks.
intrusive

and

the

are

The

Bross.

Palaeozoic

the

near

resembles,

ore

therefore, that of Leadville.

County.

Pitkin
came

"

The

Aspen

into great prominence
"

Dewey,

"

United

States

deposits of silver-bearing

in 1884.

National

They

Muaeum,''

BuUeUn

occur
No.

in

the

ores
same

48. p. 46.

Qoo^"z

geological horizon
Carboniferous

two

varieties

and

the

small

''short lime."
fissures with

the

of

oxidation

The

somewhat

limestone

and

dolomite

The

"

is shown

ore

and

porphyry

The

production

limestone

the

In

Carboniferous

to

the

is

ore

of copper,

the

on

of the

:*

Eagle

Biver

between

is galena and

ore

it

anglesite.

greatly fallen off ; the Iron

is the

in others

South
small

Dakota,

"

Letter

t

Carpenter, "Transactions

of Dec.

f

"

The

with

The

some

is

ore

stone.
sanda

rich

blende.

pyrite and

limestone, in

in

occur

superimposed

Bobinson.

It

extends

cases

and

are

of lead

occurrence

Black

Hills, Galena

carbonate

rock, which
shoots

in the

ores

penetrates it entirely.

in the

camps

Potsdam
These

of the

the

district

and

associated

surface

Argentiferous galena
slates.

tent
con-

the

outcrop

the contact

on

Ten-Mile

typical mine

near

two

and

limestone

argentiferous galena

"

main

silver minerals,

Brunton

Cliff

has

district

of the

"

The

23.

Bed

quartzite. The

or

County.

into it,and

The

is to-day the leading producer.

mine

occurs

along certain

by the percentages

by Taylor and

at

ores

in Carboniferous

Upper

is called

calcite,dice-shaped fragments of

manganese,

of the

character

Summit

the

Near

breaks

galena.

Eagle County.

Mask

pieces, and

associated

lime)

numerous

consisting of barite, carbonate

following analyses furnished

occur

by

of

limestone

impregnated

from

however,

decomposed,

of iron and

The

small

polybasite and stephanite.

as

oxides

a

brown

fine-grained argentiferous galena.

of silver comes,
such

is

ore

The

into

iron

carbonate

pure

is traversed

salts.

iron

containing

(a

which

(dolomite),

principally between

occur

blue

Lower

in immediate

found

not

are

They

of limestone, the

brown

veins

by

up

they

eruptive rock.

the

deposits, viz., the

Leadville

limestone, but

with

contact

the

as

LEAD,

OF

METALLURGY

34

ore

overlies

occur

the

ores

is confined

and

Carbonate.

in shoots

upturned

especially frequent where

in calcareous

Archaean

the porph3rry

1, 1890.
of American

Institute

of

Mining Engineers/' xrii.,p. 582.

Qoo^"z

DISTRIBUTION

the

through

cuts

blende

rocks

found

are

closely sorted

associated

with

to make

in order

35

it overlies them.

where

and

ORES.

LEAD

OF

the galena.
it assay

20

and
P.^nrite

The

to be

has

ore

silver and

oz.

50%

lead.
Montana.

" 24.

in

unimportant
They

occur

districts

are

County),

and

Glendale.

Baker
The

veins

of

ores

great

Montana

and

has not

The

their products

Consolidated

the Hecla

The

of oxidation.

Co.

Mining

36%; Pb, 23.35%; Ag, 45.61
Pb, 7.2%, and Ag, 16.7 oz. per
14.34%; Pb, 33.85%; Ag, 50.2
According
1 to 10

90

those

are

SiO"

ton; low-grade

with

SiO,,

ton.

per

south

ore

with

gives concentrates

oz.

of

First-class ore* shows
per

ton

minerals

of Helena

veins from

occur

ft. in width, carrying galena, blende, chalcopyrite, pyrite,

arsenopyrite in

and

oz.

Lindgrenf just

to

leading mines

stone
lime-

pyrite, and

argentiferous galena, blende, chalcopyrite, and

are

as

(Jefferson

in blue-gray

determined.

been

or

principal producing

The

interstratified

occur

ores

are

deposits.

copper

crystalline rocks

in

(Beaverhead County), Wickea
Castle (Meagher County).

of which

the age

the

limestones.

in

Glendale

"

with

comparison

bodies

ore

argentiferous lead

metamorphic

as

irregular

The

"

in

oz.

of quartz.

gangue

a

silver, the blende
0.2

pyrite from

to

0.3

from

chalcopyrite carries

gold; the

and Reduction

Co.

10

mine)

assays

in

oz.

The

and

to

up

silver, the

arsenopyrite 1

silver.

more

(Alta Montana

galena

12

to

gold, the

in

oz.

The

Helena

in

oz.

Mining

the Gregory

mines

the chief producers.

are

The

Castle.
"

ores

of limestone

contact

considerable

occur

and

depth.

as

igne

chimney's in limestoile
They

rock.

ous

The

leading mines

at

Glendale, East

are

and

at the

oxidized

are

to

the Cumberland

a

and

the Yellowstone.

smelting works

The
obtain
from

a

large

the Goeur

" 25.

New

proportion of their
d'Alene

Mexico.

principal

ones

are

iDgalls,Op, cit.^p. 897.
a
Geological Survey:

t "U.

New

Although

"

(Socorro County), Lake
Peak
(Grant County).
*

from

ores

Great

Falls

Idaho, especially

district.

dry-silver ore, lead-silver
The

Helena, and

ores

are

found

in

Mexico

not

of frequent

the

Magdalena

Valley (Dofia Ana
The

Mineral

deposits

Resources

of

produces

near

the

County),

occurrence.

Mountains,
and

Magdalena
United

much

Cook's
occur

in

States,**1888-"1,p. 422.

limestone

and

The

ore

those

Lake

oxides

free

the

past few

the

61.6 oz.,

Au

0.08

and

ores

oz.

to

much

very

principally

are

lead

Clark"*" show

by

8

"

similar

very

bromide,

as

cerus-

manganese.

their

general

from

tons

of lead

1,994

to

Richmond

It

district.

Eureka

Mountain

magnesian
the

state ; in

the

and

are
**

of

the

lower

a

very

the

small

Transactions

of American
and

Mining

of

in

average

43%,

Ag

Pacific.

head

in

occur

Nevada,

argentiferous lead in Nevada
Although

years.

principally from

Eureka

Consolidated

Hill, which

Buby

horizons

lower

larger
more

carbonate

often found.

t Engineering

this

comes

it is

ones

auriferous
and

cerussite

of

of

Pb

beingf

31,063

two

amount

Institute

compact.

It is

of
Jan.

feature

Cambrian.
in
an

a

loose

erous
argentif-

anglesite and

of galena; mimetite

A remarkable

Journal,

it is

compact

a

the

chambers

containing both

mines,

pect
in the Prosis

of

had

mine, of the

in irregular chambers

limestone

part

upper

fissure vein

1878, in 1890 the production

the

occurs

limestone

ths

of

last 12

in

ore

and

mine

1894

to

Ores

in the

The

tons.

a

has

California.

produced

were

1892

production

greatly diminished

body lies in

under

ores

has

Co.

Mining

ton.

per

The

"

Peak

argentiferous galena, the

Silver-Lead

"

important producer

an

Cook's

; its ore

Utah, Idaho, Arizona, and
Nevada.

The

is

ore

Argentiferous lead
26.

has become

years.

oz.

IV.

*

The

it.

chloride

Peak

mineral

grade of shipping

fenite

deposits

Graphic.

silver

in

is often rich in iron and

largest output

porphyry;

sunk

low

The

:

the

made

the

from

as

district of Cook's

during

the

contain^ however,

following partial analyses

The

ft. wide.

40

to

very

occur

They

galena, the gangue

character

"

runs

Valley

; silver is present

site and

The

often

are

4

Kelly, the Juanita, and

of Leadville, Colo.

less lead and

LEAD,

from

are

lead and

25%

Near

ton.

the

are

averages

to the

and

porphyry

principal mines

In

OF

METALLURGY

36

and

is that at

a

Mining Engineer8"'* xxiv., p. 138.
6, 1894,p. 16.

wul-

depth

DISTRIBUTION

of 1,300 ft. the
from

minerals

are

The

products.

yellow, red, and

been

yet

which

it in

colors

Cent.
0.18
10...
SiO,
6.84
0.26
4.18
MffO
silver per ton i; 1.50

27.55

The

analysis shows, viz.

has

of

the

27. Utah.

more

or

less

and

The

ores

which

in

1885, but
The

has

and

in

small

ferruginous clay.
made

in

The

'*

Tenth

a

richer

and

cerussite

are

subjoined

of the United

form

of limestone

anglesite

down

to

A very

occur.

in lead

low

siderable
con-

few

of

Others

ores.

are

ning
run-

in lead.

of

one

mine

that closed

the leading

between

limestone

ducers.
pro-

and

the lead minerals; galena

occurs

as

chloride, sulphide,

is calcite, quartz,

gangue

Utah

with

Hornsilver

chimney

Deposits of Eureka,

Census

Molybdenum

of

reach

ores

again become

the character

1879, show

*
Curtis, '* Silver-Lead
Survey, p. 80.

tHunt^7,

the

;

the

causes

chloride

as

to the sulphuret

quantities; silver

Bulpharsenide

gold.

oz.

carbonate

only silicious

deposit forms

rhyolite. Anglesite and
is found

down

County is the celebrated

In Beaver

100.52

at the contact

minerals

greater depth into bodies

with

down

produced

formerly

or

of galena

amounts

worked

been

:

Percent.
lO.^K)
0.10

Total

deposits

are

strongly prevailing ; the secondary
have

ore

gold is lower than the

is present

in limestone

eruptive rock.

the mines

silica

finely divided, in the native state.

regular bodies

depths, small

of

of the

H,0 + CO,
Ag + Au

silver,0.72

argentiferous lead

The

"

and

character

speise in smelting.
Silver

sulphide ; gold, probably

"

oz.

oz.

is

ore

shades

is to be noticed, which

unwelcome

determined.

been

not

lead, 23

15%

of arsenic

amount

large

formation

:

their

the lead

Percent.
2.86
0.64
1.14
0.41
gold per ton,

of lead, silver,and

tenor

average

The

oz.

ciated
asso-

blende, with

by F. Claudet'*' in 1878

Per

SO,

The

different

quantities. The

by the following analysis made

Sb

regular sulphide

reached.

lime, magnesia, alumina,

brown;

Mn,Os
A8,0"

37

accompanying

gangue

only in subordinate

is shown

the

pyrite, arsenopyrite, and

principally limonite,

occur

ORES.

is still oxidized, and

ore

it originated has not

which

oxidized

LEAD

OF

analysesf by
of the

ore

barite

and

S. B. Newberry,

:

Nevada,'* Monograph

vii.,U. S. Geological

States, 1880,*'vol. xiii.,p. 486.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

38
The
37.80

and

of lead

tenor

average

36.83%

lead

considerably lower

than

of

(1897)

OF

the

and

and

LEAD,

silver in 1882

34.2 and

27.15

The

is shown

shipped

1883"*" was

silver,which

oz.

the analysis of 1879.

ore

and

by

is

acter
present charthe

following

analyses :f

The

Salt

Lake

Tintic

district

Hill and

(Eureka

ores

at

of the

ores

Mammoth

City with

lead

by the following analyses

In
and

Salt

Lake

County

Big Cottonwood

the

forms

irregularly mineralized

are

more

carbonate
some

containing
The

galena.

or

silicious

ore

yellow, red
district

before

to

they

of the

ore
Per

PbS

Fe,0,
Cu8
FeS
*

''

State.

The

limestone

limestone

and

The

ore

and

porphyry
lead

is

ore

is

silicious

oxidized

an

and brittle ; the pyrite

spongy

increase
and

pyrite,

of depth the
many

of

ores

them

of the
must

be

be shipped.

by

Wuth;^ in

1876

shows

the character

:

PbCO,

U. 6.

t Private

The

sulphide

following analysis made

the

of Upper

less silica,ferruginous clay, and

With

can

the Little

and

between

zone

ochreous,

ochre.

changed

have

concentrated
The

black

or

of

the deposits.

near

more

the quartz haying become

is shown

Telegraph mines

oldest

porphyry.

less decomposed

or

Old

The

among

sometimes

ing
mill-

smelted

are

composition

of Bingham

the mines

are

Cafion

quartzite and

rather

:

Bingham
an

Their

ores.

Cafions.
are

(Juab County) are
mines), but they

Ont.
60.48
15.08
8.78
0.67
7.87

Per

SiOa

AI96,
CaCOa
MgCO,
CaS04

Cent.
12.47
8.01
8.64
0.86
8.04

Percent
0.19
81.14
Trace
Trace
TYaoe

HaO
Ag,oz
8b
As

CO

GeoloKical Surrey: Mineral Beaourcea,'' 1883-81, p. 417.
notes.
% Huntley, Op. cit. p. 418.
,

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLUROT

40

cipally from
and
In

the

districts,viz.,the Wood

two

d'Alene

the Coeur

LEAD.

in the north.

district,limestone, shale, quartzite, and

Biver

Wood

granite cut by eruptives are the principal rocks
galena with
The

classes

the

metallic

:

those

far

occupying fractured
of limestone

of Leadville, Colo.

deposits

in calcareous

zones

which

resemble

silver per
Bellevue
writes

Kirchhoff

ton.

Associated

that the Minnie

with

the form
The

the

galena

are

and

and
Boot

the

a

few

The

Mountains.

The
inches

shale, and

to

20

ft.

The

most

is

rocks

are,

silver per
The

*

"U.

assaying from

60

to

65%

Blake;{;
furnish

silver per

oz.

situated

Bellevue;

in

have

veins varying
a

galena with
before

Shoshone

Cafion

according

schist,which

decomposition, is generally concentrated
product

and

of it is shipped in

in Wardner

are

ore,

65

oz.

centers.

fissure

form

deposits

but

district

worked

mines

quartzite,magnesian
folded.

This

"

of the Hills

Hailey, and

Ketchum,

sionally
occa-

160

silver.

oz.

lead, 80 and

those

the Hailey

from

to 100

80

smelting

to

d'Alene.

Coeur

62%

Eetchum,

near

ore

the Queen

and

are

shales,
the

lead and

70%

as

that the
from

and

towns

of concentrates

County
Bitter

leading
is smelted

ore

65

high

as

says

Moore

assaying

The

ton.

f

run

lead and

60%

average

concentrates

some

Ores

silver.

of

much

very

blende, pyrite, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite, erubescite
native

ore.

are

interstitial places, and

sulphides fillingthe

occurring in beds

lead

by Eldridge,"*"

observed

as

rich argentiferous

and

the principal

its secondary minerals

silver-lead deposits, so

two

in the southeast

Biver

to

in

the

Clayton, "

been

in width

much
from

its products

of

shipment||to

lead, and from

25 to 30

a
oz.

ton.

following analyses^give the general character
shipped :

of the

centrates
con-

Annual
Geological Survey: Sixteenth
Report/' 1896tp. 264.
Geological Survey; Mineral Resources,'* 1887,p. 100.
t Engineering and
Mining Journal^ Nov. 29, 1890.
% Wid., Nov. 23 and Dec. 14, 1800.
1 *'U. S. Geological Survey: Mineral
Resources," 1887, p. 106; Cleiuenl"Engineering and
Y Private
notes.
Mining Journal^ July 26, 1891.
t "U.

S.
8.

OF

DISTRIBUTION

"

Arizona

29.

Arizona

California.

and

California.

or

the

by

the

to outside

goes

in

ores

occur

age,

which

by

The

lead

rocks.

Some

and
the

coast.

San
ores

associated

in

produced
In

Bernardino

the

with

in

Arizona

irorks, but

In the Tombstone

is
of

most

district lead

by faulting and

deposits form

is traversed

fissure veins,

yertical

planes.
California

southwestern

occur

schist, those

comes

principally from

Francisco, the principal

counties, occur

of Inyo County

is mined

limestone, probably of Carboniferous

at San

Works

41

industry of

Tombstone

disturbed

the bedding

Selby Smelting
Pacific

bluish-black
much

follow

and

smelters.

has been

ic^neous

others

a

ORES.

^Very little lead

smelting

Benson

represented
ore

The

"

LEAD

part of the
the

of the

State, in Inyo

principal lead deposits;

either in limestone
of San

one

the

Bernardino

or

in limestone

County

in dolo-

mitic limestone.

Qoo^"z

V.

CHAPTER

AND

SAMPLING,

RECEIVING,*

AND

FLUXES,

"

30.

RECETTiNa

the

cars.

2

12

by

The

solid.

moisture

become

lighter
and

dried

tied

receive

to

be

the

weights
extra

31.

which

The

^

Austin

Sept.

84,

moisture

will

man,

satisfy
is

of

Ibi'd., xz.,
"Transactions

Engineering

and

the

American

155;
of

Mining

seller

American

Journal

is

but

a

unloaded

they

should

of
the

can

then

be
it

is

best

weighing

moisture

possible,

thus

unloading,

and

sample,

is not

this

these

sacks,

speaking

If

Joumcd^
Sctiool

July

causing

Institute

of

the

as

buyer.

A

22, Aug.

6, 86, Sept

Mining

16, 1882;

xiii., p.

CoUiery

639;

Low,

851;
zxt.,

p.

416;

Engineer,

are

Ibid.^

Brunton,
p.

6, 1891;

Sept
xx.,

the

they

iii.,p. 858; vL

Engineers,'*

Williams,

correct

for

which

JoumcU,

arrived

charges

from

Miniqg

16, 88, 1892;

be

data

lutely
abso-

an

may

the

up

Engineers,"
and

obtain

to

average

Quarterly,

Mining

Engineering

Jan.

fair

making

of Minea

of

difficult

well

analytical

Institute

Hodges,

It

as

in

Mining

ISSisi; Reed,

11,

p.

sample,

the

and

^Engineering

"

necessary

since

1881, Feb.

"Transactions

Glenn,

frozen

before

operations

after

arriving

once

in

They

weighing

taken

Sample.

Moisttbe

furnace,

blast

the

given.

handling.

figure

moisture

air.

entry

winter

at

is

ore

succession.

be

to

be

Generally

and

out

quick

in
have

the

to

all until

at

in

or

the

shingle

; those

immediately,

bundles.

taking

will

correct
at

in

performed

can

"

up

it, and

unloading

an

exposure

ore

If

from

The

is here

should

ores

weighed

and

by

an

the
taken.

sample

wet

The

a

it.

moisture

very

sacks.

by
on

the

at

unloading

which

of

often

are

emptied

be

should

of

percentage

weighed,

being

After
the

mine

before

chalked

form

a

in

unloaded,

lot number

running

varying

a

the

from

when

arrive

or

scales

marked,

receiving-book,

contain

direct

not

the

in

Ores

and

the

Ores

"

condition

platform

is

Ores.

OF

loose

a

on

ore

in., with

is made

in

is taken

weight

gross

either

works

smelting

ORES,

FUELS.

WEIGHING

AND

PURCHASING

886;

Brtdg"
Johnson

xri.,

Qoo^"z

p.

1.

figured refer

dry

to

and

ore,

PURCHASING.

AND

SAMPLING,

RECEIVING,

allowance

correct

a

43

be made

must

for the moisture.
If the

the air will be
than

dry

real

irregularity,as

of the

be

to

an

sacks
of

the center,

rather

will be

or

once

take

a

that

intervals of time
finer parts.

and

the

case

the tmloading, and
to be

with

sampled

the

the

taking
In whatever
into
the

a

certain

sample

with

must

be

The

percentage.

Before

the

moisture

plate, the
too

moist

a
ore

to

uniform

is not

ore

get

correct

a

taken

at the

of the stream

either

of

at

coarser

stored

in

be broken
and

out

bin

a

and

up

sampled

rately,
sepa-

fine in making

and

coarse

taken, it should

at

other

the

is then

is

be

small

crushed

commonly

used

divided

to show

determined
size.
there

This

the

assay

to

twice

for

paper

venient,
con-

bag

to

Fairbanks,

the loss of weight

weighed

is done

A

when

the

are

somewhat.

sample

the

on

to the size of

it is first dried

a

The

office.

out

made

put

prevent

taken.

weighed

can

be

to

as

is being

to

once

These

being crushed
be

the

50 oz.,

scales

and

to

emptying

If the

temporarily

be

may

taken

sliding weight and beam

reduced

to

immediately follow

cannot

may

seems

latter way

true average

a

sample being transferred

ounces

in

The

to

larger

a

what

is best

screened

or

drying while

the weighed
its turn.

from

closely fittinglid, so

a

determinations.

moisture

await

lumps

sample

commonly

amount,

to be

and

sample.

deep tin vessel with

moisture

sack

the whole

out

proportion of

the

way

first part from

two

the

correct

a

has

ore

arrives in sacks

ore

order

moisture

crushing

fine part,

the final moisture

up

the

later on,

sampled

in

in order to obtain

When

the

sample.

crushed

be

into

intervals from

accustomed

the correct

is being

ore

bin

is taken

person

by taking

the

after emptying.

discharge of the crusher, cutting
short

of

ore

a

top of each

the

but

vague,

In

kind

the sack-sample

able to

sample.

same

from

size it must

uniform

assay

the

part at

average

seem

may

When

With

shoot

a

short

greater

a

is obtained

at

the sample

is taken

show

may

to

again less

to the air.

exposed

are

exposed

this

regular intervals while

at

to take

shoot.

sample

from

one

sacks, it

Or, if it is discharged through

below, it is better
small

surfaces

more

part, and

middle

if in

average;

the shovel

unloaded.

a

the

has been

size,arriving loose, the sample

little from

end

than

drier

the

of uniform
a

which

arrives loose, the surface

ore

a

is

grinding-

pea.

The

If it is

drying

METALLURGY

44

works

in small
on

is performed

that

means

a

permits

LEAD,

shallow

tin

top

of the

on

steam-heated

a

be 16 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and

it should

in

The

vapor.

trays

close

1-in.

beaker

a

held

cover

is finished

are

Name.

The

32.

to

one

of the
a

a

and

small

as

fine

ore

cd

*

Austin,

best
**

ore

Transactions

Vezin, Ibid, p. 1096.

:

for the

would

be to crush

of

then

before
;

American

Institute

of

ore

the entire

If the

on.

as

cost, but

running

of fluedust, and
furnace

an

by
ore

it is smelted, this preliminary

if,however,

uniform

few

it down

sample

later

of

a

its average

is

this crushing, which

the

blast

weighing

represent

tails increased

disturbs

oi

composition

it,and

raw,

furnace, increases the amount
The

the entries

therefore

to be roasted

only

not

unnecessary,

sample

to be discussed

is treated

ore

a

way

size, mix

general methods

the

shows

ores

Remarks.

chemical

the

thorough

sulphide, and has

case,

the drying

s

From

"

fine crushing is necessary
the

whether

vapor

cool

will show

sample

H

sample must

most

uniform

ore

fl I

^3

value
The

The

A

Placed

Sample.*

Assat

the metal

character.

is

the drying

of condensed

at intervals

completely.

'i^

Mark.

determined.

are

to dry it

over

sisting
con-

be main-

to stir the sample

give the requisite information

to

necessary

I'

carries off the

not.

or

Shipper's

ounces

as

a

usually placed in iron

are

following form of receiving-book for

The

"

so

spoon

presence

Such

At the top

should

temperature

samples

moment

a

or

The

It is necessary
or

box

wooden

a

any

Large

closet.

8 ft. high.

pan

by

four shelves, 14 in. wide, each

The

C.

spatula

by the absence

I

which

pipes.

90^

to

the shelves.

on

with

that

from

closet has^ say,

of ten
tained

hood

a

boiler, or

drying

closet should
end

granite-ware

or

controlling of the temperature.

the

generally have

works

in

sand-bath,

oil-stoTe,a

an

OF

Mining

is wholly-

tageous,
is disadvanof the blast

retards

is between

frequently

the smelting.

the size of

a

Engineers/' xxvi., p. 888;

HECEIVINQ,
fist and

man's

little as

that of

is mostly
to

finer

the

high-grade

it is necessary

with

low-grade

and

sample

that

the

fixed through

the volumes

and

each other

that with
1 to 4

had

that

passed

particle being
this class of

]"iAmeterof

1

ores

do accurate

to

the weight of

assumed,

kind

same

of

ore

are

safe to cut down

was

screen,

the

(^ in.)prepared

to 1

sample

a

of the largest

diameter
the

oz.

from

following table

for

:

Piece, Mm.

64

Dtameter

of

Mtnimom

weight of sample, pounds.

piece,inches

richer

With

to

ing
Yezin, in 1866, find-

of Gilpin County, Colo., running

ton, it

mm.

order

of their diameters.

20-mesh

a

rapidly with

more

stage of the operation, because

every

pyritic ores

of gold per

oz.

ing
reduc-

will grow

sample

largest particle,once

weights of pieces of the

the cubes

as

In

ore.

aa

in the gangue,

certain ratio between

a

size of the

shall remain

occurring

it

is rich and

ore

finer before

sampling, the

is reduced, this

it is necessary

the

In

j;ocrush

45

to reduce

however, the

When,

quantity.

than

PURCHASING,

is irregularly distributed

part

bulk

AND

it will be desirable

egg;

this.

the case,

smaller

a

as

work

an

possible below

the metal-bearing
as

SAMPLING,

,

16,848

it would

of course,

ores,

be necessary

to increase

the weight of the sample.
Reed*
which

they
His

An
the

arrived by calculation
ores

are

of

reduced

tabulated

ore

varying

a

from

a

tenor

at certain

in silver and

100-ton

seller will

run

very

be

much

lower

satisfied with

^School

of Mines

gold

lot down

results,slightlycondensed,

must

definite maximum

than

^

vi.,p. 857.

have

oz.

when

sample.

assay

subjoined

are

cocoanut-size

Quarterly

the

to

50

may

sizes

:

silver per

ton, if

in reducing

100

MET

4 6
to 10 tons ; he

tons

50-mesh

sieve

final sample
mesh

will

100-mesh

to

be

to

bottles

sieves

free from

ores

the

to

of constant

requirement

ore,

mineral.

reasons

est mineral

than

ore

of

a

With
with

as

ore

ore.

have

may

into

be

can

before

in

average

a

low-grade

of consideration.

be crushed

not

as

and

formula

then

of these

plots curves

weight

of

sample

a

subjoined table*

The

re-crushing.

richest

greater it is the

the consideration

From
a

the

fine

as

specific gravity of the

picked off the minimum
it needs

of

be left out

account,

derives

points, Brunton

firom which

The

by the

the average

on

this cannot

ore,

its influence.

greater will be
three

greater

be taken

to

contained

ore

particleof the rich*

a

high-grade the sample need

low-grade

a

between

specificgravity of the richest

the effect of

as

much

high-grade
a

has

mineral

also by the
that

is very

Finally,

ratio

richest mineral

grade of the
and

grade of the
He

common

shall be regulated by the result obtained

it,that the cutting down
dividing the

80-

metallics,and the

weight of sample and that of largest particle of
from

; the

in

are

A

for the

coarse

envelopes

or

120-mesh

with

too

containing metallic silver and gold.

ores

adds

the

an^

3 in.

least fist-size"
say

at

on

is generally considered

with

Brunton""

LEAD,

OF

that is to be filled into

80

120-mesh

T

URQ

insist

often the 100

and
; the

use

ALL

of the
writer,contains some
for pyrite (sp. gr.
curves
6.0),
leading figures of Brunton's
galena (sp. gr. 7.5),native silver (sp. gr. 10.5),and native gold

preparedby

the late Fr. Drake

(sp. gr. 17.5):
To explain the

of the table

use

A lead-silver ore,

ton, contains

as

The

take the following

may

which

of

value

average

is 40

2,000

oz.

ple.
exam-

oz.

per

per

ton.

2000
=

=i

~

grade

^

-^
50
and

=

_

.,

..

.^
specific
gravity

the

40

galena=7.5.
In

order

take

an

down

noticed

that Brunton

in order

ore

800-lb.

to 0.6 in. which

crushed

to

's table

obtain

a

sample,

the

corresponds

ore

to 793

requires much

satisfactory sample

have

will
lb.

to

be

It will be

larger quantities of
than

either Yezin'a

Reed's.
A

a

we

richest mineral, galena assaying

average

or

the

grade of richest mineral

^,

of

for the

100-ton

lot of medium-rich

whole, is often
'TraDsactlons

ore,

divided into two
of American

Institute

of

instead
lots

and

of being

sampled

sampled

as

separately.

Mining Engineers,'* zzt., p. 8Bd6.

Qoo^"z

METALL

48

low-grade

Uniform
and

is often taken

dust, which
adhere

by

often
the

to

the ore-heap

through

errors

400

gave

be

is likely to

the

breaking of the

a

sizes

are

the

that

ore,

fine
may

drop

distributed, and
that

ore

gave

In
thus

sampled

wet

390

The

oz.

where

ores

with

comparison

it may

or

partly lost there.

gold

of doing it by hand

with

the

the dust

the other

parts of

into

which

of

crusher

They work

that every

the

up

shovelful

(Fig. 1), so

cone

sides.

always

With

true

circle.

swept

simply
is from

The

toward
10

to

it
"

12

the stream
smaller

away

to

around

one-half

from

coming

ore

and

dumped

in

the circle while

and

run

ore

this, care

circle

a

inside.

forming

forming
ft. high.

on
a

must

be taken

the top of the forming

the

of this

the
will

cone

the floor is swept

top of the

ring of fine

The

other

spread evenly down

is exhausted

deposited

in

the shoot

be able to stand

the circumference

men

the

riffle.

thorough mixing of the

directly upon

that it may

carefully and the sweepings

a

In doing

is thrown

When

divides

the

diametrically opposite each

ore.

experienced

with

is reduced

ore

samplers

two

remaining

five

are

sample.

as

the

partners, walking

they pile

while

a

as

the

plate.

a

There

takes intermittently at certain

method

by coning.

for

on

rolls ;

takes off continuously the

of rolls is wheeled

or

large enough

that which

:

It presupposes

time.

a

is done

ore,

cone,

or

machine.

or

that which

this

"

quantity at

kinds

of the stream

Quartering. By

the

a

mill

done

between

by quartering, by fractional selection,

:

parts and

unequal

intervals the whole

a

size of wheat

to the

by hand

is of two

the sample, and

as

one

is commonly

split shovel, bj' channelling, and

Machine-sampling
ore

to walnut-size

by grinding in

either

ways

cone

telluride

down

obtained

is done

Sampling

be

be

sampled dry only

down

ore

this

; from

crusher

smaller

of

in

that

ores

ore.

The
in

rich

very

is handled,

ore

be unevenly

in sampling

good

carbonate
so

lot

entire

part of the

instance, a lot of

silver to the ton,

oz.

holds

same

to

the

ores,

done, it will be partly lost

the floor and

For

occur.

may

the

is likely to

the dust

case,

any

when

away

in 200

difficult to

ores

hose,

a

richest

If this is not

lumps.

blown

being

with

the

represents

gold

sampling

moistened

be

with

or

Creek

Before

sample.

a

as

dry, they should

are

rich ores,

very

instance. Cripple

as, for

LEAD,

OF

however, frequently sampled

are,

With

lots.

250-ton

sample,

ores

T

URG

shovels

cone

ore.

A

used

are

"

not

50-ton

long-

Qoo^"z

RECEIVINO,
handled
cone

and

The

round-pointed.

is pulled down,

AND

SAMPLING,

the

being

ore

49

thus

in opposite

working

men

PURCUASINO,

mixed,

the

pairs (Figs.2

Quartering.
Figs. 1

and
round

They

begin

it,work

it down

3).

near

from

the

to

top

center

6.

of
to

the

cone,

periphery

and, walking
until

it becomes

MET

50

ALL

gradually transformed
diameter

into

from

and

6

LEAD.

truncated

a

in. in

12

to

OF

Y

UBQ

height

drawn
thus

edge of
the

across

divided

straight lath

a

right

at

cone

into four equal

Two

oppositesections

from

the other

two

(Fig.5)

When

of quartering repeated.

this is done

crusher

by

until

rolls.

by

or

to 100

is reduced

the sample

forming the finishing sample, which
should

be taken

other

1-ton

material

the

as

The

There

to

came

A rod

driven

be

can

coning, but this is rarely done
men

are

Another

apt to shovel

very

has been
it is hard

down

pulled

to prevent

quarters from
with

of

some

into

small lots by dividing

the method

laths

is slow

to

and

keep

Brunton*

operation is

has

much

steel shovel, 10 in. wide, turned
three

The

compartments.
*

Engineering

t Patent

No.

up

center

cone

as

a

may

uneven

guide in

is used

size, when
are

the

being taken

the

cone

out,

cone

obviated

be

(This can

space.
a

few

shovel

It is

shortened.

the

serve

ore.

parts of the remaining

than

patentedf a quartering

very

the

necessary

with

sheet

quarters separate. )

requires much
use

a

is imevenly distributed.

ore

truncated

brought it into less general

for

the

if the rod

even

coarser

the

quarter

the quarters of

them.

the

ing
increas-

hours.

with

out

quarters

the

ing
work-

part only of the

a

of medium

ore

the two

and

rolling down

plates or wooden
have

; and

difficultyis that with

Care

or

will

two

floor to

the

that the

so

ore

error

that the point of

into

less pounds,

or

men

peated
re-

the smelter ; it has generally

center, thus making

the

is

starting method

a

for reducing

is,however, danger

from

shift away

as

sample,

separately.

in about

is satisfactory if carried

method

size.

it

as

Two

pounds

finishing method

a

care.

ore

50

or

small

so

process

dusty part of the

smaller.

few

a

whole

is treated

any

formerly used

was

of the

mass

become

to

the process

uniform

a

sample, the danger of

becomes

down

Quartering

losing

into the

sample

sample

entire

to avoid

The

is

ore

quartering).
bin, while

(Fig. 6), and

to attain

are

the

to

the pile has become

be crushed

in quantity that it has to

With

The

name

removed

are

short-

lines

other.

the

(hence

is formed

cone

new

a

diametrical

two

angles to each

parts

A

(Fig. 4).
for this work.

handled, square-pointed shovel is desirable
the sharpened

6 to 18 ft. in

from

cone

These
years

a

at the sides and

compartment

and
Mining Journal^ June
454,120,June 16, 1801.

ago.
use

the

fiat-bottomed
divided

is closed

90, 1891.

Lastly,

objections

by whose

(Fig. 7)

iron

into
at the

RECEIVINO,
the

has

back

and

when

the shovel

of one-quarter

width

has

been

the central

shovel

to 100

a

"

in taking, while

less

of

shovelful

depending

in the

same

was

by

give
method

be taken

can

as

In

if the

of

error

Fractional

with

without

comparison
from

50%
three

little or
sacks

with

this

It consists

and

ore

The

no

of shovelfuls
the

or

more

sample is then

cut

time from

every

Shovel.

will

previous mixing
with
down

quartering the

to four

times

skill from

in making

of the

10%

to

as

ore

quick,

the workman.

the first sample

in character, as

otherwise

the

great.
the sample becomes

selection

small

is rarely, if ever,

used

it has to be
for finishing

(see Figs. 8 and 9)t used resembles a
being replaced by from four'
long handle, the prongs

SplitShovel.
with

to six
*

too

are

down

a

sample.

a

The

check

ore

to be uniform

in quartering when

crashed.

fork

and

is used

is known

ore

chances
As

method

same

of the

Quabterino

; it is from

sample

requires little floor space,
The

as

In

side.

second, third, fourth, fifth or

every

be, the

leeway,

a

cut

If the shoveling is done

sample.

more

to

starting method.

of precious metal.

it should

gives

compartments

man.*

the richness

on

way.

correct

a

ore

one

a

Pig. 7." Brunton's

the floor,as

the

for the first sample, the number

ore

distribution

even

down

unloading,

to

the other

of

is

Thus,

pile, and leave the sample in
on

This

Selection.

a

the outside

ore

ton

one

shoyel.

heap of finelycrushed

be emptied

lb. in 15 minutes

Fractional

taken

of

sample

test

tenth

to

compartment

speed

from

ore

of the

51

''sharp rotary motion

a

rejected

the

side, forming

into

pushed

right" will discharge the
one

PURCHASING,

AND

filled,it is raised, and

and

ore

SAMPLING,

a

The

troughs made
writer

well with

fSdUfol

"

is informed
their

of Mines

own

tool

of

sheet

by disinterested
results, obtained

Quarterly, iii.,
p. 267.

iron.

The

width

of the troughs,

parties that the results with the Bninton
regular quartering.

from

shovel

METALLURGY

52

which

is equal to

size of the

ore

heap ought

the

to be

not

of
not

a

if the

trough

ore

is

^

is such

rebound

and

handle
shovel

The

one-fourth

in. ,

8." Split

that

fly

2-in.

a

is that of
is placed

a

on

sampler, facing the

the
ends

2

4

to

in. deep for

depth
will
a

2-in.

Shovel.

trough varies from

long-handled

The

striking the bottom

ore

from

9 "Split

length of the

in tha

ore

of the trough.

is required.

trough

say

"

the width

the

on

Shovel.

piece of

a

out

Fig.

trough.

them, depends

treated, and the largest piece of

Fig.

Thus

LEAD,

between

distance

exceed

to

OF

shovel.

floor by

one

In
man,

15 to 18

in;

sampling, the
while

the

of the troughs, delivers the

the

split

other, the
ore

from

Qoo^"z

a

RECEIVING,

SAMPLING,

square-pointed shovel
One-half

troughs.

the

into

passes

of the

discharged

sample.

The

whole

finer,when

smaller-sized

It is evident

cut

from

say

"

that sampling with

sample,

be

to

is usually

richer.

works

for

the

rather

the tool

laboratory in
This

ore

The

for

method

form

works

fast

the

a

does

man

as

be used

can

If the

as

gives

is used

is

and

ore

sampling

some

this is not

ore

incorrect

an

coarse

at

make

It is

common.

in the

used

even

assayer's riffle.

the

to

the

the

of

reserving

as

former

holds

works

one-fifth

out

thing

same

other

the

slowly than

more

takes

selection ; in

each

and

the

be

of fine

amount

This

split shovel

amounts

shovel

Smelters

quartering, but

as

in fractional

men

undue

an

sample, and

a

shoveling while

the

latter both

as

sample, it

fifth shovel

every

that

sampling, but

modified

selection.

as

1 in. wide.

to

the splitshovel

split shovel

finishing

fractional
ore

|

over

sary
neces-

split shovel

another

differentlyfrom

assays

entire

a

similarly until it is

by the troughs.

caught

the fine

as

in this manner,

is to be accurate.

the objection to the split shovel
is liable

reduced

only with pretty fine material, and this must

well mixed, if the sample

very

down

it is passed

troughs

starting method

the fork

the

and

the

heap, forming
over

fork is

the

over

it is lifted out

full,when

are

sample

the

of

direction

Be-sampling

separate

a

63

is caught in the troughs, one-half

ore

heap is passed

the first reduced
to crush

a

on

in the

stream

between.

spaces

contents

with

thin

a

until the troughs

continued

and

in

PURCHASING,

AND

one

case

split,in the

quickly than

more

is

possible with the splitshovel.

Channelling,
"

thoroughly

This

mixed

ore

taking the sample
the square,

out

first one

by repeating the
the

consists
in

then

This
used

method, used

in hardly

method,
on

as

any

use

as
*

4 in.

1 ft. apart

The

sample

a

then
across

"

is reduced

greater the number
need

be

of
the

Silver Islet,*is

formerly at Batopilas and
silver-lead

grooves

and

thick, and

less thorough

the

crushed

say

smelting works

floor space,

and

of the difficulty
of preventing

account

the

out

ore.

it requires much

falling into the
still in

The

operations.

preliminary mixing of the

"

the other.

(channels)drawn,

grooves

about

square,

a

in parallel grooves

way,
same

in spreading

made

in the

finishing method,

Lowe, Engineering

and

the

as

is slow
coarse

operation.

where

Mining

now

a

and

starting
rate
inaccu-

pieces from

The

mixing

method
of

a

is

small

Journal, Sept. 24, 1881.

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLURGY

64

of fine

amount
to other

is easily

ore

effected,but

it has to yield

here

even

methods.
"

with

the

made

of

receiving
No.

pan

of

consists

finely crushed

The

of

series

a

the

trays

or

11)

riffles,

number

same

of

when
the riffle,

is fed upon

ore

10 and

(see Figs.

apparatus

steel, alternating with

16

spaces.

simple

This

BiffieSampler.

open

LEAD.

PAN.

RIFFLES.

K

16 Steel

No.
^45

AH'cleep

-26-

IX
^luuidlenuule

o"

y'gMpipe
Figs.

one-half

11.

and

through the

will drop

the

on

10

receiving

"

^Riffle

open

and

spaces

Biffles and

pan.

Sampler.

have

spaces

will be
been

wide, which, however, is rather small, a common
The rifflesampler is only used for finishing.
An

improved

Jones'
as

Sampler

consisting of

in
21

The

plan

six of which
The

ore

(Figs. 12,

13

and

^

in.

size being 1 in.

going by the

one

It may

14).

of inclined

number

a

be

of

name

considered

riffles pointing alternately

d the second, discharging

(Fig.13) shows
discharge

work, four
the

finishing,a
and

to

p

and

receivers

apparatus
sample.
is used

the sampler

the

is placed

sampler, when

the

receiver

size of

c

to be halved

fed upon
the

of riffle is the

made

In Fig.
oppositedirections,the whole restingon a frame.
the first riffle,
the trianglea h c forms
dischargingto the

right, triangle h
on.

form

collected

the

on

sample

forming

a

it is clear

the

the

rejected

p\

nest

that

are

order

the left.

(Fig. 14) and
to

From

it is to be used

samples

in
that

in

do the best

desirable.

It is,however, constructed
for cutting down

to

will be collected

ore

In

so

of 12 riffles,

rest

the charging pan

in

left,and

to consist

right and

the

to

the

only for

larger
are

too

portions
pro-

small

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

56
those that

will rise to

coarse

are

the surface,or

over

to the side
In order

coarse

undesirable

not

for

The

the

disadvantage,
absolutely

gold-mill

15.

Pipe

Ore

blast furnace

mechanical

for

bound

sampling

concentrates

along

particles will be pushed

a

the center.

preliminary fine
obtain

to

necessary

is approximateb** satisfactory. Why

for

Continuous

often

passing rapidly down

this

sizing becomes

Fig.

used

ore

to counterbalance

that

sample

the top, and

the fine,slow-moving

by the

crushing and

LEAD.

OF

fine

ore

a

is

Sampler.

has

may

and

already

perhaps

been

discussed.

be advantageously

finelycrushed

matte, but

ore.

pipe

ore

sampler,

of this class which
the many

was

as

represented in Fig. 15,* is
much

disadvantages of the
*

Tftken

from

a

drawiog of Messrs.

used

in lead-silver works

method
Fraser

an

were
"

atus
appar-

before

fully recognized.

Chalmers, Chicago, 111.

Qoo^"z

FlQ. Ifl.

FiGB. 16 TO

18." The

Brunton

New

Mbchani(?ai.^"^;

SAMPLING,

RECEIVING,
The
in

finelycrushed
small funnel

a

which

d, while

the ore-bin
mixed

in

again
the

over

equal parts.

One-half

is discharged into

other

small

a

c\

The

iron

heavy

in

This

guides.

the

by

then

h'\ which

being

delivera

to

e,

be

put

sufficientlyreduced
in

gate/, running

wooden

with

lowered

and

is raised

is thoroughly

gether
it is brought to-

sample-bin

a

c,

falls into the bin d,

ore

it has been

until

is closed

ore-bin

b\ and

before

rejected

The

again through the sampler
in size.

funnel

the

by the funnel

stream

is collected

sample

in the pipe and

descends

sides of tlie pipe

divider

it to the second
while

it passes

the

the

the divider

this

by passing through

toward

67

is fed into the hopper a, ending

ore

Through

6.

it into two

cuts

scattered

sized

and

PURCHASING.

AND

rack and

^
pinion {g, h), the pinion-shaft i being turned by a hand-wheel
be locked, if desired.
that is keyed to it. The sample-bin e can
Mechanical

Intermittent

"

of

results, as the entire fallingstream
intervals to cut
it

continuously,

slices taken
if taken

true

average.

at

rich

equal

out

regulated by the

of

amount

number

the irregular distribution

in the

describes

Brunton's

mechanical
down

samplers.

through

alternately to right and

opposite
of

form
not
"

t

a

from

diagonals.

The

rhomboid

"

Lehrbuch

der

Tranfuictioiis

edition,p. 66.

an

In

a

is

place and the

deflected
The

sample.

machines

serve

may

Brunton

has constructed
the

machinef
into

the

two

entire

left and

ore

ing
com-

parts by

stream

of

returning made

rhombic

In

the

a

ore

in traveling

section, therefore, had
a

by

examples.

as

edge of the tongue

right to
sample

Bittinger"*"

modern

divided

was

is neutralized,and

unnecessary.

older

instead of that of
accurate

the sample

take

ore

Four

the

left.

the stream

represent

"

made

"

which

reciprocating tongue

across

of

stream

Sampler.

spout

a

for

will be

advantage is that the bad effect of

screening

Mechanical

Neio

adjoining,

obtained

that

the

the stream
those

out

Vezin, and Constant

Brunton, Bridgman,
two

taken

apparatus of this kind.

an

from

is flowing

gradually back

across

sample

deflections

of
The

fine crushing and

all

at certain

ore

and

poor

value

ore

length of time they last.
thus

crushed

to

regular intervals the

The

is deflected

ore

portions

little in

but

will vary

and

from

gives better

method

When

sample.

changes

taking

In

again.

the

out

This

Sampling,

two

the

prism, and could
modern

machine, !(

Berlin, 1867,p. 683.
Mining Engineers," xiii.,
p. 680; this book, first
No. 553,608,Jan. 28, 1896.

Aufbereitungskunde,"
of American

tU. S. Patent

Insritut"

of

Qoo^"z

in

represented
of

ALL

MET

58

a

descending

a

a

the limbs

in shoots

rejected
box

into

ore

d.

The

a

shoot

/,

machine.
a

Thus
the

divisions

rejected

plate is attached

by

of

at the

plate g, inclined

central

a

Y"

and

c

the

top of the

to

side, and

one

opposite direction.

i and

two

j

the outside

on

k for the sample.

one

of the hub

means

inverted

an

sample

delivered

box

The

deflector,the essential part of the

formed,

are

and

ore

form

it,slanting in the

to

fro in the

the sample.

out

the

ore,

back

a

It consists

case.

receiving the

of

the

meets

It consists of

three

of

bottom

stream

pocket h attached

takes

and

stream

end

LEAD,

deflector h rocks to and

a

has slanting sides and
of which

OF

18, this is not the

to

box a, in which

sheet-iron

path of

16

Figs.

T

URG

The

I to the shaft m,

for
back

receiving

through crank

n, pitman o, wrist p, and driving wheel
q, a recip*
deflector
to
As
rocks
and
fro
the
under the
rocating motion.

descending

into the shoot

The

of ore,

stream
at

rejected

side, the

one

that

into

sample

and

cuts

The

ratio of rejected

the deflector travels.

test it

20

have

works

a

mechanical

capacity of

$40,000.

mechanical

In

sampling,

20%

as

discharged from
first sample

to

the

and

sampling

into the crusher

j^j

machine

is

probably the

ores,

not

the

sections

been

one

and

ore

The

require

35

a

crusher.

is cut

ore

^0%

of

a

shipment in

automatic, the

being handled

of the original weight

again, and
of the

every
ore

the

ore,

and

coarse

reduction

and

ore

before

the

to

first sample,

as

In the further

is re-crushed

is entirely

attends

takes moistures

proportion of rejected

the

through the

introduced.

man

also

who

of the

sizes

The

of

through which
The

hours

shaft

delivering to the smelter about

down.

prism.

plant of this size in Colorado

a

10-hour

About

has

in 10

tons

thus

the same,

rhombic

of Victor, Colo., in which

Works

cost of

a

part of the

remains

a

arc

gold

vertical

two

sampler

250

The

finishes the sample.

of the

of ore,

stream

is governed by the width

Cripple Creek

Sampling

horse-power engine.
is about

of

ratio is 5:1.

represent

Taylor and Brunton
Brunton

other.

of its parallel sides,

length of the

common

the

at

be put to.

can

Figs. 19 and

A

with

giving satisfaction

new

by the

pocket and

the form

in

sample

to

ore

the

the other

with

it equally in all parts

the sample

severest

then

one,

is delivered

cut out

ore

sample-pocket, in passing underneath

strikes it first with

the

the

sample

cutting
once

sample,

fed
duced
re-

is ready to be

Qoo^"z

KD

Brunton

r^TOR Colo.

Sajcpling Works.

fine and

ground

AND

SAMPLING,

RECEIVING,

reduced

further

PURCHASING.

in volume

by

69
ing
of the finish-

one

methods.
The
and

fed into

boot

333

ft. per

rejected

portion

Ri, 14 by 36 in.,and set to
per

with

running

first sample

on

into

by 27 in., set
The

sample

third

with

then

fed
125

making

sampler

into

which

now

20

the rejected

of the machine.

example

truncated

I., 11., HE.

cones,

the

pulley Fy and

and

H,

The

D

and

the shoot

making respectively 5
in

the

spouts

HE.
and

(Fig. 23)

^

"Tnuiaactioiis

3

by

as

an

4

ft.,

by

receptacles,R^y R^
duplicate

Tj, T" into

the

ples
sam-

sample-

that falls into

ore

opposite

L^

of American

to

in the

move

45 revolutions

per

L^.
Institute

To

two

15

concentrical

each

direction,

same

minute

direction, makes

Apportioner I. (Fig. 23) consists of
eight compartments,

serve

S,

Apportioners I. and
IL, moving

sample

(calledapportioners),driven

the

and

It consists of three hollow

Zp Z^\ the third discharges the rejected

it through

rf^in.

E,

floor space

stationary concentric

through

to

dried,

the fourth

discharge the original and

first two

they receive
boxes

three

a

$1,000.

costs

and

scale, may

to
.

It occupies

is 7 ft. 6 in. high, and

T

trough

A, represented by Figs. 21,

"

23, approximatelydrawn

and

22

Sampler,'^ Type

Bridgman

S^^,

the rolls it passes

and

ore

passes

hopper H, while

in., set

From

drops

ore

to sampler

thoroughly mixed

minute.

per

into

B^^

100 revolutions

steam-heated

-Bm, 10 by

lutions
revo-

to the medium

goes

o

JET,

coarse

75

sample

discharges

finallydrop into their respective receivers
The

rejected

the second

the

it is

to the fine rolls

IV, whence

the

delivers the

This

the

sample

through

revolutions

m

minute.

through shoot

in which

Bcrew-conveyer

and

second

passes

hopper

to

4 in., the pulley making

to

ore

into

the belt elevator

to

goes

H^ while

delivering the rejected
the

ore

ft. per
from

6^,

sampler

minute.

per

333

The

S^.

h

of

rate

a

in., the pulley making

n
hopper
oscillating feeder / which

the

Ry^,14

rolls

a

shoot

through
to

speed of

to

1}

rolled

at

sampler

shoot

through

is discharged

The

shoot

falls into

ore

runs

the

to

the

through

crushed

which

is delivered

passes

minute.

A, set to 1^ in.,the pulley
The

B,

unloaded

is weighed,

wagons,

crusher

elevator

and

minute

the sample

while

or

minute.

per

belt

the

of

the

cars

15 in. Blake

by

9

a

in

260 revolutions

making

rolls

it arrives

as

ore,

of these

;

apportioner
revolutions.

rings having
an

adjusta-

of Mining Engineers,** zx., p. 416.

Qoo^"z

Fig. 21."

Bridgman

Sampler.

Fig.

22.

"

Bridgman

Sampler.

Fig. 21."

Bridgman

Sampler.

Fig. 22.

"

Bridgman

Sampler.

Fio.

28."

Bridomak

Sampler.

METALLURGY

64

The

Vezin

shown

Sampler.*
"

in elevation

samplers,

two

in

and

A

The

The

plan in Figs. 24 and

B, attached

C, the

sampler

LEAD,

leading features

directions.

opposite

discharge spout
F.

and

OF

ore

that

of two

consists

25.

receive

has

been

hollow

They
G

spindles

to

They

of this sampler

at

and

e, the

are

represent
ing
D, revolv-

of the

end

raised by the elevator

truncated

joined

cones,

^SAMPLE

SAMPLE-'
ELEVATION

"

PLAN

Figs.

The

at their bases.

form

of
the

out
cone,

delivers

it is conducted

whence

cones

into

Private

25."

cone

upper

sample, and

the

*

and

Vezin's

has

Sampler.

one

or

sector, which, passing through

a

while

1098.

24

rejected
a

notes

ore

shoots

receiver, and
and

"

Transactions

it into
away

more

the stream

the

interior

through

through

a

the

of American

Institute

of

of ore,

cuts

of the lower

sheet-iron

space

thence, by another

G of the

scoops

pipe,

between

pipe,

to

bins

the
or

Mining Engineers,*" xxvi., p.

RECEIVING,
The

cars.

upper

to prevent

in

cone,

vitiating the

have

or

to be used

be

can

the scoop,

and

in the stream

of

this ; the number

for taking but

to

out

be

the

upon

makes
out

width

but

10

in

once

as

six seconds

if two

four

or

The
and

is

over

a

considered

a

An

is then

ore

that the spout is inclined

second, and

per

2 ft. per
to

strike

second,

the
at

same

an

edge

scoop.

down
and

If the

-j^or ^

as

will

a

ore

;

tively.
respec-

pair of rolls,
the

much

as

ore

may

spout E is preferred, as
to the scoop.

15

Assuming
is 6 ft.

stream

dle
by the mid-

revolutions,the

the speed of which

scoop,

is

if the speed is increased

90^ ; that

scoop

of 3.2 ft.

is the relative

ment
move-

still and

the

limit of speed is that at which

the

prevent

first sample

after it is complete

as

speed of the

mean

if the scoop

again, it is allowed

a

passes

down

making

angle of 78^, and

pieces fallingvertically. The

centrifugalforce

be

1-in

of the ore,

^

of the circle described

second, this angle becomes
is the

take out

it is cut

of the

this

if it is to

in. with

30^

58^, and the speed of the

24^ revolutions,giving

per

to be

inclined

taken

the circle it describes

elevator,which

30 in., the machine

machine

the

to 3 in. diameter

of

presented

the diameter

of the scoop

pieces will

second

depending

scoopful will be

a

wide, it would

necessary.

of

that

four

even

in the center, and

have

machine, by which

solid stream

and

flows into the feed hopper of

into

discharged

be increased

may

two

put in,the sample would

were

sample

second

6 in

is used

samples,

crushed

ore

at least 1 ft. wide

being about

the scoop

a

be

with

as

of the total circumference.

minute,

per
:

of scoops

Assuming

scoops.

wide

as

machine, the number

of this circle would

the diameter

be

the

are

one-half

one-eighth of the circumference

occupy

or,

each

upon

of

size of

machine

the

the number

much

as

revolutions

should

scoop

put

are

of these

frequently it

how

upon

When

If arranged for taking two
may

which

degree, that of the sample

some

scoopfid.

a

until they occupy

scoops

and

The

requirements.

depends

single sample

a

segments,

be at least four times

of revolutions

to take

one

that the number

so

the

to suit

It should

ore.

of

serves

by the size of the largest pieces that

be governed

is necessary

in them,

in consequence,

simply

falling into the lower

from

scoops

varied

65

the scoops,

are

It is composed

sample.

either blanks

itself,must

which

stray pieces

any

PURCHASING.

AND

SAMPLING,

is

the
so

standing

were

ore

from

slidingdown

large that it

to accumulate

on

can

the

safely be

the floor,or

in

a

cut

bin,

it is passed into the elevator,to be again

Qoo^"z

MET

66
down

cut

by the

for taking
be

^

of

sample

a

one

scoopfids

from

inclined
to

this

^

or

the

been
one

a

good

from

Such

scoop.

the

over

the

of the

bead

intermittently. The
the crusher
The

of

works

samplers,

discharge spouts
the

size of

using

two

duplicates
run

These

by

of which

t.

by main

is raised from

q is attached

inclined

conveying
taken

are

u, and

spouts

and

d, made

the

cones

m,

which

No.
8

and

gears

is

cone

a

10

and

k,

the main

on

of the sampler
The

small bolts.

shaft n, and

scoops

f.

kept in position

are

upper

of

and

e

b^'sprocket wheel

to it by

Z,made

ore

p, the pulley

delivered
steel

t, while

into the

plate.

The

the rejected

per
samplers, is collected by the hopspout

it to its proper

of No.

ally
gener-

lower

spindles

discharge in the elevator

the two

takes

|.

-^'bare
The

by beveled

The

secured

discharged through
which

e

pulley o.

by the

out

to

sprocket wheel

spout

of

in motion

to the main

passing between

conveyer,

is set

the crusher

of which

by

Taking

samplers.

the two

A, and

rotated

the lower, and

is set upon

keyed

are

are

and

taken

are

their larger bases to cast-iron

by

by chain

the

sample

a

at

They

connected

samples

as

necessary,

g and

shaft/,which

shaft n, driven

of

collars

horizontal

ore,

each

on

scoops

are

Co., of Florence,

made, takes but ^.
increased
to | or ^ each, by

be

samplers

boxes

Extraction

could

sample

suspended

in running

leading parts of the

machine,

attached

guide

samples

Each

d.

this gives

are

ore

6, the samples being discharged through

being considered

spiders, the hubs

the

a

is preferred, on

the stoppage

Duplicate

together, and

of these

latter is not

delivers

the

represent

Sampler.

and

four

or

not

the machine

to

ore

single machine

Metallic

and

a
c

28

the

Colo., using the Yezin
the two

the

^hort duration.

is of very

Figs. 26, 27 and

sampling

as

With

this account, be

on

coarse

as

so

they strike the edge

as

in consequence
a

the

revolying

a

machine.

would,

of the simplicity of the plant,

account

The

of

use

will

The

feeding shoe,

elevator,especially if the

machine, and

rapidly moving

inch

very

result

the other.

through

lower

an

deliver

to

arrangement

passed

are

feeding shoe

a

below

placed

rapidly moving

a

is gauged

this interruption in

avoid

feeding shoe, the pieces fall but
of the

if the machine

cutting down, the

has

stream

LEAD.

Thus,

"^.

upon

continuous

a

OF

second

upper

cylinder, or

give

T

To

machine

crushing,

URG

sampler.

same

|, by

or

ALL

16 steel

v, and

bin.

thence
The

(not shown),

into

two

lead

a

screw

conveying
the

sam-

Qoo^"z

I
H

I

IS

p3

I
Q

I

OF

METALLURGY

68

pies into wheelbarrows

shoveled

then

the machines.
makes

the samplers

The

speed might

that

30

also of

the

of

10

No.

of No.

the

increased
10

the

lower

it is exposed to greater

riveted

than

in. and

24

A-B

to the

Although

cones.

part of the machine.

OF

32,000

in sampling

edges

only

were

worn

of the machine
with

which

can

satisfaction, as well
crushed

to

in.

Cripple Creek
Some

the cutting

ore,

of the main

advantages
the

the

J in., as

repeatedly

checked

been

hand-sampling,

Cripple Creek

the

with

the

with

and

ore

coarse

which

ease

itself,and

upon

is giving

complete

and

gold

is

other
so

ore,

desirable

for

work.

furnace
The

\

down

careful

most

the

of hard

tons

Sampler.

Duplex

Constant

31."

to

and
simplicity of construction
be cleaned should the ore be sticky.

has

machine

The
with

are

it

H0U8INQ

IS VERTICAL.

29

Figs.

sampler,

SECTION

LONGITUDINAL
UNE

is 60",

ence,
of the circumfer-

SKETCH

WHEN

in. in

6

cone

each

of

scoops

other

any

10. 2.

at least 15 revolutions.

to

one-sixteenth

and

shaft

shaft driving

themselves

samplers

The

over

elevator

horizontal

plate, are

same.

wear

again passed

angle of the upper

plate, form

vertical

are

steel

The

high.

in.

steel

the sides

be

well

samplers, made

and

per

the floor,

on

the main

that

minute, the

revolutions, and

25

diameter, and

show

drawings

revolutions

37J

This

is large, it is collected

into the elevator, and

back

The

to the rolls for finer

taken

to be

cars,

If the sample

comminution.
and

or

LEAD.

Constant
is

being conical.

"

in

shown

iron cylinder

Sampler,

a

form

Figs. 29, 30, and

attached
The

The

to

a

horizontal

cylinder has

two

known

as

It consists

31.

shaft
slots

"Duplex

e

of

d, the ends
and

/,

pler*'
Sama

cast-

h and

the widths

Qoo^"z

c

of

BBOEIVING,
which

it diagonally, leaving
is inclosed

sampler

the shoot

through

the duplicate
in the
their

into the central

shoot

A

taking
a

out

only

proper

the method

in, machine
will

but

method,

Finishing
room,

ffie

the

where

the

head

not

as

of the

weighs 375 lb.
and

sampling, it mi^

be

be obtained

by

can

sampling

small

are

amounts

are

occasion

Sample.

sampling
The

with.

seller may

works

on

the workman,

large

a

to work

space

entirely

alone.

and

a

upon

smelter
either

require.

may

is best

dust, and

are

be said

may

yet displaced it,and

of the windows,

sampler

sampling, it

requires

floor.

by

riffle. Finally, to

the

depending

This

"

one

cone

finishing methods

dependent

as

not

wind, from

through

of the

advantages

ore;

best

machine
are

you

by

using both

being tampered
sampling

and

has

served

horizontal

a

base

and mechanical

The

slow, expensive, and

adjoining the
from

adopted

the surface

sample

the split-shovel, and

sampling

best

be

to 2

up

of the side, thus

the

of

methods

selection

sampling

is

It

quartering, fractional selection, and

in the former

that, while

ore

to

machine

summarizing

split shovel.

the

hand

work^ is

has been

the

at

The

accurate

an

by

quartering, using
compare

;

falls

construction.

the middle

handling large quantities of

of

in

glides over

ore

different
care

effectively sampled
use

which

ore

attached

discharged

In

"

Fractional

for

parts

principle is the "Cone

cone

hopper.

a

Methods,

said that with
of them.

10

left into

accurate

machine

same

in

opening

in

of the

the

hollow

a

the rejected

disadvantages

the best

of

one

is collected

Comparison of

any

does

simple

the

on

single sample

a

shoot, while

and

cone

constructed

It consists
has

shaft and

right and

the

apparatus

The

from

three

into

large capacity, samples

a

stream,

makes

the rejected

lb.),and

inlet i

one

continuous

a

The

division.

through the openings

out

I, and

The

k.

fed in

g divides

works.

simpler form
' '

h, having

toward

easily cleaned.

Eastern

Sampler.

into

is

housing

cut

are

j and

small, light (weight 500
has
requires little power,
in. in size and

each

It is divided

discharged

shoots

slots in

the cylinder, which

samples, which

respective

diaphragm

ore

minute.

per

cylinder and

bj' many

The

I,

69

cast-iron

wooden

a

strikes

m,

revolutions

30

to

by

the

of

one

three outlets y, k^ and

and

A

be regulated at^ill.

can

PURCHASING.

AND

SAMPLING,

done
The

in

sample

from

any

a

well-lighted
must

be protected

possibility of

be permitted to watch
but

not

to enter

If the sample

the

the room,
is moist

it

MET

70
be dried

must

moist

very

The

somewhat,
frozen

or

be sampled

down

weighing

from

10-mesh

head

with

by
60

it needs

7 in.

4^ by

,

is used

3 to 4 ft. in diameter

and

the working

side

which

sampler

walk

can

of

on

from

1 to

sides

and

comminution

is effected

grinder,* which
reduced

10

about

to

lb. by

hand, with

In quartering,

machine

to

divider

in

runs

to

cuts

the

delivered

From

100

or

the

halves

two

of

the

*The

makes

t

'*

of

Fraser

Machine

Transactions

funnel

handy

the palm

to

of the

tally,
horizon-

bles
assayer's riffle resem-

The

other

tools

33)

It has

as

a

is

are

a

a

very

14

space

its main

parts

by hand, by clockwork,

1, and
The

ore

a

receptacle

or

2, with

fillingthe hopper

the divider, which

to

four

of these, forming

; the

other

lb. either

gives eight

the

sample,

four, the discarded

one

Chalmers,

of American

are

has

side and

in

Co., In LeadviUe,
Institute

single sample

duplicate.

part which

"

a

obtained

ore

alternatelyto

the Engelbach

a

original and

riffleis used, that

dumped

now

are

portion,

in the receptacle.

the 50

two, called

motion

stream

the funnel

into

in

O, respectively.

revolution:

collected

are

is set

continuous

a

in. high.

14

power),

discharges Oi and
F

is very

simplify the quartering, occupying

convenient

any

is

flat paint-brush.

(which

D

the

the assayer's riffle,

in. long, held

handle.

a

or

sample-

sample

with

held vertically. The

being about

and

in. square

The

to 18

an

commonly

Laboratory Samplerf (Figs.32 and

Bridgman

handy

by

a

12

the

two

on

so-called

funnel

a

plate,

that

high

More

stirred down

in. lath from

spoon

and

scoop

The

a

is then

}

6 in.

The

Sometimes

in.

}

quartering,using

split-shovelwithout

small

a

small

2 by

a

with

or

a

which

the cone,

rim

a

coffee-mill.

a

plate of from

free, so

machine, the

a

heavy muller,

a

grinding.

4 by

by

resembles

rarely by channelling.
form

head

muller

a

by machine

or

in. thickness.

it while

scribed,
de-

for the

prepared

by hand,

1^

oblong plate is used, 18 by 24 in.,with
three

to be

is planed, stands

around

methods

different

circular cast-iron

a

is

generally

can

either by hand

If this is done

sieve.

that

to be dried.

lb., has

100

to

the

of

one

Ore

ground.

to the works

before

ton

one

be

can

comes

If larger it is ground

laboratory.
a

it

LEAD,

OF

that it

when

to

7

UEO

so

obtained

sample

to pass

ALL

In

treated

been

the

be made

may

latter

case

or

the

separately; if the

caught by the troughs

the other, forming

two

is

heaps,

" Bolthoff, In Denver, and of
Chicago, of Hendrie
those p^enerallyused.

are

of

Mining Engineers,'' zx., p. 487.

Qoo^"z

which

are

useful

in two

then

dried

by

they

with

in

a

20-mesh

cut

down

pass

is then

again

to about

well

34

divider,

and

with

funnel

Mixsr

Bbidoman

35 "The

and

the sample

'

to

and

TraDsactioDS

the

the

over

the four

This

is

commonly
by

rubbing,
4

35.

and

Divider.

has

devised

The
the

to

iDstitute

ore

"

pass
of

mixer,
ore,

divider, which

bottles beneath

in the

rest

of American

and

is filled with

fro

scales of metal
with

34

Figs.

cover,

evenly into

ground
"

in

movable

Sometimes
be

shown

passed

then

lb.

large-necked

simplify this last operation Bridgman*

To

mixed

well

more

mixed

expose

oz.

ple
sam-

a

mixer

envelopes.

or

Figs.

(or

1

is

completely

are

sieve, then

it is ready to be filled into the

bottles

secondly, to

these

60-mesh

a

duplicate sample
;

When

samples.

to

sieve, and

80-mesh)

after which

the

the plate to pass

on

The

first,to verify the work

mortar, and

a

LEAD,

separately.

up

ground

are

again ground
an

:

ways

rubbing

and

worked

tampering

any

to

OF

METALLUliOT

TZ

large

well shaken,

discharges

it.

"metallics"
the

a

sieve.

"

are

They

too

large

are

then

Mining Enffineers," xx., p. 489.

REGBIVING.

weighed,

SAMPLING,

AND

assayed separately, and

by the following formula

PURCHA!SING.

the

73
calculated

result

average

:

S.a+Ra-^
S+P
in which

S=weight

respective

cause

error.

and

sample
between

is found
becomes

the

for

assays

made

the

original and

It is hardly necessary

operation

; this is

the

protected.

The

be best

taking

impossible
at

ore

been

adhering
and

further

balled

as

up,

the

it

together and

or

the

with

closer

than

uniform

*

"

grades

of

cloth,
oil-

on

the samples,

readily be

gone

of

and

gangue

ore

removed,

(oftenthe richest)
Mixing

on

so

far

a

Some

to-day.

to have

as

$1.50 to
the

$2

per

Eich

ore.

low-grade
:

The

ores.

and

with

last

are

concentrates

ton,
silver

silver mineral, and

triplicatesamples, and

require

a

to mix

common

from

vary

character

ton

low

departments.

for sampling

of

etc.,

fine particles of rich

is
have

it is almost

screens,

distributed.

well

can

sample,

EoUing

room.

not

mortar

and

and

fine particles

assay

if in large quantities, at $1
no

could

accuracy,

free gold, often

work

that

As

as

it be
ore

new

boards,

in order

paper,

not

grade

finishing-room,

for the high

paper

and

consisting mainly

ores,
ores

to

bucking

all

after each

cleaned

quantity of the

found

was

to insure

charges made

according

discrepancy

carefully must

more

of the finishing

were

separate sampling

The

the

Wedgewood

a

and

the general bulk.

in rolling,the

that

plants, in order
two

small

a

glazed

cloth

glass plate or in

sample, and

previously comminuted

several of them

cloth,or

to

from

perfectly clean

given

for

one

sampling floor and

in the

the

this to

the opposite ends
rubber

has

becomes

return

have

works

some

or

duplicate, re-sampling

the

especially important

by using

to

each

If much

the

that

say

last traces

to

is liable to

smelter, and

from

thoroughly swept

sample

removed
care

to

be

must

the smaller

The

assay.

if only little,
it is averaged.*

necessary;

the apparatus

the

checked.

are

assa^^

average

a',the

and

; a

parts, fillingthree bottles

seller,one
are

pulp

dividing them

as

into three

Triplicate

control.
both

for

one

:

all together,

of

a'\ the

ton ;

per

is divided

sample

envelopes

thus

ounces

best assayed

are

the

in

assays

scales

Each

of scales ; P=welght

gold

alwaj-s

sampled,
ing
requir-

crushing the price is often lower.

Leadrille Smelters*

Regulations,''Engineering

and

Mining

Journal^

Oct.

87, 1883.

Qoo^"z

METALL

74

"

General

33.

sampling

Abbangement

department

hand

fall at

ore

can

for

the

the

receiving floor need
the

wheelbarrow
a

of

sufficient for
a

third

thick

large

and

the

discharged

by

below, the

of

of

I

say

plane

the

ore-bins.

with

stalls

only

one

the

as

in

is

ore

low

that

on

sides

which

are

and

fractional selection

floor,the bulk
mill is

of the

machinery

and

out

works
ore,

form

a

as

plate,

place the

side of

the

is

the

car

on

top of

on

runways

the

and

the main
the

of the

stalls

The

rolls.

While

room.

sample

has

It

samples.

is taken
on

the

by

pling
sam-

passing
is used

only in the largest works,

depend

discharged
another

with

on

the

into

a

over

to collect

sulphide

and

the

smelter

character

of the

(see " 69).
bin

or

lot is received.

distinct layer

it is customary
such

other

crusher

one

In

shoveling.

simple, oblong building

a

car

being

upper

screws.

the

keep

the

8 in.

straight to the bins.

will

after being

evenly before

classes of

is

to

made

are

is

is about

sheet-iron

a

the configuration of the ground

lot will thus
At many

ore

by

the

and

edge.

planks, and parallel

directly connected

never

Its arrangement

spread

floors

floor of the

off from

wheeled

building.

A lot of ore,

sampling

a

on

floors

receiving floor

on

placed

from

being

of the

larger works, is to

the

to

sampling, which

the sampling

crusher

facilitate the

room

four

being unloaded

In machine

the

The

ore-bins

finishing-room is partitioned
the

to

found

so

shall fall into

by countersunk

sampling

the

floor,

The

The

the sampling

the middle

near

sampling-room

The
on

of

the floor is protected

is laid

same

crusher

the heavier

across

opposite the

This

1a*ack.

is to have

the bins.

layers of planking, the

two

arrangement,

sampling-room

above

floor.

in. in thickness, fastened

Another

necessary
un-

until required

enough

receiving and

the crusher

front of the crusher

all

sufficient for the
of

the

crusher.

thick,running

mouth

be

into any

mouth

the sampling

as

consist

1 in.

boards
with

as

raised

5 Blake

No.

a

^The

"

to avoid

as

there

must

the center

ft. between

4|

remain

distance

the receiving floor and

distance

so

for small works

and

only be

placed

level with

A

ore

Depabtment.

sampling floor,so that the rejected

The
from

discharged

floor that

arranged

into the bins

once

Sampling

ore.

main

blast furnace.

to be

ore

below

be

LEAD,

the simplest way

sampling

the ore-bins

OF

of

should

handling of the
For

T

URQ

on

a

Each

the preceding

bed, is
quent
subseone.

ent
separately the differ-

oxide, acid

and

basic.

Qoo^"z

RKCEIVINO,

high
that

and

grade
a

low

of

carload

SAMPLING,
A

grade.
when

ore

AND

1,500
small

shipment

small

lots

are

over

the ore-bed.

strips
A
bins

3,000

to

in

"

made

the

o^er

i.e,,they

a

such

distributed

are

large

so

layer

possible for

not

entire bed ; in

calculated

being

averages

just

smelting-beds of from

it is frequently

ore,

75

it shall form

is kept for entering the contents

beds, the

formula

making

In

be spread

"matched,"

special book
and

of

tons

is often

discharged into

covering the entire floor space.
to

bin

PURCHASING.

a

cases

in parallel

of the different

accordini;

to

the

31.

RECORD

BINS

OF

AMD

BEDS.

TotWeiKht.

Date.

Average.

Tods.
Oz. per
ton.

CJoDtaiiiB Lots
No.

Percent.

I

No.

ij

to check

In order
is made

and

"
and

up

34.

Receivino

fuel

scales and
to

in the

table,an

sample

average

of the single samples, paying due regard to the moisture,

assayed

then

the "average"

on

analyzed.

and
AND

arriving

unloaded

keep

as

Sakipling
at
near

the

of

smelter

Fluxes
are

the feed floor

and

Fuel.

weighed
as

on

possible.

large quantities of fluxes always

on

"

Fluxes

platform
It is

hand.

essary
nec-

As

MBTALLURO

76

they take

great deal of

a

up

weather^ they

are

in

or

fines.

more

is that of
In

and

until about

fluxes

been

taken.

the

same

ore

;

crushed
as

the

ores

this is not

I.e.,

is

Silver

iron, with

In

excess"

by adding

metallic

an

the

ote

far

so

two

this

as

leadthe

and

to be considered.

If

has generally to be roasted ;

ore

of carbonate.

either self-fluxing,
acid,
base

a

acid, thus
basic

the

iron and

the

deducting

affect its price.

"base

which

manganese

iron

percentage

They

a

paid for is

so-called

of metallic

slag.

command

ores

base

The

manganese.

basic,

desirable

a

basic

ores,

or

(iron, manganese,

form

the

percentage

and

in

in

in the

purchasing

In

have

of available

manganese,

impurities

contained

composition

(silica)to

purchasing

is that amount

obtained

The

acid

an

substitute,

its

is for

lead-bearing mineral

fluxes, requiring

no

higher price.

have

analyzed

This

"

of metal

"

gangue

be

may

commonly

are

10 of coke

or

if the lead is present in the form

requiring

ores

gives
hand-

or

of the heap

to be

Ores.*

ORES.f

the

sulphide, the

a

ore

an

requiring

lime),or

of

of the

necessary

Further,

bits

bottom

down

cut

Lead-Silver

op

character

the lead mineral

grab-sample

of the smelting charge.

up

composition

chemical

fine and

its chemical

to determine

36. Purchasing

silver

limestone

egg.

of limestone,

Lead-Silver

op

relates to the making

"

an

and

ore

makes

regular ore-sample.

a

Assaying

second,

iron

so-called

to ascertain the amount
first,

:

purposes

latter method

the top, middle, and
30

fuel

the grab-sample the moisture-sample is taken,

From

The

building.

consists in taking out

lb. of iron ore,

manner

35.

"

The

a

by the

The

breaking of fluxes is done

size for

fuel,

results. This

the remainder

and

and

there from

50

the

fist;for quartz^ that of

man's

sufficiently
near
fuls here

desirable

most

injured

not

are

The

crusher.

coarse-set

a

sampling

LEAD.

and

room

for protection.

The

a

OF

generally left outside

is placed in sheds

by hand

T

to

of

is

that of
silica.

necessitate

may

of Assaying?/' LoDdou, 1097; Brown, ** Manual
of
Beringer/'A Text-Book
Manual
of Practical
"A
Assaying," New
York, 1896;
Ansaying/' Chica^. 1807; Furman,
and Miller,*'Notes
wick,
on
Ricketts
Assaying/' New York. 1897; Balling, " Probirkunde,** Bruns''
''
Metallurgische Probirkunde/' Leipdc,
1879; Supplenaent," Berlin, 1887; Keri,
(an abridged treatise of
tfrtd.,1887; Kerl, *'The
Assayer's Manual''
1882; "Supplement/'
edition by Qturrison,Fliiladelphla,
new
the larger work), trans,
by Brannt and Wabl;
1890;

*C.aDd

Riche,

"

J.J.

L'art

de

tKirchhoff,
p. 261 ; Furman,
Nov. 26, 1892.

Tessayeur," Paris, 1888.
Geological Survey

**U. S.

School

of Minen

:

Mineral

Qtuirterly^
xt.,

Resources
p. 1 ;

of

the

United

Engineei-ing and

States," 1885.
Journal^

Mining

RECEIVING,

a

SAMPLING,

AND

PURCHASING.

preliminary roasting (sulphur,arsenic),may
of the slag (zinc,magnesia, baryta),or

lead and

silver by slagging

finally may

or

in inverse

render
The

antimony, copper).

the

lead

price paid for

ratio to the percentage

A smelter,especiallyif

mony),
(zinc,arsenic, anti-

but

extracts

dry

ores

the precious metal

Smelting

ore

its supplies from

contain

lead

more

of lead, by mixing
is required for

than

thus often compete

can

real silver ores,

with

milling

higher percent-age of precious metal extracted
In bidding for

will vary

the smelting charges
the base

deductions

ore

an

of smelting, which

bullion

lb. avoirdupois.

it is not

5%

The

lead

ore.

in

to
ore

an

The

the

dance
abunlower

runs

ounces

of

ton

per

price of silver is regulated by the

various

are

charge for

an

ore

if it

works
assay

the wet

of

ways

that

to

for

pay

exceeds

of

is offered for

smelting charge is
The

to

be

fixed,as

in different districts,even

the

be

paid for
lead.

smelting

The

following

to suit all

made

actual

are

so-called

that of

to

is called

ore

the

minimum

ore

it differs in

so-oalled neutral

to

purchase.

can

crediting the

It is customary

added

at

ton.

per

in

of copper

being

arriving

oz.

contained

to obtain

determination

copper

0.05

The

oz.

per

copper

2%.

the cost of smelting what

debiting and

the standard.

less than

runs

satisfactory results,and
on

$19 to $20

such small amounts

lead, the percentage

then

If the lead

present, from

dry

Sometimes

assay.

It is based

of 2,000

scarcity or

gold is given in troy

counted

is not

from

1.5%

very

ing
refin-

paid for.

the amount

sulphurets when
deduct

In

tuations
by the fluc-

simply

not

at the works.

Competition has forced

and

the

quotation of the day, that of the gold varies slightly,

according

gives

of the

from

also largely by the

ore

of silver and

value

York

There

account

obtained.

2,000 lb. avoirdupois.

as

charge.

the cost of shipping and

included

are

the

just mentioned.

causes

Its price is regulated

of available

dry

the

on

with

for loss and for cost

made

are

from

of the market, but

gold

a

called

them

value of lead is given in units of 20 lb. to the ton

The

than

be

will therefore

to draw

as

also from

of their want

account

on

that

New

(zinc, arsenic,

impure
an

of

loss

cause

may

of impurities present.

located

so

bility
impair the fusi-

of mining districts,
treats not only argentiferous lead ores,

number

ores

volatilization

or

77

a

neutral

which

for

cases.

ore,

the

composition from

is of different

differing sometimes

tion
composi-

in the

same

Qoo^"z

MET

78
Thus

place.
Pb

Purman

Zn

13%,

S

8%,

same

localityis that

Another

is equal

it contains, and

T

OF

LEAD.

and

the

to

and

(Fe)

this basis

on

examples
1. A

for

the

the

insoluble

(Mn).
on

a

tral
neu-

for lime, magnesia,
and

Pueblo

be

rates,

shown

by

two

:

sulphide

containing

ore

75

Ag,

:

oz.

Pb, 13%;

;

Debit:
SiOg, 25%; Fe, 35%; Zn, 12%.
roasting, $2; fluxing (there is an iron excess
zinc

$1

charge

units

(2

and

enough

50c.)=total, $7.

at

0.5

Au,

Smelting, $4;

oz.;

lead);

for

manganese

of figuring may

manner

30%,

extent

is called buying

basis, special (varying)rates being made
baryta, zinc, and sulphur.
Taking Denver
f. o. b. works,* the

some

in Tvhich

one

of iron

sum

buying

is

ore

and to

general statement

more

neutral

a

Fe

SiO, 30%,

as

credits for CaO

and

5%,

and

residue

URO

gives it for Denver

MgO

"aO.

ALL

Credit:

Gold, $0.75 ($20.50an oz. received by the refiner and $19 an
paid to the miner; silver,$1 (97% saved and 95% paid
oz.

for); lead, $1.30 (worth
for, see later); iron excess,
total,$4.05.
make

can

The

and

The

value

out

of the

the

Assuming

Lead:

even

$1

in

will rise

pay

100 lb. in the New

5c. per

Silver:

$19

Gold:
The

of the New

95%

value

an

of

at 68c.

$9.50

"

the

"Cost

zinc per

ore

ton:

less

of

ore

per

ton

smeltiDg, per

unit, in

excess

exceed

to

smelter

smelting

is $4

is called paying

:

10%,

is worth

York

New

)=

Assuming
the

on

a

and

60c.

100

per

per

lb.

$4 basis.

corresponding variation

market

York

quotation for the day.

from

of

the $4 basis.

York

for

less

13 units at

smelting

a

culated
smelting charge is cal-

the

;

silver,75

30c.=$3.90;
gold, 0.5

charge

of

oz.

at $19.00=

$4,

or

a

net

of $57.86.

for gold, per
roasting^,
oz.,
per ton, $2; pay
quotation; pay for lead per unit^10c.;charge for
for iron or lime excess,
per unit, 10c.; chaise foi

ton, $4; cost of

of 1Q9(,50c.; pay

per unit, 10c.

which

Lead,

for silTer per oz., OSjCof New

silica excess,

the

ton.

per

not

5% loss, or $48.45

total, $61.85,

value of

$19; pay

=$51,

that

paid

10c.

ounce.

will be per
oz.

50c.
at

the following basis

on

fall Ic. for every

or

and

units

profit from

ton

refining charges, lead

Only 50c., however, is paid, which
The

10

=

charge

lead

in

price of lead

the

a

basis

$4.05=$2.95.

"

charge $4

loss

deducting freight and
unit, when

(35

is calculated

ore

25

"

is $7

about

desires

$4

a

treatment

his treatment

make

he would

on

$1

minimum

come

that the smelter

60c.

York

PART

THE

METALLURGICAL
OF

LEAD

IL

TREATMENT
ORES.

PART

THE

METALLURGICAL

in

(Part

lead
be

The

Shaft

825; also
la

Dunod,
"

du

M6tallurgie

Jahreaberichte,
XBerg-

de

actuel

Dunod,

du

plomb

plomb,"
"

et

und

la

lead

by

liquating

and

for

passes

then

various

the

be

to

The

success.

of

de

1877, p. 161
HuttenmdnnUche

of

Paris;
AnncUes

Lead,"

du

OrOner,
des

du

Dunod,

Zeitung,

of

"Trait*

Rivot,

retain,"

London,

most

ized
desilverextraction

smelting
They

forms.

189-;

Percy,

Metallurgy,''
London,

1896, 1; pp.

m^tallurgie

m6tallurgie

La

Huttenmdnnische

fBerg-und

resulting

electrolyticj

and

clusively
ex-

the

of
mi^^

de

"

xr.,

and

Die

Li6ge,

U., Paris,

sur

619:

p.

also

1868;

In

I'dtat
as

1872;

1868, ziii.,
actuel

pamphlet:

press,

Lodln,

Paris.

1880, p. 1 (SchaifnerX

p.

2

p.

878

(Maxwell);

Woffner'a

(Meunler).
Zeitung,

1-128:

Metallurgie,"

MineSy

additionelles

1869,
Paris

des

"Metall-

1881, pp.

vol.

AnruUea

Notes

Minea^

plomb,"

mfitaUurgle,"

"

of

phia,
Philadel-

Balling,

Leipsic,

276-465; StOlzel,

plomb,"

"Metallurgy

London,

1899;

"Metallhattenkunde,"

Kerl,

Metallurgy,"

861-1050;

pp.

Oahen,

4"-166;
of

pamphlet:

m^tallurgie
Paris;

has

"Elements

"MetaUurgy

Ck"llins,
188S, pp.

"Handbook

Tdtat
as

which

Lead,"

Argentiferous

of

040-712,

1868-86,
"Sur

silver

treated

:

PhiUips-Bauerman,

1870;

Berlin,

Brunswick,

QrOner,

the

ORES.*

Furnace.

(Louis),

Schnabel

are

purified

without

heads

ores

silver

been

furnaces

LEAD

Furnace.

Metallurgy

hattenkunde,"

in

OP

Fubnage.

London,
pp.

far

so

three

Heabth

1801,

has

from

methodsf

on

under

The

Lead,''

de

Wet

Reverberatobt

*'

free

(base bullion),

The

*Ei89ler,

p.

lead

is carried

classified

Lead

"

is argentiferous

ore

tried, but

ores

it

after

m.).

been

have

If

way.

market

the

into

Methods.

op

dry

If the

poling.
part

the

the

to

goes

TREATMENT

Classification

39.

"

IL

1883, p. 262

(KiUani),

(Blast-Miest).

CHAPTER

SMELTING

The

(" 9).

obsolete

of

consists
both

and

The

C.)'
the

of
rest

this

roasting

of the

(For
2.

much

as

expose

and

to

details

low
of

of roasting,

temperature,

The

"

that

so

t Percy,

der

"OruDdriflS

t "TraosactioDS

"Lead,"

of
p.

ore

see

the

blende

and

the

the charge
to

which

to

only

which

it depend

low

on

temperature
are

present
the

temperature,
the

operation
is raked

the

a

sulphate,
at

calcite

the

nace
fur-

(500

that

to
a

or

lower

operation

fire

on

frequently,

action

of

obstructs

resulting

of

is

compounds

ox3'gen

Institute

oxide

or

air

and

oxidation.

" 55.)

Metallhattenkunde,''

American

heat

way

given

possible

as

a

4

a

of the

red

requires

the

and

second

The

sulphide.
"Kerl,

the

other,

pass

temperature

time

During

open

such
into

the

agglomerating,

prevent

Beduction.

in

on

if pyrite,

and

the

hearth

incipient

an

galena

formed.

furnace

upon

to

the

over

The

accelerated;
be

will

is kept

grate

heat

Pure

with

become

now

reverberatory

enough

converted

and

on

ore.

be

can

sulphate

to

undecomposed.

is carried

roasting

the

sulphide

layer

carried
is

agglommeration;

avoid

more

to

lead

character

the

is

roasting

and

of- metal.

closely

fine

thin

a

gradually

remaining

the

to

heated

is

in

has

with

times.

crushed

ore,

sieve, is spread
and

part

The

"

the

following

several

but

loss

in

process
one

repeated

being

S-mesh

600^

reaction

and

cost

used

Chicago,t

at

the

Process

formerly

and

in

on

Reaction

was

(Cornwall),

high

operations,

two

Oxidation.

1.

the

and

roasting

the

of

and

(" 7)

(France)

Pointy

and

account

on

The

Par

at

ores

carried

process

Roasting

Process

Vienne*

at

ores

FURNACE.

The

"

the

Precipitation

sulphide

roasted

is

furnace

reverberatory

raw

Rehabks.

Intboduotobt

" 40.

KEVERBERATORT

THE

IN

VI.

lead
1881,

Mining

p.

runs

that

of

may

raising
react

on

down

the

ii.,p. 279

(Jemegan).

the
changed
un-

inclined

84.

Engineers/'

2W.

Qoo^"z

hearth

collects in

and

charge

be only in

imperfect, if the
The

excluded.
oxide

and
As

in

with

is lowered

the

one

of lead

amount

that

by

to

process

To

less fusible

and

the

roasting

It takes
of

the

be enough

with

mixed
Each

and
to

one

1.

charge

operation

and

first lead ma3'

The

the

reduce
more

the

four

porous,

in

time
times

are

contains
combine

particles of

by liquating and

removed

arsenic,antimony,
with

the lead and

or

have

the

copper,

dering
ren-

will not

sulphide

to

charcoal

or

silver

and

and

coal is

proceed

duration

ore

to

of lead sulphate

again.

than

the

in silver.
the last.*

as

the reverberatory furnace

Leady holding in suspension

matter, which

Biuch

as

of

residue

little less rich

a

the

posing
by decom-

there

excess

these

will be of shorter

the lead each
contain

of smelting

products

ore

on

it; then the roasting and reacting can

successive

preceding
The

the

make

react

To

oxide.

lead

of the process

the end

lead sulphide left to

("9)
metal, and

Toward

as

It also assists

spongy.

chemically by liberating the lead (" 7) and
the sulphide, thus helping the silver in the

into the lead.

eral
sev-

lead.

melting

the process

pass

The

mechanically by

acts

more

phide
sul-

gangue.

bulk

on

ing
result-

slightly raised

counteract

is added, which

lime

the charge

be

must

temperature

diminishes.

charge, slacked

The

A second

the

extract

place

of lead

reacting.

second

a

formly
uni-

ore

takes

all the lead.

extract

air is admitted.

is followed

repetitions of the
each

of lead

rich, consisting mainly

and

air

bring sulphide

oxide, sulphate, silicate,and

some

takes place and

unconsumed

to

amount

large

a

will not

will be

very

with

contact.

operation, the first reaction

pasty residue

With

intervals

at

into intimate

raising the temperature

temperature

and

is obtained

possible to roast

one

are

By fillingthe grate well up

is stirred

charge

The

that the

be low, so

the reactions

as

off

passes

the hearth.

on

must

period

pasty condition,

a

temperature

constituents

it is not

remains

residue

is melted.

ore

fuel the required

LEAD.

OF

the reduction

during

may

T

basin, the sulphur dioxide

a

the

through the flue,and
temperature

URG

ALL

MET

84

are:

other

solid

poling (" 115). If
some

to be removed

of these elements

by refining

(" 112).
2.

Crray Slag,a

more

or

less matted

mixture

phide, oxide, sulphate, silicate, gangue,

of lead, lead sul*

cinders, and

lime

in

"
Zeitung, 1880, p. 369; 1863, p. 285 (Fallize);1871. p. 158
Berg- und HiiUenmdnnische
und
(Bouhy). Zeitachri/tfiirBerg-, HuttenSalinen-Wesen^ xiv.,p. 998 (Teichmaim).

SMELTING

IN

THE

Its tenor

Tarying proportions.
character
been

of the

treated

washed

to

REVERBERATORT

and

ore

in the furnace.

volatized

oxidized
dust
and

that

lead

has

will vary

with

skill of

the

furnace-man

worked

in with
for

at which

been

carried

The

in

the

blast

the

the

(" 54) with

the

it is

time

arsenic

same

quired
re-

and

mony,
anti-

the

gray

(" 112).

soaked

material

in

up

and

has to be refined

and

It is worked

the

shortens

furnace

Bottom, consistiog of hearth

depth with metal.

also with

compounds,

e.g., from

impure,

the roasting

furnace

oxidized

charges and

resulting lead is hard

4. Hearth

the

of flue-

amount

and

on,

manipulating

blende,

contains

ore

the temperature

If very

roasting.

nate
oxide, carbo-

The

subsequent

it is smelted

slag.

If the

oxidized

or

into

converted

As it consists principally of

charge.

unchanged

will also be found.

in

and

in the blast furnace.

been

reacting operations have

has

the residue

lead; in others, especiallywith

of fuel.

zinc comi)Ounds

the

on

it is crushed

cases

of particlesof

sulphate, and

formed

some

it is smelted

3. FlueduHt, composed

and

In

85

silver depends

to which

extent

only the metallic

save

silver- bearing ores,

ore,

in lead and

the

on

FURNACE.

to

manner

some

the

as

residues.
The

roasting and reaction

has the following advantages
the apparatus
fluxes

any

which

at

if the

a

ore

that it is very

a

that does

not

of

great

non-silicious

quantities.

The

associated

skilled labor

per

41.

process

Influence

of lead that

of

ton

can

op

an

58%

contain

at

a

of the silver

higher temperature

ore

the

be

must

of lead;
than

a

more

minerals, such

or
as

be present

requires much

fuel and

is
be

rich galena

prevailing),
being

70%
4

To

ore.

(the former

barite,may

ore

state is

pure

disadvantage of the method

carbonate

less than
not

may

a

zation,
little loss by volatili-

by the character of

galena with

chalcopyrite, calcspar,and

"

treated

or

away

limited

contain

with

used, hardly

is

in

state,

raw

quantity is left in the residue,

reverberatory furnace

figure. It
the

small

a

The

much

for the

mixture

fuel

raw

argentiferous the larger part

only

is either thrown

in the blast furnace.

or

low temperature
is

the lead, and

suited

in the

is treated

ore

required, the bulk of the metal

quickly extracted

follows

the

:

is inexpensive, inferior

are

and

in the reverberatory furnace

process

a

mon
com-

silica;and

5%

blende, pyrite,
only in

small

hours

many

of

treated.

Foreign

be obtained

Matter.

from

"

a

The

quantity

given lead

ore

and

ity
qual-

will depend

MET

86

the nature

largely on
These

be

may

ALL

and

URQ

OF

T

LEAD.

other

proportion of the

silica and

oonstituents.

argillaceous matter, oxides

of

iron,

limestone

(dolomite), barite, fluorspar, pyrite, chalcopyrite,
blende, antimony, arsenic, silver (gold),and oxide lead ores.
Silica and Argillaceous
Matter have an injurious influence in both
stages of the
with

lead

with

more

oxide
than

roasting and reaction
makes

0.5%

of

and

period

Iron.

of it

The

such

even

obstructing the

Siderite

"

treated

by the

small amount

a

as

the silicate

with

ore

reactions

small amounts

ferric oxide

by dressing the

which

dioxide

found

is sometimes

be removed

can

lose their carbon
or

But

process.

be

cannot

ore

that

by experiment

ing
dur-

air

when

the

is raised.

temperature

but most

an

found

to combine

formed, this preyenting the action of the

first

Oxides

silica

been

itself felt by coating particlesof

that has been
the

It has

(" 6).
b% of

of their readiness

account

on

process

remain

with

before

ore

the

with

galena

ores,

ing.
smelt-

galena quickly

during roasting, and the resulting magnetic

acts

as

stiffeningingredient while the lead

a

is being extracted.

(dolomite)acts

Limestone

the entire procd^s,
action

chemical

and

is to

retard

Barite

is

the

somewhat

having free

be regarded

its carbon
Like

dioxide
ferent
all indif-

roasting by

venting
pre-

to the particles of galena

access

by interfering with
oxide.

The

the

necessary

hig:hest allowable

12%.

remains

Fluorspar
present

practically unchanged

also

together they
with

may

("9)

sulphur trioxide
ferric sulphate.
effect during

the

and

fusibility of the

It favors

assists the oxidation

by the

the formation

of galena through

decomposition

of ferrous

quantities of pyrite have also

reaction

charge less fusible.

the

barite

lead sulphate.

liberated
Small

If fluorspar and

increase

is beneficial in the first stage.

of lead sulphate

in the reverberatory.

unchanged.

remains

charge by combining

PyrUe

of

some

Any

charge.

can

into sulphate.

of sulphide and

intimat-e contact

advantageously during

slight that it

It loses

obstructing the reactions

amount

so

converted

it will

air from

whole

the fusing of the

is

matter.

small extent

a

the

are

have

it may

substances

and

it hinders

as

practicallyinert

as

the

on

period, the

If present

to

a

ferric oxide
considerable

a

or

favorable

making

the

amount,

say

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

88

"

42.

Classification

of the

works.
much

as

aim

At

some

lead

as

obtain

to

beratory and

Beyebberatobt

op

reaction

roasting and

the

principal

the

major

others

regards the form
well

there

main

heads:

3. The

"

1. The

are

the

least two

of

smallness

part of lead

that for every

of oxide

the operations

are

are

centage
per-

being

of the

to

save

lead.

As

and the position of the lead-

2. The

Method;

three

be classed under

may

fine, with

from
go

as

67

low

to
as

the

English Method;

on,

and

hearth

The

73%

of

58%.

one

72 to

fine

extract

which

at

all

all the lead
the flue and

toward

^The

"

ore

The

other

ore

worked

of lead, and

75%

lead); in exceptional

following analyses by Philipsfin
and

to

is inclined

fluorite,and asbestos, but these form

coarse

at

temperature

the aim

anglesite, cerussite, wulfenite,

of low-grade

roasting, so

slow

of the furnace.

from

with

this

part of sulphate and

Baibl,* Garinthia,

at

of

characteristics

charge, the

sulphide

the lead is collected outside

(a). Lead-Smelting
galena (partly coarse,

^The

"

formed, the low

carried

in the reverberatory.

The

large

a

low

a

differences.

Method.

Cabinthian

The

method

are

of

recovery

of

Silesian Method.

43.

contents

by smelting

slowly at

ore

expense

practice

Carinthian

the

limit, the aim

size of furnaces

furnace

rever-

larger percentage

a

the

the

at

also characteristic

are

others

perature
roasting by raising the tem-

hasten

is done

and

reverberatory

The

for

the permissible

to

time, which

labor and

ing
extract-

on

the rich residue

roast

is advisable

of lead, while

quickly

ing
smelt-

in the

lead

the

recover

establishments

which

temperature,

of

part

the rest from

to extract

some

is laid

stress

practice

different

in

varies

The

"

possible in the reverberatory, while

only

Then,

Methods.

process

it in the blast furnace; they thus
lead.

LEAD,

OF

partly
the lead

cases

constituents

is

of

the

ore

blende, willemite, calcite,
only
1845

a

very

show

small quantity.
the composition

:

Zeitung, 1863, p. 196; 'Official Report," OfferBerg- und Huttenmdnnische
Zeiischriftfur Berg- und Hiittenwesen, 1889, p. 297.
dea Mines, 1846,Wli.,p. 298.
fAnnaUa
"Thum,

reichische

SMELTLNQ

IN

Fio.
VERTICAL

THE

REVERBERAT0R7

36

to

89."

89

3ft.
SeCTfOISI*

SECTION

Figs.

FURNACE^

Reverbkratort

ITlMUiA

foait-U.tf Inches

ON

A, "

LINE

Furnace

at

Raibl,

in

En"ll"h

Carinthia.

Qoo^"z

MET

90

ALL

OF

T

URO

LEAD,

.

drawings (Figs.36

The
hearth
the

(9^^)with only

slightly

leading

The

lead

fumes

into

lower

end

Fig.

furnace

is built of sandstone

bottom, which
burnt

The

It is made

heating

Dimensions

given

mode

from

hot

six years.

the drawings

on

to

thickness

follows

as

the upper

over

of from

the

1\
and

furnace

the

fuel used

and
:

1^

the

the

of

containing

With

hour.

an

the

adhering

furnace, barely

The

in.

fresh

No

fuel

from

cordwood

are

The

the

raises
This

the

second

to 18 sticks

times

The

his charge

has

the

and

every

slightly when
and

The

quarter

ever3'

repeated

quently,
fre-

so

to

come

to

from

time

is then

the

or

flow

five to six hours,

furnishes

are

seen

The

the charge

five to six sticks of

quarter
the

end

an

feels sandy.

ore

temperature

once

period lasts from
of wood,

previous

roasting.

throughout the reaction which

temperature

the

sufficient heat

hours, during which

to nine

consumed.

works

liberate

roasting period

of the hearth, and

eight

kept pretty uniform
attendant

would

the bridge

near

from

g^

beginning of this is recognized by its

roasting period lasts three
is rabbled

the

fire is made,

sulphur-flames disappear, drops of lead

the front end

red-

and

necessary,

galena the raking is not

to the rake.

the blue

when
near

cake.

ore

by side.

is cordwood.

of blende, is raked

amount

pure

frittingof

through the working-door

glowing

the quick oxidation

as

make

small

a

gray-

" 46.

in

charge furnishing sufficient heat for the first slow
ore,

and

raw

the tamping.

of

part of the hearth

to

of

by glazing with

cracking

The

The

ing
brick; the work-

pairs, being placed side

lb. introduced

400

out

spread
of

the

tha

into

tools.

mixture

a

to lead

ita

five weeks, is made

or

previous charge, is repaired, if

a

and
a

in

of operation is

charge of about

heat

four

every

ion^

at

runs

working

ordinary red

slowly to prevent

five to

The

terminates

the lead

for the

grate,

the

to

carries off any

of the furnace, leading to

up

They last from
are

and

hearth

which

over

impervious

usually built

are

The

The

On

six transverse

opening/

firmly fireclay,probably

the slag, is done
Furnaces

the

support

is renewed

down

clay.

slag.

the

37 shows

the flue d.

has

and

inclined

an

fireplace.

stone

at c;

cast-iron gutter,

a

g, below

the

to

show

hearth, is parallel

flue.

main

the

mold.

by tamping

the

firebridge is

openings.

of the furnace

It is built of

axis of the furnace.

in

h

than

inclined

more

39)

working-door,

one

side is the door

same

to

raised

and
The

sets in.

half-hour, and
of lead

consumes

first half

ceases.

from

of the

16

lead"

Qoo^"z

8MELTING

vhich,

on

lead.

The

IN

THE

of its freedom

account

attendant

from

all parts

takes

few

shovelfuls

a

it

lead and
fire as

on

to reduce

of

it

can

and
This

both

and

breeze

extracted.

This

to be

50 to

then

third

remove

the

urges

period of the

further
the

and

hours

works

some

have

been
in

charge is not
worked

lations
manipu-

stirring-in of

the rest of the lead,
has

to

be

liquated

60%

stirred in and
the

usual

withdrawn,

is withdrawn

crushed

by raking out the residue

from

the

lead, which

of

and

to

seven

introducing
The

way.

but

In

the first

this

to

the

case

eight hours.
furnace

is thrown

and

sorted
and

away,

concentrated; the heads, which

of lead, going back

a

residue

that from

together for slag-lead.

slag with ^%

gray

He

The

three

is worked

final residue

product

residue

of the slag occupies from

reduction

from

been

ash-pit,

it in in order to

sulphate.

after

the

the
then

He

heap.
from

so-called

working

this second

The

breeze

the

the

has collected

^into one

and

and

of

91

be marketed.

charge.

added

he

and

charcoal, until

after the ashes

into

ashes

practice is varied in

The

hearth

oxide

he can,

the "slag-lead,*'has

from

the

of

lead

as

the

are

new

of

FURNACE:

impurities^ is called virgin

that of slag reduction, has begun.

process,

before

from

HY

the heap of residue, and works

quickly

breeze

ERATO

stops firing until

now

residue

throws

REVERB

the furnace

in

one

a

assay

of the

Bubseciuent charges of the residue.
There

is

one

during the day
Tabulated

furnace-man,

working

24 hours, who

has

a

(12 hours).

results

are

given in "

46.

Of the products

no

analyses exist except of the lead.

"

helper

OegterreUohitche

ZeiUchrift fur Berg- und

HUttentoesen, 1893,p. 888.

factory
satis-

METALL

92

URG

Belgian reyerberatory furnace
Silesian method

(b)

Lead

ores

are

LEAD,

in

now

The

"

respects from

some

They contain, according

analyses: PbS,
and

is worked

and

use

Smelting ai Engis, Belgium.*

pure.

0.35%;

is

OF

by the

(see " 45).

Engis differs in

at

T

They

of silver.

that

to

an

of

average

free

are

of working
The

at Eaibl.

3.74%; FeS"

ZnS,

93.56%;

traces

method

several

2.31%;
from

CaCO"

arsenic

and

antimony.
The

has the ordinary" form

furnace

narrows

doors,

one

there is

a

the

at

small

in. thick, and

collected
The

has

coke

ground fine enough

containing
with

mixed

two

test for the

In

tamping,

evenly
8-in.

2|

on

a

not

thick.

through

as

to

a

weeks.

It

are

to the

of

bottoms,
and

up

for

nace
fur-

one

1,600 lb. of coke) is
to the ordinary

(thatthe brasque,

into

sists
con-

one

ground

In addition

a

lump, but

another

hand)

when
have

not

is used,

one

ball of brasque against the wall, to

a

tamped

down

rammed

when

and

layers

are

spread
is not

passes

wears

resists pretty well

down

made

out

they

on

joints.

only about

are

to

bottom

off quickly during the first two
abrasion

only

by the tools and

to

amounts
4

lead, which

top of the
A

out

to 1 in. ; the second

by using smaller

impervious

into the

is first spread

firmly, being reduced

so

slight extent, collects

brick, and also

^

hearth

bottom

The

Old

needed

layer of brasque 8 in. thick

in. ; the subsequent

of brasque,

clay and

of moisture

force

clay and

in.

adhere.

the brick

layer is

brasque

to adhere

with

it should

the

amount

sufficient moisture

which

All

hand, shall cohere

the

that of throwing

3%

in 24 hours.

men

correct

in

or

5]

brasque

screen.

of lead,

lb. of

(about 4,000

prepared by
squeezed

brasque.

new

bottom

2

4-me8h

lead is

no

is 1 ft.

The

of ordinary brick
a

it is 2 ft.

flue,so that

working-bottom.

to pass

usually about

wliich

bottom, oval in

bridge, where

the

toward

parts by volume

of two

bridge
has two

flue,below

furnace

of the

top

brasque

a

furnace

At the flue the thickness

in the furnace.

furnace

The

coal.

inclined

is

at the

separate fireplaceto receive the lead.

a

the

at

The

the

beneath

one

kettle with

cross-section,begins

8|

and

side

is bituminous

fuel used

The

at the flue.

considerably

down

The

reverberatory.

a

in the middle, is slightly contracted

hearth, widest
and

of

5 in.

or

filters

underlying red
lasts about

six

weeks, but then

chemical

action.

des Mines,
1870, xvii., p. liiQ: reprint, La fabrication du plomb,
Rouhy, Antuxles
Zeitung^ 1870,p. 881; 1871,p. 08 ff.
Paris,1870; also Id Berg- und HUttenmdnniache

DunoA,

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

TUB

In starting a furnace

hours, slight cracks
Then

small

a

with

that

to

with

lead

melted

The

and

coated

with

lead, 5 lb. of rich
richer

do economical

can

The

method

various

more

45

to

raised
from

less

or

this charge 4 lb. of
lb. of matte-like

130

charges

are

until after the third

is worked

brasque.
from

superficiallysoaked

of

The

with

being raked

ore

result from

of lead.

with

lasts six

the temperature

slag-like material, and

ore

ore

becomes

mixture

a

There

containing 48%

weight and

and

hours, the

brasque

93

the warming

being closed

the hearth

lead compounds.

material

form

quarter

a

times.

ten

bottom

new

may

over

gradually for five and
eight

a

FURNACE,

charge of 220 lb. of low-grade

of lead is spread

48%

REVERBERATORY

increased

in

nace
day the fur-

work.

of working is the

that all the lead is not

same

Baibl, with the

at

as

tion
excep-

in the reverberatory.

extracted

The

residue, forming 12% of the original charge and assaying from 17
to 20%
lead, is smelted with puddle-cinder in a small shaftfurnace.

One

hours.

Tabulated

The

Lead

dimensions

Smellingin

process,
as

The
a

with

subjoined analyses show

(c)
here

furnace-man

carried

as

the American

galena

40 and

furnace

41)

show

results

Furnace.

*
"

has
an

a

The

charge in

roasting and

hearth

70 to

furnace.

discharging and

84%

The

c, with

:

tion
reac-

the Mississippi Valley is concentrated

inclined

12

air-furnace,is given

of the Haibl

peculiar construction.

working door, and /as

a

given in " 46.

are

in the so-called

product ranging from

high-grade pure
The

out

helper works

the composition of the residue

improvement

from

ore

the Air

and

a

e

to

in lead.

drawings (Figs.
charging and

as

cleaning door; beneath

"Geological Survey of Mieeouri: Industrial Report," 1877,pp. 8-101; "TranaInstitute of Mining Engineers,''y.,p.814;Broadhead, * 'GeologicalSurvey
has
used
in the Mississippi Valley, where
it
been
of Missouri,'* 1874,p. 499. The furnace
10 years ago it had
to a considerable
extent; but even
given way largely to the
originated,
amount
ore
a smaller
hearth, as this has about three times the capacity, although It saves
in 1880 by different furnaces
in the Mississippi
of lead. The percentage of lead ore worked
Valley, as reported by the ^* Tenth Census of the United States," vol. zv., p. 818, was as fol.
Air furnace, lO.eH; Flintshire furnace, 7.64^; Scotch
lows:
hearth, eSiA7%; blast furnace,
19.SaiK.
"wnUams,

actlODSof American

is

a

small

The

the furnace.
the front

from

which

kettle g, into

"

i.e.,the lower

AIR

a

flows

lead

the

chimne3' is

UER71CM.

LEAD,

OF

METALLURGY

94

sheet-iron

pot end

or

it is set free in

as

pipe.

Thirteen

of the furnace

inches
is the

"

FURNACE.

BECTION

ON

UNE

A B.

Fig. 40.

firebridgeh, with fireplacea at right
The

nace.

slag

of gray

bottom
or

of the

residue

furnace

melted

-|-.-J

angles

is

cast-iron

a

it.

upon

to the axis of the fur

plate with

Cord wood

is used

as

6 in.

fuel.

5

nfi
HORtZONTAL
SECTION

ON UNE

C D.

V

V

vvyv

?.H

Fro. 41.

The
at

cost of

a

furnace, including shed, is estimated

by Broadhead

$560.
The

charge, from

to hazelnut

1,400

to

size,is introduced

1,600 lb.

of

galena of from

through door

e

and

pea

size

spread evenly

OF

METALLURGY

96

The

of the furnace

construction
The

to 47.

horizontal

section

*form of the English
k

doors

t at the

opening
and

fireplaceg

well

A, being 10 in. further
draw

d,

the back, is made

near

the

at

HORIZONTAL

the

latter,with

same

ON

L1N"

a

bridge
fire-

object of this

is to

the flue

reason

than flue d, while

SECTION

fire-

of hearth

that centers

The

1 in. wider

zoidal
trape-

its three working

other, the

back.

usual

front, and

the well 6; for the

the flame from

away

h

opposite each

not

the

shows

(Fig. 42)

It is to be noted

back.

are

is given in detail in Figs. 42

reverberatory with

side, the

either

on

LEAD.

both

have

R, S,

P

Fig.

the

42.

Reverberatory

"

cross-section,Fig. 44,
the

back

nearly

vertical

front.

The

tapping-hole

m

section
which

a

from

damper

own

inclination

(24"),where
and (Fig. 42)
collected

lead
into

the

the

shows

well

grate

from

pass

over

the

23"

top of

the

hearth

3J,ft.

down
well

to

pot

or

into
few

a

the

c.

of

flue.

from

to

the

has

the

nace,
fur-

inches

in

through

The
the

tudinal
longi-

hearth,

The

roof

grate g to flues d d\

firebridge h

The

This

is tapped

inclination
from

to'.

is i)laced.

h

kettle

England.

and

w

of

extends

the

bridge and

straight line
the

in

cast-iron

(Fig. 43)

is 30" from

slopes in
gases

walls

its
the

shows

Stiperstones,

at

it is 2 ft. wide, narrowing

where
the

front

the

to

has

Each

height.

same

Furnace

hearth

P

The
and

SMELTING

thence

be

can

in the clear

that

would

stoked
from

u

wall

45

doors

the

97

front

elevation

is 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft.
It does

ground.

building when

are

at

and

open,

of the furnace

not

municate
com-

the
is

back

and

fire is fed

also vapor

that

or

comes

water.

In Figs.

drawings.
to be built

seen

At the others

front

the

is filled with

will elucidate

building.

ft. of free space

15

FURNACE.

In

e.

the

(Fig. 43), which
end

one

Q of the

from

smelter

following details

42, 43, and
the

the

the ash-pit

The

flue

TOUT

interior of the fireplace. It carries off gases
the

enter

ERA

chimney y, which

20 ft. high
the

when

or

the

seen

and

with

VERB

HE

flues d d' into

through

(Fig. 45)

THE

IN

there is

against
D\

passage

a

give sufficient

for

room

the furnace.

working

LONGITUDINAL

SECTION

LINE

ON

X, Y, Z,

V.

^

!=-^T^^^M^

Fig.

The

48

"

Reverberatort

furnace

Furnace

is built of red

of firebrick,which

is 3 ft. deep; the space

(jf
upper

and

England.

lined with

and

by heavy shading.

in the center

between

The
the

tie-rods

is filled with

part of the foundation

is solid

and

both

44)

of

the

to the front.

ends

left sharp,

In

determining

the

taphole, and the points
each

side

as

shown

the

line

last

course

tion
founda-

bent

the

a

and

p located

in Figs. 43

extremity.

To

at

a

distance

them, lines

back

of brick

course

and

line 3 ft. 6 in. long is drawn

a

ends

The

sand.

slopes from

edges of the

by the zigzag

slope,

of its inner

The

full

a

lower

in Fig.

are

on

brick

is indicated

Stipkrstones,

at

44.
from

of 1 ft.
are

then

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

98

drawn

from

8 in.

The

a

the

buckstays

over

them

over

the furnace; the lower

are

tightened with

and

of 4 ft. 6 in.

distance

in the

distinctness
The

6

The

castings

RSVEIIBERATORY

20 in. high;
which

the distance.

at

opening

(4 by

that when
over
on

9

the molten
each

side

and

a

UNE

the
this

begins

a

narrow

current

The

down

p

to 3

for the
the

small

in the well.

ENGLAND.

of

door

a

long and

increasing

retains

hinged

by five cast-iron

back-plate

a

T, U.

center

in.,
of

rest

lower

edge

vertical

only 8 in. high,
of cold

air may

so

pass

taphole plate is overlapped

plates (4 ft. long and

placed horizontally (z and z' in Fig. 45).
The

1 ft. at

5 ft.

StIPERSTONES,

AT

above

is closed

lead

working opening

figures.

with sufficient

Fig. 45) is

6 in. and

4 in. above

in.),with

door

the

down

shown

the bottom,

at

height of

a

ON

FURNACB

Eight inches

is the taphole m,

are

the

tie-rods reach

upper

not

y in

SECTION

it is 2 in. thick

it reaches

space

drawings.

CROSS

44."

The

being slipped

turned

j'/, are

taphole plate (Fig. 44 and

FlO.

The

wedges.

in

tie-rods

long, the

ones,

P, and have

the floor.

from

is clearly shown

ft. 6 in.

The

the roof

K,

sand

furnace

elevafcion of 2 ft.

an

slightlyover

in., measured

is filled with

binding of the

The

LEAD.

8, starting at

raised

are

of 5 ft. 8

the two

between

and

r

side walls

height

total

comers

OF

J

in.

They extend

thick),

from

the

to the taphole.

(5 ft. long,

20

in.

placed just opposite the taphole plate.

high, and
Its main

1

in.

thick) is

object is to

pro-

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

the brick

tect

back
an

To

door.
iron

from

rod

THE

the

(3 ft. 6 in. long

bridge-plate

thrust

of the

prevents

is 3 in. thick

edge, which

that

returns

to its

door-frames
are

sides

a

thickness

neighboring buckstays.
the

to the 4-in.

level with

a

of 6 in., then

for

AT

another

6

the

longitudinal

air-space o, and
and

the

20 in. high.

grate bars, it

suddenly increases

StIPERSTONES,

in., and

to

ENGLAND.

for

the

last 8 in.

original thickness.
k

have

number

a

{B, Fig. 44), inclosing each

in. square

in

cross-section.

by firebrick,and
plates, 0,
six

on

from

out

(Fig. 44), carrying
diameter) as support

It is 6 ft. long

FURNACB

working

the

on

level of the grate-bars, or

the

is

distance

working openings

The

4

for

of

99

H

(Fig. 43), counteracting

REVBRBfiRATOBT

double

in. in

placed inside

leakage of lead.

any

Fig. 45."

n

is drawn

hooks,
1

hearth, gives strength

the upper

From

are

and

FURNACE.

TOUT

slag which

gray

facilitate this, two

for the working-tools
The

ERA

BEVEEB

They

bottom

openings.

and
On

J

are

10 by

protected
hearth.

the floor,are

in. thick, that

them

castings. The

opening

by the

2 ft. 8 in. above

6 in. wide

an

of

rest

two

inclined

in.,

on

the

On

the

two

extend

6

zontal
horibelow

(3

:

8)

METALLURGY

100

and

plates E, 8 in. wide
of the
form

the

wide

openings

Two

\

of the

part

in.

door-frames

The

in. thick, which

\

door-frames.
upper

and

lined with

are

cast-iron

doors

working

and

on

bottom.

20 in. deep.

three

as

sides by masonry

Its rim, 8 in. above

^

(9 in.
the

working

in Fig. 42.

(Fig.

r

tap-hole is

46

)"

are

and

2 ft. 6 in.

in clay, which
the fourth

on

in

closed
is in-

by the

slag-

by

iron

the floor,is surrounded

an

I

FIRE

DOOR.

i^!F^'iff

the

C,

as

B,

It is imbedded

WORKING

0

shown

handle

^, with

cast-iron kettle c, in front of the

diameter

of

sides

J-in. jamb-plates,

size

same

plates F, and

upper

The

roof.

placed against the door-frames
The

these

tom
against the bot-

skewbacks

linings. The

the

support

abut
of the

plates F

thick),resting on

B,

LEAD.

OF

DOOR

r

v

s
FOR

SCALE

f

I

I

.

1*^
FOR

^
46

Fios.

AND

6.

^
Furnace

47." Reysrbbbatort

and

\

in. thick.

The

fire-opening t, 10 by

It is closed by
held

a

sets of cast-iron

of two

a

in., has

12

fire-door

swinging

together by

Wedges

Tare

an

driyen

between

penetrate through

may

the kettle,from

collect under

Enqlanix

Stiperstonbs,

at

lead, that

the kettle to prevent any

the joints and

raising it
iron casing

up.

(Fig. 42).

(Fig. 47), consisting of

wrought-iron frame.

The

brick
fire-

grate consists

grate-bars of eight each, supported

at the

by cast-iron crosspieces.

ends
The

36

hopper
and

suspended
two

1^:

FIO. S AND

^

hoopy 4 in. wide
it and

4.

S AND

K

"CALE

fm+

1, 2,

Fia

iron

brickwork,

Figs. 43
(jt.

6 in. square
in

a

wooden

cross-beams,
14

and

at

45)

the

frame,
L,

4 by

in. high, forming

is

two
TT
6

a

truncated

ends

and

sheet-iron
3 ft.

mid
pyra-

high.

rests
(3 in. square),which
These
in.
supported
are

the continuation

It is
on

by

of the sidewalls

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

of the

frame

which

is placed

of

the

the furnace

coarsely broken

gray

is spread out
red-hot.

patted with
to the

the desired

so

working

0,

closes the discharge of
of the furnace,

from

opening

is finished

the

over

the

on

firebridge,

the

nearest

working

the

bridge

at

which

until the

and

second
entire

pasty, and

thickness.

The

adhere

been

built up

has

attained

edge of the well is

upper

thickness

of the working

It is 4 in. at the back

the flues,30

at

is then

to

sand, and

the taphole.

bridge, 14

has

bottom

The

opening.

toward

part is made

slag and

gray

Part of the material

has previously been

till it becomes
A

of

bottom, made

sand, is put in.

slag and

layers of

at the

the back

on

increases

doors, 12

the front, and

at

8 at

of the well.

furnace, being built solidly,lasts

fireplace requires repairing

hearth

five years.

every

charge if

exist

foundation, instead

the

has

back, sometimes

being

and

an

arched

platesfresting

with

the general form

at

of the

the entire

the taphole.

hearth

This

the

after

the

every

hearth
a

solid

up

rever-

For

detail.

at

stance,
inthe

(Fig. 44), extending

air-space in the

flue end

the

rails supported by

on

built

vault'*' at^

accessible

is when

variation

of

brick

on

pillar.

differs by having

furnace.

the

is built

a

bridge,
fire-

cast-iron

Sometimes

gentle slope

the sides of the well less steep

makes

of the drawings.

than those

tools
are

of

of the English

regards

as

of being

longitudinally, communicating

toward

that

years,

is repaired

has the representative form

Slight variations

beratory.

Another

long time; the roof of

two

every

hearth

The

a

necessary.

This furnace

60) and

frame

is placed, is indicated

hopper

the working

bottom

The

sheet-iron

a

in the roof

the brick bottom,

on

form

10 in. below

*

ends

lower

paddle and rake.

first,and

The

in the

(Fig. 4t3),fastened

slide,which

It is heated

with successive

They

N

101

of the furnace.

When

the

the

f PifRIfAfJE.

TOR

It is 1 ft. 9 in. distant

and 2 ft. 6 in. from

made

at their

movable

a

in Fig. 42.

the back

rods

6-in. opening

mouth

the

hearth

The

BEVERBERA

iron

K, have

the hopper.
which

THE

Four

furnace.

wooden
on

IN

used

in

the

furnace

of wrought-iron, with
the handles

Percy.

"

of shovel

Lead/* pp. 28S-"S9.

are

shown

the exception

in Figs. 48
of the

(Fig.52) and ash-pit hoe
t

to

mold

61.

(Fig.
(Fig.55).

PliiUipa-BauermAn,1891,Op. cit.,p.

640.

:\

:

"'-'":
':
1/^-'.
:
","""."

i*"""*

: .";.metall

Figs. 48
hammer

to

hearth.

to 61

:

lead.

of

Paddle, rake, old

paddle

adhering slag

the tools for working

remove

to 55

Figs. 52

poker, and

t

urg

"""'

""..."

:

ash-pit hoe

are

used

chisel,and

as

to break

Coal-shovel, hammer

coal,fire-

required for firing. Figs.

are

the

on

56

to 61

:

Tapping-bar, rectangular skimmer, circular skimmer, ladle,mold,
and

lead-carrier

Method
be

To simplify the description the doors may

of Working.
"

numbers

designated by

back, starting both

times

from

having been
with

covered

48 TO

FiGB.

61.

Tools

"

used

with

1, 4, and

5, with rakes.

Then

of water.

the dampers

gradually increased

for

firing)the
(first

hours

through doors

1 and

cooled

dampers

(first
cooling).

This

freed from

bed.

ore

The

doors

is well filled with

the

over

a

half.

are

the

coal, and

at

gives

off vapor

the

and

fire is

the first two
with

paddles

being kept closed.
When

thrown

the

hour.

an

up

doors

up

grate is

6 in. deep

on

1, 2,

the charge
The

and

The

first firingis

and

open

charge, nearly

has fritted,is broken

now

through

Furnace

During

fallen into the well is raked
are

hearth

four times

over

lasts for half

clinkers,and

that had

and

minutes.

5, fire-door and

to the bridge, which

Any

few

is left in the well and

feeding of fuel is stopped, and

nearly accomplished

4, and

a

charge, the

slightly raised

are

4, the other doors

paddling requires only

previous

England.

is turned

ore

a

It decrepitates and

hour

an

through the

Reverbbratort

thb

Stiperstones,
doors

the

at

hopper

lead

is spread

ore

6

the

from

The

closed.

The

lime.

4, 5,

the bridge.

red-hot

into the furnace, ^ill

dampers

then

in front, and

3

1, 2,

charge, 2,350 lb., is let fall from

The
roof

in handling the lead.

used

are

turned

next
over.

the furnace-

closed, the dampers
the

second

lowered, the grate
firingbegins. This lasts

Qoo^"z

METALLUROT

104

spreading it

the upper

over

to let the

air have

the damper

Working

doors

lasts two

Lead

the fire-door

5

1 and

are

What

for half

cooled

charge remains

closed, slacked
which

the bridge,
the hearth.

4

Doors

5

worked

into the

the stiff gray
lead is poled
The

shift.

been

at

as

fire-door and

thrown

open,

slag

to thicken

out

on

lime

The

and
results

are

now

closed, the
doors
the

1 and

residue,
doors

1,

through door 2,

lead is tapped, and
door

5.

The

essary.
repaired, if nec-

the charge is six hours.
two

charges in

a

12-hour

given in " 46.

place in the

by Percy,* and

are

ore

during the

given

only.

*

the

from

the floor through

helper work

one

charge,

detached

the working

is added

it.

the

are

near

down

Stiperstones, and the hearth

changes that take
examined

The

6

3 and

(''setup")

open,

melt

to

furnace

gradually for half

raised

entire time required to work

Tabulated

are

fire

the

it through

been

is entirely thrown

fire is urged

slag raked

furnace-men

Two

The

then

are

the fire-door

the temperature

on

into

have

Now

all the doors.

2

is collected

parts that

5 and

20 minutes.

takes

2, 4, and
and

the

closed, and

which

2 and

the damper

hour, when
are

other

as

is lowered, and

damper
an

stiffened residue

well

as

worked

Toward

The

open

door

kept

are

open,

rabbled, doors

through

in the well, and

The

taphole door.

is thrown

is

4

to flow.

down.

by throwing

the hearth

on

lime

has collected

hour

an

1 and

at intervals.

urged for 40 minutes, and the charge melted
is then

the

and

this heating, which

is thrown

damper

half

a

to escape.

closed

period lead begins

closed, the

are

and

gases

now

closed, but

are

these the charge is rabbled

4

an

first roasting stage,

During

appears.

of the furnace

hour

for the

just enough

6 and
soon

for

the

during

of this first reaction

the end
doors

are

hours, doors 2 and

Through

open.

and

left open

access

is raised

3

fire is urged.

free

LEAD.

part of the bed, the doors

that of the fire-box

and

while

OF

Op. cit.,p. 285.

here

process

in their lead

have
tents
con-

IN

SMELTING

THE

Silesian Method.

" 45. The

large charge, slow

are

a

not

aimed

the

by
into

blast

in round

the

reverberatory,

lead

The

67.

silver per

of the

need

The

part of the furnace.

The

axis of the furnace.
sides.

bridge-wall has
In the
a

the furnace
from

and

on

side,

coolest

placed parallel with

are

at

the

end
into

The

and

main

one

entire

the

fed from

furnace

flue.
is

bound

the fireplace to

in

a

straight line

as

a

layer of sand
to

have

the
to

beginning of

the flues.

differentlyfrom
is tamped

the form

The

that of any

down

between

of

a
trough inclining
bottom, of red-bricli

in

Ptetuaen^ toI. xlv., p. 888
Diiegiecld ; xzxIt., p. 881

At the well the brick

und
Salinen-Wesen
Berg-^ HUtten157, Wedding ; zxzii., p. 94, Doben
; xU., p. 867,Saeger.

; xlz., p.
Althans

so

to flue.

"2"ii9chrift fur
l^ichmann
Dobprs

First

walls

bridge

rectangular
either

the flue end, the

air-passage.

hearth, in Figs. 63 to 65, is built up
furnace.

openings

nearest

line from

horizontal

the hearth, sloping thence

other

the

by buckstays (iron rails)and
longitudinal section. Fig. 63, the roof is seen

iron

tie-rods.

of the principal features.

flues lead the gases

plates and

lower, the

runs

reverberatory at Stiper-

some

fire is stoked

an

1688.

is given in Figs. 62 to

of the

grate bars

branch

Four

both
The

ore

(Fig. 62) shows

door

Cent.

considerably.

four working

the

the well being below

to form

section

with

of the furnace

in

of

in 1870,

of lead and from

74%

the

latest furnaces

only be called to

horizontal

The

tapped

mixture

a

40
9
46
5
1 and

70 to

present

the detailed description

attention

incased

At

ton.

from

having increased

of blende

After

siones

form

charges contained

construction

The

and

was,

Per

61
11
24
3
1

PbOO,

percentage

is

ore

Cent

(Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) CO,.
SiO,

oz.

as

:

PbS04

21 to 22

It is
this is

is inclined

is collected

"

PbS

furnace

hearth

Its composition

Per

The

of this method

temperature.

The

Prussia,

lead minerals.

numbers

low

a

in the

105

kettle.

Lead-Smelting at Tamonntz*
sulphide and oxide

characteristics

furnace.

which

outside

an

FURNACE,

roasting, and

the flue,beneath

at intervals

The

"

all the lead

to extract

supplemented
toward

REVERBERATORT

and

(

8et

dry, replaces some

the brasque
of

with

bottom, wherever

1^

Flr"briok

CHS

Itto bnom

PiGB.

63

During
forms
seen

the

well.

run

the smooth

SECTION

Rkvkrberatory

residue

some

working

bottom

door; from

to the level of

there

the rim

ON

UNE

0,

covers

in contact

come

(Fig. 64).

H.

Furnace

at

adheres

to this

Tarnowitz,

of the furnace.

the

sisting
con-

A, B.

LINE

ON

in Fig. 65 to be trough-shaped

working
down

63."

SECTION

This

only at the well

tools,leaving it exposed

LONGITUDINAL

AND

otherwise

it would

HORIZONTAL

slag bottom,

the furnace.

in

down

good support for

a

by the

is followed

tap-cinder melted

working

It forms

of the sand.

bottom, which

the brasque

LEAD.

OF

METALLURGY

106

from
front

the

Silebia.

slag bottom
The

bridge

and

hearth
to the

is

ond
sec-

part (Fig. 64) slopes

of the kettle,the lowest

part of the

SMELTING

The

66 and

and

67, have

been

unhealthy.

The

is not

exposing
into

laborers

the fumes

into

The

L

64

SECTION

back

and

being

which
a

15

not

niche

in

use.

is closed

The

peephole; all the

fumes

a

from

the

opening.

are

26^

off by

drawn

in. deep, and

C, 0.

the

Tarnowitz,

the
on

by

plate

plate has
outside

the pot.

When

cool

may

E, f.

at

inclosed

cast-iron

into

by

LINE

ON

beneath

are

in. from

but

after the lead has been

LINE

is brought

the hearth.

slag

through

Furnace

heavy

slag is raked

gray

the

and

by

(beginning

plate when
of

of

sides

formed

brickwork
square

SECTION

opening

an

the

in. wide,

ON

water-box,

^^^'^^^^Si^^^S^^^ii^iv*i^

^

the slag-pot d, which

receive

a, 30

Rbvbrberatort

"

in. high, forms

26^

the

65.

AND

a, where

a

explosions,

to

the building, but

S-i^^SsSS;^^^

VERTICAL

or

the furnace,

from

into

or

the basin

niche

VERTICAL

KS^x

fume

in

less dangerous

drawn

into the furnace

pass

telescope stack, h.

Fios.

and
niche

a

the work

the floor

to

on

heat

107

furnace, shown

slag, when

gray

issuing from

into it do not

tapped

Tarnowitz

devised to make

to

back

pass

Further, the fumes

a

of the

discharged

now

the

FURNACE,

REVERBERATORT

slag-pot d, placed in

a

and

THE

improvements

latest

Figs.

IN

drawing

a

separable

brickwork,
which
an

opening

(to

car), the
the

roof
the

supports

It is closed

sheet-iron

the slag pass

h

door

c,

1\

in.

wall), through which

the slag is being
movable

Silesia.

with

drawn

an

iron

the front

door, having

through

the

a

drawing

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

OF

into the furnace.

When

it has cooled

of

sheet iron and

108

opening

back

c

the slag-pot is covered
the

when

sheet-iron

pipe

became

men

the

fumes

g.

The

will

large and
coal, and

two

for

out

run

on

weights,
by counter-

the lead is to be

as

the

stationary

only 0.8%
furnace

a

slag),three

skimmer,

a

Pig. 66." Reverberatory

slice-bars,
a sledge, two

affected.

paddles, four

(two for lime,
(two large ones

for

two

and

a

Silesia.

Tarnowitz.

at

and

hammers,

the

ladle,a sample-ladle,two

a

Furnace

four

are

bars

steel

thus

were

is

of

1887-88, 28.5%

year

rabbles, five shovels

one), a tapping-bar,

small

soon

as

off through

in the

work

to

small

one

k

pass

leaded, in 1891-92

tools required

The

balanced

is

su"Sciently

beneficial effect of these improvements

by the fact that while

shown

lu^ce

to the position

is lowered

tapped,

a

telescope stack h, which

The

car.

with

LEAD.

hooks

four

handling

for

the lead.
Method

The

of Working.
"

red heat; the damper
pass

a

5-mesh

of rabbles

to

a

redness,

say

thickness

500"

or

rises, the
quarters of
this time

an

hour

600"
ore

C.

becomes
to

an

a

hour

the charge is turned

over

The

allowed

never

The

dark-

a

charge, crushed

the

over

3 to 4 in.

of from

temperature

the

to

to

the hopper through the opening

evenly

spread out

the

cinders, and

let fall from

is heated

new,

and

closed

is then

sieve,is

in the roof and

furnace, if

galena

once

by

means

fire is fed

with

exceed

dark-

to

perature
decrepitates, the tem-

dark-red, and
the

hearth

roasting
with

after from

begins.
the

three-

During

paddle.

The

Qoo^"z

8MBLTING

doors

working

THE

IN

RBVERBERATORT

fire-doors

and

FURNACE,

sufficiently to allow the sulphur dioxide
The

off.

roasts

ore

taken

lessen,samples are
has been

20

every

three

or

the

see

This

ore

from

a

to make

in
or

was

two

the

a

Furnace

at

especially rich

phate
sul-

renew

rabbling
during the

is taken

Care

up

to prevent

ore

the

roasted

one-quarter

and

then

the

normal

three and

or

blende

in

In 1886

charge.
time

the

ore

it became
This

could

The

separately.

be

could
longed
pro-

latter method

of the charge, fine concentrates

in blende, is roasted

reverberatory furnace

of

Silesia.

three

about

hours.

to four

Either

ways.

now

Tarnowttz,

gradual increase

change in working

part of the

chosen, and

to

or

times

nine

or

and

to

clotting.

brought the required time
be done

begin

it is time

by paddling

required for roasting.

hours, but

necessary

the fumes

that

eight

to pass

gases

crust of oxide

white

the roasting usually took

to 1885

half

a

indicates

25 minutes, i.e., about

Pig. 67." Reverberatory

Up

if

raised

damper

other

and
When

surface.

is generally done

four hours

or

to

formed.

surface, which

the

the

on

the

opened, and

are

109

added

separately in
to the

ore

a

long-hearth

charge. Toward

Qoo^"z

MET

1 10

the end
ore

fluedust, with
grate is

damper

roasted

660 lb. of carbonate

to

added

are

to flow.

Lime

good

The

is added

charge then

turned

of lead, the

fumes

by adding

set

an

held
coal

to

been

to be open

This

of the

flow of lead begins to

cease.

At this stage drosses

mixture

silver per

At the

containing from
are

doors

sulphide, and
opened, the
From

then

are
a

soon

all

and

closed

smoky

two

and

fuel
This

a

half to

and

charge, and the

lead and

dross
are

gradually smaller

are

9

of

oz.

19 to

20%

zinc

refininglead, desilverized

(" 114).

is piled up

high

lead

the

on

sulphate

The

doors

and

a

quarter hours

again filled with

treated

the

as

before.

amount

charge

more

lead.

to
are

its liquefying prevented

caused, the
and

base bullion

lead and

from

and

reduces

three

sets in the well is

together five reactions

becoming

the

the flow of lead begins again.

and

have

rabbling and paddling;

of steam

flame.

doors

They consist principally

oxide

means

charge is worked,

the first reaction
is tapped

by

the lead ladled

1,100 lb. of oxides low in silver,

lead

80%

scope
tele-

the surface

by stirring in slack

lead,assaying 75%

time

same

process,

grate to insure

before.

added.

are

is full

the impurities

melting down

They result from

charged.

by the "arkes
The

75 to

from

a

tion
reac-

well

stage the working

necessary

of lead sulphide and
ton.

and

furnace, oxidizes

desilverizingplant

after the

is put aside and

obtained

remove

of lime at

floatingon

removed

are

reaction

the

oxide,

lead

comes
be-

kettle,after the

dross

into the furnace

the

account

outside

is well

by regulating the

furnace) the

new

The

dross

thus air enters, cools

in the

a

top of

furnace

is raised to

quarter

a

given

are

lime

shovelfuls

few

a

and

the

second

During
on

with

put back

in suspension by the

into molds.

a

an

lowered.

off and

(poling).

hour

into

is tapped

stack has
is skimmed

hour

in (threehours

This

of lead.

and

damper

The
The

damper

set

now

floatingon

over.

fire and

has

the

prevent the lead

charge.

charge is prevented

At from

coal, and

fumes

ore

these, and fusing of the
time.

the

reactions

to

particles of

liquefying of the

the

filled with

the

increase

to

gradually softens,white
to the well

prevent

in and

worked

of lead,

45%

ore

carrying down
to

330

to raise the temperature.

off,and lead begins
it and

LEAD.

cleaned, well filled with

now

opened

The

from

OF

in the charge.

of oxides

amount

The

T

URQ

of the roasting period from

or

in.

ALL

as

after
This

In this way

of lead obtained

dry.

Before

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLUBQT

112

'eovojnj

LEAD.

jiaa

o:^ Jrennzig

S,

Ml

^

*

^

a*

"

XH
^

a*

ilK

i

?

b

gj ^

^

^

5"

in

S"

51 a

i "

XX

bb
^

"b

"

d.

"

^

^^
-

"^

i"

fe

^

"

d"

be

b

S

"

s

1^1
111
PI

^1
"

^

s.

fe

SS S

0"

0"

eO

09

03

^

f?

"

I b

"

^

^

l"

"o

-:

Sj

^ ^-

^
*

"

?

b

b

"

b

"

U

X

si
Gl

"-"

^^

00

"

I

SMELTING

REVERBERATORT

THE

IN

7

a

"

i

8

s

FURNACE.

s

of'

ea

lih-i^l^^s
i

2

of

|2 ^

i"

?

-

-

OP

""3

I
"

Id
"
H
B
Of

II

e8

OS*

as
"

sa

PS

O

I g I ?5

-

S

8
s

? "?
I

"

""

113

METALLURGY

114

bad

OF

the following composition,

LEAD,

to Dobers

according

and

Dzie-

giecki :

Comparison

46.

"

the

comparison,

main

datft of

the furnaces

brought together in the table
In

the amounts

comparing

on

pages

of

ore

different smelting works, the
the table shows

112

and

113

have

they

Eaibl

been

:

in 12 hours

in which

from

facilitate

To

"

discussed

treated

order

steady increase

a

Methods.

Beverberatobt

of

placed in

are

Tarnowitz.

to

the

at

The

figure for Tarnowitz, 8,250 lb., requires the explanation that the
charge contains

considerable

a

the time

shortens

required for roasting.

galena, twice the time,
would

make

amount

of

the

the amount

of

With

to

and

Baibl

fuel the

depend

furnace

a

Carinthian
other

less and

uses

works.
tear

for

is due

12

of labor required per

Tarnowitz

hours

the
ton

of ore,
than

is the

Silesian furnaces

will

recovering in the reverberatory
higher

low

of

percentage

stated

by

He

length.
quartzose

ores

roasting and
*

lead

The

English methods).
are

and

temperature

and

says

reaction) method.

Op. eit.^p. 117.

t

to

be

and

wear

the

ones,
ered
recov-

than

roasting yields more
vs.

and

has

treated

The

ing
smelt-

of lead

amount

that

English), and

able
of lead obtain-

charge, gives

Engis

vs,

by

They

them

formulated

this

at
non-

pure,

latter

ought

a

and

Baibl

clear.

are

operation

Op. eit.^reprint,p. 511.

to

that

the English

(Percy's translation):J "Bich,

ought always

large
As

temperature,

to be drawn

Grunerf

The

the

melting the

inferences

Cahen,*

As

only that amount

(Tarnowitz

This

of the other

outlast

Silesian

not

pure

the table shows

any

If, finally,the

quick roasting (Carinthian and

were

the furnace.

height of the

the

ore

be allowed.

case.

is considered, it is clear that slow

a

the

which

ore,

6,187 lb.

size of

more

same

on

things being equal.

at

If

eight hours, should

or

amount

treated

ore

proportion of oxidized

to

(the
take

t" Lead," p. 491.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

THE

UKVERBERATORY

place in large reverberatory furnaces^
with

single fireplace and

a

with

phases

must

ore

proceed

sulphate,

roastings and

the

furnace

in
in

Why
made

lead-silver

a
our

more

blast furnace.
own

rich

fresh

residues

rich

the

richness

same

practicing this

by

reverberatory practice has

is to be answered
ores

in the

residue

rather

ing
hav-

"

lead districts

headway

the

of sulphide.

lead, and

produces

(reductionof
afterward),but

districts the

In

equivalent of

one

thrice repeated, the

or

ressuage

purity and
methods.

ought

the reverberatory furnace, without

from

immediately

ressuage

and

temperature,

limit of

theoretical

firingstwice
to

recourse

low

first firing, which

be withdrawn

must

the

as

a

roasting,

ness.
3.15 to 3.54 in. in thick-

equivalents of oxide, for each equivalent

two

or

After

not

far

as

at

or

The

to consist of

For

reaction.

from

exceed

never

Boasting is to be effected
to

slowly, and

distinct,roasting and

very

the layer of

region of the furnace.

to be conducted

operation ought always

of air,provided

access

easy

115

receiving basin, internal

a

external, placed in the least heated
two

FURNACE.

have
to

on

warrant

in two

the whole
the

not

been

of sufficient

of reverberatory

use

Mississippi Valley, where

In the

ways.

the

ore

is of

the

quality required for the

process,

the question of skilled labor has

had

whether

justly so is

some

influence,but

very

doubtful.

Qoo^"z

CHAPTER

SMELTING

" 47.

is

in

soon

and

The

the

blown

in

is volatilized

;

lead

oxide

and

that
the

agent,

sulphate,

and

liberated

bottom,

sembles
re-

difference,

sulphide,

worked

and
fuel.

hence

the

on

lead

some

lead

trickles

overflowing

grade

According

consumed,

several

ton

into

an

is necessary

"

to

Oesterreiehische

t Leobener

by
run

side
the

1852, i.,p.

Berg-

but

powerful
und

to

The

less,

consumes

the

while

ore-hearth

has

of

ment
treat-

ore-hearth

only

as

at

one

wood,

cost

engine,

Hutten-WeMen,

The

It requires

ft. of

single

becomes

more

262.

a

lead

reverberatory

The

ft.

be
be

much

7.3%'.

furnace.

with
it

and

cu.

first

ores.

similar

7.31

cu.

air

same

Zeitschriftfur

Jahrbuch,

2.90

the

of

Then

to

nut

it would

argentiferous

10.6

be

and

pea,

ore-hearth

furnace

galena,

should

ore

a

reverberatory,

a

treatment

it must

blower.

for

the

only

is the

ore

side

running

of

the

treated,
the

a

1888,

than

1001b.

capacity

of

in

hearth

of

ore-hearth

Tunner,t

required
the

times

and
suited

was,
ore

to

per

ore-hearth

per

ore,

same

in

where

Baibl,*

be

as

power

is that

size
to

the
that

exception

is

ore

it is not

at

higher

the

permissible
fine

for

necessary

reyerberator:v%

a

loss

comparative

men

this

reducing

a

the

hearth

as

It requires

away.

three

The

and

with

If

desirable.

is

are

smallest

agglomerated

the

as

undecomposed

the

reverberatory,
The

Baibl

acts

carbon,

into

with

the

It

process.

simultaneously,

on

lead.

on

conditions

coarser.

purer

by

furnace,
go

of

react

charge

same

for

size

bath

a

reaction

in

on

kettle.

outside

less

on

carried

process

and

sulphur

to

reduced
the

through

roasting

reduction

formed,

is

The

"

reverberatory

addition

as

oxide

as

the

floating

charge
as

in

oxidation

carbon

the

OEE-HEARTH.

THE

Bemabes.

mainly

that
that

IN

Intboductobt

ore-hearth

Vn.

and

;

one

this

1888, p. SaO.

with
set
con-

of

SMELTING

hearth

cannot

capacity and

regards
over

much

probably the

small
who

have

about

products

is,however,

amounts

lead.

This

treated, and

is

so

is

still

much

very

general point of view

a

The

Influence

48.

that the

slag contains

need

the
said

be

Foreign

of

is necessary

for

marked

The

degree.

that described
49.

show

Three

of illustration
Water-Back

(1)
furnace

used

to the

charge in

lead, and

is smelted

It has already been

"

be

must

in

action

said
and

purer

influence

its bad

This
in

is,however, the

Ore-Hearths,

of

England.

holds

the

lead, is
about

An

"

by three

is

more

a

same

as

ore-hearth, being
walls, with

variety in construction

slightly different forms
:

(1) The

Scotch
; and

Ore-Hearth*"

by Messrs.

North

and

slag, and

reverberatory furnace.

shows

much

Ore-Hearth

Scotch

The

much

of ore,

in

the back, cannot
of working.

back

treatment

the

fireplace surrounded

low

mixture

a

goes

Matter.

chemical

" 41.
Descriptionof

"

reverberatory ; there

the slag-eye furnace.

as

the foreign matter

because

of the

which

subjected to hearth

ore

richer than

those

in England,

blast furnace, known

small

back

small

(" 52).

on

intermediary product,

an

the ore-hearth.

way

thus

Joplin, Mo., is exceptional and

at

similar to

are

fuel, called browse

small

stopped

in the Mississippi

often

were

one

and

it.

The

"

ore

favor

as

tage
advan-

it themselves.

worked

nothing from

that

"

of

mined

as

such

ore-

heat, and

in

part of the

practice in the different ore-hearths

The
same

or

intervals from

it found

the

Silesian furnaces

loss

or

major

amounts

further

will be treated

the

ore

why

ore-hearth

The

of fuel

in extracting at

reason

Yalley, where
men

That

one.

It has, however,

is clear.

cost

of non-argentiferous

by

smaller

the English

consumption

its purpose

are,

the

117

reverberatories,that is quickly started

all

without
serves

with

compete

ORE-HEARTH.

THE

than

relatively less steam

sumes

a

IN

The
set

in

Ore-Hearth

(3) The
" Co.,

cast-iron
brick-work

to

near

hearth-box
q.

or

in

been

a

at

manner

chosen

; (2) The

Moffet

Figa,-f68

Cookson

2 ft. 6 in. wide;

have

tuyere

a

by

can
Ameri-

Ore-Hearth.
70

represent

the

Newcastle, in the
or

well

It is 2 ft. from

it is 1 ft. deep and

a, which

front to

holds

about

Percy/' Lead," p. "78.
'*
Eiffbth AnnuAl
Report of the Local GovernmeDt
Board/* 187S-79,supplement
Officer for 1878,London, 1879,p. S81.
taining the Report of the Medical
"

t

ooD'

METALLURGY

118
two

of lead.

tons

In

OF

the capacity of the well about
g,

inclined

an

has

a

raised

plate,is
border

hy which

groove

VERTICAL

either

on

ON

LINE

The

1,340 lb. of lead.
one

piece with

side

and

the hearth-box.

Figs.

heated

68

from

70."

to

a

resting on
block

o

Ore-Hbarth,

fireplacej, below, the

it is

ELEVATION.

L

On

cast-iron

either

Newcastle,
gases

perforated for the

passage

England.

passing off through

side of the

block

(bearer)n.
(back-stone,pipe-stone)is placed
a

kettle i.

?

Scotch

flue into the chimney

a

C, D.

\

\

It

edge, and
the

toward

FRONT

L..t

work-ston^

at the lower

overflowing lead

leads the

SECTION

in

cast

depth is only 6 in. and

the

furnaces

some

LEAD.

of tuyere ", which

hearth-box

Another
at

the
enters

a

and

cast-iron

back.

It is

the furnace

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

120

top) is here also
lead.

The

formed
a

by

set in brickwork

work-stone

casting from

the hearth-box.
water-cooled

a

wind- box

The

6.

At

off the fumes

and

the

at

separate

a

(from

placed

shown

water

are

enters

and
1

to

through

passes

1^

at from

in. in diameter)

1 to 3 in. above

the furnace

over

at

is the

tuyere-plate

a,

hearth,

hood

is not

d

The

of the

this

nozzles

The

gases

back

enters

into

m,

the level of the lead.

2,500 lb. of

three sides of the furnace

hearth-box.

the

tuyere

in tuyere holes

about

to the ketfcle h, forms

The

the

blast

three wrought-iron

It holds

cast-iron jacket,cc,l\ in. thick, called

at k.

out

passes

LEAD.

n.

leading

g,

tuyere-plate,resting on

t, and

OF

to carry

in the drawings.
i

in

J
"51

-i-ioH"

\\^

m

^

Z|m

A
I

I

I
I
I

!

"-W-*

=^?5^
V

9'

1 1 1 1

e*

0

s'

Fig. 72."

The

work

Water-Back

American

in the American

from

the

Scotch

water-cooling the sides
and

_?:_

1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1

The

the tuyeres.

of

Ore-Hearth.

ore-hearth
hearth.

This

the furnace

fuel used

is continuous,
is made

which

is wood,

guished
distin-

as

possible by

protects the castings

charcoal, and

nous
bitumi-

coal.
In the ore-hearth

used formerly at Rossie,* N. T., and

time, also,in the Mississippi Valley,
this cooling

was

but

effected by letting the
"

Percy,

"

for

entirely abolished
blast

some

now,

circulate instead

Lead,*' p. 289.

Qoo^"z

of

SMELTING

The

the water.

IN

THE

ORB

HEARTH.

resulting hot blast caused

121

much

volatilization of

lead.

(3)
74

and

Fig.

The
the

Moffet

Ore-Hearth^

entire furnace

73

(Figs.

is

to

seen

to

rest

76)."

In

Figs. 73

four pillars. The

on

7"

Fig. 74

Front

View

Air

AS

Box

Box

If!
i! pTIilii

H

MM

for

1^

IE

I^'Fig.
Air Box

Section,showing TuTeres
FrGS.

hearth-box
is

thus

fumes

78, 74, 76, and

(lead basin)
kept

cool.

separate

spout

near

the

76." Mopfet

is not

Two

passing off under

Scale

set

ftirnaces
one

hood.

top of

the

M inch-

(inverted)

1 foot

Ore-Hearth.

in brickwork, and
are

The

7".

set

back

lead

work-stone

to

runs

into

the

lead

back, the
through
a

a

cast-iron

of American
Institute of Mining Engineers,''xviii.,
"Dewey. * 'Transactions
p. 674; Clerc,
and
Mining Journal^ July 4, 1886 ; Ramsay, Scientific American
Engintering
ment,
SuppleMat 14,1887,No. 608;HoUbaugh, *' Lead and Zinc in Missouri,''New York, 1896,p. 87.

METALLURGY

122

kettle 31 in. in diameter
It is set
of wood

one

cord

two

furnaces

basin

rests

for the lead
which

in
a

work

OF

and

44

cast-iron

a

week

cylinder

On

It

for

serves

as

a

below,

the purpose.

opening

support

of

the

lead

water-box,
which

upon

separate chambers

The
the

the bottom

near

for

cools the hottest part of the furnace, and

the air-box, consisting of two

from

bottom

the

an

iu the drawings.

heated

and

required

being

independently.

enter.

shown

in. deep, not

the partition-box,having
to

LEAD.

rests

(Fig.76), where

1 Round
1 Bound

A
\\i Square

0i'

u
Figs.

77 to

81."

Tools

the heated

blast

of fourteen

1-in. copper
is 15

fuel

The

wiTfe

used

tuyere pipes,
in.

high.

used

the hot blast will be given in
The
a

tools,

paddle, and

"

the water-box

seven

A No.

is bituminous

on

a

square

bar

are

by

either side.

5 Baker
coal.

blower
The

means

The

furnishes

reasons

for

52.

long-handled, round-pointed

a

Ore-Hearth.

Moffet

the

through

down

passes

working opening
the blast.

iU

shown

in

shovel, a round
Figs.

77

to 81.

bar,
With

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

the Scotch*
works

ore-hearth

for

only, and

ore

furnace

; then

door

to

remove

"

50.

This
ashes

the

set

soon

clinkers

and

is used

a

and

the

previous

Obe-Heabth.

this

the

blast

spread

from

10

becomes

time

The

is added.

kept open
through the entire mass.

in order

form

out

and

lumps

hearth

lead, and

1^

and

then

now

floats

2%

or

covered

with

be distributed
melted

to the

and

work-stone,

is returned
the

to

operation

order ; it is filled with

partly fused

From

and

12 to 30 lb. of
the

over

"inserts the bar

partly

ore

duced
re-

mixed

are

glowing floating

It is

mass,

exposed for from

now

of heat

to the action

of the furnace-men

More

lifted up

become
on

working
with

little fuel.

a

then

have

trickles

is full of lead.

lime, spread
with

free

bottom.

again added, and

are

top of it.

on

of

the

are

the shovel

in normal

to five minutes

three
one

is

is set

on

rich residue, which

glowing -fuel,mixed

ore,

with

fuel

and

until the hearth

continued
The

Ore

that

with

the slag is separated from

the furnace.

that

This

given.

that the heat may

Parts

drawn

are

lead

collects

residue

part of the fire

lb. of ore,

of the hearth

contents

the bar and

20

to

added,
body of

a

Some

the back

over

the

soon
red-hot, and
through the bod3"'of the fuel and
ore

started.

coal is then

a blaze; more
removed, and in a short

first charge,

feed-

fire is first

A

"

is added, and

coal

fuel in

is then

run

the

through

glowing fuel is obtained, fillingthe entire hearth.
from

some

in the

to the tuyere nozzle.

in

are

at

for working

one

is introduced

scraper

then

wood;

123

shovel

square-pointed

a

Working

of

ORE-HEARTK

round-pointed

slag adhering

with

will

short

a

Mode

kindled

the

THE

and

blast.

After this,

at different places into the

lead, loosens and stirs the charge, and raises it slowly, for which
the

purpose

the

paddle

semi-fused

is sometimes
out

mass

work-stone; this allows
drawn

has been

What

slag separated from
thrown
to the

Any

aside

on

into

the fuel, and
for

a

second

ore

the

on

a

surface

to

and

; the

the

over

this again

covered

operation.
"Percy, "Lead,"

As

it,if

over

with

the

and

former

is

back

necessary.

fuel is

; some

charge

the

up

down.

latter goes

removed

the

upon

sink

The

ore.

draws

man

shovel

spread

being

other

the

is broken

water-box)

tuyeres is then

in front of them

all is ready

with

half-decomposed

lime

to the

The

used.
below

the work-stone

upon

the

furnace, slacked

distributed

spread

the

(sometimes

slag adhering

from

; fresh

ore

is

fine fuel ; then

smelting proceeds

p. 882.

Qoo^"z

I

MET

124

'ooaaiaj9)j

ALL

URG

":^

T

S
o

g-

OF

S
sS^

LEA

!?
3

c;

i

'Bieqina^ami'x

'pooAV

"spjoo

D.

;st

"2
"siaqeng

'|Boai"qo

^

s
o

"awaj

"siaqsna
'spano J

iS

I
t

'|Boo

snoufuin^Kl
'ainoH

W5 uj uajj

JO
"qi

-^uao

j

"o

"

joj

"*

S

S

8

^

88

S3

i

I

"--

r.'

'ftinoufg

n
"qi

"qi

"wnoH

i

g

I

of

d

*""

*ainoH w; uj aiQ

'edbi^Xnj,-ox

s

I

H

"1-1

cc

I
5

I
5

As^

S

3 a ^

o8

^

^

;s

s

s

I

^

b

"

"q?d"a

g

^

mPIM

"a|j"a o; ^uoi^

S, i-

1 1

60

i

3

"

;( JI
s

s

^

II
Qoo^"z

SMELTING

ORE^HEARTU.

THE

IN

the bulk

of the lead that is set free trickles

into

hearth-box

the

work-stone

the

into

kettle.

being ladled^syphoned,
Some

overflows

and

the

off with

lead passes

the

off through
and

a

charge
in

groove

the

poled before

it is sometimes

fumes

the

through

through

Here

drawn

or

125

spout into molds.

the rest

into the

goes

slag.
Pattinson*

calls attention

the ore-hearth.

The

should
the

of

be exposed

air, and

of blast and

amount

the work-stone

on

additions

the

through

its distribution

be carefullyregulated, the half-reduced

the entire charge should
ore

the following points in managing

to

of

to the

and

lime

action

oxidizing
fuel

judiciously

made.
Two

work

men

obtained

The

different

with

opposite

is

(o) WfUSams*

of

51.

as

follows

**

Treatment

The

metallic

Slags,

"

t 'Transactions

"

of gangue

smelted

the

in

of American

gray

consist
and

slags

on

ore-

Institute of

of

various

obtained

lumps
lead

mechanically inclosed lead and

and

the following composition

Bergen, in

The

f

mechanical

lead

"Percy""Lead,"p.

leads

(6) ''Transactions

in the ore-hearth

contains

of fuel.

t

table

(c)IbitL^zvlii.,p. 687.

op

ores

which

Missouri

Report,'' p. 68.

less scorified mixture

21.45%

given in the

are

results

:

Industrial

smelting lead
or

The

eight-hour shifts.

furnaces

some

Mining Bngineen.'' "., p. 826.

"

in

page.

composition

hearth

partners

as

analysis of Lone

the remaining

78.55%

Elm

of

a

in
more

pounds,
(zinc)com-

often particles
gave
slag!};

of pulp showed

:

288.

Commissioner
of American

Raymond's
Institute

of

Report/' 1875,p. 424.
Mining Engineers/' zviii.,p. 086.

Qoo^"z

METALL

126

URO

T

OF

LEAD.

BsBmuB.
Per

Cent.

8IO,
PbSO*

0.84

Fe,0,
A1,0,

0.21

ZnO

0.57

Per

Cent

LOT

1.67

4.06

PbSO*

4.94
AccTzc

Solution.

AoiD

;

8iO,

10.73

PbO

88.55

Fe,Oi
AUO,

1.28
0.67

ZnO

18.96

CftO

11.49

MgO

0.12

71.66
Nitric

Solution.

Acid

PbS

14.78

FeB,

0.67

ZnS

8.64

19.04
100.29

The

slag produced in the neighborhood

gray

Warlock,

Scotland, has, according

composition:

of Leadhills

Sexton,*

to

the

and

following

PbS,

6.63%; PbSO*, 10.36%; PbO, 34.88%;
CaO, 10.00%; ZnO, 0.95%; AlA+FejOs,
18.20%; SiO" 2C.00%.
The

slag is smelted

gray

in

usually 4 ft. in height, having

lead-pot)and
from

back

and

overlaps

to

front, carries
the

to 1 in. at

narrowing down
has

cast-iron plate with

a

closed

in

by ramming

lead-pot is divided
nearly

flowing through
over

which

A

brasque

a

the front.

opening

an

unequal

bottom.

the

The

slow

stream

charcoal, collects

at the

division.

A hood

dimensions

of the furnace
Engineering

over

are

and

serves

a

wooden
a

This

plug.

is

The

ing
partition descend-

charge, "black

by the wooden

plug,
a

slag,"
passes

tank, through

lead filters through the

to carry

at intervals from

off tliefumes.

:

Mining

at the back

the bottom.

parts by

The

of

front of the furnace

bottom, and is removed

the smaller

*

flows.

of water

it,5 in.

on

charcoal, into

the larger division,filled with
a

bottom, consisting

The

melted

made

opening

bed-plate, sloping
lining of the furnace,

near

breast of clay

into two

the

to

firebrick

coke, is tamped

of clay and

equal volumes

(thecast-iron

The

back.

the

lead-pot.

crucible

external

an

the

at

tuyere

one

rectangular blast furnace,

low

a

Journal^ Feb. 83, 1886.

The

nzp

:W=10|i:i^

Dpper r-J
Tuyeres,^^^

I

-I
^

6

wind
Box
Water

Lower

Tuyeres.

CT

Tap
Box

Hole

^^^

Lead
Basin

w:z:z7-i

i::mflJiii^^^^=^^

SlagBa^n

'liHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,;,
Side

Fig. 82"

Slag-Eye

Elevation..

Furnace

of

the

iMi"^*ft'(i^"3)^k

I

I

^

a

t"

!l
I !I
i^^i

'

'
"

I

..-\-:--A"-\-^^

Blast

o)

Pipe

'
TTnTTTmnffmrmTT

;

I

f Co
^

i' .' I'l
I

I

I

i^^i^////////W///////W^
Elevation

Fig. 88." Slag-Eye

'
;n'i,.,.!/iUl^^'}i
I

J^

of the back.

Ftjrnace

op

the

^
Lone

Elm

Works.

vjOOg

I

IC

METALLURGY

130

1\

in. diameter^ passing through

below

the

(For

tools

used

three

and

ladle.

a

are

A

In the

the

furnaoe

flux, the black

from

runs

of 1891

summer

to

of this

reason

shorter

brick

greatly prolong

Pettaeus,* with
slag sometimes

ran

The

shovels,

two

ones,

were

the

furnace

high

10%

as

ing.
repair-

replaced by

life of

brick

as

paragraph).

furnace.

and

little

lead, but the

Blast-Pipe

2

ci

the

blast

walls
the

are

bottom, the

days without

to 20

15

the

next

see

of these

seven

the

above

6 -ft. bars, three

water-jackets, which
According

water-boxes;

four

and

charging-door

being heated.

LEAD.

OF

O=cioa

^

Section thraugbupper Tuyeres
Fig. 84."

general

as

run

Fubnacb

5

was

average

the slags

low

the

furnace

as

into

commonly

22.0%,

ZnO

made

an

the lime is added
which

makes

and

the

scorified.

communication,

charge
gray

October,

continuously
lead

some

FeO

of lime

to the ore-hearth

Private

Works.

mass

SiO,,27.5%,

percentage

of

melted

crucible

is oxidized

the composition
*

the

external

contains
The

8.5%.

Elm

Lone

the

Since adopting the water jackets
6%.
The
1.25% lead, but they average
4%.

or

entangled in the slag and
slag

at

for this is that in running

reason

from

Slag-Eyk

slag

a

The

33.5%,

varies
as

remains

it may

black
CaO

cause
greatly bebe needed

fluctuating one.

1805.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

If the black

slag

runs

the unavoidable

is decreased, with
the lead creeps

of

the

has

is not

to obtain

large

working

This

in

the

of the

lead

in the ore-hearth.

onb^^ 50%

conversion

the

of

to waste.

subject

American

ore-

The

Elm

Lone

utilize them

and

lead

for pigments.

the

possible, but

as

seven

of hot

use

furnace.

This
of

a

method
and

ore

charged is converted
into

blast in

tuyeres below

upper

of large amounts

lead fumes

ores

condensed, purified,

are

explains

collecting the

(2) Refining the blue powder
by cooling and

of

shows

into metallic

marketable

pigment

dark

ore-hearth

fume, "blue

in the

slag-eye furnace, which

collecting the

resulting "white
bag-room, the "paint-house."

in the second

plan of the Lone

Elm

works

and

the

is

paint'*

details of plant

are

in Figs. 85 to 89.

sliown

The

fumes

minute.
brick

the ore-hearth

from

6 ft. in diameter

more

instancesf
This

in the first bag-house, the "blue-room."

powder,"

out

hearth

operations :

two

(1) Cooling and

with

most

metallic

slag-"ye

ore

Bag

far that in smelting lead

much

the treatment

permits

With

go

the position of the

why

comprises

of

the smelting of argentiferous

to

so

the

the fluedust.

save

to collect

as

market.

also

The

some

of fume, which

amounts

charging-door

followed

of

In

(" 93).

carried

Babtlett

and

disadvantages

with

1876

as

been

and

furnaces

The

to

allowed

are

to produce

sold in the

the

used

are

early

as

This
the aim

both

Lewis

the

principal

in connection

fumes

began

and

bt

in the blast furnace

hearths
works

the

apparatus

will be discussed
ores

the percentage

result that

is the loss in lead by volatilization.

condensing
lead

Fluedust

of

One

"

treatment

of iron flux

up.

" 52. Eecovebt
Pbocess.*

131

lime, the percentage

22%

over

ORE-HEARTH,

TEE

They

and

or

door

on

one

top

a

drawn
makes

off by

a

suction-fan,

290 revolutions

water-jacketed

brick

per

flue into

a

(40 ft. long, 19 ft. high, and 6J ft. wide,
side),where any coarse-grained particles of

less changed

of the

are

wide, which

through

pass

dust-chamber
a

3 ft.

of the

ore

and

chamber

fuel

are

collected.

through

a

They then

horizontal

pass

sheet-iron

*'

*
of American
Transactions
Institute of Mining Engineers/^ zvili.,p. 074; Clerc,
Dewey,
Engineering and Mining JoumeU, July 4, 1885; Ramsay, ScientificAmerican
Supplement
May 14,1887,No. 608.
t Roesiiig.ZeiUchri/t/ur
und
SalinenWeten
in iVetcMen, xxxvl., p. 108
Berg-, Hutten(Lead Smelting in England); "English Ooyernment
Report,'' quoted in { 49.

(

pipe^ 5 ft. in diameter, resting
and

thence

through

blue-room.

a

LEAD,

OF

METALLURGY

132

20-ft. iron pillars,to the fan,

on

4-ft pipe, resting

on

12-ft. pillars,to

pipe is sufficientlylong (350 ft.)for the

The

to cool in their passage

through

the

gases

it.

vvw"
'tve^

s^*^*

"VVuS

e^-SS^

ScaIo ItO feet

Fro. 85."

The
one,

Plan

op

the

Lone

first bag-house is similar
shown

in

cross-section

in

@1^

^Ui^*_

\"c^^^"" ^di^O

6lii6^

Elm

in

It?

t lath

Works.

Smbltino

to

construction

Fig. 89.

It is

a

the

brick

second

building

SMELTING

(95 ft. long,

IN

THE

50 ft. wide, and

45

ORE-HEARTU,

ft.

high) divided

bj' a longitudinal wall, so
when

it is necessary
is divided

The

divisions

to gain

into

that

to the

access

stories, the

two

(columns, beams,

133

etc.

one

into

lower

In fact everything in the building is either of brick
the filteringbags.

Fig.

86."

Plan

The

CooLniG

op

story contains

lower

Cylinders,

btc,

op

off

ment
compart12 ft.

high.

iron

pipe.

of

iron, except

or

four

rows

-"~Hot

Blast flpe

Lewis

the

partments
com-

shut

Each

being

all made

) are

be

may

bags.

two

of sheet-

Bartlett

and

Bag-Progebs.

iron hoppers, extending the
to collect the

of

a

truncated

in

covered

with

these

They

sheet

closed

are

stand

from

iron
which

the lower

ends

They have

accumulated.

on

refractory clay pipes.

encased

Over

has
and

pyramid

sliding damper.

in diameter,

that

fume

length of the building, which

four
The

at

upper

the form

their lower

iron

serve

face by

a

pipes, 3^ ft. long,
face of

a

hopper is

This has 16 holes, 18 in.
-^ in. thick.
thimbles, 12 in. high, project upward.
of

the bags, made

of unwashed

wool,

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

134
60 in. in

oircamference

35 ft. when

in

tied with

are

beams

costing $9.
with
make

and

use), are

strong

iron

cooled

four branch

Fig. 87."

pipes, each

Blast

for

of which

of bags is
convenient

ends

suspended

from

iron scaffolding

an

heights,

the

hoppers.

The

Slag-Eye

hoppers
are

below.

These

also shaken

the current

of the gas

quickly through
collected

they

so

to

as

with

to detach

the

fume

the

heating

a

op

and

dust, ascend

off,and

men

a

very

powder), consisting mainly

of

For

with

bag

this purpose

aspirators
a

oxide

and

pass

quick shake.

fine bluish-gray powder
lead

the

days, when

fume.

adhering

into the

falling into the

in two

once

the building, giving each
is

connects

Lewis

the

filtered,the fumes

emptied

is shut

of

pipe, enter

and

Bag-Process.

are

are

showing

Furnace

laden

gases,

through

passes

Cylinders

Cooling

thk

op

hanging bags, where

some

at

are

upper

bags in the bag-house, each

rows

placed

Bartlett

The

they

to 50 in. and

The

being pressed through the main

gases,

Section
THE

bags

800

are

ever^"

footways

which

two

(changing

tied fast.

all parts of the building accessible.

The

set of

and

slipped

There

Between

LEAD,

33 ft. long

cord, with

the roof.

near

OF

(blue

sulphate, with

lead sulphide.

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLURGY

136
blue powder,

that

and

of

the

LEAD.

is still below

20 hours

next

the

standard

Cooling-Cylinder
containing the

Blast-Pipe.

T

)
J

Fig.

8." White

Fume

Cooling

-Pfpeb

op

the

Lewis

and

Bartlett

Baq-Procbss.
Plan

A

No.

furnaces.

5

Baker
From

and

blower

Eleration.

Scale

furnishes

these the gases

are

1 inch

"

the

blast for three

drawn

10 feet.

by

a

fan

slag-eye

(6 ft. in

diam-

-Section

op

the
AND

Bag-House
BAHTT^ETT
Scale

1 Inch

for

White

Fume

of

the

Lewis

BAO-PROCESfl.
=10

feet.

r^^^M^

w

138

eter^ 3

ft. wide,

through

a

then

and
where

through

T

making

290

reyolutions

second

The

a

(plan and

first set
the

second

20

ft. high, lined

the surrounding

from

cooling pipes,
The

bag-room

second

brick

building without

ft. long, and
The

high.

divisions

boarded.

The

hoppers

They

suspended
These

pipes.
Beneath

the hoppers

lb.

500

It has

It

oil.

$3.25

used

rubber

Insoluble

PbSO*.

PbO.

Cent
0.06
0.08

Per Cent
66.46
66.00

Per "Cent
25.85
26.89

Per

"

63.

The

Complex
*

the

While

the

process

the hearth

the lower

:

lined with

and

good

a

mixes

color, and
of

from

1896

was

$2.43 to

by the following analyses:
CaO.

CO,.

Per Cent
0.00
o.oe

Per Cent
1.58
2.00

Fe,0,.

Sulphides.*

with

oilcloth, stained

pig-lead ranging

Bartlett

holding
well

pounds, with

L.

iron.

IJ-in.

barrels, each

manufacture

Per Cent
0.03
"0.03

is

canvas.

in

Percent
6.95
6.0S

to

interval of 2 ft.

with

closed
into

a

ft.

floor, however,

price in St. Louis

ZnO.

is 9

similar

ai*e

Its

Zinc-Lead

precious metals
with

F.

wood

is packed

Its composition is shown

$3.03.

iron

It is 40 ft. wide, 90

lower

bins

tracted
con-

in Fig. 89, is

the 2-in. pipes at

the

again

ft. high.

stories

of

a

heat

straps (12 in. apart) from

wooden

goods.

hundred

per

made

across

in

20

The

iron

bins

by

at its

set, four U-shaped

and

two

is

out

passing

"

good body,

a

is also

and

paper,

the

Fig. 88

more

up

general arrangements

are

are

bag-

connected

and

ft.,to take

second

bag-house.

laid

are

paint from

The

to 3

It has

by

(plan) and

partition wall.

and

first

are

Fig. 86

second

in Fig. 87 and

section

paint-house, shown

or

any

the

in

those

The

ft. high.

45

the

iron cylinders, 7 ft. in diameter

3 ft. in diameter

are

off into

before

and

gases,

size.

to its normal

dust-chainbers,

blast-pipe,18 in. in diameter

the bottom, widens

near

blast-pipe,

back to the furnace,

to go

firebrick

with

The

pipe 3^ ft. in diameter.
entrance

in

consists of two

"

over

vertical

set

the

brick

first

minute),

per

surround

pass

in

shpwn

"

section)

and

LEAD.

collected

sufficientlycooled

with

connected

OF

built

set

heavy particlesare

the gases

room.

UBQ

cooling pipes which

set of

any

while

METALL

Pbocess
"

The

for

SOf

Percent
0.04
None.

the

process

TotaL

H,0.

Percent
99.65
99.89

Percent
0.09
0.86

Treatment
carried

of

out

at

not
strictlybelong to a treatise on lead metallurg7" extracting
mon
by matting than by lead smelting, it has enough points in comof silver-bearingfumes
of lead ores, with the collection
treatment
by

does

rather

which is of daily growing importance in blast furnace
work, and
filtering,
than justify its insertion in this book.
of lead smelting, to more

with

other

points

Qoo^"z

8MELTINQ

IN

City, Colo., and

Gafion

saved

to be

fumes

Ore,

of silver

The

"

of

classes

blast furnace

in the

raw

Sinteringof Ore
a

and

fine and

crushed

ore,

those

in the sintering or

be worked

treated
of

change the loose sulphide

; then

of

zinc to

20%

over

and

The

"

a

raw

chamber

arched

an

more

less

or

off through

a

on

red-

over-grate blast

raise the temperature

and

pass

Zinc.

coal, is charged

and

under

into

ore

while the fumes

sintered mass,

divided

are

zinc to be smelted

bituminous

start the oxidation

which

let on,

They

iron, in

blowing-up furnace.
with

previous charge

a

mixture

zinc^ lead, and

Volatilizationof Lead
mixed

the

dispose of

to

intimate

an

containing

perforated grate forming the bottom

hot from

are

about

and

collect

; to

and

20% gangue.
containing under 20%

those

:

ore,

pigment

a

gold-bearing sulphides

and

an

to

the resulting

slag.

waste

a

commonly

ores

varying proportions, with
into two

lead of

copper-bearing iron matte

a

in the form

the gangue

139

lately at Portland,* Me., aims

refined to

then

and

in

precious metals

The

until

OBE-HEARTE.

volatilize the zinc and

and

oxidize

THE

are

and

oxidized

so

and

flue to be cooled

and collected.

furnace, called

The

It consists of

91.

Figs. 90 and

"blowing-up

a

(4 and 5), resting

3 ft. 6 in. wide

jackets)

water

the hear

on

The

ore

under

(5),and

on

2-mesh

the

roof

side walls

of

the furnace

arched

ber
cham-

pressure

The

(8)

is supported

by

(latelyreplaced by

(6),which

air under

to the hearth.

and

perforated

are
on

the charge.
between

passes

blast,entering

at

(10),is

(4),at the side of it through
(6), thus insuring the desired

the charge through

top of

it through

of the charge and

of oxidation
ore

The

(7).

columns

to admit

(6) on

side walls

It divides

fillsthe charge-pockets

mixture

admitted

The

its brick
hollow

on

th side

the columns

degree

rest

flue

(2)and

(8),and

irons

the

on

by the ash-pit door (3),and the hearth

into the ash-pit,closed
with its working-door

in

perforated grate, 6 ft. long and

supported by cross-bars.

and

channel

a

furnace," is shown

containing

sieve, mixed

into the pockets.

over

with

20%

from

Supposing

16
a

of
to

^especiallyof the fumes.
zinc

20%

is crushed

through

slack coal and

previous charge

to have

a

charged
just been

State School
No. 1, p. 1 ;
The
Bartlett,Colorado
of Minea
ScientificQuarterly, vol. ii..
Industry /* vol. v., p. 619; Engineering and Mining Journal, Aug. 8, 1889; July 1,
Oct. 7, 1898; May
Oct. 28; Hawker, Dec. 9, 1893:
2a, June
20, Aug. 22, 1896; Ibid., Hofman,
and Collins, June
26, Sept. 12,1896; Private
Ibid.^Longmaid
notes, 1896.
"

Mineral

*

Works

burned

down

in 1895.

13

O
'A

O

"

P

CO

CO

Q

"

142

METALLURGY

drawn, the furnace

to be

the furnace-man
it to

the blast

through
and

ore

its volatile hydrocai'bons while
the

starts

at first blue

from

charge begins
evolved, about
and

zinc

the

30

the clinker drawn

furnace

is ready

of the

most

in the

returned

to

from

20

of

pressure

from

through about

4 to

6 tons

furnaces.

The

somewhat;

it contains

analyses show

worked

40 minutes

to

8

to

oz.

with

treat

per

the other

to be

agglomerated

the

next

inch,

one

a

blast

It

has

furnace

a

puts

to two

of course,

The

are

charge.

attends

man

lead.

\%

the

not

charge, the

a

square

constituents

the

slag forms

the clinker must,

less than

ceased

precious metals

the

are

in 24 hours, and

composition of

the

working door, when

with

Any parts of the charge that

takes

from

rises, the

have

off,and the

which

and

flames,

Nearly all of the lead and

clinker.

the furnace

white

temperature

the

driven

matte,

; the

charge

coke

charging, the blast is shut off

charge.

been

have

part of the

grate (5). The

the fumes

through

out

for the next

zinc

contained

are

after

minutes

the grate

on

the lower

become

soon

(2),start

the coal has given up

as

the

when

grate, spread
door

arriving

inclined

fumes;

clinker, and

to

On

it occupied

monoxide,

the

on

roast-smelting of the

the

carbon

slater from

"

charge-pockets filled,

working

coke,

part of the

upper

ignites,and

the

pockets again.

the charge will consist of

lead

the

red-hot, and

6 in.

fill the

and

pocket and

LEAD,

will push the charge down

depth of about

a

OF

vary

following four

:

(a) Insoluble.

Smeltingof Sintered Ore and
ore

is smelted
The

crucible.
as

much

its action

a

a

furnace

is worked

of the zinc

collectingthe

good

VoMiliz^ition

low water-jacketed

separation

with

as

than

the

blast furnace
a

hot

reducing

precious metals
of

it

from

108 by 36 in. at the tuyeres, is shown

figures,(3) represents

of Zinc.

possible to be

is oxidizing rather

to assist in

make

in

foundation

the

The

sintered

with

external

"

top in order
cooled

and

the

slag.

collected;
is added

ore

; copper

in

to volatilize

and

matte

The

in Figs. 92 and
walls well bound

to

furnace,

93.
with

In the

iron.

MET

144

ALL

URG

T

Bartlett finds that zinc oxide

silicate,an

as

the dissolving power

he

much

as

decreases

LEAD,

is not

opinion in which

iron slags dissolve

OF

in the

present

does

not

stand

20 and

25%

zinc

with

slag

alone.

as

Basic

oxide.

TVhile

the acidity of the slag, a

tain
cer-

proportion of lime aids in the solution of zinc oxide, but
it goes

above

from

7 to

into

the

to 1.25

zinc

%%

oxide,

slag. The

oz.

it.

silver contents
on

figure referring to
with

one

The

1%

a
a

copper,

slags

made

are

drags silver
from

ordinarily ranges

the presence

if

to average

higher percentage

a

as

ton, depending

per

the lowest
to

it hinders

15%

a

of copper

0.25

and

lime,
charge with 4% copper, the highest
slag high in lime being low in

silver.

Cooling of Oases, Settling
of Dust
gases

passing off in sintering the

sintered

product

of the charge
in the form

with

carry
more

dioxide, free
and

at the

very

small.

silver ; thus the fume

oxidized

arsenical

sulphide lead

oz.

per

ton

copper

is

if only

1%

gain in gold ; the
plus

over

amounts

that
to

and

6%

amount

accounted
and

|

and

ores

in the

stated above, the lime

containing 4%

be

can

found

peatedly
re-

satisfactorily

that

the

dust,

silver
so

that

will be
the loss

conditions

charge high

low

or

5

assays

oz.

in

and

ton.

These

figures will

on

account

of the lack

ores

sulphide zinc, iron, and

carried off by the latter. The

3

lead

to

direction

their

normal

silver per

oz.

zinc and

also with

with

slightlywith

8

allowed

are

loss in silver by fume

ore

phide,
sul-

dioxide, carbon

the sintering furnace

from

blast furnace

of sulphur and

as

the

out

zino

of zinc

mainb*^ in the

fixed quantity, be the

a

with

been

fine particles

large surfaces,they

fume

result is that under

The

in silver is

while,

the

is contained

and

If they

change

only by filtering. It has

the dust well settled

decrease

to

The

"

of lead and

oxide

to strike upon

dust, while

with

increase

made

time

same

of dust

sulphur

nitrogen.

are

carried off by the gases

the

in the form

Fume.

smelting the

in

less oxidized, fumes

and

cool, and

to

and

ore

oxide, further

will readily drop the

from

them

or

oxygen

and

collected

raw

Filtering
of

of lead sulphite, sulphate and

sulphite and
expand

and

antimonial
copper

ores

ores,

;

and

they will
increase

presence

of

lime;

slag decreases

the

silver

in

the

total loss in silver in treating a charge
oz.

per

copper

of lead
for

is accounted

ton, which
be

present.

collected

by the

ma3'

dry

increase

There

in the fume

assay

for by the assay

is

a

up

to

small

shows

a

; the loss in zino

of the slag.

SMELTING

The

from

gases

sintering and

fans placed back

teyant

THE

IN

of

from

the gases

the floor.

to

fans

sucking off hot fumes

taking in cold fumes.
suck

in cold air.

even

temperature

This

pass

cooling flues,8 by 3 ft. and

supported

in the air

about

of the weight of the ore,

3%

required for 1 sq. ft. of grate
the

of

bag-houses

two

used

the fans

of approximately
into

an

through

ber.
iron cham-

pair of oblong

a

raked

so

be easily

may

into wheelbarrows

iron cooling surface

of sintering furnace.

area

are

that the dust,

that settles out

of the cooling flues the gases,

ends

mixture

gases

ft. of sheet

sq.

those

on

pressure

low roof -shaped trestle

Generally 25

trucks.

or

the

as

1,400 ft. long, which

at the sides and

through doors

removed

is necessary,

forced

sheet-iron

a

fumaces^

deflected by the roof and drop

are

They then

on

vertical partition

a

smelting

to cool the gas

are

off by Stur-

ber
object of the cham-

back

a

and diluted

bottom,

of dust.

large amount

having
The

create

composition

at the

enter

They

would

cooled

and

drawn

the sintering and

In order

The

145

are

chamber

equalize their temperatures.

and

a

smelting

brick

a

extending upward from
is to mix

OBEHEARTH.

freed from

into

dust, pass

alternately, where

the

are

At the
one

fumes

are

separated out by Altering.
A

bag-house, similar in construction
1,500 bags made

89, contains
The

bags

20 in. in

are

wool

with
per

not

cleaned

or

of

shaken

collect 1 lb. of fume
The

raw

fume

grate

day, 1

bags,

woolen

bags,

6 to 10 years.

should

not

90^ C,

required

furnace, and

if twice

woolen

yard of cotton

sq.

exceed

sq. ft. of cloth are

of sinter

With

cloth

cloth

"

will

lb.

:

averages

12

area

wool.

or

Cotton

18 to 24 months, and

yard, last from

in Fig.

cotton

woven

in 24 hours, 1 sq. yard of
per

shown

one

21 ft. long.

Generally 200

120^ C.

foot

square

and

of the bag-room

the temperature

cotton

diameter

40 to 50c. per

costing from

of loosely

yard, last from

costing 7c. per

to the

PbSO, (+ PbSOs*) =42%.
54 ^o".
14 ZnO + 40 ZnSO,
4%.
C, 2 SOg, 1 SiOj, etc.

30

PbS,

=

1

RefiningRaw
of the
convert

Fume

=

which

refining process,
the lead and
"

RefinedZinc-Lead

into

zinc

upon heating, FbSOa

is

is

an

"

The

object

oxidizing muffle-roast,is

compounds
decomposed

Pigment.

into

into lead sulphate and
PbS04, PbS, FbO, and

to

zinc

SOf

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

finely divided

oxide, to eliminate
other

impurities, and

to

be well adapted for

may

the

is shown

purpose

In both
ft long

as

use

from

feed

raising it and

a

used

the

air

with

screw

conveying

screw

passing

current

(4) the feed-hopper, (6)

gear,

collecting fine dust, (6) the screw
conveyer
refined pigment, (7) the driving pulley, (8) the pulley of
chimney

air-inlet and
for the

(14) flues

1,500 lb. of fume
through
fine

a

a

discharge-spout,(13)

The

day.

per

which

The

pigment, passing

give

S

and sells at Ic.

ton

The

a

plant of the
three

running),
treats about

The

ore

power

175 horse

12

is about

ore

the

in

three
and

one

refining plant, 10

"

cost of treatment

a

small

(1 lb.

Co., of Cafion

City,

and

power,

which

held

The

in

the

fans, 40;
one

0.75
fans

Baker

per

man.

(6 ft.),
blowers,

electric light plant,20;

total of 325 horse
made

reserve),and

labor

two

always

are

required

power

FivQ exhaust

follows:

is not

(5) is

(six of

day.

underwind

or

24.92%,

elements.

(one being

roller plant,50;

one

drum

rare

many

per

as

of

excess

an

lead.

Zinc-Lead

3.25 horse

is distributed

crusher

white

collected

of

This

being yellowish-white),
dense,

less than

blast furnaces

Four

particles.

of refined pigment.

sintering furnaces

30;

The

passed through

24.34%.

lead

American

100 tons

power;

O

it contains

ore),and

Colo.,contains

ton of

(white

pound

of dust

amount

of

20 minutes

elementary analysis giving Zn 47.33%, Pb

the

It is bluish-white

per

1,200 to

in about

lead sulphate with

and

2.96%-, Fe,0" etc.,0.45%,

The

cylinders

cylinders is

coarse

any

volume

one

consists mainly of zinc oxide
oxygen,

fireplace,

of the

then

(6) and

at

out

screens

fume

raw

the

Four

temperature

cylinder, is discharged

of

drum, (12) a cast-iron disk

products of combustion.

815^ G.

sieve

volumes

the

screw

(10)the

of the plant, a cylinder treating from

refine all the fume

at about

products of combustion,

from

off gases

to carry

circular

kept

for

(9) the chimney

conveyer,

and

for

for

drum

with

bars

it,the

compressing

it through

showering

through the cylinder, (3) a driving
the

for

cylinders, 10

spiral

(not shown), the

discharge and

to

furnace

pair of cast-iron

diameter, (2) a heavy

four longitudinal flat iron bars
the fume

The

Figs. 94 and 95.

in

in. in

12

and

by grinding that it

the fume

pigment.

a

147

carbon, arsenio,cadmium,

compact

figures (1) represents

and

OBE^HEABTH.

THE

IN

power.

public, but

a

treatment

Qoo^"z

ALL

MET

148

gives

approximate

an

21.8

oz.

silver at 68. 6"

0.06

oz.

gold at $19 per

18j( lead

at 25c. per

OF

LEAD.

recently published

concentrates

charge for galena-blende
Bartlett*

T

URO

per

oz.,

idea.

His

offer

leasts

was

$18.78

i

90

oz

\

unit

4.60
0.00

86.Q)(zinc, nothing
Gross

:

$19.18

value

Less treatment

$5.80

Leas freight

6.20

11.00

$8.18

value

Net
*

Engimering

and

Mining

Journal, June

20, 1890.

by

CHAPTER
IN

SMELTING

54.

"

The

"

of

treatment

discussed

is generally

furnace

BLAST-FURNACE.*

THE

Bemasks.

Introductobt

blast

the

Vin.

under

three

lead

ores

heads

:

in

?^SS'lW"""on. }'orS..phid.O,"
These

For

have

ores

the

blast

that

the

variety,

as

as

European

from

the

and

lime.
All

this

as

in

ore

smelting

containing
it is
a

the

form

ores

or

a

''Mineral

*HakD,

Oct.

CoL,
and

Journal,

8, 1883:

July

monograph
copper

Resources

17, 1888;

of

Ouyard,

xii.. United
and

of

States

Copper

the

to

go

United
8, 1888;

in Emmons'

Geological
Converting,"

show
of

and

by

seldom

the

greatest

Silver-Lead

and

furnace;

If

States,'' 1882, p. 825:
Engineering
and

"Geology
Survey,

1888,

York,

Mining
p.

1897.

iron,

If it is

and

phide,
sul-

the

;

bonate
car-

preceding

Engineering
Mining

Industry

618; Hixon,

a

furnace

the
also

ore

any

sulphide,

once.

nace
fur-

carbon,

reverberatory

te

Henrich,

blast

to

extracted

are

treated.

the

at

the

of

blast

so

carbon

suited

silver

means

the

in

in

smelting

be

New

can

classification

in

smelted

1 and

in

occurrence

treatment

lead

must

roasted

is

the

as

they

rare

(Purchasing

and

worked

mixture

well

before

smelter

bullion

base

first

Auff. 26, Sept.

Smelting

which

silica

it

prevailing,

Mining

in

be

of

4%

of

chemical

aside

of

can

36

"

set

process,

generally

carbonate

from

be

in

raw

as

such

of

are

the

by

the

smelted

roasted

regularity

seen

Prussia,

ores.

concentrated

separate^'.

treated

will

one

over

this

reason

practice

treated

treated

ores

be

may

For

Ores).

the

ores

uniform

Germany,

of

always

are

ever

in

where

practice,

with

still are,

districts

oxidized

States

United

pursued,

if

hardly

are

and

years,

ores

and

furnace,

they

In

sulphide

works

Mountains,

Harz
for

European

in

smelting

other

In

the

France,

the

been

furnace.

blast

certain

in

instance,

galena

be

furnish

mines

large

Ores.

distinct

quite

are

processes

Oxidized

for

Reduction,

General

of

''Notes

and

Journal^
Leadville,
on

Lead

MET

150

ALL

UliG

Y

analyses of argentiferous lead
and

the

Pacifio

that

they

usually contain

the

universal

much

has become

"

RoASTiNo

66.

General.

Sulphide

OP

oxide

and

the

O,

+

of oxygen

presence

derives
which

oxide

its oxygen

into

formed

to

a

lower

sulphur trioxide
with

effect

The

metals

on

dioxide

metallic

in

a

with

SiO,
2MO

oxides

the

in
with

contact

metallic

; it

oxide

:

SO3 + SiOj.
SO3 ;-MA

=

=

off

pass

it will

or

have

sulphate ; it may

an

be reduced

or

of sulphur trioxide with

general

sulphates

and

part is converted

from

or

will either

to

(a)

:

indifferent substance

any

the air

"

of air,

access

sulphur trioxide by

bine
com-

oxidizing
sulphur

to

upon

metallic

oxide

to sulphate

be expressed by

way

M0+*S08
Metallic

Form.*

sulphur by other reducing agents.

combination
may

off, and

and metallic compounds
to

even

or

partment
roasting de-

SO,.

state of oxidation

formed

oxide

formed

M0+

=

or

SO, + O +
S0,+
The

plains
ex-

being

scarce,

the

Pulverized

in

are

passes

either from

is reduced

Ores

sulphur dioxide

of the sulphur dioxide

the metallic

grown

less pure,

seen

This

the West, and

in

metallic sulphide, MS., with

a

MS
Fart

4%
have

or

be

silica.

of daily increasing importance.

one

In heating

metallic

more

ores,

it will

furqace

ores

Mountains

Booky

to,

over

blast

since the easy-smelting carbonate

replaced by sulphide

the

of

referred

of the

use

LEAD.

ores

be

coast

OF

heating

sulphur trioxide.

MS0,.

=

are

decomposed

into metallic

Of the principalmetallic sulphates,

and lead sulphate,
iron,copper, zinc,silver,
nickel,cobalt,manganese,
iron sulphate,
is decomposed at a very low temperature,
the other
order

sulphates following with

given until lead
trioxide

is to

be

completely

expelled from

"" 6

and

only to

increase

of temperature

sulphate is reached, which
a

very

small

decomposed

its combination

extent

the

by the

at

a

sulphur

white

gives

up

heat.

trioxide

stronger

in the

must

phur
sulIf it
be

acid, silica (see

8).

*PlAttner, ';DleMetallurgiacheiiRdstprooeflse,''Freibei^, 1856; Balling, MetaUiu^
gischeChemie,'' Bonn, 1888.
"

ALL

MET

152
The

sulphur trioxode

idize the magnetic

URG

which

oxide

combine

with

ferrous

sulphate

SO,

not

:

SO,

increase

SO^,

+

to ferrous

+

will peroz-

such

as

escape

3FeA

=

oxide

upon

LEAD,

to ferric oxide

PeO
Ferrous

OF

does

^FesO, +
or

T

sulphate

:

FeSO,.

=

of

will

temperature

in

passing

through the stage of basic sulphate,

2FeS04
be converted

=

SO,,

FejO, +

SO,,

into ferric oxide,

Fe,SOe
and

Fe^SO, +

the sulphur trioxide

=

the

set free will oxidize

undecomposed

sulphide,
FeS
the products

380,

+

being the

same

FeO

=

those

as

id) Iron Bisulphide,FeSg*.

"

iron

disulphide gives

half

up

+

480,,

of the first equation.

If

heated

of

its sulphur, being

without

of air

access

converted

into the monosulphide,

FeS,
or

rather

mineral

have
of

some

free

the

sulphur

the monosulphide
for this

off it leaves the residual

disulphide

the molecule

monosulphide

points of attack for oxidafcion,and

sulphur trioxide

set

Iron

occurs

disulphide

being, according
action
in

roasting.

to

than
But

free with

Brown, f

t

ProcetdingB American

"

TransactioDS

The

sulphur.

more

of sulphur is distilled
which

there

is

a

offers

more

larger amount

marcasite.

The

also be

more

of

Sweden

by

a

is perhaps the most

southwestern

latter
pheric
atmos-

readily oxidized

pyrite from different localities show
Spain

and

different
difficult

Portugal

free-burning.

{e) Cuprous Sulphide,CugS.
Valentine,

quickly

more

readily decomposed

pyrite should

represents the most

which

vapor

its strongly oxidizing influence.

more

dead, while that from

*

as

roasts

porous,

pyrite and

as

behavior; thus pyrite from
to roast

off

passes

although it contains

that when

are

a

all parts of the pulverized

to

access

to sulphur dioxide. The

reasons

S,

sulphide, Fe^Sg. If roasted with access
readily oxidized to ferric oxide, but since in roasting

charge the air cannot
burns

+

the magnetic

of air it is

than

FeS

=

of American

PhUoaophieal

"

Cuprous

sulphide being readily

Institute of Mininf? Engineers,*^ xrilL, p. 78.
Sodetjfy 1894,zxxili.,p. 825.

SMELTING

fusible has

THE

IN

to be heated

BLAST

carefully if the

very

It is at first converted
30

CugS +
and

this by contact

Some

20

SO, +

of the sulphur trioxide
with

cupric oxide

and

sulphur

upon

at

cuprous

(/ ) Zinc

Sulphide

either

being infusible

70

+

be

can

any

of air.
air the

of

formed

and

or

and

Its

expelled.

son
rea-

25%

sion
conver-

and

toward

end,

do not

show

the

centers

same

from
*

will

it has

the

give

sulphide

and

temperature

quired
re-

into

The
the

the
in

to

a

basic

deep

normal

phate
sul-

basic salt and

All blendes

sulphate.

roasting.

Thus

of air,

(1100" C.)

orange

found"*" that blendes
up

the

the freer the

and

requires time, abundance

in the European
from

the older

their sulphur less readily than

later formations

Jenach, Btrg- und

Zinc

being given off. The complete

oxygen

been

is required

temperature

result.

decomposed

behavior

of Scandinavia

formations

elevated

the

upon

oxide

decompose

SO,.

relative proportions of zinc oxide

depend

zinc

more

to

:

higher the temperature

The

of air, zinc sulphide

access

sulphide.

to the

at the start, changing

the

with

copper

The

will be in part

red-heat

those

as

tities
quan-

is the

20

higher temperature

a

desulphurization of zincblende

do

This

much

ZnSO, +

+

heated

harm.

sulphur trioxide,dioxide

zinc

as

been

sulphate

ZnO

=

oxidation

sulphate formed

access

a

considerable

as

present.

are

contains

If heated

"

lead, iron
it

without

and

long

as

oxide

into oxide

to start the

than with

access

ZnS,

f

2ZnS

free

on

sulphide

copper

4S0,.
+ SO,.

2CuO

=

after the sulphur has

is converted

and zinc

phide
sul-

undecomposed

upon

cupric oxide has to be effected by the air.

into

In order

some

CugO +

=

goes

sulphide and

oxide

bines
com-

some

oxide,

partial reduction

why

such,

as

temperature),and

by acting

3SOs
Cu,0 + SO3

roasted

SO3.

CuSO,,

=

elevated

an

dioxide

cuprous

of cuprous

+

cupric sulphate,

SO3

Cu,S +

The

SO,,

set free escapes

+

(which is decomposed again
to

cessful.
suc-

oxide,

2CuO

=

to form

CuO

is reduced

Cufi +

is to be

roast

into cuprous

=

153

into cupric oxide,

action

Cu,0 +

FURNACE.

Huttenmdnnische

of

Styria (Austria). Also,

Zeitung, 1894,p. 899.

METALL

154

the dark

T

OF

blendes, rich in iron, ore

the

than

URG

iron-bearing blende
this is

is surprising, as

Jensch

found

is present

much

so

difficult to roast

more

light-coloredvarieties.

in roasted

LEAD

that the sulphur

iron

as

sulphide,which

easily oxidized

more

dead*

than

zinc

sulphide.

\g) Manganese Sulphide,MnS.
a

heat with

moderate

sulphate

ganous

the sulphate at
into

heat

trioxide

a

the

into

rest

heat

dear-orange

mangano-manganic

The

somewhat

will vary

roast

of lead, iron, and

amounts

and

temperature

of

lead and

more

blast furnace

lead

a

ferrous

the normal

must

with

As

slowly.

progress

of matte
the

to

tive
rela-

Of the three leading sulphides,
and

cuprous
a

copper

is its melting point, hence

lower

produced in

matte

behavior

oxidized, then follow

The

lead sulphide successively.
the

oxide;

evolution

according

copper.

is first

iron sulphide

contains

man-

being given off.

oxygen

oxidizing

an

with

is converted

(h)Matte,PbS, FeS, Cu^S (ZnS, MnS)."
in

of it into

most

at

oxide; sulphur dioxide, sulphur

mangano-manganic

and

sulphide

manganese

of air converts

access

and

Heating

"

matte

the roasting of

be

begun
increase

an

sulphate is changed

into

at

a

a

low

of temperature
the basic

the same
at about
temperature at
salt, this being decomposed
which
cupric sulphate is formed, the sulphur trioxide set free
in oxidizing cuprous

sulphide and

of cupric sulphate with

increase

much

assists very

decomposition
will assist in

oxidizing

tendency of

to the

Owing

roasted, much
roasted

matte

zinc

any

zinc

and

sulphide

manganese

to

sinter,even
will be

manganese

ent.
pres-

when

tially
par-

present in the

If silver sulphide is given

"

roast, it is converted

into

finely divided

dizing
oxi-

an

metallic

silver

sulphur dioxide,

Ag^
which
other

with

is attended
metallic

+

2Ag +

=

If present

loss.

a

Ag,S +
is especiallythe

to

tendency

2Ag +

*

20

SOa,
in

small

sulphides, the sulphur trioxide

decomposition has

This

matte

of temperature

sulphate.

as

(i)Silver Sulphide,AgjS.
and

and

The

oxide.

case

Minor. Berg- und

2SOs
4S0,
with

=

=

set

quantities in
free

sulphatize the silver

Ag,SO, +
Ag^O, +

in their

:

SO^
4S0,.

the basic sulphate of iron and

HutienmdnnUche

Zeitung, 1889,p. 4(16.

the

IN

SMELTING

of

sulphate

decomposed

copper

sulphate, whether

of silver

oxides, such

at

FURNACE,

oxidized.

caused

by heat

magnetic oxide of iron

as

or

=

will be found
metallic

"

Operation

The

and

the character
the

To

smelt

ore

an

of the

in

which

contains

silver

oz.

smelted

the

line

ore,

general

a

before

it is

of

the
be

loss

in
to

An

sulphur.

12%

its

better

is rarely roasted ;

ton

60

at

of the

cases

than

raw,

in silver and

ore

some

whether

As

account

more

the

to

Gold-mill

low.

be

can

is best roasted

in roasting, it may

100

it

to decide

considered.

sulphur

this

argentiferous galena

smelter

to make

as

their

generally added
to make

as

galena
ores

in the

some

silver,which, however,

oz.

with

concentrates

sulphur

10%

are

roasted.

Pure

are

be

to

On

raw

rather

always

a

the silver

ore

sulphate, and

as

whether

or

rule.

metallurgists* draw
seems

SOj^

+

In order

"

the richness

extent

modify

suffered

running

ore

of

oxide,

of sulphides, the richness

amount

some

may

coarseness

ore

containing Vl%

ore

smelted.

an

of roasting have

cost

rule, any

GENEBAii.

in

to roast

it is necessary

silver

or

state.

56.

and

decomposition

cuprous

sulphide,

undecomposed

as

of

most

by the presence

In roasted

great loss of silver.

a

The

4CuO

==

with

when

SO,+ 0,
GFejOj + SO,^

Ag^SO, =Ag,+
Ag, +
AggSO, + 4Fe30,
Ag,SO, + 2CU2O
Ag, +
is attended

155

temperature

a

been

sulphides haTe

the metallic

BLAST

THE

ores

that

free from

lead.

before

raw

This

is for two

sulphur

it is liable

beginning of the roast, and this

in such

charge and

must

to

tities
quan-

Impure

sulphuretted

reasons

percentage of sulphur in the roasting charge.

20%

They

necessary.

state

roasting with

the required lead for the blast-furnace

over

quantities to

deficiency of lead.

common

usually mixed

are
are

charge in the

for the

up

treatment

separate

to the

in such

rarely come

ores

to furnish

:

to reduce

If the charge

become

sticky

be avoided

at

the
tains
con-

the

if the sulphur

eliminated.
is to be satisfactorily
In smelting pyritic
67

iron

(see "

ore;

it forms

of lead and

h)
much

and

ores

thus

in the blast furnace
reduces

a

considerable

directly recovered

in the form

matte, consequently

silver is not

pyrite

^.Newhouse, Engineering

and

consumes

the capacity of the furnace

Mining

Journal^ Feb.

for

percentage
of base bul-

28, 18M.

Qoo^"z

MET

156
The

lion.

T

URQ

has to be

matte

prei^iouslyconsumed

OF

roasted

in the

great

so

contains

above
A

present.

is decided

not

or

that which

becomes

Whether

formed.

of matte

This

bad

effect begins to

in the charge, and

fall under

every

has

a

deleterious

very

roasted, for if it is smelted
necessarily have

it may

smelted

raw

there is

more

the

mixed

reduce

sulphide

; if zinc

zinc than
the

lead

and

of slag will
the relative
In

effect.

is permissible.

For

or

that of zinc the

to

sulphate formed

rich in blende

ores

eral
gen-

of lead in

roast

best

is
if

or

before

ore

in roasting blende

considerable
are

the

no

ore

present in equal amounts,

are

a

a

containing little

ores

lead, it is best

zinc

to be

quires
re-

time to be converted

roasted

separately from

containing little of it.

those
The

obtained

results

its chemical

in roasting

composition but

crushed, the thickness

also

the temperature

to which

As galena oxidizes

large number

particlefrom

that if the
where

the oxide
with

metallic
another

galena
and

lead will
reason

cause

not

only

size to which

on

it has

in the furnace, the amount
in

it remains

the furnace, and

result.
the

is too

Then,

surface
coarse

sulphide
a

heated

with

are
(fine-crushing)

sulphate formed

undecomposed

depend

the

upon

slowly when

desired

the

ore

it is exposed.

of surfaces

is to have

in each

but

an

of its bed

of rabbling it receives, the time

roast

10%

will have

ore

its bad

blende

more

deep-orange heat and

into oxide,

a

of

blast furnace

to diminish

charge

of lead present is twice

amount

As

smelting.

the

large percentage

the

to

in
the

extent

a

thus

and

charge

instance, if with

been

avoided,

itself with

be said that the higher the percentage

blast-fnmace

P3'ritethe

raw

to be added

of blende

amount

a

to be

tries to keep the matte-

influence

If it is present to any

(see" 69 y).

way

of copper

the percentage

show

smelter

ore

b%.

Blende

a

with

raw

of sulphur it

amount

large quantity of matte, is,however,

ores

pyritic

a

by the percentage

is required for the

iron

able,
again avail-

of iron in smelting

since the silver entering the slag increases
matte

The

resmelting.

blast furnace

is generally assumed.

as

shall be roasted

LEAD,

before

that the actual consumption

so

is not

ALL

a

as

the

roasting

ceeds
pro-

to the center, it is probable

reaction

may

at the center, and

for fine-crushing. Ores

if the

necessary,

at the surface

considerable

of air,

access

take
come

in

tact
con-

the resulting

loss in lead and
that do not

place

roast

silver

"

readily,

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

rich

t.e., ores

oxidation

with

and

porous

more

The

richer

and

the

it is in lead and
work

more

1^

hours.

The

time

slow roast and

a

low

in which

ore

from

retaining undecomposed

rich in blende

require

if the

from

the furnace

be

be

must

and

out

which

at

temperature

taken

This is also the

"

ores

to be

and

a

as

the

roasted

regulated by

by

is to

ore

be withdrawn

character

the

of the sulphates

fusibility of the charge which
can
pulverulent, a sintered, or a fused mass.

a

ore

in the

ores

considerations

result of

a

silver and

this.

lead

loss of from

a

subsequent fusion, and

in silver without

it.

not

slagged, but

more

be

slag-roasted
roasted

than

pulverulent

to

from

ore
ore

contains

ones

the

are

gives

containing

ores

18% lead and of 2%
5% lead and none

2 to
the

the loss will be

ore

pulverulent.
when

as

it remains

a

from

3%

retains from

as

other

Newhouse

in roasting

it remains

when

; but

principal
of cost.

15

ore,

disadvantagesof

overcome

effectuallyremoved

so
so

the

are

The

By agglomerating

only slightly higher than when
will

form

the increase

series of experiments

18%

silver with

in lump

often prevent

loss in lead and

to

into

the

blast furnace

12

Ores

completely converted

treating fine

a

ore

high temperature

regards the subsequent smelting, it is best to slag the

from

be

can

of the furnace.

time

by obtaining the roasted

as

roasted

this fullydecomposed.

formed

As

sulphide is

zinc

sulphate and

to the hearth

a

with

even

the

Pyritic

copper.

considerable

a

|

every

danger of the half-roasted

no

sticky and adhering

as

prevent

lead sulphide.

and

there is

quickly, and

becoming

The

rich in lead

matte

bed

the readiness

upon

throughout,

temperature

careful roasting it is impossible to

roasted

of the

galena prevails require

most

with

ore.

be the charge

must

depends

ore

the

case

of the

ihickness

The

of

the amount

the character

upon

the

Ores

it oxidizes.

Tvith which
very

and

zinc the thinner

to roast

The

product less fusible

hearth

the

on

will be required.

required

an

iron

sieve.

3 to 6 in., the rabbling being repeated from

varies from
to

4-mesh

a

the roasted

also

depend

and

be if richer in lead.

it would

of the charge

working

necessary

through

through

pyritic ores

e.g,,

,

157

crushed

are

easily

crushed

these is rapid, and
than

FURNACE,

blende^

roast

lead, are

thickness

The

that

Ores

iii^ith
10%

matte

galena and

in

sieve.

8-mesh

BLAST

THE

IN

1

to

3 to

7%

The

the

powder.

ore

For

phur
sul-

is
stance,
in-

sulphur, while

sulphur.

The

loss

Qoo^"z

ALL

MET

158

increases

to be said that

used

; with

slagged
ran

only agglomerated

the

kept

roasted

the

as

mixed

the

rule

a

when

sulphide
low in lead

run

the pure

to

galena

the Mississippi Valley) or

silver-lead

greater

a

less

or

centrates
con-

low
in

because

works)

lead

; if the

that

low

to

always slagged to

are

ores

referred

(as in

European

be safely

only slightly adhesive

applicable

It is not

or

so

smelteis, which

silver

silver (as in most
instances

20%

This

by Western

free from

lead

less could

10%

was

It

of lead in the charge.

with

pulverulent, or

high in silver.

and

to

the furnace.

from
treated

ores

ore

10

from

product remained
drawn

an

LEAD,

OF

percentage

the temperature

20%

over

with

the whole

on

Y

URG

in

both

degree.

charges running 50 and 60% lead and free from imparities
roasted a very
"Ut;ht increase of temperature to
require when

The

slagged,

be

taken

being

care

keep

it

low

as

possible.

as

silver is slight,although the percentage

the loss in lead and

Therefore

to

of lead is high.

To-day

fusion

the

ore

been

has

investigations have

recent

instances, as

of roasted

that

silver is higher than

was

satisfactory methods

exist for condensing the fumes

a

The

roasting furnace.

finelydivided

by machinery

ore

been

not

to

sintered

use

loss in

issuing from
in bricking

(" 94) have

removed

roasted

in the blast furnace

ore

slagged ; but

or

the

far, at least,no

so

made

great improvements

disadvantages of having
that has

supposed, and,

once

in most

given up

shown

one

of the

nation
the imperfect elimi-

of sulphur remains.

"

57. BoASTiNo

ores

be

can

FuBNACEs

carried
So-called

furnaces.

IN

Genbral.

are

mixed

sometimes

being allowed

dioxide

is to be converted

and

rare

copper

ores,

method

is best omitted

on

the

acid. I

as

containing comparatively little

the

; or

lead

ores,

apparatus

here

and

the sulphur

in kilns,when

into sulphuric acid.
but

As

very

this roaetin^

the

referred

manufacture

with

common

is practicallythe

the reader

metallurgy of copper* and
Here

stalls,the sulphur-

in heaps and

to go to waste

with

reverberatory

consisting mainly of galena, py-

ores,

roasted

dioxide

is comparatively

roasting of lead

in heaps, stalls,kilns, and

on

rite,chalcopyrite,and blende, and
gangue,

The

"

same,

the

to the works

of sulphuric

only the roasting in the reverberatory fun"aoe

will

be considered.
*
No. 98, U. S. Geological Survqr. Wa8b]ogt0l^ 1886 {
Howe, ^ Copper Smeltincr/* BuUeUn
Peters, " Modern Copper Smelting,'^ New York, IBStk
t Lunge, "' Sulphuric Acid and Alkali,'*
vol L, London, 1801.

MET

160

ing and

turning

ALL

worked

the

near

the feed will be turned

and

form
has to

will retain

it has
often

very

ore

does

not

the

sulphur

on

ore

of sulphur.

amount

percentage

of sulphur

the

expense

instances) to rough-roast

mechanical

few

furnace

to finish

and

The

been

it in

say

3%

it up

and

to

suggested

has

(and

the

in

ore

hand

small

a

tively
rela-

puts through

of putting

been

a

nace
fur-

stirred
being sufficiently

not

ore

It has therefore

in

near

surface

will begin to cake

keeping it in repair.
done

ore

the

furnace

warrant

ficiently
be suf-

not

quickly the

the mechanical

the

reduce

to

the speed of

on

be avoided, the mechanical

comparatively large

a

; if too

the result that the

small quantity of
when

discharge

slowly, and the

run

it depends

slowly the charge will

As this must

lumps.

LEAD.

as

under, while

off,with

is still burning

OF

is uniform,

over

If these travel too

the rakes.

Y

URQ

a

reverber-

atory furnace.
Another
bottom

is that of the caking of the
difficulty

to

hearth

considerable

a

dead-roasted

3 in. of

charge, and
crust

as

blades

( plows

much

shorter

ores.

This

with

and

be

may

blades, but

volatilization in
much

The

have

side

or

It

the

as

the

in

of

one

are

arm

one,

the hearth

and

means

any

that

a

set in

the

an

as

greater
lead

red-hot

not

been

silver by

revolving hearth.
are

very

that

by the
has

a

ore,

be

suggested

aware,

the

pyritic

having rakes ought

arms

that

than

loss of lead aud

of plates set at

corresponding
over

is

or

roasting

found

should

wear

the

having

rabble

the

ores

decomposed

furnace

one

of 2

effect of the

been

has

writer

case,

mechanical

the form

rabbles

of the

distributed
one

far

a

bed

by other
been

chemical

extent

of this class the

the rabbles

by

a

stirring apparatus last

mechanical

some

it be
a

the

ores.

greater than

furnaces

ih\^

to

this, as

Should

proved.

arm.

the

lead-bearing

sulphide

very

caused

why

reason

no

the

) of

the brick

stone,
(hematite, lime-

in roasting lead-bearing
be

must

up

has been

on

on

with

Finally, it has

rabbles

time

substance

any

breaking

or

up

it forms.

as

or

readily combine

not

by plowing

soon

there is

pyrite

does

etc.) that

by roasting, not

extent

reverberatory furnace, but

in the hand

as

the hearth

on

of the stirrers. This

and obstructing the passage

overcome

ore

be

to

With

always in pairs when

oblique angle

to the

opposite direction

an
ore

may

prevented from

be

to

uniformly

accumulating

on

the other.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

mechanical

In

the Briickner
turned
;

IN

furnaces

quickly

over

further, it

haying

is the

furnace

remains

roasted

are

the

Lokg

The

all modifications.
ft. long and

Haiyd

bedded

-

worked

on

It has

to the

hearths,

met

with

The

still

there

to be found

is only one-half

Furnaces

for space,

is therefore

and
has to be done
part of the

has to be torn

has to stand
furnace.

hearth

out

high truck

a

Standing

work

he

inspect his work.
nroved

and

if the charge

gradually form

is

it.

on

if any

the
runs

solid

ore
on

a

double

hearth,

rails parallelwith

crust, which

near

It

the furnace

the crust,

is claimed

*
Berg- und HUttenmdnnische
March
ing JoumaU
8, 1877.

have

will

so

that

to

in order

behind,

to build

is saved

by

wood-

a

over

pass
a

and
This

be cut out.

may

is

ore

to the hearth

that the flame
fuel

as

it is difficult to

will be that all of the

be rich in lead it will adhere

the

do

cannot

man

the firebridge; particleswill remain

a

that

hearth

the upper

on

ground, and

consequence

struction,
con-

repairing

is often the case,

Finally, with

that

solid

the place to be repaired

above

move

the

hearth,

one

more

; then

shaky platform the

a

shutting down

the hearth

soften

The

toward

not

necessitates

on

when

as

and

over

with

as

much

a

hearth, which

situated

is that

be justifiedin erecting

may

expensive

having

at Mecher-

hearth

great

requires

permit work.

to

to turn
on

more

the lower

on

upper

the workman,

hearth

one

only

still occasionally be

can

as

either

on

doors

working

double

a

to 80

discharged.

now.

other,

advantage of

double

a

survived

flue end, is slowly

the

at

This

"

40

doors

working

ft. wide, with

6
not

therefore,if cramped
it,though

and

Fubnace.

for instance, at the large silver-lead works

"

longitudinal extension

on

and

top of the

on

one

nich,* Prussia.

fire

ore

formed

single roasting hearth, from

bridge end

probably

side,are

good

of fluedust

a

furnace,

danger of the

boastiko

-

charge, fed

old furnaces, about

two

and

to the

exposed

has
Fortschaufelungsofen,

a

the

which

down

one

of revolutions

Briickner

much

14 to 17 ft. wide, and

from

through

The

is also

be

can

containing rather

the

in

percentage

roasting furnace, the German

side

ore

great.

58.

"

lead

to the wall and

adhering

the

use,

Ores

gases.

is small; there

but its tonnage

in

one

length of time

be kept any

of

revolving hearth, of which

a

only

oxidizing heat of the flame and
high percentage

161

slowly by varying the number

or

can

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

double

Ztitung^ 1875,p. 129; 1886,p. 484; BingineerinQ and

Min

Qoo^"z

MET

162

hearth, as much
with

ALL

less heat

placing

layer of sand

a

OF

T

LEAD,

is lost through

single hearth, but

a

UBG

the

advantage

same

the roof

on

the roof than

of

is the

case

be gained by

can

single-hearth reverbera-

a

tory.
There

three

are

modifications

kinds

or

of

hearth

:

the

level

hearth, the slagging hearth
96

Figs,
Furnace

with

(fuse-box),and the sinter hearth.
Hand
represent a
Long -bedded
roasting

101

to

-

Level

a

in the roaster

to be sintered

the bridge,

40

ft. may

Special attention
hearth, the

absence

bridge

rise from

of

offsets

distance

is usually found;

the

of the

some

Fig. 101)

width

verulent
pul-

utilize all the heat
made

which

support

having

the

gentle

a

to the

center

and

ore,

longer.

arches

the

at

doors,
in the

damper

of the
increased

(51 in.)is less than
lireplace (21 in., Fig. 101)
to 36 in. (Fig. 96), and
to

required for this, the firebridge(27 in..

room

made

was

a

bridge in

the working doors

it was
proving insufficient,

supply

is

the

hearth

(the

roasted

between

hearth

is not

is commonly

flue),the slope from

to

the discharge openings for
flue. The

near

The

tained
con-

is kept comparatively low

to the vaulted

is called

furnaces

if the charge

be sufficient length to

generated,although the furnace
the

is used

withdrawn

As the temperature

state.

of the

one

in Fig. 154.

of this form

fused, but

or

It is

building shown

A furnace

by 14 ft.

40

Hearth.

(22J in..Fig. 96)

narrower

received

and

air-flues.
The

grate of the furnace

horizontal

especially with
blowing-up furnace

dry coal, by

(Figs. 90

and

excess

any

off with

pass

a

91)

is doing

roasting furnaces,

as

products of

furnaces, as the
what

over

is necessary

atmosphere.
Taylor

or

The
shown

work

of

excess

At

combustion.
a

for combustion,

some

in

same

gas,
a

be

nection
con-

made

fuel for roasting

a

the

oil,

dizing
strongly oxi-

generated
works, and

few

to

works, oil,

atomize

to

furnishes

Finally, producer
in

can

valuable

air required

furnaces, is used

Wellmann

to grow

do the

in

it permits perfect combustion,

sufficientlylow-priced, has become

when

Bartlett

effective work

of air,thoroughly superheated,
the

stances,
in-

many

The

step-grate.

boilers,and should

burning slack coal under
with

and

is replaced in

by the
ises
prom-

in importance.
done

in

the

long-bedded

hand

by three examples in the subjoined

roasting furnace

table

:

Qoo^"z

is

i

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

IN

SMELTING

60'
14'
840
8'
8' 4"

"._iofhearth
of hearth

Width
Hearth

feet

aquare

area,

Leofrthof grate
Width
of grate
Gnte
Ratio

hearth

grate area
Space above firebridge,length and width.
$aoe above fluebridge,l^gth and width.
ueight of firebridge above hearth
Height of roof above firebridge
Height of fluebridge above hearth
Height of roof above fluebridge.
Depth of grate below top of bridge

T

w
16'

75*
14'

1,066

1,150

7' 9"
2' 6"

8'
3' 6"
28
41:1

10.4

No

fluebridge.

14"

fPyrite.
I Galena.

Screen-size of ore (mesh)
fluebridge.
Depth of charge near
Ore stirred every
(minutes)
drawn
Roasted
ore
every (hours)
in furnace
Time ore remains
(hours)
in 24 hours
Tods of raw
ore
roasted
foot
Pounds
of ore
per square
hearth area
Character
of roasted
ore
Per cent, sulphur in roasted
ore

20"

12"

17"

Fyritic galena.

Concentrates.

(-)

(|)

ore

fluebridge.

No

12"
20"
6"
15"
16"
Matte.

14"
18"

12 and

8-4"
80
8
82

under.
6"
40
4
24

20
4
24
12

"1

0

of

16.66

21.8
Pulverulent.

20

Partly sintered.
1.2 (r)

Partly sintered.

2-5

8

(a)SiO"l6-5, Fe 28-25, Fb 12-25, Cu 2-8, Zn 4-6. S 88, Ag 26^40 oz., Au 0.08-0.80
Pyrite: Fe 87, SiO, 5, CTu 1, Zn 4-5; Galena: Fb 45-60,Zn 10-12. (c)Best roast.

The
the

of fluedust

amount

ore

of

on

tons,

"

additional

an

has

near

shift,with

ore

is melted

front of the

and

and if the fire has

a

up

a

tonnage,

ft. long, and

is 80

been
the

a

not

a

and
ore

second
removed

from

fourth
been

still is the

the third

door, and

to

puts

doors

or

d

tons

through

12

from

Not

fourth
it down

level hearth, this
sump

in which

is that

the

ore

the
in

the firebridge is pasty,

carefully watched

custom

and

melt

with

of this

the

heat

may

be

only does this interfere with

the

moving

piece of work.

arduous

often

furnace

consequence

to the fifth door.

very

of
The

tons.

two

60 by 14 ft. furnace, for

a

good roast, but it also renders

paddle

\%

(6)

fair figure being two

a

slight depression

The

down.
third

is about

oz.

will be required.

man

the firebridge

excessive

the

slag-roasted in

is to be

ore

with

small, less than

is very

consumed

If the furnace

ore.

raw

If

12-hour

a

formed

fuel

varies

labor required
men

The

charged.

"

6"Xl'

W

7'9"X2'2"
4' 2" X8"

8"

9"x2'

.

\

ore

Composition of

m.

64H:1

to

Chanu^rof

n.

14.6

feet

square

area,

HEARTH.

LEVEL

WITH

FURNACE

HAND-ROA6TINO

LONO-BEDDED

163

To

with

of the

in

into

a

with

the

this, it has

counteract

such

doors

ore

furnaces

to

collect

heap in front of the

the

sump,

whence

it is

through the first door.

A furnace

of this description is used
*

Private communication

from

J. T.

at Mine

La

Motte,* Mo.,

Monell, May, 1801.

Qoo^"z

METALL

164

where

11^

galena ooncentrates

ft.

slag-roasted. The

are

The

22 in.

roof 15 and

the hearth

9 in. above

wide, is

LEAD.

from

hearth

the

where

built into
which

wrought-iron

a

the

of the

and

resting

pan

firebrick,and

is slightly

result

is produced

When

this

at first constructed

was

that the middle

part of the

by the slagged

ore.

parts, the

two

middle

lead in

a

has

Mine

The

used

a

has

The

furnace

Motte

four

The
Mine

work
per

on

of

ton

furnace
La

at

Motte.

a

current

experiment

was

a

15 years.

over

of

that it stopped all

every

6 hours

with

some

sand

is added

as

The

galena

25%

to

slagged

retains from

ore

12-hour

shift,and

Bonne

4 to

0.42

The

roasting hearth
and

11 ft. square

of the furnace

is 16 in. above
*

6%

cord

Terre,* Mo., is similar

the sinter hearth, and

the flue-end

from

runs

iron, and is crushed

is 40

2

acid
40 to

to pass

sulphur

;

of wood

is

is

to

the

at

8 in. deep.

bridge

the fluebridge.

The

Prirate communication

from

ore
Q.

8 in.

The

grate

the grate and

the roof 12 in. above
a

one

ft. long by 11 ft.

is 7 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in.,the firebridge 20 in. above

At

strong

ore.

wide, the sinter hearth
in. above

fireplaceinto
air-flue in the

a

The

is charged

is 6 in.

nothing

The

sieve.

men

burned

of bed

thickness

12-mesh

through

bridge.

La

lead, and from

70%

means

has found

tons of galena concentrates, to which
flux.

found

was

eaten

the

similar

jacket in fusing antimoniate

water

is

of

course

A

it

been used for

now

is

the roof, communicating

on

By this

reverberatory furnace, and

at the

leakage

air-flue.

bridge,

the bridge.

way

closing the

of

small chimney

the improvement

writer

full

a

apt to be

was

conceived

The

pillars between

in the usual

bridge

in.

former

of the brick.

passed through the flue.

be

and

The

a

The

by

central wall divides

a

was

parts of the

of air could
success,

idea

erecting

and

both

with

As

roof.

air-flue passing through

by the

22|

air-cooling has proved

effective in preventing the corrosion

very

a

brick

on

The

concave.

to the

of that part of the

bridge.

It is formed

air circulates freely.

the

the

of the fuel used, which

account

is fused

ore

hearth

the top of the

Of special interest is the construction

wood.

the

13 in. below

and

on

flue to

top of the bridge-wall

grate, 10 ft. by 21 in., is 3 ft. 6 in. below
this depth being necessary

hearth, 55 by

the

from

the respective distances

bridge, making
horizontal

OF

inside, is slightly inclined

the

on

T

URQ

16

the bridge.

high and the roof

treated

is

a

galena

con-

Sets, March, 1897.

Qoo^"z

METALL

166

centrate, 5
S

5%,

It

15%.

roasting hearth

is charged

six hours.

drawn

every

and

retains

3.5% sulphur.

It remains
furnace

foot of hearth

square

hearth

a

separate from

place, the

takes

ore

in Fig. 104, has

seen

furnace.

the

at

the

in the

through

of

Thus

enlarged.
and

(Figs.103
in., which

104)

through

passes

2 ft. 6

in.

The

change from

the sudden

drawings

be understood

can

The

without

fusing
hearth,

ture
tempera-

the latter is very

in. by 1 ft. 4

is suddenly
of

area

in temperature,

pasty

or

change from

to the low

increase

fused

or

description of the furnace

detailed

a

flue 5 ft. 6

a

sudden

decrease

correspondingly sudden

and

leaving the slagging hearth

entering the roasting hearth

on

to 17 ft. by

on

Omaha

vertical flue,

sudden

slagging hearth
flame

the

main

reverberatory smelting

a

desirable

the roasting hearth, the flue-spaceabove

on

Hearth

The

the roasting

on

slagging hearth.

form

to obtain

In order

the high temperature

much

the

ore

raw

Slagging

the slagging

to drop

the

to

on

which

on

being made

22 to 24 in. high,

from

that

of

107.

to

furnace, first erected

hour,

every

area.

with

102

the

on

iu the furnace

Works, Denver, Colo., consists in carrying

Grant

as

the

(CaMg)O

5 tons

roasts

Long-Bedded Hand-Roasting
(Fuse-Box) is represented in Figs.

on

hours

30

Furnace

of

4%,

the sinter hearth

A

improvement

Fe

72%,

depth of 4 in., stirred

a

The

22.5 lb. per

or

to

LEAD.

Pb

half-hour, on

every

and

in 24 hours

OF

smaller, with

and

mm.

T

URQ

to

is not

causes

and

a

this produces

powdery

necessary,

it. A few

enlarged

A

ore.

the

as

remarks, however,

be in place.

may

The

roasting hearth

offsets,which
roof
former

serve

horizontal.

hearth, which

This

above

the lowest

of red

brick.

for admitting

required
leads

into

with

roasting hearth

air into

view

the

through

the

Enginetring

and

not

are

Only that

as

his experience

required

part of the

to

roof

is built of firebrick,the rest is

(Fig. 105)

are

roasting hearth.

the fuse-box, the
"

tween
be-

single inclined

a

gives it

in Fig. 101, and

another.

In the end

enters

distance

offsets furnishing points of attacks, lead to the

charge from

one

The

by 3-in.

by stages, leaving the

also be done

can

injury of the hearth, as shown
separate

diminished

is thus

is preferred by Hodges,* who
the

that

the charges apart.

to keep

hearth

and

is in four separate planes, divided

two

doors

door-lids
Mining

next

being

four

seen

additional

The
to

openinga

the

ait-

flue,which

left slightly ajar"

Journal^ Oct. 24, 1885.

Qoo^z

SMELTING

The

IN

made

of

quartz

sand^

after

the

sand

has been

it becomes

until

BLAST

of the fuse-box

"working bottom

added

THE

expected, and has

T"as

as

built

bottom,
rests

below

the

with
the

clay mixed

far

as

with
be

has to

furnace

has,

a

taken

Pb

6.5%, Ag

furnace

in Pueblo

1.0%,

is

on

that
the

to

not

Au

roasting hearth
during the

been

yet

0.5

Denver,

$3,000.

The

tried.

wrought

iron, 4,000 lb. ; sheet

run

latter

shown
are

lowing
fol-

in

how
MnO

31.5%,
of

cost

Cast

:

The

easily explains
The

oz.

as

required

materials

est
fast-

out

wear

place: SiOg 43.6%, FeO

or

longitudinal

to repair the

clay;

quartz bottom

6.1 and

side of the

one

Water-cooling of these parts

is aware,

torn-out

a

has

corrosion

down.

(Fig. 107)

bear the

to

brick
9-in. fire-

a

by air circulating

is patched

burned

some

shut

the writer

as

analysis of
the

cooled

the fuse-box

itself;the former

fuse-box

raw

is thus

bottom

satisfactory

as

bottom

parts of the furnace

the flue leading from

are

and

The

This

proved

are

heated

and

surface.

The

concave.

heavy cast-iron bridge-plate

a

of slag

generally replaced by

roofs, and

of the hearth.

stress

been

is still sometimes)

(and

furnace

In the firebridge (Fig. 103) there

it.

air-space

the

on

167

amounts

the

It has not

slightly

arched

two

on

small

into

put

slightly sintered

to be

used

to which

represented in the drawing.

is

FURNACE.

the

building

drawings,

is

iron, 12,000 lb.

;

iron, 400 lb. ; old rail buckstays,

10,000 lb. ; red brick, 86,000;.firebrick,15,000.
The

tools

(blade 5 by
iron) ; two
of

long

required by each
8 in. of

rabbles

cbisel-point 8
has

man

the necessary

The

mode
at the

2-mesh

it

10 ft.

a

furnace

with

dried

on

a

part of the

ore

2,400
can

to

bear.

through the last
dropping

through

ore

the roof

the

coolest

rabbles

ore.

form
is pretty unito pass

a

of the furnace, but

drying, through

the

furnace, the weight of the

Sometimes

a

front-

|-in.iron),

crushed

3,300 lb. according
two

The

long of

fuse-box

The

directly, without

varying from

when

handle

is dropped

the

hooks.

slice-bars,three

smelting works.

different

charge

hearth

door

two

coal, two

^-in.iron;

of working

into

of bed

ft. long of 1-in,

slag-pots to receive the slagged

hopper

to the

the

sieve is sometimes

generally

12

or

paddles

J-in.iron, handle 12 ft.
(1^-in.iron stem flattened to a

wide), and

for

scoops

10

Two

are:

3 by 9 in. of

slice-bar

one

4 in.

4 by 9 in*, of

(bead
and

two

or

J-in.iron, handle
(head

|-in.iron);

roaster-man

the

ore

to

the

ness
thick-

is shoveled

on

sible
doors, but this is only permis-

hopper

is impracticable.

The

Qoo^"z

METALL

168

T

UliG

LEAD.

OF

charge is spread uniformly with paddle and
of about

4 in.

over

separated by steps^ but

inclined, the

merely

that it shall lie in front of the first two
until

the

moved

slagged

down

or

hours

1^

only turned

with

3-hour

to the fuse-box

at intervals

beginning, later
the

Sometimes

dropping from

with

drop in the

a

from

dumped

the

vary

average:

S

16%,

hearth

near

the

When

fused

2,400

21

like the

shown

from

one

six to

to

is used

the

roaster-men

the other

25%,

charges

and

has

become

and

transferred

mixed

9 to

in the drawings

ready

cold

ores,

10%,
roasts

it is

to

of

must

sulphide
Zn

silica

up

the front-man

flue is emptied
ore

either

length of time

as

Its composition

to-day from

made

soon

it

those running

any

to transfer

up,

after

ways,

method

fuse-box

the

at the

for five.

they will take
As

the

slag-pots,broken

Fe

hours

in 24

in two

former

material

begin

SiO, 30 to 40%,
about 2%.

A furnace

The

from

feed floor of the blast furnace.

greatly. As

done

unnecessarily.

is

the charge is fused

lead, for if they remain

ore

time

a

\\ hours

once,

When
be

The

This

the end

lead, the latter with

charge and

charge.

new

to protect

ore

at

toward

rabbled

may

acid hearth

until the

downward,

or

to the top.

for 15 minutes

is only

10%

slagged

next

being

three times,

rabbling is required

bottom

instalments.

60%
the

the

has drawn

the

hour

an

ore

the hearth

corrode

and

paddle while

much

the roasting hearth.

with

hearth,

next

silicious

for 10 minutes, and

on

fusing

and

50

say

in contact

for

of half

charges containing

high,

it is

the movings, 6.^., every
the charge is transferred

some

surface, and

parts from

in three

or

once

it remains

its journey to the

twice,

once,

Before

into slag-pots. This

is drawn

the

on

the

between

spread

so

dropping the charge the fire is urged.

bring the unfused

all at

rabble

movings.

at the

liquefying begins
done

the

latter receives

the
After

the bottom.

to

with

over

There

During
with

thickness

a

If this is not

fuse-box, when

place

doors.

two

to the interval of time

according

the

to its second

next

is raked

but

moved,

ore

of the

it is not

fuse-box

to

charge is

doors.

from

is drawn

the furnace

in front

rabble

the highest point of the hearth.

the

course

it will

Pb

10

and

fuses

to

eight charges (varying in weight from

from
three to four tons of bituminous
3,300 lb.),consumes
is half-lump and half-pea, and requires three
coal, which
to

men

in

box

and

a

12-hour

shift

firing,and

"

two

one

front-man, who

roaster-men,

who

attends
do the

to the fuse-

work

on

the

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

If the

hearth.

roaster

The

the work.

do

In making
of

to be

have

ore

considered

in silver,assaying

low

50

of

Cramer

ore

Clausbruch'*'

von

refining works

and

55

from

added

to effect

if there
He

a

complete

is

at

class

silica

smelting

the best

contains

more

slagging

has

base

a

results

silica and

15%

to be

reasonably low temperature;

a

undecomposed.

lead sulphate remains

is less,some

the

notes

If there

lead.

60%

to

or

argentiferous
the former

obtains

if the charge

ores

kinds

two

free from

mixed
With

he

(Harz Mountains)

in treating his galena

per

that at the Altenau

states

$1.75

at

ton.

concentrates

less lead.

and

sulphides containing 10%

$2

lead, and

60%

to

sufficient to

are

men

fusing with ooal
is

galena

:

169

for fusing furnaces

sulphide ore-beds

up

two

cost of roasting and

labor $2.25 for 12 hours,

ton, and

per

fused

is not

ore

FURNACE,

BLAST

THE

IN

interesting fact that, if the roasted

is not

ore

pletely
com-

slagged but retains parts of sulphides and sulphates that
been

have

only agglomerated, the
the

in

give 85%

charge

and

slagged

only

a

trace

10%

ore,

while

and

from

the

galena
76

oz.

ton.

per

the latter class of

silica of the

readily fusible
side walls

and

silica,and

to

equal the silica.

other

28%,

amounts

Pb

28

^ZetUehrift

fur Berg-^ HUtten^ttd

beds

HuttenmdnnUche

all

contain

will be

the

are

iron, and

made

not

ore

and

as

formed,

SiO,

as

owing

Zeitung^ 187B,p. ISO.

on

one

they
the

contain

metallic

sulphurets

3dUnen-We9en

corrode

to

should

They

calculated

are

that

so

up

M, 1888.
itig tmd Mining Journal, March
t OeiterreichUchf Jahrbwhy xxxtUJ, p. 10.
XBerg- und

of the silver and

ore

20%

of lead sulphide

3%.

of the silver and

to combine

iron

to

2 to

the principal base

fuse-box.

the

half

Sometimes, however, proportions such
to

unroasted

ore

sufficientlyacid

of the

32%

the

of

SiOj 20%,
ton; at Mechernich,! SiO, 22%,
per
(Analysisof roasted ore, see p. 171.)

Charges

to

20

mixture

a

of

3%

one-half

concentrate

sulphide

lead.

importance

2 to

of

in the rest of the charge.

concentrated

Pribramf

With

and

ore,

of copper,

35%, and Ag
68%, Ag 4 oz.

the

thoroughly

centrated
con-

parts of his

galena, the loss in roasting varying from

are

copper

At

Pb

hundred

slagged part of the charge contains

The

Pb

One

slagged

will be

copper

agglomerated part.

agglomerated

agglomerated

the

silver and

with
next

in

may

be

bottom
from

25

iron be made

10

to

to the

15%,

Fe

varying

hand, from which

inPreuM"en^ zzzL, p. 86 ; Engineer^

MET

170
the charges have
to

be made

to

Y

URQ

for making

ores

and

smelter

not, of

does

course,

he

is absolutely necessary,
As

for the very

The

these

as

that

reason

free from

Hand

much

very

difference

being that,on

heai'th

and

main

has

the

of such

dimensions

30
every

hours

J hour,

hours, and

15

from

to escape,

through
Cu

15%,
and

Au

hearth

and

2-mesh

a

iron
that if

into

disk
a

a

the center

oz.

the

on

in. at

25|

Zn
per

in.

sieve and

2 to
ton.

10 to

10%,
It

mains
re-

roasting hearth
drawn

ore,

3

every

while

it is

slag-pot,is usually pounded
diameter

of holes

of it when

punched

to 1

Sintered

1 ft. in

number

3%,

^ hour,

every

in.;

roasting hearth, 8

1 to

up

sulphur.

3%

the furnace

been

18

and

in. at sides

example, into the cake, while

the holes have not
and

oz.,

sinter

2 to

(say with an
handle). lies says
down

steel bar for

2 to

to 35

the

11

roasting hearth, the

to

in the furnace, is stirred

on

hearth

sides

and

in. ; height

galena and blende, contains, SiO,

Pb

30%,

retains

being drawn

gases

sinter

charge, crushed

ore

44%, Ag

8 in.

say

Boasting hearth,

:

sinter

in. at

that of roasting hearth, viz.,17

to

the roasting

step,

a

main

required

as

in. by 1 ft. 6

firebridge, 12

consisting of pyrite with
S 28 to

are

in., above

in. ; height of flue leading from

20

Hearth

has less pitch.

height of step separating sinter

Fe

width

latter by

furnace

a

grate, 11

height of flue above

An

Sinter

hearth, 10 ft. 4 in. by 14 ft. ; grate, 9 ft. 9

of firebridge above

at center.

wUh

same

the

in. by 2 ft. 10 in. ; firebridge,9 ft. 9

25%,

high in order

of the low temperature

account

is separated from

74 by 14 ft. ; sinter

as

centrates.
con-

loss in precious

slagging hearth, the

a

high, and the roof of the sinter hearth

same

be

Furnace

with

one

for sintering, the sinter hearth

;

charge

low, although the temperature,

Boasting

the

resembles

center

and

satisfactoryfusion.

a

Long-Bedded

The

the

pyritic

the

lead

is

ore

to his

slag

is absent, must

lead

lump

slag-roast the

will

are

concentrates

furnace

more

are

the main

some

blast

lime

lead

when

As

ores.

in

by volatilization is very

metal

to obtain

long

free

sulphide

the

to add

want

from

necessary

silicious

are

add

to

common

ores

become

to do satisfactory work

necessary

than

It is not

lead carbonate

less sandy

or

more

charge

a

up

LEAD,

Sulphide

often slag-roasted. It may

not

OF

up.

containing lead.

charge

a

ALL

are

attached

to

a

punched, with

a

still hot, to allow

the

cold will be solid, while

if

through the top it will be loose

coarsely granular.

Qoo^"z

^

'da^iJi

Uii'i^wa

OF

METALLUROT

172

LEAD,

HUttenfndnnUdie
Zeitung^
Jahrlmchy zxix., p. 87. (b)Berg- und
Jahrbuch,
zri., p. 897. (d) *' Transactions of American
School
Institute of Mining Engineers/' v., p. 668. (e)
of Mines
Quarterly, ix.,p. 816. (/V
August, 1896. (p)lies,private communication, Augusu.
Livingstone, private communication,
S.
National Museum, p. 48.
1806. (A) Private
notes.
(0 Dewey, BuUetin
42, U.

(a) OesterreichUchea

1875, p. 189.' (c) OesterreichUches

analysis of crystals of slag-roasted galena

An

according

zinc gave,
ZnO

FeO

18.26%,

Heberdey,*

to

CaO

1.69%,

rich

ore

in

SiO, 16.62%, PbO
61.50%,
trace, MgO
1.99%; sp. gr.

5.2U.
The
and

is practically all collected

furnaces

from

when

the

if slagging is carried
This

gray

is not

This

probably
hydrated.

the

case

caused

by

not

property

chambers

; of the metal

of

fluedust.

the

anhydrous

property

from

1 to

solidifying

brown

brownish

a

zinc

is strong

to

The

2%
a

2%,

Fluedust

volatilized lead and

less than

with

Its binding

is about

is recovered.

from

it is gray

dust, if it contains

moistened, the

when

the gases

is simply roasted has

ore

on,

in the dust

little if any

in fusing very

volatilized

off with

carried

of fluedust

amount

color ;

zinc.

zinc has,

hard

mass.

solidifying is

sulphate becoming
enough

to allow

the

mixing in of 25% of non-binding material,when it still will form
In fact,the gr"y dust, when
when
molded.
ened,
moistbrick
a hard
forms
"

a

pasty

Kroupa, OestetreichUcJie

mass

requiring

a

ZeiUchrift fur Berg- und

stiffening ingredient
Huttenicesen, 1893,p. la?.

to

IN

SMELTING

molded

permit

its being

samples

of fluedust

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

all.

at

The

173
of

composition

some

is subjoined.

Zeittchrift
fUr Berg-^ Huttenr
und
Salinen- Weaen
in Pretutaen, zxxi.,
(a) Kosmann,
''
Die Yerdichtung des Htittenraaclies,''
Stuttgart, 1888,p. 84. (c) Mann,
p. 227. (b)Hering,
OesterretdUachsa
Jahrbuclu, 1890,xzxix., p. 15. (d)Uvinestone, private notes, 1896. (e) lies,
private notes, 1896. (/) lies.Engineering and Mining Journal^ Jan. 80, 1896. (g)Average
10 years. (A) From
of
fusing furnaces.
(0 From
sintering furnaces.
(J) From
roasting
furnaces.

large quantity of gold shown

The

probably

due

used

iron

as

gold-bearing pyrite

flux,and

telluride

to

fluedust is discussed

working

under

The

59.

Straight-Line

Ropp

in Figs. 113 to 117,

furnace,
fireplaces b.

is

concentrates

from

gold

The

ores.

the head

Furnace.

analyses is

gold mills
of

manner

of "Fluedust

from

ft. long

by

14

The

hearth

has

the

a

channel

narrow

distances

trucks

1^

carrying

of which

g

are

each

form

Along

the

of

its center

d, attached

arms
a

furnace,

ft. wide, with

in. wide, through which

six pairs of vertical

e, and

blades

c,

This

"

single-hearth mechanical

a

150

reverberatory roasting furnace.

the

of the

some

Furnaces," " 94.

Slast

"

to

in

rake

placed

at

of
an

the

exterior

ordinary

straight

a

extend

hand

at

equal

to 12 four-wheeled

width

angle

ing
roast-

four

runs

sented
repre-

of the

of 45^.

The

hearth,
rakes,

MET

1 74

on

entering

by

a

it falls into

closed

by swinging

return

again

on

inside

attend

to

passage

horizontal

over

connected

by

of bevel

means

shaft t, which

receives

from

shaft driven

second

a

the

of

minute

which

1^

does not

the date

trip. At

and

months

furnace,

rakes

The
each

have

pulley

by

and

75 revolutions

reductions

two

u

tt,
per

into 1.63

The

on

the sides
as

which

freely

permit
the

in

as

their

on

to

access

the

It has

hearth,

nace.
reverberatory fur-

complete combustion

with air superheated in the side walls; the products of combustion
off through the smoke

pass

will be noticed

(Fig. 113),

flue
do

The

w.

not

longitudinal tie-rods,it

exceed

The

weight of the iron work

stays is about
about

work

f.

o.

and

of the furnace

76,000 lb. ; the addition

18,000 lb. makes

red brick

a

total of about

29,000 firebrick

b. San

of the

Francisco

are

This

includes

The

furnace

by 11 ft.

the subjoined

steel rope,

two

5|

in.

" Lacy

of buck-

buckstays weighing

required. The

(Parke

164,000

of the iron

cost

Co., manufacturers)

of buckstays, $6,250.

feeders, and the royalty.

is built also in two
Some

exclusive

94,000 lb. About

is,including buckstays, $6,500; exclusive

105

50 ft. in length,

being left in the side walls for buckstays.

space

of the work

smaller
done

T

^
^

J

return

the different fireplaces,which

perforated firebridge to insure

Tt

bear, lasts about

can

hand

1

steel rope,

simple in construction.

heat is regulated from
a

The

v.

horizontal

a

spur-wheels

thoroughly cooled

is very

seen,

air is admitted

and

p,

entering and

of

will be

working doors

to

writing (April,1897) they have lasted 14
estimated to be good for six months
The
more.

are

as

riages,
car-

steel rope

on

in the 14-ft. furnace.

are

man

a",with

hotter than* the hand

become

the

and

years

and

s

through

converted

are

sheaves

of the

minute

per

latter

its power
a

for

sheaves

gearing

by

pass

A

repairs.

are

place

same

a

.

rakes

9, the first of which
vertical shaft r of this sheave is

The

with the power.

is connected

the

the

enough

I in. in diameter, connecting the carriages,passes
leaving the furnace

outlet

at the

which

deep

o

and

furnace

the

over

necessary

any

Inlet

re-enter

rails n,

it slowly to the

i, carry

k.

and

m

is fed automatically

ore

leaving

rail

underground

an

in and

stand

the

trucks

On

doors.
outside

an

Below

is

the

Challenge Ore Feeders

pair of Hendy

discharge^',where

as

LEAD.

the flue,at K where

near

before.

OF

T

URQ

ALL

sizes,100 by 14 ft. and

by the furnace

is shown

table.

Qoo^z

in

j

ROFP

STB*

SMELTING

IN

THB

ROFP

BLAST-FURNACE,

THE

FUBKACB.

STBAIGHT-LINB

hearth
of hearth

]"ngthof

wSSh

Hearth

,

(deductlDg slot)

area

Number

175

of flreplaoee
of sinne fcnte
of single
grate
area, aqoare feet

LOM^

WUfth
Orate
Batio
hearth to grate area
Number
of carrlagee
of blades on carriage
Number
the circuit m (minutes)
Carriage makes
Ore stirred every (seconds)

Horse-power required
Depth of charge
Time

ore

Tons

in 84 hours

{^te

finebridge

near

in furnace

remains

(hours)

(Pyrite
-(Matte
( D17 gold

ore.

jPvrite
FBroeDt.8ulphurin pulverulent roasted

-(Matte

gold

( Dry

ore.

Number

in 18-hour shift
of men
Tons of coal per ton of ore
Oalkma
lubricating oil per ton of ore
(Character,composition and size of ore.
PuriU:
8iO,18-aO, Fe90-80, Chi 0-6, PbO-90, 880-90,
Zn (^10; SO-mesh
to ki-in.
Fe
MatU:
80-40, Cu 0-60, Pb 0-18, 8 l"-ao, Zn 0-1
80"mesh
to ^-in.
Dry Gold Ore: 8 1-8,SO-mesh and finer.

"

Th"

60.

mechanical
with

an

Peaboe

external

roof

at

side of

along the hearth
blades attached
in

a

hollow

Part of

a

a

discharge

for

into the rabble
The

of the rabble

a

traveling steel tape, has
from

I-beams

resting

pipe

ore.

It is heated

and

over

arms

the

moved

inserted

is forced

radially

and

wall of the furnace
continuous

the

outer

the
tecting
pro-

having

slot,made

part above

column.

through

being thus warmed

its upper
on

a

turret-shaped,

stationary cast-iron

a

arms,

arms

is

the opposite side by rabble

on

oxidation

inner

fumaoe

or

is turned

pair of horizontal

iron work.

the passage

is circular

space

open

air necessary

the

Pearoe

fed automatically through

ore

revolying around

central column

by

the

to the
to

hub

the

of which

fireplaces. The

one

The

"

left for the discharge of the

space

from

Fubnage.

the hearth

roaster

open

Tubbet

for

air-tight

the slot

furnace-wall

and

pended
sus-

the

central column.

The furnace,
and 119 ; and
and 121.

rabble-arm

as

with

The

built
two

with

one

hearths,

details of the

slot,are
"

one

rabble

above

the other, in Figs. 120

blades, and

given in Figs. 122

Peters, " Modem

in Figs. 118

hearth, is shown
of

to 125.'*'The

(Topper Smelting,''1806,p. 807.

closing the
outer

diame-

METALL

176
ter of the fumaoe

with

UBQ

T

OF

LEAD,

6-ft. hearth

a

is 36 ft.,the inner

19 ft. 4 in. ; the fireplacesproject 6 ft.

thus

"

by 42 ft.,or
hearth
The

furnaces

braced

are

on

single-hearth furnace

last few

and

years,

The

hearth

area

of 506

sq.

ft.) and

chamber

b

sq. ft. ;

ft.

8

(as is

has been

(area 788

still the

permitting

up,

which

flue ", through
at the surface

and

usual way

119) by

of

means

supported by the

are

the
furnace

raw

solid fuel.

are

The

direction

inner

worked

suspended

one

I-beams

and

the

with

little air

by the

wall is divided

erected

one

and

(Figs. 118

h and

wall

central

cross-beams
The

t,

I-beams

column

j\ and

fireplacesk, with

their

coal hoppers /,are

The

flame

from

passes

121.
over

a

curtain

being overheated.

stirringmechanism,
simple.

the

arch m"

which

many

which
The

lignite. With
instances

the

inner

vents
pre-

to the outer

a

lump

replaced

at first sight appears

rabbles

m,

(Figs.118, 119, 122, 123) graduated
from

fireplace

Fig. 121 represents

coal and

used, and oil has in

complicated, is nevertheless
steel plate, are

be admitted

parts, the lower

two

step-grate for slack

a

coal flat grates

and

The

outer

from

ore

with

horizontal

a

fuel, very

as

c',and angle irons c".

ore-feed

the

nearest

can

the fireplacesare

upper

in Figs. 118, 120 and

shown

120) is

struts

external

three

d

by the I-beams.

the cross-beams
The

doors

nace
provided the draft in the fur-

stirrups g from

by radial

braced

the

and

oil is used

slot/ (Fig.119) into

being filled

pair of doors and 2|

in its passage,

through these openings.

rabble-arm

(Fig.118).

c

of working

each

(Figs.119

When

when

dust

a

furnace, Fig.

hearth

number

a

to be

of the furnace.

; between

of the roasting ore,

is sufficiently
strong.

and

has

used

two-hearth

the

an

(area 609

affecting the

the downtake

the erection

air,warmed

under-grate blast,or

the

under

the space

to the hearth

access

there

form.

clear,having

built 7 ft.

without

hearth

passed from

(Fig.120)

been

ft.)wide

with

its latest

in the

have

the

the level of the hearth

in. above

in the

and

changes in the

some

represent

in. wide

sq.

case

the gases

wall

^

Under

given

outer

enters

by wrought-iron bands

119

furnaces

some

solid,thus cheapening
The

furnace, 16 ft. 6 in.

undergone

and

is usually 6 ft.

a

121) into which
up

has

118

Figs.

quality of the work.

This

the outside

the inside by radial struts.

on

The

tied

of 36

height of the single-

is 11 ft.; of the double-hearth

furnace

floor space

a

1,512 sq. ft.,is required. The

diameter

of

^-in.

in length

circle,so that the

ore

I

I

m

SMELTING

the outer

on

remain

oircle^which

in line with

of the

rabbles

to accumulate

It used
more

on

to be

has

has to be

to trayel

former

the width
to 8 ft.

stirred

was

of
The

Pbarce

the furnaces

about 40%

n

radiating from

the

hub

is not

ore

imperfect-work.

cause

obtain

an

at the inner

Fubnacb"

roast,

even

the

circle^as

not

have

been

4 to 6 weeks
The

(Figs. 118
o,

Detail

which

furnace
and

of

If this had

the latter.

would

sulphur.

arms

to

ing
plac-

PL^N

Turkbt

last from

with four rabble

In fact^the

ELEVATION

than

more

rabbles

thus

than

INVERTED

123."

greater distance^ may

a

circle.

that, in order

be fed at the outer

122 AND

177

absolutely correct^ if the

of the sides and

one

SIDE

Pios.

FURNACE,

the inner

near

supposed

must

ore

that

BLAST

THE

with
was

been

increased

pyritic
at

around

true,
from

ore

6

taining
con-

first provided

119), placed

revolves

Rabbles.

at 90^

the

and

hollow

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

178
cast-iron
each

column

7.

other, reach

reserve

; the

four

OF

To-day only

two

LEAD.

into the furnace, while
arms

braced

are

diagonally opposite

arms,

by

the other
rods

form

two

A rabble

q,

the
arm

8H.

Raains=9

PLAN

*-l7

8T""L

TAPE

AND

BELL

CRANKS

ELEVATION

Figs.

124

125."

and

Pearce

Furnace."

Turret
Rabble-Arm

consists of two
its being

rabbles

pieces of 5-in. gas-pipe joined at

readjusted in the

and

Detail

exchanged

furnace

through

op

Closing

Slot.

one

to

the

r.

This

permits

wearing-off of the

of the doors

in the outer

wall

Qoo^"z

SMELriNG

for another

(see d^ Fig. 120)
'which

lasts only

rabble

arms

few

a

to

and

wheel

a

gearing
spur

in

inclosed

a

into the hub

6',passes

The

arms.

the

with

makes

of the

and
The

the

causes

ore,

which

automatically
by the rabble

time

be

to the hearth.

on

as

A rabble
the open

a

which'
and

enters

first the

begins
the

they

in

seconds.

once

was

raw

the

at

from

in the furnace, is fed

formerly accomplished

discharge of the ore-hopper df

main

be

in

the

by pulleys/'

arms,

uncovered

the

thus

the

btit does

not

x\

by the
heated

up

arm,

closes

the

to

the

as

over

part of the hearth

swinging

automatically
which

travels

It spreads this

air passing through

It is therefore

/

the ore-hopper

driving shaft

the feeder.

hearth

is only to

to roast, any

valve

arrives
ore

onds,
sec-

the hearth.

over

covered

ore

process.

26}

separate shaft e\ connected
the

This

circuit 53

a

pass

and

the

the

by

travel at

arms

after leaving the discharge opening

receives

the

to

complete

To-da3" the feeder under

belting g' with

space

into

taking the circumference

it.

through

arm

pipe

thence

carried

The

feeding is regulated by the speed of the rabble
jar them

the

is closed by

/

125)

v.

6 hours
This

the

opening

of

stirred

about

remains

passing under

andy*' and

slot

arms

line of measurement.

the

as

the
to

ore

arms

is controlled

and

minute,

hearth

6-ft. hearth

a

the

run

exposed

arm
arm

angle iron

speed of 75 ft. per

center

rabble

(Figs. 124

circular

the

to

average

rabble

as

pressed against the slot by weighted bell cranks

and

arms

u, attached

when

The

serve

y

y through

wind-box, and

year.

was

weight of the rabble

a

the

single

a

which

on

acting

the

by bevel

of the vertical

column

of 12-in. steel tape

rabble

of

one

the boxes

circular track z,

part of

rollers 0 ^^^

I-beams

The

pipe.

as

the

the dust-chamber

blast enters

o,

outer

lasts about

pieces

an

The

gear.

To

in Fig. 121, by

; they hold

the

zontal
hori-

123) through

being driven

v,

passing through

carry

the

In the earlier furnaces

x.

shown

as

furnaces

and

and

(centered by

8

rollers a',carrying the entire

driving

heat

driven,

of the

braces

conical

the

wheel

spur

5-in. wrought-iron

pinion shafts
and

a

its shaft when

pinion, and
inner

(Figs.122

driving shaft

was

operation

an

air passing through

pipes h'\ pointing downward.

small

the

179

blades,

new

The

pinions c' to the pinion shafts

with

gear

FURNACE.

having

minutes.

is attached

arms

BLAST

the furnace

enters

holes h' and
rabble

THE

IN

arms

door

%',

As

point where
would

controlled
it strikes

out

ore

at

it

retard

by

a

the

terfly
butfirst

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

180

OF

LEAD.

I
^^SSSS

S

S

3

3

"

SS

"

S

Is! I

e

5

5
"

?:

9

s

9

8

S

^

2

2

"

S

Sli

" S

H

H

a

H

5^

I

O

I i

i

S

2

"-"

.

-fW

4

Hop

"

^

'^S

00

9

tt

I

s
"

o

g

g jj

".g S3

I
a

I
i

S

.-2 ij

2

I

I

^ I

ff Sg

"g^

I
Scop

"
S
n

5^

i

"

"

"

"

rRBBT

FiriUIACC

MET

182

3 in. deep

lies about
roasted

are

2%

(39 lb.

in 24 hours

Per

charged.

The

of

ton

OF

LEAD.

4%

of fluedust

of the

1.2%

each

to

phur
sul-

sulphide

as

and

consumed

are

attends

man

is

tons

area),the

present

are

lb. of coal

gal. oil for lubricating. One

fluebridge; 24

sq. ft. of hearth

per

amount
316

ore

the

near

6%, of which

to

sulphate.

as

T

URQ

the hearth

on

being reduced
and

ALL

ore

0.013

furnace

on

a

shift.

"

61. The

Brown

shaped, occupying
sixth being
the

for

and

an

open

Hobseshoe

Furnace.

five-sixths

of the

cooling of the

furnaces'*' is that
which

between

protected
The

to

bear

which

travel
a

outer

ones

the

considerable

Doors, both

8 ft. wide

135 ft. long

and

in., the

project 5 ft. 2 in. ; thus

the gases.
from

sides,give

a

sage.
pas-

access

(althoughonly

to 8 horse-power

feeder

Opposite each sheave is
for oiling and
outside

doors/

removed

are

and

when
the

exterior fireplacesare
the flame

an

door

e

turned

h taken

feeder

carriage a weighed
*

amount

Engifieering and

out.

under

which

Mining

the

access

of from

the

5

drives

the

sheaves

d.

to the

sheave

bearings.
permit

the doors

has

flues from

the

of the draft, so

that

The

roof

and fumes.
delivers

on

a

apart (4 ft.)to

ia the direction

i carries off the gases

automatic

gives

over

wall g between

the outer

ft. is

of the furnace

air for cooling the

just far enough

tiling

engine

an

running

which

admits

spread uniformly

Stack

ore.

by

may

a

of 6,162 sq.

required) which
c

ft.)the

is 6 ft.

is

are

cable

repairing and

to the hearth

access

the

h and

2

hearth

ft. 2 in. ; the fireplaces

68

outer

center

a

of 1,080 sq.

area

floor space

a

In the

in its latest form.

mechanical

With

the general construction

plan (Fig. 126) shows

The

a

is

placed in the inner

total height of the furnace

The

required.

of

and

detached

and

to

riages
car-

mechanism

heat

the

walls,

the

where

the

the outer

and

(having an

is 41 ft. 10

diameter

inner

at h

by

is represented by Figs. 126 to 133.

furnace

The

the

ing
roast-

slotted

sheaves, the slotted walls, and the hearth.

to the

been

of all Brown's

passages

sheaves

the inner

on

three

Thus

from

extent

horizontal

cable running around

The

run

stirrers.

automatically attached

carriages are

as

ore

from

is inclosed

hearth

the

the

and

other

the

space,

It is heated

of this

is ring-

discharge of the

and

stirrers.

exterior fireplaces. Characteristic

furnace

annular

for the feed

span

This

"

with

hearth

Journal^ July 4, 1896.

and
The

not

strike

ore

is fed

every

outside

passage

of

the

FIREBOX

SMELTING

The

swinging door.

travels

door/y
ky and

door
/.

The

is

the

over

the furnace

in the

At the

automatically released, comes
for from

space

to make

to

to three

one

In this

The

built to

of the

frames

the

level with

a

inner

Thus

p.

The

outer

roof

sheaves

d

seen

a

On

hearth

the

the side walls,

heavy east-iron
the

on

frames

and

o

be taken

them

the brickwork

of the

it be necessary

to

hearth

exchange it

disturbing the roof
the

forming

upper

special precautions
shows

passage

and
or

by the

if

out

from

part of the

sary.
neces-

At
iron

keep

skewbacks
these

some

works

show

the

other

about
two

outer

is

passage

are

35 and

The

a

smooth

for expansion

room

it will do
fire-boxes

to grate

60 ft. away

roof

is inclosed

any

of the

rail for
and

by ribbed

(not shown)

area

from

as

the

40 ft. apart.

barm.

no

which
24
feed

:

are

1.
end

A heavy

and

inner

traction.
con-

cast-

in order

mishaps

expansion of the fnrriace will take

the track-line where
details of the

the

tile a

double-fianged wheels

rigidly in place and thus prevent

the ratio of hearth

into

The

it firmly.

secure

the furnace

below

sefc in

out
hearth, with-

the furnace.

at the level of the tracks

stirring carriage. Any

placed

to

flat-tread wheels, giving

side
out-

being heated.

to the

access

is built

wall

T-rail for the inner

a

stirring carriage, while in the
the outer

gain

be taken

must

tie-

be readily removed, should

can

cooling down

or

rest

the

tilingA, forming the lower part of the slotted wall, is

The

are

passage

supported in the doors

pi^vents

riage
car-

and

independently

can

be

to

which

the inner passage,

open

carriages are

the buckstays

by

riage
car-

in the

by their

and/,

e

doors, which

are

the

minutes

placed the

are

a

carriage is

through

section

is supported

q

the

between

brickwork

affected

doors

n, secured

the

cools

to three

one

vertical

hearth,

and

9-in. channel-beams
rods

heated

details of construction.

(Fig.127) gives some

strikes

draws

the two

manner

much

be

to

through the furnace.

placed at

minutes, the time required for

the circuit.

sufficientlyheated

not

the

stop and

a

alternately at intervals of from

used

which

time

same

other

space and pushes it
with a fixed stop and

open

cable

ing
swing-

the

trucks

or

in contact

it grips the

into the furnace.

the

through

after leaving the furnace

m

(not shown)

down, when

183

hearth, leaves it through

along until its grip-lever comes
is forced

FURNAOE.

discharged into wheelbarrows

at rest

one

BLAST

enters

ore

stirring carriage

second

TUE

IN

Figs. 128

to

to the

place
to 130

3 by 6 ft.,making

The

first fire-box

is

of the furnace, the

sulphide

ore

ignites

Qoo^"z

MET

184

of about

distance

at a

after it has
heated

been

the

to

15 ft. from

fed;

to 133

improved

form

14

1^

in. in about

to

another

2^ hours.

furnace, when

weeks

two

it goes

off when

is not

the

ore

diminished

been
which

wears

In

first used,

bar attached

Care

thick,

have

beneath

when

as,

the

becomes

The

remains

to

The

the

arms

are

placed about

mismatched
is covered.

One

from

ore

running

in

the

The

arm

life of

a

at

one

the
is to

way

reaching

preventing

of working

any

is shown

of the

a

on

a

of cast

cutting edge

always

cast-steel rabble-arm

so

When

a

hearth.

The

there.
frame

and

two

is six
the

A

side

rabble

stirrers

one

are

hearth surface
to prevent

w

and

flat-tread wheel

double-flanged wheels

months

arms

and

carriage (Figs. 132

with

wheel

The

it into

carriage (Fig. 132)

carriages has

u

forms

crust

to cut just under

as

each

hearth.

the

across

off.

the brick

on

front inner

cable

to

wears

time

L-shaped

outer

the

but

and

three carriages the whole

strength of the splice and
Strand

time, thus

5

hour.

an

strains

up

in. square

1

steel

about

to become

teeth

reaching

v

12 in. apart

The

inner passage.

in about

the crust

thi):d method

the plow

placed

an

curved

a

(Fig. 131) is plow-shaped

accumulating

133) consists of

the hearth, they

Another

plow is keyed

that with

so

shoe

impossible.

bottom,

as

lowered

the loose material

white-iron

plowing

case,

it all the

t

stirrer

be lowered

can

has

is shifted

up

to allow

not

steel

A

wear

furnace.

the

pointed.

crust

is the

run

rabble
on

wears

attached

broken

forming.

improved

iron; it

the

almost

a

on

bar

rounded

uneven

in five days, by

carriage.

with

and

ore

form

crusts

The

this

the Brown-O'Hara

with

; the

after

disadvantage

point becomes

front

once

say

be taken

course,

at all from

crust

up,

separate frame

a

TVhen

reserve

a

and

machinery

The

heap.

scrap

lower

from

wears

it is turned, and

uniformly stirred

circuit and

must, of

too

the

slowly.

plowed
to

in. after each

to the

blade

a

by riveting to the steel rabble

very

sometimes

are

fortnight, when

a

is that

Such

the hearth.

across

of these rabbles

any

2 to

will be

the ordinary rabbles, oblong plates of steel placed obliquely

reaching

are

1 hour

in sulphur

in from

The

of stirring plows.

arm

the

low

in about

or

given the details of the stirringcarriage with

are

to the

arm

the flue-end

running

ore

an

LEAD.

OF

oxidizing temperature

Figs. 131
had

7

UEG

ALL

y in

x

the

has the cable-grip z.
and

less according to

strain it has to bear.

Rope'' lately introduced, presenting

a

The
much

the

tened
"Flat-

greater

BMKLTINQ

I

I

S

BLASTFURNACE.

TUB

IN

S

185

a

I
o

3

3

i

I

5

ST

I

I

S

8

8

"

"

e

I

?2

I
s

S

S

*

*

r
o

fr

3

IN

o

Of

oi

00

Sr

5

"

"

55
o

P

II

1 l"
3 2|

sasssssss

"
a

II

-t

e
B
c

s-

I

|3 |g
So*
o LI

IS

e

di

B

U

'a

O

3S

2

S

S

S

6

:]

S

S

OD

O

O

O

u

I

CB

e

"s^*?'

fifln^

C

f
o

J

c

Qoo^"z

186

METALLURGY

wearing surface, is

an

The

wheels

in two

LEAD.

OF

improvement

the

on

months,

months.

The

are

of cast

made

now

round

common

of the carriage,formerly of cast

iron and

steel and

cast-iron plows last from

cable.

wearing

last about

four to five times

out

four

long

as

the steel plate.

as

The

required for the furnace

materials

lb; buckstays,

Iron

are:

4,500; wedge-brick and fireclaytiling,12| tons.
The

lb.

of the iron work

cost

about

of the furnace
is shown

furnace
The

of fluedust

2%

to

Some

preceding table

is

mechanical

Another

roasting white

been
months

is

furnace

a

held

cast-iron columns

on

The

spaces

between
asbestos

lined with

Mr.

of

iron is fitted with

the

mill-board

to prevent

which
two

the

chains

extend
or

line

62.

The

0*Hara

two-hearth

Furnace.

mechanical

exterior fireplaces. The
the upper

hearth

entire

ore

it

radiation.

which

the

furnace,

The

down

between

sides of

This

"

consists of
and

are

is transferred

furnace

is

riages
car-

driven
The

means

a

by

return

long straightheated

roaster

automatically
by

be

can

the furnace.

reverberatory
fed

the buck-

furnace

a

by sprocket wheels.
over

doors
sheet-

straight and the doors

the hearth

entirely across

cables actuated

track of the carriages is placed

"

in

stirring mechanism

The

laid bare if necessary.

has

for several

closed by sheet-iron

are

irons to keep

By this arrangement

stays.

which

in the Horseshoe

held firmly in place by levers forced

are

F. Brown

in place by buckstays and tie-rods.

columns

angle

1

:

H.

the roof, as

supporting

From

the furnace and the stack from

in England
satisfactorily

metal

the

following partial

straight-linesingle-hearth furnace

channel-beams
rest

The

of interest

are

with

12 to 14 hours.

ordinarily made.

sulphides

roasting mixed

done

the cost

:

from

analyses of fluedust collectingnear

a

plates,is 5,200

of the work

in the furnace

remains

ore

weight of

in Chicago is $3,500, and

$7,000.

in the

firebrick,

The

stack 42 in. by 80 ft.,including base

sheet metal

work, 35,000

20,000 lb. ; red brick, 60,000; square

at

from

the flue-end

of rabbles

to

a

of

slot at

Qoo^"z

MET

188

URG

ALL

7

OF

LEAD.

the opposite end, through ^ivhich it drops
to be carried

in the

the feed.

near

The

rabbles

over

furnace

by

chain

and

out, and

worn

and

took

a

of

hearths

had

to be

D, each

hearth

has been
each

on

rabble

area

each

arms,

The

direction

opposite

the

positions will be

from

accumulating

center

of the

chain

passing

over

as

are

to this the

improvements

the furnace
difficulties,

two

the

on

It

at

the sliding box

to those

hearth
over

would

the

and

to

to

trucks

form

it, if this
"

a

chain

/ of sheave

Extra
As

of

With

rabbles
there

a

Copper

and
were

plow
as

In
it in
tween
be-

the

no

in
F

and

any

SmeltiDg," 1885,p. 808.

ore

in the

way

of

the

sheave

out

not

set

plow

next

rabbles

the

wear

are

to prevent

prevent

are

be

they would

accumulation

kept

H.

if, placed midways

of one-half

ridge there

Peters, '* Modern

porting
sup-

permit exchanging

sprocket-wheel

the

K

of 'steel plate to

of the other half,so

rails.

because

pair of rails L',

by the sprocket-wheel F and

reversed.

on

a

weldless-link

The

one

ratio

of plows,

six trucks

14 rabbles

can

and

upper

wear

a

carry

137,*

to

used

are

The

1.

being forced off the track.

from

ore

far

as

by 9 ft. wide.

These

rabbles

seven

:

riveted.

are

its sagging

the plows.

passing

The

by laying

with

sections, it is attached

H, the

the furnace,

hearth

Owing

the

of 23

hearth.

shoes

to prevent

the truck

the

over

up.

90 ft. long

overcome

taut by weight J acting upon

a

given

fireplacesQ,

possible grate

to

ing
driv-

cutting into the floor tear it

removed

connecting the trucks is driven

in

from

excellent work

hearth; only three, however,

white-iron

smaller

the

grates being 5 ft. long by 2 ft. 4 in. wide, give

the

order

does

obstructions.

any

five pairs of

in. apart,

which

distance

of the

after leaving it by traveling

rabbles

having

and

the lower

chain, and

with

Furnace, represented in Pigs. 134

B

from

hearth

3 ft. 5

is connected
some

pulled

are

lease of life.

new

The

time.

at the ends.

at the ends

passing

being dragged

meet

of Brown

AUen'O'Hara

be heated

hearth

is concerned, the great disadvantage

the

furnace

original O'Hara

on

chain

cooled

are

rabbles

and

especially if they

three

which

"While the furnace

is that the chain

has two

triangular frames

of which

of sulphur

the elimination

The

to

rabbles

through the air.

of Allen

doors

By placing the pulleys

power.

up,

have

endless

an

hearths

lower

pulleys, one

over

quickly

and

attached

the hearths

lower

opposite direction to the discharge, located

Upper

are

to the

on

the

the

chain

prevented by

SMELTING

IN

swinging double-bladed
Two
sleeves
a

on

as

cast-iron

opening for
The

guide.

a

them

pin,

a

blades

hearth, one-half
when

it reaches

the way;
other

of the

the

closed

being

placed

at

P,

which

on

chain

automatically

and

the

in the side doors

36,000 lb.

;

lead

furnace
The

ores.

far not

so

roasted

ore

the

following

in

size

decrepitates

is

bomite,

50- to 60

from

through

foot of hearth

square

sulphur, and the
The
ore

coal

every
are

furnaces
with

area.

the

37 seconds.
consumed
on

per

shift.

a

white-iron
*

Private

tbn

As

of ore,

last

oommunication,

one

The

Cast iron,

:

power

of pyrite,

SiO,, 23%;

6.5

oz.

;

Au,

The

Cu,

and

one

year,

or

coarse

ore

3 in. deep

puts

67 tons

from

ranges

It

trace.

retains

ore

are

on

or

enargite, and

some

3| minutes,

to the life of the

shoes

and

sulphides

in 24 hours

roasted

in

horse

fed

ore

in the furnace, which

ore

The

circuit
Two

are

mixture

a

of fluedust formed

amount

carriages make

of

tected
pro-

upper

charge lies about

hours

tons

a

through dampers

slimes.

to

The

two

are

The
the

mixed

on

with

l|-in. down

remains

plows

the hopper E.

composition:

heating.

upon

feed and

the

near

from

H

Butte, Mont., is $6,000.

14.6%; Fe, 23%; Zn, 2%; S, 37.4%; Ag,
ranges

and
have

firebrick,8,000; red brick,

;

used

average

are

F, is a grating

over

at Butte*

chalcopyrite, ohalcocite, and
shows

and

F

the floors

of the furnace

at

been

the

chain

the

wheels

changed.

into

of

out

of the hearths

for oxidization

125,000; the cost of the furnace
The

upper

with

when

The

its passage

wrrought iron,30,000 lb.
has

work

same

ends

is discharged

and

R,

the

over

way,

N,

be

can

air necessary

arms

pin passing

a

the sprocket wheel

required for the erection

materials

the

The

doors

in

end

the central ridge of ore,

of the

out

plows

A, receives

at

hearth

lower

traveling

tie-rods passing through

by 2-in. pipes.

on

of 23 ft.,the chain

Beneath

riages.
car-

one

tightening sheave, it is raised

distance

a

near

guided by

are

swings

removes

turnstile

The

to cool.

chance

Thus

sprocket-wheel.

by horizontal

of the

vertical slot to be

a

scraper

the handle

is again lifted

and

over

passes

other

the lower, it accomplishes

on

half

the

to the backs

together at the ends, with

the

near

of the scraper

189

apart, have each

the circular openings.

through

FURNACE,

attached

plates bolted

reaching into these slots,and

and

BLAST

Bcrapers

the bolts to keep

circidar

used

THE

per

11.4%

|

to

of

!%"

thtis stirring the

required,

fireman

100

attends

lb. of
to two

bles
wearing parts, the rabthe shoes

six weeks, the

by C. H. AUeo, January, 1897.

190

METALLUBQ7

flange-wheels have

to be

LEAD.

OF

six months, the round

replaced in about

bushings for the wheels

in fiye weeks, the hexagonal bushings

10 weeks, and

with

the chain

90 ft. long

and

hearth

has

and

Hara

Broum-O'

The

been

furnaces

Smelting
long and
when

ore

hopper

is in

and

the

as

to-day and

use

11 ft. 3 in.

6%,

and

passes

placed

over

hearth

circular

a

charge is made
so

when

in from

puts through
The

is
at

as

to

contain

drawn

from

8 to 10 hours
35 tons

done

THB

about
the

the

hearth
with

The

oil.

by the rabbles
galena,
been
to

or

to

matte

20%

lead.

reduced

3%.

fuel consumption

general facts about

the furnace

is 90 ft.

The

to
ore

the roasting furnace, which

The

some

of these

one

silica and

hearth

the

on

12 ft. in diameter.

sulphur has

sinter

the

convey

of the Pueblo

is heated

10^

through

is large.
the work

:

BROWN-O'HARA

LeDgth of singlehearth (feet)
of single hearth
(feet)
Hearth area
(square feet)
hearth
No. of fireplacesin upper
No. of fireplacesin lower hearth.
Lengtii of single grate (feet)
Width
of single grate (feet)
Grate area
(square feet)
Ratio of hearth
to grate area
No. of carriages
No
of blades on a carriage
the circuitin (minutes)
Carriage makes
Ore stirred every (seconds)
Horse-power required

The

of pyrite and

in 24 hours.

with

works

is conveyed

steel-plate

discharge
only

the

the

of

the Horseshoe

thus

aware

stirrer

side

their

to the

sinter hearth

up

following table gives

that has been

with

hearth, and

wide; the furnace

leaving the lower

in

as

arms

this

leaving the roasting hearth

On

wall

writer

hearths

of plows, chain,

either

on

hearth

the upper

on

year.

two

by placing the

Eefining Co., Pueblo, Colo.

and

galena,

the

a

has

wear

passage

slotted

a

across

As far

furnace

The

it by

halfway

hearth.

lower

The

by Brown
small

a

once

furnace

carriages rabble

fed automatically

ore

a

in

from

the

From
reach

This

"

oyercome

chain

hearth, separated
rabbles

Furnace,

usually 8 ft. wide.

carriages with
furnace.

drop-forge links

in

FX7BNACB.

Width

".

.

;

.

12-hour shift
No. men
on
Tons of coal per ton of ore
mixed
of ore"
Character
sulphides.
composition of ore, SiO*
Approximate
ft-15,Cu 2, Zn 8, 8 85-4o.
of ore
Screen-size
Depth of charge near fluebridge(Inches)
in furnace
Ore remains
(hours)
Ore roasted in 34 hours (tons)
foot of hearth
area
Ore roasted
per

square
Sulphur in roasted ore (per cent.)

85, Fe

15, Pb

(pounds).

Qoo^"z

8MKLTIN0

In Tiew

of the

m

trials it

many

this, but

to

the

rabbles

the

crust

twice

occurs

"
this

wore

when

was

the

ore

off, and

to

shut

191
at Pueblo

charge

adhering to the hearth

cheapest

to allow

to

to build

down

the

at

same

the furnace

completely

bottom.

tion
special atten-

no

pay

it

rate

that

cut

out

and

which

down,

worn

year.

Keller

furnace,"*"as

Lake

its caking and
found

FURNACE

of lead in the

the rabbles had been

a

The

63.

BLAST

high percentage

is difficult to prevent

After

THE

Automatic

in Figs. 138

latest
Lead

form

of
Salt

Works,

It is essentially

to 141.

" h't^^-i^)i=-jt^'i^y
j* ^*t)f-^r-^*\m''

rtH' " "'*tf4 iV

"

The

"

at the Germania

represented

City, Utah, is shown

i

Boaster.

"

:^! %
sA^ii^"

fv^r-

1C

11

Fio. 138."

the

same

the

as

one

Keller-Cole-Gaylord
it only
of two
a

in

T

1

The

sa

rJ^-**-'""-' J"^"

"

T

Keller

1

Automatic

furnace,

patented

T

the

under

,

in

details of construction.

some

1

Roaster.

in Butte, Mont.

used

is-

iw-"

1891, differingfrom
The

consists

roaster

rectangular shaft-like furnaces, 8 ft. apart, worked

pair (Fig. 138). They

a

occupy

floor space

of

35 ft. by

ft. 8 in.,and

are,

including the feed hoppers, 29 ft. high.

furnace

Ave

superimposed

has

alternately at

end

one

by mechanical
the

of

name

discharge

the

at
*

U. S

and

the other, so
from

means

lowest
Patent

hearths

No.

one.

with

that the

the feed
The

679,711,March

slots, these

at

roof
80, 1897.

ore

the
of

can

42

Each

being

be transferred

top-hearth
the

as

top

to

hearth

serves

as

the

begins

heat

roast, the

to

being sufficient for the
use

in the furnace
the
and

in

hearth

top

off with

pass

process

The

sulphurous

opposite direction

products

them

through

a

the

the loss of heat by radiation
is moved

of furnaces

travels

are

in

arrangement

The

with

fireplace
of

them.

the road

The

hearths

the

shelf-burners

have

the

The
the

the

ore

general

for roasting

of sulphuric acid.

pyrite smalls in the manufacture

on

of the pair

ore

between

of firing,and

manner

use

common

the

bottom, and thus reduce

placed

in Fig. 139.

shown

traveling

the ore, meet

from

minimum.

a

by machinery

of hearths, the

arrangement

to

phides
sul-

the further

gases,

from

it

the

flue inclosing the end

opposite the fireplace and

furnace

of

without

on

of combustion

heating

at which

oxidation

to go

fuel.

the

the

fireplacefor

one

to the temperature

free by the

set

of carbonaceous

LEAD,

has

furnace

the top-hearth quickly

on

ore

Each

dryer.

a

OF

T

URQ

ALL

MET

192

A

hearth

is

21 ft. 5 in. long, 6 ft. 3 in. wide, 20 in. to the spring of the arch,

arches

with

covered

turned

end

IS

the

ore

on

the

ore

spread

the

through

furnace

on

At

trapdoor

the

through flues

h and

roasted

pair of furnaces, the
them

the

shown

the

of the

the skewbacks
the

angle-irons
they receive

(Fig. 140).
6-in. I-beams
the I-beams

floors.

inner

From

and

of the

of

/,

the

closed

ends

the

the

as

are

in

from

cross

to
tion.
sec-

inner

walls of

importance.

furnace

It is

and

riveted

the

end

by

walls

cast-iron
from

distance-pieces. The
hinged doors

I-

forming

in their turn

are

the

a

through

built against 24-in.

prevented

by small

phurous
sul-

main

them, and

vital

are

they

g laid

support

I-beams/

are

walls

the

requires that there

ore

of the hearths, which

serving

hearth

underground

an

arches
At

warms

fireplace travel with
c

one

ignites

and

upper

length of the

additional

t,

the

also

being put into the

whole

to 12-in. I-beams

The

to its

of supporting

manner

The

in Fig. 140.

working

and

it dries

time

hearths, becomes

upper

beams/ running
support

roasting hearth

slot passing through

continuous

a

the

is discharged at E (see also

ore

Fig. 140). As the moving
shall be

form

ground floor (see
rising through a flue at

same

a.

red-brick

are

the

previous

from

The

the stack.

the

the roof

products of combustion
gases

flame

the

the top shelf.
out

on

top into the

the

near

hearths

tailings which

silicious

elevation,Fig. 140) and

The

center.

fireplaceis located

The

bottom.

the

in

this 8 in. high

and

means

of

(Fig.139);
columns

bulging

out

h

by

slots between

j (see also Fig.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

THE

BLASTFURNACE.

193

^
^
; '^'./

31

..i

^^A-t'"'

Ji^
".

as^

"

".

""'"^-^^J^^

1
4lT

Fig. 189. --The

Fig. 140." The

LONGITUDINAL

Keller

Keller

Automatic

Automatic

SECTION

Roastsil

Roaster.

Qoo^"z

MET

194

These

141).

have

plows
each

The

passed.

10 doors, two

to

to the hearths

access

braced

b^'8-in. I-beams

the usual
the

rails which

on

which

arm,

is hollow

has

perforations

furnace, has

yided

with

two

turned

90"

horizontal

the

position for

set of rabbles

in

comes

q

(Fig.141),in

T

bolted

to

and

ratchet-wheel
the crank
and

the

the

lever

rake

trapdoor

is obtained

the

ends

and

Ci
"

of

a

Oe, at

shaft

back

an

a

as

follows

the

two
serve

:

Each

ends
as

ond
sec-

The

riage.
stirring cara

roller-feed
end

one

a

carriage striking
amount

on

of ore,

The

w.

until it

the

to

is

ore

upper

bent

weight (not shown),

a

The

carriage Oi

of the

are

trip a tumbler

at

regulated

is attached

a

passing

carriage striking the

A^, passing

"

has

opening

by the

in

the

and

by

; the

v

are

they

opposite end of the furnace

which

cable, Aj

rabbles

upper

adjustable stop

(Fig.139)

a

they

is fed mechanically

ore

which

feeds

a

bottom

bell-crank

to

the

of

other

furrows.

of

by the

at the

pro-

four-point star-wheel

a

.The

t.

the carriage recedes.

as

being six-grooved
the

the

is raised

door

closing it again

around

to

(Fig. 141), to

x

is closed

pawl and

drops

The

hearth.

the I-beam

the roller which

turns

crank

reaches

by

the top hearth

141),

with

u

by the

moved

of

are

to each

ore

into

the center, striking at each end

ore-hopper S

(Figs. 140

the

scoping
tele-

a

cooling.

walls

at 180^

with

contact

pass

can

direction, when

same

is caused

arm

the bottom

The
t

an

to the roof of

on

inner

ridges first made

through it, changes the
quarter-revolution of

in the

is

running

for

trip, after which

return

90"

another

again revolyed

air

leaving the

tripping mechanism,

a

support

reaching the ends of the furnace

On

by

to

ordinary pipe-

of water

placed

p,

tied by

replaced by

in the

slots

of rabbles

sets

mismatched.

and

the

passing through

arms

are

o^

that

so

lately been

pipe permitting the circulation
The

The

t.

well

are

(Fig. 140)

ore

"

to the I-beams

and

the

the

are

fixed to carriages o^

n

arms

walls

these

as

m,

have

shown), to

are

The

; six of them

of

the

slots when

three, k,

hog-yokes

the stirrer

to

of the furnaces

platforms.

movement

fastened

are

it into

through

from

by I-beams

The

six rabble

effected by

(of which

I with

iron rods, two

feed-hoppers.

LEAD.

side walls

outer

hearth

a

permit

OF

position, closing the

again into

drop

and

arms

T

by door-plows D' attached

raised

are

UBG

ALL

"

the

over

of the

motion

riage
car-

O^ is attached

to

sheaves, B,
"

Bj

furnace

idle-sheaves

driving six-groove sheave

for
D

(sheaves B^ and C|
cables A,
A^), then
"

with

pinion actuated

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

until

the ball H

rolls to the

i and

valve K

a

motor^

thus

sudden

jar of the

10-in. ram,
water

a

with

pump

under

the

hydraulic

and

backward

2 to 3 horse

The

"

man

Lead

sulphides with
ore
on

From
roasted

the

to pass

the upper

hearth.

35 to 45 tons

per

ton

of

From
and

in 24 hours

roasted

ore

very

The

IJ

Salt Lake

fireplaces.

in 24 hours,
of

tons

to

slack

of lead, but

according

5%,

large lot of

wet

lead and

8%

2 tons

matte.

no

lies from

roasts

4 to 6 in.

in 24 hours, the* sulphur in the

to

with

City, Utah,* it

sieve and

amounts

Furnace.

the Keller

furnace

and

and

sintered,
slack

ton

pyritic concentrates

sulphur,

coal, the

of

amount

partly

only 0.07

30%

slack

the

to

35

with

tons

sulphur

coal

were

in the

"

The

Wethey

furnace

just described, the

resembles

main

points of

of supporting the hearths, of stirring

the position of the fireplaces.
Furnace

superimposed

slots alternately at
*

for the

1%, requires 1\

is pulverulent

Wethey

The Dovble
has four

130,000 lb. iron

are

concentrates

percentages

to

ore

being the method

difference

is

rabbles

averaging 3%.

much

the ore,

a

up

roasted

64.

ore

to

roasted

consumption

ore.

copper

"

from

to

year.

firebrick

4-mesh

a

are

varying from

fuel

40

varying

lead present ; the roasted
and

of the

one

furnace

200

Works,

is crushed

ore

forward

a

shift.

per

At the Germania
mixed

and

about

copper

sulphur from

tne

coal and

brick, and
of Butte

45 tons

reducing

gal. of

in Butte, Mont., $12,000.

costs

It treats

or

in. furnishes

sq.

producing

arms

that of the rope

160,000 red

furnace

rabble

required for the

materials

work,

9

a

1" minutes, corresponds

air-cooled

four months,

about

With

delivering 50

pressure

in about

off the

take

to

lb. per

the

reverses

power.

life of the

The

The

is connected

is provided.

of 150

pressure

pressure.

stroke

M

order

water-governor

a

opposite side of the

bell-crank

In

cycle.

riage
car-

G, which

cylinder Z, which

cradle, a dash-pot

minute

per

the

completing

by the lower

its connection

The

hydraulic

the

on

motion.

the

completes

195

is reversed

O' striking the

by J" to

some

rack

i^ and

cradle

deep

The

bell-crank

it carries along

The

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

jack E.

by the hydraulic

The

IN

Private

one

is represented
hearths
end

oommunication

and
from

in Fig. 142.

5 ft. wide

and

furnace

50 ft. long, having

the other, that the
J. H.

Each

ore

fed

Tucker, superintendent, 1807.

on

the

SMELTING

hearth, when

lop

drop

to the

on

and

so

The

furnace

I-beams
a

hearths

are

I-beams

e.

on

6

castings (not

/ resting

The

channel

bottoms

brick

plates d which

of

rest

the

the inner

walls

skewbacks

suspended

are

tied, so th^jbthere is
The

ore

attached

danger of arches

is stirred

and

endless

chains

to

moved

by

the

by

to 137

with

hearths
theie

that

of the

figure gives

combustion

to

from

fire-box is placed

The
brick

fireplacepass

and

It
1894.

has
The

run

been

much

the

iron

firebrick

work

are

the furnace, and

running

following

are

at

the

the

to the

the furnace
as

the
and
with

possible the sulphur,

Thus
of

slot

perience
Ex-

ore.

the fireplace on

hearth, the

ore.

side

2-in.

so

by tripping doors.

enters

as

to

the

chain,

If it is important,

the lower

off at the

have

ore.

as

and

hearth, the products of

ore

fireplaceat the second

2,000

required to

the

the

on

total weight of the

The

opposite direction

an

to eliminate

ores,

the lower

the second

on

travel with

in opposite direction
upper

is closed

pass

the point where

the gases

second

arms

furnace.

and

in Figs. 134

endless

an

j

arms

furnace

hearths

upper

having

that it is better to

near

lead-bearing
a

double

traveling in

hearth

have

for the

fire-box

a

has shown
upper

each

the rabble

through which
The

four

are

furnace

upper

and firmly

rabble

of the

outside

furnace, the

i

ones

The

another

by sprocket-wheels similarly to those shown

lower

of the

means

a.

driven

the AUen-O'Hara

and

floors fallingin.

or

forward

running

the

built ; the upper

are

from

one

3-in.

each pair

of the roof, the outer

independently

no

upper

the tracks

carry

being held in place by the vertical channel-beams
hearths

the
small

on

the channel-beams

being suspended from

castings h form

inner

beams

6-in. I-beams;

two

the channel-beams

on

zontal
hori-

supports for the

longitudinally

run

angle-irons against which
g

the

of

consists

Along the inner sides of the furnace between

ones

ones

This

hearths.

The

steel

maj^

hearth.

the lowest

on

horizontal

by

form

o.

197

opposite end,

framework.

joined

a

by tie-rods
built

to the

discharge

iron

an

them, which

to

of channel-beams
lower

in

the

6 carrying the upper

braced

are

it reaches

is built

FURNACE.

travel in the opposite direction

hearth, then

next

riveted

BLAST

mechanically

channel-beams

vertical

shown)

moved

until

on

THE

IN

the

the gases
third

ing
travel-

gases

from

the

hearth, those

hearth.
is 170,000 lb. ; 122,500 red
2

necessary;

it costs
Butte

at

horse

is

power

Butte, Mont., $10,000.

Reduction

leading data

Works

furnished

since

by Mr

Qoo^"z

MET

198

Wethey

The

:

hearth

hearths

area

a

ratio of hearth

a

furnace, each

to

area

ore

composition is
Ag (Au) 10

in

is

oz.

a

furnace, and the roasted

ore

one

of the

0. 5%

raw

form

is the

same

the plan representing

one

a

side of the hearth

being supported

passes,

rails

on

this

By

e.

double

the

and

12

This

even

ft.

construction.

furnace

65.

of

The

2 horse
The

in Fig. 143.

Its

On

the rabble
b

possible

arm

running
make

to

greatly simplifiesand cheapens
weight

of

red brick

required

is

Furnace.

differing

been

furnace,

hearths.

by carriages

it has

course

total

power

Bruckner

to-day, although

ends

to

amountc

width, viz.,10 ft.,as in the figure,

usual

is 143,000 lb. ; 95,000

necessary;

"

both

at

per

is :

which

slot through

a

nace
fur-

furnace

the four superimposed

contrivance

the hearth

the

is

The

double

the

in the

oil for lubricating,

section

that of

as

the

consumes

of the Wothey

general construction

and

near

hours

shift,and the fluedust

ox

onds.
sec-

average

40%,

sulphur.

8%

0.1 gal. black

in horizontal

each

S

5%,

in 24 hours^

shown

SingleFurnace

The

to

circuit

in 46

Its

8 to 10

from

ore

charged. Another

ore

grates

arms

the

once

ore

Zn

10%,

retains about

is required per

man

make

depth of the charge

110 lb. of slack coal and

ore

8 rabble

are

to 4-mesh.

Cu

The

of

a

of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and

remains

puts through 45 tons
of

There

1.

stirring the

35%,

ton.

per

ore

ton

6 ft. wide, giving

figures of 80sq. ft.,and

12-mesh

Fe

4 in., the

is about

:

mixture

size from

SiO, 10^,

to 12

and

four fireplaceswith

are

of 25

D,

rabbles, four of which

14

treated

blende, ranging

LEA

in round

floors in 185 seconds, thus
The

feed

ft. ; there

grate area

with

OF

50 ft. long

grate

a

7

UBQ

are

of 2,000 sq.

38 by 33 in.,giving

of two

ALL

to

The

"

of

iron

and

2,000 firebrick
in

furnace
in

the
are

the furnace.

run

much

very

work

the

detail

use

common

from

the

one

by Briickner in 1867* in Colorado, retains
originally introduced
the same
general characteristics,viz.,a brick-lined horizontal
revolves

cylinder oi' boiler iron which
fire-box

a

Figs. 144

and

a

and

145

flue and

stirs

represent

the

by truncated

with

two

friction rings

on

a

"

pinion shaft, with

''Transactions

HUttenmdnniseke

of

American

a

pulley

Institute

Zeitung, IWW, p. ISO.

furnace.
cones

They

at

of

by

a

spur-wheel

its end.
Mining

show

a

(heads) revolving

pairs of carrying rollers.

the carrying-rollershafts is rotated

by

rollers between

ore-charge automatically.

modem

a

cylinder closed at the ends
two

friction

on

The

gear

One

of

driven

fire-box,which

Engineers,*' ii.,
p. 395;

Berg-und

burned

heat

off,extraneous

decompose

sulphate and

sulphide.

The

and

operation is carried

At,

on.

sufficientlyheated
hours

to

without

more

12 hours.

the

where

sea.

In

slowly, the fire-box

very

during the 60 hours
The

admission

been

a

atomized

of air necessary

by steam,
if the

as,

through

which

found

jet between
the

in

the burner

in

be carried

the

some

to

cases

gas

the neck

that of the cylinder circular ; thus

sulphur dioxide, would

enter

raising the sulphur dioxide,

b%.
has

with

oil

culty,
diffi-

no

coal it has

steam

a

the cylinder and

fire-box

the

ore

or

air-

stir up

that it may

Aaron,* in 1882,

muffle-shaped,leaving

air, heavier

cold

times

large, enough

introduce

the furnace
come

or

ceeds
pro-

opposite the cylinder

floating on

of the

to 4

is heated

off by the products of combustion.

suggested making

three

is fired with

of the fire-box and

level of

oxidation

air, there is

fire-box

of say

to the furnace

If the furnace

the furnace

of heavy sulphurous

sea

charge

a

the

used

is introduced, is made

When

in.

the necks

of

better by compressed

or

necessary

be

to

36

of the fire-box,only

use

for oxidation

trouble.

opening

air will be drawn
been

have

may

the

roast

elevation

an

10,000 ft. above

it takes to reduce

of much

source

the

ore

become

to

it may

rarified air the

of the

account

on

8 hours

firing. At

without

roast

of the

the level of the

oxidation, when

plant located

a

about

the

at which

the elevation

1,000 ft. above

additional

any

without

the character

upon
on

say,

the

start

will roast

ore

an

will require

5,000 ft. the charge will
about

only

not

pyrite concentrate

a

sea,

that

of sulphur, but

its percentage

of the remaining

assist in the oxidation

length of time

been

sulphur has

nearly always to be supplied to

has

of the fire-box depends

use

the

when

stop firing altogether, and

to

sary

LEAD.

OF

METALLURGY

202

beneath
with

in contact

than

the hot

the flame, and
the surface

of

the roasting charge.

great drawback

One

of

fluedust.

movement

slower

of the Briickner

furnace

While

been

of the

this

cylinder, B%

Assays of samples of fluedust taken
and

the stack gave

near

*

'*

Eighth

Annual

has

is not

near

is the large percentage
diminished

an

figure.

uncommon

the throat

by the

of the furnace

the following figures:

Report of the State

Mineralogist of California,''p. 849.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

The
work

IN

table gives

subjoined

by the furnace

done

TUB

BUUCKNER

roasting
discharging

matte,
Mixed
The ore:
sulphide with some
Size of ore
Tons in 24 hours
Per cent, fluedust
Pulverulent
and sintered.
Boasted
ore:
Percent,
sulphur in
shift
in 19-hour
No. of men
Pounds
of coal ("er ton of ore
Gallons lubricating oil per ton of ore

Selection

66.

Plant.*

Furnace

of

considerations
the

(a) Are

must

former, the

arrangements

adding

tute

of

as

to grow

"

by its own

4
6

8-7

8-7

a-7

i|
24
Once.
24
Once.
8
4

"^
"-4

Arrangement

General

and

to

as

Some

of

be

the

only

well

as

of these
erection
a

enlargement

plant be

spent

on

the

the

a

a

manent
per-

one?

iron ; all

by simply

temporary

one,

building, which

necessary

the start,and

profitsinto

a

:

of

temporary

of

cal
techni-

are

stone, brick, and

to allow

Often

properly from

6'
2' 6"

a

as

is

capital is not
temporary

large, permanent

ture
struc-

plant.

of American
Insti*
Plants/' Cincinnati, 1883; Austin, ''Transactions
Engineers/' xxvl., p. 886; Vezin, Ibid.^ p. 1095; Engineering and Mining

Smelting

Mining

If

possible will be
one.

4
7

to justify the

structure

plant.

ft

240
0.10

as

as

18'
r
2'
8'
2*
2-8
15
86
24
Twice.
12
Once.
2-8

4
9

site,economical

such

planned

so

old

to build

has

Locke,

28^
7'
2'
4'
2'
2-3
15
86
24
Twice.
12
Once.
2-"

(a)

plant is built

light wooden

a

available

*

are

the

to

little money

usually

"

into play.

come

conditions

plant, or is the
If the

28'
8' 6"
2'
4'
2'
2-8
15
48
86
Twice.
12
Once.

Site

In selectinga furnace

"

the

FURNACE.

required

Horse-power

"

leading facts about

of the

some

203

:

THE

fjeogth of cylinder
of cylinder
Diameter
Diameter
of neck
Len^^th of grate
of grate
Width
No. of revolutions
per hour while
No. of revolutions
per hour while
Roasting time of (hours)
Using fire-box (hours)
Using fire-box (how often)
Not using fire-box (hours)
Not using fire-box (how often)

FURNACE.

BLAST

Journal^ July 31, 1897.

METALL

204

In such

that of the

plant, the

permanent

started

to be

What

is the

of it?

Upon

comes,

can

If the

is always

sampling,
character

provide

or

points it will

to be

(c) Should
recently the

balance

but

the

The

disadvantages

of

a

the

regulated by
and

tramming

as

use;

free

handling,

as

to

cost

In

a

handle

the materials

number

terraced

more

richness

Until

favor

of

a

level site.

great cost of plant

on

retaining walls; great

level

and

much

lack

of

nearly level site claim:

or

ing
build-

excavating and

no

of plant,

the

as

at elevations

different
for

convenient

and

in elevated

(e.y.,at Denver
elevators

products; in

built

Well-constructed
other

quite

of its different parts has to be

site several small

intermediary

easily than

to

necessary

chosen?

in

and

collected

are

The

desirable.

hardly
bins ;

any

ease

of

of ventilation.

of large elevators

all the work.

the

little tramming

of elevating is small

the

tion
fuel, protec-

and

sampling, mechanical

: a

is little or

accessibility with

supervision ; abundance

ft.).

there

vided.
pro-

For

handling; difficulty of supervision; and
a

are

be

of accessibility,involving

be placed side by side

can

The

are

retaining walls; compactness

parts

bins

unhesitatingly a sloping site,

site

the location

of

it

as

ore,

to

it will be

incline

to

want

part

a

their crushing plant.

been

terraced

slope;

of plant,

cheapness

plant

site be

level

have

Advocates

ventilation.

snow.

whether

excavations

of plant, as

extension

yard

hand

and

now

seems

of necessary

of

decide

would

answer

from

size of the

or

the

has

of the two, is most

sloping

a

lar
irregu-

or

ore-beds, whether

whether

must

Do

only during

whether

storage

may

The

be done?

generally lie uncovered, but

protected

combination
ore

till the other

to

or

year

to
a

place for ore-roasters

a

account

ore

needed.

of the

placed
re-

it may

plant independently
run

work

depend

whether

last,the

a

being

quantities, at regular

the whole

will determine

ore

of the

small

or

it,or

it has

to

as

same

instances

some

continuing

directly conveyed

sufiScient to store

structure

up.

through

these

be

sometimes

this

one,

arrive in large

ores

the

in

the

be

the permanent

precise nature

intervals,and

of

LEAD,

temporary

to erect

advantageous

more

is ready

the

OF

general plan will commonly

of the temporary

(6)

T

opportunity permits, although

as

proYe

the

case

a

URG

to

elevators

do

level site

not

machinery

ton

to 30

often necessary

are

different

serve

indispensable

a

\q, per

the

same

levels may

do

get out of order
and

should

be

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

duplicated,

plant, handling
lead

or

smelting

copper

What
is

there

the water

or

and

pumps

tank.

the

muddy,
inclined

of

or

The

roasting furnaces

comes

the track

the

hoppers of the
of the

ore

as

a

will be

come

yard

and

and

blacksmith

the

or

general

be

feed

is all

ore

floor.

Next

is discharged

feet above

into

the roaster
which

It will be the

pass.

storage place for fluxes and

frequently assembled

more

one

on

feet above.

level,if the

smelter

lows
fol-

as

the other,

on

more

or

ore

more

fuels,
on

or

floor of the blast furnace, the
of the small

account

on

the floors

ground,

as

required

amount

it is necessary

The

for

machinery
The

department.
The

with

vary

only to

not

in

grades for bringing

tors,
for driving the blowers, eleva-

of the

that

placed will

the products.

away

of the machinery
and

are

convenient

also

carrying

set of boilers.
ore

more

and

pumps

shops, also varies,although

floor.

sampling
the

or

crushed

the

to

in which

dynamos,

furnace

one

or

the site is

will

feet ;

height of the

the

being

away

way

situation
and

and

The

line, there will be

the third

the level of the feed

precise

The

to

soft, clear

or

whether

on

quires
re-

the water

precaution against fire.

materials

the

below, which

to raise

floor,18

on

the

at

that

the right fall,but

have

If

jackets?

well will have

a

arrangement

base

as

feed

to the

configuration of the

the

creek

a

mainly

roasters, eight

distance

a

The

a

placed
entirely dis-

consideration.

fall of 30

which

latter,however,

slightly above

steam

ofiSce and

of

the

machine

it is usually

crushing is

all found

on

the

in

the

is usually all furnished

laboratory

are

ordinarily

from
near

yard.

If there
come

from

ores

level of the

and

than

the discharge of the sampling mill,through

floor and below

some

point,

water, if hard

fall,the

floor

be roasted; otherwise

coke

site has

power

important

with

furnace, reaching

the

from

the

good natural

a

the slag dump,

most

blast furnace

for boiler and

boiler

of

an

the

to

iron

of materials

elevated

an

obtained

taking the furnace

:

be had

can

plant will depend

a

205

level.

If there is

side

leTel

additional

be

also

arrangement

plant, the

character

The
may

amounts

flow from

natural

be sunk

to

modern

a

larger

supply

water

no

FURNACE.

site.

the terraced

(d)

In

are.

much

very

BLAST

THE

blowers

the

as

IN

into

is

no

fall,the

the works

cars

elevated

bringing
on

ore,

trestle-work

flux, and
that

the

fuel

will

materials

Qoo^"z

MET

206

ALL

be readily unloaded

may

trucks.

of the

Most

the elevators be
destined

located

so

in

bins

and

will be the

same

discharged into

thence

the

on

to be central for the

as

building and

one

LEAD,

will be done

tramming

do ; the

to

collected

into

OF

T

URG

case

the

under

put

work

with

and

ground

the

they

are

machinery
of

charge

a

head

mechanic.
With

general

same

expense

break-downs

be

to

are

going

cated,
duplicostly,

very

whether

on

a

not.

or

of plants in successful

examples

ought

of management

to its full capacity

plant is working
A few

machinery

by repairs or

delays^caused

as

the

plants the

all smelting

operation

to

serve

may

illustrate the general points discussed:
The

Works

situated

of

built

on

a

steep hillside,having

very

distance

vertical

Horseshoe

Brown

of

to that

146

the

is 70 ft. for

Brown

plant,

It is

north.

The

floor to the
short

the

in plan

147.*

and

slope to the

a

blast-furnace

floor of

horizontal

side of the blast-furnace

the exterior

plant is very

The

124 ft.

furnace

ft. from

of 318

the

from

This

"

Gulch, is shown

side of California

longitudinal section in Figs.

vertical

and

south

the

on

Smelter, Leadville,Colo,

Union

the

compact,

tance
dis-

ing
build-

building; the width

roaster

the

is only

requiring little tramming

of

materials.
rails

The
laid

and

6,

of

d, and

a

e,

car

to be

over

is to

ore

be

plant and
elevated
hand

They

are

the

same

on

The
into

is discharged

wheeled

the

bins
up

roasted, it is crushed

the

The

the
and

track to the feed- hoppers

of the Brown

on

the

cooling floor of the

the lime

floor,that

track.

is reduced

down

The

same

Brown

of the

the

hand

in

assay

sample

smelted

rejected

run

over
or

of the

is

on

reverberatory

in

an

ding
ore-bed-

the

furnace

or

sulphide

roaster
as

by

tracks,

the

it is

first sample obtained

to the

the

for
runwi^s

If the

level

are

is sampled

ore

rolled

bins, whence

level of the sampling

three

/, under
hedaf.

to the sulphide

The

run,

sufficientlylow

level with

bedding

g to make

runways

elevated

bins.

selection

placed

ores

rejected portion that is to be

roasters, the latter being

on

bringing the

cars

along the sides of the tracks.

selection.

fractional
raw

which

on

trestle-work.

on

bottom
0,

a

the
naces
fur-

by fractional
the

sampling

department.
*

The

drawings

Enginwrinjf

Works.

were

made

specially for this book

by Mr. F. E. Shepard,

of

the Denver

REVERB.

F.

FOR
FLUE

DOST

nOi^ri
-'JLPHIOE

A

^tfts

PLANT

Tetitical
FURNACES

PlGfi.146-147."

WOBKB

SKcrros.

TRACK

OF

THE

UNION

SHELTER,

LeADVILLE,

COLO.

ROASTER
HlhA

MET

208
coke

and

Fluxes

paved

platform

comes

in

h

stored

and

the beds

there

mixture

furnace.

a

receives

inclined

the

hoist.

feed floor the

From

charges

by hand, loaded

broken

shifted by

crushing and

sampling

the gases

through

pass

into

furnaces

of

incline to be hoisted
and

sets of

which

charge bins

the dump

by

assembled

the

on

track; the
the

on

an

The
is

matte

bullion

track,

discharged in front of the
slag

to the dump

goes

in front of the

flue suspended
into the stack.

The

dust that

da^'s by

two

every

and

means

it is wheeled

to the

nace
feed-hopper of the reverberatory fur-

to the

the

down,

melted

barrowe

blast furnaces.

the fluedust-house,whence

into

conveyer

a

The

then

the
to be

bins^,of

from

cars

flue is discharged

collects in the iron

has

the lower

sheet-iron

flue and

brick

a

a

floor ; what

for the

6, and

plant.

is wheeled
from

materials

gondola

to track

locomotive

a

track

on

k suspended

roaster

the two

up
on

the

is unloaded

its material

made

on

track

into the charge

produced is loaded

base bullion

roasters

in two-wheeled

goes

necessary

are

on

building and discharged

feed

Between

is the slag bin, which

loaded
un-

the east side.

on

dumped

is

coal for the boilers

Brown

the

on

cover

ore

i to be

four to

are

ore

distance ; coke

under

the

the runways

is piled up

the

on

coal for the

discharged

is heaped up

From
over

The

track 6, a short
cars

running

of the hand-roaster

into the bins below/

railroad

track; limestone

lime

track ; that for the hand

into trucks

the roof trusses

to it from

the

on

LEAD.

the east side ; bituminous

on

It is unloaded

from

OF

the feed floor; iron

the bullion

on

7

UUQ

arrive

bins/''on

into

a.

ALL

passing off into the

gases

furnace
blast-

stack.
the east side of the blast-furnace

On

floor

of the furnace
side

west

the

are

laboratory, the
Coming

to

the boilers,engines, and

are

and

shops

latter two

from

The
The

A

sampling

plant consists of

Blake

a

a

wrought-iron

being maintained
valve, the

at 25

main

crusher,

the necessary

7 by

ofiSce and

rated
sepa-

receives

power.

with

iron

plates.

10 in.,a pair of Cornish
and

grinder
by

the

; on

sulphide plants are

jacket, 4

lb. pressure

steam

the

as

level

in the plan.

plant is covered

sample
steam

the

slide-valve engine, which

the boiler plant, furnishes

floor of the

is

and

on

blowers

well

as

being shown

details,the sampling

rolls,14 by 27 in., a
This

storeroom,

not

by the engine-room.
steam

building and

by

of

means

line carrying

85

sample

a

10

dryer.

ft., the

steam

Curtis

ing
reduc-

a

lb.

There

is

Qoo^"z

no

METALLURGY

210
The

room.

works

large number
planned

are

considerable
arrive

the upper

on

arrive

ores

fractional

are

bins, while the sample

along the main

track

and
coke

5, beneath

goes

elevated

are

into

charged

shipped from

the

a

the

slag-conveyer and

which

they

matte

blast furnaces.
and

general

to be

taken

hauled

by

resmelted

The

a

arrangement

" Chalmers
brick

resting on
is furnished

department

has

handling of

the power

is obtained

Chicago Iron Works

one

of the

^-in.steel plates.
ore

spouts

All sulphide

out.

to the

ores

by

compact

and

products.

14 by 36-in.

a

main

are
are

shaft

building.
are

two

The

ores.

Steam

ments,
departsulphide

pair 36-in.

one

" Chalmers

with

Brunton

all lined

coal
The

trommels

and

an

the

or
or

pair 26-in. Fraser
two

the

mill.

of the

crusher,

Taylor

two

that is to go

screened

for oxide

ore

and

ores

There

plant.

rolls,one

Floors, chutes, hoppers, and

|-in.is

basement

large elevators,

and

}-in. screens,

the

boxes

boiler

belted

geared rolls,two

From

engine, the

9 by 15-in. Blake

one

very

and

for sulphide, the other

one

and

plant to be

by

cars

the

piers in the
the

flat

shows

Corliss

from

in the
on

on

slag-bin, froin

a

either

is

pouring

a

raised

engine to the sampling

In the sampling house

to be

room

over

switch

requiring but little tramming
Eraser

into

4

produced

and

is loaded

matte

Nos.

waste-slag dump

discharged

ore

Ore, flux, and

bullion

crushed

may

boilers,

tracks

slag is poured

are

pling
sam-

as

fuel for

it.

by

oxide

for iron

the elevated

to the

slags

the

in

bins

The

The

drawn

and

furnaces.

by hand

or

to receive

waste

lected
is col-

department of the

line.

furnaces.

6; the

cars

are

sampled

are

is collected

on

bunkers

depressed slag-track; rich

cars

axis

blast

5 and

of storage

arrives

are

track No.

are

4 and

ore

number

near

blast

they

ore

to the feed floor of the blast-furnace

plate into Nesmith

inclined

the

either mechanically

are

which

ores

cal
special mechani-

a

roasted

to

to the oxide

blast furnaces

roasters, and

Nos.

rejected

mill to be cut down
There

The

it goes

tracks

on

Sulphide

bins, whence

ore

roasting stalls.

selection; the

be necessary.

through

although

required for the reverberatory roasting

cooling bins, whence

oxide

are

that the

ores,

"worked.

into sulphide

the covered

or

in

they

ore

(No. 2),pass

department

indicate

principally sulphide

of oxide

track

discharged when
furnaces

of roasting furnaces

treat

amounts

sampling

The

to

LEAD.

OF

|-iu.

samplers.
with

^-in.or

mechanically sampled.

roasting stalls everything under

In the oxide

department

hand

sampling

Qoo^"z

N-

P. TRACK

SMELTING

well

as

mechanical

as

for hand

and

sampling of

mechanical
and

The

grinder.

sample

all the

department

this

crushed

and

the matte

for

with

vator,
ele-

finally,there

is

^-in.steel plate.
the

by

required

a

In

works

is

in

on

four

different

The

places.

south

ers
building has eight long-hearth hand-re verberatory roast-

calciner

fuse-boxes, having hearths

without

building has

calciner

hearths, lack of
The

Bruckner

and

lastly there

which

limestone

rolls; that

crushed, rolled, and sampled.

is carried

Boasting

with

4 by 10-in.

crusher

Blake

sampler;

floor is covered

machinery

one

12-in.

by

15-in.

Brunton

Taylor and

a

12

9 by

one

The

10-in. and

7 by

of

211

practiced.

are

one

pair

one

FURNACE.

BLAST

sampling

consists of

sampling
crusher

Blake

THE

IN

are

in either

room

has

room

15

eight similar

is

by

with

forbidding

case

of 20

ft. and

furnaces

covered

15-ft.

length.

greater

8 ft. 6

by

in.,

roasting stalls,18
ft. ;

20 by 10

two

north

52 by

cylinders 18 ft. 6 in.

two

block

a

10

by 15 ft. ; the

48

they

of

all 5 ft.

are

high.
blast-furnace

The
four

with
from

a

hood

to the

raised

The

wire rope.

blowers,

one

3^

for the blacksmith

and

furnaces
furnace

;

a

Baker

blower, and
When

forges.

smaller

number

to-day they all blow

five furnaces.

Power

on

Frisbie

has five No.

blower-room

No.

the

the dump

each

receives

the discharge from

top of the incline.

5 Boot

Sturtevant

blower

48-in.

one
was

by
fan

plant had only four blast

of blowers
into

driven
No.

are

and

scales

one

small

one

fumes

charges

elevators
6 and

To-day it is received

and

from

the

one

serving the

by

crusher

the crusher

served

main

furnished

slide-valve engine to the 9 b^' 15-in. Blake
which

The

matte.

is provided

the

away

multiple-beam charging

floor by two

contains

151)

of which

take

to

tapping slag and

feed

and

furnace, each

ventilating fan

five sets of Howe

on

(Figs. 150

matte

one

and

front when

the

weighed
are

and

furnaces

ore

department

a

9 by 12-in.
the

and

skip

raises it to the
main

engine

through the line shaft running blowers, elevators,etc.
The

water

supply

the works, the

box-flume

laid from

from

of which

From

slag.
a

dam

comes

at the throat

to 4 ft.

and

firsttank, which

is

reservoir

the water

lumber,

underground.

has

a

about

1,200 ft. from

cribbing filled in with

a

the reservoir

of 2-in. tamarack
2

a

by

12

two

through

in. in the clear,

It is provided

water-gate and

is 20 ft. long, has

20

is conducted

with

a

settling tanks.

rifiSes and

can

furnace
blast-

be

screen

The

uncovered

Qoo^"z

and

readily cleaned

lowest

creek.

the

in

placed

distant from
wall
the

of

Locke's

a

connection

of

means

constant

pressure

supply

of 40

the

and

It may

engines.
and

increased

cold

to supply

furnaces

In

lb.

condenser
be

used

as

a

an

is

engine-room.

by 48-in.

blast furnaces
The

for

are

fire pump,

jackets of the
22

two

the

emergency

of the

the two

pipe, the fire hydrants

cast-iron

15-in. retaining

A second

water

fire pump.

second

ft.

sufficient steam

lb.

the

off from

cut

65

is fitted with

of

case

to the

of

is

and in the 6-in. fire-main

to 200

water

the

which

pump

The

at the pump

overflow

directly with

of which

means

ments
arrange-

the

is made

E, is located in the basement

No.

It is used

by

water

be

can

3-in. pipe.

a

governor,

keep the

Enowles

Steam

are

is about

pump

the

well.

is

water

diameter) over

The

fire pump.

to

freezing. From

is protected by the

to

steam

it from

(25 ft. in

the

from

the buildings and

pump

admitted

of the flume

There

is open.

keep

to

well

a

Knowles

by

boilers

tank

This

into

runs

G

No.

a

the mouth

fall from

is 14 in. in 1,000 ft. when

condenser

of the jackets and
the water

LEAD.

OF

into it sufficient hot water

for running

tank

T

URO

The

out.

settling tank

the second

at

ALL

MET

212

Corliss

and

fire-main

2^-in.hose

blast

is

denser
con-

6-in.

a

fitted with

1-in. nozzles.
is furnished

Power

fire-main,should this be

ranges

from

52^ C,

through

a

is then

whence
Each

furnishes

boiler

pumped

it passes

into

a

to

Corliss engine; both

are

relief valves.

one

The

22

connected

They

blowers, elevators, dynamos,
hoist, machine

the

a

3|-in.

The

water

are

No.

one

directly from

the

from

the

temperature

The

flows

water

pieces of clean coke,

14-ft. live-steam

temperature

usual

mers
Chal-

144

and

average

purifier,

of about

120^

C.

accessories, is provided

purifier. In the engine-room

by 48-in. Allis-Corliss and

automatic

ft.,filled with

into the boilers at

Hotchkiss

an

supply.

42-in. by

a

boiler,in addition

with

3

"

Usually the overflow

necessary

8 by 4 by
filter,

lb.

feed pump

however, be secured

necessary.

the

in., with

75 to 85

jackets of the blast furnaces, with

water

and

54

ft. by

5 Knowles

No.

one

2 Eorting injector; it can,

and

16

carried

pressure

is supplied by

of

single battery of six Fraser

a

boilers,each

tubular

tubes; the

by

there

is

one

22

by 48-in. Fraser

"

with

by Enowles'

run

Briickner

condenser

a

alternately and

Chalmers

drive

the

cylinders, slag crusher

shop and ventilating fans.

electric light plant contains

one

250

incandescent

lamp U.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

S. dynamo,

One

etc.

Co.

7

by

Lodge-Davis

pipe-cutting and

at the

built and

are

the Montana

plant at East

A.

in Figs. 152

vertical section

Helena,

the sampling

ft.

The

on

forming

to the

works

and

be added

planned

Eilers,
and

here

Great

153.

Falls,Mont,
shown

are

They

carbonate
main

track,

to the "bins

the "bins
works
bins

for

all

selection while
ores,

base

bullion and

is raised
The

No.

matte

the sulphide

58, Figs. 96
into

to

the

"crushing

two

be

a

lack of

cars,

arriving

then

switched

house

and

tities
quan-

ing,
build-

the roaster

the

on

off

on

sampling

(tracks9 and 10), and to
(tracks2 to 6). At the sampling
are

the sulphide

received, and
are

that go

way,

sampled by fractional
The

bins

lower

by

and

ores

sampling mill, which

parallel

Foul

is fitted up

for crushing, sampling,

and

takes

the

slag

elevator.

an

over

for

are

nace.
straight to the blast fur-

in the blast furnaces.

produced

building is

101)

30

over

of sulphide ore,

brings the coal for the boilers and

machinery

In the roaster

loaded

being unloaded.

same

crushing house

delivers

is

to

sulphide ores"

to the feed floor

the necessary

gases

1

floor of

storing of large

to the

concentrates, which

sampled in the
Track

The

ores"

are

which

amounts

track-scales and

to

for

they

angle of

the upper

there is liable to

given

it-

on

carbonate

fllled with

are

built,like the

The

requiring crushing

ores

and

plant it is at right angles to it.

below

lead

in plan

are

being collected above

weighed

are

These

"

with

months

ores

ores

side tracks, which

works,"

is

the line of slope,while

has been

of it,sulphide

is on

considerable

winter

special attention

ore

work

sheet-iron

height of the dump,

the

to treat

the

during

as

etc.

tapping floor of the blast furnace,

longest extension

are

machine,

gently sloping hillside,the

a

the previously mentioned
works

bolt-

punch and shear,

power

slopebeing 2^ 20', or 46.7 ft. in 1,050 ft. from
must

drill-press,one

one

nearly all the

Smelting Co.,

Mr.

by

planned

which

case

ing
follow-

Wiley " Eussell

one

Doty

one

the

works.

of

Works

works,

lathe,

swing

in

is used

contains

shop

threading machine,

cars

ard
40-aro light Stand-

one

wheel, grindstone. Trimmer's

Most of the

213

cut-off engine

threading machine,

emery

done

automatic

Finally, the machine

tools: One

cutting and

FURNACE.

regulators, lightning arresters,

lamp

dynamo,
12-in.

of shut-downs.

one

BLAST

10-arc light U. S. dynamo,

one

Electric

THE

a
room

tramway

grinding,

to their respective bins.

for 20 calcining furnaces

fusing furnaces.
flues

and

with

They

deliver

(Fig. 101) running

(see "
their

along the

I
o

2

"

o
SIS

s
H

o

B
hi
O
00

"

2

MET

216

""""%

,

the

remoying

I
f

|r

blowers,

.^!

shop, the pump-house,

^1

tank

g

of the jackets, but not

these

blast

be

can

and

i

for

i

mill and

ore

or

to the

are

and

through

a

on

holding about

has the form

of

which

open,

swing

be discharged
the center

an

the

when

"

Colorado

as

ores

require

a
preliminary
unloading track

elevated

The

platform

is

sample

in

the

sample

main

of

floor,where

The

rejected

cars* and
floor

by

The

than

the

the

to

inclined

car

sides

by

a

cable to
and

empty

car

will

a

over
terpoise
coun-

lighter

down

run

which

spread

is reduced

to several
to

an

School of Minea

out

to

ore

the

its original position when

strikes

point along the

is then
attend

Slate

mill,

Hunt

a

track b running

when

car

Thus

ore.

over

lever, and allow the

a

is attached

car

the

of

loaded
un-

it is

sampling

bottom

Y sloping toward

released

is

ore

distributed

of the

The

ore.

a

it is cut

adjustable

an

the lever and

By changing the position of the stop, the

at any
ore

can
ore

heads,

two

again
up
unloading is effected automatically by

be emptied

man

sion
exten-

simple

sloping bottom, whence

a

filled and

releases the sides.

bin, and

are

feeding of the

selection.

dump

stop along the side of the track

the

under

the

on

with

tons

inverted

is heavier

emptied. The

one

mechanical

that

the ground

on

2,000

it is filled with

when

considerable

a

either side of the inclined

on

which

As

the

to the

on

bins

of the bin.

when

They

scale.

to

point of interest is the

elevated

automate

the ore-bedding bins,

can

to

ores

an

chute

to the left into

incline

have

fractional

by

Pueblo, Colo.

,

through the smelting department

classed

ores

water-

the oyerilow

in separate stalls until it is passed either through

discharged into Hunt

than

and

right

Refining Co.

and

hand, usually by quartering.

by

each

ore

first class arrives

held

crusher

main

raw

is sampled

discharged

down

The

blacksmith

fire-plugs,the
receiyes

approximately

The

the

the

reservoir.

Smelting

smelted

The

roasting.

the upper

slope.

furnaces.

that

a

and

reseryoir, which

hillside and

handling

of

Fig.

vertical section

a

on

the

along
manner

preTiousb'

boilers, engines,

152, shows

the water-pipes

works, drawn

to be built

seen

had

placed the

are

drawing.

the Pueblo

shows

154

of

]

The

also the lower

of

Fig.

LEAD,

poisoning, which

furnace-room

etc.

Works
"

the

to

and

OF

thing.

common

a

T

URO

danger of lead

been

Next

ALL

center

in the

cars,

extremely

line of
usual

the labor
low

a

way

thus
car

beddingby hand.

involved

in bedding

figure.

ScientificQuarterly,vol. ii..No. 1, p.

85.

SMELTING

that

Ores

is raised

ore

to be

are

mill and

IN

roasted

elevator

an

it is discharged and

roasted

stored
the

217

and

rolled in the sulphide
The

ores.

rejected

in sulphide bins c, whence

feed-hoppers

the

of

Brown-

(see " 62). The slagto be spread over
the
car

into the Hunt

beds.

ore

and

Fluxes

fuels

arrive

taken, is collected

when

to the

running

on

the

Thus

ore

side

opposite

is assembled
of

the

pit

of the

e

rest

sample,
a

car

into the flux

goes

the

The

crushed.

coke

the

car,

single inclined

The

Williams.*

resembles

car

castings, having

placed

distance

above

width

of the furnace.

The

when

it arrives at the
the

latter

the

form

the

on

hoist, which
in at the ends
its being

prevent
those

are

patented

that of Hunt.

of

The

inverted

an

Y,

are

the level of the charge parallelto the
raised

car,

throat

the

it strikes

to

much

very

of the

is stopped

by machinery,

furnace, the

the

lowered, and

are

last

fuel

blast furnaces.

seven

the charge distributors

distributor
some

of

a row

added

being

and

car

flux and

4 to 5 tons, is dumped

charge, weighing from

The

by

the

side and

one

on

the charge to the feed floor of

raises

of

The

bins d discharging into

in small

mill, while

sampling

track.

separate

a

fuel bins below.

and

two

doors
In

charge is dropped.

distributors

and

is thus

ing
closscending
de-

evenly divided

the surface.

over

the tuyere-levelthe blast

At
sides

48 in. between

or

and

120

have

each

in.

through

have

six 4-in. tuyeres
to the

\Villiams

furnaces

60 in. wide

are

the projecting water-cooled

They

long.

angles

right

on

a

working

either

plane of the
dust

The

(see " 93)

of

and

20

ft. and

slag-dump
The

illustration.

collectors

tuyere-nozzles,

height

side.

between

gases

brick

is at
pass

flues to

stack.

the

of

Works
"

and

roasting furnaces

is transferred

ore

crushed

are

into

run

mechanical

O'Hara

FURNACE.

like the raw-smelting

sampled

by

BLAST

THE

hillside.

steep

furnace

scheme:
and

if two
north

Smelting
department

It has only two

floor.

superintendent.
west

Olobe

blast-furnace

The

the

the

The

Dr.

and
of

*

these

levels

:

works

M.

W.

lies, is based
are

is erected

Colo,
on

a

those of the feed floor and

general arrangement,

intersecting lines
and

Refining Co., Denver,

as
on

planned
the

taken, running

b^"*the

following
east

and

south, the ground level will be represented by
U. 8. Patent

No.

654,568,Feb. 11, 18ML

METALLURGY

218

OF

LEAD.

I"|I"|I'I"''"M|

[" 8'"""

''!'^'''ir"|i
"'"0

"'""
T

7

4'

8' O

tt'O
4'

4'

8'""" "'-0
4'

4'

ORE

DUST

"Q

0

"'

0

"'

Q

BEDDING

FLCX"R

CHAMBEP
RNACE

"'

8'"" 8'"0- "*"0 S'
1:
4'
4'

4'

o'

FLOOR

Q

o'

Q

"'

0

*'

0

g
94*8'18'

fT"'f

'^'

Nob.

1-6."

Works
Blast

of

64'

^

VERTICAL

Figs. 155-156."

a*

the

Omaha

8COTTON.

and

Grant

S. and

R. Co.. Denver,

Colo

furnaces.

(a) Projectioiiin the dust chamber

(abolished).
(r) Bustle pipe.
(") Induction pipe.
(v) Flue carrying fluedust from the blast furnace Into the dust chamber.
the
curtain
through which
charges are fed into the blast furnace
(tr)Sheet-iron
(abolished).
be dumped
the feed
on
may
(y) Elevated tramway for the fuel trucks that the contents
""

"

"

floor.
into
out
iz\ Telescope stack, used in blowing in or out, to carry explosive or hot gases
the open air (abolished)
track on feed floor on which ore and fluxes arrive.
(RK) Broad-gauge
bullion
to the broa.ifurnace
floor delivering the base
track
on
(TR) Narrow-gauge
track.
gauge
for raisingslag,etc. (altered^
(TR') Tramway

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

the

southeast

furnaces

IN

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

fields^containing respectively the

southwest

and

facing south in

a

the gases

which

(from

row

flue leading to the bag-house, located

main

the boilers and
fields will show

field the

the upper

on

flux, and

fuel

another

An

produced.

bullion

elevated

floor takes away

and

the three products

dumps

sampling mill

dust

of

to be crushed

Omaha

the

Denver, Colo,

The

"

cross-section

of the

but

the practice to make
of the

of

tons

Another

important

not

furnaces

northwest

Facing

the

to

they

are

consideration

that

fumes

either

which

pipe,
a

the open

156 represent
There

building.

fan which
air.

arise

to

sucks

Sheet-iron

prevent the draft

on

made,

were

floor.

be overlooked

much

as

from

ore

bed, and

one

is made.

is the

the

3,000

holding about

receive their

It is

nearly

occupying

position of the

points of the

compass.

possible in the

shade,

^^ placed in front of each furnace

terminates

common

high and

the other bed

as

have

same.

beds, each

ore

plan

a

an

in hot weather.

tapping the slag,

on

hood

satisfactorily. The

work

of this plant is similar

large ore-bedding

8 ft.

flue-

the

Refining Co.,

and

Smelting

in regard to

sheet-iron hood

The

with

floor,about

feature

of the

fronts

iron

large

this is being consumed

while

off

two

All the furnaces

ore.

the

near

it is to be slagged.

blast-furnace

especiallyis the

be noted

one-half

roasting, and

Figs. 155 and

the general outline remains

to be

are

matte

changes in detail since the drawings

numerous

To

they

beds, the

general arrangement
works.

been

sampling departments

ore

before

Grant

and

to that at the Globe
a

the

south
floor to

the furnace

places where

the fusing furnaces, where

near

Works

and

in the

treated, i,e,,the slag near

further
the

the calcining and

ore,

the base
and

inclined elevator running north

track between

sets of

partments;
calcining de-

and

sampling

brings the foul slag, matte, and fluedust from
an

upper

west, bring in

and

east

the furnace

on

The

Two

department.

sampling

side of the

track

a

east)and

field the calcining furnaces, and

level, running
either

on

the

toward

into

pass

blowing, lighting,etc.

in the northeast

in the northwest

tracks

for

machinery

219

in

in the dust-chamber
a

number

off the

they

can

a
or

fumes

and
on

floor from
be taken

did

horizontal
in

a

of furnaces, and

plates hung

the furnace

into the building before

ends

now

never

to carry

pipe

galvanized
connected

discharges them
either

its

into

side of the hood

carrying off the fumes
away

by the hood.

"

6
o

Ed

cs

"
0

2
o
"

o

s
H
o
X

s:
0

0

MET

222
from

pumped
The

at the river

pump-house

Dean

double-plunger

7-in. plunger, and

jackets
Dean

a

runs

stroke),with

the

a

two

Plant.

gives

single blast

a

plant erected

main

Figs. 158

mechanical

a

up

In

"

The

are

blast furnace, and

upper

general

discharged

into

and

a

a

lower

cars

track.

on

Back

bullion

the

of the

furnace

into the carbonate

ore

fractional selection.
on

foul

and

slag

brought

is the

blower

the

a

The

10-in. Blake

crusher

feeder

then

B

and

A

and

to

run

to pass

be

the

be

to

of

the
road
rail-

on

to the upper

with

ore

ing
roast-

ore

loaded

are

or

ore

ordinary

boiler-room.

track is unloaded
time

in

a

a

small

to the

sampled

small

of the

one

discharged

through

the

feed-hopper

same

into

transferred

to

sulphide

Horseshoe

railroad

is received

these it is discharged

level of the feed floor,and

the

the

of the plant.

at the

sample

track

narrow-gauge

From

o.

bins d, and

Along

the carbonate
floor of

engine-room

the upper

on

plan.

works.

adjoining is the

and

furnace

feed

permit

into

run

track

arriving

ore

with

e

to

the machinery
engine drives^all

one

Carbonate

bins

and

matte, and

ore,

the

on

mill

ore

which

The

dump.

are

hillside,

a

6, the

close to the Brown

are

truck

slide-valve engine and
The

arrangement

sufficientlyelevated
a

on

one

of the

to

Fraser

(Fig. 159), on

one

and

drawings

the sampling mill c, with

the sulphide

Boasted

roaster.

a

sented
repre-

by Messrs.
built

are

right, discharging

to the left. These

and

is

large enough

Columbia

works

cars,

located

bins d to the

furnace

it into

159

The

sampler.

in British

levels,an

furnace

the

track

of

set

cylinder with

and

Fig. 158, shows

/

another

cylinder with 6-in. plunger, 10-in.

this is sufficient fall for the

bins

blast-furnace

(12-in.steam

floor;adjoining

ore

total capacity

a

the

smelting plant for treating sulphide

arrives in railroad

the upper

lO^-in. plunger

from

water

pump-house

It has

ores.

from

ore

and

cylinder and

the top of the jackets.

small, compact

have

cylinder

horizontal

two

12-in. steam

a

The

Qhalmers, Chicago, Bl.

and

contains

daily capacity of 650,000 gal., delivers

a

justify putting

"

hours.

Btast-Furnace

carbonate

taken

with

10-in. steam

10 ft. above

a

(not shown)

being 10-in.,which

in the pond

pumps

Entail

the level of the works.

into four cooling reservoirs, whence

7-in. plunger, and

tank

LEAD.

ft. below

63

pumps

gal. in 24

750,000

OF

14-in. steam

stroke

respectively,the
of

Grande,

the Bio

T

URQ

ALL

car

car

sample

P,

by

ing
stand-

on

ore-

the

hopper of the 7 by

into

the

mechanical

geared 24 by 14-in. rolls

"

METALLURGY

224

OF

LEAD.

to the largeBridgman amnpler i". The rejectedore from
(7 11:1
this machine goes into the boot of the elevator E^ which retumi
it to the sample bin from

The sample ohtained
from the largesampler is rolled io the 12 by 12 J-in, belted rolls
F and

passe

which it came.

d through the small Bridgman sampler O, wbent'e

the discard yjasses into the boot of the elevator to be returned to
the sample biDj while the reduced
in the sample grinder H.

Fjg. 159." Small

Blast

sample ia ready to be groaud

Fuknace

Plant,

track is passedthroughthe
on tbe upj^er
Sllphideore arriving:
9 by 15-in. Blake crush ui- li,tbeii through the 30 by 16-in*
turned
gearedrollsS\ and the hexagonal acreeni the oversize being reto the rolls.

g G7* The Blast Fcoace and Irg Accessory Apparatus, /nm"
dndori/Bemarks. The blast furnaces used in lead smelting
"

"

SMELTING

are

of

the

they

are

square,

vertical

varied

most

bottom, and

the

smelting

they

in addition

zone

with

Furnaces

or

Only

two

or

not,

are

removed

by

partly external; both
has the

for smelting
works

; the

be

may

form

small

oblong

an

in

inverted

; it

ore-smelting furnace.

has

ore

has

always

Oblong

Arents'

a

The

oblong.

sides that

cone,

either

are

bosh, and

furnaces

have

use.

of the

country.

partly internal

by-products

or

and

tap.

in this

use

truncated

cible
cru-

in

bottom

the

crucible

or

the

is aware,

automatic

a

Then,

constructed

jackets and

water

quantities of
furnace

from

now

either circular

of

slightly inclined

very

have

bosh.

partly external.

writer

of Arents'
are

a

jackets and
been

the

as

tapering toward

and

have

section

cross

elliptical. In

have

water

crucible, the other

and

furnace

far

of furnaces

internal

They

crucible

means

has

tap.

by

partly internal

so

One

an

in

sides

not

may

either be tapped

may

kinds

or

may

detached

a

Finally, the lead
crocible

225

Taken

with

or

be inclosed

may

but

patented,*

FURNACE.

description.
prismatic

are

be internal,

may

BLAST

polygonal, circular,oblong, and

section

the

THE

IN

and

circular
is used

of refining
vertical

is the

almost

tic
automa-

or

common

entirely

placed
re-

circular furnaces.
In

the subjoined

legend the letters used

parts of the four blast furnaces

(Figs. 160

to

refer to the

196)

chosen

similar
as

acteristic
char-

types.
LBOBKD.

A. OASt-tron breast jacket, rtebt.
B. Cast-iron breast iacket, left.
C. Sbaf t, red brick shell.
C. Sbaf t, flrebiick Uning.
side jacket.
E. Cast-iron
side jacket.
F. Wrought-iron
back Jacket
Q. Wrooght-iron
front Jacket
B. Wrougbt-iron
a.

Slag-spout.

Tuyere.

p.
9.

Blast-pipe.

r.

Bustle-pipe.

".

Induction-pipe.
collar, sapportliig-or carrierplate.
Cast-iron
pillar.

u.

Wind*bi".

Down-comer.
Sheet-iron
curtain.
Main
X.
water-supply pipe,
by bolts.
y. Lugs fastened
x. Sheet-iron hood.
a'. Lead-spout.
V. Wrougnt-iron
bolts.
for tie-rods.
cf. Corner-irons
d'. Tie-rods.
e'. Interior of water
Jackets,
of water
feeder.
f. Channel
". Brick
arch,
h*. Crucible
castings,
i'. Strengthening-ribs
of crucible-castings.
v,

basin

of

Arents*

c

Lead-well
tap.

d.

/.

tbe inclined channel
automatic
t^).
Water
jackets.
feeder.
Cast-iron water

t

Lateral water-supply pipe.
Water-feed
pipes.

or

Sypbon,

overflow
pipes.
I. Water
water
i. Galvanixed-iron
V Caat-ifon drain pipe.
of furnace.
i Breast

trough.

Tap-hole.

m.

Tapping Jacket

o.

t. Cast-iron

b. Crucible.

t.

n.

automatic
of

Arents*

ir.

8, No. 374,889; 1888,April 17, Nos. 881,118 and 881,119;June
ISBT,December
17, Nos. 417,814and
384,849: 1880,July 28, Nos. 407,886.407,886,and 407,887; December
1889,
1888, October
9, No. 890,786. Wilson:
417.816; 1890, Blay 0, No. 427,066. Konemann:
"

Derereuz:

It No.

Hay

21. No. 406,815,and

others.

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLURGY

226
Telescope stack.

z'. Hood
leading into pipe x'.
a". Tuyere-box.
b". Steel rails.
c". Wrought-iron rods.
d". Expansion-space.
sheet-iron door.
e". Sliding

Chains.
V. Counter-weights.
Feed-door.
m'
n' I-beams.
"/. Capital of pillar.
Brass
nozzle.
Hand-hole.
.

/". Angle-iron ring.
a". Angle-iron damper.

f:

Wrought-iron pipe ooDDectingthe single
jackets.
Eye or peep-hole.
V. Cast-iron flange.
u'. Hog-chain.
Iron

with nut.
n'\ Crank
i'\ Circular
guide with
for damper.
j". Groove

v. Peep and poking-hole.
Outlet for furnace
m".
gases
n". Swinging valve.
"/'. Cross-pin.
p'\ Movable
weight.

V3', Top-plate.
X'. Pipe ie"
leading to fan.

V'' Bed-plate.

160

Grant

and

Smelting
165

1883; Figs.

Refining Co.,
172 to 174,
1891

a

Co., Great

Refining Co.'s Works

171, the furnace

to

Denver,

at

furnace

Figs. 175

;

represent the blast furnace

to 164

to

196, the

have

Other

furnace.

been

of the older

Works

at Denver,

the

Smelting

in Figs. 165

171,

to

portant
imcrease
in-

an

of height of tbe

and
in

improvements

being

ones

construction

will

is given,

as

it is little used

cussed
disadvantages will, however, be dis-

with

required

materials

same,

illustrations.

advantages and

in connection

the

some
illustrations,

tuyeres

of the circular furnace

drawing

remain

made, the leading
and

changes

be represented in other

its

by lies; I'igs.

the Montana

of

furnace

between

distance

of

The

Iron

and

Smelting

Falls,Mont., 1891, designed by Filers.

changes

now;

of the Globe

the Colorado

thus justifying the retention

No

Denver, Colo.,in

at

Colo., 1891, designed

from

and

of the Omaha

the general features of these furnaces

While

slot

V'. Water-feeder.

band.

Figs.

LEAD.

the oblong furnaces.
for

are:

the erection

of

shown

furnace, as

a

iron, 27,300 lb.; wrought

cast

iron,

"

4,250 lb.; firebrick,9,500; red brick,
"telescope" stack is used, 1,600 lb. of wrought

3,200 lb.; steel beams,
Where

17,000.

the

furnace

water,

added

be

iron must

was

about
"

to

The

first thing
Its depth
If bed

subjacent ground.
foundation

as

good

or

gravel covering bed rock

excavate

a

until

above

figures. The

this

as

is

can

in erecting
will

for labor.

furnace

a

on

is to have

the character

is exposed this will

be wished
for not

went

depend

rock

of erecting

cost

fittingsfor blast and

all the

$1,200, one-quarter of which

solid foundation.

the

the

Denver, excluding

at

Foundation,
a

a

reached; otherwise

usually be sufficient to start the masonry

furnish

If there is loose soil

for.

more

of

than
a

10 ft.,it is best to
depth of 5 ft. will

below

frost line, and to

Qoo^"z

Fig.

THE

IN

SMELTING

FURNACE.

BLAST

160.

Fig.

227

16t

Kim

Figs. 160

to

164." Blast
AND

give the foundation
it is sometimes

layers of 3

or

Furnace

of

Refining

the

Omaha

Co., Denver,

and

4-in. planks

to

Smelting

Colo.

the requisite strength.

advisable

Grant

With

place in the bottom

spiked crosswise

to

very

loose

soil

of the pit two
each

other, and

Qoo^"z

MBTALL

228

the bed

3 ft. beyond

and

for the corners,

used

joints with

and

grouted with
of cement.

as

into place, the

spalls

The

topmost

2 to

the oreyices

fillup

whole

possible ; the

as

be

must

course

of

largest pieces being

to

of four parts of lime mortar

mixture

a

being taken

care

many

from

extend

the four pillars. It is built up

plate and

rock, well rammed

undressed

should

the foundation, which

that to build

upon

LEAD.

OF

T

URG

is well

and

part

one

and

absolutely smooth

horizontal,being generally of brick.
If

is already in operation and

furnace

one

erected, the simplest
to throw

top is evened
surrounded

areas

level with

and

leveled

by sand

removed

excavated,

ridges

other

or

or

it with

liquid slag.

shallow

rectangular

making

by

is to

fillingthem

rough parts that

main
re-

by chipping.

foundation

the

to cement

been

pieces of iron rails,and

or

Any

liquid slag.

are

On

slag and

broken-up

in

is to be

one

foundation

good

a

place that has

the liquid slag into the

empty
The

of obtaining

way

second

a

is spread

the wrought-iron bed

thin clay mortar, upon

a

which

plate y' (Figs. 165, 166, 172, 174, 175,

177) is placed.
Shaft. On the foundation are erected the four hollow cast-iron
are
pillarsu (Figs. 160-162, 165, 166, 168-170, 172-177) which
"

the shaft.

to support

heightot

The

ihQ shaft,

the
i.6.,'

the tuyeres to the feed floor,has been
10 to 12 ft. ; it

to be from

It used

16

later to

is the

ft.,which

occasionally it reaches
by the

necessitated

greater

highly silicious and
the

pressure

has

pressure

furnace, and
That

power.

IJ

to

by

found

is not

an

to
to

8 to 10
This

been

for the

the

day
To-

oz.

increase

the enlargement

of

of the

capacity of the

greatly increase

unmixed

has

ferruginous slags,

lb.

increase

14 ft.,

although

now,

of height

of from
3

of late.

to

blast required

the

smelting

blessing will be

horizontal section of the shaft is either

When

very

been

this

pressure

necessary

tuyeres

increased
increased

slags. The

of

center

shown

on.

The

have

the

has

of

from

made

between

distance

later

been

pressure

a

the

dimension
increase

only

ranges

then

was

The

calcareous

formerly made, needed

somewhat

common

20 ft.

from

distance

a
a

square

or

polygonal furnace

similar appearance

soon

fill up.

The

to

is blown

a

circle

or

that of the circular,as

circular

furnace

an

oblong.

out, the inside will

gives, as

the

comers

regards

Qoo^"z

the

IN

SMELTING

THE

quality of work, satisfactoryresults
tion of blast aud

heat, and
drawback

The

it offers the

as

lies in the

is limited, since the diameter
ceed 48 in.

(42

the oblong form

distance between

furnaces has
iu. ;

been

furnaces

some

^^idth the

are

height of the furnace.
percentage of fuel

with

as

blast

a

are

liable to

to

In

60

of the tuyeres, which

slagsand
as

the

rich

of

increasing the
and

with

has been
permits

and

the working

height

found, however, that
working

putting through

with

a

top ; nevertheless

the

smaller

addition

of scrap

the tuyeres, the

shown

side

and

medium

Furnaces

up

case

the

and

increase

between

the

furnace;

a

The

furnaces

and

have

a

jackets 60

120

six 4-in. tuyeres

lead and

with

from

IJ

to

on

eit

3 lb. blast-pressure

er

3.5%

and

side and

12%

at

in, as

in. long and

height of from

working

if

in. into the

6

usually built to-day

they have six 3J to 4-in. tuyeres

ago,

years

10% coke, the slags made being SiO^ 36%, FeO 32
28
to 29%, CaO
18%; and SiO, 36%, FeO
20%.
case.

the

at

built 48 in. wide

protruding

charge containing 10%

in. at the tuyeres

furnace

somewhat

are

four

It

of blast

The

blast-pressure of 2 lb. is putting through

open

exceptional

becomes

gases

the lead, e.g,^ by the

been

tuyeres to feed floor,with

a

rich

cause

diminished.

an

or

to liberate

Such

198.

hot

of fuel.

three

nozzles

the distance

the region

to

that the mattes

have

same

creeps

less fuel keeps cool

were

taken

water-cooled

in Figs. 197

ft. high from

not

iron.

furnace,thus making

limits

percentage

fact remains

are

and

of the furnace

within

higher in lead to-day than they
special precautions

it the

greater loss of metal,

a

the

on

charges with

more

is

result

retarding effect of the boshes

weakened

just above

is liable to cool

course

Another

mattes.

to 120

high-pressure blast,using the

of

be

oblong

from

grow,

out, instead

a

ore

can

some

low-pressure blast, the heat

be eaten

great

area

and smelting begins at the top of the jackets, in which
walls

ex*

increasing the

length of

in. long.
has

not

too

the

as

one,

last 10 years,

140

With

work, which

large quantities of

the

in the

the

is the least

of the

longer without

Thus

even

of

pressure

For

proper

furnace

doubled

largest surface for the

dimension), as

the

the tuyeres.

distriba"

even

tuyere-section must

be required.

the

enlarged by making

an

by radiation

common

is therefore

is

quantity

the

at

in. being the

of blast would

pressure

; there

the loss of heat

smallest circumference,

possible.

FURNACE.

BLAST

to

on

200

20

either
tons

matte

with

33%,

CaO

This
are

15

is

an

42 by 120
to 17 ft. ;

put through,

fuel, from

85

to

Qoo^"z

MET

230
100 tons of medium
from

3 to

Tbe
with

ALL

UBQ

T

LEAD.

OF

oharge containing about

coarse

matte.

5%

vertical section

of

it tbe contracted

all oblong

This

section.

tuyere

the

result

the width

up

bosh, the

zone

generated

at

the

their heat they

That
cannot

circular

fully

be sudden

or

throat remain
The
brick
in

some

shaft
c, and

198."

between

a

furnaces

on

more

complete

more

If somewhat

further, the

narrowed;

gases

checking

gradually giving

Tuyere

up

Nozzle.

charges for the subsetiuent smelting
of fluedust formed.
form

the

having

of

an

inverted

cone

advantages

is evident, but whether

tbe tuyeres and

the throat of the furnace

same

same

"

1

:

2

or

firebrick c' up

expansion

space

and

the hearth

of

areas

of the

2 J.

(o.o.Figs. 166, 174-176, 178) is made
lined with

a

evenly diffused, thus

gradual, the relative
nearly the

and

motion; by

the amount

the

secures

of lead.

Water-cooled

the

furnace

possess

tbe enlargement

will be

last

is suddenly enlarged by the

will be

upward

prepare

decrease

and
a

their

197 and

Figs.

arsenide

of the furnace

the tuyeres

velocity of

process

a

of fusion

a

tbe bosb, and

concentrated, intensified

quicker fusion

of sulphide and

decomposition
higher

of

sbows

furnaces

perfect and rapid combustion, and thus

beat, with

lead and

12%

to

of

the feed floor.

has been

left open

common

Lately
between

Qoo^"z

I

the two

It rests

jackets.*

the effect

of

the

and

cast-iron

in

flanges t\

169, 175, 176)
cast-iron

the

screwed

and

other

plates

cast-iron
rested
and

plates and
the

when
the

thrust

in the way

girders

being taken

are

this burns

-warped, but

as

they

burning

of the

out

(Fig. 200)f carried
*

Examples:

Kngineering
t Taken

and

from

"

the

is

protect

it used

red-brick

retained.

are

plates which

mantle
of

firebrick

arched

catalogue of

have

in

the
ing.
lin-

order

girders, it
to

make

lining impossible, water-jacketed
the columns

or

liable to become

are

of the
In

the

the

or

walls, their

Inside

carry

bars

of the furnace.

of American

be.

to

of arched

use

by tie-rods,while

ends

Journal^ Nov.

heat

by

frequently

more

by the

the

carry

independent

are

by

Transactions

Mining

obviated

thin the*angle

affect the rest

not

destruction

advantage
dis-

the lining is to be repaired

are

up

the

angle bars and

When

which

when

difficulties

plates at

supporting

away,

by the

to

easy

ported
sup-

The

safely.

high-pressure blast than

girders (Fig. 199)t which

lateral

does

the

from

without

plates,being

shaft

sides

plates

be reinforced

is that it is not

the

at

beams, but

another

one

to

the weight of the

to each

supporting

The

longer needed

lining burns

These

replaced.
steel

are

of

of

pillars. The

the

to

this arrangement

arrangements

with

Beside, they

way

bolted

the support

the

fastened

independently

I-beams

now

case

no

no

bear

furnace

pillars. To

(Fig. 174) sometimes
(n\ Figs. 165, 166,

formed

stability of the shaft.

of both
the

I-beams

the capitals o' of

By

expand

could

the

part of the shaft is inclosed

the plates t

to

in

by the I-beams,
arches, but

endanger

(Figs.175, 176), being firmly bolted

them.

the

endangering

t

tightly

could

unequal

the plates,

upon

upon

of the furnace

side

t were

freeb' upon

shaft

plates,and

weight

set of three

a

each

plates

which

to

Later
on

thus

(Figs. 160, 161, 172, 174) firmly

plates

together, in addition
have

the

the lateral thrust the lower

counteract

the

the

introduced, supporting the walls

were

throwing

be

to

the capitalso\ of

to

relieve the pressure

To

used

the pillars by

loosen

cast-iron

and

(g\ Fig. 172)

shaft

plates t, which

fastened

to

was

the safety of the shaft.
arches

Only in

iron blast furnaces.

four supporting

on

expansion of brickwork
brick

231

will the shaft consist of wrought-iron water

(Figs. 160, 161, 163, 164, 174)
pillarsUy but

FURNACE.

BLAST

with

walls, as is customary

exceptional cases

Tery

THE

IN

SMELTING

some

the

girders

instances

taken

Institute of Iflning Engrineers," zxi., p. 575:

18, 1898.

the Colorado

Iron

Works,

Denver, Colo.

Qoo^"z

Figs.

199

and

200.

"

Girders

for

Support

op

Blast

Furnace

Shaft.

Figs.

199

and

200." Girders

for

Support

op

Shaft.
gi^^l'S
1"^^^-^^^

\

Figs. 199

and

200."

Girders

for

Support

op

Furnace
Blast
DigmzecTby

Shaft.

IN

SMELTING

is to

run

a

the place where
It would

A Buggestion for solving

is made

way

233

the mantle

out,

part of the shaft, and

that it may

so

walls of modern
with

furnaces

those

It

above

more

supporting plate is usually located.

or

leaving freely exposed the space

is liable to burn

"*"

by G. Murray.

from

by bolts the supporting plate, which

suspended

The

FURNACE.

through the furnace-wall^ 5 ft. or

the upper

carry

part,thus

simple

very

I-beam

an

BLAST

firebrick lining.

the place of the lower
the difficulty in

THE

it would

be

carries the lower
the jackets that

above

be easily repaired.
made

are

of earlier

thick at the bottom

very

in..Figs. 165, 166, 175, 176

(32^ to 39 in. against 17^
against 164, 165), decreftsingtoward

the feed floor,which

a

in comparison

The

c'

corner-irons

causes

shaft

entire

is well

bottom
with

Soles

Feed

12

every

Each

24 in., more

or
a

way

first is to

have

feedhole

a

stack

The

to about

passes

through the roof.

3^

resting in the
floor by
In

of

means

sides; in large

the

near

charge

and

evenly

to

(Figs. 184, 185, 186)
be able to stand

may
run

they

sheet-iron

curtain

is balanced
from

closed

are

becoming

a

by

from

the

at

and

then
per
damfeed

the

bar
are

and

18 to
in

a

counter-weight.
wedged

the

of the

furnace,

nearly the

whole

easier to distribute
accretions.

wall

6 ft. high, in

or

in them

to from

the

of

run

it much

down
5

back

direct

bar.

the

24 in. by
cast-iron
In order

order

The
that

frame
to

a

During

letting down

a

(Fig. 184)
prevent

fast in the frame, it is advisable

"Letter, March, 1897.
Bering, Dingler'g PolijtechnUchea Journal, 1886,oclzi.,p. 806.

t

m'

is of brick,

swinging

a

opened

and

they

or

makes

e" that slides

by

furnace

placed in the middle

are

front

other,

This

length of the furnace.

be

can

eral
gen-

rod.

opposite each

diagonally

the

(insidemeasurement),

the feed holes

ones

of

(Figs. 178, 179)

c

two

are

shaft; it is contracted

/', and

damper

a

side

top is closed

The

groove

furnaces

small

doors

of the

ft. square

end

door

at the

carrying off fumes.

and

either

on

chimney

or

upper

and

lays

4-in. angles and

There

"

the continuation

forming

the

in

Austin

frequently

with

is covered

corner

of Fumes.i;
Collecting

the

and

(Fig. 178).

man

d\ secured

that the foot shall be flush

arrangements for feeding by hand

the

tie-rods

by tie-rods 2 ft. apart.

bound

The

saving of fuel.

with

braced

the top, in such

at

outside.

the

considerable

(Figs.160, 161, 165, 166, 171, 172).

old rails in the brick
than

ones

the
to

OF

METALLURGY

234

it not

suspend
two

by

lowered

thus

it will

floor is often

foot

a

or

the

keyed

to
or

feed

sill of the

that the feeder

furnace, but, being

time, will be

each

by

be raised

may

The

true.

charges into

obliged to raise the shovel

over

the floor level,so

less above
the

sheaves

the door

way

swing

always

shovel

simply

cannot

passing

In whatever

shaft.

horizontal

one

and

Fig. 185, but

in

shown

as

rope,

to the ends

attached

ropes

single

a

LEAD.

tribute
likely to dis-

more

the charge evenly.
The

fumes

off

drawn

are

flue v, which

sheet-iron

In the

chamber.

from

the gases
in

or

at

passes

flue is the

the top of the stack thrown
This
carried

has

off into

the dust chambers,

advantage

top of the charge is lessened

The

to

as

is introduced.

to leave

the gases,

the

they

factorj'in

floor.

good

a

that it
first,

many

it is necessary

it back

again

two

this

While

on

v

the

after

to

feed
dust

two

how

the sides.

To

It consists

use.

iron

an

the

of
flue

a

the

v

inside

opening

m' in

tc,

furnace

into

for

the

of the

dust

curtain

very

satis-

striking disadvantages
second, that the
lengthened,

was

before

are

and

simply

cast-iron

air

or

to

put

has been
drawn

of the furnace,
in

:

except by

the curtain

reason

the gases

the

in

curtain

proved

curtain

sucking

the

(Figs. 163,

the charge sunk

at the back

avoid

top

by cast-iron

method

wall accretions

barring. For this
and

the

opening through which

arrangement

see

remove

(Figs. 172, 174)

fumes, the feed

to

from

in part

covered

the walls

it had

ways,

universally discarded

flue

by

furnace

off through

pass

barring down

because

a

is

at the

shaft, much

the edge of the thimble; and

for

required

by

on

less dust

through

the

top-plates vf

it and

impossible

was

dropping it below

almost

the

(Fig. 156), the charge fillingthe

to the feed

time

in

rise

in general

was

cast-iron

between

room

whence

chamber
up

in

the Pfort

Formerly

off the gases

suspending from
as

one

the speed of the gases

feed

is to

arrangement

164) of carrying
so

the

and

that

others

over

(Figs. 163-167, 172-174). This is
plates w' (Figs. 167, 174), leaving an
charge

In blowing

the charge.

on

other

to prevent

feed holes.

by air drawn

doors, and the mixture, having
drops back

dust

open.

method

the

the

in the flue is closed

blowing out, the damper

the

(Figs.178, 180, 181, 182)

damper

through

out

passing

into

steep angle

a

is kept just strong enough

which
regulate fche draffc,

to

the top of the stack b^*^
a circular

near

or

off

better

letting

out

top-plate w' (Figs.

Qoo^"z

8MELTIN0

IN

166, 167, 174) is made

to reach

and

be necessary,

cutting

used

with

thoroughly bound
Formerly

has

off b3' the flue,or

buckstays and
k'

each

over

the

the furnace

when

the

into the open

in

{Figs. 165

furnace

the fumes

when

from

is not

is blown

above

mouthed

tube,

of

furnaces

a

from

down

into the furnace.

flne

advantages

claimed

tube

for it

the

that

are

rushing

prevented from

charge
and

in

feeding automatically

successful

Darb^''
that

3,267). It is
(5 ft. 2^ in.)

the

Harz

Upper

smelted

The

raw.

is less

sides, and

crept

up

in the furnace

mechanical
"

"

Mineral

feeding,
Resources

of the

often

been

has

the experiments have

but

the heat

open-

liable

to

off there,
the

penetrate

evenly.

more

Hahn,*

vent
pre-

with

being drawn

idea of closing the throat of the furnace

The

with
is the

distance

charge

the

at

up

out, to

gases

are

gases,

opening

it.

This

is used

a

joint is made

against

the girders, some
This

feed

in comparison
as

sity,
neces-

off entirely

blown

waste

in.

of

case

the

over

ore

area

pack to^vard the center, and that the
are

carry

is suspended

floor; the

here.

(280 sq.

in

furnace

fine galena concentrates

Mountains, where

The

of these sheet-

thrown

is being

mentioned

of the throat of the furnace
in the middle

side.

out, to

or

more

close

to the feed

wrought-iron pipe of small

hung

or

to

collecting the
be

may

one

each

the furnace

moistened

air-tight by spreading

of the

drawn
sufficiently
in

this stack has been

passing

manner

sheet-

a

weights
by counter-

either

on

traveler,to be used

a

171). Instead,

to

It is lowered

Another

now

air.

instances

some

It is

balanced

m

smoke

|-in.cast-iron plate sufficientlylarge
m'.

is

heavy rails and is

on

furnace.

and

roof

feed-door

small

a

stacks suspended from
and

bar

a

tie-rods.

At present, large smelting plants have
iron

(Fig. 164),

part is enlarged to the oblong form

when

is lowered

off the gases

iron
It rests

(Fig. 172).

through

Its lower

opening and

stack

side walls with

flue leading to the dust

The

of sheet

by chains

iron x)ii"e
reaching
r.

the

that mft"*

way

"telescope stack*' (z,Fig. 156, and/. Figs. 172 and

a

suspended

174) was

feed

be

built of brick

commonly

235

his charge in any

x)art of

any

to

FURNACE,

small; it is,however, large enough

wall accretions.

out

which

chamber,

rather

to be able to spread

for the feeder

when

BLAST

THE

not

and
as

far

Unitfcl

with

cup

and

suggested,

cone

".^.,

by

proved successful,because
gave
as

a

the

hot

top.

writer

The

is aware,

only
is

States," 1882,p. 843.

Qoo^"z

MET

236
that found

ALL

at the works

UliO

T

OF

LEAD

of the Pueblo

Smelting and Refining Co"

(See "66.)
Hearth

Arents'

with

is formed

by

bed

a

754-176), which
It
Care

is placed
be taken

must

plate sometimes

"

iron

a

has

indicated

as

the

with

feed

angle-iron rim

an

ward.
percolating down-

coincide

plumb-line from

of the hearth

in

iloor.

(Figs.165, 166, 175, 176) ; sometimes
castings (Figs.172 and 174), inclosing

beyond the
which

to

are

liable to crack.

very

thick; later the front and
and

ribs have

been

fastened

been

have

back

plates

furnaces

the

hearth,

sides to hold

of the

hearth

wrought-iron plate,as
furnaces, would

a

has

an

in

cracking,
It would

oval

done

and

within

the hearth

plates,

as

is

two

large iron

is commonly

been

from

used at

at the back

now

the front and

some

the two
furnaces

sides

of the furnace, where

the front,from
both

which

it cannot

front

and

it

on

the back

of

there, it is easib" removed.
putting through

a

the forming

usually begins,

back, the
Another

large

Two

easily be reached.

is in part at least avoided, and

furnace

is

the well is

to counteract

crusting at the back

a

the case,

(Fig.174).

from

least with

^-in.
blast

It is not often

usual.

If the slag is tapped

forms

a

slag spouts (Figs. 165, 168, 172. 173),

that the lead is removed

growing toward

the

if making

as

(Figs.174, 176, 177),if

the furnace, requiring

crust

seem

some

to

with bolts to the casting

alternateb' from

a

in

(Figs.165, 167, 172, 173, 175, 177), which

that the slag is tapped

slag taps have

(Figs. 165,

that

so

comers

is screwed

modern

internal crucible,as

the front, as is the lead spout a'
confined

6'

inclosing it with

the

water-jacketed, is fastened

sometimes

beveled

to solve the difficulty.

be the way

If the furnace
the slag spout

is

the

(Fig. 166)

the casting together.

wall

the outer

v'

band

the side plates, castings,

and

their

of

made

were

strengthened by

were

special tie-rods

together by

wrought-iron

a

thicker

made

Still there is danger

168).

of

it reaches

At firstthey

(Figs.165, 166, 168, 172-177) ; then

I

bottom

ing
castings A' (Figs. 162, 165, 166, 168, 172-177), reachthe top of the hearth, have
been
(and still are) a great

trouble, as they
1 in.

the
bed

it.

rests upon

These

of

The

inclosing the

67.

"

that

of brick

course

and

from

foundation,

its center

to have

bottom

y' (Figs. 165, 166, 172,

lead

any

the

on

The

Tap.

plate of boiler

is to prevent

shaft by dropping

ribs

Automatic

amount

if

danger
an

of

tion
obstruc-

advantage,

at

of charge.

METALLURGY

26S

OF

LEAD.

PLAN

k

u

-

(oS V~ft)
OF

ELEVATION

PLATE

FRONT

(i^__g[^
t"L*W

or

rROUT

PLAT!

ELEVATION
SECTION

Y

Y

ELEVATION

FiGs.

201

OF

TYMP

X X

BECTIOH

TO

206."

Mathewson'b

Improved

Furnace

Tap.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

other

some

In

furnace

should
The

They

wails

usually

rest

brick

of ground

the

on

and

firmly in the form

but

of

bricks

the

side walls it is better not

small

of

coke

ground

In

(Fig. 166).

placed

will simply
from
In order

to

with

opening

automatic

with

thus

(equal
being

are

it expands,

relieve

the

ings
cast-

the

at

out

the

front

slag, a

performed in the crucible, a

be

to

by

the

removing

176), 3

siphon tap, which

or

inclined

an

4

tapping

or

in. square,

wall inside

the

on

varies from

pair

of tuyeres,

while

(Fig. 177);

of

furnace

remains

nearly full of lead, that

higher

of the pressure

account

in present use,

From

cooling-pot,

the

into

at

which

tapped

at intervals.

*Hahn,
i..p. 106.

Eilent, Raymond,

automatic

of the

blast.

^'TrmnsacUons

American

the

nearer

the

crucible

tap standing
With

it is made

as

or

or

goes

the

high

Institute

in

the

first into the

commonly,

is

tap consisted

of

more

first used,* Arents'
of

The

to nearly the level of the

into molds,

it overflows,

When

placed

is running

lead, as fast

once

depending

(Figs. 172, 173),

the

it often reaches

the well

furnace, is either ladled

in

(Figs.

c

22 to 30 in.

although sometimes
the

lowest

outside, where

course,

of the sides

one

the

the lead-well

"

length, of

tap is usually in the middle

part of the

from

running

to the top

dish-shaped basin

a

forms

channel, the siphon d (Figs.

depth of the crucible,which

tuyeres.

brasque

a

slag-gutter is often built into the

163, 166, 173, 174, 176, 177),

pressure

tact
con-

leave

to

off with

carried

being

the

on

building

direct

bricks

the

leaking

is easily made

of

enlarged into

a

in

crucible, when

from

lead

any

tap,

part of the crucible

between

which

water-block.

163, 166, 174,

front

the

way

labor has

side wall, consists

on

bricks

the

it out

tamp

trough-shaped

free working

the

In

placed.

are

clay) while

this

prevent

If any

it is

and

down

at least part of the strain.

brickwork.

Arents'

6-in. layer

a

(Figs.175, 176) on

pack the brasque tighter, and

water-block

jacket and

crucible

2, by volume) is beaten

:

place

to

the brickwork, and

through

the

proper

and

flow-pot
over-

firebrick.

of

are

(Figs.163, 164, 174-176), but

(about 2^ in.)

space

crucible

a

arch

forming the bottom
the castings

volumes

on

in six hours.

below

inverted

an

overflow-pot.

an

the charge, the

plate (Figs. 163, 164, 166, 174).

bed

the

with

matte

of

clay (3

raw

239

it into

run

once

plate and

the bed

on

to

bottom

and

FURNACE.

BLAST

having 3.5%

be replaced

hearth

Sometimes

THE

it is advisable

cause,

200-ton

a

IN

of

Mining^ Engineers,"

Qoo^"z

METALL

240

a

VJiO 7

3-in. wrought-iron pipe which

the upper

of

rim

fireclayand
out.

The

The

remains

bolted

a

the

pipe has

crucible

tages of this improvement
lead

In smelting

the

in

crucible

slight loss in heat does

long, and the well, not being

the

by

to be less than

The

matte

In any

tapped from

are

the slag appears

brasque

or

into

out

run

are

iron

stoppage

amount
up

some

the crucible, and
crust.

Arents'

lead is removed

tapped

are

If this has

gradually freeze
With

charge, which

out

with

matte, when

thus

masses

very
once

up

have

it the

of the crucible, and

a

with

removed, and

difficulty. Lead

with

by

inserting

iron

bar, the

smelting is

(now

fuel) falls an
gradually

fore
there-

to

free

to adhere

the

be

lifted
These

to the bottom

beginning

started, it is nearly

from

equivalent

tapping begins again.

chance

in

put

time, and

crucible

of

stopper

a

curved

moment

blast-pipes are

has

apt to be

sure

of

a

to

grow

of

bottom
and

the furnace.

tap there is
from

be

must

Without

many.

considerable

takes

matte, although it retains

half-melted

be

ought

again slowly, and
the

of half-melted

a

rods, the

into

by fresh lead and

heat

is cleared

one)

on

Then

cools the furnace.
lead and

a

the side walls

be closed

(if it has

with

cleaned

This

and
can

tapping kettle,and the

crucible

place, the blast is then turned
resumed.

in

advantage, because

bottom

must

the

Then

are

is often done

shallow

a

through the forehearth
tuyeres

of

loss

an

case

tap

the

opening

the

clay.

and

high

run

off,the blast-pipes are

the tap-hole is opened, which
matte

advan-

22-in. thick.

to do this the blast is shut

and

The

in

the side wall, necessitated

of

advantages of the automatic

lead and

is inclosed

tuyere-pipes, will leave

lead-well,is altogether

inclosed

the loss of heat is diminished.
never

casting (Figs.

charges that

to the

thickness

increased

The

avoided.

some

siphon is shortened

charges low in lead, all

With

cool.

these

to the

itself felt ; the siphon

close

cut

in

is frequently exchanged,

make

not

of

full

still found

are

that the

are

the lead is kept hotter.

lead, the

cylinder

(Figs.166, 172, 174, 176, 177).

wall

belovr

more

afterward

to-day the lead-well

furnaces

most

or

universalb' abandoned.

been

half-cylinder that is bolted

162, 163). In

foot

oylindrioal shell rammed

of the sheet-iron

in

a

the casting^ the well being

to

wrought-iron

instances

terminated

sheet-iron

a

LEAD.

OF

no

stoppage of the furnace

the lead-well

the slag, which

or

when

is either

matte

into

a

and

when

the

speise

are

slag-pot,where

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

the first formation

regularl3% and

is prevented,

bottom

the

The

maintained

be

crucible, would

the

taken

to be

the

by

up

and

siphon

well

than

still liquid lead.

the
well

returned
AVith

the

in metal.
lead

At

the automatic

is

one

where

to the automatic

alloy of lead

to the

bottom

" 67).
in

form

copper

or

it,and

in the

Water Jackets."

and

the lead
as

floating on
from

the dross

the

the

dross

little loss of metal.
the

to

much

must

matte

lead and

considerable

a

silver

saving

the

large amount

of

has been

diminished

by

to form

with

as

same

These

the

by

matte.

12%

way

as

be

ores

the

as

lead, adheres

fillingit (see

suflScient sulphur

As

as

soon

make
or

this

itself felt.
more,

furnace

the

12%

runs

In

centrating
con-

automatic

with

internal

later, the lead furnace

the copper

"

adding

copper

seen

is to be preferred

coppery

upward,

the ordinarj- copper
will

from

grows

to

bottom

smelting

separates out

is remedied

other

is used, or,

space

crucible, and

tap is out of place, and
crucible

is

dross

from

of matte

to lessen

It is in

the difliculty begins again

be worked

thus

tap insures

tap.

lead matte

lead

surface

obtained, and

tapping from

copper

trouble

The

some

and

of the

the

permit

the

at the back.

it up

case

the

tapping-hearth,

cake

be

works, in order

some

partially bricking

an

the

by skimming

lying idle in the crucible,the

There

from

to the

with

to

The

the bars

tapping-hearth, the dross adhering
Thus

lost.

Thus

can

purest

presupposes

in

lead.

charge, thus involving

all the operations

undergo
are

bars

of

large part of it rises in

a

those

However,

to the

at once

but

;

adheres

cooling-pot, clean

or

This

reaches

some

in the well.

collects

the latter the dross

with

lead;

cal,

v

float to

current

and

,e

the botuom

from

slag.

constant

dross

slag

often less pure

are

and

a

of

and

matte

hardly
the

is sufSciently undisturbed

the

through

disseminated
is taken

will

impurities would

the

that

is

separation

this

prevents

kettle

at

lead.

automatic

heaviest, i.e.,the

the

matte

crucible

fact

The

liquation.

by

up

the lead in the

that

the

the theory that

on

as

purer,

gather there, and

lead, would
surface,

tapping

based

was

from

lead

continuously- in small quantities

taken

being

It

to-day.

the

accretions

matte

or

is always filledwith

the

that

from

that

than

purer

of slag

the crucible

as

originally made

claim

tail is

specific gravities,or alone, the
f ulnace therefore runs
The
more

off continuously.

running

slag

241

to their

according

settle out

tbey

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

IN

can

furnace.

{E, Figs. 166, 166, 168, 172, 174)

are

MET

242
water-cooled

ALL

they

t"e

have

is

there

doubt

no

abstracts

that

the

a

tagesf that
seldom

Quite

their

is made

use

and

Earsten"

Scheerer.

refinery furnace, the

sides

into the furnace.

Drontheim,

consisting of
erected
Lake
a

a

"

According

Superior.

water-jacket furnace
made

the introduction
to

serve

as

are

never

to

not

were

in smelting

support

been

these had
and

a

and

used
be
are

to

the

not

to-day

of

the
of
a

water-cooled
truded
pro-

built

water-jacket

the

naces
fur-

J. Williams

same

furnaces

at

Houghton,

built in 1865

Kerl,JJ in describing the
the Harz

with
use

Mountains, records

to cool the hearth

water-cooled

in

The

water-backs, perforated

1865

in refinery furnaces

confounded

the

illustrates

that J. Williams

of ''water-blocks

for

is

mention

and

Arents,tfHaskell
in

of

tuyere nozzles

narrow

the year

in California.

in 1864

earliest

''sectional

of water-jacket blast

number

improvements

About

date

jackets in

water

consisted

circle of long,

a

by tuyere holes.

1852

advan-

the inventor.

water-cooled

in

lately

many

the

to

The

Douglas*'*'says

Norway,

been

so

describes

of which

shells,through which

cast-iron

near

who

by Overman,^

to

||

them

through

is insufficient.

and

reference

any

There

refractory material

of water

furnace

now

tuyeres,

use.

has

as

use

1885-86|as

water-jacket

failed to find

treatises of

in

arose

their

has

other

about

have

region of the

heat,

the supply

Since

and

use,

flow of water
of

of the furnace

zone

slag.

warrant

to

amount

to unless

the

of

has

writer

at

by Lang,"*"but their

discussion

a

invention

the

sandstone, firebrick,or

reverted

the

general

continuous

considerable

of

more

brick walls

is sufficient water

emphasized

again

LEAD.

corrosion

into

come

entirely replaced the
whenever

OF

iron shells that inclose the smelting

to protect it from

1873

T

URG

tuyere
for

water

in

a

very

nozzles," but
long

jackets.
the

and

Harz

The

time,""
latter

Mountains.

*
Engineering and Mining Journal, 1897,.Tan. 8, Feb. S, 18,liarch 18.
ibid., April 10, 18J7.
tZwalmvenburg,
and
Mining Journal, 1886, July 85 (Harnlckel, Rolker); AMMg. 1
t Engineering
(Courtis); Aug. 15 and 89 (Kleinschmidt); Aug. 88 (Editor);Sept 18 and 86 (WilllamsX Oct.
lO(HahD): Oct. 84 (Arents): Oct. 81 (Douglas); Nov. 7 (Oourtis, Daggett); Nov. 14(Clurtis);
Nov. 89 (Kleinschmidt); 1866,Jan. 8 (Tew).
der EisenhilttenkuiKle,'
f' System der Metallurgie,'' Berlin, 1888; and "Handbuch

Berlin, 1841.
I " Lehrbuch
H
"*

"

Treatise
"

Mineral

Metallurgle,''Brunswick, 1846-58.
Metallurgy,'' New York, 1868,p. 666w
of the United
Resouroes
States," 1888,p. 86a
der

on

Zeitung, 1866, p. 816.
MBerg- und Hiittenmdnniache
tX Ibid., 1867, pp. 6 and 47.
KTercy, '* Metallurgy of Iron and Steel," London, 1864, pp. 584 and 685.

IN

SMELTING

made

Courtis,who
water-cooled.

used

were

and

tuyere

the

jackets have

Water

Saint

the

in

243

the

furnace

country

Smelting Works

near

La

Pise

used

were

at

were

Freiberg and

at

this

in

Freiberg in

at

introduced

common

Louis

jackets

Spray

before 1878.*

of

front

been

only since they became

Pribram

FURNACE.

BLAST

drawing of the Pilz furnace

a

that the

1866, says

THE

they

;

Marseilles

early

as

as

1862.t
water-cooled

The

heat and

slag

well, while the brick

so

iron

water-cooled

jacket.

the water

having invented
The

surface, and
This

placed

are

their continuation

from

the top of the

cast-iron

carrier

The

higher than the bottom
the

this begins

the

are

the

of

and

of the

is closed

off the

scale.

the jacket,but

with

screws

accretions

used

the

always
in.

8 to 10 in. above

from

from

varies

to form

low-carbon

from

runs

6

to

10
of

amount

there.
steel.

lid, tools
was

"Grflner, "Trait6
Oraner, Annates

de

g-in.iron.

or

8

in.

This
As

be

a

and

is

the top of

the

top of the

introduced

to

in

scrape

piece

one

was

to

remove
a

oq

at the lower

opening

no

mud

hand-hole

or

scale

{q\ Figs.

the life of the jacket is much

mfitaUurgrie,"Paris, 187"-78,vol.,ii.,
p. 891.
1868,ziU.,p. 864.

dea Mines,

the

insures

separate casting, fastened

usually

thus

Each

in. above

10

or

formerly always cast

there

for this purpose,

4

water.

can

At first there

now

|

3 to 4 in. above

(Figs. 160, 161, 172)

collected ;

of

begins

about

it is often

now

bolts.

of the jacket

a

feeder

with

t

in. of

the greater the

in. ; but

jacket with

only by
The

or

12

tu^'eres is placed 10

of which

outward

filling of the

feeder

They thus

n' which

amount
30

ing
walls, form-

measure.

I-beams

water-feeder/,which

own

of the tuyere

165, 166)

credit

height has varied

about

the

wall

are

jackets, extending

that had

the

to within

generally 6 in. thick, the sides being
center

of

jackets {E, Figs. 160, 161, 163-166, 172-174)

cast-iron

complete

end

ordinary

an

of cast iron and

made

are

jacket has its
the

appear

construction

men

Their

of the jackets, and

bosh, the
liable

more

Jackets
The

inside.

center

(occasionally12 in.)in

bosh

the

top of the hearth

on

hearth

plate t, or

the shaft.

to support

in.

the

on

to 4 ft. ; 3 ft. 6 in. is

reach

out,

of extending the

idea

give several

of

action

it.

Ff 176; H, Fig. 175)
2

eaten

are

caused

the

jackets (e.Figs. 163, 164 ;e'.Fig. 166; E, Fig. 174;

water

from

the

thus

would

resist

walls

to different persons

suggested

to have

nozzles, which

tuyere

METAL

244

prolonged.

The

the junction

of two

This

tuyeres

are

174)

not

When

a

at

once

Ff

jackets

are

furnace

is new,

number

end-jackets with

is

has
and

A

curved

to

and

the

as

jackets varies somewhat
to within

leaving

width

a

To

three
of

side

ball is placed the slag-tap. There

shown

a

tapping jacket from

in Fig. 160.

to the top of the

the upper

crucible, and

a

tap. This

common

a

166, 174) is to fillthe

taking

2\

out

lower

open

edge,

a

the

inner

length of the

front

side.

It

at

Sometimes

they

(Figs. 175, 187),
across

the

entire

by two

small

brick

in

one

In

by

the

the

the

middle

central

A

clay-

plan is

second

center

This

m,

was

opening,

an

separate jacket

a

is placed the slag-

with

is closed

which

tapping jacket

by brick.

The

in

jacket

in. deep, has, 6 J in. above
is

to

a

(Figs.

is left for convenience

space

S^

the

n, and

A third modification

place in front

in., and

tap-hole

same

nothing in this arrangement

one.

widens, after entering the jacket
on

the

ber
num-

front

closed

in

leave

the tapping jacket,and
14

the

added

the

ball of clay, in which

in. of the top.

(/I,Fig. 175), 26 by

of

forms

furnace

being put in.

is closed

lower, the breast I, by
plan is not

bosh,

a

the front jackets reach at the sides down

Here

part of which

to within

is

(Figs.

in

runs

pillar.

large

a

reduction

required

balls of clay,
each

be

furnaces.

It is usually

the outer

on

to prevent

This

less

back, and

two

must

The

different

in

and

having

these

opening

Not

jackets have

"

and

blast-pipe,

three

to

front

back

and

10-in. breast, which

of the furnace.

one

come

both

on

(p\ Fig.

later.

in. of the top of the crucible

10

open

in

pillars (9 by 4^ in. ) and
and

iron

reduced

at the back.

up

semicircular

been

ones

back, the

considerable

formerly used

"

side

to

the

in that

brass nozzle

galvanized

sure

corners.

being simply bricked

thus

and

case,

cause

possible by giving the front of the

construction

reach

the

the two

a

tapping jacket (n. Figs. 160, 166, 175).
is made

recess.

of the jacket

were

B,

or, if front

"

like the

them

making

be

to

sure

the

of jackets

kinds,

the sides

on

to be at

semicircular

a

other, and

but

occur,

the

Now

168, 171), two
one,

proved

not

receives

six different kinds

furnace.

by

it has

is inserted, which

this does
than

an

just opposite each

are

D.

opening through the center

between

leakage of air.
recesses

LEA

(Figs. 165, 168, 172, 173) generally made

now

Tuyeres

way.

OF

jackets, each having

it ; but

might weaken

T

tuyeres (o.Figs. 160, 161) always used

for fear that

was

L URO

2^

the

in.

in

depth of

formerly made

diameter,
1

in., to

exclusively

its

and
5 in.

of cast

Qoo^"z

METALLUBO

246

Practical

water.

OF

Y

LEAD.

will be necessary

use

to demonstrate

the value

of the improvements.
Low-carbon

steel jackets have
With

of cast-iron.

They have
have

they

replaced those

exclusively used.

are

usually in two

are

They seldom

parts.

separate water-feeders,as the cast-iron jackets do, the water

inlet pipe being usually
the top.

With

this

or

from

the

top of the

also bent

is to

jackets,and
that it may

upward

the outlet pipe

it is important, if

arrangement,
water

and

be

made

pieces of pipe protrude

small

two

the bottom

near

fillingof the jackets with
one

few instances

a

circular furnaces

bosh, and

no

in

complete

a

possible,to have
and

upward

have

to

near

the water

discharge above

outward

outlet

the

pipe

of the

top

jackets.
furnaces

Oblong
one

each

on

have,

side.

disadvantage of large

sections

stiffened by stay-bolts riveted
sections

this is not
distorted

become
blown

down.

Figs. 175

wider

in

inner
has

wall

forms

wall

stay-bolts.

The

mud

further

iron

The

one.

bosh, and

bolted

to the

walls

outer

there is
than

longer

If the water

no

the

one

about

If made

half

as

The

The

other

slant
wall.

former,

much

the

liable to

has

is shown

in

form
and

the

that

on

grows

to the

stiffened

are

tuyere-box a"
the

parallel from

the

base to

water-feeders

are

steel jackets be

pared,
com-

whole
in

made

jackets be

as

a

sections

a

are

of jacket is like the cast

especially if

wrought-iron

by

jackets is removed

cast-iron

It is sometimes

in small

in

usual

the

latter last

small

muddy

or

sections.
hard

scale, a steel jacket will not last much

than

be

to

riveted

are

walls

If cast-iron and

the

narrow

water-space

outlets i
The

outward;

question

furnace

details of the

vertical

are

of cast iron.

require less water
proved.

q\

that is to cool

thus liable to form
than

on.

then

k".

accumulating

through the hand-holes
discussed

at

with

One

be

must

jacket is of the

; thus

the water

wall, the inlets being

outer

The

further

use.

in

straight line slanting outward;

greater slant

a

the top, where

toward

a

in
The

191.

to

walls

are

of leakage the

jackets,
made

ones.

the fire-side,
while

of jackets are

188

been

the

large sections

case

kinds

177, and

to

the outer

and

steel

cast-iron

that

is

on

necessary;

Two

height; the

the

have

Occasionally they

sections, 20 in. wide, like the

narrow

four

rule, only

a

as

and

longer

said that cast-iron jackets
This

ones.

set of steel

cast-iron set and

costs

remains

to be

jackets weighs

about

three

times

Qoo^"z

SMELllNQ

; if in

much

as

IN

foundry, it

no

inner

and

corroded

pot, having been
silver per
with

ton, and

sent to the

The

silver.

water

a

be at

there

results.

back

of

a

parts

oz.

be

can

in blowing

The

valve.

and

of which

out.

along

runs

it branch
ends

in

a

off

pipe
its

deliver

feeders, the flow being regulated
the

hot

pipe i, below

the

inlet.

arrangement, accomplishes
it will be found

extra

an

blowing

From

upward

pushes

the small

of

as

or

tank

the water

the water

cold water, entering the jacket at the top, sinks

slowly and

temperatures

in

tank,

172, 174, 176), surrounding

into the top of the

water

above

pressure,

{x\ Fig. 164,)each
168,

wooden

a

supplies the small feed pipes h, which

This

furnace.

some

of furnaces.

row

(Figs. 160, 164-166,

from

distance

some

needed

is often

separate supply pipes

or

similar

gave

be

may

or

ways

a mattelies,"*"

Hence

front

two

to

jacket

should

that

of water

through

pots become

matte

35

the

down

are

all adhering material, assayed

delivery pipe starts from

a

a

little used.

Thus, according

main

by

steel jackets; in

jackets and

The

the

high and there

very

use

for the jackets is drawn

water

inlet,in order

own

to

In out-

much.

as

slag-pot,only the non-oorroded

or

of which

the bottom

g

are

217

foundry.

cooling

amount

advantage

freed from

old jacket

an

of

of cast-iron

absorb

is twice

cost

place, steel jackets

walls

FURNACE.

freight charges

be

may

centrally located
The

BLAST

large sections,the

of-the-way places, where
is

THE

a

the whole

on

jacket be

compared

that the bottom

water, which

This, the

its purpose,

at

of equalizing the heat.

is to attach

a

if the

the bottom,

is always the hotter.
One

common

but

the top and

off

runs

There
rubber

are

hose

loosely-flttedpipe to the feed pipe A, thus lettingthe cool water

come

jacket.
small
these

The

stream
two

the hot water

with

in contact

other is to have
of water

methods

jacket, it shows
if it is not

an

in

runs

do

extra
near

to burn

soon

jackets is discharged into

mud

the middle

of the

supply-pipe through which
bottom

the

not succeed

that it contains

about

at

of the

jacket.

a

If

in cooling the lower part of the
ing,
scale,and requires clean-

or

The

through.

hot water

from

the

galvanized-iron trough ^ (Figs.160,

a

it passes
161, 172, 174) surrounding the furnace, from which
off through a cast-iron standpipe k (Figs. 161, 172) into a main

underground.

The

is running,

troughs

and

are

are

very
"Private

often

in the

inconvenient

way

when

sometimes,

the furnace
as, for

notes, 1896.

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLURGY

:c-i8

example, wben
this, the

jacket has to be exchanged.

cracked

a

is sometimes

"water

LEAD.

carried

the

from

away

long pieces of gas-pipe, terminating in the funnels
placed

close to

the

pillars and

supporting

To remedy

jackets by

of standpipes
with

connected

the

"iAif^'-^^=^.
Fig.

main

jacket

underground,
or

207.

or

"

Thb

there

pair of jackets.

it is only necessary

Henrich

to turn

is

a

Water

Cooler.

standpipe with

Thus, if a jacket has
off the water

funnel
to be

suppb*- from

for each

exchanged,
it instead

Qoo^z

SMELTING

The

aiKo removed.

varies

with

made.

A

blowing

in the

for

wood

The

the air.

of

wood

cooler

trough
from

K

one

on

pump

put

in

placed

be

shall

At

lumber.

lumber)
On
*

"*

by

a

and

of 4 by

exposing

The

about
of

structure,

in. apart
The

and

water

distributing

strips and

drops

large surface

to the

slowly downward

it flows into

the

to

of

sump

than

are

the

on

The

The

the

sills a and
and

strengthened
by

the posts,

from

cross

long
are

sills

are

sills,
long sill c,
cross

6

by 6-in.

long sills c

are

16 ft. 6 in. to 17

by braces
a

a

of

are

and

thirteenth,

cross

into

long sills

cross

of

the

either side by

lumber

Institute

4 ft. apart

are

last one,
first.

the

pairs of posts by

of American

m

sill 6, halved

of

6-in.

(4 by 6 in. and 16 ft.
(2 by 12 in.)firmly

a

sills

cross

that

so

lon^

the side, between

Transactions

a

passes

sills

pair of posts is joined
the 13

2

these

mud-sills

on

sills.

cross

high, which
A

lumber.

wooden

perforated

over

cross

the intersection

X"laced the posts,
ft. 6 in.

size.

on

1 ft. higher

the

in Tennessee,
minute

in. apart.

6

the

into

the water

ground.

center

2 in. into

entirely of

temperature

long( laid

ft.

other

the tops will be flush,and

that

let

16

E^ whence

steps 1 in. high,
about

joined in the
so

the

in

over

quick cooling.

per

oblong

an

as

lack

a

and

over

the

to

is

the jackets.

edge) resting

on

imbedded

as

is erected

structure

long,

is

other, thus

bottom

supplying

The

over

of the air

at the

be collected
the

to the

action

cooling

used

cool

down

(of 1^-in.planks),spreads
set

there

necessitates

will

the

4-in. pipe

a

be

this

used

ft. long, consisting of strips of

48

in. and

set

through

pumped

where

cases,

water

(Fig. 207)
4

perfectly level, one

jackets is often

has to

course

gal. of
blowing

double

use

ellipticalwater-jacket furnace

boiling

(battens1 by

to

silicious

a

30

water-cooling apparatus

a

ft. high, 8 ft. wide, and

18

from

water

constructed

gal. of nearly

200

the

in. at the tuyeres, which

120

is being

For

figure.

average

prepared

In many

same

conditions

normal

be

of the overflow

Herreshoff

a

and

good

a

must

jackets, which

Henrich"*" has

42 by

under
is

one

supply, the

slag that

the

being
jackets

the

to cool

required

furnace

for the boilers.

water

a^ain

This

out

Part

feed-water

249

120 in. at the tuyeres, making

by

36

slag, requires

amount.

of

size of the

the

minute.

per

or

of water

amount

furnace

calcareous
water

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

side, as is ordinarily done, the trough

the whole

of from

in

IN

t

cap
caps

X-braces

h

of 4 by 4-in.
g

(6 by

of the
of 3

6-in.
same

by 6-in.

Mining Engineers/' zzv., pp. 48, 460.

Qoo^"z

MET

260
lumber

e

stiffen tbe

to

7 ft. long)

and

floor,it
This

may

two-thirds

order

of

1-in. boards

up

The

Blast,

"

to

A

space.

and

air blown

experiments
The

saving.
of

do

sivef than

replaced it to

A furnace

These

be

There

are

one

two

Each
deliver

as

the

a

are

furnace
same

the other

they

number

can

it

furnaces

may

expen-

slip of the

or

blower

and

into
use

sideration.
con-

the

are

at

was

the Cycloid

the Cycloid

aa

one

have

is becoming!:

and

tuyeres

No.

a

in.

a

No.

a

6

No.
8 is

With

tightjointsthe

lower.

have

its
a

the
own

blast to

a

blower

or

number

flrst method

more

the single

desirable,

of its neighbors, while

cross-connected

assist them

is the

of furnaces.

several blowei-s

blast-main, from which

independent

be

the

slightexcess.

a

The

run

can

by 84 in. will require

blast than is actually nece8sar"*,

more

air into

supplied.

time

more

36 by 100 to 36 by 120

to supply

ways

be

leak

Baker

of 42 in. between

sizes give

furnace

can

not

are

1 to 2 lb. be taken

The

to 36

varying from

the compressed

furnaces

used,

not

are

class

Cylinder blowers

extent, and

by 60

but it is advisable to have
may

no

Boot.
36

distance

a

The

showed

ago

at present in general

blowers

considerable

furnace

with

required.
blower

Fans

as

of from

the Cycloid.

rival of the

a

blowers,

pressure

of from

8. Dak.

the blast belong to the

blowers, if the back

pressure

a

satisfactory

superheated.

years

many

exclusively used, but the Boot

time almost

?,

the

cover

lead to useful results here, although

sufficient pressure.

and

is doing

is not

side.

braces

to

cap

tbe

one

horizontally to the

the furnace

may

pressure

Baker, the Root

on

Smelter, Deadwood,

that furnish

blast

a

beyond

Delaware

machines

The

7 ; and

wind-break

a

verticallyto the

in Germany*

the

latter with

blower;

nailed

made

furnish

not

strong

up

carrying:

cooler

replace the rotary-pressure

a

put

positive-pressure blowers.

rotary

they

spray

side

one

repeatedly suggested of late and careful

experiments in this line
the

to

;

4 in.

by

from

Henrich

into

blast has been

of hot

of

their length, and

at the Deadwood

work

form

in.

pair of posts

d the joists, 2

wind

4

(2 by

s

eaeb

the

prevent

to

necessary

rest of the open

use

|

be

is made

Strips of wood

6 in. apart between

in tbe

part of the water

LEAD,

OF

by 4-in. lumber, and

In

10 ft. long.

Y

UllO

structure.

nailed

are

is tbe flooring of

and

ALL

in time

with

a

main

of need.

leading
The

at

to

second

Qeblttseluft
im Gtebiete der MeUUlur^pe,"
der .erw"riuten
''Die Anwendung
^Merboch,
Mine*. 1840, rril.,p. 8;
Leipsic,1840,pp. 167-106, 168-170, 178-160; I^ Chatelier, AnnalesdcM
in Preftvten, 1871, xir., p. 155.
Weddiof?, ZeiUchrift fur Berg- Hiitten- vnd Salinen-Wesen
Institute of Mining? En^oeers,'*
of American
xxvi., p. lOW.
t Vezln, "Transactions

IN

SMELTING

is the

method
the

care

it easier, and

the single furnaces

in

in the branch

gate

A

iron.

rivets
air

1^

in. apart

from

floor in

minutes,

blower

a

the

that

the

idle

blast to the

the

of the

pipe

by

gauge

pressure
an

opening,

an

furnace

is closed

at

is to stop for
and

a

of the

some

Back

of

the
be

a

nish
gate, fur-

each

gate

it

backward.

own

connected

^-in.gas pipe brought

a

to be

single furnaces

of
to

as

its

branch

otherwise

running

with

the

thimble,

a

in use,
be

pipes, each

with

In each

(Figs.
branch
the

with
down

upon

adjoining post.
The

of the blast is measured

pressure

glycerine

a

gauges,

16

avoirdupois,

oz.

often

are

that

the

the pressure

of

pressure

colored

or

a

recording

of the blast in 24

Co., Waterbury,

Most
which

hours.

Conn.,* is the

the bustle pipe thimbles

pass

works

permit
tuyere.

The

shutting off,wholly
wind-bags
*

Engineering

are
and

or

of
Mining

cerine
glylimb

to-day have

in

of the Bristol

gauge

frequently found.

downward

by the wind-bags 9 with the tuyere pipes p.
made
usually have
by wiring. The thimbles
the

and

gives the variations of

The

most

one

Water

of oil is adde^ to each

seen.

gauge

1.28) equaling lib.,

inch.

square

drop

a

or

level of 2 in. of quicksilver, 28

per

be plainly

level may

the blower-room

From

difference

by quicksilver,water

22 in. of glycerine (sp. gr.

in. of water, and
or

the

near

pipe there ought

is not

bustle pipes of

means

that

outlets of

the

above

to do.

will

blower

160, 161, 166, 172, 174, 176).
has

a

furnaces

the main

blower

pipe branch

the main

(Fig. 156),

"

diameter

safety-valves,and

one

with

when

happen

pipe

more

and

strong

instead of slackening the speed of the

gate, to be closed

From

or

it is generally inconvenient

pipe connecting

may

8 ft.

It has

to waste

to go

engine, which

induction

of the gates is slightly opened

one

blast allowed

them

along back of the furnaces

by blast-gates. If

ends

both

make

a

with

riveted

larger than the combined

runs

frame.

pressure

of galvanized

are

several blowers, has

to one-third

wooden

a

made

are

to

or

The

is regulated by

iron; they

soldered

chamber, and is suspended

dust

few

18

is cheaper,

plant

method

second

blast pipe

It usually

blowers.

251

smaller.

repair

All blast pipes

and

main

one-sixth

is from

the

is No.

receives the wind

^hich

the

size

The

tight.

the

with

pipe.

common

set

BLASTFURNACE.

generally aocepfced,as the

one

of

THE

to be connected

The

slide-damper

a

partly, of the

closely-woven

connection

to

blast from

the

that

has

canvas

Journal, Jan. 7, 1808.

is

METALL

252
been

soaked

from

readily catching fire from
the

With

with

thin

a

having

pressure

great; it
of

cover

wind-gate

a

be

can

glycerine

bag has been

canvas

it

to prevent

high

has become

canvas

galvanized iron

paint

spark.

works, however, the

of

pipe

a

LEAD.

mineral

or
a

inside

the

coating

by

glue ; at many

by

OF

in water-glass, alum

blast the leakage through

stopped

T

UliG

replaced

shut off the

to

blast.
The
a

size, and

number,

great

furnace

would

require

They

tuyeres.

the back
side.

At

2|

The

the tuyere at the front

many

years

the

making

chilling in the

The

former

close

to the

the end

inserted

is soldered

to the

to the

the eye

either by

center,

a

or
a

slide

by

or

simply

by

a

This

piece of wood.

a

prevent it from

natural

tendency,

''

the

sides

an

of

avoided

by the

also

ends, and

in. in

and

Hence

by

manner

it is advisable

The

a

which

elbow

brass

nozzle

to it, which

p'

This

a

plug.
size of

a

glass

or

In the center
be

of the

plug

closed

by

the

to observe

is closed

plate in the

mica

pencil, to

forms

band, hooked
around

the

of the United

by
elbow,

a

condition

position and

delivering the blast upward, which

Resources

and

joins the other end

soldered

be removed

iron

zontal
hori-

(Figs. 160

length

fits into

having

wooden

passed

Mineral

no

ends

and

be

difficultycan

nipple

cap

must

to thus

jacket, is

from

keep the blast pipe in its normal

To

of the tuyere.

of

and

way

(Figs. 166, 172, 174).

opening, the

small

"

brass

s'

peephole

or

discarded

was

tuyere-hole, or it is cylindrical and
The

nozzle.
a

works,

most

of galvanized iron.

2 to 14

the

into

has

wind-bag

even

the sides has the effect of

easily remedied.

slightly conical

(Fig. 174)

161)
the

duced
re-

tuyeres.

from

varying

166), is either

to the

in

ordinary blast pipe is made
arm,

is left

much

been

has

at

at

each

on

3^ in.,and

to

abolished

only from

of feeding; the latter is not

The

increased

G^ ft.,

tuyere enters

one

tuyeres

and

hard; blowing

having the last tuyeres

the

of

ing
open-

is 3 by

that

vary

3 by 5-ft.

a

symmetrically

(Figs. 160
very

Blowing

center.

to leave out

inserted

3-in.

a

Thus

that

has been

being

breast

one

it has been

while

special advantage.

tuyeres;

are

tuyere at the back

as

area.

diameter

the

in. ; at others

since

ft. hearth

distributed

so

four

or

works

some

to
4 in.

three

and

2 sq.

pipes

tuyere
with

tuyere

one

seven

are

and

of tuyeres

reckons

being sufficient for

as

nine

Hahn*

deal.

form

means

of two

or

iron

an

is its

springs
loop

States,'' 1882, p. 836.

Qoo^"z

is

METALLURGY

254

the blast wherever

and

thus deliver

the

pipe in position

Other

advantages

will not

damage

and

are

it and

If the furnace

elbow.

usually necessitates

Figs.

inserted

cardboard

and

elbow

is sufficient.

and

while

the supposed

does

not

direction
go

as

be

can

211."

The

down

the

pipe it

short time, which

Unzigbr

Tuykre.

of

piece

thin

flanges at the junction of pipe

v^riterhas

used

advantage of being

features

a

pipes, a

make

it

pipe of galvanized

a

this tuyere

able to set

the

the tuyere is pointed, but

to the ordinary

for

by leakage.

by raising the

the

is imaginary, because

resistance,its other

into

slag run

any

of

The

the

lost

being

easily removed

removal

between

and

in any

should

is to be shut
the

210

desired, the springs keeping

little air

very

that

LEAD.

OF

air

under

in the direction

good

pipe,

the

blast

pressure

of least

able
apparatus, prefer-

iron.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

A very

downward

h passes

in the usual

tuyere-bag

canvas

a

To

c.

slagand is

colar

a

a

having

way,

and

e

reach

of the

out

It has

bar

a

to the

The

k is closed

peephole

by

pipe is easily removed
Another

to clean the

devised by Unziger

is fastened

a

bushings and

by

suspended

placed diagonally that the

To

and

elbow

the ball of the elbows

bolts press

the

lower

/, passing

in

more

of the

end

one

sheet-

casing 6, having the windelbow

c,

with

ball-joint(/,is
trunnions

be swung

may

/

sideways; the

against the socket of the casing

keep the joint air-tight. The

tightening hooks

1^,2^, and 3
nuts/ the tuyere

spring-bolts e, revolving around

two

glass plate.

211). It is used

and

cast-iron

a

a

opening in the jacket.

cast-iron

a

the casing

From

gate.

plug

galvanized-ironpipe, is the

(Figs. 210

matting than in lead furnaces.
iron pipe

its

slag-

a

wooden

a

two

By loosening the

of tuyere, with

form

is driven

the bushings, openings

obtained.

are

molten

sides

its lower

on

in. in diameter, closed by

the plug and

in. in diameter

the

jacket with

plug, the latter having its iJ-in.peephole closed by

By removing

end

of any

when

pipe h is bolted

studs/.

two

ball of waste.

at its lower

of the cast-iron tuyere pipe

of being marred

The

pipe.

of Austin,

the sleeve q of light cast
inside at the lower end that it may

It is thus

(not shown) 1^

i

escape

the

in danger

not

into the tuyere

planed

pipe is that

the bustle pipe a, the thimble

tapering joint with the elbow

d, similarlyturned.

255

this is fastened

conically on

iron,turned
make

FURNACE.

simple and satisfactorytuyere

in Figs. 208 and 209.'*'From

shown

or

BLAST

TEE

elbow

is hooked

trunnions

over

g,

by

of

means

the collar h,

to

bolted to the jackets.
In furnacing, slag will sometimes
at the

it is discovered

difficulty. The
of

underside
As

soon

it burns
attention
the

a

a

of the

to

a

keeper

elbow

a,

be

can

tuyeres, and
remedied

slag-escapef(Figs 212-214)
It consists in

slag entering the

hole in it,and

cast-iron

screwed

Davis

tuyere pipe closed by

any

as

time, the accident

of the trouble.

the furnace-man

into the

run

a

linen

tuyere

or

the

Taken

Engineering

from

a

diaphragm,

the noise of the escaping blast calls the

to the accident.

with

for the slag-escape and

t

diaphragm.

paper

peephole

Referring
/, closed

piece of 4-in. wrought-iron pipe which

^

to the

by

cap

figures,
m,

is

has the opening^

is riveted to the conical brass nozzle

drawing of the E. P. Allis Ck".,Milwaukee, Wis.
Mining JoumcU^ Oct. 14, 1888.

and

out
withnotifies

opening in the

an

touches

if

METALL

256

c,

URQ

To

entering the furnace.

flange

its lugs g.
perforated piece of sheet
or

making

thus

pipe burns

an

a

In

FiOB.

the

h

screws

in

the

suitable

the

h

and

surface

be

can

with

This

out

the

has led

seat,
tuyere
in

the

best

some

to

attached

the

the

the

bit

a

replaced

drawing

even

recess

it against

press

Slagescape

Davis

the

at its upper

this

diaphragm,
screws

a

of h is riveted

If slag entering

be prevented.

cannot

214." The

312 TO

receive

ordinary blast pipe,

the

leakage of air

underside

air-tight joint.

hole in

LEAD.

iron/,having

by loosening the

moment

iron.

e, and

paper

OF

the

These

with

of linen

Y

a

sheet
a

care,

works

to

ordinary

Tuyere.

adopt

a

air-tight joint
Unziger form
and

Devereux

191.

serve

may

193

by Eilers.
with

The

to 196

the

to the
upper

an

and

ordinary tuyere pipe

the

constructions

by

of Austin

constructions

of

Eilers, Murra.v, and

examples of the latter.

represent the automatic

It consists

cap-screws

On

as

The

between

transitions

the

is fastened

tuyere-box, which

or

jackets.

to the

tuyere-box.

the

Figs.

elbow

cast-iron

of

a

cast-iron

box

jackets, as shown

side is

a

cast-iron

tuyere valve designed
is fastened
a'\ which
in Figs. 175, 176, 188-

nipple

p,

to

which

Qoo^"z

the

"7

a

id
le

is
id
)d
as

e,
36

to

be
ae

18
oh
jr.
ns
on

Of
is
he
ill
all
to
.ve

ts.

he
5re

be
ais
nd
las

kpe

ick
in
112
:ed
.it.

C:
4AT

TUTBRl

-

a
a

I
a

I

1

SMELTING

is fastened;

wind-bag

which

through

end

rear

when

gases

balanced

the

lower

soon

the

as

p, and

closes

for

n'\ swinging

the

off.

When

the

on

opens

m", thus preventing the

off,the

a

of the

pressure

furnace

the

and

is

o", and

closes

weight p"

this;

the valve,

turns

furnace

in the

gases

as

into

outlet

an

slag accidentally gets into the

it,and

remove

with

peephole and

furnishing them

if any

However,

closed

cross-pin

against m"

p

opening

is pressed
weight |:}",

is taken

it is difficult to

vaWe,

back

blast

air.

open

3-in.

a

to be

the

by the movable

entering the blast pipe and

from

is

side

removed^

outlet

by the blast entering through

257

openings, Z", the

two

of the box

outside

be

can

FURNACE.

blast is shut

the

valve

the

running,

BLAST

are

m!\ the

poking-hole, and
furnace

on

THE

chilled slag

At the

plug.

IN

the valve is liable to become

warped.
tuyere box

Murray's
shows

is shown

in Figs. 215
The

obtuse-angle elbow.

an

blast enters

opening

the jacket, is rather

5

Opposite is the poking-hole 6, closed by the

cap

Between

eyehole.

the

nipple

e, over

which

in place by the
has

drop bottom
melt

as

soon

as

a

fusible plug k^

attention

immediate

been

screwed

blast

be

can

hole is lined
revolved
sleeve

an

the

four

into the jacket, and

characteristic

The

the

made

of

to

with

the

then

up

left ; it cannot, however, be directed
A

fallen into disuse.
is shown

by the

in Figs. 221-223.
cover

the center.
to 214

Devereux

f

has

n

cast

on

it,thus greatly simplifying and

to
"

Patent

No.

818,604,May

26, 1885.

i

will

thus

that

m

directions.
tube

down

The
which

in

cap

to

have
nuts.
the

tuyere
be

can

By turning this
and

to

^, with

has

slag-escape
at the back

peephole I in

that shown

the wind-box

right and

the tube

so

box i is closed
a

call

box''' is that

centrally and

slag-escape differs from

in having the lugs

The

j.

is fastened

bolts

tuyere

and

Of

It is

tightening it with

tuyere

y, the collar of which

The

elbow

tuyere box with Davis

The

cast-iron

wind-gate/.

diagonal bore.

be directed

can

the

crank-nuts

threaded

play in different

a

contains

belly-pipe h.

The

Devereux

iron sleeve having
blast

and

the

cylindrical bronze

a

diameter.

belly-pipe, and

accident.

over

which

thin disk of lead, which

a

enters

the

to

jacket by slipping it

the

bolts i and

hinged
slag

g of the

in

c, which

pipe d

tuyere

bottom

drop

any

in.

the wind-bag, is the

passes

special interest is the
held

the

"

Fig. 218

through

a,

large

the

220.

to

and

in Figs. 212
not

riveted

cheapening the arrangement.

Engineering

and

Mining

Journal, Oct. 4, 1893*

METALLURGY

258

Slag-Pots.
"

The

slag-pots,24
42

for

furnace

pots would

have

The

been

last has

and

33

and

to

15

or

(1.6

and
ter,
mat-

ordinary
ft. capacity),

cu.

furnace.

in.

Now,

with

matte-fall, if the
the

by pouring,

increased

a

slag

number

of

size enlarged.

their

or

their

place where

one

simple

Twelve

in. deep

increased

an

at

comparatively

a

by 100

be much

done

small furnaces

complicated.

in the old way

of

disposed

a

was

more

in. in diameter

by 120-in.

were

and

more

sufficient

were

with

disposal of slag, which

charges containing little matte
has become

LEAD.

OF

capacity has

rr^

Fios. 221

Datis

Thb

TO

Slao-bscapb
Tuyere

been

This

doubled.

has

effort required to pull the
is not

greater than

smoothed

to

Dbvebbux

thb

possible by covering

floor,but the entire dump

the slag is to be poured, with
The

made

been

only the front of the furnace

attachbd

Box.

cast-iron plates,36

large pots

for small

ones

by slag-squares.

over

the

the

over

The

by 40

the

quantitiesof matte, especiallydifficult with zinckj"

ores,

of slag and

rise to improvements
new

ones.

settling out

in the old methods

by 1 in.
face
sur-

mately
approxi-

necessity for handling

completely

large amounts

to where

smooth

dump

not

and

the

increased
has given

introduction

of

MET

260

factory results.
additional

ALL

In other
The

expense.

URG

T

OF

LEAD,

cases

they have

axles

are

as

a

not

proved

rule

keyed

worth
into

the
their

sockets.

"i

^
3?tf
ROLLER

AXLE,

BEARINQ

ROLLER.

2-M.8.

FiGB. 287

229."

TO

The

Fraser

Chalmers

and

Slag-fot

Roller

vtith

Bearings.

Figs.

Terhune*

pots

231."

(Figs. 230

movable,

cracked.
to

290 and

Matte

that

so

The

and

they

Tebhunb

231)
can

Sectional

has

made

be replaced

Slag-fot.

the bottoms
when

of

corroded

often sticks to their joints,however, and

slag:or

is hard

remove.
*

**

Transactions

of American

Instituta

of

Mining Engineers,*' xt., p. 9B.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

An

pot* is

Iles-Keiper

matte, while

pot has

a

Fig. 233.

Fig. 232, have
to

a

and

to

retains the

spout in the side into
from

mass

iron

cover,

promotes

a

Thus

open.

prevents

a

Matte-tap.

with

good

many

in

them

At

years.

from

the

No.

United

t

Catalogue of the E. P. AUis

Patent

335.224. Feb.

matte

some

surface
for the

slag, taking the place

liquid slag below

good separation of

"

States

hardened

the

those

Slag-pot.

harden

the

ing
solidify-

like
Overflow-pots^f

cover.

for

a

the melted

Slag-pot

used

been

year.

through

232." Overflow

Overflow

2G1

depth of several inches, the inlet and overflow

slag being kept
of the

one

prevent

slag is allowed

the

down

"

FURNACE,

large overflow-pot which

over

To

cast-iron

Pig.

works

a

the slag runs

ordinary slag-pot.
the

in

BLAST

ordinary slag-pot lasts about

The

an

THE

and

from

cooling,

slag.

2. 1886.

Co., Milwaukee, Wis.,

'

Mining Bfachineiy/'p. 71.

1

METALLURGY

262
When

such
and

dump

pot has been

allowed

the bottom

of moving
there is often

the

the melted

heavy

the

Fig.

(Fig. 234)

"

Overflow

to

necessary

Slag-pot

cooling
with

on

produce

the bottom

high-grade

is shown

Such

in Figs. 237

and

the ordinary slag-pot, as
to the air
*

t

and

This

building.

a

"shell"
238.

up

matte,
is

matte

it detachable,

come

Tap.

to prevent

it from

is especiallythe

may

be collected in

into sizes that

Low-grade

matte

can

Orford

be

case

flat

a

veniently
con-

by Ehodes,

is collected in

disintegrates when

The

fevr

a

smelting, as it is

for matte, designed

it quickly

is easily broken.

ore

in order

receiver,as it is then easily broken
handled.

the

Detachable

than in

In tapping, it

matte.

sity
neces-

(Figs.235-236)

Tkrhune's

with

large amounts
and

the

filled with

has made

forehearths

into play in concentrating matte

more

near

lead that

spout, being replaced in

tap-hole and

Movable, brick-lined

284.

tap-hole

avoid

To

masses.

to the

ordinary slag-pot. As this tap is

an

Terhune

away,

casting, with

minutes.

a

has solidified,
any

tap-hole (Fig. 233)'"through which

a

wear

is

there

overflow-pot when

periodicallydischarged into
liable to

it is wheeled

matte

Sometimes

after the matte

with

out

run

LEAD.

filled with

to cool.

to remove,

have

may

a

OF

exposed

siphon-tap,tfrom

Institute of Mining EngineerSt''zzvi., p. SS.
of American
Braden, *' Transactions
New
York, 1895,p. 894.
Smelting,"
Peters, " Modem
Copper

Qoo^"z

which
so

matte

far

as

SMELTING

IN

and slag are

discharged in

is aware,

the writer

At the Arkansas
use

a

much

BLASTFURNACE,

a

263

continuous

in connection

used

Valley Works,

stream, is not,
with

ing.
lead-smelt-

there is in
Leadville,Colo.,'''

large reverberatory smelting furnace, designed by Rhodes,

FiGB.

with

TEE

285 AND

water-cooled
as

100

tons

236."

Movable

sides

and

of slag and

Brick-linbd

air-cooled

collected in the ordinary slag-pot from
intoitnear

the flue and
*KIoz,

given time

Engineering

and

Mining

bottom

The

matte.

to

Fohbhbabth.

and

holding

as

slag-matte mixture,

as

the blast furnace, is poured
settle.

By

keeping

fuel

Journal^ April 10, 1897.

Qoo^"z

of the

top

on

OF

METALLURGY

264

of which

highly and any

more

to the ferrous

the bottom

the

liquid slag, the ferrous

oxidized

becoming
reduced

state, thus

of the hearth
the

prevents

tapping
from

LEAD,

difficult.
different

Matte
levels.

is prevented

magnetic

oxide

from

present is

facilitatingthe separation.

is placed
lead from

oxide

some

becoming

and

iron, the

scrap

slag

tapped

are

presence

and

coppery

near

On

making
the firebridge

Little fuel is required to keep the

3^^

FiGB.

slag fluid.
ton

per

runs

With

400-oz.

The

Shell

Rhodes

Matte.

for

bullion, slags containing 10

6% lead have been
and \% lead, and the

cleaned
waste

so

slag from

silver

less than

to assay

as

oz.

the furnace

1

never

higher.
and

A third method,
loss of metal
matte

288."

and

silver

oz.

287 AND

the

one

by shots of matte

to settle in

a

in

use

common

adhering

catch-pot and

then

to

for preventing

slag, is

to tap the

to

allow

a

the

still liquid slag

QoO'^Qi

SMELTING

the

aboTe

Thus

level of the matte.

the

undisturbed, and the

the pots remains
inclosed

BLASTFURNACE,

THE

IN

the liquid

slag)is recovered

it is the only part of the entire

taken

out

having

shell of chilled
smelted

of

slag (that

again,

over

as

A

slag that is liable to be rich.
goes

Devereux

bottom

in the

matte

and

pot of this description generally
pot, Mr.

265

by

the

of Devereuz

name

ent
patents* for differ-

several

applications of this method.
The

Kerlf

generally supposed.
in 1873

use

is, however, of earlier origin than

principle involved

Schemnitz, Hungary

at

Stolberg, Prussia,

at the

sculls, which

alone

by Keller, and

Figs. 239
The

pot has
in. above

3J

bottom

the

of the

is the

injury

with
in

rib

a

which

c

this

alternate

reaches

pot is

seen

This

third

a

and

e

wheel

compression-spoke wheel,
oasi-iron
threaded
held
to

on

with

spokes
at

end

one

outer

then

shrunk

and

of the

Devereux

oz., the waste

24

oz.

as

sides

silver per

in

method.

this

by

a

the
To

out.

is opened

ring 5, ending

of

one
oz.

and

to those

has

d

of the tensionthe ordinary

than

common

hub

tire.

The

spokes

into the cast-iron hub, where
The
a

opposite ends
strong

by countersunk

have

wrought-iron
set-screws.

3

; in another

oz.

silver per

case

lead, while

are

they

flanges,

The

by the following examples

instance

of

patented ||this combination

which

5%

The

tire is
work
:

The

ton, the shell 10

the shell sample showed
the waste

slag

ran

2

oz.

812,489,Feb. 17,1886; No. 886,114,Feb. 2, 1886.
MetaUhflttenkunde,*' Leipsfc,1881,p. 100.
tional
InternaX **' Report on the Metallurgy of Lead, Silver, Ck"pper, and Zinc at the Vienna
Exhibition
of 1878,''Waahington, 1875,p. 61.
% Engineering and Mining Journal^ April 0, 1881.
of American
Institute of Mining
I U. S. Patent No. 470,840, Nov. 29, 1898; ''Transactions
xxii., p. 878,iU.
Engineers,''
"

U. S. Patent

ton

third

settled

of wheel.

more

have

pot is shown

1

has

thicker

wrought-iron

a

fastened

slag

signed
pot, de-

it is stronger.

and screwed

run-slag assayed in

saved

through which

a,

tap-hole, when

e\ similar

in place by jamb-nuts.

the

as

and

Devereuz

1846

paraboloid form, but

matte

class

is

Keller

Cole, Gaylord and

early

as

at

use

the top.

spoke-sockets

spoke wheel.

are

the

at

its

by Murray, is shown

tap-hole

steel bar, the casting is made

a

In

to the pot

A

usual

liquid slag is discharged after the
prevent

"

illustrate the

to

serve

already in

was

the dump

on

modified

bowl

cast-iron

a

Vivian

resmelted.

somewhat

pot

a

Painter^ reports

placed

cones

were

244, and will

to

;

date, and

same

tapped the liquid slag from
the

that such

states

is

t **GraDdii88

No.

der

Qoo^"z

266

METALLURGY

OF

LEAD

Qoo^"z

MET

268

ft. in diameter

and

pots B, having

a

pits

are

it is suspended

from

by the running

lowered

running
e'

sheaves

over

8 is the
Each
to

a

waste-slag

shell that
matte

then

and

for

separated and reserved

the

end

engine,
of the

eight 10-hour
and

matte

is that

two

much

matte

tap-holes there is not
the

level

at which

result that either matte
much

slag has

be

to

theoretically,but

as

a

The

again
chance

the

very

matter

of fact

settling-pot
raised until

The
seems

For

night shift,one
mule, and

a

man

in addition

handle

the

sculls

ingstone
to the Liv-

irregularly,making

little,while

run

raised,

again.

hours, and

for free
to

in the

slag will

It is then

works

the

the slag

and

be inserted

objection made

slag ought

re-smelted.

all

large pot,

a

empty

day and

enough

is sometimes

to

to be filled

12

blast furnace

and

still holds

track and

driver and

working

hours.
a

The

ready

one

edge

to the

the shell of rich

the

The

tapped into it from

re-smelted.

on

vay

tap-holes a a! in the

day shift alone who

the

in 24

made

all

slag-pot

minutes, the pot is

carriage, can

to be

tapper,

one

on

the

:

filled the

been

is rolled out

tilted,when

dump,

men

method
sometimes

15

two

of matte

required

are

follows

as

ordinary

settling-pot,which

to its pit

returned

operating the plant
at

of the

of matte, and

the ground

to

and

at the

his

of the overhead

and

bottom

on

unhooked

man

stand

from

A, suspended

/*,

the position

the waste-slag pots S.

re-smelting.

to the end

near

staple at the
slip out

10 to

from

cool, the cake

When

the hook

a

The

holdingabout 1,000 pounds

is brought

wheels

slag covering it,is taken

some

ropes

v! and

e

of operation is

settling-pothas

one

poured.

with

bottom.

C, the

traveler

end-sheaves

to

of

means

is raised and

into the waste-slag pot to be transferred

run

of the dump
matte

by

m,

it,reserving for re-smelting

When

to where

run

the trunnions

t\ which

the

mode

empties

tapped through

now

side and

the

a

links

is

tie-rods for stiffeningthe track,

are

to settle for

raised and

slag is

n

blast furnace

formed.

is allowed

and

traveler

The

separating-pot and

(15-in.I-beams),which

cross-bar
K

slag. The

the pot, e' and/ to change

and

car.

slag-man from
has

the

g' on

and

of matte

hooked

attached

lower

of the traveler; m

4 tons

five separating

the

receive

of 60-lb. rails. To

block

g

to raise and

serving

LEAD,

track D

made

separating-pot Ji

which

OF

about

overhead

the

A

a

Y

5 ft. deep, which

supported by the frame
of

URG

capacityof

beneath

are

ALL

be

even

the

plivy in changing

tapped, with

off with

the

the slag or

too

sounds

well

objection
lo

with

be out of place.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

disposing of the

In

methods

are

poured;

are

of

cones

the

is to

other

allowed

crushed

Granulated
Two

a

is represented

and

wide

4

made

frame

o' of the

o

w, turned

screw

by

Fig. 248."

wheels
and

and

been

and

a

crank.

Nesmith

a

description of

a

a

that when

filled with

released.

racks

Single-Bowt,

slag-car with

when

into
gear

z,

and

over

empty

recently

large slag-car of 25

cu.

on

the

whose

will

stand

after the

published

track,

firm has put

bowl
single elliptical
the bowl

a

its

CAii.

same

slag will roll over,

Henrich""

operated by

beyond

The

to

the supporting

on

is rolled

Dumping

it.

ft. and

cu.

trunnion-axles

bowl

over

and

from

screw

The

the slag

to pour

gravity is such

side up
has

The

hand

Works,

ft. 6 in. long, 6 ft.

capacity of 36.16

a

meshing

y,

car,

purpose.

Iron

ing
Single-Bowl Dump-

It is 13

the shell of slag to follow

the market
of

a

far enough

to allow

Nesmith

same

last.
bal-

top of rail to top of bowl,

bowl, having

gear-wheels

keyed

are

by the

by

up

railroad

as

Colorado

3 tons of slag, is suspended

holding about
which

The

Occasionally
broken

dump,

to be used

serves

The

ft. 7 in. high from

weighs 6,300 lb.

the

for the

Fig. 248.

in

to-day two

large receiving pots^ which

size suitable

examples.

as

of slag made

on

slag frequently

serve

may

Gar

on

to

269

granulate the slag.

to cool

large receiving pots

Denver,

FURNACE.

is to have

One

are

BLAS'l

large amounts

followed.

slag

sledges and

THE

a

ter
cen-

right
brake

drawing and
by

ft. capacity designed

him.
Nesmith

The
249

Double-Bowl

Carf

Dumping

is shown

in Figs.

to 254.

The

has two

car

of 7.38

cu.

of

a

by which
*

large tiltingpots
holds

ft.,and
truck-frame
the driver

**

tU.

Transactions

S. Patent

a, with

holds

of American
No.

about

on.

A

A, each

1,280 lb. of

slag.

platform 6, brake
The

Institute

of

frame

having
The

c, and

a

capacity
car

sists
con-

railing d;

carries the boxes

e

for

Mining Engineers/' xxv., p. 95.

888"706,Aug. 28, 1888.

Qoo^"z

MET

270
the

axles/ of

the

across

which

wheels

the

fast by the

made

channel-irons

the swivel-eye and

are

the

(restingon
side

the

These

by the

fasten into

the

the

of center,

blocks
and

//)

I I oi

the

that

when

so

r, with

the

pin

consists

of truck

which

and

the

When

they

the

of

beams

to be

are

pots

placed

are

in

is returned

been

the other

tilted and

handles

The

When

under

It forms

shown

in

r\ which

weight

normal

Figs. 249

very

together

the

Three

successful
may

on

6 in.

deep, inside measurements,

with

|-in.cast-iron plates.

pot has

A

serve

tain
to ob-

easy

examples.

as

Smelting Works,*
trough

the bottom

1}

2 ft.wide

of which

and

is covered

of considerable

in. in diameter, granulates it and

a

into

water-tight pit 6, from

a

stream

raises it 40 ft. into

a

which

storage bin

produced in 12 hours,

say

100

to be used

as

pitch of \ in.
*

School

ballast.

The

to the foot and

of Mine*

large enough

to

cars,

which

elevator

hold

the

with

away

carry

the

carries it off

bucket

rubber

tons, thus doing

in loading into the railroad

work

a

Salt

in Fig. 255.

a,

of water

stream

smelting

velocity running through it receives the slag, poured in from
top in

one

granulating plants

Terhune, is shown
wooden

a

are

both

of disposing of

advantage that it is

copper-nickel works

features

90"

on

one

copper

simple and cheap method

City, Utah, designed by
essential

place after

principally at

granulating plant of the Hanauer

Lake

and

into position.

swung

sample.

average

at lead and

The

Its

a

plete
com-

iiJck is swung

emptied

are

to its normal

has in addition

the slag and

used

held

are

in their

emptied, the frame

granulating of slag is used

good

k

their normal

They

o.

tilted.

are

as

(Fig.254), the pots

side, the frame

a

the

k

their

on

sides of the track ; or, if the slag is to be discharged only

works.

is

n

tilting-pots A A,

disengaging

is 5,000 lb.

pots

pots

the swivel

The

h\

j j^ in which
the

latter have

trunnions

pawls

(Fig. 254), with

on

the central

versely
trans-

frame

teeth q of the projecting head or collar p of the
This collar also has the holes s for the operating-bar

trunnions.

260.

frame

lean against the stop-pieces

may

in position

position

out

in which

m,

end-blocks

A, lying

for the

support

as

swinging

channel-irons);

pivoted

position they

t

the

bearings of the

are

The

(held apart by

i i

bridge-beams

pin-socket

n'.

nut

LEAD,

OF

serve

a,

central

J

Two

g.

frame

the

carries

URO

ALL

c

slag

nightthe slag

away

trough is placed underground

at

10 ft. in front of the furnace

build-

Quarterly^ xv.^ p. 106; and

private communioations,

1896-07

a

tz

oubi"eO

aMELTINQ

IN

ing and parallel with it.
where

it receives

for

the

the

in

The

the top.

box

provided

no

Fio. 256.

with

in contact
in the

by

at

and
have

is carried

The

"

water

trough are

driven

a

a

worn

4-hor8e

speed of

lasts about

into the

e

260
year

a

are

at the

inclined

off with

the

slag,

is open

noise
as

Sijlo Granulating

explosions.

wliioh

through the

which

any

are

furnace,

water,

side

box/,

hardly

at

minute.
is

matte

made,

coming

Plant.

The

cast-iron

six months.

thin in about

Leffel mining wheel.

The
The

plates

elevator

is

ing
belt,travel-

feet per minute, is 8 in. wide and 8-ply,
of malleable castings and
are
; the buckets

enough

small

The

trough.

dump

to each

plates,one

and

causes

|-in.holes in the ends

granules

if deeper

as

the face of the

required is 2,400 gal. per

Tbrhune

power

underground

3 ft.
,

Near

the

is generated

matte

less than

d, is discharged
of water

amount

little steam

Very

bottom.

slag into

flume

horizontal

closed

the

on

271

depth of the ohute

The

by flanged cast-iron

discharging

arrives

FURNAGB.

the slag is somewhat

the slag solidifies

chutes, covered

BLAST

THB

they strike will be quickly

for the water
to

pass

worn

a

to drain

^-in. sieve;

out, if not

off.

The

whatever

protected

slag
parts

by

iron

plates.
At the Omaha

works

of the

Omaha

and

Orant

Smelting

and

Qoo^"z

Befining Co.* is
in.

number

pit and

plates,about
shaped

the

on

2

pit about

a

ft. wide

and

with

The

makes

apparatus

being given by
The

pit is inclosed

angle of about

an

the

on

60^ from

plates have

a

slag is wheeled
to the

on

of from

to stop the

rim
on

which

from

they

in Figs. 257
wheels

to 263.

that it

so

forehearth
blast furnace

proper

d and

the mouth

has to be

c

of

of

a

bucket

elevator

Transactions

privatenotes, August,
t Drawn

by W.

to

waste

poured

small

the

ments
frag-

into

and

operation

the

on
able
mov-

from

the

taking about

parts, the

two

granulator

the granulated

conveys

flume

in detail

is mounted

slag-matte mixture
an

bins

Copper Co.,

side, when

one

slag to

(not shown) 50 ft. long which
the

and

emptied

263)

consists of

of American

inclosing

cars.

(Fig.256)

a

drainage-pit whence

granulator d (Figs. 257
^Braden/*

into

up

to railroad

trough consists of

a

the

over

the contents

discharging them

exchanged,

underground

discharges it into
means

a

the trough e, which
an

ion.
pin-

a

stationary piece of J-in.steel,

trough

b receiving

The

minutes.

by

be easily pushed to

can

and

filled with

in outline in Fig. 256

The

f

it.

plates fixed at

granulating trough of the Canadian

Ontario, is shown

Sudbury,

disk

reaching

pot

breaks

conveyer

a

so

slag spreads out to the thickness

transferred

are

McArthur

The

off

is

into

pit-side the

slag-pots. A

The

scraped

are

diagonally toward

set

and

the

On

in., cools quickly and

to 1

^

the

inclosing plate and

revolving disk.

which

10

to the

of

the horizontal
disk.

revolving trough-shaped

overflow

ring of cast-iron

a

on

in five minutes, the motion

periphery

by

a

revolve

supply

water

shall not

revolution

one

rack

a

that this

from

arms

chilling-plateshall be in

of the annular

the water, but

of

slightly troughwhich

stationary plates supported by pillars. The
contact

out

of east-iron

is supported partly by radial

regulated that the bottom

in and

disk

annular

an

partly by rollers underneath

central pillarand

for

35 ft. in diameter

in. thick, and

1|

to 4 sq.

operation

constant

a

^

Along the circumference

cool.

travels

in

and

water, there being

water

top, which

on

1 in. thick and

Page,

by

flow to keep the chilling water
the

AD.

for chilling liquid slag

(^ to

It consists of

of years.

3 ft. deep filled with

and

LB

OF

into flat pieces

area), designed

surface

T

URQ

peculiar arrangement

a

break

that it may

a

ALL

MET

272

Institute

slag is raised

into railroad
a

of Mining

cars.

trough-shaped
Engineers,"

by
The

cast-

zxri., p.

1896.

Darlington from

sketches

of J. McArthur,

January, 1807.

Qoo^"z

31;

MET

274
The

ALL

UBG

T

granulated slag is uniformly

slag

granulated with

are

head

of 16 ft. ; but

again

this.

as

The

matte, if this
stream

"

fusion

LEAD.

At present

coarse.

gal. of

water

apparatus

is tapped

into

receiver

a

of

zuinute,haying

per

capacity of the granulator
is also

100 tons

is half

suited

for

and

poured

a

great

as

granulating
in

thin

a

the spout.

on

Lead

68.

the

60

OF

Slags.'*' As

the object of smelting is to separate

"

the lead

as

acid silica and

from

metal

the

to form

rall3%either

or

silica

the various

be combined

If this does

slag.

a

by

constituents, the

bases, iron, lime, etc., must

certain proportions

be added

the other

its ore,

not

in
natu-

occur

bases, i.e., fluxes,will have

to

in the requisite quantities.

Compo"itionof Lead

The

Slags,
"

slag for the lead smelter

main

is the singulo-sillcateslag,
II

III

2RO+SiO"
with

the oxygen

In

practice

ratio of bases
the

slags

formula

to silica

made

are

Another

calls for.

2RjO,+3SiO"

or

as

1

:

1.

slightly more

slag that

than

acid

is sometimes

made

the

is the

sesqui-silicate,
n

in

4RO+3SiO",
with

the

ratio of bases

oxygen

4R,08+9SiO"

or

as

2

:

in

II

II

silica

to

3, written

times
some-

in

(2RO+SiO,)+2(RO+SiO8),or(2R,O3+3SiO0+2(R,O,+3SiO,)a8
consisting of

if

being

a

singulo and

readily fusible

so

as

bi-silicate.

a

is desirable, e,g,, if much

decomposed

by metallic

a

readily fusible
only to

recommends
*

Hahn,

''

a

Mineral

a

ferrous

slag

more

Resources

iron

lead

resulting from

compound
acid than
the

United

and

then

if

a

sulphide is

not

high
be

to

ferric compounds.

slag the ferric compound

of

slag,

the singulo-silicate,
is made,

temperature

With

This

be

would

slagged.

duced
re-

Henrichf

for arsenithe singulo-silicate
States," 1888, p. 885; Oujard

in

Emmons'

vey,
xU., U. S. Geological Surthe
of
Schneider.
"Mineral
Resources
United
States,''
188a-84,
440;
701;
p.
lies,
p.
Institute
of Mining Engineers," zi.,p. 56; Keller,Proeeedingi
of American
"Transactions
TnsHtute
Qttar
of CivU Engineers^ London, 1898, cxii.,p. 308; Strutheiv, School of Mines

"Geology

and

Mining Industry of Leadville, Colo./' monograph

terly^xri.,p. 856, partialbibliography.
t Engineering and
Mining Journal^ Oct. 6, 1888.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

cal

be avoided.

cannot

Balling* give the

following tables by

The

of silioa and
silicate and
the

"75

speise liquid; i.e.yif its formation

the

to keep

in order

ores

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

IN

other

bases

required

table having silioa for

sesqui-silicate
slag,one
bases.

the

The

lead oxide

baryta and

bases

tions
propor-

necessary

singulo-silicate^bi-

form

to

a

have

unit,
been

added.

Parts

Parte
Pftit bv

One

Weight

by
Weight

of

Silica Requires

.

.

.

foxlde
For
Bi-SUIcates:
Lime

Magnfisia
Alumiut
Ferrous

oxide
( oxide.,
loxlde

For Seeqni-Silicates:
Lime

Ferrous

.

Leaar oxide

This

1.070
0.800
1.500
1.747
0.888
0.846
0.269

oxide

Manganous
Lead

oxide..

oxide

For Resqui-Sillcates:
Lime

Baryta
Magnesia
Alumina
Ferrous
Lead

O.808
0.894
1.126
1.810
0.625
0.688
0.202

,

oxide
oxide.
oxide

Manganous

.

.

study of slags that

typicalslags but

of the

0.686
0.106
0.760
0.878
0.416
0.402
0.184

Baryta
Magnesia
Alumina
Ferrous

by

Weight
of Slfica.

For Bi-Sillcatee:
Lime

table is to facilitate the
to any

of

Aln*"*"**oxide
Ferrous
oxide..
Manganous
oxide
Lead

1.24
8.40
0.88
0.76
1.60
1.67
4.95

Baryta
Magxiesia

Weight
equires

Baryta
Magnesia

0.08
2.66
0.66
0.67
1.90
1.18
8.71

Baiyta

oxide
Manganous oxide,

1

For Singulo-Silicates:
Lime

1.86
5.10
1.83
1.14
2.40
2.86
7.48

Barjta
Magnesia
oxide
1 oxide.

Part

of Bases.

For
Singnlo-SiUcateB:
Lime

Alumina
Ferrous

One

nevertheless

do not

spond
corre-

tory
give satisfac-

results in the furnace.

Typical slags
and

sometimes

and

which

definite

are

alumina, the

therefore

requirements

of

that it should

not

a

good

than

oz.,

nor

in the hearth, thus
up

have

a

base

density

keeping

are,

0.75%

over

the

has

the

of

bullion

over

lead

been

according
lead

or

does

3.6, nor
red-hot,

\

to

run

*

any

der Metallurgischen Chemie,'' Bonn, 1882,p. 08.
Compendium
and
Mining Joumaiy April 9, 1R81.
Eftgineering
"

higher

accretions

of over-fire.

t

Eilera.f
of silver

oz.

not

permit
nor

proved

fulfill the

They

representative.

slag, which

contain

of silica,iron, lime,

of which

success

become

to the ton, provided that

300

combinations

creeping

OF

METALLURGY

276

LEAD.

by Eilers is formulated

instance, a typical slag discovered

For
thus:

6FeO,3SiO,+2CaO.
In percentage
30.

After
such

it gives :
55.

61SiO,+

for

deducting 10%

29CaO=100.

lOreO+14.
other

ingredients

the head

of ferrous

oxide, like

magnesia,

or

brought uoder
of lime,like

or

86CaO=90,

figures,

gives, in round

28SiO"+50FeO+12CaO+9Al,O3,
slag, first brought

Another

fluxes,

:

27. 55SiO,-H9. 59FeO+12.
which

and

ore

oxide,

manganous

remains

there

of

be

alumina, zinc oxide, etc., that cannot

as

baryta

SiO,.

into

etc.=100.

by Eilers,has tbe

prominence

formula,
6FeO.
and

therefore

3SiO,+4CaO. 2SiO"

the following percentage

of composition

:

31. 38SiO,+45. 18FeO+23.44CaO=100.

Deducting

again 10%,

there remains

28. 24SiO8+40. 66FeO+21.
virhich practical experience

10CaO=90,

has altered to

30SiO8+40FeO+20CaO+10AlA,
The

following slags have

successful

lise.

by lies in his

The

paper

been

first seven

etc.=100.

thoroughly

(A

to

G)

are

tested
those

already quoted.

(a) No

longer recommended

by Hes.

so

and

are

in

designated

8MELTIN0

to the ratio of EeO

According

quarter,

a

often

used

when

FeO

:

=

slags in the

The
way

and

tried

to

line

the

S7

26

28

been

29

82

Diagram

multiplied with
^

Typical

of

The
from

the

Engin/eering and

order

proper

Mining

an

until

isolated
Austin'*'

plotting them.

86

87

Lead

to

FeO,

40%,
and

especially high

The

1, etc.

:

88

89

His

40X

Slags.

straight line "8' represents
25

and

running

86

1

=

simply in

by

84

88

of CaO

3,

:

taken

connection

81

parallelto line %%\

4

=

sions
expres-

slag, etc., are

one-to-one

related

a

in Fig. 264.

series

a

1,

been

of SiOs, running

in

:

into

80

IV the percentages

tangent

2

=

table had

264."

is shown

amounts

same

1,

systematize their

Pig.

diagram

:

brought

not

25

tbe

4

277

in the slag the

CaO

and

half,a three-quarter,a

a

CaO

FURNACE,

BLAST

THE

m

the upper

curved

the

one

in

lower

iron; ^' is

capital letters with
coefficient to make
Journal^ Jan. 27, 18M.

iV

the

a

(')have

their

sums

^

add

to

up

The

90%,

so

Taking

the ordinate

the

bottom

amount

of

amount

of GaO

amount

of FeO

which
to

28%
12%
50%.

"

"

"

"

"

that with

in the

those

than

This

is well
rich in

ores

furnace

and

lead

35%
32.5%
The

of

permissible
CaO

increase

high percentage

a

than

better suited

90%,

which

for clean, easy

than

FeO

and

CaO.

total of

FeO

SiO^

and

CaO

does

the general guides for the lead smelter.

best

one

and

silver.

At

the

silica does

suited

need

give

high
work

well

his

at

low

a

amount

and

with

one

of

Leadville, Colo.,

slag containing

a

ore.

uneasiness, if the

no

elevation,as

of

Slight variations

slag analysis shows

level of the sea,
not

character

strictly to it.

and

the
a

the

to

a

as

maximum

much
of

be chosen.

must

old

increase

an

i.e.,at SiOt=

and

more

other

Both

80%.

well

10,000 ft. above
as

the

liable to occur,

runs

FeO

to

up

bases

not, however, adhere

always

CaO=FeO,
of

long
to be-

groups.

is

D,

smelting Cripple Creek, Colo., gold

exemplified in

the

chooses

two

and lastly that with

many

Al^Os,where

top the

appears

silica line 8fs\the

the

liable to add

are

the

C to

SiO" there

of

proportions

typical slags are

need

from

exception of slags A, B, and

to

SiO"

the

this to the point C the

distance

increase

an

as

s^' represents

disuse, and type /, which

having

often exceed

These

are

the

from

the point where

of

totals

ores

He

and

rest

follows:

the point C, the distance
of line

that highly silicious slags are

means

He

distance

relative

the decrease

SiO, the

not

the

parallelW is drawn

variations
with

in the diagram

separate class,all slags fit into

a

a

LEAD,

through

With

CaO, and that if from

37%,

OF

intersection

fallen into

show

curves

running
the

to

SiO,

have

T

permit their being plotted with the

to

as

URG

of slag C, e.g., is read

composition

from

of

ALL

MET

278

rule of

makfng a slag with

of metallic

equal amount

from

from

iron, and

30

8 to

silica,an

34%

to

12%

lime

is practically

obsolete.
In reviewing the table, it will be
the slags ranges
and

52%;

as

CaO,

Slags have

follows

6 and

been

:

seen

are

that

run

then.

even

silica is probably reached
oxide

composition of

28

and

36%

SiO" between

instance, 40SiOj, 40FeO, 10-12CaO,
and

the

;

FeO, 24

30%.

made

slightly viscid

that

with

also represent extremes.

as

high

but

'theyrequire

The

28%.

as

lowest

The

40%

silica,for
much

fuel,

practical limit in

percentages of ferrous

As regards the

lime, 30%

is the

SMELTING

IN

highest Schneider*
A

lime ; European

BLAST

slags, as

by Kerl

quoted

^%" although the tendency there

as

the

fusibilityof

character

paragraph.
low

power

is not

always desirable.
liquidity of

slag ought

a

would

always

to say

from

or

a

the

as

studied

the slag from

its fusibility. A

a

perfect separation

in the

wet

a

cold;

in such

As

lack of fusibility

rule, singulo-silicate

a

an

been

Most

slags have
which
with

of its

manner

when

closed,
small

a

of base

excels

connection

surface

will

certain

have

to

be

the running of

rising in the slag-

it has

just solidified

very

characteristic

slags show

many

cases

for the practiced eye,
from

of running,

is the

cous
vis-

bases solidify quickly without

drops.

of the
Thus

liquid, becomes

or

slag with

manner

furnace

is still red.

slag-pot. A correctly

be

the tap-hole has

In close

the appearance

pot and
and

the

reducing

slowly into the pot, drawing

fall off quickly in little round

by observation.

the

on

metallic

spout;

characteristics in their

"W^ith the

readily fusible slag

very

otherwise

When

the slag, if good, will drop

a

cussed
dis-

slag the larger

furnace

It is difficult,
even

pasty.

it leaves

of silica and

allow

slight insufficiency in fuel.

first becoming

Slags.

the viscidity comes

whether

low

as

largely

suddenly becomes

slags containing earthy and

thread

a

to

of matte

and

fuel is required.

more

the

in

of

10%

run

unit of fuel.

per

; therefore

slag depends

slag, which

if the weather

low.

too

higher percentage.

fusible

more

sufficientlyliquid

to be

of lead in the furnace

composed

The

temperature

diminished

will be

The

Percy,
a

the percentage

on

of charge smelted

will be the amount

correspondingly

279

bases; the effect of the latter will be

of the

in the next

Lead

of

slag depends

a

and

is toward

Propebties

Phybioal
The

FURNACE,

gives in his experiments, but %% is
lead slag does not contain less than

American

modern

TEE

surfaces.

slags have

Well-composed
The

center

any

other

of

a

of

cone

part, because

usually become

crystallineif

not

a

"

TransactioDB

tendency

slag is generally

to

crystallize.

crystalline than

Slags that

if chilled suddenly, and

given sufficient time

of American

more

cooling is slower.

the

amorphous

small percentage of zinc oxide
"

decided

in the

Institute

of

to

tallize
crys-

crypto-

develop crystals.

slag interferes

A

greatly with

Mining Engineers,*'xi.,p.

57.

Qoo^"z

"

cryBtallization. Ilea thought

the

which

a

Blag crystallizesstands

of lime

"Slags with from
a';

15

to

35%,

to

3 to

19 to

18%-, 6;

in

at
some

6%
22%,

the

form

relation to

the

age
percent-

265) :

like a; 8
of lime crystallize
c;

23 to

in

that

time

one

said (see Fig.

He

it contains.

LEAD.

OF

METALLURGY

280

"i; 25 to

25%,

to

27%,

12%,
e;

30

"

(7.

o\
f

ttli

e
265."

Fig.

The

forms//'
silicious

very

cannot

op

Lead

h represent crystalsformed

ores

be the only

Eahfi" obtained

Crystau-Forms

But

Slags.

in attempting to slag
the percentage

with

lime

cause

for the different forms

from

a

alone.

when
*

1^97.

noted

that

the

glassy than

Pr("ceeding9 Colorado

of crystallization.

single pot of slag three different forms

large, well-developed crystals of approximately

It is to be

of lime

same

when

cry p

composition.

same

slag will melt

of

at

a

lower

perature
tem-

to-crystalline.

Scientific Society, iv., p. 804, and

private communication,

April,

METALLURGY

282
69.

"
The

Action

fluxes

Fluxes

op

OF

LEAD.

Influences

and

usually required

iron

are

Fobeign

op

ore,

Matter.

manganese

"

stone,
lime-

ore,

dolomite, rarely fluorspar,and slag.
Iron.

base

An

"

iron

flux acts

for the silica in the

in

three

different

It

ways.

gives

a

ore,

FeO.

Si08+FeO=2FeO.
SiO^j,
SiO,+2FeO. 2Si0^6FeO. 3SiO^

4FeO.

Being reduced

to meiallio

iron by

carbon, it

of

means

acts

as

a

precipitating agent (" 7),

4PbS+2FeA+30=4Pb-HFeS+3CO"
2PbS-HFeO. SiO,+2C=2Pb+2FeS+2FeO.
It liberates
which

from

lead oxide

it is then

reduced

by

SiO,+2CO.

its combination

with

of carbon,

means

4FeO.SiO,+2PbO.Si08+C=2Pb+4FeO.
larfcerthe amount

The

the

contains

they

are

the

power,

as

The

purer

only that
the

only

limits

form

the slag.

amount

of lead

cation

increases.

remarks

iron

as

ore,

required by its

These

is,however,

With

power,

but

the increase

of

are

iron

course

in the furnace.

or

also

arsenic.

other fluxes.
IRON

which

FLUXES,

{a)

A
tained
con-

of

is not

silica not

limestone

the

as

its fluxing

of slag in the blast-furnace

diminishes, but

OF

is

solution

The

consumes

equally applicable mutatis

ANALYSES

zinc

slagging and
is available

the

dangerous,

the greater will be

silica,sulphur

fluxing

ore

the

ore

part of the

own

are

necessity if much

a

favors
iron

an

of crusts

limits,a slag

liquidity and

Slags rich in iron

the formation

cause

slag high in iron
zinc oxide.

reasonable

greater will be its fusibilityand

liable to

in

2SiO,+CO^

of iron, within

higher its specificgravity.

silica,after

to

the

loss by scorifl-

mutandis

for

the

SMELTING

Manganese*

^The

"

It makes

desired.

be the

to
a

This

lead, the base

oxidizing

furnace, when

mentioned

Pearce,| who

ZnO, 12.5%;

30%;

and

matte

(50 to 60%

the amount

blast furnace
with

Harbordt" gives

it

is not

formed

matte

considerable

dioxide

Another

of

a

and

MnO,

also entering the
that in the

speise formed

the

unless

Furman|| say
charge the

peculiarity of

power

in the

smelted, is

are

lies believes

experience that

affected

in the

blende

diminishes

in the charge.

his

as

quantities.

manganese

dissolving

of matte

ores

low

ran

to the ton.

oz.

on

(3%)

sulphide.

of manganese

the increase

by the fact that

slag of SiO" 48%;

a

manganese

as

high

so

by Churchfthat

copper

said

been

have

manganese

of manganese

obtained

some

copper)

manganese

has

averaging 314

sulphide

with

slag that

a

commonest

if

latter
that

to choose

The

made

bullion

reverberatory
by

been

of oxides

power

the

liquid, so

to be contradicted

have

in silver and

base.

slags rich in

seems

manganese

for

Its oxidizing power

that certain

cause

and

similar

are

manganese

it is advisable

metallic

283

substituted

fusible

more

slags rich in

The

be

pyrolusite, MnO,.

in silver.

tenor

slag

a

require much
is

mineral

FURNACE,

BLAST

it may

of manganese

large amounts
does not

THE

fluxing properties of

of iron, and

those

to

IN

percentage

that with

from

oxidizing

power

is that

of

is present in

manganese

manganese

slag for zinc

the

10 to

12%

is noticeable.

it reduces

oxide, magnesia, and

the

barium

sulphide.
According
were

smelted

gross

tons

Chisolm^ 60,000

to

in Colorado

tons

of

manganiferous

1887, while

in

in 1895**

iron

ores

only 7,968

produced.

were

and
217, and
Engineering
Mining JoumtU,
April 0, 1881; Penrose, "ManMining Journal,
and
Uses, Ores
Deposits," voL i.,Geological Survey of Arkansas, 1891
franese. Its
Institute of Mining Engineers,'' xziv., p. 559.
Church, " TransactiODS of American
of American
Institute of Mining Engineers/' xv., p. 812; School
t " Transactions
of Mines

*ne8.

School

of Mine"

Quarterly^

18, 1881; BUere, Engineering

March

"., p.

and

,

Quarterly,".,
t

**

p. 8S8.

Transactions

of American

Institute

of

Mining Engineers," xl.,p. 60.

July, 1891.
School
Minea
Quarterty,
xiv.,p. 816.
I
of
"""
The Mineral Industry," iv.,p. 487.
f Private

Y

'*

Mineral

communication,

Resources

of the United

States,"

1887,p. 16a

;

LEAD.

OF

METALLURGY

284

of the United States,*' 1888-84, p 880. (6) '' Transactions
(a)Peters, '' Mineral Resources
Resources
of American
Institute of Mining Engineers/' xxiv., p. 561. (c) Chisiiolm, ** Mineral
of the United States,''1885,p. 848.

a

in which
lime
Magnesia." The manner
be expressed by changing the formula

and

Lime

in

slag

can

iron

replaces

given above

to

The

effect of lime

fuel, a stronger blast, and

than
make

matte, and
the

iron ore,

than

is lower

slag.

Its

Guyard.f

The

in the ore,

and

iron

heat, i.e.,more

more

good

a

than

separation

being in nearly all

if
of

cheaper

cases

large smelting works

most

is to

not

from

9 to

lime

the zinc

Burnt

12%

of zinc

beyond

is present in the

proved

In

a

less lime
furnace

charge.

the

to enter

explains it

been

of lime

16%

that

by
by

slag, but

general
and

the

work.

It

in

"With

a

slag if

28%

of

is volatilized

the furnace.
is

Bretherton|states

rarely, if

Transactions

ever,

used

that at the American

for eight years
**

the better will the

to go

less

by foreign matter

the

ores

also

dissolved

of zinc.

presence

zincky

simply refuses

lime

*

with

He

then

slags has

in slags is limited

especially by the

advisable

seem

incrusts

he used

of lime

and

is formed

Leadville

in

lime

rich in iron, and

are

higher in silver.

sulphide

presence
use

slags containing much

they

in lead and

slag contains

a

does

and

give

when

be said that

it may

more

generally

with

that

by saying that calcium

way

specific

higher furnace

a

tendency in

found

is formed

the matte

the

require

consequently

limestone

the

fusibilityand

slags rich in lime.

Schneider*
matte

in lime

They

predominates.

slag and

the

is to decrease

Slags rich

gravity of slags.
iron

SiO,

2SiO,+2PbS+2CaO+2C=2Pb+2FeS+(2CaO.
+2FeO.SiO,)+2CO.

4reO.

burnt

of American

Op. cit.yp. 78.
t Engineering and

in

of

Journal^ March

furnace.

of lipiestone,with the

Mining Engineers/'xL, p. 58.

t

Mining

blast

Smelter, Leadville,Colo.,

lime instead
Institute

the

4, 1806.

SMELTING

result that the

furnaces

same

labor and

were

produced.

THE

IN

BLAST

FURNACE,

through

not only put

fuel than

with

that

of the leading Colorado

Some

metallurgical or economic

with

with

ore

more

limestone, but

systematically for months
no

285

cleaner

the

slags

lead -smelters

burnt

lime

benefit,returned

perimented
ex-

ing
and, findthe

to

of

use

limestone.
Burnt

lime

The

used

was

supposed

through
off the 44

advantages

to 100

CO,

the

it only

in the iron blast furnace
and

water

less readily with

even

While

dioxide.
heat

the

given

of carbon

the lower
be made

by

up

the lime

an

complete

and

even

impure

limestone),so

dioxide

and

The

water.

regulate and

to

lime

required by the blast furnace,

for any
blast

distance
furnace

from

have

may

passing off

in the way
from

must

free from

dr.y,but
furnace

are

be

dry, and

carbon

at too

be

de"

for

the

increased

high

burnt

a

**

Chemical

t BeU,

"

parts of

upper

this has to

is to be

used,
be

with
possible (i.e.,

absorption

carbon

of

lime

just the

must

be

of

amount

transportation
charged into the

fuel
and

flux not

iron

only
Finally, the height of the

ore

The

must

for example,

gases

difficulties

many

the

deterred

iron

smelter

prevail to make
when

on

account

it
of

Mines, 1871,xz., p. 8Si5;and Dingler^" PolytechnischeB Journal, 1872,ociv.,

p. 800.
t

of

storage and

conditions
as

to

carbon

to prevent the furnace

have

bon
car-

the burning must

temperature.

lime

lime

amount

burning

The

dioxide.

it,and special economic

Annalet

the

as

of question.

profitable to the lead smelter,
*

as

out

to

of using

so

manage,

with

same

If lime

to supply

easy

burnt

heat up

a

expulsion, and

sintering,if

apparatus

occur.

of

use

tial
par-

passing out; meanwhile

are

to diminish

as

the

not

than

in the

of fuel.

to

that

gases,

the

in large pieces and
carried

driving

why burnt

water

occurs

by the

amount

extra

be burned

must

that

cooled

part is being

are

ing
dioxide, and lime part-

absorption generates
it

put

is that it absorbs

up

combined

the gases

by
did

reason

the furnace

that the expulsion consumes,

the furnace, warming

very

the

consumed

The

be

charged

of fuel by the

SA%.

redness|assistingthe absorption

GaO

of carbon

means

from

vapor

could

saved; and

was

has been

blast furnace.

ore

(as 56

heat

saving of 10%

a

more

given time

a

CO, by

lime, while Bellf made
dioxide

that

in the blast furnace

calculated

in the iron

ago

were

; that

CaCOj)

of the 44

reduction
Griiner*

3'ears

unit of fuel in

per

equivalent

many

PbenomeDa

Uanufactuie

of Iron
of Iron

and

Smelting/' London, 1878,p. 138.
Steel/' London, 1884,p. 60.

METALLUROT

28C

high freight cbarges burnt
the

cost

same

as

of burnt

use

again discussed
in

a

by iron metallurgists.*

Magnesia and zinc oxide
2 to

3%

3%

magnesia

from

from

2 to

causes

a

baryta,

In

a

shows

This
if the

and

undesirable

slag

contains

other's
zinc

slag containing %%

in Colorado,

now

decidedly bad

a

slag

a

intensify each

just

common

very

great deal of trouble

to

appear

property of being difficult to slag.
and

it makes

as

the best of.

property of magnesia is especially observable
zinc.

effect,and

is liable to chill.

This

5%

is per*

haps to be explained by the fact that the silicate of magnesia
a

higher specific heat than the silicate of lime

corrected

by

may

generally figured in

is

and

ought

has
to be

fuel.

more

Magnesia

at

the only available limestone

cases

be made

at the smelter

lime in the iron blast

furnace,

lead

streaky, but in many

dolomitic, and it must

is

LEAD.

be delivered

can

The

is undesirable

Magnesia
pasty and

lime

limestone.

has lately been

furnace

OF

be doubted

a

slag as

replacing lime

; it

this is justifiable (Harbordt).f

whether

of A.merlcan
Institute o(
(a) Guyard: Emmons,
Op. eit.^p.646. (6) Gage, 'Transactions
Qwirterly, ix., p. 214. id) NeiU,
Mining Engineers,''iii.,
p. 117. (c)Monell, School of Mineg
Ibid.

Fluorspar is

of slight importance

and

readily fusible compounds,

sulphide
when

once

melted, is

compounds
silicon

as

of from

saves

1 to

5%

a

shots of lead from

calcium

assists in fluxing zinc
to the fact that

Its chemical

slag.

great

need

not

sulphate
either

as

fluorspar,

ores

in

it to the charge

being retained

action in volatilizing

be taken

claims

many

in roasting

fuel, that adding

and

ores

ble
liquid,and thus assists other less fusi-

the

silicon fluoride
makes

barium

is mainly due

very

to enter

Foehr|
use

This

oxide.

or

with

It forms

in the blast furnace.

in smelting lead-silver

a

for

into consideration.

fluorspar;that

the

reverberatory furnace

in refining lead prevents

by the litharge,etc.

" Journal
Iron and Steel Institute, Bell. 1893, ii.,p. 274; 1894. ii.,
1891 i.,
p. 88; Howden,
1894, ii.,p. 62; Howe, 1894, ii.,
1801,p. Sit
p. 87; Stahl vnd "iwn, Kosmann,
p. 85: Cochrane,
t Private communication,
July, 1891.

t Engineering

and

Mining Journal^

June

21, 28, 1890.

SMELTING

There

Slag,
"

charges
thrown

four

are

smelting

for the

because

acid

more

by the smelting

being formed

287

slag in

of

use

lead

blast furnace

silver to

or

or

mixture,

already

the smelting of the

basic

be

(3) It helps

dense.

the slag having been

easily and promote

(4),if it be

itself;and

FURNACE.

BLAST

reasons

process

it will re-melt

melted,

THE

(1) It may contain too much
(2) It makes the charge less

:

away.

the actual

IN

ore

the slag that is

than

it will act

as

acid

an

or

basic flux.
"With

furnace

a

This

produced.

always

tap-hole blows

valuable

out

the slag, it is liable not
coarse,

lb. for 1,000 lb. of

the

through
as

2b%

Wiih

otherwise

as

necessar3',

of the

charge

of

fine

have

may

slag is

the last slag

passing through the

enrich
matte

the

slag in the
with

out

comes

of slag is not

given
would

to 200

of slag is

evenly

penetrate

blow-holes.

much

As

of slag.

consist

to increase

addition

not

form

to

absolutely
150

from

say

"

the

ore

blast

the

rich in zinc, slag is added

when

rich

perfectly.

mixture, but

smelting

case

much

is always

ore.

some

parts, which

to settle out

some

way,

the blast

charge the addition

easy

although

necessary,

and

again, when

pot (blow-pot). Then

o^

normal

a

is especially the

is being tapped

in the furnace

"WUli

in

running

With

ores

the fusibilityto the extent

20%.
Slag

slag

the resulting slag contains

into

comes

concentrated

is being

for example, matte
and

the normal

basic than

more

in

much

a

play where,

nace,
reverberatory fur-

iron that is available

for the blast furnace.
In

furnace
as

of desilverizingworks

smelting the by-products
without

ore,

the

of slag added

amount

in the blast

goes

up

as

high

60%.
Alumina.

will be

the

From

"

that the

seen

place

generally a subordinate
it becomes
known
alumina

general

a

alumina
When

ore.

question whether

a

in

composition of the typical lead

acts

as

lies* gives this

a

way

base ; with

as

Mineral

it is present in large quantities

with
a

low

a

as

an

acid

or

percentage

Resources

"

"

t

Jbid.,188S,p. 8S".

always acts

of the United

a

base.

It is

high percentage of silica,
it acts

his experience in lead smelting.

that alumina

thinks

occupies in lead smelting is

it acts

that

slags it

as

a

base, and

as

acid,

an

Hahn,f
says

ever,
how-

that

an

States," 1888-84,p. 488.

Qoo^"z

MET

288
increase

of alumina

Schneider*
called for
a

a

that

LEAD,

decrease

in silica,the alumina

Another

interpretation is that the presence
of iron, the
This

high.
Austin's

basis.

33, CaO

lime.

15,

running high in alumina

ore

an

FeO

SiO, 30,

33, CaO

drawn

of lime

calls for
from

out

cut down

this
both

SiO, 36,

:

maining
re-

from

FeO

is to be smelted, the

6

3

12+1.6

(equivalentto
(replacingSiO, 6),

AltO,)

do satisfactorywork.

Howe,t summing

the

up

of Hahn

statements

suggests that the part played by alumina

low in iron, alumina
singulo-silicates,
in lime,

ferruginous slags, low
confirmed

Lincoln"
alumina

by the

acts

as

to work

with

an

in
Henrich,||
ores

copper

to the

came

recommends

writer's

ran

higher than

interesting

very

conclusion

on

paper

28%

not

hypothesis that

Mount
is that

in smelting

silica.

smelting sulphide

on

always acts

2AI2OS

are

low

as

an

for

in iron,

acid, an(^
ores

"

12 oxy^n
*

"

t

Engineering

Transactions

of American
and

Mining

of base
Institute

Journal,

:

12

:

24 oxygen

of

Nov.

oxveen

of acid

=-1:1.

of acid

=1:2.

rich

equivalent

[MoncSmcate-AlumfBate.
^^M4SSt?y*oxfden]|ti6?'
of base

an

get his furnace

8SiO,.
12 oxygen

in
to

seems

impression

own

magnesia, and

alumina

that

acid and

idea

general types of silicate-aluminates
the

the proportion

upon

Peters^ in smelting

rich in silica,alumina,

two

alumina,

a

Schneider,

an

as

The

base.

a

of

The

act

may

argentiferous clay he could

slag that

a

depend

may

acid in ferruginous slags, as

an

resembling

as

experience

in Colorado.

ores

and

fluxe8,limeand iron,and that in calcareous

of the other two

in

lime

to

+Al,Os

ore

inference

slag of the composition

a

mean

calls for

of silica and

increase

an

may

of alumina

metallurgists work

many

If with

be changed

slag would

be

This

Others, however, leave the iron intact and

silica and

and

that

the

of alumina

acid.

an

both

with

agrees

of silica,and

increase

an

acting as

percentage

(Fig. 264)

diagram

increase

an

in the proportion of lime.

increase

diminution

of silica,or, what

increase

an

general rule

a

as

OF

7

in the bases.

decrease

a

found

an

URQ

requires also

be the same,

would

ALL

Mining Engineers,''zi.,p. 67.
17. 1888.

t Ibid.,Nov. 24, 1888.
Institute of Mining Engineers," ii.,
of American
p. 810.
{ *' Transactions
I Sngineering and
Mining Journal, July 17, Aug. 26, Oct. 2, 1886; Dec. 27, 1890.

to

METALL

290
This

that in the

means

metal, barium

is readily

on

and

Silicates of iron and
In computing

oxygen,

the metallic

or

same

a

ture
tempera-

oxidizing?

an

iron.

that

sulphate and

calcium

way.

baryta form

liquid slags.

very

charge the baryta is figured

a

by

this has

or

silica; the

at the elevated

and

in his experiments

sulphate act in the

sodium

decomposed

dioxide

found

sulphide

metallic

a

is decomposed

the iron sulphide

Schweder

of

trioxide

into sulphur
effect

LEAD,

OF

presence

sulphate

liberated sulphur

T

URQ

replacing part

as

of the lime.
From

what

contained

in the barite
of the

fact, if 10%
form

said, it will be clear that all the

has been

sulphur is figured

If

"

an

pyrite be

containing

ore

the blast furnace, it will

with

combining

as

In

charge.

iron to

will be covered.

iron sulphide, the amount

PyrUe,

figured into the

be

cannot

solphnr

iron

consume

smelted

by the formula

shown

as

directly in
:

FeS"+Pe=2FeS.
In calculating a charge this

however,
passes

made.

in smelting oxidized

cases

off

as

sulphur

Henrich*

little matte

(20

experience in smelting

sulphur dioxide.

13

This

14

or

of

tons

he explains

obtained

He

and
very

considerable

ore),but

having been

as

bonate
car-

galena (15%)

silver-bearing pyrite.

lb. from

is

comparatively little matte

Benson, Ariz., consisting of

anglesite (75%), with

are*

part of the sulphur

when

ores

and

gives his successful

at

ores

dioxide

There

to be added.

iron has

caused

by the

following reactions:

2FeS,+5PbS04+SiO,=5Pb+FeJ3iO,+9SO,.
PbSO,+PbS=2Pb+2SO,.
He

that the furnace

s^ys

ran

that the

fuel

pressure

of the blast being

(coke) had

and
Chalcopyrite

is always to carry

sulphide.

cuprous

other
the

metal

charge

"

to form

having

to form
*

If

Cu,S, and
a

the

In the blast furnace

the

aim

a

matte, which

what

Engineering

sulphide,
and

Mining

Journal,

as

any

all the sulphur in

is left is then

some

it enters

greater affinitythan

charge does contain

cuprous

so

11%,

the

into

Copper,

hot,

in. mercury.

Ores.

copper

very

12.5 to

for sulphur, will generally take up

iron, lead, etc.
sulphur

1|

became

from

down

to be cut

Copper
the

rapidly and

available

for

enough

copper

and

copper

will be reduced

Sept. 22, 188S.

not

SMELTING

to metal
to the

bottom, and
There

(lies).
form

is

is when

silica

If the slag be
the

goes

into

crust

; thus

aw^,

that

be

the

be

is liable to
and

copper,

remains
the

matte

Generally

zinc

the increase

to the charge.
chnlcopyrite;^

zinc

oxide, although the

siWer, from
zinc.

must

ore

In

1 to 2
order

*

to

oz.

per

carry

Flattner, Berg- und

t School

qf Mines

t HahD"

"

Mineral

any

the greatest

causes

form

it may

liberates

iron

the

matte

iron if he has
of zinc

found

oxide

by

other

addition

an

to

any

of

siderable
con-

smelting, to form

before

the

with

a

loss

percentage

Zeitung, 1864,p. 81.
18.

of the United

and

matte

off, the slag has

HUttenmdnniache

Quarterly,xvitf.,p.

as

in the

carries

is present

to

well

as

containing little

ores

remedied

be roasted

nace
fur-

by analysis in

separation, and
With

metallic

blende

makes

Blende

If blende

occur.

blast

entering the

enters

be

of

12%

the resulting
silicates,

and

ton, according

Resources

that

about

operation is connected
the

reduced

of copper.

in whatever

slag.
can

furnace,

fact remains

contains

matte

equal.

this imperfect separation

of

oxides

the lead.

scrap

the

sulphides into the

extent, the

way

into

percentage

slag less fusible, obstructs
metallic

be taken

may

of explaining the

copper

and

about

a

partly driven

not

sulphide

using

slag will be

and

forming

sulphides and

slag; metallic
zinc

the

and

copper

Zinc is the metal that

the

sulphur and

some

is to be

with

decomposed

un

to the

by iron oxides

Ilesfavoids

slag.

charge.

of

most

highly

a

in the slag if the

the

so

entering the

zinc, but

This

iron for sulphur

copper

and

"

is decomposed

oxide

zinc

takes up

Another

difficulty in the lead blast furnace
Blende*

with

alloyed with

when

Oxide.

and

the theory, the

increasingly

and Zinc

Blende

furnace

reverberatory

matte

occur

ton

per

lead.

becomes

excess

This

the

of the

of iron has to be avoided
in the

oz.

to those

Whatever

concentrated

iron

between

lead.

may

with

of separating out

reactions

the resulting metallic

and

Such

sufficient sulphur to

combines

lead.

take place similar

copper

Ag 170

and

with

even

sulphur belonging

some

would

4:1%

in the blast

instead

matte

allo3'hardens, sinks

disturbed.

basic

too

291

of the lead-well.

affinities of copper

this alloys with

and

fact

The

to become

seem

Pb

copper

is concentrated

matte

ferruginous slag.
and

and

where

case

sulphide the

cuprous

the passage

35.1%

one

The

the lead.

closes up
Gu

FURNACE,

BLAST

THE

be alloyed with

and

alloy contained

an

IN

States,''1880,p. 848.

in
of

to be very

METALLURGY

292

zino

fusible,as

silicate proper

fusibilityof any
questioned by

some

some

A

silicate.
charcoal
been

that most

partialevidence

be plunged into

temperature

lacking,

far

as

the

dissolved

or

the

metal, hence

care

preponderance

of iron.

replacing
will have

and

CaO

The

amount

furnace

the higher

formed;
6 to

in

slag

a

equivalent

of zinc, as

are

made

commercially

slags* are

Canbyf

that contain

good

and

slag
on

been

there

at

in

be

is to

at

to
low

a

high in silica and

with

slag high

has

in lime

of lime

a

to

is too

by

Canby, the second

by Weinberg

:

a

be the

%%

great

well

of matte

to contain

lime.
more

a

in the
that

is

In any

than

from

loss in metal.

zinc, but
The

maintain.

with

WeinbergJ publish

Engineering and Mining
Ibid.,Sept. 28, 1896.

must

will

made

(CaO) in the
of SiO" FeO
figure of 90.

usual

percentage

than

more

successfully

*

pletely
com-

reduced

retain to work

not

high in lime made

t

oxide

that the total

may

the

practice few

said to have

pass

known

quickly and

larger than the

slag ought

otherwise

has

of zinc silicate is

that it is not

amount

this is the lower
a

piece of

a

zinc-bearing slag is

done

not

as

practice to figure one-half of the zinc

mainly

smelting,

ore

8%

Slags

the

that the

depends

then

amount

silicate is

If zinc

aware.

to be

solution

zinc is present

presence

be taken

a

zinc

That

when

seen

is

must

to be made

of lime

small

very

correct

a

in igneous

heat, it is not

If this is done, it will be found

slag.

case,

white

If, however,

an

silicate is

burning zinc will

from

for the

requires

be used, it has become

a

slag, after the matte

begins.

smelting has

This

as

a

writer

temperature.

(ZnO)

at

Evidence

as

a

of

fumes

the reduction

poured.

as

perhaps

the zinc

While

It is

the generally accepted

pot filled with

sulphide is readily

as

or

slagged

retards

the

lowers

of the first belief is that if

by carbon

reduced

the slag

a

thus

the smelting.

of it is held

to settle out, white

the surface.

off from

tapped

silicate,and

sulphide, and

as

allowed

what

is infusible,and

metallurgists whether

maintain

They

oxide,

as

other

LEAD,

that zinc is present in the slag

statement
one.

OF

that this is

subjoined

satisfactoryresults

:

number

of zinc-bearing slags

them.

The

Journal,

Aug.

first table is by

89, 1896.

Dec.
t It"id.,

19, 1896.

IN

SMELTINO

THE

BLAST

FURNACE.

293

80.0
24.5
22.8
17.7

FeO
CaO
ZnO

(a) Calculated.

The

slag produced in smelting zinc-bearing oresatthe^Herzog

Julius

Frau

and

Works

Sophieen"

10.24

BaSO^

in which
the

having

an

it lead

with

dioxide

accretions

lead and

by

or

of

use

a

blast of very

at times

silver must

sulphide

reduced

high

The

aim
the

from

this have

will remain

oxide
must

ore

not

therefore

before
been

concentration, and
place
with
"

t

on

account

oxidized

ores

by

up

any

forms

7 ft. above

about

charging-door.
the loss in

its downward

on

of carbon, in
into

the lead

in

course

contact

with

sulphide; if
sulphide and

unchanged.
be to

remove

it is smelted.
very

ries
car-

from

Nevertheless

sufficient iron is present it will decompose
the zinc

higher

the

sulphate, it is converted

or

by

same.

to metal

the presence

with

the charge, comes,

the

to

in the

extent

taken

a

be

pressuref this evil has been

entirely avoided.
remain

metal

fluedust, and

as

in

ascending

vapor

of

would

slight

a

oxygen

up

them

to

oxidized

the

in thickness

growing

If zinc oxide, not

lead

The

Tolatilized.

oxide, carries off metal

tuyeres and

diminished,

to

or

naces
fur-

bottom

crucible

the

as

the

make

to

be reduced

by carbon,

vapor

from

the sides of the furnace, beginning

on

the

tap,

in blast

made

possible

oxide

19.64,

6.05.

were

silver,and, being

water-

readily reducible

With

furnace

and
or

siphon

has

Mountains'*"

35.05, ZnO

tapped

were

If zinc

over.

slags

hardly be

iron, it becomes

metallic

carbon

matte

Arents'

parts of the

lower

all these

It would

quickly crusted

the

that

lead and

crucible.

furnace

6.31, CaO

(=BaS 8.13),AlA

It is to be noted

Harz

SiO, 16.90, FeO

following composition:

the

in the

as

The

of the intimate

very

zinc

various

successful,with
this with

much

fine-grained
of blende

the losses in precious metal

possible

attempts

the exception

contact

as

would

to

do

of mechanical

ores

with

is out

of

galena;

be too great.

in Pruessen, 1877,xxv., p. 148.
ZeiUchrift fur Berg-^ Uiitten- und ScUinen-Wesen
Kloz, Engineering and Mining Journal^ April 10, 1897.

MET

294
A number

ALL

7

VRQ

OF

of plana for removing
have

concentration

of distillingthe

tried

been

roasted

zino from

ore

being carried off at the

pouiids and

residue

on

at the

horizontal

condenser
similar

a

monet^llwho

with coarse-crushed

blende
pass

caustic

into the

sulphate, and

the fine zinc

this method

with

worth

is, however,

trying,

again with suitable

may

treating complex
One

methods

into zinc sulphite and
the addition

aims

zinc

the

manfacture

"

t

of

sulphatie has
a

white

a

L.

This

once

but

mented
experilittle

too

The

with

Simmonet,

Bartlett

the

method

zinc

these with

is represented

and
for

process

fully described

to

rated
sepa-

success.

convert

to

in

" 53.

sulphide
out
with-

or

by Par-

Lowe,""
Halske,ttCroselmire,Jt
Harz**"** (Prussia)
the old
the Lower

and

West, IIIand Letrange. ^^ In
of heap-roasting the mixed
process
out

it

be

can

of ore,

ver
sil-

changed

writer

sulphate, and to leach

Siemens

silver-bearing

in part

The

has been

ores

of sulphuric acid.

nell,^ Chenhall,**

of the lead and

kinds

F.

The

ore.

zinc-lead

class of wet

Most

it succeeded

as

Chenhall"

and

to make

silver passed into the limestone

off by

is that of Sim-

sulphide, and

several

on

nace
fur-

a

lead

by screening.

ore

eom-

proposes

drawn

opening.

has been

limestone, which

lime, calcium

from

limestone.

Tvay

the top and

are

dry method

finely pulverized

roasts

a

the lead

from

vapors

charging

Another

method.

and

Lumaghif

charged

the zinc

the

near

gives

GrandfilsJdescribe

are

while

bottom,

end

lower.

and

vertical retorts, which

discharged
suggests

Binon

suited for

cylindrical retorts, the

upper

at the

similar plan.

a

with

a

removed

not

ores

Thum"*"

suggested.

or

in inclined

zinc Tspors

to work

LEAD,

sulphide

received

a

fresh

ores

and

impetus

paint, called ''Lithopon," which

leaching
from
is

a

the
mix-

Zeitung, 1875,p. 1.
Berg- und Bdttenm"nnitche
and
Mining Journal, Aug. 28, 1800.
Englneenng

t Revw

Universelle des Mine$, 1879, vol.

v., p. 288.

S Oe^terreichiMche ZeitsehriftfUr Berg- und
I Annalee dee Mines, 1870,vol. xvll.,p. 27.

HUttenweaen,

1880,p. 4fl8.

Zeitung, 1881,p 254; 1888,p. 249.
HUttenmdnnische
und
Proceedings of the Institute of CivU Engineers (England), 1888,Ixziv.,p. 289; Berg^
p. 201ZeitungA8M, p. 466; Iron, xxll.,p. 406; Chemical Neufs, xlii.,
HUttenmdnnische
und
868.
1888,
p.
++ W"igner^s Jahresberichte,
1889.
tt Engineering and Mining Journal, Sept 29, 1888; Feb. 9,
5 Berg""

SfiIbid.,Jan. 6, 1889, p. 17.
li Ibid., March
55
"""

und

14, 1891.
Hiittenmdnnische

Zeitung, 1888, p. 489; 1883,p. 287.
in PreuMsen,xxy.,p. 144; Berg,
Salinen
Wesen
und
ZeitsehriftfUr Berg- und HUttenHUttenmdnnische
Zeitung, 1890,p. 181; 1891,p. 184; "The Mineral Industry,'*1896,iv-

p. 88.

Berg- und

The

method

other

chloride.
on

zinc-bearing lead

v., 404,

headed

the reviews
In

the

Industry," n.,431;

slag is

same

with

run

When

zinc.

and

over

oxide

it begins to be

forms

on

top of the lead in the
for any

be kept open
goes,

is the maximum

16%

singulo-silicateslag rich in iron
Arents
In
in

smelting where

zinc

different from

blast

zinc

oxide

has

been

mixed

with

oxide

when

proportions.

the

as

in

writer's
oxide

furnace

a

mass

cannot
perience
ex-

that

having

given temperature
should

be

always

requisite for combination

BitigineeHng and

190%

to 1250

Mining

the

a

an

distilled

retorts, the

behavior

He

"

by

in

finds

presence

of pure

case

other

depending
in

excess

with
excess

C, while

Journal^ March

Zeitung^ 1884, p.

and

preTail in

oxides

sulphide is decomposed

which

t Chemiker

Frost.

with

at any

at 1200^

small

lead

upon

of

that

ditions
con-

smelting

the

retort

impurities ordinarily present

at lOTS'^ 0. in

Zinc

zinc sulphide and

which

is unaffected

mixed

in

chemical

investigated by

taking place

to 1250^

*

crucible

is reduced

zinc

dioxide

those

The

furnace.

of the

PbO,

bear

of zinc

gritty

of zinc

amount

rated
satu-

10%
a

ore

no

or

it becomes

16%

As far

can

the

of carbon

atmosphere
are

a

little

in

siphon tap.

an

in

with

furnace, and the

length of time.

by the

reviews

refining works

from

with

and

mushy,

very

of

treatment

ferruginous slag contains

a

has

Metallurgy,"and

again until

over

cesses
pro-

HI., 431; IV., 472,

Lead

siphon tap and

Arents'

the

in the annual

Improvements in
metallurgyof zinc.

with

their

based

for

suggestions

smelting zinc-bearing by-products

blast furnace

a

it into

convert

Electrochlorination

Becent

**

the

on

solvent.

a

is to

have

Wilsonf

will be found

ores

in ''The Mineral

writer

as

Later

tried by Slater. |

been

soluble

zinc

and

hydrochloric acid

the

sulphide and zinc sulphate.

of making

Maxwell-Lyte*

295

sulphide resulting from

zinc

decomposition of barium

double

FURNACE.

BLAST

sulphate and

of barium

ture

THE

IN

SMELTING

in

the

of
ores

tion
reduc-

Fe,Os,AltO, and

ZnO, and

at

1200''

in equal molecular

by

iron, the

action

the proportion of iron,

of the amount

the sulphur.

With

of iron, the zinc

was

theoretically
a

mixture

of

ilized
wholly volat-

at lOlb"" considerable

remained

in

10. 1888.

107.

t Kngineering and Mining Journal^ June 2, July 14, 1888.
de VAuociation
f BtMetin
Beige des CJUmitte^ x. 6, pp. 946-268;Journal
of Chemieal
IndiiBtry,1806,p. 818.

of the Society

the

Lime

residue.

75%

completely
experiments

At 1200"

the

efficient than

more

chemically

a

reduction

zinc oxide,

of

might

at

of lead

in presence

sulphide

calcium

sium
Magne-

is decomposed
the

dioxide, favors

sulphur

fluence
retarding in-

no

even

high temperature

a

and

into magnesia

These

of zinc sulphide.

facilitate the formation

sulphate, which

result

same

crystalline sphalerite.

pure,

reduced

convert

of

excess

the zinc sulphide

sulphate exerted

calcium

which
and iron silicates,
to silicate and

iron, an

quantity decomposing

with

made

to 1250"

on

LEAD.

melting point of gold (1200" C).

at the

were

OF

T

C, while with sufficient lime the

1250"

at

be obtained

can

proved

the theoretical

over

URO

ALL

MET

296

by

bon
car-

production

of zinc sulphide.
with

Experiments

C. and

at 1000"

but

temperature,
"

antimony

but

is much

antimoniate

monide,
with

of lead

or

combines

with

the lead

matte.

The

the

character

that it

of the

ore-charge

an

no

Two

account

antimonial
If the

smelting antimony
by-products

slag contains
much

some

but

to
of

A

to

refining works

becomes

It

as

an

anti-

an

or

effects of antimony,

rare,

impairs the

and

in making

quantity

It forms

sionally
occa-

(see " 128).

little iron, thus

or

it is

is made,

of the small

contended

speise is liable to form, which

it rich.

reduced

antimony.

are

the

be present.

speise, if any

skimmings
be

iron

the lead than

with

speise is

by the

antimony and lead

the loss of the antimony,

by metallic

be taken

need

oxide.

an

like lead sulphide,

injurious

Antimonial

difficulties have

or

loss by volatilization and

of iron likely to be consumed
in

or

main

two

causes

lead.

sulphide

this,being
the

that

at

is generally present

oxide

iron, and

therefore, are

up

The

C,

to 1500."

of iron that may

excess

any

a

the whole

on

likely to combine

more

be volatilized.

also

may

is

as

If decomposed

volatile.

more

speise with

a

at 1450"

either

occurs

sulphide behaves

resulting metal
to form

double

a

gether
to-

1250"

to

silicate irreducible

completely reducible

Antimony

Antimony.
The

of

SiOt heated

at 1200"

by carbon

reduced

the formation

indicated

ZnO, PbO, and

of

mixture

a

with
in the

in treating the
blast-furnace.

requiring

a

high

perature,
tem-

volatilized;if rich in iron,

either separates out, causing
mixed

with

the

ing
slag, mak-

ferruginous slag is generally preferred

as

the

lesser evil of the two.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

298

speise does not contain
but does

"

Fuels

70.

used

Used

in lead

enough

in

smelting

is caused

Furnace.

are

coke, charcoal, and
coke

coal, and experiments have been

made

of

Coke.

The

"

be hard

As regards

and

does

this,a high

pressure

desirable.

not

the

now,

the worst.

consequently

whole

years

coke

porosity, if the

be
coke

not

were

pores

useless

but

harmful.

of

coke
A

ville coke
The

has

to

glazed

it is not

percentage
to be

much

so

as

brought

from

a

use

few

a

its

partialb'
to be

not

combines
is wanted.

broken

in ash and

the

on

regards

as

however,

are,

is

come
over-

up

than

more

in transportation

its uniform

ity.
qual-

distance, Connella-

is the best.
of

amount

of dry coke
can

by its low

if coke

Thus,

fuel

coke, therefore, that
coke

dense,

common

large ; they become

become

is the

permissible

was

suitable

a

in

degree of porosity is what

moderate

for by the fact that

up

coke

order

to

in ash.

is very

In

pressure

than

too

disadvantages of Connellsville
and

and

a

higher

form

might

lumps

made

and low

coke

readily.

dense

more

the

strength with

the

for

ought

purposes

of the blast is needed, which

clogged and

The

anthracite

tried.

Connellsyille

oxidize

not

the

of

by bituminous

to substitute

for smelting

But

With

may

Gas

ago.

only

a

the strength of the cell walls, Connellsyille

coke

best, gas

commonly

mixture

the burden, slightlyporous

to bear

enough

suited

to be

ature.
temper-

a

fuels

is replaced

fuel has also been

gaseous

coke

"

deficiency,

a

low

too

The

Blast

the

part of the coke;

by

the

Occasionally part

two.

LEAD.

iron, as it supplies

if the accretion

good

no

OF

ash in coke

weighs about

bear

about

In computing

a

a

50

varies

from

10

lb. ; it has about

90-ft. charge without

20%

to

50%

of

; 1 cu.

ft.

cell-space,

crushing.

charge the ash of the coke has

to be taken

into

account.

Coke, used

alone

as

fuel, gives clean

slags and

little fluedust.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

IN

THE

BLASTFURNACE,

OF

ANALYSES

ASH.

COKE

Connells- Starkville

ElMoro,

Grand

ville,Pa.

C!oio.

Rlver,Colo.

44.64
85.19
82.73
6.06
i.ei

:66.45

50.1

25.60
8.00

14.8

SIO.

AiA
MrO
Reference..

Crested

Ck)lo.

84.50
8.40
7.10

(A)

South

Butte,Colo. Park, Colo.

42.25
28.07
26.43
8.50
1.40

29.10
83.10
47.80

(Sf)

(")

(e)

of the
Resources
United
(a) Generally higher, (b) Includinf^ moisture,
(c) "Mineral
States.*' 1880, xt., p. 72. (e) Emmons.
of the United
States/' 1887, p. 896. (d) ''Tenth Census
"
of American
Geology ana Ulnlng Industry of Leadville,Colo.," p. 642. (/) ** Transactions
communication
Insritute of Mining Engineers," zix., p. 1084. (g) Private
by C. H. Livingvtone.
by M. W. Oes.
{h) Private oanmiunicatlon

the coke is fed into the furnace

Before

This

be removed.

the

apart, w^hile removing
is used

BGOop
over

floor and

the

from

having

the

sheds.

they

in.

coke

the

on

boiler,occasionally in the

a

the

removed,

are

to

Sometimes

coke

coarse

\

prongs

by dumping

out

bin, whence

a

the

under

coke

discharges the

fines into

burned

to be

coke-fork

a

fines screened

the

and

grizzly, which

a

with

is done

all the fine parts have

feed*

usually
producer

gas

of the roasting furnaces.
Charcoal.
lead

furnace,

joined

regards porosity charcoal
it consists*

as

other

each

to

it is

oxidized,
not

As

"

require

porosity

is favorable

looser, which
kinds

few

very

is

a

loss

causes

nobody

burned.

charcoal

pine, quaking

heat.

furnace, and

even

with

coke

charcoal, but it is obtained
nard

unclean

TbOmer,

greater

the

charge

as

Stahl und

of

a

cannot

small

as

is that

slags and
to do

percentage

vi.,p. 71.

so.

to be

well

white

alone

in the

is allowable
makes

a

difficultyin large pieces.

EUen^

also

fluedust,hence

be used

mahogany,

and

up

yellow and

Mesquite

centage
per-

fuel, but it

a

best, but it has

it entirely.
with

as

absolutely forced

is the

only

woods, such
"

makes

cottonwood

metallurgists condemn
from

It

lighter woods, such

and

Its

; it breaks

worthless

only

unless

alone

from

aspen,

making

does

smelting; further, its

heavy burden

is not

cells

and

ores,

great disadvantage of charcoal

(pifion)charcoal
Charcoal

:

1), thus

a

being readily

advantage.

an

b^" increasing the amount

in metal

uses

Nut-pine

some

of

conductor

bad

(3

any

charcoal

Fine

crumbles.

bear

can

is

for quick

The

of ash is low.

of small

agent for oxidized

bulk

fuel for

best

Hence,

walls.

blast, which

greater

causes

a

porous

good reducing

a

high

a

by

of

is the

large number

cedar, and

;

good
coal
Char-

oak, de-

ALL

MET

300

crepitates in the
time

length of

fines becomes
be

do not

It should

Charcoal

has in

at the

form.

few

a

instances

advocates

of alkali and

different kinds
with

it is not

it

of charcoal

to

about

by

to the

on
sun.

equivalent

an

formed
been
in

The

arrives less

charged in that

the blast furnace,

of ash, consisting principally

2%

carbonates, and
One

give

does

bushel

bear

can

Charcoal,

"

varies

not

affect

weighs about
much

too

a

14

with

the

general figure; it is less than

a

what

From

the ideal fuel for the lead smelter
and

coke

the

charges in

more

the charge

This

and

furnaces

to the square

inch

Coke

and

to ignite the

for

spaces
are

and

Bituminous

part of the coke by

run

oxide

is used

charcoal

ores

a

Coal,

"

coke

bears

crushed.

being

a

to

small

2| lb.

2 to

of the

percentage

in replacing

minous
only slightly-cakingbitu-

or

that, beside

cheaper bituminous

in 1891

pea

the

coal.
direct

for the

coal

He

gives

saving

kept

open

coke

and

matte

was

better.

The

charcoal

mixture, and

good.

On

*

*'

Transactions

t

''

ibtd.," XX., p. 165.

the

of American

slag

feed-floor
Institute

ran

assays

of

the
the

lower

in

coke, jackets,

slag and lead appeared hotter, the tuyeres brighter, and the
usual

At

penetrate.

of from

Neillfsucceeded

non-caking

experiments

substituting the

The

rarely.

very

a

blast

coal,using separately lump, nut, and
results of his

will put through

from

pressure

form

low-

a

coke, and, having hardly

the

with

that

strength of

least with

charcoal

and

the

prevents

present when

charge, charcoal

the

given time than either alone.

a

ash, leaves hollow

any

said it is obvious

combine

must

of coke

quickl3% helps

burns

has been

of charcoal; thus, at

porosity

blast, a mixture

pressure

as

it absorbs.

into 12-in. lengths.

if it had

to

coke.

Coke and

up

of

amount

exposed

replaced
up

extent.

height of charge

any

of the coke.

alkali-earth

appreciable

to any

The

contains

for

of charcoal

amounts

in matting

use

the

that

the charcoal

it one-half

charcoal

Lightwood

its

up

large

cut

and

open

and

oxygen

been

of split wood

having replaced with

lb.

the

where

is exposed

hand, its quality is said

other

tuyere-region than

Lang*

charge

the

like to have

keeps the charge

crushed

air it breaks

be stored

in reducing power
wood

charcoal

by storing, through

smelters

hand.

On

LEAD,

OF

When

open

large.

improved

Lead

furnace.

to the

T

URG

than

cible
cru-

with the

separation of slag and

charges settled

more

Mining Engineers.'*xzv., p. 545.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

fewer

evenly, as

In

the
in

tuyeres to the
the

and

coal in his fuel
that with

thinks

be bituminous
The

a

of Neill in

and

height)
The

The

coal

of the

subjoined

some

coke

able

ft.

coal
char-

and

have

to

21% of
33%,

to reach

expected

one-half

of his

or

fuel might

and

nous
bitumi-

and

charcoal,has been

followed

use

Austin*

gives

of mixed

fuels

in the blast furnace

Germania

drawn

of the coke
*

coke

in the

"

of coke

using mixtures

table contains

conclusions

coal and

12

tuyeres, and
used

was

He

furnace

successful.

proved

experience

bituminous

and

1, and

charge.

higher

coal, instead of coke
18 months'

:

was

of the charge being

account

on

top

larger, there

was

by 78 in. at the
3

the

coal.

example

by others

of smoke

charging-door, he

proportion of

bituminous

301

formed, and

the volume

his furnace, 36

FURNACE.

were

greater loss in the fluedust

no

cooler.
from

BLAST

accretions

usual; while

cooler than
was

zinc

THE

Engineering

Lead

Works,

a

summary

of

coke, charcoal,

(having a

12-ft. working

Salt Lake

City, Utah.

the leading data:

by Austin

are,

by bituminous
and

"

Mining

Journal^

that in replacing cliar-

coal, the
Dec.

amount

of fuel

15, 1894.

i

METALL

302

required to the

of

ton

URG

effect is similar

running

of the furnace, but

; that

coppery

and

with
that

bituminous

gas-mixture
the blast

its passage

on

air in the

going),as

of charcoal
if the latter is

and

Coke

be

ignited by the hot

mixture

publishes some
The

result

the

9 ft. from

proportion of anthracite
condition.

good

there

lead),a
having

low

matte
a

in lead

shown

formed

were

than

the

coke

made

reduced

was

the

The

one-third

remained

crucible

open

;

slag (0.4 to 0.8%

copper), and

alone

as

with

speise

a

Finally, less zinc

structure.

when

use.

furnace

clean

a

lead, 4%

(8%

coarsely crystalline

by

arsenic

feed-floor.

e.g,^

kept cool and

top

good reduction

a

was

The

the

increased,

of the fuel ; otherwise

60%

as

placing
re-

36 by 80 ft.

was

of the furnace

was

The

size for part of

furnace

there to

that the smelting power

was

anthracite
in

level and

tuyere

with

experiments

the coke,
at the

blower

and

quantities to permit its

being used.

lastLv

one

charge.

if copper

of goose-egg

charcoal

that

coal is recommended,

by Ropp in substituting anthracite
no

of the

in contact

coming

coke by bituminous

Dwight*

"

and

off entirely (at least

considerably cheaper, and

Anthracite.

and

the surface

downcomer,

same

present in small enough

are

slowbs

coal must

it ignites the explosive

as

the

will

furnace

the

taken

fillingup

issues from

avoided,

into

be

never

may

be kept

to be

coal is

unfavorably

feeding of bituminous

yellow smoke

charge; that over-fire is

crucible

;

the

ing
by substitut-

to work

appears

2%

or

promoting

be corrected

the

the

in

of bituminous

excess
can

ores,

by 1

increased

charcoal

an

coal

arsenical

whenever

be stopped

of

that

regards manipulation

as

must

that

to

LEAD.

to be

the charge and

up

charcoal

OF

charge has

that the

liable to choke

T

used, the

was

tions
accre-

charge

containing 7.5% zinc.
Gaseous
the works
natural

Fuel

has

been

with
The

tuyere-pipe.
the

air for the

the

blast-pressure

replaced by

gaseous

is clear from

''Transactions

Ibid.,XT., p. 661.

hot.

That

too

t

of American

introduced

InsUtute

so

as

to supply

per

cent,

sufficient

of coke

was

replacing 60%, the top of
solid

fuel cannot

the reactions
of

the

cocks
regulated by stop-

was

^as

Thirty
By

way.

became

*

Blake

Companyf

increased

of the gas.

in this

At

single instance.

a

by inserting a gas-pipe through
of natural

amount

combustion

successfullysaved
the furnace

blast

in

used

of the Pennsylvania Lead

gas

and

This

"

going

be entirely
on

in

a

blast

Mining Engineers,'^ xz., p. 169.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

For

that require solid carbon.

furnace

that

improbable

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

pecuniary

artificial gaseous

any

303

fuel will

it is

reasons

be used

ever

in

the blast furnace.

Weight of Fuel,

weight of the fuel required in

The

"

in terms

is generally expressed

(ore,flux, and

weight of the charge
that

of fuel

part

one

of

charge ; the latter is

bears

more

so

so

refers to the

of the

weight

the

for

added,

that

reason

the

addition

an

fusibility of the

charge, with

of fuel only

the

slag that

slag does

fuel because

is

within

not

it facilitates the smelting.

the time

the smelting is carried

at which

of

of fuel required varies with

amount

of lead

the percentage of fuel used

charge excluding

ordinary limits call for extra
The

Often

material.

matte

derstanding
Misun-

smelting.

referring the percentage

in the charge and

to the slag and

its weight of

deducting the pounds

occasionally arises from
contained

many

total

by saying

times

in copper

common

the

of

percentage

slag),sometimes

and

nace
lead fur-

a

of year,

and

tude
alti-

the

the pressure

and

on,

its character,with

of the

blast.

character of the fuel

As regards the
is not

only

is consumed

this

reason

to be

seem

smaller

a

required.
in the

: one

monoxide

the

are,

at the tuyeres than

the

has to be made

Thus

is the coke.

Bell* found

slag it.

to

of coke

and

would

coke

the

of the

coke, and

porous

thus

produces

fuel ; the other

furnace

is oxidized

ascending

gases

that in conducting carbon

5.4, 30.2, and

contained

Akerman,t heating
%0^
33

per

two

second, found
*

Journal

68.4

gas

volumes

filled with

tubes

passing carbon

C, and
mm.

charcoal, the

dioxide
that

the

of

carbon

through
carbon

them
dioxide

of the Iron and Steel Institute. 1878,f.,p. 74.
Jahrhuch^ 1889,p. 197.

t Oetterreiehisches

dense

leaving the
and

than

dioxide

on

coke

sons
rea-

to carbon

more

and

in

other

through three strongly-heated porcelain pipes filled with
coke,

case.

is crushed
two

burns

by additional

dioxide

ash

amount

is,however, the

porous

through

in its descent

than

however,

denser

up

smaller

necessary

crumbles

There

in

quantity of this carbon

opposite

charcoal

furnace.

quickly by the carbon

more

the

of charcoal

amount

being

charcoal

that is rich

fluxes

the

is that the charcoal

less heat, which
is that

considerable

The. exact

This is mainly because
its descent

a

the ash and

to melt

coke

fuel in proportion to

it contains, but

of carbon

For

inferior

an

:

pipes

monoxide.
charcoal

at

a
on

to

speed of
leaving

METALLURGY

304
them

contained

smaller

The

richer

an

requires

and

of

being
the

instance, an

ore

taining
con-

that is free from

one

it ;

a

that is furruginous;

one

charge requires less fuel than

open

perature.
tem-

fusible the rest of the

more

fuel than

the

monoxide,

to the lower

due

For

fuel than

more

carbon

that is fine

one

dense.

In

less fuel is generally required than

summer

so

much

as

balanced

the
and

by the larger percentage

fuel.

The

difference

altitude at which
in the

ence

1881,

of fuel required.

amount

the figures of 14 and

gave

level of the

the

the lower

(10,000ft.);
the winter

satisfactoryis the

certain

given by Headden

the air is rarified,than
be consumed,

and

In the

same

fuel.

is required at

a

City (4,000 ft.
in Le"dville

24%

the higher to

at

the

of

meeting

a

matter

at

more

a

more

way

and

power

high elevation

b^' an

up

more

heat

will

extra

amount

of

consequently
this cubic

to obtain

under

high elevation,where

at sea-level ; consequently

this has to be made

the

informally

was

foot of air entering the blast furnace
will expand

pressure

Hahn,*

to the summer,

Society, where

A cubic

discussed.

great differ*

a

only explanation that is at least in part

one

Scientific

Colorado

flux,

for instance, in

in Salt Lake

17%

figure refers

The

season.

makes

against 22 and

sea) as

in ore,

to

5%.

as

is smelted

ore

an

in the air, as

contained

much

as

be counted

may

of moisture

water

be

may

in winter, not

which

temperature,

rapid evaporation of the

more

above

to the higher

owing

The

a

monoxide

more

slag requires

and

coarse

volumes

is in lead and

ore

LEAD.

less fuel will be needed.

zinc

calcareous

13.3

of carbon

amounts

charge, the

a

2.5 and

OF

fuel

more

foot of

pressed
com-

air.
The

of the

pressure

With

consumption.
four

years

about

5,000 ft. was

22%,

if

a

mixture

fallen with

a

The

pressure
reason

of carbonate

amount
more

the

ago,

even

has

the pressure

of

the tuyeres, because
''

|

of coke

amount

and

15%,
of

great influence

a

coke

at

and

of from

and

1

needed

charcoal
3

at

treated, but

the blast

Mineral Beeources

mainly

comes

of the United

in

on

coke

better

or

of

much

as

This

used.

lb. to 12 and

of the

three

and

was

fuel

elevation

an

for thii saving is partly because
ore

the

on

lb.,common

10,000 ft. 18%

2 to

perfect combustion

and

"

blast

15%

as

has

tively.
respec-

of the smaller
account

at the
contact

of the

region of
with

the

States/' 1882,p. 8S9.

Qoo^"z

MET

306

fieoondly,by oarbon

ALL

URG

dioxide

T

OF

LEAD.

being split into carbon

monoxide

and

oxygen,

CO^CO+0,

CO,+re^O^.,=CO+re,Oy,
yCOg+a:Fe=
dioxide

thirdly, by oarbon

i/CO+Fe,0^;
with

combining

carbon,

C0,+C=2C0.
The

reducing

favored

by

a

of

power

high

carbon

monoxide
Its

temperature.

is

combustion

of

product

whole

the

on

is

dioxide.

carbon

PbO+CO=Pb+CO"
Fe,0 +C0=Fe,O,_i+C0"
Fe^O +i/CO=j:Fe+i/CO^
always been

It has

cannot

exist

at 2000"

of carbon

power

and

at

a

and

is only

carbon

4%

at

temperatures

2460"

remains

dioxide

not

are

decomposition of carbon

is diminished
the

mixture

same

be

may

as

G.

and

undecomposed

at

reached

in

dioxide

1800

1690"

by heat

blast

alone

does

oxide
mon-

low

a

and

Blass,*

to

to 2000^

Meyerf

lead

a

at

According

Langen

and

the temperature
of carbon

at from

begins only

C,

that the reducing

reducing agent

a

to be

begins

at 1200"

oxygen

high temperature.

the dissociation,however,
and

and

dioxide

If this be so, it follows

dioxide

oxidizing agent

an

G.

C,

carbon

monoxide

monoxide

1200"

above

rises

carbon

into

decomposed

accepted that carbon

that

state

G.

As

these

furnace
not

C.

the

concern

the lead smelter.

(c) Other

of carbon

sources

First, the direct combustion

dioxide

in furnace

of carbon

at

a

are

gases

low

:

temperature,

G+Of=CO,.
Second, the splittingof carbon
dioxide
confcact with

at

a

temperature

monoxide

of from

400

into carbon
to

450"

and

G. when

bon
oar-

in

iron oxide.

2G0=G0,+C.

to

lead carbonate, 170
Third, the decomposition of carbonates:
200" G. ; magnesium
carbonate, 650" G. ; ferrous carbonate,

about

800"

G. ; calcium
"

Stahl

und

carbonate, 812"

G.J

Eisen, 1892, p. 901.

ilbid.

X Le Chateller, Thoninduitrie

Zeitung^ 1880,p.

4S9.

IN

SMELTING

Fourth, its
The

FURNACE.

sulphur

been

the

seen,

mainly

carbon

air, on

entering the

dioxide

as

reducing

a

monoxide

and

already been

has

agent

carbon

The

monoxide.
the

through

are

gases

of the

oi^gen

descent
incan-

tuyeres, meets
dioxide

carbon

into

the

to

in furnace

compounds

is converted

according

depends

carbon

furnace

fuel, which

carbon

or

This

prevailing temperature.

the melting point of the slag.

on

Freiberg lead slags melt, according
given for lead

temperatures*

C. ; Guyard

point of the

melting

CaO

21.7, MgO

1220"

C. ;

1273"

GoetzJ says

22.8, MnO

from

is 1300"

C. and

C. ;

35.5, FeO

1.0 oz., ranges

temperature

1030^

Schertel, at

slags are

slag: SiO,

4.6, Pb 0.7,Ag

its formation

to

0. ; Hesf finds 1034"

1200"

assumes

the

C. and

quantities

in small

blast furnace

(" 9).

As has

other

307

volume.

O.CM^ by

of

action

discussed

into the

entrance

the blast:

with

BLAST

THE

1100

4.,5

to 1200"

C, the specific heat

being 0.18.
products of combustion

In the

strongly prevail
the carbon

carbon

over

dioxide

oxides

ascending

gases

that which

These

expand

dioxide

monoxide.

will be reduced

to this will be added

of iron.

carbon

In

by carbon
decrease

at the boshes

cooler parts of the charge ; here

and

ascending,
to carbon

is produced

reactions

will therefore

monoxide

by carbon

acting

quickly

very

come

as

of carbon

monoxide

of carbon

on

dioxide

readily reducible
in

furnace

gases

oxides.

Thus

their

of carbon

correspondingly decreases.

carbon

monoxide
dioxide

of carbonates

distance

will be further

Schertel," a

gases

were

gases

from

increased

the

slight

one

and

tuyeres,
The

amount

t School

of

by the decomposition

taken

few, selected
from

the

from

by

throat

Freiberg blast furnaces

Kerl,|lmay
of the

be

furnaces.

smelting thoroughly slag-roastedore

quoted.

made
The

I. represents

to which

oxidized

Balling, *' Metallhattenkunde,'' p. 618.
Quarterly, xvlf., p. 80.
of Mines
by A. S. Dwlght, Au^nist 1896.
X Priyate cx"mmuiiicatlon
I Freiberger Jahrlmch^ 1880, p. 87; Wagner^a Jahresberichte, 1880,p. 188.
Hilttenm"nnuche
I Berg- und
Zeitung, 1880, p. 85.
"

that

in the charge.

Of the 19 analyses of gases

by

from

and

the percentage

increases,with

interruption, with

on

the

dioxide

again increases quickly through the reducing action of carbon
carbon

;

with the

in contact

the percentage

of

some

lead from

the refining works

n.

from

,

gases

The

dioxide

taken

number

of

of.

if
little,

upper

parts of the

lower

parts is reduced

incandescent

carbon

dioxide

volumes

of gas,

the other

hand

corresponds
analyses

tuyeres
The

From

carbon.

of 100

gaseous

of carbon

volumes

gaseous

ox3'gen

the resulting gas

monoxide,
53

the

volumes
more

than

rather

of

of

1, that

at

:

dioxide.

volumes

of

of air

26.5 of

carbon.

gaseous

to 13.25

26.5

equal to

that

volumes

nitrogen

Consequently
dioxide

than

slags produced in the furnaces

If

on

carbon
to carbon

from

nitrogen
volumes

the

to

carbon

carbon
26.5

burns

of

tion
propor-

gaseous

figures of gaseous

volumes

bon
car-

completely into carbon

tables it is evident

the

to carbon

relation

consist of 100 volumes

monoxide,

closely to the
100

the

100 volumes

every

nitrogen and

is converted

nitrogen

would

carbon.

the

in the

dioxide, there will result 126.5

volumes

will

4

as

of 126.5

oxygen

volumes

100

the

into carbon

contains, for

to carbon

to 13.25

slag-

passing through

is converted

If the

containing

dioxide, equal

little liberated

by weight is

monoxide

air

a

sulphide.

carbon

of the

from

being

ore

the analyses, in which

from

converted

is completely

when

a

of oxygen.

26.5

nitrogen,

sulphur

forms

that atmospheric

says

and

to

to carbon

the tuyeres most

of the

through the

will be set free in the

sulphur dioxide
most

;

matte.

obtained

The

0.15%.

added

analyses is sulphur

largest amount

was

furnace;

concludes

been

roasted

of the

none

The

any,

fuel and

have

matte

slag with

In

determinations

roasted, very

roasted

ore

gas.

account

LEAD.

is explained by Schertel

of hydrogen

presence

Schertel

and

resmelting the

decomposition of marsh

He

OF

METALLURGY

308

in the

volumes

before

the

monoxide.

which

Schertel

made

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

increase the amount

not

They
and

oxide

from

are

ores

on

blast of high pressure

Works

blast furnaces

B

contain

monoxide

309

dioxide

to any

smelting

works

extent.

joined.
sub-

are

with mixed

run

This

magnesia.

sulphide

slags containing high percentages of lime, a
It will be noted that the gases
being used.

A contain considerable

Works

from

of carbon
Colorado

from

few analyses of gas

A

FURNACE,

BLAST

THE

analyses contain 4.75% lime and 0.54%

the gas
would

IN

little. The

very

to the

is probably due

while

free oxygen
small

those

from

of carbon

percentage

high-pressure blast.

75.5
18.2
5.9
0.4

CO,
CO.
o...

passing from the throat of the furnace undergoes
the following changes: It first loses its hygroscopic water, then
The

"

in

charge

that which

is

chemically combined.

redness

(525"C.) and

react

sulphides of lead, iron, and

will

on

with

combined
also act

dull redness

reduced

silica or

ferric oxide

silver,unless
Lead

metal.

to

as

well

loses part of its carbon

of carbon

dioxide

by carbon

already

sulphate
as

may

that of porous

(oxideore, roasted matte). Carbonate
dolomite

of lead

(700" C), oxide

sulphide; its reduction begins

on

ient
stages of incip-

During the

of lead is decomposed,
the

dioxide, and

duction
re-

begins.

the charge descends

through incipient cherry-redness (800"
cherry-redness (900" C.) the reactions begun in the
of carbon
about completed, except the reduction
zone
are
upper
iron
oxides
that
carbon
monoxide.
of
and
by
dioxide,
porous
As

C. ) and

The

action of carbon

reacts
not

on

been

and

to

lime

is converted
carbon

monoxide

arsenides

decomposed
are

antimoniate, if these have
by

The

on

monoxide.

carbon

carbonates

are

lead also reacts

silver

charge begins to become pasty ; iron
isting
decomposed; any lead sulphate stillexreduction

decreases, that by carbon

rich in lead

means

The

into silicate;the

form

to

by metallic iron.

sulphurized and

lead set free

sulphide,arsenide,and antimonide

and sulphide.

chloride

The

begins.

now

lead sulphate,arseniate, and
reduced

of carbon

and

iron oxides

on

a

grows;

greater extent

Ascending

of iron

vapors

oxide by

sulphides and
and

are

in part

of metallic zinc

oxidized.

Qoo^"z

_i

METALLURGY

310

PasHing
and

deep

a

the

through

lead

setting free
what

metal;

remains

Lime

a

oxidize

in matte

baryta

and

is reduced

and

calcium

melted

and

the lead-well ; then

lead, and

crucible

slag overflows

speise and

or

of the

of lead that
to be
will

to their

and

the

To begin with

charges with

ores,

pure

not

little

are

than

a

2"5 or
little

charge

corresponding

to

amount

considerations

are

lead

the

acter
char-

of

fluxes

the

amount

of the

bullion

slag that

calculation

complete

to

30%,
or

extent

noted

of lead, which
the

no

the
that

in lead than

of

sum

of lead have

it is safe to go

Ordinarily

low

charge for the

a

necessary

amount

6.5%

as

present to any
It is to be

15%.
with

containing

12%.

A

reference

from

sulphur,

much

tapped, while

are

quantity of speise, matte, and

the necessary

the highest, with

either

are

they separate again

contain, the richness

charge.

having
as

specific gravities,

will

give

all these points.

on

percentage

the

Other

the

the

full information

in

calculating

will

charge

from

some

passing off through

alone

matte

typical slag best

produced, and

ensue

In

"

determined.

fuel then

and

nace.
fur-

Charge.*

is selected,and

ore

on

the

continuously.

of
" 72. Calculation
IntroductoryRemarks,

blast furnace, the

the

from

speise,matte, and slag, which

come

layers,

forms

in the furnace.

ascend

tapped at intervals into the slag-pots, where
in horizontal

iron acts

desulphurizing agents,

as

according

collectingin the

to

magnetic

to

slag ; metallic
some

silica,

carbon

sulphide into the slag ;

vapors

separate

masses

lead

barium

and

with

by

iron

metallic

also act

ma^'

will be reduced

zinc oxide

clean

(1200'' C),

orange

lime combine

and

arsenides, setting free

some

the

clear

speise, wifch prevailing iron, as tapped

and

The

to

of which

may

cherry-red (1000^ C.)

clear

a

oxide

most

found

sulphides and

carrying

Ferrous

oxide,

oxide, sometimes
matte

stages of

(1100'' C.)

orange

is perfected.

fusion

LEAD.

OF

been

is hardly

as

low

the charge

as

with

With

antimony, and

or

contain

ranges

lead is lost
one

cached.

; if these

8%

should

lead in charges
more

i

fluxes,

and

successfully;

run

ever

zinc, arsenic,

ore

is expressed

by

ties
impurinot

from

less
12 to

volatilization

that is high ; the loss in

5. 1892; Newhouse,
Murray, Engineering and Mining Journal, Aug. 18, 1887,and March
of Prac"
Ibid., xiv.. p. 134, also *' Manual
Quarterly, ix.,p. 378; Furman,
of Mines
State School
tical Assaying,'' New
York, 1893, p. 887; Saint Dlzier,Colorado
of Mine* Sdct^
*

School

tificQuarterly,vol. 11.,No. 1, p. 50.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

silver depends
the base

IN

mainly

in order

all the zinc is figured
does

only 80%

loss of lead, silver

(gold)
as

have

fluedust.

No

be

to

of fact

of the

ore

are

speise, while, especially with
and

the

arsenic

some

the assumed
and

ores

82.6

serve

may

FeO.
14.8

SiO,.

figures

calculating

galena

The

MnO.
4.8

as

charge,

CaO.
2.2

BaO.
1.6

ZnO.
2.4

"

iron

"

shall

shows

ore

be

15%

4.3

The

of the dolomitic

coke

Before

of any

goes

bullion,
into the

All the sulphur
the

matte

off with

and

the

carbonate

ores,

the furnace

gases

The

actual deviations
the

character

of

of the furnace.

containing

ore

Its composition

S.
4.4

^^?-

As.
0.5

some

is :

Pb.
20.7

Cu.
8.9

Asr,Oz. Au,Oz.
60.."S

Trace.

40FeO"

20CaO.

the

of

contain

charge.

10%

The

of slag; the

analysis of the

:

SiOj.

that

entering the

base

sulphide and

charge shall weigh 1,000 lb. and
coke

haps
per-

:

30SiOj"

fuel

the
some

in

carbonate

a

example.

an

for

bullion.

the working

a

joined
sub-

All the lead and

indefinitelywith

vary

typical slag shall be

The

or

fluedust

passes

the base

ente^

slags and

and

mixed

of both

large percentage

For

of

instance,

is taken

in

of it is lost and

some

accounted

arsenic

into the

account

collected

and

from

richness

For

(gold),sulphur, arsenic,etc.

is assumed

matter

a

entered

the rest being volatilized

so,

matte

very

the

on

simplify the work.

to

by-products, especially the

a

311

entering the slag, -while in reality

as

bullion, matte, and

while

loss of lead and

permissible assumptions

calculation

silver

FURNACE,

bullion.

Certain

base

the

on

BLAST

THE

FeO.

MnO.

72.4

1.7

CaO.

3.1;

limestone,

SiO^

FeO.

2.7.

4.5

contains

10%

CaO.

MgO.

37.3

11.9.

of ash, consisting of

SiO^.

FeO.

CaO.

MgO.

AlA-

40.3

26.5

6.9

2.4

20.4

beginning

the

calculation

it is necessary

to

bring the

Qoo^z

METALLURGY

312

different slag-forming components
the three
The
the

main

weights of iron
56

same,

Both

ferrous

calculations

and

55,

oxide

and

the

oxide, and

oxides

fuel under

lime.

being

manganese

two

metallic iron have

and

fluxes,and

of ore,

of silica,ferrous

heads

atomic

LEAD.

OF

nearly

Ter^'

simply

are

added.

to be considered

in the

:

FeOX^=Fe;reX4=^"0It will also be necessary

(ferrousoxide) in
Let

of the other two

terms

Si055=c,FeO=a,

FeO

SiO,

:

:

: a

FeO="

the equivalents of

to express

FeO

: c,

CaO

:

and

lime, although

:

: a

:

6,

b

baryta
some

lime).

FeO=-^CaO.

SiO"
c

Magnesia

and
(silica

ponent
com-

a+h+c=^.

and

CaO=6,

one

generally classed under

are

object to it.

persons

CaO

:

MgO

:

56

:

:

For

head of

the

instance

:

40.

CaO=MgOX1.4.
In the
Some

same

way

CaO=BaOX0.4.

metallurgists bring also zinc

the

head of

increase

of zinc

under

oxide

lime:

CaO=ZnOX0.7,
thus

cutting down

the

of

lime

a

slag with

the

oxide.
The

analyses of

ore,

fluxes,and

coke-ash, changed

as

indicated,

are:

In figuring the charge Ave
1.

The

2.

The

form

4.

amount

of available
of

metallic

ferrous

have

oxide

to be made

and

metallic

iron

required by

iron

required

the

to fiod:

iron;

arsenic

to

FcjAs;

3. The

with

amount

calculations

the

The

amount

sulphur
amount

of metallic
not

taken

up

by the

of flux required

copper

to combine
as

to FeS

CujS;

for the 15 lb. of ash in the 150

lb. of coke;

Qoo^"z

METALLUBOT

314
the

and

giyen by Murray*

one

analyses show

the amounts

elaborated

ore

100

(:r)and

of FeO

lb. of coke-ash, the

limestone

(y) can

first in terms

x

and

y

can

necessary

be found

of CaO,

(seeaboye), and finallyby putting
other, when

by NewhouBe.f

The

:

Starting again with
of iron

LEAD.

OF

then

ties
quanti-

by expressing

in terms

of SiO,

these quantities equal to each

be easily calculated.

FeO=-|^CaO,
26.5+0.

741a^^-0.0452/^^(10.26+0.031a^^
8.80.

a:=1.521y,"
FeO="

SiO^
c

26.5+0.

741H-0.045i/=-g(40.3+0.43x+0.0
0:^39.6"0.0132/,
1.521^"8.80=39.6"

5. Lead

ore,

100

lb.

The

O.OOly,

y=dl

lb. limestone,

a;=39

lb. iron

ore.

analyses give :

FeO=-|-CaO,
19.

1+0.

10. 16+0. 031a+0.
741x+0.045j/=-|J^(

539y),

a;=1.8+1.62y.
FeO="

SiO"
C

19.1+0.741x+0.045t^-^J(32.6+0.0435
a:=35.46"
*

0.013y.

Engineering and Mining Journal^ Aug.
of Minet
Quarterly^ ix.,p. 873.

t School

13, 1687; March

5, 1892.

SMELTING

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

IN

315

1.8+1.52j/=35.46 0.013j/.

Summing

6.

In

up.

requiring 6 lb. iron

fluxes.

and

ore

35 lb. iron
lb. iron
This

ore

gives

are
as

lb. ; iron

ore

Figuring

and

totals of
desired

SiO" FeO,

; then

lb. ooke-ash

the charge

tains
con-

lb. is to be made

ore

require

; to combine

to

up

by

slag the SiO,,

with As and

172x=875;

S, 15

a:=5.088.

figures: Coke-ash, 15 lb. (=150 lb.
510

lb. ; iron

for SiO" 185

ore

component

1,000 lb.

or

of the charge and

ing
add-

give the slag.

216.57jr=30, the

By

16

:

S, 75 lb. ; limestone, 115 lb. ;

the pounds of each

like to like must

are

875

; a total of 1721b.

in round

of coke) ; slag, 100 lb. ; lead ore,
As

=

22 lb. limestone

charge

there

4 lb. limestone

1,000 lb.

necessary

for

up

100 lb. of lead

Now
and

ore

summing

ore.

total of 125 lb.

from

difference

The

a

lb. limestone,
lb. iron

and

ore

100 lb. slag"

^=22
j;=35

and

coefficient
GaO

figures: 30, 40, 20.

is obtained

with

have

to be

multiplied

The

table

shows

that

which

to obtain

the

the
the

tion
calcula-

is correct.

Qoo^z

METALL

316

URG

adding the different

By

676 lb.

be calculated

slag must
For

12.8

every

There
In

the

metallic
The

102.5

242.4

charge

about

iron, form

lb. of

2.5

are

figure.

1b. of

lead; the

silver to the ton.

oz.

arsenic, which, with
3.7 lb. of

requiring

the total sulphur leaves 18.7 lb.,which, with

iron, give 51.4 lb. of

iron

lb. of

the

matte;

sulphur,

will form

the 3.7 lb. of sulphur from

Deducting

matte.

9.3

lb. of speise.

12

14.8 lb. of copper,

18.5 lb. of copper

32.7

lb. of metallic

total matte

formed

will

be

70 lb.

about

table further

The

that

shows

It will be noticed

not

that of the coke.
smelters

copper

smelter, include

the coke-ash

instance

data.

the results

is not

This

the

to

has been

of

been

culation
cal-

included,
by lead

practice of the

iron

the fuel.

this

not

for the purpose

added

1^%

the

usually done

fluxes and

and

ores

necessary

(15 lb.)has

who, contrary

only

of slag and

up

coke-ash

the

10%

are

that in summing

the weight of

although

there

giving all the

of fuel to the charge, thus

and

in the

made

to this

are

about

assay

be

of lead in the charge.

10%

are

there

the slag,

to form

that is to

having reference

as

will therefore

base bullion

that go

change

any

of silver

oz.

LEAD,

OF

components

obtained, and

are

T

together in the table everything that influences

In

bringing

of

the formation

of

the slag.
In making

up

charge for the blast furnace, the

the

If the lead

has stillto be considered.
of moisture,

5%

correspond

535

to 510

Moist

lb. of

lb. of dry

Ore:

Dry

moist
ore

contains, for instance,

ore

will

ore

moisture

have

be

to

used

to

:

Ore=100

:

95

:

:

a:

:

610;

a:=536.8.
The

same

is the

that

It is to be noted
formula

fluxes

with

case

l;^as

it shows

described, viz.,that

as

to become

Common

Method,

preliminary

components

method

proportions

calcareous

to

ores

Murray's

next

to

be

three classes

any

best

are

mixed

self-fiuxing.
"

In

fluxes,and fuel, and the
The

the

over

in what

of silicious, ferruginous, and
so

fuel.

figuring a charge according

great advantage

one

and

of ore,

the
same

method

common

slag

as

before, are

calculations, such

flux,and fuel under

as

the
taken

bringing
the

same

heads

as

the
of

ores,
a

basis.

different

SiOs, FeO,

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

and

CaO^

that

the

Fe

and

in the

charge is to

and

(15%)

made

are

of iron

and

ore

same

with

now

available FeO

The

to determine

required by the

limestone

of fuel

before.

as

necessary

(1,000lb.)

percentage

fixed.

are

317

total weight

it the

determined

are

are

FURNACE.

The

way.

to be added

ore

calculations

BLAST

TEE

have, and

slag (10%)

of the iron

Two

IN

the amounts

coke-ash

by the

and

ore.

The

analyses of the ash and

the

shown

by

entered,

are

which

The

follows.
of

the totals

as

the

lb. of coke

150

in the

15 lb. of

table

ash; for these

figured and entered

are

stone,
lime-

and

ore

italic type

contain

CaO

SiOj, FeO, and

fluxes,iron

two

in the

table.
There

6.04 lb. of

are

SiO,

:

FeO

:

30

:

necessary;

are

present.

iron

Available

ore:

FeO

They
and

OaO

To

entered

are
are

0.26

iron ore,

of 6.04

sum

it

of SiO,, FeO,

the total SiO^ 6.30 lb.,for which
CaO

much

How

6.30

:

lb. CaO

are

necessary;

1.73 lb. CaO

are

present.

difference,v=2.47
find the necessary

30

:

lb.

added, by the

been

20

:

u=4.20

To

4.08,

:

ore.

lb. SiOs have

lb. SiO" making

SiO,: CaO

The

z

::

also entered.

has to be provided.

limestone

68.4

in the table ; their total pounds

figured and

the previous

:

lb. iron

2=6

x\

:

100

::

:

to be added.

have

ore

required?

6.04

:

3.97 lb. FeO

find the necessary

Iron

:

are

difference,y=4.08 lb. FeO

To

40

:

is

FeO

lb. FeO

iF=8.05

The

much

SiOj; how

:

CaO,

:

have

:

u,

to be added.

(leaving out

limestone

is required?

the

SiO, and

FeO

contains):
Limestone

:

CaO

:

:

To

CaO

are
see

are

entered
if the

with

the pounds

calculation

multipliedby

4.76), which

a

53.9

:

of CaO

: to

:

2.47,

they bring to the slag.

is correct, the
factor

changes the pounds

SiO, of the slag aimed

:

lb. limestone,

t/j=4.5
which

100

at. The

pounds

(4.76, from

of FeO

6.30x

=

and

30,

x

of SiOj to 30, the percentage

result will be 40 FeO

and

=

of

20 CaO.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

318

The

table
to

The

gives 40.08 FeO

and

19.75

LEAD.

CaO,

showing

the calculation

giye sufficientlyclose results.

weights of iron
the

(6 lb.)and

ore

found

those

as

same

Deducting

of coke-ash

(the sum
slag) from

1,000 lb. gives the

875

same

limestone

(4| lb.)are

tically
prac-

by using Murray's method.

lb.

125

limestone, and of

the

lb.

with

of the

weight
total,
before

as

to

its iron

be

made

and

ore

charge

of

up

by

the

for the

ore,

the

its fluxes.

and

ore

OF

Now

a

table, like the

analytical data

below, is laid

one

entered, and

are

out

the calculation

is made

on

basis

a

of 100 lb.
1. The

calculated

are

of iron

amounts
as

shown

ore

required (15 lb.)by the As

above, and the results

entered

are

and

S

in the

table.
2. 100

lb. of

contain

ore

iron has to be provided

SiO,

:

FeO

:

19.10

To

Iron

:

lb. FeO

are

necessary;

lb. FeO

are

present.

ore

:

iron

Available

FeO

:

3. To

the 32.60

additions

total of 34.76

:

lb. of
:

ore

:

to be

:

100

which

CaO

30

:

:

:

z

:

24.36;

ore.

ore

SiOg, for
:

x;

added.

68.4

:

have

lime
20

tt=:23.17

lb. CaO

are

11.72

lb. CaO

are

:

been

added

from

lb. SiOg, making

0.65+1.51=2.16

:

:

:

lb. SiO, of the

of iron

SiO,

ore

have

lb. iron

z=35

two

30

32.6

40

:

difference,y=24.36 lb. FeO
find the necessary

the necessary

:

j7=43.46

The

for which

SiO"

82.6 lb.

has to be provided:
:

34.76

necessary;

present.

:

u;

the
the

8MBLTINQ

The

BLASTFURNACE,

THE

v=llA^
diflFerence,
find the neoessary

To
it

IN

lb. GaO
limestone

to be added.

the

(leavingout

FeO

SiOs and

contains):
Limestone

CaO

:

:

vrhich

entered

are

figure found

of

that

SiOs, FeO,

the calculation

for iron

SiO, and

the available
If the items

of the

and

CaO, and

coke

of the

same

in the limestone

charge

ore

the

plying
multi-

with

as

(21 vs.

is slightly lower

53.90, which

GaO

those

above) and

contained

FeO

:

is correct.

(36 lb.)is

ore

formula; that for limestone
the

11.46;

: w

the table.

ui"on

by 0.86, proves

The

53.90

:

lb. limestone,

the pound-columns

Adding

100

:

to=21

as

have

319

ray's
Mur-

22

lb.),

left out, making

are

is slightly too high.

are

multiplied by 5.088

now

charge added, the

(as

of 1,000

sum

lb., the entire charge, will again be obtained.

GENERAL

"

OPERATIONS.

SMELTING

73. Blowing-in.

This

"

of three parts

consists

the

Warming

:

crucible,fillingthe furnace, and starting the smelting.
The

of

warming

slowly and with

great

otherwise
and

masonr3'

the

the

allow

crucible

care,

so

as

in

a

lead

in

the

whenever
and
water

has

and
it

the
was

been

is turned

of time

amount

crucible

possible, taken

accustomed
into the

little overflow; then

to

the

to

warm

The

the

so

as

to fillthem

flue leading

to

the

and

the
The
the

writer

proceed in the following

jackets

crack

of warming

to it.

48 hours

will

ually;
grad-

to percolate.

manner

given

be done

must

temperature

moisture

quickly escaping

the

the

to raise

practice of metallurgists differs in the
crucible

furnace

new

has,

crucible,
way

have

dust-chambers

:

the

just

a

is

METALL

320

closed, and the damper
the

movable

stack

into the open
With

put in place, so

the joint covered

blowing-in, being allowed

ber.

This

only be done

can

no

lead before

raised,

may

gasea

or

off

pass

rich in carbon
the flue and

plate for closing the furnace

with

fine ore, the gases

is blown
the

having

means

jackets with
gases,

the

before

blast

be liable to

would

monoxide,

in with

crucible

very

full

If the furnace

charcoal

when

formed,

off into the dusfc-cham-

to pass

the charge is introduced.

blowing-in charges, the

adding

the

being

is let on,

ignite and

of

were

damage

dust-chamber.

fire is made

wood

the

if the furnace

charcoal, which

filled to the top of the

A

that

only the iron

when

molten

LEAD.

top of the stationary staok

on

furnaces

some

little or

OF

air.

is lowered, and

j

7

URG

in the

of the

bottom

furnace

that will not

reach

If it is kept going for a few
halfway up the crucible.
hours, always replenishing the wood, ashes will have collected in
the crucible.
removed

These, being

in order

the bottom.
of

the

hours

furnace
too

covered

crucible

the

While

piece

a

by which
fuel

hours, when
touch.

This

crucible

can

The
to

A

new

the

of the

a

fire is kindled

and

the crucible

to admit

and
The

with

from

for

is cleaned

warmed,

the

basin

only

itself

little air,

a

quickly.

Simi*

loosely set bricks,

too quick combustion
of
for 24
heating is continued

crucible

will feel

to

warm

expelled and

is

endangering

some

carbonized

charcoal
are

is connected
the breast,and

with

tied up

an

fuel

added
or

closed,except that of the tuyere
This

to four

furnace

the

being burned

requires

started,and all the tuyere-bags
to be used.

and

with

the

that the

the

work.
brick-

has for its object the heating of the crucible

good red-heat, and

blast-gatesare

as

high heat without

warming

dried

charcoal, and

that all the moisture

shows
stand

second
a

is being

be

the breast

three

from

crucible

is closed

prevented.

outside

After

the

draught is checked

the

the surface

on

hoe from

in the

from

larly the breast of the furnace

a

to

be in contact

accumulated

sheet iron, so

of

of heat, have

may

of

means

glowing

is filled with

by

wood

effect,and

desired

the

preventing the charcoal

thus

by

out

ashes .will have

many

again.

out

conductors

fire is kindled.

new

a

the heat to have

lead-well

raked

When

bad

the burning

that

iron

; the

and

blast.

blower

is

wound

up,

nearest

the breast

or

pipe inserted

the blast allowed

to play

on

the

into
the

of the furnace

breast
and

URQ

ft. thick, which
this

Upon

charged

are

When

necessary

all the

of fuel necessary

The
same

is partly uncovered, the

full

a

of the blast being noted.

minute,
and

emphasis

the result

is not

is that the fuel

concentrated

the blast at the

allowing
finallyslag and

time

same

should

blower

matte

tuyeres.

eight

When

the

normal

or

blast

taken
with

choked

that

the

ashes, which

quantities. The
down

in the furnace, and

becomes
to be

hotter, and, when

bright-red.

flow of water
may

not

boil.

melt

and

come

into

rises,
rush

gases

of

pressure

above.

For

tuyeres, and

this

is not

turned

on,

a

of

the

carried

not

before
reached

flame

until

out

from

issues

the

by the lead.

well

lead rises slowly

does

not

Care

become

by the flame in
as

the

bullion

jackets must

Soon, however, when

the

top of the

blast

has

be increased

been

siderable
con-

melts

often at first a little cool, it

it reaches

the

is started.

aperture is closed
passage

the

reason

pressure

until slag appears

after the blower

cible,
cru-

When

partially chilled,

slowly, and the

up

Shortly after the
the

ashes

of the blast

while

per

heat

charge; the

is formed.

crust

are

the

the level of the

ounce

been

lower

quickly, the

of charcoal

pressure

has

revolutions

many

the

below

one

hours

more

siphon-tap till the
be

much

the

as

the level of the lead in the

always be started

The

too

warm

well

as

the

starting the blast slowly.

down, they become

come

over

on

lead-well

in place, and

put

are

in the

charge.

cleared, the

burns

lowers

blowing-in

to be much

allowed

alternate

calculated

are

tuyere-level,and

accumulation

an

thus the dreaded

must

the

at

they sink too

because

seven,

make

to

and do not thoroughly

upward

the

given that is required

of revolutions

be laid

cannot

is allowed

blower

slag and

is filled with

now

tuyere-pipes

pressure

If the

been

jackets.

charge.

ore

jackets are

is started slowly, the number

much

has

limestone

blower

Too

some

lead

bed

a

of the

the regular blast-furnace

up

tuyere-holes in the

The

top

coke, with

furnace

and

ore

in making

as

way

for

of iron

amount

follows

the

to

as

of coke

of half ore-charge, half slag-charge, using the

layers of fuel and
amount

and

crucible, the

All the

to

Then
to

closed,

are

the feed-floor,so

from

about

lead

openings

tuyere

is added

reach

will

fluxes.

LEAD,

OF

the tuyeres.

1 ft. above

about

7

is put in, the

the rest of the charcoal

reach
1

ALL

MET

822

soon

well, ought
let on,

in order

the

that it

the slag charged begins to

down, the jackets become

coated

and

thus

cooler.

Qoo^"z

The

large

less than
On

the normal

blast has been

turned

has been

furnace

begin with

The

smoke

watches

furnace-man
to

pipe

when

see

by the
monoxide

of

appearance

of charcoal

must

the lead having lifted them
of the

the

has to

be

the

inclined

to accumulate

tap-hole and

lead, it is

through it and

tuyerebe

cated
indi-

carbon

furnace

have

will

the crust
are

liable to prevent

are

and

ashes

where

while

lead in the

that the

the

break

by removing

in the tu3'ere-pipe just above

out

a

the

plug

or

good

breast

form

taken

and

seen

on

does

; the

oat
of

a

not

second

of the peep-hole

cap

lead-well.

many

indications

dark

first is easily
the

to let the

If it hardens,

The

becomes

are

thrusting bars

it is still soft.

well

the

rod

rod

into the

slag should

(see " 77).

The

blast.

a

it by

be stopped, and

be removed

can

be discovered

to

up

and

a

they

stirring them

stirring with

to

in the

matte

by entering with

of ashes

crust

the level

the ashes, but sometimes

out

adhere, thus
after

the furnace,

to about

lead

or

is done

necessary

lifting it

play freely with

If the

freely, it will sink in the well; if not, it will remain
By

amount.

will

from

through the tap-hole, as it will blow

top of the

can

and

If, nevertheless, a

ashes.

crust

slag

loosening the

advisable

It is often

blast blow

before

in

of burning

the bottom

and

assisted,which

through

the

flame

the lead, and

on

lead

of

contact

from

Oenerally the slag carries

furnace.

slag.

This

be removed

now

up

They float

tap-hole.

necessary

this

decrease

slag.

little blue

a

charge will be

peep-hole in the

tap the

to

only then

gas.

ashes

The

it is time

top of the

the

through

to

slag-charge until the

lighter, and

gradually become

the

is,however, exceptional.

the

first from

at

two.

or

adTisable

this mixture, and
This

ore-charge.

issuing

black, and
The

be sometimes

it may

entirely filled with

normal

hour

an

quickly when

at first sink

feeding alternately ore-charge and

continue

to

and

on,

off,and

is turned

will be sufficient for

amount

floor the charges will

the feed

323

required just before

of water

excess

BLASTFURNACE.

IHr THE

SMBLTING

lead plays
immovable.

inserting a rod through the tap-hole the position of the

crust

be felt.

can

If everything
about

seven

goes

hours

well, the

after

furnace

starting, the

will

have

its full blast in

slag its normal

heat

next

day.
One

of the main

it; therefore

as

many

points in fillinga furnace
men

should

be

put

is to be quick about
to

work

as

possible.

Qoo^"z

MET

324
A furnace

42 by 108

ALL

in.

can

t^vo Bets of feeders, of four
may

but

is any
For

form.

crust

delay in

the

this

Bhovelfuls,the

each, helped

as

With

with
the

jackets, and

in thickness.

A

mined
deter-

10 shoyelfuls

of iron

Then

limestone.
has

been

is kindled

the

from

by removing

lead, which

about

usual

to time

that the lower
how

is closed

until

the crucible

form

At the tuyeres much
the charcoal.

trickles down
below

a

of

couple

a

and

about

1 ft.

spreads out

the

the
heat

the

When
lower

the

The

lead, coming

opening of the

the iron rod

way

the

attained
:

which

well,

be found

can

closes the tap-

about

25 minutes

as

the

fills.

by this method
entire

filling,and

lower

dreaded

mixture

may

part of

the charcoal

blast is started, it cannot
of ash

is not
bum

and

in

fine coal.

will be generated by the combustion
be communicated

principally upward.
is very

hot

As

more

it.

the

coal
hours, the char-

two

this has occurred

results

during

When

gentle blast started.

way.

A slight effect may

it proceeds

being coated

with

charges.

quickly the crucible

just before
and

the

opening of the well is closed by the

following

be explained in the
the furnace

described^

as

of coke

first slag is tapped

The

for the good

reason

the

closed, and

are

furnace

takes

Whether

time

shows

bed

a

ore

the tuyeres and

hole of the lead-well.
the time

by

regular

filled,which

is removed.

cover

when

:

the feed-floor until it reaches

into the

in the furnace, has closed

somewhat

out

weighted

from

covered

proceeds in the

now

kindled

as

inferior

an

charges of bullion, coke, slag,iron ore, and

follow

from

of

follows

cleaned

one

upper

descends

man

evenly the successive

and

furnace,

scoopfuls and

iron, its lower side

is fed

the top of the

The

a

first been

charcoal

It is

and

up

sheet

bars of lead.

from

and

factory
blowing-in is quite satis-

With

is used.

heated

well

and

lute

clay

furnace

of

rarely forms.

Charcoal

down

of

and

cool

at the

is done

haying

one

this method

method

is covered

lead-well

but

of

as

to the furnace.
may

number

is put in, the tuyeres in the jackets

the breast

the

the

by

weight

very

has been

crucible

work

weighing

no

wheelers

many

crucible

10 scoopfuls of coke

second

the

a

reason

charcoal

good

; a crust

with

necessary

bj

limestone.

and

grade

by

materials

charging, the

average

by weighing
ore

LEAD.

30 to 40 minutes

is measured

charge

OF

be filled in from

be required to bring the

If there

T

UBG

when

The

of

downward,

first lead

that

at the tuyere-level,but

follows, the first becomes

melts
cools
heated

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

again,

that finallythe

so

THE

IN

bottom

of

not

very

liquid lead, although it is
is raised

mixture

no

which

high temperature,
lead

of red-hot

addition

tuyere level, as well
of these

Both

heated

and

fresh wood

place and

The

the

to

charcoal, if

not

wood

a

charges, the

far

and

The

and

well

charred,

breast

until

is put in

the regular

come

coke

of

burned

continued

this

Upon

amount

ore,

be

down

sticks.

fresh

is sufficiently

the wood

to

as

instead

to make

as

way

burning

given.

double

is used

requiring

an

limestone.

it is difficult to get good charcoal, it is generally necessary

As

to melt
as

very

slag.

the crucible

so

charred

quantity of slag,iron

extra

the

and

of coke

2-ft. bed

blowing-in

the hot

When

Thus, when

is filled with

a

with

in such

the blast only

being added

crucible

the

a

its approach

out, the last fire is made

cleaned

quickly with

down

and

contact

down

in the crucible.

charcoal

a

crust.

continually hotter from the

length.

charcoal, it is burned

of

gives

pletely,
com-

be had, it is replaced by dry splitwood

pieces of suitable

into

it burns

of

forming

coal
char-

unburned

require passably good

If this cannot

the best.

the

above

from

methods

The

fine coal, and

becomes

by its

as

is filled Teith

crucible

hot.

of ash and

prevents

lead

the

325

the tuyeres, where

it rises in the crucible

as

cut

yet

gradually toward

leaving

FURNACE.

BLAST

the lead in the

down

coke

fillingthe crucible with
crust, which

If neglected, it grows

crucible

frozen

solid.

before

is nearly

it is difficult to

breast.

up

crucible

mode

to form

sure

a

very

from

afterward

remove

rapidly, and

The

fillingthe furnace,

the

result

of procedure

agreeable
disthe
be

may

a

is to fill the

well,after it and the crucible have been heated and cleaned, with
it,so that it shall
glowing coals, and to pile them high up over
Then

keep hot.
are

as

from

introduced

bars of lead

many

the breast

fire is kindled

on

top of the

floatingashes

are

removed,

this repeated until

down, and
last ashes
sorted

out

to reach

of this
lead

are

are

raked

comes

a

new

fire is made,

of

the front

the jackets, and

2-ft. bed

of coke, to

Then

in

on

down, the

lead

more

and

the breast
which

come

melted

is full of lead.

then

down

has

The
been

the feed-floor

from

is put in.

eight

A

board.

a

dry kindling that

added, in order that this,coming

heat the lead in the crucible.

will hold

crucible

that is melted

the crucible

out, enough

is charged from

well above

by sliding them

lead ; when
a

the

as

or

hot,

the usual

On

top

ten

bars of

may

help

to

slag charges

Qoo^z

ALL

MET

326
and

The

slag-ore charges.

OF

feeding of lead from

metallurgists avoid charcoal

Some

LEAD.

until the lead in the crucible

continued

warmed

wood, the

with

clinkers

removed,

are

the furnace
few

T

URO

slag charges

to the

coke

the

given and

down

crucible

with

the lead, and

on

Then

furnace

an

is filled with

is

a

easy

for the

changed

soon

is

coke, all the

top of the jackets.

This

high in lead.

ore-charge running

red-hot.

good coke fire is started

a

filled with
are

becomes

top is often

altogether. The

melted

lead

the

regular charge.
The
Hahn*

bottom

crusts

with

again in the normal
furnace

where

of

It is given here

the

tapped from

used

bottom
The

crucible.

crucible

and

tuyeres

tuyeres excepting

inserted, and

the

open

is closed

a

in the crucible
the crucible

way

The

only

slag being taken
"

"

t

Engineering

Mineral

Resources
and

to

ing
hav-

one

the

ing-in
blow-

the

tuyere

tap

; it is then

the

All

the
nace)
fur-

pipes

through

passes

The

tap is

flow, when

to

pipes

other.

after the

between

bottom.

up

furnace

size of the

flame

slag begins

other

the

closed, the

are

The

ternal
ex-

blowing-

is closed.
the

an

is

are

Onoe

allowed

to

at the slag tap.

troduced
in-

now
or

it

twice

late
accumu-

In this

thoroughly heated.

from

under
the

the

lead-well

writer's
was

at

observation
a

of

desilverizing

States/' U. S. GeoiogicaUSurrey, 1888,p. 3412.
Journal, April 11, 1885.

of the United

Mining

to

then

distance

front

heats

until

one

coming

out

the

tapping is begun

becomes

instance

started

charcoal

When

to

The

the metal
and

filled with

charges.

ore

is started.

intervals

than

fuel is given, and

ashes, and

out

slag is tapped from

been

refers rather

it describes

(according
tap (2 in. wide)

or

clay plug.

at short

because

is warmed,

by

by inserting a rod
with

that

has

and

out

the bottom

two

metal
blower

the tap-hole, blows

kept

one

the

opposite

is blown

by Henricht

floor,the

charging

the

sufficient lead

to two-thirds

one-half

is filled to from

adds

discharges continuously into

or

fed, followed

are

He

slag.

it

for concentrating matte, which

to the level of the tu3'eres, more

in charges

the

When

is tapped from

blast furnace

a

using lead.

way.

metal

lead-well.

a

with

of blowing-in described

method

A

without

clay plug, removing

a

the furnace

to fillthe crucible

produced

furnace

be had, he closes the syphon-

crucible

unavoidable.

are

a

can

the lead begins to flow out

when

up

lead

no

the

it enters

in

blown

never

that, when

says

tap where

a

has

writer

SMELTINO

plantj T^hen
in

a

for

THB

circular 36-in. furnace
bullion.
half

to

slag charges

slag charges had

The

furnace

fill it; then

about

being formed, the

lead

all

was

the

OF

BLOWING'IN

Scoops.

"
16
10
10
10
10
10

Ore,
ShoTSls.

Shovels.

When

the

slag

of the well

and

litharge appeared

was

then
filled

and

CHAR6B8.

Number.

Crucible

Size Of

FiUed
From.

Furnace,

liOTelii.Inches.
ShOT"

86 in

Above.

diam.
Half
Half

of

litharge

much

tuyeres and

Bars of
stone,
Bullion,

coal,Iron

number

low-grade

Lime-

Char-

Coke,

Scoops.

a

again with lead.
out

quickly

exchanged

fed with

was

dipped

the slag, until finallythe lead of the
TABLE

to be

sufficient

reached

327

by smelting zinc-crusts

(" 119), had

to fillthe crucible

added

slag were

FURNACE.

BLAST

rich bullioD, obtained

very

low-grade

and

IN

ore-charge.
ore-charge.
Regular ore-charge.

Above.

the

well, when

rich

bullion

slag

was

yery

again in the

tapped

was

little diluted

and

could

usual

to the

go

The

way.

cupelling

furnaces.
The

making

up

preceding

table

assumed

weigh

to

of blowing-in charges varies

gives

a

few

12 lb., one

15 lb., of slag 12 lb., and

ore

"
the

74.

Regular

charging

Work

on

floor consists

the

A

examples.
of charcoal
of limestone
Charging

in bringing

4
10

great deal.

a

lb., a shovel

coke

is

of iron

lb.

Floor.
ore,

of

scoop

The

"

The

flux, and

work
fuel

on

from

Qoo^"z

the bins to the scales,weighing

them, and
Ores

latter

to the

brought

are

former

the

wheelbarrows;
bins, the

the required amounts,

out

ing
dump-

feeding into the furnace.

flaxes

and

LEAD,

OF

METALLURGY

328

scales

filled through

are

coke

by shoveling;

in trucks

either

charcoal

and

from

chutes

or

the

nearly

are

always brought in wheelbarrows.
that

Everything
weighed.

who

them, and the

make

amount

shift.

With

"

the shovel

the

the
cause.

used

in

with

slag charges

ore

beginning and

metallurgist has
As

seen

must

be done

it must

certain

be

lots of

making

system is

furnace, where
as

by-products

are

filling

the

possible;

regularly weighed.
lead

of his

shovel

in

quickly

form
uni-

accurately

"

a

men

of

means

73 the

the

liable to get

is always

no

a

the end

from

as

up

always shovel
toward

the furnace

system

or

then

proximate
ap-

shovelfuls

20

differ according to the
will not

man

smelting in blowing

is substituted

works, where

same

at the

say,

of order, and

determining

shovelfuls

But

An

without.

by taking 10
and

accurately

be

must

done

reducing this weight to that of one,

measure.

ore

be

can

be obtained

can

charge by

out

furnace

the

work

thorough

No

weight
and

in

goes

as

In

soon

as

refining

treated in

Qoo^z

a

METALL

330

kept

the center, and

near

descent

OF

LBAD,

the charge distributed

the

coarser

the

of

The

ones.

the

charge

for

reason

toward

the walls of the furnace; further,as

between

furnace

charge and

than

pack

the charge, their passage

through
and

at the sides.

retarded

upper

in reducing

it to

volatilization.
toward
the

growth

sides.

He

would
removed

describes

furnaces, and

in
filter.

the

size

Fine

on

and

a

s are

to

charge

a

fact

that

the

in the

fuel

walls, favors

the
a

crude

making

heavy

coke

the

affect its fusibility.
this

on

formation

of

furnace, is

flux containing the necessary

a

the

27, 1890:

June

6. 1891.

the

tuyeres.

Glennf
with

uncommon

and

be

there,

as

the
form
uni-

more

make

to

fumes

parts,

the

ore,

in

coarse

good

a

strongest,

are

of

and

ore

Henrich^ gives some
calls attention

slag, while
process.

constituents

the

Pieces
to form

to

charge
of

is
ore

slag of

*'
*
EmmoDfl,
Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville/' U. S. Geological Survey,
graph xii."p. 066.
t Ehtffineering and Mining Journal^ July 19, 1884.

Xlbid., Dec.

vent
pre-

charge large, and

point, and

gradual

to

smelting

distribution

The

much

the

first the

fines here

often fed where
them.

the
bed

be

it fills up

at

It is not

fiuxes

slag and

the

could

taken

as

state

finer the

The

accretions

and

are

fills the

in

last of all the

the

furnace

charge,

filter charge.

the

and

charge that contains

often

and

equalize
may

of

center

be that

the

in

feeding

interesting experiences

descending
and

should
ore

helping

fluxes in
ver3'

the furnace

would

up

charge settles in the furnace.

thus

distribution

by

the

consists

feeding gradually
finer ones,

a

loss

the

furnace

he calls

what

the

assist

alternately toward

coke, and, arriving in

chills the

fuel in the

it would

increase

this

mate
inti-

an

vises
ad-

trickling through

from

of the

zone,

then

that

the

as

(sand carbonates) special precautions

ore

this

lead

with

ores

the jackets, and

In

easily.

more

eyenly

immediately above

higher

form

to

thus

lead, and

the effect of this

says

begin

fuel

the

carbonate

of charge toward

of accretions

descending,

to pass

are

lead oxide

thinks

Quyard*

the center, and

charging

pores

metallic

friction

more

the parts of the

also be avoided,

must

is

pressed

be assisted in the center,

Lastly, with

part of the furnace

be

while

gases

must

of readily reducible

contact

fine

If ascending

sides.

the

at

the

nearer

to

there

between

it will sink quicker in the middle
charge itself,
and

the

this is that in the

lighter fuel is liable
wall

toward

more

finer parts fed

furnace, and, finally,the

walls of the
walls than

T

URQ

a

8MEL

TINO

melting point

low

IN

it from

the

parts of the charge, thus forming

If, in charging, the

liquid slag

Tery

be

formed

lower

a

silicious

the

ore

flux

dissimilar

be

smelting

iron

to small

the

fluxes with

than

zone

fed together into

in

heap

one

the

in

in that they reduce

weight of

such
the

charges

fed

are

yield of lead.

at

is in

A furnace

As

or

little more

a

The

labor

number

of

the
A

from

two

furnaces

are

wheelers;
10

required

will not

increase

12-hour

shifts, although

The

tools

handled

required

shovel, and
for

hammer

heavy

in the

floor, and

from

scoop

breaking

1^-in. steel

reaching

a

by the

bars

the
of

the top of the

several

10-lb.

feeder

or

up

the

the

fork

are

different

jackets

double-faced

under

Both

the

and
same

of wheelers
work

generally
work

only eight.

a

fuel, a 6-lb. napping
stiff broon^

lengths, the
up

handling

square-pointed, long-

a

for the

coke, and

size and

feeder

one

number

feeders

uni-

the tuyeres and

furnaces
the

ascend

for

shift

per

proportion.

sometimes

on

at the center.

in. between

feeders, but

same

than

conveniences

10

effect

this is cool, when

floor varies with

with

The

in feeding

the fumes

at the sides

33 to 42

vantage
ad-

is exceptionally large.

top when

in. in length requires

to three

conditions

from

formed.

advantage

no

furnace

the

are

and

another

also

beneficent

evenly, and

and

fluxes

1,000 lb. ; to-day three

most

is

on

the feed

on

furnace

to 120

84

a

densely

required

materials.
from

course

condition

good

the

there

rule

a

l^ink regularly and

the charges

formb',

a

with

and

ore

feed-door

of fluedust

formerly

was

once

charges^ unless of

heavier

the amount

charge

a

have

ore

Hen-

in furnaces

and

of the

They

if

furnace.

latter,ore

front

charged together into the furnace.
Bormal

the

higher

a

would

by the separate charging of

ones,

former, while with

dumped

usually

flux, and

In this way

explains the good effect large charges often have

compared

liquid

Thus, for instance,

rich

were

the

with

fluxes

and

tion,
composi-

its formation

and

as

mixed

for

silicious

a

last.

come

"

will prevail in the

temperature

upper

slag.

by

slag.

nace,
parts of the fur-

will combine

followed

limestone

"

flux of similar

a

the normal

less fusible

the intended

higher temperature

a

form

should

below

zone

in the

down, and

slag at the tuyeres and

by

331

liquid slag will then

prematurely

form

cannot

but slag requiring
will

hotter

CE.

parts of the furnace

upper

The

is followed

ore

FURNA

A ST

another.

one

take with

eliquate and

BL

do this in the

may

with

if in close contact

THE

to

4

longest

ft. above

sledges.

several

The

ones

the feed
bars

and

Qoo^z

METALL

332

sledges

of tools is sufficient for

or

fork, several

number
much

"

with

for

of the

tools

regulating the

Work
water

on

generally

set

one

wheelers

quire
re-

wooden

a

A

pick.

a

be given,

cannot

scoop

definite

it varies

as

too

of the feed floor.

Fubnace

the

The

round-pointed shovels, a

the general arrangement

75. Eegular

(" 77),and

fluxes and

and

ore

and

brooms,

coarse

for most

LEAD.

of furnaces.

for fuel, several

buggy

or

a

OF

wall accretions

number

iron wheelbarrows

several
barrow

Y

in cutting out

used

are

URQ

supply, taking

speise,matte, and slag all together

Floor.

This

"

of the

care

and slag separately into slag-potsand

in

tuyeres, tapping

speise and

or

consists

together

matte

wheeling them

to the

dump,
tapping the lead either first into the lead-pot or ladling it directly
the

into

ground
The

molds, and
or

on

without
of the

in

than

some

; the

of

pressure

the

in

that

the

in others, and

70^

C, the usual

coating

thus

descent

this

the feed floor.

the

on

blast

test

has

the

on

watched

It is regulated
its

ture
temperainside

is

the smelting proceeds

charges

is constantly

noted.

furnace

the

of

the

on

that

slower

gauge

If the

damper.

the

upon

irregularity in the

Any

jackets indicates

side will corroborate

changes

bullion

be quickly passed through the outflowing

can

being scalded.

unevenb'^

The

of base

of the jackets is kept at about

being that the hand

thicker

bars

truck.

a

water

water

piling the

and

by

cold

all the
of

means

blower, its revolutions

own

a

are

also counted.
The

of the

appearance

inner

of the furnace.

condition

mouth

a

If it becomes

a

quite dark,

if it has grown

aggravates

too

matters,

into the furnace.
With
at

furnaces

as

(For
having

is inserted and

rod

In this

a

spout into the slag-pot; when

speise, and

As

by

a

The

When

poking only

" 77.)

see

crucible, the
and

slag is tapped
partly external,

tapping of the slag is done

The

full,the

slag

runs

over

the

tap-hole is stopped

regards liquidity,matte

last the slag.

tire
en-

slag forms, reaching

is partly internal

square-pointed steel bar.

the stopping-rod.

the

the slag pierced to

repeated

of this evil

internal

the slag will flow continuously.
with

case

of chilled

correction

intervals;if the crucible

that

necessary

of the

be bright; it is often covered

"nose"

an

indication

good

star-like brightness in different places.

thick.
a

a

It is not

of the tuyere should

thin scale of slag,showing

see

forms

tuyeres

flowing from

comes

slagwith

first,then

the spout they

Qoo^"z

can

SMELTING

m

The

be readily distinguished.
to be

su"Bciently soft

With

a

into

the

few

a

is followed

The

rule

a

On

always

keep

to

or

that level,when

pots of slag the

many

to be.

ought

If

they need

that

not

the slag.

It is then

and

in

matte

few

as

the slag, they

with

cool sides of the

only

complete

is making

slag-pots as possible, as, when
The

the

separation of
of the

center

to the ton, will be obtained

that
so

are

If the

great.

an

has

furnace

a

in the

it has accumulated

when

little lead, will

ordinary

the

is making,

the furnace

has

If
those

a

as

a

the

water-cooled

jacket with

two

is making

furnace
described

a

and

inner

collected

slag

After

a

the

under

" 70,

separate

nary
ordi-

matte, and
one

number

down

is not

slag is tapped

in

haps
per-

pot, and

of tappings
matte

is repeated.

to rise is

regulated by the lead
used.

matte, collecting-pots,such

will effect

a

matte

If

(tapping jacket),the

tap-holes is not much
much

of the

slags; with slags

cinder-notch

separation outside of the furnace, or
from

the bulk

little below

a

tapping lower

the slag is allowed

level to which

alone,

a

slag being

tap-hole, regulated by the speise and

the furnace

out

run

slag, assaying often

is made, and
be

and

out

run

any

all the slag of this pot will be saved.
from

with

they remain

clay breast, the
furnace

tap-hole. All the speise,if
a

matte

acid

in outer

difference

and

when

especially with

occurs

fluid the

very

they

matte

ring of rich

outer

more

This

it

the speise

pot, where

and

poor.

as

splashed, especially the matte, against the

time,

slag is

how

free

as

to accumulate

some

oz.

the

see

usually tapped

are

generally desirable

are

to

little speise and

so

liquid for
15

tap.

is less slag than

tuyeres is not

separated, they

be

pot.

near

the

to rise until

If there

region of the

furnace

a

until

At certain

furnace.

it is all tapped out

holds.

furnace

that the

usual, it shows

little sledging

is kept up

allowed

are

made

opening

through the tuyeres, indicates that the slag

little blue flame, seen
has nearly reached

slag

piece

slightl3^

feeding has softened

slag in the

some

a

very

this charcoal

the

intervals, however, the lead and

the

enters

sledge.

a

small

it protrudes

tapping again
of

use

in the charge

the correction

so

with

to insert

that

charcoal

by the clay.

strokes

or

advisable

clay stopper

will be necessai*y.

It is

taps

the

pricking it with

perforated by

shutting off the slag, the

and

333

olay stopper in the tap-hole ought

tap it is sometimes

hard

of charcoal
On

to be

it requires

bar, but oftener

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

more

or

less satisfactory

(and speise)may

tap-hole, as is always

as

the

case

be

with

moved
re-

fur-

Qoo^"z

MBTALL

334

having

naces

crucible

a

It is of importance

chill and

form

charge the higher
kept, that it may

the

charge containing from
high

as

be prevented
with

frame

from

The

bullion

but

if this is not

used

which

done

held

dross

is removed

This

often

of

much

and

("" 82
produce

Then

83).

bars with

with

with

by

layer of clean

a

allowing the

tapping it
dipped

can

be kept

skimmed

eight

as

is

high

on
as

off,and the

or

ten

molds

rails, supported

a

buyer

line with

desired.
cooled

two

a

furnace

seller
The

trouble

at once,

and

dross

irregular

The

the

the

wall of

done

the

in

well, and

of

being

the

ping-hole,
tap-

the crucible, and

ladled

into

a

horses.

10 to

on

Nevertheless,
the lead-well.

14, will be taken

the charge will sink suddenly

is

series

alongside the furnace

row

it

awa"-

lead, not

level

the

covering

be

can

to

In the cast-iron pot the dross

wooden

of bars, from

to

as

led to pouring

than

lead is then
a

bar

it is not

as

is that, if the lead is tapped at long intervals from

large number

the

furnace-keeper

has

metallurgists prefer to dip the bullion from
reason

and

of bullion.

accumulate

lower

In

always remains.

some

cast-iron pot.

placed in

by

when

adding dross, and

The
to

a

sink

out, cannot
which

lead
into

at intervals

surface

pride of the

lead.

by

well into molds, most

but

This

moved,
re-

furnace.

the clean lead, and

siirface.

brick.

to be

bar, the sampling becomes

it is the

clean

a

of the

between

one-quarter full of lead, then

mold
up

in the

distributed

uniformly

cast-iron

is apt

fed into the

skimming,

is

it may

is to be regulated

rises to the

in silver than

lower

With

lined with

much

too

given shipment

a

be

altogether by dipping,

out

been

dispute

causes

the silver contents
assays

by

crucible

small square

a

amount

basin

in solution

cools, and
dross

The

the

from

is in the

the slag-tap. That

judgment
have

the

in

the crucible and

trouble.

causes

ladling the hot lead
of the

with

there

thus

part of the furnace.

to be taken

formerly

the

of lead, the lead in the well

9%

on

that

frequently replaced by fresh

breaking through,

of charges that

the number

less lead

10 in. above

tap-hole is placed

furnace

a

of fusion, and

zone

The

hottest

7 to

8 and

as

the

it is not

cool,as

not

partly internal

If too low, the speise and

the level of the lead

must

lead that has just passed

kept often

from

crust.

a

and

of

running

be kept high.

will be too far removed

liable to

LEAD.

is internal.

for the good

level of the lead should
matte

OF

that is partly external

occasionally if the crucible

and

a

T

URO

of

two
many

The

the well,
out

to occupy

of the
the

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

charge

melted

fused, and

pass

often

the

form

the well

of lead

percentage

lead

both

are

charges

in whatever

matter

a

the

This

by melting it down

is done

of lead, skimming

At

then

the

merchant
from

liquid sample

In, this

molded.
trouble

kettle

the

has been

taken

way

into

molds

every

ships clean
or

lead and

matte

-charge, where
not

to

refiner

the

the refined

and

taking

or

who

the

converted

can

afford

just how

to the

goes

be

a

fifteenth bar

sawing, and knows

it belongs, to

20 tons

bullion, saves

silver he is shipping; the dross

much

refiner.

surface, and

with

tenth

no

the

from

to the

rises to the

(" 116),

of sampling by punching

matte, and

that

smelter

and

tapping the

kettle holding about

a

siphon for

the

dipping

smelting works,

some

liquated bullion, as is done

siphoning the

lead from

in

off all the dross

therefore

furnace

and

furnaces, it is purified before it is shipped

blast

zone

They

into

un-

to be

perhaps be preferable where

the base bullion

way

melting

crust.

Dipping

may

8%.

as

particles of

it forms; i.e.,the

as

it contains.

in lead

low

the

of charges fed

used; the dipping
as

run

for

fast

as

335

result that

the

nucleus

regulated by the number

the

FURNACE,

quickly through

too

dip the lead from
is

BLAST

free by the lead, with

set

space

THE

IN

or

lead and

into
make

to

ore

lower

a

refining charge for liquated than for drossy bullion.
When

bars have

the

removed

lot-number,
to

up

be

solidified they

sampled

from

the molds

if this

(" 83),

are

has

marked
with

a

with

the

pick, and piled

already been

not

ning
run-

done,

weighed, and shipped.
is in good

A furnace
of the
does

not

short

always
too

jackets is uniformly high, the

fluctuate,and

"noses."
the

hard

below

working order

The

number

same

nor

the

furnace

too

color, play with

tuyeres

remain

should

within

when

the temperature
of the blast

pressure

bright, having only
a

of pots of slag, the

given time produce
tap-hole be neither

soft,and the lead in the well be of
the

blast,and

sink

slightlyevery

a

bright-red

time

a

pot of

slag is tapped.
On
42

the furnace

in. by from

looks

after the

floor

required for

are

84 to 120

in.)one

lead, and

pullers,according

to

the

from

every

furnace

(from 33

tapper who

furnace-keeper, one
and

one

size of the

dump

one-half
and

to

to three

the

manner

potof

disposing of the slag.
The

(6 or

tools
8 ft.

required by the furnace-man

two
long, of |-in.steel),

are

two

tapping-bars

stopping-rods (10 ft. long, of

Qoo^z

MET

336

\-m. iron^ with
iron

rods

disk

a

to 1 J

(1

Ib. double-faced

pried

steel bar, 3 ft. long,
riveted

deep)

to

OF

LEAD.

|-in.iron)

for the

The

up.

|-in.figures,and

have

to mop

the

chisel

a

pots with

clay wash

a

tools,excepting occasionally
cake of matte

"

WoBK

76.

ON

it is wheeled

with

with

up

the

breaking
a

the

and

piled up,

and

slag is thrown

clean

the cones,

speise

else the

crusher,thus preparing

bars

special

the

is

used,

When

the

of

cone

slag,

This is

out.

and

out

dump.
as

a

firmly.

sorted

flat-cars in pieces

into
or

the

are

over

the

to loosen

cool.

bottom, rolled

and

clean

it adhere

to

in.

to

no

sledge

tilted, and

to the

^-in.

a

pot-pullers

ordinary slag-pot

allowed

is

pot

adhering

slag is loaded
up

If the

"

sledge, matte

a

and

slag-pot, should

the dump

on

solidified the

speise and matte

broken

the

DuMP.

THB

out

have

contents

slag from

or

The

they require

;

steel bar

a

10-

:

number

to

them.

trim

to

few

are

skimmer

a

the well, a set of steel dies, a 4-lb. hammer
with

two

in. in diameter, 3

(6
pick,

a

or

bar 8 ft. long is handy, if

ladle

handle,

three

6 ft. long, and

tapper's tools

cast-iron

a

4-ft.

a

2-in. steel

a

clay plug), t^o

for special cases,

in.) steel bai's about

sledges;

is to be

crust

T

in. in diameter

2}

(12 ft. long, of

four heavy

a

URO

ALL

times
Some-

the

of

result

slag is first put through

clean

it for the direct

of the

use

railroad

as

ballast.
When

which

the overflow-pot is used

shots of matte

The

the dump.

liquid

into

slag-pot,it is allowed

ordinary

an

contents

of the other

the edge of the dump.

over

discharges slag free from
pot

The

catch-pot the

pot, if this be in

side-dumping

from

is opened
the

crust

in

trench

a

sides

the

of the

the

a

in the

horse

or

receiving-pot is placed
of the dump

and

tap-hole

goes

the

to

on
a

of the

large

pot
tap-hole of the catcha

steel bar

there

receives

filled,it is hauled
and

mule

between

emptied.

two

filled,by

through

furnaces
a

wire

from

to the

both

edge of

Occasionally this
to
rope

receive
to

the

their

edge

there tilted.

All the slag remaining in the
with

and

dump,

hauled, when

clean slag, and

The

use.

still

With

edge

on

large tilting-potis generally placed

liquid slag. When
by

either to the

inside by thrusting
The

slag.

left cpen

the dump

blast furnace.

liquid slag is discharged there, or

the

and

dump

pot is wheeled

emptied while

are

scale of slag forming

its sides is reserved, if required for the
Devereux

to cool

back

to the

overflow-pot or in the
blast furnace.

The

cat^h-pot

manipulation

Qoo^"z

ALL

MET

338

URG

T

OF

LEAD,

side sinking faster than

the other, the

being

much

the

upper

side, the first change is made

The

fuel is placed
the

on

hotter

and

more

quickly-descending

turned

into the hot

till there

is

remedies

then

overflow.

an

the smelting of the furnace

other

will be

again

after

and

corrected
hours.

few

a

the

to treat

of each

Shaking

far

as

accretions
a

in

da^^-shiftto drive

furnace

that

furnace

reduced

has to be barred
the whole

and

the fire creeps

has

heavy smoke

thus

been

feeding down

hot

The

that

of the

comers

loosening

the

on

fresh

ctftimes
i3 greatly

for 2

3 ft.,the

or

top thus

cooled.
a

surface

to

When

which

keep

the

the

surface

is filled up

furnace

sprinkling of

Simple

effect.

temporary

if the over-fire does

that

(overflre,

down,

charge

passing through.

matters

wall

any

happens

be fed

then

may

of the irregular descent

cause

in the formation

jackets

not

This
from

come

a

and

thicker

grow

The

show
lies'*'

regular

shape, and

the

following

the

and

charge will be

amount

tight

entering the
"

at the

power

of

the

of fluedust

the

on

top of

feed-door.

figures,267
represents
of the

They

270, by

to

more

a

or

furnace
like

be

Mining

less

is not
those

in

charges will be greatly
much

The

increased.

parts of the furnace, and

narrow

tuyeres will

E"ngineering and

begin

irregular hangings,

Figs. 268, 269, 270, the descent
obstructed

267

smelting
With

necessarily reduced.

toward

Fig.

extremes.

some

of the charges lies generally

(" 90), which

of wall accretions

different forms.

assume

blast

works

some

in the crucible.

crust

the

furnace

from

the

helps

into

accretions

the top of the charge has only

on

long,

a

feed-door

irregularly,it often

it becomes

lowered

quickly again and
water

the

improved.

only just enough

or

At

remove

consists

adding

these

than

more

the

matters.

The

in

of

charge with

through

hot top).
fire-tops,

flame

the

up

to

running

and

up

side

one

jackets,thus

down

the charges descend

When

combination

By doing this,the number

forming.

are

cool jackets reduced

steel bar at the four

a

the top of the

as

is

water

in zinc, it is the practice at the beginning

rich

ores

of

fluxes

charges will right themselves

steel bar, introduced
heavy (1^-in.)
the hanging side, will often hasten
have

on

the

on

and

ore

full stream

the

side

of feeding.

side, and

a

By

lower

those

manner

that of the

jackets and

just

in the

hanging

one;

the

on

brighter than

tuyeres

the

on

jackets

concentrated
Journal^ Feb.

6, 1886.

in

a

few

the

places

IN

SMELTING

aBd

"blowholes."

cause

reach

the

of the
from
while

barring

blast-pipes
shut

off.

with

some

begun

1^

the
the

the

crucible

flux,forming
from

the

in. in diameter

yield, a

a

The

tied

in

This

crust.

of layers, two
the crust
it may

The

smelted

otherwise
added

might

reach

the

would

form

so

crust

at

again

the

the

on

the

quickly.

of

If it does

bar is thrown
thus

are

is started

in

a

up

off

ber
num-

While

added

below

from

to

break

opposite sides.

that

ajrain.
is that

slag-charges that have been

that it would

the

the feed floor,

removed

is begun

small

furnace

top

furnace

down

and

crusts

fillup

the

off,fuel, slag, and fluxes

barring

the broken

of

pull it and

men

working

out, when

that the

reason

head

on

from

Furnace.

the jacket.

until it has been

men

being barred

is

be

sets of

the

several

is repeated

to fall

ft. to reach

Blast

the

above

crust

around

opposite side, where

is given,

cutting-out is best

(about 18

Accretions

sledge into the

rope

jackets nearly

of coke

top of the jacket well into the opposite side
with

in the

slag

A square-pointed steel bar about

long enough

270." Wall

267 to

entirely full

for the accretions

the walls.

jackets.

and

the top

is stopped, the

the

charge

a

bed

a

about

be

blast

into

to

the blast lessened

closed, all the

of water

are

order

lead is removed

no

may

The

on.

tuyeres

the flow

chipped

are

In

and

down

lowered

everything is ready

just above

is driven

not

is fed

accretions

down.

barred

or

is going

out

slag and

Figs.

the

that

removed, the

are

When

they

as

wall

these

as

it is being

is tapped, and

furnace

on

While

well, in order

the

cut

339

time, till the charge has reached

same

jackets.
the

soon

part, the furnace

lowest

at the

As
to be

they have

discovered

BLASTFURNACE,

THE

jackets, and

be impossible to
new

Sometimes, however, if

accretions
the

crust

is

Qoo^z

MET

340
thick

URG

A LL

OF

hard, the barring-do^vn

and

until the accumulated

is

is begun

begun from

la

out, keeping the

the

at

the

uing
top, continthe clean

meet

The

charges low.

the barring-down

half of

second

jackets and

of the

top

the

slag-charge

again, and

down

let

now

LEAD,

and

cruat

it is smelted

side-wall,when
furnace

T

continued

upward.

cleaned

are

gradually, is turned

increased

about

and
melt

fast, and

small

has formed

crust

This

is perforated with

necessary,

and

will

working

order

below

second

A

is to let down
and

give

the bricks
shaft

light charges

up,

charge, and the blast let

a

off.

steel bar, if
in good

was

distance

a

of 1

of the jackets,

The

the

tions
accre-

out through
is bricked

opening

is filled up
go

time,
mean-

which

ft.

raked

accretions

well,

In the

1^

or

above, and

The

on.

to work

the collar,on

given, the furnace

are

rim

upper

shaft is clean, the

the

that

shut

was

a

previously*'described.

for

When

this opening.

with

furnace, said

the

down, beginning from

cut

found

the blast
or

often

slag entering the

the

of

the jackets and

removed

hotter,

accretions

it is sometimes

a

to below

as

between

rests, are
are

coke

Care

the cutting-out began.

before

charge

of

bed

a

wall

disappear, if the furnace

of barring down

the

the

as

long iron rod

a

soon

method

blast, to be

the jackets grow

as

lead while

the

over

tuyeres

smelting resumed.

is danger

there

starting the furnace

After

tuyeres.

supply

tapping of the slag,

the

very

and

on,

the water

about

be taken

must

cleared, the

tuyere-pipes inserted, a weak

the

out,

been

have

the sides of the furnace

When

with

to the

ore-

roasting

furnaces.
third

A

method

be necessary

barring down

of

at times

begun from

further.

and

the contents

the

cutting

take

The
of the

as

18 hours.
sides

holding the bar and
to be

doue

constant

as

raked

until
Two
the

as

out

the walls

jackets, and

until the crust

furnace, do
As

cannot
taken

now

(" 78), in

order

clean.

This

are

parties of three

sledging.

two

quickly

assistance

of

continued

the

the work

and

lecting
colceed
pro-

down
that
may

ing
each, work-

men

cutting, one
is hard

possible, the regular hands

of furnace-men

lurgists.
metal-

some

high that the work

so

furnace

by

top of the

breast-jackets are

two

continue

opposite

on

to the

the top and

may

much

as

exclusively used

even

has risen

in the furnace
any

is

charge is let down

The

cutting out

and

is dangerous, although it may

helpers from

man

and

has

have

the

other

fur-

Qoo^"z

removed,

being

are

This

of the lead.
and

half

work

vho

naces,

hour

an

at

is broken

top of the jackets and

While

time.

a

the furnace

blown

in anew,

these

of limestone

which

has

lime

the lead in the crucible.

flux has

already been
the furnace

to

by

usually covered

followed

by

by

effect

would

caustic lime

crusts, which

tough

so

steel bar driven

a

It does

it.

on

that is often

have

not

differ from

must

a

as

to its
accre-

of sulphides, they

it is

hard

with

this

and

powder,

that

is

flint; this

as

a

sometimes

sledge

a

tremely
ex-

to produce

probable, therefore, that

seem

important effect

any

As

that while

hard

as

lime

(" 67).

upon

crust

sulphides, of

of burned

use

consist mostly

thin

crust

a

difficult for
any

stead
charge in-

some,
less trouble-

the

on

be remembered

softer substance

a

covered

again

walls
a

The

commented

it should

desulphurizing action
tions next

action

part.

25 bars

adding

might be made

decomposing

a

they consist in great

basic

are

accretions

back,
to the

above

suggests that by using caustic lime in the

Guyard*

top

on

put

are

is fed from

Charcoal

accretions

the

less will form

or

of lead to the first slag-charges to heat up

as

341

the breast-jackets

up,

front is closed.

the lower

FURNACE.

6 in. thick

crust

a

BLAST

THE

IN

SMELTING

sulphides

these composite

on

much

as

in their chemical

properties as they do in their physical.
It often happens,
that

distributed

being given for

To

the tap.

gate should
chilled

then

placed

generated

at the

little blast

gradually increased
Passing

a

tube

safely through
fine

"

t

places, additional

fuel

One

top of the charge

commended,

bars

two

or

the

over

tap

or

although it is often

of

a

tuyere, the

a

bad

effect.

bag

blast

or

playing

If it is turned

the
on

off,the

neighboring tuyeres will melt off the crust;

is allowed

to

pass

until the full blast

through
be

the

tuyere, and

the crude

ore

may

help

off the blast from

can

turned

matters.

the

tuyere

To

remove

and

the

inserts

ErnmoDB, " Geology and Mining Industry of Leadyille/* pp. 788,747.
Lang, Engineering and Mining Journal^ Feb. 8, 1880.

t Loe. at.

of

on
again.
through thisf and thereby conducting the blast

shuts
Lang;|;

ore

fuel

nearly closed, as the

only have

can

cold

in front

crust

be closed, or

slag

a

a

The

if necessary.

be

doing well,

tu3'eres dark.

in feeding the fuel will generally soften

change

soften

the

the

on

this cannot

The

effectual.

and

over

short time

a

sometimes

are

the tuyere, but

heat

more

is otherwise

furnace

a

hard

the tap-hole becomes

is then

lead

when

even

a

MET

342
tube

in the

will blow

ore

the tube.

in

of the fine ore, which

be assisted by working

This

proceeding
the

the

at several

time

same

the easiest remedy

the

charge.
be

had,

substituted

too

for

good,

no

short

a

time,

The

of hearth

forming

feed floor by the top

regularly, but

if

or

hot and

becoming

in jerks, a foot
the furnace

deed

play with

not

be ascertained.

can

at

is not

ore

is indicated

blazing

blast.

the

in the furnace
A

the slag.

case

of the

ridge

a

at the

back

and

the

grows

lead

crucible, and

a

slag makes

new

the

bar through
crucible.

by introducing
to both

and

can

do

occur

fused

out

and

change

crust

in the

the defect
before

with

its way

steel

a

into the

working this

be

only

slag, which

up

temporary

a

This

down

affair,

it.

removes

yield quickly enough
by force.

forated
per-

and

has

to

been

Cases

being
cally
ironi-

smelting," but it is sometimes

''muscular

Before

find

may

and

may

will not

has to be removed
as

driven

are

out

yet hardened, it is repeatedly

into the

the cruHt

spoken of

lead

iron rod

an

be worked

where

the

has not

The

sides.

then

that

crust

If the crust

and

holes

its appearance,

duced
pro-

runs

six to eight hours

from

it takes

back;

toward

The

a

rod

across

at the

composition of the charge; the slag analysis will show
As

with

up

thickness

in front and

like this generally needs

give the remedy.

sinking

a

it only forms

get into

cannot

the

inserting

often the

is open

begins

By

front, gradually closing all communication.

and

to be

on

the charges not

time, and

a

Sometimes

the crust

commonly

with

will have

floor the lead in the well becomes

communication

the furnace, and

the

to be tied

and thus looeen

coarse

(" 91)

through the tap-hole, the position and

more

have

the

at

appears

ore-charge

coarse

accretions

settling. On

dark, and
crust

ore

the furnace

a

is sometimes

as

would

many

fine

some

slag-charge.

a

every

If fine

is to feed down

If this does

if

charge, appearing

of the tuyere, and,

tuyeres and

up,

to

parts of the

tuyere-pipe.

into the

runs

case,

can

also be necessary

may

coarser

state at the mouth

crude

a

LEAD.

OF

Y

the inside pressure

trickles through

ore

UHG

through the tuyere-pipe^when
most

out

ALL

beginning,

slag in

all the

the

avoidable.
un-

furnace

is

glowing charcoal,

tapped, the basin of the lead-well covered

with

the blast stopped, the tuyere-pipes drawn

out, the tu3'eres closed,

and

the flow of water

the furnace

is

now

front is chipped

into

removed

off,and

the

jackets reduced.

wholly
some

or

of the

in part, any
loose

The

breast

of

chilled slag in

material

raked

out

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

into

is passed through

heavy steel bar
breast

to

bold

tamped behind

the

the

charge from
board,

the crust

with

It

the points

as

front

jacket to prevent

bent

to

is

is driven

become

soon

have

to

necessary

dull

a

by driving the bar again close to it and
toward

When

it.

to receive

large enough

warmed, inserted into the hole, the
pieces raked
and

the

If the crust

out.

started

furnace

crust

balls

hollow

the

removed,

are

the steel bars

withdrawn

are

been

pots of slag have

keep the hole
will

soon

and

the

by the

first indicated
of the

bottom

For

this

water,
of brick

the

crust

cooling, which

and
are

opening
chiseled

is stopped, the

jacket shut

unhinged,

hole is

larged
en-

crust

and the broken

added, the clay

is filled with

coal,
char-

the blast

first two

three

or

The

down.

to

to

lead

between

it

play with the blast and

of the

charge.

new

leaking jacket.

of moisture

This

at the tuyere

leak, if small,
with

these

be

can

or

the

temporarily

hot water, pressing it with
into

is

the

the

water-feeder

Soon, however, the jacket will have to be removed.

purpose

by

thick

a

a

previously bailed

comes

throwing these

balls,and

into small

of the jacket.

The

cornmeal

stopped by mixing

by

appearance

jacket.

of

communication

begins

caused

is sometimes

number

is repeatedly inserted

hotter, thus assisting the work

crust

hand

having

; it

it with

up,

the

slag

new

effect of

slag partly restored

becomes
A

the

show

the

until

open

through

pipes inserted, and

the rod

tapped

out, and

the tuyeres, the breast is

gently at first. When

but very

is let on,

is

is ladled

The

lead

from

opened, the

put in, the tu3'eres are

this

yield, the hole is enlarged

in front

space

upward

When

fresh hot lead

out is returned, and, if necessary,

a

2-in. steel bar, this is

a

The

again.

up

of

breaking the

pried

will not

are

the

end

rammed

bent.

or

the

hook.

a

clay

or

on

in front

hole

A

nearest

of loam

accumulated

bare.

laid

thus

A

away.

Balls

placed
balls,'

rod

a

that has

heavy steel bar.
ready,

The

taken

the front of the jacket and

charge

lead

any

part of the

lower

and

opposite tuyeres

two

charge.

rolling down.

against the
done,

the

up

slid below

are

343

in front of the furnaoe

wheelbarrow

a

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

IN

on

is done

is first allowed

the inside

by turning

the discharge at the
out

above

cooling-water

on

taken

out, and

a

new

one

a

When

the

side

and

the

to grow

full stream

bottom.

the jacket.

off,the water-trough removed,

in

Two

courses

cool, the
of

the

of

naoe
fur-

injured

injured jacket

put in its place.

The

whole

Qoo^"z

MET

344

need

prooedure
crust

on

A LL

take

not

T

URG

LEA

than

more

the inside of the

OF

jacket

20

as

little pieces of brick

any

new

placing of the

jacket and

new

foregoing has

other

or

reference

no

break

out,

The

space

will obstruct

matter

much

furnace

a

the

be absolutely clean,

must

hard

cause

to

thin and

Should

of clay balls.

jacket is to be inserted

the

minutes.

too

pro^e

the opening is closed by the introduction
where

D.

Of

delay.

with

the
the

course

wrought-iron jackets

extending its entire length.
The

clogging

smelting sulphide

rich

ores

solution in the crucible
the channel

toward

A

basin.

this

causes

of

when

held

in

the lead ascends

iron rod

bent

lead

In

be inserted

may

of sulphides is generally caused

presence

of galena in the furnace

of lack ot heat in the smelting
copper,

considered.

in lead, sulphide

decomposition

incomplete

an

is yet to be

often separates out

the

This

to clean it out.

lead-well

of the

up

If the

zone.

lead

coppery

by

account

on

charge is rich

gradually

close

to

in
tha

up

channel.

"

Out.

78. Blowing
needs

to be

be remedied

in

a

repaired, or

smelted

out.

The

will

lead-fumes

somewhat, and

before

conducted
or

an

over

be

explosion

but

removed.

air by opening

in

might

to reduce

the

for

use
occur

of the

is closed, and

When

All the

on

the

the

fumes

the top of

by whatever

If this

not

were

To

check

is often sprinkled

lining
and

the

of

the charge has
is stopped

damper

the

on

stack, or

purpose.

with

receded

the

damper

has

ore

mixed

charge has

the

ore-

the blast is

smoke

the temperature, water

be deleterious.

and

in the dust-chamber.

sunk

the

furnace
as

far

as

tuyere-pipes

liquid slag is tapped, the tapping-jacket

removed, and the breast of the furnace
Sometimes

to sink

the

dust-chamber

the top of the jackets,the blast
are

by stopping the

its appearance,

makes

if the furnace
that cannot

24 hours, the furnace

dark

When

the charge, although its effect

cannot

happens

even

by lowering the sheet-iron

may

the flame and

of

volumes

flame

a

into the

contrivance

done,

or

is done

appear.

in the flue leading to the

the furnace

in 18

charge is allowed

Soon

gradually lowered.

are

accident

an

This

out.

fuel gives out, or

or

substituting slag-charges, until most

charges and

white

if

short time, say

has to be blown

been

flux

If ore,

"

furnace

is blown

sink till only heavy fumes, but

no

is knocked

down,

in.

allowing the charge

flames, appear

and

the

to

entire

Qoo^z

|

mi
d
9

o

M^:

J5o

o

n

IN

SMELTING

THE

BLAST

FURNACE

"

81.

Furnace

furnace
82. Base

The

"

cleanings, and
is the

Bullion

products

silver and

80

from

blast furnace

are

tions,
accre-

or

lb. and

for argentiferous

name

It is cast in

gold bullion.
contains

gold, small quantities of other

following analyses

a

fluedust.

silver

to 110

of

accretions, hearth

commercial

lead, as dieitinguished from
bars weighing

347

PRODUCTS.

bullion, speise, matte, slag, wall

base

"

Pboducts.

FURNACK

in addition

metals,

as

to

the

by the

seen

:

Salinen-Wsaen
in Preus9en, zviii.,p. 808. (6)
und
(a) Z"iUchrifi fUr Berg-, HUtten401.
HUtten(d) Berg- und
Ibid., xix., P- 169. \e) WaiMer*s
Jahresberichte, 1887, p.
_^
,
mdnnitche
Jahrbitch,
:zix.,p.S9.
Zeitung, 1886, p. 4S4. (e) Oetterreidhiaches
(/) Emmons,
Geology and Mining Industiy of LeadviUe," p. 094.
.

"

.

,

*'

The
and

impurities of

a

bar of lead, with

gold, always collect

illustrated

nearer

the

the top than the bottom.

by the analyses of Streng, made

lead, and

(a) Berg- und
1887, p. 401.

by Schertel, made

Huttenmdnniiche

exception

from

base

Zeitung, 1869, p. 14.

from

of silver
This

is

ous
non-argentifer-

bullion.

(6) Wagner'9

JahreabericMe^

MET

348

kept for 24 hours

d|

The

bullion

following

this.
Bars
taken

which

shown

(

(2.) 184.5
(7.) 184.0

(12.)188.0

the upper

surface

is the

1

stantiate
sub-

may

samples

pieces and

(8.) 140.0

(4.)148.7

(8.) 140.0
(18.) 150.5

(9.) 149.0

(S.) 145.0
(10.) 151.0

(14.) 150.0

(16.) 152.0

(8.) 128.6
(8.) 188.0
(18.)188.0

(4.)180.5
(0.) 186.5
(14.)188.0

(10.)1M.6
(15.) 184.0

the

and

upper

(5.) 185.0

that the whole

prove

the

that

Similar

poorest part.

A

is the

reverse

assayed separately.

(ounces per ton) clearly

part of the bar is richer than

In

special conditions.

into three

and

(12.)150.0

(1.) 127.0

der,
cylin-

272.)

sawed

were

iron

an

by the writer in 1881

(2.) 150.5
(7.) 158.0

Fig.STS.-!
(6.) 188.5
( (11.)189.0
results

and

lar
simi-

a

lead that had

from

quickly just the

cool

by the numbers

( (1.) 149.7
Fig. 271. -{ (6.) 187.0
( (11.) 148.0

The

his sample

created

tests made

bullion

that silver has

its melting-point in

thus

(Figs. 271

of base
as

above

LEAD,

to show

seem

in. high, and

bars of base
case.

OF

He, however, took

tendency.
3 ft.

T

URG

analyses would

Scherters

been

ALL

lower
of

center

results

ob-

were

0

"

^*FiG.272.
seCTION

Fio. 278.'"
Babe
of

'^""-

FiGB.

tained

by Piquet* and

bar which

278." Babb

271 TO

section

in Fig. 274

molded, that in Fig. 275,
time, was

allowed

shell,cooled by mold
the

that

shows

solidifies last is the poorest in silver.

in

same

Baht

Baht.f

Bullion.

to cool

and

parts in contact

cast

with

sprayed

was

from

the

spray

with

the

made

to

part of

The

bar

water

as

bullion

same

in the usual

that

way.

sented
represoon

and

a

as

at the

In Fig. 274 the

water, is the richest; in Fig. 275
iron

heat-withdrawing

are

the

richest.
An

attempt has been

silver in the lower

explain^this

concentration

of the

part of the bar by the separation of the

lead, while cooling, into crystals low in silver and
lead high in silver.
the surface

It is said that

cools first,
and

sides then

*

center.

Boswag,

t ''The

bar has been

liquid

molded,

there ; that the

mass

of liquid lead and

the

cooling is supposed

^'Ddsargentation du plomb/* Paris, 1884,p. 187.
Industry/' Ui.,p. 414.
Op. cit, p. 186.

Biineral

X Boswa^,

As

a

crystals begin to form

slowb^ solidify,a

in the

when

tiferous
argen-

crystals
to

maining
re-

proceed

SMELTING

from

the top downward

cooler

upper

toward

the

side

other

274

theory

of the

lower

bar is

a

so

much

Bars

throuoh

of the

impurities that rise

in silver than the pure

liquid lead
be the

cannot

of

tilverpm*ton

Base

Buixion.

cooling, but
surface.

lead, as is shown

They

a

case.

OZS

uneven

to the

is

than

poorer

Av"n"" 258.4^

Sections

the

on

that the mold

presupposes

p"r ton

275."

AND

of

to form

richer

the air, which

parts is not only because

account

much

the

surface

"ifw

349

gradually force

of heat than

Av"r^^ 258.2. OZS
FiOB.

BLASTFURNACE.

continue

This

that the

reason

THE

the crystals will

and

bottom.

conductor

poorer

The

on

IN

the

also
run

ing
by the follow-

assays.*
BASE

If bullion

freely,the

is

a

run

break,

gave

so

to

much

(Fig.273), a. 432,
h.

397,

from

dross

Bhodesf

of

the

the

lead

silver will
assays

the

on

following results in
c.

439,

d. 460,

e.

Private

oommunication

communication,

from

turbed.
dis-

the top

bottom.

For

by W. Tatham.
July, 1801.

floor it would

ounces

434,

i. 386.
*

eliquate

be much

silver mine, Idaho,

the Bamshorn

that if dropped

the

b. 432,

t Private

cannot

higher than those from the

bullion

instance, coppery

that

dross

for the fact that

will account

bar sometimes

containing

in

distribution

natural

This
of

rich

so

ASSAYS.

BULLION

per

ton

f. 441, g. 386,

METALLURGY

350

According

to

concentrated

Similar

"

Eempf,

with

OF

results

have

83. Sampling."

The

" Go.,* gold also

Nenninger

the silver

the bottom

near

been

LEAD.

published

irregular

of the

silver have

estimating the value

of base

bullion.

for instance,with
ends

of

bar.

a

of the sample

The

been

276

I

by using

a

277.

At

so

part of the bar.
will

represent

the

however, from
as

be

can

parts of

poor

5 in

by

seen

take punch
shown

through, turning

The

fitting over
when
noted
median

tapped will mark
that

of the

none

Two

line.
"

a

In order

Engineering

t Ibid., Dec.

to

use

and

work

result,
The

to-day

No.
is to

every

to show
a

on

the

other

where

the

holes

templet of sheet

the

on
on

the

as

halfwaj'

time

bar.

edge

iron
which

It will
or

together, using

Mining Journal^ July 1,1882.

25. 1880.

pling,
Sam-

and

little spring punches

right spots
usually

a

Fig. 271

repeating this

spots fall either

men

bar.

of, sa^*, five bars,

row

punch

and

having

the

2 in.,it

say

272.

and

method

common

trate
pene-

of that

sample

6 in

a

indentation

an

part of the

by No.

driving the

edges and

the

point it has

making

Figs. 271

across

it is advisable

punched

to be

in Figs-

bar, it will

correct

of that

to

side in the opposite diagonal.
are

the
a

has

cylindrical chip

a

from

face
sur-

form

of the bar gives too high

the bars

form

only at the ends.

is represented

\{\ in.

in

taken,

the

error,

halfway through the bar,
ends

the

the opposite

incorrect

gives

the shoulder

diagonally

over

The

vertically into

turning

Fig. 278, by

in

of

excluded.

samples

to be

near

of

taken

are

punch

the bar, represented

Fig. 272, are

bottom

and

trouble

chip having its base at the

a

sample

correct

used

approximately

an

If driven
a

Samples

which

Such

driven

It will take

in.

much

sources

they

punch

halfway, with

caused

below.

less

distance

a

that, when

2 in., or

^

or

diameter.

and

has two

conical

a

in.

\

in. in

shoulder

of

is

of sampling

top and

the fact that

its apex

changed

about

method

obtained

sample
and

gouge

a

This
and

from

by Torrey and Eaton-t

manner

unequal distribution

to be

seems

of the bar.

he

in the
4-lb.

IN

SMELTING

One

Bledges.

THE

will hold

man

gives it the first blow, then
a

few

taps

sometimes

three-sided

will sample

men

in about

277."

hours.

two

is that

One

of bullion

Sample

unevenness

of the bar

are

liable to be

and

bottom

the chip.

instead

of circular.

17 to 20 tons

objection to this method

of

Nenninger'*'tried

chips from

those

than

smaller

from

pling
sam-

of the

the top

the bottom.

this by melting down

to correct

taking from

samples separately,then

Two

Bulliok.

Basb

for

In

at the point is made

of the surface, the

the

and

break

weighing from

PuNCff

serious

dross, and

Kempf

four times, when

or

and

the other

of the flow of metal, the hardness

account

on

strike three

the punch

(as in Fig. 277)

carload

a

276 akd

Fig.

both

breaking the opening

to facilitate the

order

351

the punch vertically,
while

the sides loosen

on

BLASTFURNACE.

the

top

resulting

^;

o

o

Fig. 278 "Punching

equal

bars

final sample

But

bar.
which

is introduced
the bottom

that

and

amounts

of

melting them

by the two

are

Bullion.

into

meltings

is liable to give

samples

Base

more

a

second

a
new

of

source

trouble

their

bar,

than

error

the fact

slightlylonger than those from

the

top.

Austinf
*

recommended

Engineering

and

Mining

years

ago

from

removing

Journal, July 1, iSt".

t

a

bar

Ibid.,Sept. 9, 1882.

4

in.

MET

352
thick

chip

a

This

shears.
At

block, and

a

is not

works

some

URQ

hard

no

construction

Drilling one

been

or

tinson."*" It

at the

circular

from

the

and

so

They

low.

punch-samples

and
and

all methods

output

in

takes

a

a

being drawn

ton.

method

This

The
to 20

and

made

from

obtained

diagonally

an

tively
respec-

a

20-ton

lot

down

an

like
ton

assay

after smelting

agreed

very

across

the

Baht|

well

bars,

objects to this

in the solid form.

bullion

a

He

melts

off into

from

or

not

weighing

the

samples

results

has been

sampling

about

siphon while

These

molds.

assayed and the
of

the

weighing

adopted
out

of

to

are

figured

the

as

be

ounces

at

a

the

ber
num-

whole

calculating the result.

chips obtained

tons)

Here

bar-length, in the

said to have

are

lion
bul-

to make

as

are

sample

taken

The

:

table.

a

gauge

cuts

results

as

the kettle

of smelting works, but

sample

to

of the

The

of the

one

iron trough having

of dip-samples, each

number

weighed separately and
per

The

bar.

Pat-

kettle,drosses and stirs it for five minutes,

ton, either from
is

follows

as

on

of the refinery.

of sampling

the bullion

bullion

runs

taking the

by

assayed in quantities of half

then

and

the

assay

is

slide and

a

on.

also with

\

it

one-sixth

at

the usual

then

part

used.

time

inclined

an

which

with

and

atus
appar-

one

70 lb. is thoroughly mixed, quartered

liable to be too

down

tion
opera-

suggested by

was

method

and

is not

considerable

into

car

previous melting,

any

a

The

through

first bar

the

ore-sample

without

a

cated
compli-

no

from

bar

every

sampling

arranged with

so

weighing about

are

of

over

at two-sixths

second

easily moved

suggested, but

means

the

bottom

halfway

in

to be

practiced for

is

saw

incision

an

a

as

was

is unloaded
rollers

has been

smelting works.

Colorado

The

the whole

punches;

many

holes through

more

of bars

Sawing

with

removes

the bar.

is quick ; the bit has

outlasts
as

which

introduced

length from

and

light, so

sample

as

off the projecting end

to the other.

of the works

borings

work

and

is simple and

hole bored

a

followed.

cylindrical chip of the desired

requires

LEAD,

2 in. ^ slipping it into

trimming

drill has

a

OF

T

little longer than

a

into

2 in. deep

ALL

or

a

lot

*

Journal

t

"

The

are

by sampling
collected

in

a
a

carload
wooden

(weighing
box, melted

Industry, 1808,zL, p. SSI.
Society Chemical
iDduBtrj,''Ui-.P- 417.

Mineral

from

17

down,

OF

METALLURGY

354

rubbed.

Lead

and

result calculated

dross
follows

as

LEAD,

weighed

were

and

assayed and

the

:

A.a+B.6
=Average

assa^*-.

A+B.
A.

weight of dross;

=

B.=weight
A

number

a

large

of such

takes too much

time.

assays

bullion

quantity of base
With

dross.

2"=assay of lead.

of lead;

weights and

of

a=assay

are

given above.

is desilverized^the

bullion

rich

in

dross

Where
method

it is to

be

recommended.

"

84.
an

Speisb.

The

"

speise obtained

arsenical speise.

Antimonial

in smelting softening skimmings
of arsenical

nickel, cobalt^
and

speise is iron

copper,

and

to

a

in lead-smelting is

pally
princi-

speise is occasionally made

(" 128).

The

which

partially replaced

is

small extent

predominant

ment
ele-

by

lead, bismuth, gold,

silver.

**Oteo\oKy and Mining Industry of Leadville/^ p. 720. (6) Dewey, Bulletin
National
United States
Museum/'
42,
Deposits of
p. 68. (c) Curtis, ''Silver-Lead
States GJeoIogicalSurvey/' 1884,p. 160. (d) Ballinir.
Eureka, Nev.," MonoRraph
vii.," United
Huttenmdnnische
of M. ^V
Xeitung, 1867, p. 419. (e) Private communJcatioii
Berg- und
IleH. (/) /bid., C. H.
Huttenmdnnische
Livingstone. (9) Hampe,
Berg- und
Zeitung
1893, p. 140. {h) Ounces
per ton.
(a) Emmons,

No.

*'

SMELTING

Ouyard

calla attention
he found

speise, "which
the

IN

lead-well.

He

also

than

when

FUBNACE.

absence

found

in

in the

when

355

cobalt
dross

skimmed
of

be

from
of

grains

speise, -which is

common.
un-

that speise always contains

coarsely crystalline less is found

it is fine-grained. As regards the presence

metals, the fact is to

Leadville

in

10%

as

Leadville

already stated

that

of

much

as

arsenic

It has been
shots of lead, and

to the

concentrated

iron free from

metallic

BLAST

TUB

that

noted

speise retains

of precious
considerable

[^^^^^^

t

fe::::M^^^^^^M^
Fig.

dSO."THB

of gold, while

amounts
assays

To

Dayibs

show
treat

from

speise

a

trace
so

as

tons, which
roasted

burns

from

to 0.5

The
or

matte.

whole
The

gold

oz.

the

extract

to

been

a

two

to

crushed

is then
result

per

four
and

smelted
will be

Spbisb.

in matte;

speise-

ton.

silver,gold, and

difficult problem.

is to roast

way

speiseis sorted out,

furnace.

pyrite

cheapest

Dbsilteriziko

fob

little gold is found

very

economically has always
quantities the

Comvbktuh

it in

a

weeks.

in the
base

With

large

heap of about
The

roasted

copper

in

a

blast
bullion

50

imperfectly

reverberatory
furnace
and

a

with
matte

MET

356
rich in oopper
in

which

second

and

any

goes

in such

occur

and

to

OF

small

a

will
of

heap

small

LEAD,

perhaps

cobalt

new

a

T

URQ

silver,and

nickel

speise

cobalt

ALL

be

nickel

as

and

to call for any

not

as

This

concentrated.

first speise.

quantities

of speise,

amount

ther
far-

attention.
With

the small

crush

it and

foimed

amount

it with

roast

the

the sulphur trioxide

and

arsenides

is to

way

sulphurets in the proportion of 1

the reverberatbry furnace, when

decompose

to-day, the simplest

:

10, in

set free will

arsenates, converting them

into

sulphates.
Davies*
said

to

invented

a

the

It consists

in

tapping

from

bottom

a

20

blast

to

lead ; the liberated

through only
contents

of

a

are

stirs up

of
iron

the

silver

The

discharged into

The

of which

40

Best

to the ton.

oz.

The

product.

waste

claim

composition

shown

the gold

extracted, with

"

Matte.

85.
a

been

are

The
of

compound

a

is made

eats

and

the

having the form
for

obtained

are

speise is then

that

speise of the

from

a

in lead

and

89.28
5 to

%%,

in

the

a

iron

has

less degree by

arsenic, antimony,

manganese,

of

smelting is principally

sulphur, in which

iron and

when

desilverized

loss of lead varying from

cium,
cal-

magnesium.
of matte

analyses by Hampe

in the analysis by Mann
of oxygen

is to be noted.

the matte

occurs

of iron in Montana

down

^-in.hole

a

results

The

produced

matte

zinc, silver,nickel, cobalt,
In the two

lining, but

is turned

in part replaced by lead and copper,

barium, and

by the

up

table, 85.5 of the silver and

in the

"

has

off

tapping
speise solidifies quickly, and when hard

desilverized

the lead assays

the

receiver

cast-iron

a

burns

speise and

somewhat

the

for three

^-in*pipo

a

a

(Fig. 280),

gold is taken

and

into

introducing from

converter

still liquid lead is tapped.

the

and

is

Works,

speise

firebrick

the lead and

corrodes

slowly.

very

lb. of

800

through

pressure

slag-pot,the bottom

the lead.

a

oz.

This
Most

arsenic.

some

liquid lead

25%

Consolidated

lined with

converter

17

of

four minutes.

or

Eureka

at

cylindrical iron

adding

desilverizing speise which

give satisfaction

Eureka, Nev.
small

for

process

of matte

Hampe

in tapping.
copper

made

mattes

at

believes

The

Pribram, the
that

presence
was

at Olausthal

made

proved

of

the

and

presence

oxidation

magnetic

oxide

by Keller. f

Mining Journal, June 80, 1888.
**
TnuiaBCtioiia
Mining Journal, Nov. 1% 1896; see also Keller,
Engineering
Institute of Mining Engineers," zzii., p. 580, and
Nelll,Ibid.^ p. 075l
American
"

t

of

Singineering and

and

Qoo^"z

of

SMELTING

The

very

IN

THE

high percentage

of

(1867) in
an

the temperature

and

of furnace

lead

Harz

of the furnace

enlargement

corrosion

the Upper

BLASTFURNACE,

in the

357

(analysisa)

at the

thus reduce

of

zone

merly
produced for-

matte

fusion, made

to lower

the volatilization of lead and the

This resulted, however, in

walls.

with

connected

was

an

incom-

'^Metallhllttenkunde,'' p. 86. (6) Mann, OesterreichUchea
(a) Balllnf?,
"
National
United States
Museuin/'p.
(c) Dewey, Bulletin No. 48,
p. 94.
communication
of W.
Chemiker
Zeitung, 1892, zvi.,p. 468. (e) Private
(g)Ibid.^ R. D. Rhodes.
(*) Ounces
Ibid.^ M. W. Ues.
per ton.

Jahrb%tch, zzzix.,
68.
(d) Hampe,

plete decomposition of galena.

that

at the

lead, if not

otherwise

zone

as

to combine

a

enriched

It often happens

charge.
figured

smelting

In modern

contains

matte

by

the

that, if the

sulphides, the analysis does
with

the

metals

as

furnaces

tracted
con-

are

8 to

12%

of

zinc

in

constituents
show

(/)

Howard.

from

presence

not

H.

of

matte

a

enough

FeS, PbS, Gu^S, NiS,

of
the
are

sulphur

etc.

The

Qoo^z

MET

358

A LL

given by

explanation

URG

T

OF

LEAD,

for lead sulphide^ and

Bammelsberfi:*

Miinster^tSchweder^and Farbaki"for
is that, as
held

subsulpbides do

during solidification.
sulphide of nickel
the amount

liquid, and

iron.

and

The

value

of silver,gold, lead, and

silver,but
this

lead and

as

much

not

rule with

a

the

as

bullion.

base

itself

of the

50%

silver

ought

produced. The tendency
observed

of

by

produced

matte

silver,will be taken

all the

The

out.

rarely contains

gold and

first matte

than

more

5%

bullion

by the fact

way

silver-bearing iron

added

gold, and

the

hy

entirely the base

interesting

very
a

high in

as

in

collected

smelting be

in pyritic

blast furnace,

lead

a

a

Carpenter,^that if

the

stances
peculiar circum-

of gold is to enter almost

This is illustrated in

bullion.

be

to

with

In concentrating matte

high.

as

on

ered
formerly consid-

was

under

except

sub-

able
consider-

contains

assayed one-third

Now,

one-fifth

it assays

It

a

(in exceptional

silver increases

the copper.

satisfactory if the first matte
silver

and

of

are

out

depends

matte

a

Matte

The

gold.

of

copper,

cases)of nickel and cobalt it contains.

separate

the existence

claims
Mackintoshjl

bj

nickel sulphide,

exiat,lead, iron, and nickel

not

by their sulphides while

in solution

and

iron

raw

from

60

to the

charge

70%

of the

to

in

produced
and

copper

a

from

nace
lead fur-

1 to

3%

nickel-cobalt.
The

object aimed

at

gold by

means

silver and
into

works

copper

or

lead, and

of

matte

is connected

matte

with

took

place.

"

86.

RoASTiNo

gold.

t

''

Lehrbuch

Berg-

und

der

Matte.

copper

Roasting

"

S Berg- und
If Private
""

Zeitung,

of American

communication.

Peters, "The

Mineral

a

The

to

lead-bearing
in blowing

loss of

is carried

ore

33%

on

choice

silver

in heaps,
of method
88S.

1877, p. 196.

xiii.,p. 292.

Zeitung^ 1894,p. 184.
of Mining Engineers,''xvi.. p. 117.

Huttenrndnnigche

I '* Transactions

of

two

roasting

lead

a

Metallurgie/' Berlin, 1866, pp. 48 and

Chemischeo

Huttenmdnnische

X Ibid., 1879, p. 18; Iron,

of

consist

Bessemerizing**

blister

to

up

The

vitriolization.

stalls,kilns, and reverberatory furnaces.
*

verized
to be desil-

copper

great loss in silver, thus

with

OF

the copper

is either sold to

acid fiux to slag the iron and

an

lead

10%

by

is concentrated

matte

silver and

the

or

the

extract

concentrate

to metallic

smelting, with
up

to

brought forward

operations by which
take

is to

matte

product, which

by electrolytic refining
and

the

working

intermediary

enriched

an

in

Institute

May,

1892.

Industry," iii.,p. 280.

Qoo^"z

IN

SMELTING

will depend

the

on

or

pellet contains

dust

that is made

piece

richness

of

the

silver and

more

be to roast

quickly

as

1.

at

of plant; the matte
the

roasted

by the

leaching, the

fumes.

obnoxious

where

and

of

metal

by

of

most

desirable

made

for

up

and

dusting

of roast, imperfect

fuel, slowness

Where

calciner

a

is

than

plicity
sim-

and

fine,and

more

of

loss

as

heap-roasting has

Therefore

favor for matte.

much

too

up

necessity of re-handling and re-roasting,

roasting,with consequent
and

the aim

to lock

form, which

is,however,

consumption

lead;

roasting

matte

not

as

be crushed

not

in lump

disadvantages,

many

rich

in

advantage of cheapness

need

This

for the blast furnace.

coming

matte,

time.

a

is obtained

matte

interior.

loss in silver aad

possible, so

as

has the

Roastingin Heaps

the

rain, silver sulphate formed

capital for months

much

part of each

than

is liable to be lost by leaching ; finally,with

In

in silver.

roasted

considerable

cauRe

again, if exposed to the
must

359

matte

lead

the

in handling

the surface, will

from

FURNACE.

BLAST

the exterior
matte, according to Plattner,'*'

roasted

Any

greatly

THE

quantities of

small
does

found

not

matte

are

duced
pro-

exist,heap-roasting is in

not

place.
A

heap for roasting

then

becomes

the other
loss

with

The

will not
the

to carry

loss incurred

ought

be

by

filling;the
The

usually built

a

matte

plow

or

elevation

a

scraper;

of

first matte, being
to the air for

pieces of fist-size does
"

"

Die

matte

hard

not

MetaUunflachen

cause

ground

so

much

that

for

a

Soft ground

is made

ground

fine slag, and

roast-heap

the

The

by

The

necessary.

slightly elevated.

time,

length

it is important

to

account.

6 in. is obtained

short

to 7 ft. ; the

than

making

by

even
a

bed

of

rolling it, if possible.

rich in iron, oxidizes
a

always

are

the level of the feed-floor,
as

raw

taking into

the

the result.

further

any

hard, and

even,

5^

on

passing off there.

building, and

transporting the

slag, covering it with

exposed

on

heap

from

from
on

the smelter

enter

to be worth

not

is leveled

is

varies

influence

much

roasted

in

heap should

coarse

not

roast-heap

the fumes
not

matte-heap

a

have

width

sides of the

smalls, to prevent the fumes

height of

The

the fire

as

imperfect and

will be

roast

The

lead large.

high,

be very

not

the central part of the heap ;

melts

low, the

if very

hand,

in silver and

covered

and

hot and

too

should

matte

and

when

crumbles

the breaking-up

labor.

In

into

building the

ROstprooesse," Freibeix- 1866, p. 205.

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLURQY

360

heap^

bed

a

channels

of light wood

(10

wood

fire,which

a

Sometimes

nailed

heap.

It helps to

heap, first coarse
from
been

the bed

finer matte

with

^

a

fine matte

kept
heap

heaps

are

23 ft.

The

when

on

a

18 ft. at the base
burn

6

wood

30 days.

Quite

a

to end

in diameter, end
the ground, and
distributed

are

to the

this bed

of

rows

the heap

9 in.

at the

coarse

part of

if the roasting has been
to about

been

reduced

from

Clausthal

*

Terhune,

t Private

X Arche,

**

"

are

Transactions

notes,
Die

and

matte

a

about

subjoined

of American

pyramidal

high

;

the

they

tain
con-

from

is effected

them.

On

9 in.

matte

piled fagots and

are

there

fagots mixed

will be

with

seen

On

coal.

way.

matte-heap

amounts

Analyses^of

to

raw

about

33%,

the sulphur

and

roasted

has

matte

:

Institute

of

Minin^f En^neers,'' ztL, p. 28^

1890,

Gewinnung

der

on

this bed

large pieces of
top

by

15

75 to 100

12 in. apart,

carefully conducted, and
6%.

the

dry logs about

these

heap from

started,

usually made

are

across

Between

ever,
is,how-

30 to 40 days.

sound

is built in the usual

well-roasted

6 ft.

the cordwood

above

rows

Looking

alternate

The

in

covered

are

saving of cordwood

sticks

to

the draft in parts of

and

parallel rows,

laying small

height of about

soft coal.

in

has

reach

matte

they contain

by placing pieces of wood, split from

then

heap

heap has been

from

in. deep;

sides

In Utah*

Mountainsf matte-heaps
of

and

the

Fine

to check

hot.

too

of matte, and

tons

bed

burn

and

becoming

the

the

is assorted

matte

When

to be used

24 by

chimney,

coarse

also the top.

made
80

the

the wood, the

of

heap.

In building the

pyramid, the edges of which

a

too

2 ft. above

to reach

sometimes

are

the Harz

In

of

the

of

center, consisting of four

sluice-fork.

a

it makes

as

part

uniformly.

wood.

with

that

about

tons

hand,

lower

around

the top layer thicker, and

to make

the

and

on

of

the border

ft. of

heap

is piled

built in the form

within

the

long enough

start the

matte

over

the

so

leaying

filled with

are

good for the bed,

is placed in the

together and

is made^

ft.,which

6

every

is liable to fuse

boards

distributed

open

is not

chimney

a

6 to 15 in. deep

from

wide)

Hard

kindling.
hot

in.

LEAD.

Metalle,'' Leipsic,1888,p. 78.

Qoo^"z

MET

302

roasted

second

a

drawback

A LL

is the cost

of

plant, and

are

stalls have

to be

built, it is considered

in many

stalls might

as

281
with

a

side walls of

The

is kindled.

The

small

chambers, which
be closed

flues in

is being
small

receive

erected

They

are

made

lettingit run
smooth

is made
when
used

be
must

then

pieces
mold

of

with

filled.
alone

be used

*

matte

If the
this

slag

purpose,

to cement

sand
as

or

ashes

other

side.

the heap

open

into

iinro

flue,and

can

side only^ of
cHnkered

the
on

the heap
3

Stalls 1, 2, and

stalls 4, 5, and

6

large

built entirely of slag-brick."f

are

slag from

is not
as

Devereuz

a

The

heavy cast-iron

upper

plate

sufficientb'acid,

it cracks

in the mold.

it is less liable

Zdr"hal, 0e"terreichi9cheB

on

while

on

face
sur-

the

it cannot

It

cooling.

together clinkers,sharp-edged sand,

when

building material

pendent
inde-

an

which

be placed directly

a

wall

82 ft. high.

one

cast-iron mold.

a

by placing

brick, etc., placed

cool slowly,
excellent

for

into

to back

in the front wall

is finished

tons, and

stalls

have

wall

by tapping the blast-furnace

slag-pot and

mold

65

by Figs.

advantage of the divided

roast

the

serve

vertical

a

the main

quantities of

on

The

by

chimney

a

back

The

can

will

is shown

solid;

the

the

charges of

charges of 140 tons.

in

up

off by sliding dampers.

when

284)

to

of stalls may

separately with

roasted parts
insufficiently

which

that

from
four fireplaces,

are

flue is that in treating small

and

thinks

of stalls placed back

row

built

are

connect

the stall is filled,
and

furThe

(Figs.281

flue terminates

side of the entrance

each

has

short operation.

is divided

that each

stall

a

up,

plant

a

this view, and

row

them, which

The

one

general arrangement

parts, in order
draft.

more

only

made

be preferable.

is a double

flue between

into two

with

agree

The

There

282.

than

long-hearth reverberatory

a

at Pribram'*'

stalls used

open

and

not
cases

illustration.

an

that

well finish the roasting by

as

writer, however, does
The

this is

The

off.

heaps is because, if

superseded

not

carried

are

built of slag-brick,by the advantages.

That

may

LEAD.

time, and the fumes

especially if the stalls

nace

OF

7

URQ

for

It is well to

filled,in order
to

the

crack.
stalls.

cover

the

that the slag may

Slag-bricks form
They

are

laid

an

with

Jahrbuch, xzxix., p. 16, and private notes, 1890.
Torlc,
slafrbrick see:
Peters, " Modem
Ck"pper Smelting,** New
1895, p. 142; E^leston, Sctiool of Mines
Quarterly, x\\.,P- 189; Klette, Z^itschH/t fur BergSalinen^
und
Weten
Zei"
Hutienin Pruesten^ zl.,p. 501,and
Berg- und UtLttenm"nfUtche
t For

manufacture

tung, 1893, p. 150.

of

8MELriNG

sizes

Bricks

BLAST

walls

FURNACE.

363

sufficientb' thick

are

not

to

3 and

4

binding.

any

Four

THE

clay mortar; the

ordinary

require

IN

Nos.

for the

bottom

of Nos.

1 and

made

are

1 and

:

2

of the

for

used

are

Nos.

stall.

3, correspond

the side walls ; Nos.

4, having half the width

2 and

split brick, and

to

used

are

as

binders.
Three

improvements

in

be mentioned.

may

first consists

The

above

air-passages, one
openings
the side

the stall.

into

wall, terminating at half its depth

have

is to

leave

in the floor from

18 in. square

which

to the surface

introduction

2 to

3

other

ft. from

the

The

with

distance

from

back

a

The

third

is to

grating about
ing
flue,com-

underground

an

three-

at

depth.

the

the front wall.

in

is connected
some

; the

three-quarters

at

openings

zontal
hori-

two

be placed at half the height.of

may

quarters the height, ending
second

in leaving open

air

of

other, in each side wall, with

the

One

the admission

for

construction

This

the front of the stall.

of air at different parts of the stall gives better

trol
con-

of the roast.
the

In charging
wood

arranged

heap

is erected.

and

stall
the

on

Then

the top is covered

from

with

used, the

the chimney.

open

fired from
bituminous
time

coal and

required

of

coarse

wood, and

the

bed

of

when

a

thin

a

as

way

and fine matte

coarse

the fumes

prevent

enabling them

If only one-half
of

on

same

sufficient fines to

side is built up

the front with

the

mixture

a

passing through the top, thus

off through

The

in

slag-bottom
follows

is placed

matte

coarse

to

stall is to be

of the

The

matte.

be drawn

fires kept

stalls

going

are

with

lignite until the heap is well ignited.
for

roasting is :
65 Tons.

140 Tons.

Da
Unroasted
lead matte
Once- roosted
lead matte..
Twice-roasted
lead matte.

.

vs.

43

80

88

TO

Qoo^z

METALLURGY

364
The

well-roasted

third of

the

It makes

being

difference

no

filled or

contains

matte

sulphur

OF

LEAD.

from

present

8 to

undeoomposed

as

in this result whether

only half-filled.

The

sulphur,

10%

one-

sulphide.

the stall is entirely

in weight after roasting is

change

insignificant.
The

labor necessary

With

four

the number

The

of days 'required to filland

were

of matte

ton

fuel required per

Stalls

formerly used

at

arrangement
210.

page

and

had

above

The

sheet-iron

the tracks

furnaees.

15

stalls were

on

At the back

pigeon-hole wall.

The
*

to

of

a

main
Private

stall

were

fine

stalls will be:

of the Colorado

10 ft. wide

was

matte
two

in

Fig.

and

5 ft.

shown

The

ing
Smelt-

being produced.

was

that

down.

the roasted

which

nhifts,

is :

ft. long,

luted

covers

the

empty

the works

similar

was

only in 10-hour

little matte

when
Co., Pueblo, Colo.,"*"
Their

is :

in the daytime

working

men

of matte

ton

per

bottoms
was

arches

run

were

to the

148,

high
2 ft.

blast

filled in with

2 ft. 6 in. wide

and

a

6 ft

notes, August, 1896.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

IN

of the stall,
2^ ft.from
a

the back, was

which

grating

connected

in the side wall of the
45

tons

raw

placed

was

crushed

matte

top.

When

slack

ooal

speise

with

had
third

to

each)

and

a

one

cost

matte

sulphur

the

(at $2.25) ran

ranged from

$1 to $2

the long-hearth hand-reverberatory furnace

The

well-roasted
two-thirds

from

Six

this

one-

(at $1.75

men

plant; wood

per

in. thick

charge.

one-third

weeks.

On

1 ft. of the

obtained, while

was

to

6-in. layer of

a

the

top of

40

matte.

(pifion)22

fire lasting four weeks, and

foreman

The

half-roasted

the

the

third fire also lasting four

a

oord.

2%

second

a

with

below

out

from

2-in. ring piled to within

a

closed

the floor ending

stall held

A

25 to 35 tons

four to six weeks, and

less than
to

to go

track.

roasted

spread

was

a

was

flue under

a

In the floor

18 in. square

opening

with

366

60 ft. high.

layer of cordwood

to pass

roasting lasted from
matte

FURNACE.

an

depressed

and from

matte

the bottom
and

BLAST

the stack 4 by 4 ft. inside and

high and
by

THE

$2.50

was

ton, when

roasting in

cost from

$2.50 to $3

ton.

per

An

analysis* of stall-roasted

from

ore

the

Colorado

Smelting

Co., Pueblo, Oolo., is subjoined:
PbO,

ZnO,

7.91%;
trace; S, 1.01%;
3. Eoaiting in

tenthal

doors,

shaft

I

CaO, 3.22%;

furnaces
six

Works"
in

are

In the Harz
for

used

are

inside

in. ; width, 4 ft. 2 in. ; depth, 7 ft. 5 in.
ft. of

cu.

4,200 lb. of

lead) and
5

parts

roasted

a

mixture

hours

second

raw

matte.

are

the

The
gases

attended

furnace

one

of 4 parts

3 parts half-roasted

and
furnaces

In 24

ore.

matte

(12%
volumes

by eight

is generated by roasting to

(4%

from

a

Olover

tower;

Lau-

10

ft. 6

a

300

about

charges

10%

copper,

mixture

7 to

dioxide.

in 24 hours.

in

four

lead) and

7%

contains

the

two

5,400 lb. of

or

and

height,
in

the

having

They hold

sulphur

men

have

:

roasts

copper,

matte

are

first matte

raw

matte,

roasted
5.3

At

roasting.

dimensions

with

Mountainsf

shaft furnaces,||each

Freiberg
The

use.

Ag, 0.0614%.

is practiced only in connection

Kilns

of sulphuric acid.

manufacture

Saxony

0.98%;
SiO" 3.21%;

FeA. 80.39%; MnjOj, 0.93%;
CuO, 3.22%; AsgO,, 0.86%; Sb,

4

of

half-

8%

phur,
sul-

The

six

Sufficient heat
the sulphuric

Museum,'' p. 68.
Dewey, Bulletin No. 42, "United States National
Das Berg- und Hdttenwesen
des OberiianBes,''Stuttfirart,
1895,p. 849.
Freiberg, 1898, p. 807.
t Merbach,
Berg- und Uiltten-We"en^
*

t

''

f Private notes, 1890.
' Drawings
in ZeiUchrift fUr
plate yiii.

Berg-^ HUtten-

und

ScUinen-Weien

in

Preuuen,

xiz.,

MET

366
acid chambers
in

have

acid, and it

show

concentrated

than

with

time

hand

those

the

a

in

roasting, the

usually done

matte

have
their

for the rock-breaker.
deliver the matte

on

broken

of

a

bucket

water

are

the

to expedite

as

in the sampling

tanks
to 10

being in

The

water

each

*

ft.

long,

or

12

in. from

constant

from

'*

tank

the

had

Sulphuric Acid

t "Transactions

X Engineering

short experiment

a

in

size, which

and

use,

If it is

to sizes suitable

a

much

When

The

work.

crushing
and

operation is usually

point is to have

main
the

method

and

the top.

while

the

of slime
number

Institute

formerly used

was

served

small.

of openings

in

one

the

at

of three

in rotation,

being cleaned

overflowed
was

stream

filled with

6 ft. deep

These

third

caught

thin

a

plant consisted

The

5 ft. wide

into

For

a

up.

settling
cleaning

side to discharge

1891, vol. i.

Alkali/' London,

Mining

\ in. which
^-in.holes

with

trommel

a

granulating tanks

of American
and

sledges

is

department.

10

tank, but the amount
up,

with

Smelter, Leadville, Colo.

two

small.

pairs of rolls for roughing

Bretherton|describes

up

capacity remains

elevator.

two

In granulating matte, the

American

satisfactoryin

most

be reduced

either directly into

there

done
so

to the present

This discharges into rolls set to

first into the boot

finishing

loss in

furnace.

must

are

is

revolving furnaces
Up

been

the

that

seen

tioned,
men-

matte

by crushing, occasionally by granulating.

crushed, the cakes

be

be

can

added

given under

lead in roasted

stationary hearth.

Stetefeldt

a

be

already

experiments,

interesting figures on

some

need

Little

be greater with

furnaces

reverberatory

Before

wooden

of furnaces

given in Lunge's

are

"

silver and

the surface, it

having

in roasting matte

it.

gases

in plant, acid

already been

has

Plattner's

by dusting must

Terhunet gives

carried

sulphuric

sulphurous

the

at

was

of

the management

about

eliminating the sulphur although

of

make

termiDate

writer

the improvements

to what

that

toward

these metals

has to

the

manufacture

the

sulphuric acid

From

ores.

which

to be

ft.,and

cu.

when

Boastingin ReverheratoryFurnaces.

roasting of

or

LEAD.

work.*

the roasting of matte

on

in

only to

on

of

manufacture

excellent
4.

a

profit. Details

with

the

and

was

carried

was

OF

1879,

loss

since 1890, through

innocuous;
is made

In

tower.

Lautenthal, there

T

UBG

capacity of 670,000

a

Gay-Lussac

a

ALL

of

Journal^ Jan.

Mining Engineers," rvi, p. 9S.
9, 1897.

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

and

the water

The

in.

from

the

at

Another

of 80 lb. has

2 ft.

from

low-grade
does

not

with

heating

from

matte

the

in

to be the

"
in

Smelting

The

as

furnace,
In

the

blast furnace

to copper

The
a

low

carried

and

furnace.

1^%

With
this

copper

the granules

roast

give

matte

to

their

up

first matte

obtained

copper) is, after

being
blast

matte, containing from

10 to

13%

to black

on

by

a

is concentrated

matte

(76% copper) and

copper

As

many

as

four

reducing smelting

an

separate

in the blast

the final products that

to obtain

sively
exclu-

sold

are

works.

roasted

matte

blast furnace

partly external,
One

to

The

"

1%

the

heap-roastings, each followed
are

40%

(67% copper).

matte

copper

furnace,

float-matte.

said to be hollow

10

does

successively.

Mountains

Harz

in the
enriched

off.

in the blast furnace, in the reverberatory

in the two

or

canvas

a

iron flux to the ore-charge in the

resulting second

is concentrated

copper,

1.

Matte.

Boasted

of

roasted, always added
furnace.

no

it being difficult to
case,'*'

smelting (containing about

ore

9 ft.

long,

(page 272) also

makes

or

and

readily.

more

87.

12 ft.

reverberatory

satisfactorily
; granules of 30
sulphur

long, 4^ ft. wide

being carried

are

into

pressure

a

the discharge end

containing from

matte

copper

12 ft.

and

matte

falling
of matte

scattered

was

principle under

near

were

water.

granulating trough

lead-bearing

upon

seem

has

bars

thin stream

settling tank

one

sq.

poured

or

iron

case

nozzle

same

float-matte

satisfactory work

decrepitate

the

on

into

any

J. MacArthur

Granules

the

of

stream

the shell from

The

2-in.

a

25 to 30 lb. per

settling pot

a

latter

it fell into the

deep, which

partition to prevent
most

the

granulating tanks,

two

ft. deep, discharging

The

from

issuing from

water

plant working

and

thin, wide

a

matte.

inserted

was

at from

causing violent explosions.

droplets and chilled before

wide

top,

to throw

ranged

367

the granulated

remove

the

either tapped

was

FURNACE,

the granulating tank to prevent

over

striking the

2

to

end

of which

pressure

it and

into

end

one

ordinary slag-pot. In

an

placed

out

matte

BLAST

THE

tank, just below

a

pipe, flattened
water, the

gate in

a

of

the head

At

IN

hundred
"

Peten,

or

is smelted

having

a

147%

crucible

slag and

15%

coke

that is partly internal

in
and

only external.

parts of roasted
"

with

Modern

second

Copper Smeltlxig/' New

matte

give 13.06 parts of

York, 1896, p. 97.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

368

impure base bullion and
on

no

lead

more

decreases
shown

parts of third

35.42

be extracted.

can

in quantity

its

as

been

increases

OF

100.00

the above

15%
Thus

have

While

reduced

high, and
furnace.

stop the concentration
to treat

be

of

matte

the

be

30%,

is only

high

iron

with

in

as

show

seem,

an

have

been

the

third

matte

that of matte

only by smelting

in the blast furnace

the resulting matte

roasting of the

might

as
as

of

removed

It would

the

after smelting

amount

in comparison
can

that

seen

results

instead

copper

the fourth

been.

somewhat

reverberatory

can

notes, 1890.

is imperfect ; the

matte
of

analyses

is

MATTE.

Total

is still very

and

of copper

this

the matte

6027
21.00
10.96
4.97
8.20

expected.
should

at which

rate

First matte
Second
matte
Third matte
Fourth
matte
Fifth matte

(a) Private

increase

From

matte.

:

AMOUNT

second

The

percentage

by the following tables

From

LEAD,

OF

Y. has

IV.,

in the

therefore,advisable
at 40

or

50%

it

copper,

in the reverberatory furnace.

Qoo^"z

to

METALL

370
and

the dump,

on

7

URG

OF

LEAD.

for shots of matte

is examined

before

it is dis-

oarded.

Again, the entire
This

overflow-pot.
overflow

into

pot is smelted

tap-hole placed

a

Every six

the side, as

on

over

into the ground, and

the lead tapped.

the tap-hole is closed

with

forehearths

have

third

A

of obtaining

method

the

distance

between

8 in.

in.,the latter being

roasted

is usually smelted

matte

and

furnace

ore

silicious

70.
of

slag and
Thus

the

the slag-tap is 10
at the

separation of

The

smelted

not

with

dry silver

in the matte

contained

is therefore

not

that

reason

ores

v"

to

enrich, but

The

slags made

that

rather

matte

quite

not

important
valuable

quoted

to

In

silicious.

so

addition

to

the

The

reduce

silver
dency
ten-

the silver

lower in lime

run

the
scrap

and

lead, it is
iron forms

special slags

be

may

:

FeO.

lead.

collect every

CaO

92

36

14

32

40

16

33

58

9

30

40

10

They will show

very

refiners.

reduce

A few

charge.

SiO,.

1.5%

to

matte

of

to

the

often high

the roasted

only 96%

of fuel, and

high percentage

a

use

order

slag from

similar to ore-furnace

are

slags, with this difference,that they usually
are

foul

in silver and

is paid for by copper

of the matte.

contents

with

low

ore

copper

in gold, if this be available.

a

appears

slag is effected.

The

is

"

and

excellent

An

let

settling-potsand

inclined.

tuyere

basin

higher than the matte-tap placed

of the furnace.

opposite end
and

of the

that

matte

matte

as

separation

of the furnace

bottom

the center

soon

under

good

a

slag

possible.

as

cast-iron

Other

discussed

an

overflow-pot

grade of
a

As

clay plug.

a

already been

is to have

matte

to the

smelted, this pot is wheeled

is being

The

the bottom

near

and

matte

All the slag remaining

again.

over

hours, according

twelve

or

tap-hole.

a

into

tapped

are

lead, while

the

is to collect

catch-pot having

a

in the second
has

of the furnace

contents

less than

In blowing
scrap

out

of lead

rich in precious metal.

\

oz.
a

in

in silver

per

matting furnace
the
For

ton and

from

it is important to

crucible, as it is liable
example,

1 to

in making

matte

to

be

with

Qoo^"z

.n

r
it
B.
SO
in

10

a-

is
bo

id
is

of
:k
id

iid
p.
06
as

\h
is
IX
'

r-

to
ig

id

n-

r.

be
"ok

of

s,"
the

1

.

O]
CI

O'
O'

ii
h
E
ii
ii

tl
f"

n

d
ii
o
a

o

i:
ii
Q

d
0
8
'

a

i
a
c

SMELTING

30%

copper

into

soaked

gold

600

the

crucible

in

it goes

treat it with

of

b3''one

City
No.

Douglas Process
and

going

to

matte

to

and

The

being used.
or

furnace

it is built into

an

for

with

from

furnace

A

a

12 to 15

iron pan

supported in

Patent

No.

10

the

second

in Figs.

806,031,Not.

to 12
a

given

or

copper

Welsh

no

flux

smelting

nace
fur-

matte,

a

way

similar

11, 1884, and

No.

to

smelting

copper

ft. wide, 18 ft. long, and

20-ton

to 289.

up.

part of it is

charge in 24 hours.

class of comparatively small

286

and

matte, which

70%

to

a

from

Hunt

of silicious

amount

is either

in. deep will treat
of

is shown
"

hearth

to work

of the blast-furnace

copper

Welsh

of

some

the Consolidated

been

unroasted

A

is

Smelting and

have

small

blister

that of the English cupelling furnace.

furnace|with

works,

undertaken

some
a

is to

which

copper,

process'*'and

furnace, bringing it

roast-smelted

it is

Freiberg, and

at

copper

have

to roast

matte

vert
con-

lead blast furnace.

a

processes

separately and then smelted

roasted

as

Eefining Co., the

both

2,f but

reverberatory
either

the first is to

:

vitriolization ; the second

and

Smelting

raw

40

from

range

refine it,after which

the J. J. Crooke

it with

smelt

been

having

instance,the Pueblo

practice to-day is

common

24 to

from

runs

contents

and

or

For

products.

Kansas

is then

oz.

charge.

matte

again, after

refining works

Refining Co. worked

a

furnace

methods

copper

of shipping the 60%

it into finished

flux in

of

sulphuric acid to dissolve the

the lead smelting and

matte

12 ft. high will put

copper

two

blue vitriol,the residue

Instead

The

and

it,if it is sufficientlyfree from iron

dead-roast

as

222

works.

to copper

electrolysis

by

desilverized

sold

lead

silver and

tons

blast

is smelted

into metallic

the matte

then

the

in

this

it is treated

Here

ton, the

per

oz.

110

coke,

12%

to

calcining furnace, its

a

when

60%

10

when

copper;

roasted
to

gold

oz.

assayed 3,447

obtained

first matte

30%

oz.

by 108 in. at the tuyeres

36

through, with from
The

2

silver and

and

371

ton.

per

furnace

A

BLASTFURNACE,

THE

IN

It is

a

combination

sions
dimenof

the

364.188,Dec. 14, 1886: first edition of this book

p. 967.
of American
Institute of
Patent, No. 927,902,May 96. 1880; Hunt, ** Transactions
of the United
Mining Engineers,'' x., p. 19; xvi., p. 80; Douglas, '* Mineral Resources
States,"'
"Production
Silver in the United
of Gold
and
1889,p. 279; Howe,
States," Report of the
and
Director of the Mint, 1888, p. 798; Hunt
Doup^las,Engineering and Mining JoumaU
Oct. 8, lSSi\ Fulton, Ibid,,Dec. 19, 1886; Howe,
Ibid., Dec. 19, 1885; first edition of this book
t U. 8.

p. 968.

t For details of construction

see

Peters,

"

Modem

Copper Smelting," New

York, 1895.

TJRQ T

ALL

MET

372

LEAD,

OF

English cupelling furnace with its fixed roof
the fire-box

passing from
flue d placed

along the major axis of the hearth

c

the working-door

over

hearth
The

the

air.

and

h\ and

6 by

hearth,

is that the side

by four

is supported

by bevel- wheel

revolved
n

together by

be rotated

; in

similar

a

lowered

from

steel water

shown),
o

at

and

p

jackets
the

side

by

discharges

turning

jackets with

material

is

quartz,

A

a

the

chromite

screws

shaft

a

m

raised

and

(not shown).

The

raw

(not

the top through
its

receives

wat"r

q'\ thus the
q and
Bubber
hose
connects

pipes

two
water.

The

discharge pipes.

and

back

at the

from

front

breast-jacket^'

supply and
of

on

be

can

crank

a

the

through

mixture

Z

its cooling water

filled with

always

sockets^'

front

two

of

jackets h

water

threaded

The

rails.

back-screws

off at

is drawn

cooling action

by

t, with

screws

on

two

o"; the cast-iron

are

on

pinion, and these by the hand*wheel

jacket h receives

and

pipes

walls/ rest

pair of worm-wheels

a

and

the

way

the

which

to the

ft.,is inclosed

8

in the test-carriagek running
can

a

feature lateb' introduced

new

test-carriageexposed

and

to

b^'pillarsg\ thus leaving the entire bottom

g^ supported

of the

A

e.

in several cupelling furnaces
I-beams

hearth

matte, the flame

for concentrating

the reverberatory furnace

h and

movable

and

a

burnt

lining* is said

clay
be

to

or

clay and

raw

doing

hearth

satisfactory

work.
fire-box

The
On

either

blast

side

enters

plates and

has
of

upon

is

in three

the

bridge

the

hearth.

strongly bound
days about

in the blast furnace

skimmings

shaking grate, worked

a

and

(" 128)
"

of

required 900
would
if the hearth
3.

At

of

tons

then

gal. of reduced

made

were

Freibergf

40%

the

produced

matte

copper

dross

and

and

copper

oil with

air

as

95%

50%

and

matte|

10 tons

copper

52.3%

and

lead, and
The

atomizer.

adapted for concentrating
thinner

The

8%.

with

copper

and

being charged in

the matte

25%, 22%,

in iron

ward
It will bring for-

rods.

in smelting softening furnace

slag assaying 13.8%
also be well

is incased

furnace

iron

8,700 lb. blister

produced

8,300 lb.

The

with

which

tuyere-pipe through

a

to blister copper,

four portions, first 45%,
of matte

10

is

underwind.

with

retort

nace
fur-

bullion

shallower.
is

roasted

in

a

calcining

"

Lang, Engineering and Mining Journal^ Feb. 27, 1897.
des Mines, 1875, vil.,
Grand, AnnaUt
p. 814; Capaoci, Revue
1881, iz., p. 96".
t

t Schertel, Berg- und

HUttenmdnnische

Zeitung, 1888, p. 442.

UniveraeUe

de"

Mines,

SMELTING

furnace

smelted

and

quartz

in. 'wide at the

has the usual

the lowest

at the

point

intimate

an

shape, in 12

lb.

treated

to

to obtain

produce

some

charge

or

are

be again converted

as

be

helped,

gypsum,

of

unless

which,

4^

550

lb.

minous
of bitu-

tons

of

matte

and

The

slag as

in iron, it is

low
go

to the next

back

to the last blast-furnace
matte

barite

using

furnace

reverberatory
will introduce

nobody

Five

forms

the

raw

sary
necesberatory
rever-

charge

to

material

of blue vitriol.

Freiberg method

in the

patted

to 18 months.

lb. barite, and

so

These

into matte.

for the manufacture
This

and

:

running

added

1 part

consisting of 2,640 lb.

composition

bottoms.

of

these five charges 8,250 lb.

is given below

matte

mixture

a

part of this layer

in 24 hours,

From

The

the

follows, consists

15

matte, 660

raw

in this furnace

analyzed b^^*Schertel*

In order

which

4,290 lb., and

is produced.

matte

thinnest

lasts from

nace
fur-

form, with

down, after being heated

hours, and

matte, 440

firmly

of 5 parts of quartz and

mixture

coal being consumed.
of

The

The

plate, consists first

disk-like

usual

the

beneath

one

is rammed

working-bottom,

weighing

the roof.

iron

an

which

on

It is melted

of matte-slag.

are

on

tap-hole.

5,500 lb. of

charges, each

is built

quartz, giving it the

The

quartz,

long, 4 ft. 2

1 ft. 2 in. at the

middle, and

at the side and

doors, one

two

is 3 in. thick.

roasted

barite and

with

is 13 ft.

is 1 ft. 3 in. below

of firebrick

course

of fireclay and

into

of the furnace

8 ft. at the

bottom, which

The
full

a

bearth

bridge, which

top of the

of

373

reverberatory furnace

a

bridge,

BLASTFURNACE,

THE

grate, 4 ft. 3 in. by 3 ft. 4 in., is 1 ft. 3 in. below

flue; the

flue.

in

The

fluxes.

as

IN

baryta into

shown

by

tion
the final concentra-

will hardly

Aspen, Colo., ores
as

in

a

blast-furnace

be

Schweder

used.

itself,

recommend

By

slag if it

can

substituting

(" 69), has

the

same

"Loc.cit.

Qoo^"z

374

METALL

effect,slags low in

copper

URO

blast-furnace

from

Nickel

matte

argentiferous

ores

by smelting in

shows

20 to

from

and

copper,

flux,from

iron

the second

7 to

is then

9%

silioious

Pb;

3-5

nickel-cobalt

and

35-40

1.25%

When
it

the

illustrates
matte

when

slag.

The

Then

he

be

then

can

built

6 ft. 6 in. ; the

partly external, and

lead.

with

22.53%

lead, and

3.25%

nickel-cobalt

4.25%

0.16 to

siphon-tap.

5%

lead, and

0.32%

nickel-cobalt

at further

This

lead.

drives

in

it into

arsenic

and

The

tuyeres

and

48

charging-

obtained

a

speise

cobalt,)6.4%

was

formed

contained

to be retreated

copper

and

form

partly internal,

was

He

to

the

mental
experi-

the tuyeres,

at

a

the

only in part and

that

7%

assaying

nickel-cobalt

which

matte

(12-17

unsuccessful,

successfully.

30 in. wide

The

of

way

Attempts

to introduce

of
(one-third

copper.

nickel-cobalt, 8%

the slag from

a

a

used

loss

matte

proved

crucible,18 in. deep,

had

in

roasted

nevertheless

and

recovered

method

was

La

same

when

third

a

in. at the charging-door ; the height from
was

to be

comes

Cu),

apparently

it remains

this

used

speise. Neill
furnace

2.5%

nickel-cobalt

lead is present, which

at all.

cobalt not

to

slags

2 to

matte

a

At Mine

In the

difficulty of concentrating

nickel

in

the loss by slagging ; it

matter

the

Cu),
from

b%

carrying

slags

Pb;

in areverberatory furnace

concentration

small

this is roasted

1-2

sulphur to reduce

with

smelted

Ni-Co;

20-30

non-

carry

sulphur in the matte, if the

6%

and

3.5% nickel-cobalt,from0.5

remain, when

(5-6 Ni-Co;

matte

requires from

door

process

The

siphon-tap.

a

lead.

25%

must

5 to

3 to

(" 20)

cobalt by slagging is to be avoided.

nickel and

a

again

of nickel

concentrated

are

having

carries from

calcining furnace, there

the

tedious

behavior

Missouri

cobalt, which

and

first matte

Motte*the

as

the

small

a

to pass

points of interest.

some

blast furnace

a

The

"

Southeast

of

of nickel

amounts

1%

matte

undergo

Matte.

Cobalt

and

cobalt in lead

to

for only

concentration.

88.

"

be necessary

and

for the

be welcome

the concentrated

through the lead blast furnace
of matte

baryta, would

it would

charge. Thus

of the copper

amount

of

LEAD.

obtained, and the resulting

be

might

slag, containing lime instead

OF

Y

from

0.6

to

;

0.8%

lead.

"

89.

of lead
*

Slao.

"

The

slags have

Neill,

''

TransactioDB

composition (" 68) and

already been
of American

the

fully discussed.

Institute

of

disposal (" 76)
There

may

still

Mining Eni^ineere,'*ziii.,p. 634.

Qoo^"z

OF

LEAD,

save

a

METALLURGY

376
sometimes
later

omitted, but

it may

great deal

of

trouble

on.

" 90.

Wall

Aooretions.*
the water

just above

They sometimes

jackets and
the

from

reach

galena

in

artificially
during the descent

galena formed
to and

adheres

come

accretions

These

"

filtersinto the brick

wal^sof

naces
begin in lead furto the feed-door.

up

the

charge,

from

or

of the charge which

the furnace

; but

their

principal origin is in the volatilization of lead, zinc, and
compounds,

which

takes

place in the lower

their

parts of the furnace.

Bulk
(a) Emmons,
and
"Qeolosr
Mining Industry of Leadville/' p. 727. (6) Dewey, Bulletin
nmons,
No. 42, "United
and
United
fur
states National
Dsiegiecki,ZeiUehrift
Museum,'' p. 64. (c) Dobers
_^
Butund
Salinen-WeJien
in Preus$en^ xzxil.,p. 102. (d) Meseer, Berg- und
Berg-. Huttentenmdnnische
Quarterly, zviiL, p. 1"
(/)
Zeitung, 1858, p. 62. (e) lies. School of Mine*
lies.
Livingstone, private communication, August, 1896. (g) Average for seventeen
yean,
(h) Ounces
per ton,
*

,

These

fumes

ascent

the^' are
on

found
with

apt

the

condense

in the

,,

r-

upper

partly oxidized, and
unaltered

parts.

Thus

,

^

cooler parts.
the
in

oxides

During

their

act

ically
chem-

may

wall accretions

be

may

volatilized metal, metallic sulphides, arsenides, antimonides
their oxides, and

to

be formed

near

"

secondary products; sulphides being
the throat

Ues, School

of Mine*

of the furnace
Quarterly,xvlii.,p.

and
18.

oxides

more
near

SMELTING

the

of the

top

accretions

IN

THE

jaokets.
from

come

BLAST

FURNACE,

insoluble

Any

377

silicates found

parts of the furnace

lining

fine particles

from

or

the

in

of the charge.
The
thus

with

with

lump

than

particles,the

finer these

galena concentrates, accretions
While

galena.

the

at

instances

ends

that

of

with

tuyeres they form
than

rapidly do accretions

more

the

at the sides rather

at the ends

been

the

of

increase

and

rapidly than

more

they generally form
furnace, it has

a

more

form

noticed

distance

in

some

the

between

thicker

are

form,

at the front

at the back.

The

Olausthal

analysis, where

is smelted

galena

raw,

sents
repre-

crystallized wall accretion, consisting principally

a

Op. eit.,p. 723.

(a) Emmons,

(b) Balling, Berg- und

Huttenmdnniache

of

Zeitung^ 1867,

p. 419.

At Tarnowitz,

galena.
is smelted

(" 45),

the

with

two

black, the other
The

three

when

ores

charge)

The

method

running, and
S 91.

Hearth

antimony

of removing

Accretions

one

as

have
or

having

variety
as

sulphides

these

sulphide principally

a

a

greenish color.

accretions

(produced

the whole, at least the major

metal,

as

their treatment

reyerberatory furnaces

of Leadville

great

a

lead, for instance, is present
zinc, arsenic, and

form,

if not

formed,
show

the

compound

analyses by Guyard

carbonate

part of the

accretions
oxidized

an

slag-roasted galena rich in blende

slag from

gray

of

kinds

where

in

sulphide, and
and

as

as

the furnace

already been discussed
"

In

a

oxide ;

oxides.

accretions, while

Sows.

The

composition.

furnace

is

(" 77).

with

an

Qoo^"z

METALL

378

Arents

syphon tap these

lead below

fuel, and

result from

They

of

is generally carbonized

a

sow

It

does

thrown

over

the

and

matte

usually

not

dump

the

at

of

melted
the melted

parts running out

to cost

sure

"

Furnace

92.

compounds,

are

blown

They

down.

" 93. Fluedust

and

original charge,

volatilized in the

again

condensing fiues
I. gives

Table
more

Denver,
The

recent

or

only

some
ones

from

OesterrHchische

t lies, School

and

hearth

to

the

accretion

ward.
resmelting after-

Furnace

"

out

blast furnace

a

waste

to

goes

the

f

This

"

tant
impor-

when

and

passing

the
have

that

compounds

parts of the furnace
settle out

as

fine particles of

of

their

is

product

not

densed
con-

through

chambers.
older
from

Colo., communicated
fluedust

"

lower

it, but

in

metals

again

to the ore-bed.

It consists

of

large

a

firebrick, metal-bearing

assorted ; the

Chamber-Dust,

or

furnace,

speise and

Befuse.

cleaning

part is added

it is unwelcome.

as

some

are

in

of

A%
ually
grad-

are

added

a

from

75 to

to

this way

be

Furnace

mixture

a

2

blast

a

In

by the

up

be recovered

and

fuel, etc., obtained

slag-heap, the valuable

been

will

Clbaninqs
refuse

cleanings and
when

than

more

ing,
follow-

in Westphalia,

of

then

can

taken

; it is

The

lb. apiece,

bottom

iron

Flechner*

molybdenum,
to 600

in

phorus.
phos-

containing from

of breaking up

means

and

accretion

Schwerte

the

resulta

The

e^^esore.

continuously.

it will be

Any mechanical

matte.

hearth

furnace-sows.

500

on

iron

silicon

an

6%

in size, and

the ore-charge, where

is

coke

with

down

metallic

this cools.

Furnace-sows
to

lack of

a

being held

it

of

a

up

of

weighing from

is easily reduced

crust

work

works

from

or

contains

and

3

the bottom, they

metallic

some

working

nickel

(Prussia),is of interest.
85% iron, 5 to 8% copper,
nickel-cobalt,and

The

buried, being

or

top of the

on

slag, speise, matte,

dropped when

to

pay

suggests several methods
used

of

oxide,

by melted

form

from

tapped

charcoal.

solution

D.

faulty charge

a

of ferric

reduction

LEA

products

generally mixtures

are

the

OF

unwelcome

iron, metallic lead, coke, and
from

T

the tuyeres ; in furnaces

there.

form

UltO

analyses

the Globe

of fluedust

Smelting and

by Dr. M.

blast furnaces

and

has

W.

Table

IL

KefiningCo.,

lies.

generally

ZeiUchrift fUr Berg- und Hutten-We"en,
Quarterly^ xvil., p. 97.
of Mines

a

dark

1889,p. 196.

color,

SMELTING

which

is caused

black

when

IN

by the

charcoal

THE

BLAST

admixture

forms

even

(a)

Curtis, '^Transactions

JDMvneertng
una

ana

Mtnxng

Salinen-Weien

of

amount
Fine

ores

in

Journal,

American

Jan.

fluxes

formed
are

small

fuel.

It is

part of the fuel.

The

I.

Institute

of

Mining

17, 1880.

PreusteUy1888,xzzi.,

fluedust
or

of

379

of finely divided
a

TABLE

FURNACE.

(o) Koemann,
{h) As
p. 227.

depends

carried

away

upon

Engineers/' li.,p. 96.

(6)

Zeilachrijt fur Berg-, Hutten
oxides,

a

(t) Insoluble

variety of

easily by

the

residue.

causes.

current

of

META

380

to

extent, and

some

T

a

very

extent.

Then,

much

the

to be carried

vapor

of the gases

in the

same

character

and

high

in

silver
fume

only
be

until

to 500

was

shown

may

be

silver

oz.

further

50

and

the

ton

per

In the second

35%

lead

41%

lead and

as

two

31

and

17

26

oz.

silver

silver per

oz.

water

horizontal

alone,|
them

tides.

has been

Steam
Hahn,

lower

''

lead

Mineral

per

and

behind

This

4

the

Resources

will

1

of

20

the main

and

ample

to

a

distance
lead

25%

silver

oz.

a

flue
ton.

per

assayed

dust-chamber,

ton ; at the foot of the

stack, 52%

they

are

which

condensed

introduced
of the

United

the

gases

pressed

through

fine sprays
vapors

are

and

into the gas

classed

be

fluedust|may

either
one

of water

drawn
or

more

trickle,

filtered solid par.
current

with

StateR/' 1882, p. 844.

Stuttgart, 1888.
Herinf?," Die Verdlchtung des HUttenrauches/'
of American
Institute of Mining Engineers/' iil.,
P- 810.
t Bilers, "Transactions
'*
of
448.
Lead/'
S Percy, Metallurgy
p.
t

It

(" 53).

process

from

This

oz.

the blast furnace

ton ; in

the former
or

and

out

ton.

filters,
" through

carrying with

*

and

dust collected at

of condensing

With

that

ore

filtered fume

Thus

instances, one
contained

65%

silver per

oz.

dry.

and

through

lead

only about

assay

The

instance,the dust

different methods

wet

the

settled

in silver.

will

blast furnace

5,010 ft. long, it contained

The

it is collected.

silver per ton; after passing the rest of the way,

oz.

lead and

average

changes

current.

gas

are

producing base bullion assa^'ingfrom

illustrated by

ft. from

of 625

been

in the

of insufficient condensation.

one

in

clearly in the F. L. Bartlett

very

An

much

very

richer

grow

poor

very

blastfurnaces

coming from

cause

ascent

fiuedust

of

value

the fine in which

suspended

remains

causes

will

formed

charged.*

particles have

ore

rich in lead and

very

300

all

it will

on

great

a

zone

blast

of fiuedust

resemble

it will

charged, further

was

to

by the form of the furnace (by having

consequent

the blast furnace

Near

the

the charge,

smelting

a

way

to the part of

greatly according

of

of the furnace, if the quick

figures of the amount
boshes). Extreme
0.8 and 15% of the weight of the ore
figure is 5%.
The

losses; and

the forming of fluedust

out

checked

be not

is broken

careful feeding and cutting out

high temperature

volatilization;in

much

Thus

will reduce

a

dust; soft coke

mechanical

causes

great influence.

of wall accretions

LEAD,

OF

furnace, affecting the descent

of the

manipulation
has

UBO

charcoal, being friable,makes

gases;
up

LL

few

SMELTING

good and
dioxide

bad

many

of

Projecting fine
is

gases

BLAST

THB

FURNACE.

results,as it helped

furnace

of the

acids, both

IN

into

gases

readily

attack

sprays

of water

into

in England,'*'is not

the whole

and

fumes, but

because

erected
fumes

harmful

and

it into

three

of water

spray

the

had

from

smallest

after

On

fan.

arriving

first through

descended

again in the other
divided

was

the roof
middle

to

by

a

of the

of

thus

is the

in cooling the gases

and

will

no

Electrical condensation
The

cooling of

a

a

dust

in

chamber,

the

formed

water

were

a

they

ascended
which

box

floor.

from

In

the

of

the
The

sprays.

cooling

condensed.

almost

It consists

method.

universal

has

supersede other

in time

is essential to

gases

which

lead blast furnace

an

effective condensation,

then

require

together, unite

settle out.

While

used

slag-roasting,and in desilverizingbase bullion,

lost if their temperature

reverberatory

is not

Rfising,ZeitschriftfiirBerg-, Huttennes, Loe, cit.

furnaces

in
are

more

the gases

little cooling, the

very

and

coming from

methods.

experimented with.

been

dust

t

ascend

a

90-in. Stur-

a

and

"

to

partitions extending
covered

which

were

doubt

easily into flaky masses,
from

received

long wooden

the single particles,being brought closer

as

by
the

filled

retarding the velocity of the current.
it has been
successfully replaced by dry

instances

which
filtering,

their

close to the surface

travel

to

Dry condensation
several

deposited

all

dividing

were

made

vertical

water,

chambers

ones

other, and

top of

was

by 20 ft.

10

were

passed through

water, nearly all the fumes

In

near

It

condense

to

larger

gases

the

Smelting

of the large chambers, then

number

being forced

gases

The

on

its maintenance

chamber

a

the

upon

having

one

and

the

near

one

it is

as

partition walls

two

ful
harm-

as

successful.

draft being furnished

large flue,the necessary
tevant

The

the roof.

one

and

was

of

vertical

two

tiles,placed

just

elsewhere,

necessary

It consisted

compartments.

4-in. drain

with

Mo.,t

of

current

condensation, while

used

absolutely

gases.

12 ft. high which

and

in

it became

mortar.

plant of the St. Louis

Befining Co., Cheltenham,

and

Water

much

condensation

wet

sulphuric

the

across

unsatisfactory,and the apparatus
The

costly.

and

metal, brick, and

by corroding building materials.
stillfound

sulphur

the

conTert

sulphurous

which

effective in condensing

more

to

381

vapors

smelting
apt to be

reduced.
und

ScUinen-Wesen

in Preussen,

rxxvi., p. 108

MET

382
Dust-chambers
built

have

brick

of

ALL

works

of the Omaha

Colo.

dust-chambers

,

the open

air at

erected

Grant

end

and

long, then

through six

in zigzag, each
16 ft. in

835

fines did excellent

Hollow

use.

the

other

brick

with

are

keeps them

flues of the

they

awhile

off into

While

625

ft

built

the stack,

at first these

of the fume

and

dust

the air-passages so

although

if the

pass

section

same

pass

some

up,

oool

10 blast furnaces

ft. 7 in. high.

good,

being drawn

flue,10 by 14 ft. and

partly clogged

bricks

with

chimneys

small

walls

from

gases

at the

Co., Denver,

; fresh air

terra-cotta

work, after

they became

that

352

of heat" does

communicated

through the joints and obstruct

to pass

began

which

brick

terra-cotta

and

diameter

poor

long, before

ft.

ezcluaiTely

conductor

Smelting "Befining

The

ordinary

almost

this,Livingstone erected

at

the

thus cools the gases.
an

LEAD.

top of the chamber

on

through

first through

a

correct

of hollow

one

OF

recently been

being

To
and

at intervals

continuously
and

until

which,

cool effectively.

not

J

URO

joints

they
be

can

still in

are

made

dust-

proof.
If the temperature
twice

of the gases

that of the surrounding

leaving the stack is reduced

air, the cooling

to

be considered

can

satisfactory.
An

of

intervals
wooden

2

It

used

Figs.

was

291

flue of
the

at

and

in. by 2 ft.

used

ended

ft. long, and

A sheet-iron

by

ft., suspended

trestles.

800

cooled by
satisfactorily

are

flue,with

sheet-iron

horizontal

a

the gases

in the following sketch,* Fig. 290.

is shown

air alone

was

whereby

arrangement

a

in

The

5^ in.)and

of

means

a

shaped

sheet-iron

bottoms

are

ft.

(3

square

frequently used

Works, Nevada,

a

Crucible

base of the

large number
to-day.

Co., of Jersey City, N. J.

*

Eilerg,

t

Egleston, Ihid.,zi., p. 410, plate ii.

'*

X Loc. cit.

Tranflactions

of American

Institute of

pose,
pur-

"

of

in

(3 ft. 3|

3" in.),made

of

triangle
hopper-

Iles|recommends

painting the flues with "Silicon-Graphite," made
Dixon

same

1 by 0.76 meters

flues proper,

from

is shown
(Prussia),

Works

flues with

rods

but fillingthe

3^-in.iron, have triangular projections,the
being 6^ ft. long and the height 3 ft. 3| in.
Suspended

iron

at

stack 40 ft. high.

wooden

different form

1 meter

sliding doors

at the Richmond

Ems^ Smelting

292.

small

It represents

by the Joseph

the paint to be ground

Mining Engineera,^'ili.,
p. 809.

to the

iron,on

of the two
with

OF

METALLURGY

384

acooant

of the

materials, and

Fig.

293."

different expansion and
the

that

concrete, have

the wet

LEAD.

been

Lattice

would

iron

rust

contraction

in contact

disproved.

of

Iron

Wibe.

*3P#^
Fig.

294."

Fig. 294 represents
Smelting

and

Section
a

cross

Refining Works

thkough

section

Monier

of

a

Flue.

Monier

flue erected

of Freiberg, Saxony.

The

at

sides

Qoo^"z

SMELTING

rest

and

on

1 ft.

and

IN

partly extend
in. wide, of

1\

floor is only

part

wires, with
the

The
of

concrete

latter

kept 1 in.

in.)sand
smaller),or

been

3|

with

down

whole

with

concrete

In

on

few

a

coated

of

3|

with

flues have

flue,which

and

2 of the

and

when

the

are

to gave

space

stability

bottom

is tamped
and

outer

thin cement

a

enough

at intervals

The

in.

the

placed

made

inner

mortar, the

the exterior with

public, and

has

half the amount

and

of the

gases

after

total length of 682
on

The

of gases

temperature

J in. of
ft. 8J in. of

of lead flue,by 14 ft. 9

if applied in the center.

air, by

19

by 27 ft. 2| in. of Monier

obtained

of brick

flue with

To

make

water

has

used

Freiberger Jahrbuch/'

used

two

0.

Freiberg,

in

building

9 ft. 10

in.

sides exposed
sides

two

zigzag
21"

side, and by

exposed,

39 ft. 4| in.

side exposed.

one

the cooling
been

flue with

one

at

1" 0. by

flue with

flue with

the

ft. 3 in., is reduced

is reduced

brick

of the gases.

passing through

results

Monier

1

supports

kg. (1,587 lb.)if

well the corroding influences

stood

a

720

One

tar.

with

wall

the cooling effect of the different materials

flues.

***

sand

a

following data, based

The

to the

supports.

coarse

In order

material

thickness

a

then

are

is not

temperature

show

The

coating $| in. in thickness.
Finally the
interior is painted with an acid-proof paint, the composition

evenly distributed

The

4 in.

ft. 9 in.

days it is hard

(10.7641 sq. ft.)of this Monier
(3.28ft.)apart can bear a load of

The

and

1 in. thick, making

meter

meter

78

lattice,and

center.

of Monier

to

receiving

of which
sq.

a

either equal parts

of

After finishing the walls, the

in.

sides of the flue
bottom

in. wide

1 part of the former

the wire

of the

flue,buttresses

of 6 ft.

parts

foundation

it by small

mixture

a

filled,it is tamped

permit the removal

to the

7|

from

away

of the wall 2 in.

entire thickness
to

6

to receive the lower

lengths of

in

and

0.6

is pressed through
it has

under

of

In building the foundation,

consisting of 1 part cement

"

(0.4 to

"

11| in. deep

The

1 part cement.

flue is put up

and

(30-mesh and

fine

1 ft.

consisting

concrete

in the concrete

open

385

foundation,

by inserting a board

The

center

coarse

FURNACE.

horizontal and
^-in. vertical
(2|-in.meshes, ^^j^-in.
wires
short
vertical
at
intervals)is stretched
|-in.

lattice

over

a

in. thick.

3|

side wall

thick at the top.
wire

into

cement

Y-shaped trough is kept
of the

BLAST

parts sand, and

silicious slag, 3
of the

THE

more

effective and

in different

ways.

thus

shorten

In 1877

IST'Q,
p. 151; Bering, Op. city p. 20, and

the flue,

Hagen*

intro-

private notes, 1890.

MK2ALLURQT

386

(Figs. 296
in.

and

with

a

The

from

roof

a

a

This

d.

than

be

required

the

Another

and

device

296."

permits

ft. 6
a

in. in

6

"

Saeger,

p. 280.

c

smaller

water

cooling
from

the

^^

Flub

Shbbt

of

is the "Water

It is

brick

the

oblong

an

and

clear

32

ft. 10

Lead.

Tower"

tower, 16

in

ft. 6

180

holes

16

in

the

in Fig. 297, consisting of

ft. 6 in. long

pipes f|

ascends

and

plate is suspended

and

Ig

in. in

in. in diameter,
passes

off.

Zeitschrift fiir Berg-, Hutten-

und

The

a
a

use

in.

at the

in. high, closed

From

perforated cast-iron plate strengthened by ribs.

of the

inlet pipe

Watbr-Cooled

for cooling gases

cooling pipes,* shown
by

Fig.

b

Tarnowitz, Silesia.

each

a

pipes h, shows

c

Figs. 295

top with

by

the sides.

down

6

way

other.

if it overflowed

b

by

same

sides through

each

arrangement

^

at

the

(8 ft. ^

is cooled

along the

through

This

sides

c

to

sheet-lead

of

in

top

to the flue and

would

made

in.) and

The

circulates

of the water.

less water

roof

ft. 3

framework

vertical longitudinal section

the circulation
with

(5

wooden

ellipticalpipes 6, soldered

295,

flues

sulphuric-acid chamber.

slight flow of water

LEAD.

water-cooled

296).

suspended

) are

as

his

in Freiberg

duced

OF

of

bundle

central

water-

diameter, surrounded

through
lower

Salinen-Wesen

which

ends

the

ing
cool-

of the pipes of

in Preussen^

1893, xK.

SMELTING

a

bundle

the
which
a

ends

rests

on

cover

periodically by
blast

tower

of the tower,

e

Any

jet of

steam

the top at

zigzag through
iron

corrugated

a

Bundle

"

OP

OOOUNO

Cooling

of

an

10 wire

underground

through

flue to

Bichter

two

ft. 6

when

entering these

Another
It consists
towers,

6^ by
each

stack.

the

by 6

in., into

lined with
10 ft. in the

of which

op

gases

The

contains

partitions of

ten

of

at

finallyforces

Water
rows

when
at

ascend

in

These
trickles
of

of

temperature

C,

^-in.sheet-lead.
clear.

they

;

Water-Tower

the

which

introduced

was

in letting the

vertical

PIPEC

fan

is 200^

towers

arrangement

downward

of sheet-lead, 23 ft. high

towers

the

Silesia.

suction

a

from

gases

in it (see below) and travel through

suspended

gauge,

The

wires, 10 ft. long and

Pipes

Tarnowitz,

No.

movable

a

tuyeres, enter

pass

flue having

BUNDLE

Fio. 297.

and

119,000 Boesing

and

is removed

through

at the

of

collar

gasket forming

to the pipes

intervals.

diameter

Monier

k, the

cap

introduced

of the sides

one

cleaning-hole g,

rubber

a

adhering

in

furnaces, 51^ in.

near

then

similar

a

387
with

cap

pipe having nipples at certain

central
six

a

cast-iron

a

dust

water-tight joint.

BLASTFURNACE,

through

pass

the

THE

into

screwed

are

upper

IN

small

leaving

them

and

10 ft.

the

gases

50^

C.

Freiberg by Bichter.*
a

set
are

down

(five)of wooden
18^ ft. high and
in

the

towers,

roofs, supported

b3'

" "
Fpeiberger Jahrbuch,*' 1889, p. 57; Berg- und Huttennu'innische
Zeitung, 1890, p. 129;
Engineering and Mining Journal^ Feb. 15, 1890, and private notes, 1890.

MET

388
lead-coated

rails.

lead^ 3 ft. 3^

Each

that the water

deep

off

freely and

one

The

below.

tanks, and

a

for

coarse

the

short

distance

The

possible.

is from
then

through

pass

C,
a

from

intervals,to

remove,

by

that collects beneath

the

Five

gases.

before.

This

in this

of

means

to

40

a

much

as

to 60"

C. ; they

before

Each

ing
enter-

tower

is done

be

can

at certain

of water, the fluedust

times

current

given
at

a

much

so

is collected

Freiberg has

at

up

not

with

been,

smelter

which

would

as

It is in

condense

to

it

shown

as

plant of Tarnowitz.

pyritic

to the

to the fact that it cools

as

fluedust

much

as

the condensation

country

is due

apparatus

of silver-bearing lead-fume

amount

is

entering the towers

on

stream

a

large

evenly in order

flue,which

main

two

the roofs.

system

above, added
use

the

next

be cooled

may

ft. high.

is 453

one

of roofs

row

water

leaving from

it offers to the gas

larger surface

from

lowest

the

Y,

that the

so

the

flue 1,673 ft. in length

effect of this

main

placed

are

of the gases
on

leaden

out

separateb' shut

The

and

stack, which

the main

ths

is to distribute

temperature

to 115^

100

above

a

stices
inter-

necessary

is drawn

striking the first roof,

on

gases,

on

of

border, in order

the

the ridgepoles of

the five towers

water

grating, which

that
as

strikes

set

leave

hard

of

to the form

lower

roofs

The

for the ascending gases.

discharge of

the

at

sheets

three

in. thick, bent

^

in.

LEAD,

OF

consists of

roof

1\

run

may

T

URQ

and

long

incisions

having

and

in.

ALL

the

small

otherwise

be

lost.
Other

who
Ernst,'*'

and

for

arrangements

let cooled

at certain

pipe placed

In settlingout

cooling

fluedust

circulate

solutions

intervals

in the main

the most

those by Schlosser

are

gases

a

large condensation

important thing after cooling

the point of least friction is
Here

its height.

little upward,

very
even

be

the air has

a

small

but

on

the

The
volume

so

increasing its
*

much
at
on

downward
the

flue,by

bottom

the floor,but

speed of the air-current
the

the exposing

been
a

found

can

This

that
of
some

be retarded

changing

a

Huttenrndnnitche

ishes
dimin-

there

ma"'

flue.
adheres

The
to

ing
by increas-

its direction, or

surface.

Berg- und

that

flue at 0.7 of

its greatest velocity.

counter-current

of

and

line of

the center

greater part of the dust collects
the roof.

It has

to it.

surface

iron

gas-flue.

is the retarding of the velocity of the air-current
of

in coils of

Zeitung, 1885,p. 464; 1887,p. 1S4.

by

SMELTING

IN

THE

BLASTFURNACE.

389

Increasing the size of flues through which
considered

been

always
fluedust.

On

entering

the exit begins

near

the

of

show

On

enlarged flue

the

this account

a

has

pass

settling

out

velocity of the

point where

its effect; then

chamber

or

the

to

of

means

enlarged chamber

an

to

of velocity.

increase

effective

very

slackened

is gradually

current

a

the gases

the

there is

draft

gradual

a

small part

comparatively

is really useful in the

settling

of the dust.

out

The
not

that

reason

effective

so

change in the direction

a

might be expected is that, though

as

298

Figs.

299."

and

Flue

at the turn-

distance, the

will quickly restore

of surface

held

surface

with

settled
which

increase

moving

great

is the

current

out

it

a

stands

gas,

a

a

short

the draft in front

and

to have

current

that

discovered

means

that the amount

in direct proportion to the
This

increase

retarding

of

area

of

of surface

the stationary surface

consequent

an

of settling particles

of air,and

in contact.

comes

for

rate.

effective

of friction between
of

behind

merit

most

in suspension by

fluedust

air

Ems.

at

slackened

be

may

it to the normal

It is Freudenberg's*
increase

current

of the

pressure

Plates

Freudenberg

with

ing-point the speed of the

means

is also

i:8Cl

Scale

^f

of the current

its

and

the

velocity,

des Flugstaubes getroffFreudenberg, " Die auf der Bleihfltte bel Ems zur QewinnunK
EinrichUingen," Ems, 1888; Abstract, Engineering and Mining Journal, July 1, 1888;
Institute of Mining Engineers," xi.,p. 879; Stetefeldt,
Transactions of American
Egleston,
"
Comment
Freudenberg's Plates," Engineering and Mining Journal, July 88, 1888.
on
"

enen

"*

MET

390
^ith

and

it

ALL

settling

a

T

URO

of

out

OF

dast

LEAD,

The

particles.

surface

also

these^ if it is cold.

attracts

Aitkeu"*" has shown

that

a

hot surface repels them, especially if

moist.

This

the introduction

divided

water'finto the air-current

explains how

of vaporized

has not

proved

finely

or

effective

so

as

anticipated.

was

In order

plates parallelwith

sheet-iron
from

dust

the surface, Freudenberg

to increase

^-in.

of

of 1 1 to

partitions E, 7|

plates

They

Figs.

plates in the
are

4|

to the roof.

sides and

fastened

the lower

part of the flue; they

They

cross-bars
on

plates

are

with

rest

let into the

pushed

to

the

side

16

3|

3 ft.

a

or

20 ft.

in. wide

from

side and

shown

as

and

^
(from

in

in. thick.
8

They

to 16 in
are

pended
sus-

pins passing through

of the arch, is let in at the

There

Thus

cross

C,

supports

lO^ in. long.

sweep

are

thickness

to

part of the flue from

to cast-iron

half

are

3 ft.

then

the

to

when

do

as

many

in. long

1\

lugs, riveted

sides.

one

in. into

Every

of the flue to make

bottom

the

By these they

it has grown

by hooks

in.

which, following the

in. apart.

1|

portion of the flue

arched

at intervals of

band-iron

D

self-cleaning,i.e., the fluedust

are

1 ft. 3 in. to 2 ft.

from

a

plates B, of

differently supported,

are

All plates are

300 to 304.

number)

ends, reach

bolted

are

the plates
Freiberg!]^

At

The

both

The

in. high, protect the lower

the air-current.

and

having pieces of iron

falls to the bottom.

in. and

vertical

to their ends.

the plates falls off when

on

1}

in. apart,

flat at

of the flue.

collecting

out, he

pins passing through rectangular cross-bars

L, which, twisted
walls A

5|

to

a

sheet-iron

the

seen

hook, riveted

a

from

suspended

are

4|

of

299, representing

flue,are

a

from

iron and

to the form

bent

and

In Figs. 298

'horizontal section

settled

once

the

to prevent

the bottom, reaching nearly to the hanging

placed partitionsacross
plates.

the air-current; and

off,after it had

being carried

thin

suspended

enough
a

and

upper

dust

plates in
about
ends
has

8
on

lected
col-

clean-up, the lower

not

interfere with

the

work.
A

comparison

Freudenberg

of three

plates shows

years' work
that the

both

amount

with
of

and

fluedust

without
collected

Jahrt"*'Procet5ding8of the Royal Society of Edinburgh," xxxll.,p. SS9; Wagner"
herichte,1884, p. 1307.
t lies and Keiper, Engineering and
Mining Journal, Feb. 87, 1886.
Mining Journal^ April IS, 1805
t '" FreiberjjerJahrbuch," 18"4, p. 89; Engineering and
Mineral
"The
Industry," iv.,p. 476.
"

OF

METALLURGY

392
that

tbem;

on

The

natural

that they

draft,

so

expensive

are

for Freudenberg
The

10 ft. long.

in Figs. 305

to

1-in. mesh, riveted

Rosin

plates. The
represent

to I-beams

has
g!]^

wires

wire

a

struction
con-

tuted
substiof No.

are

of suspending

manner

Tbese

307.

basis for the

the

form

dust-chambers.

modern

vires
and

gauge

about

the

; and

necessary

investigationsof Freudenberg
iron

shown

retard

regards first cost and royalty.

as

of most

10

much

very

draft becomes

that forced
both

they

LEAD.

tbem

is

screen

of

e

d, running along the top of

Carrier

A.

Figs.

a

flue which

805 to

807."

Wire

The

From

is 16 ft. 6 in. high.

By

suspended.

shaking

a

from

easily removed

arrangement

the wire

than

witz, Silesia,during 300 working
into the

air without

open

matterf for

every

solid matter

was

furnace

given
been

sketches

numerous

projected

or

built

from

Robbing.

of

the
the

dust

system

the wire

Hering's
of

be

can

plates.

the

there

da^'^sin 1888

wire

the wires

screen

At

are

more

Tamooff

passed

121,000 lb. of solid

system the weight of the

to 90,200 lb. without
In

draft of the chimney.

the
; with

reduced

System

book,

condensation

since Freudenberg's

the

diminishing

already

quoted,

chambers

that

results became

are

have
erally
gen-

known.

Filtering of
cloth, which
"

was

gases

through

formerly

coarseb*^woven

confined

muslin

to the Lewis-Bartlett

und
ScUinen-Weaen
in Preuaaen,
ZeittckriftfUr Berg-, HUttenmethod
of detprmiaing this is described in the reference.

t The

or

woolen
process

1898,xlL, p. 887.

SMELTING

IN

to the manufacture

and

the

from

or

THE

of zinc white
of

burning

FURNACE,

BLAST

zino

either directly from
has

vapor,

working

satisfactorilyat several works.

drawing

furnace

coke, etc., have
The
has

been

filled with

filter process,

described

and

carried

as

illustrated

in

out

The

52.

"

at

Joplin, Mo.,

description of

American

Co., (" 53) gives the leading data

Zinc-Lead

for the construction

of

through suspended

those

Colo., but
in

high
At

only from

Refining Ck).,the Brown-De
The

cloth stretched
the cloth

offering a

which

gases

keep the

to

shaken

down

pores

is

zigzag

the

dust

64

200 revolutions
ft. in area,

sq.

are

recovered

per

month,

with

From

assaying 10

considerable

oz.

closed

off slowly,
heat

charging

to

back

area

silver
The

and
as

piled

up

and

into the

the

Smelting and
satis-

condensing chamber,
to the dust-laden

sides by

fan.

a

In order

the lower
from

gases

by

through

a

sides is

10 blast furnaces,
12-ft. Murphy

flue 800 ft. long

a

to 65^

C. and

then

blast furnaces, 42 by 120 in.,
of 80, 000

ft. 100

sq.

ton, amounting

per

finely divided
from

dust

blast furnace.

process,

and

to about

ing
dust, containinto

cient
suffi-

will create
it suited

further details

a

ing
burn-

the carbon

thus make
No

tons lead

the condenser

ignited, where

in the Lewis-Bartlett

agglomerate

ton.

filteringthrough

by

sucked

are

carbon, is transferred

chamber

Grant

a

The

seven

of the lead of the charge.

6%

silver per

they cool down

filter-cloth

a

Leadville,

oz.

across

minute

per

where

into the collector.

pass

at

collecting on

42 by 120 in. at the tuyeres,

and

Smelter*

collected

off at intervals by beaters.

fan making

bags had

collector is doing

against its lower

open,

The

large filteringsurface

very

blown

are

Befining

given.

and

fume

Camp

fluedust

and

up

6 to 10

Omaha

the

worksf of

factor"' work.

filtered

using bags,

Smelting and

be

can

necessary
are

again, as the dust saved, while running

up

lead, contained

the gases

the Grant

at

ago

given

the Omaha

details

no

years

were

of the Globe

of the

works

only silver-lead works

The

bags.

Co., Denver, Colo., but
many

City, Colo., at the

bag-house in which

a

far, for filteringare
tried

at

brushwood,

at Cafion

been

is

earlier attempts

the filteringof fume

so

ore

and

introduced

The

towers

the

all proved failures.

Lewis-Bartlett

been

through

gases

393

can

for
be

had.
*

Guyard

in Emmons'

"Geology and

Mining Industry of Leadville,^'monograph

xii.,U.

8. Geological Survey, pp. 878, 717.
t

Engineering

and

Mining

Joumol,

Oct.

10,1896; "The

Mineral

It.,p.
Industry,*^

476.

The

neck.

long

a

; the neck

ing of the

discharging

The

mouth

is below

the wire partition,pass

up

before

by the

and

has

without

been

by

out

found

the

made

yet been

contain

they

the

other

prevent

gases

commercially

The

finer

dust

collected

are

worked

work

in

at intervals.

satisfactorily

all

and

is their

on

of

the

arsenic,
vantage.
disadhas not

sulphuric

kinds

known

fume,

great

roasting furnaces
as

gases

lead

e,g., those

This

from

well

very

dust

ore

successful,

corrodes

roof.

the

current,

vapors,

air.

open

filteringof
quickly

and

ward
down-

omitted.

all the

by saving

below

enter

the

in

The

surrounding

deflected

are

apparatus

this has been

passing off into the
The

of

open*

cylinder.

gases

screen,

different filteringdevices

they unfortunately
from

the

funnel

discharge

space

pipe

an

tion
netting parti-

cylinder and discharged

that

so

blast furnaces

from

the

direction

of

change

the screen,

While

outer

fume-laden

through

the hopper of the sheet-iron
It

near

the

through it,and

they ascend

dust, separated

dropped

of

the wire
the

by

wire screen,

sheet-iron

a

inlet pipe is equal to the annular
Dust

coarse

to

bottom

the top of the funnel.

sheet-

a

at the top

horizontal

a

is above

reaches

and

hopper-shaped

of the

area

has

door, and

In the cylinder is suspended

is the air inlet.

of

It is closed at the bottom

At the side,below

outlet for the gases.

with

LEAD,

columns.

on

with

hopper

conical

OF

screen-filteringapparatus* consists

Williams

iron cylinder mounted
a

T

URQ

ME7ALL

394

of

acid

filtering

cloths.

Many

to less harmful

while

condensation
was

fumes

The

use
as

chambers

of

are

in

dust-chamber

near

far

as

the writer

lead blast furnaces

to waste.

seemed

to

has not

promise.

dust-laden
no

been

most

of the heavy

so

cessful
suc-

In closed

air; when,
effect.

of the plant, it is important
as

wet

roasting furnaces,

electricityproduces

the furnace,

acid

therefore, that

with

static electricity quickly clears

As regards the arrangement

"

going

sulphuric

from

in settling fiuedust
electricityf

air is in motion

as

seem,

connection

at present

the

at least

place for fumes

the first experiments

however, the

a

reduce

It would
of

out

to

acid, but,

success.

quite desirable
of which

made

been

sulphurous

without

is aware,

the

have

attempts

dust

to have
is set-

United
Tlie Mineral
States Patent, No. 554, 5(a, Feb. 11, 1896;
Industry," v., p. 410.
HutchlngB, Berg- und HuttenmannUche
Zeiiung^ 1885, p. 268; Enginetring and Vining Journal^ VLbj 8, 1886; ROsindr, Berg- und Huttenmdnniache
Zeitung, 1886, p. S90: Bart*
lett. Engineering and Mining Journal^ March
18, 1886.
t

"

If the chamber

tied out quickly.
is of tea the case,

as

OF

METALLURGY

396

the

has to be
will be

conduits

hoppers along the lower

side.

be filtered,
the chamber

will lead into

plates, where

denberg
then

pass

to have

draft.

required

If the dust

by

Again,

push onward

and

forced

and

Sometimes

311 to

ing and

fan in the flue may

fume

and

through

to be

are

the

the
filtered,

chamber

through

the filter cloth.

case

one

Montana

or

Smelting

gases

sary
neces-

the

to suck

a

will be drawn

long cooling flue
to assist the

cool-

314.

Co., Flue

Dubt

and

Chajiber.

ing
into the cool-

cold air will be sucked

of the

Falls, Mont., shown

avoiding danger

of the

has been

horizontal

Montana

in which

manner

Smelting

in Figs. 308

collected at lead smelters.

A

section

of the main

floor.

blast-furnaces

through

general

fire in

from

openings

If Freudenberg

plates

were

is

153.

may

now

very

the dust-laden
g in

e, and

the

then

roof.

The

an

frequently
the

of

is shown
the

along
gases

at

as

serve

elevation

In Fig. 308
runs

Works

Co.s*

314,

plan and

flue a, which

It receives

the flue to the chambers

to

the dust

given in Figs. 152 and

of the furnace

from

and

create

be needed

In order

points, thus

more

dust-chamber

example

works

dust

of explosions, etc.

The
Great

314."

to dilute the gases

flue at

Freu-

it will be
to

to

not

are

of their

most

the foot of the chimney

a

with

pipes

fume

flue (or flues)with

Fig.

Figs.

and

awa"%

the gases.

fan from

suction

a

a

dust
a

distance

some

sheet-iron

will drop

chimney.

fireplace at

a

If the

the gases

off through

LEAD.

back
the

from
gases

a

pass

into the stack.

used, they would

be suspended

Qoo^"z

in

SMELTING

IN

THE

BLAST

that part of the flue reaching from
furnace

the chamber

flue has

main

(Figs. 308,

309

which

through
shallow

and

310), placed diagonally opposite

the

fluedust

pits/, where

is raked

it is moistened

311), which

and

blast

of two

the centers

These

before

of the flue is level.

Frequently they

Figs.

the

when
each

315 and

door

is raised, and

placed

next

stove

to the lead-well

four dust-chambers

to that of

flue

somewhat

^,

The

a.

the first chamber

and

as

soon

as

in the stack,

Dust-flues

and

strong walls and

of which

chambers

of the

Furnace

the

From

by

the flue

lead-pot

from

the main

flue to

the single chambers

chamber.
and

316

them

is

the openings in

The

diminishes
last chamber

give the details.

usually built of brick, and

close binding to keep

gases

arches running parallel

velocity, which

315

ground
under-

the

a

For
ing
open-

an

cast-iron

thus pass

must

Stack.

small

a

connected

between

the next

are

floor

the drawing

wall

vaulted

increased

Figs.

toward

great that most

of the passage

gases

The

side

heats

The

they enter

the

that

one

an

of brick.

course

little raking.

is

having

tween
be-

(Figs.

c

very

This

of the

contracted.

half

a

They

manhole

a

Co., Blast

(" 75).

area

partition walls with

again
ends

the

in

the

pit (similarto/ in Fig. 310),

require

will be found

with

a

so

Smelting

(Figs. 308, 312-314).
flue

the

Montana

blast furnace
d

pass

316."

is

inclined

are

being often

of itself into

will slip down

with

other,

(the distance

the flue is to be entered.

when

doors, the inclination

ft.

furnaces)there
up

each

being handled.
56

6

openings

periodically into

out

Every

is bricked

easily removed

are

dust

to the firstblast

e

of 9 ft. 4 in. small

intervals

at

closed with hinged iron doors.

308

397

g.

The

are

FURNACE.

require

air-tight.

Qoo^"z

Tbeathent

94.

"

fluedust

with

To

made

fluedust

down

wet

it contains

unless
be

simply

been

blown

zinc will,when

the

case

flnely divided

carbon

of

with

Zn

binding

zinc

years

that
the

ferrous

and

and

the furnace

The

74%

lime

the
of

bricks

some

:

28.4%,
2.8%.
zinc
oxide.
3.04%
Zn
with
0.04%;
0.04%; with acetic

of

as

of

dry, became

sledge

a

much

so

break

to

to

it.

with

solution

a

(by hand)

became

handling.

so

of

ferrous

hard

Perhaps

an

when
tion
addi-

it precipitates

useful, as

to the

air, becomes

the
per-

lumps.
fluedust

compacting
which
from

fluedust

only 9.60%

and

alone

Mining

been

Journal,

Jan.

nes, Engineering
''

Mineral

t

''

M6taUurgie du plomb/' U6ge, 1868, p. lOB.

slacked

was

within

an

lime.
with

lost.
the

80; Feb. 6, 87, 18B6.

States,''1888,p. 844.

to
was

blast furnace

charged

*

lime

Gahen| gives

in the

made

it with
added

are

lead) and

t

of the United

mix

of slacked

10%

hand.

by

of the lead

hare

advances

8 to

(with 44%

smelted

is to

hardened

when

made

were

Reeouroes

by the

Zn.

2%

or

much

Formerly

were

observed

was

when

with

being exposed

on

bricks

of slag, and

1

prove

it into bricks

formed

to

Livingstone

gave

removing

ore,

mixed

stand

hard

mixing

Considerable

After

blows

than

might

charge.

and

The

CaO

Dorr

sulphate

into bricks

method

form

1 to

roasting blende-bearing galena

fluedust

that

forms

A favorite

of zinc

more

oxide, which,

oxidized

example

Pb

SO, 0.35%,

strong

that it would

of slacked

tance
impor-

from

hinders

dust

brick

a

gave

for leaching.

sulphate and formed
suu-dried

dry

containing

furnace

dust

while

ago

retained

found

Hahnl

as

no

it will

roasting furnaces.

8.7%, Zn3.0%,
gave

it required

ore

when

is of

easily. This is especially

possible, the residual

was

as

gestions
sug-

0.04%.

zinc sulphate

used

S

property

obtain

lime

Fluedust

analysis of such

water

many

But

into the furnace

sesquicarbonate SO9 1.70%, ZnO

SO3 trace,

Many

one.

only sulphate of any

blast

treat

tried.

sulphate,

The

bricked

writer

hard

soluble

to

So by mixing the two, satisfactorybricks

9.6%,

sample

ammonium

the

methods

put it back

in the

An

Fe

SiOj 17.1%,

The

a

moistened, harden

be obtained.

acid

various

again.

this hardening.

Treatment

and

how

question

difficult

the light-colored dust from

with

Another

loss is

and

LEAD.

The

"

is zinc sulphate.

2%

can

OF

T

of

some

out

in fluedust

extent

URQ

Fluedust.*

op

minimum

a

have

use,

ALL

MET

398

last

few

OF

METALLURGY

400

The

bricks

consisting of silicious

8 lb. apiece, those
12

from

roasted

LEAD,

andfluedust

ore

sulphide

ores

or

weigh

about

matte

about

1b.
In order

to brick

cheaply with

satisfactorily and

ores

percentage

of lime, it is necessary

to subject them

which

requires machinery.

Different forms

used

are

to-day, which

Fia.

of the excellent
The

Boyd

smelters.

work

Thb

817."

Botd

shows

a

machine
a

Brick

used

by

as

of the

some

The

press.

examples:

leading

framework

cast-iron housings bolted together,

the mold-table

locking into the frame.

This

the bearings of the different shaftings and
Engineering, 1893; No. S4, and
Boyd " White, Chicago, Ul.

sure,
pres-

account

on

serve

may

four-mold

consists of two

*

high

a

Press.

Two

of the machine

holm

small

of brick presses

for themselves

pa^*

that they do.

is
brick press"*"

Fig. 317

soon

very

to

a

carries

forms

a

private notes, 1896-7; manufactured

at the

guide

back

for two

by Messrs.

Cbi*-

IN

SMELTING

take up

side-bars which

inner
bottom

is planed

being

required.

pair of toggles and
the

by

top

a

press

a

crank-shaft,and

with

table

pushing it
The

of working
the

through

is

top of the mold
the

to

operation from
9 ft. and

Six

and

The

and

the

device

for

bricking material
is delivered

water

The

mixture
the

toggles and
removed

be

to

the

the

to

pressed

raised to the

again opened) and
attendant; the feed

by the

Thus

is repeated.

process

is then

brick

been

weighs 29,500 lb.,occupies

is 8 ft. high ; it has
size

the entire

in

floor-spaceof 7 by

a

capacity of from

a

10

two-mold

of

and

hours

20,000

requires

and

size

They

are

are,

of

press.

6-mold

a

to

30,000

30-horse-

a

bricking

edge-mill the rollers

the

tangential friction of the
shaft d and

shaft

or

a

bevel

a

gear

the

revolve

on

pan

or

the

the bottom

is rotated

by

The

of the pan.

vertical

ft.

machinery
In

319.

stationary shaft

horizontal
a

1\

containing

and

is driven

in

vary

sufiQcient.

are

the beds

a

pug-mill

4 by 6 ft. and

in Figs. 318

on

a

horizontal

machinery.

c, which

disintegrator e consists of
bearing knives

deep,

is shown

press

It consists of

six bins

press

2 ft.

and

the

mill

in the market.

lime-slacking bins

placed between

course,

to be bricked

two-mold

The

7 ft. and

10 by

made

material

a

For

number.

They

deep.

a

found

are

presses

lime-slacking bins, an edge mill,a

disintegrator, and

on

plungers which,

plant required for bricking is simple.

number

the

mold-

feed to delivery is automatic.

three^and

"

The

or

is the

engine.

power

of

front

of ordinary

bricks

brick

Ipach

on

steam-heated

the upper

the toggles have

(when

machine

The

150 tons

or

adjustable

smoothed.

again, and

starts

now

their

spouts, the feed is shut off automatically

canvas

by the straightening of the

pushed

with

follows:

as

lime

necessary

the top of the mold

and

by

bottom

connecting rod operated by

finished

the

at

to the front table.

with

molds

the

toggles receive

of 600 tons

cross-head

connected

are

at

them,

; the
a

pressure

mold, lift

method

mixed

in

steam-heated

the lower

rising in the

side-bars

by the side-bars; lastly there

is guided

plungers

a

bricks; the

the four

of

The

joint from

exert

bolts

consists of the side-bars,a

proper

the mold-table

at the middle

The

foundation

setting, no

journaled

steel pin

bolts passing through
movement

of

cross-head.

a

401

all the strain due to pressure.

for convenience
The

FURNACE.

BLAST

THE

by

a

The

h

by

pinion
pug-

trough in which
bevel

gear

kk'

a

m

Qoo^"z

Si

c

c
"

d
o

"

IN

SMELTING

the

same

manner

the main
the

A, which

operating is
into the pan,

assumed

BLAST

in the pan.

The

under
a

has

follows

as

about
the

From

:

rollers for

rule sufficient to moisten
of slightly watered

few

a

minutes

The

brasque.

the

of the slacked

water

whole

has

mass

lime

is

is

as

a

has the consistency
is discharged by

contents

pan

is charged

the

until

of

mode

ore

and

mixture, which

the

The

the

is added

from

pug-mill and

described.

lime

The

color.

the

pan,

the bedding-bin

slacked

403

is transmitted

power

already been

3%

uniform

FURNACE,

the

shaft/ by belting gg'g" to

press

mixed

as

THE

:^
820."

Fio.

of the shovel

means

pug-mill.
the pan

and

furnishes

to

one

be

a

the brick
foreman.

necessary.

With

a

the frame

lumps

that

stream

of

to the hopper

operate

from

to the

an3'

Prbss.

BfiNSRAL

on

uniform

to

labor required

bring the mixture

remove

up

mixture

evenly moistened
The

t, mounted

breaks

This

Whttb

The

a

4

or

the bed, two

y

press

in

formed

have

may

and

thoroughly mixed
of the

6-mold

brick
press

press.

is two

at the roller-mill

drying-floor (oftenan

2-mold

into the

of the pan,

open

half the number

men

two

to

box-car),and
of

men

will

MET

404

White

The
shown

Mineral

in Fig. 320,

Press.*
are

T

URQ

pan

have

weigh 5,000 lb.

and

carries
from

a

with

provided

; a cross-beam

sides of the rollers

of circular holes

attached

the

at

The

gear.

by

48 in. in diameter,

removable

chilled iron rings

has

arm

the holes, and

end

outer

15^ and

the disk around

draws

into the molds, pushing out
belt.

endless

When

a

second

and
a

a

pair of molds

their

during

pawl

plungers

its first position

of rollers

movement

times

the

through

passage

of

slow-moving

adjusted that the rollers will travel 20

so

one

the plungers force out

The

on.

and

crank-

a

forces the two

hole and

so

ment
move-

forward, the

pair of briquettes on

pair of briquettes and

disk is

with

crank-gear again reaches

the

two

center

drops into

it is pulled

the pitman

Its

the

connected

pitman

the pawl drops into the next
a

at

is

at the top and

the center.

at

journaled

As

mold-disk

in. thick, having

2J

steel pawl, which

plungers.

two

The

in diameter

(4 in.

a

driving spindle

the bricking mixture

over

and

arm

to

round

a

the

to

into their path.

radial

a

The

are

slightlylarger at the bottom), pivoted
is effected

disk.

is lined in the path of the

turns

molds

or

molding

a

keyed

plate, 5 ft. in diameter

cast-iron

rows

parts of this machine,

and

and

plow at either end which

both

main

roller mill

a

LEAD.

chilled iron plates; the rollers

10-in. face,are

a

OF

The

"

of the mill is 7 ft. in diameter

rollers with

a

ALL

over

thus

pan,

firmly compressing the fluedust mixture.
machine

The
and

occupies

a

floor-space 9 ft. 6 in. by

11

is 6 ft. 2 in. high; it weighs 27,000 lb.,requires
has

engine, and

a

capacity of 4,200 bricks

ft. 6 in.
28

a

power
horse-

(4 by 2^ in.)

hour.

per

carriers to
The

bricks

green

then

floor,to
to

with

three

Western

much

harder

located

in

draft

received

piled

up,

from

10 ft. and

if simply

kilns
*

the

by

of

are

drying

the Chisholm,

on

a

ered
cov-

for from

occurrence

rare

them

from

smelting
chambers

are

works
may

be

season.

is carried

for burning

common

Hianufactui-ed

brick

are

brick

on

air-dried

air-dried; with

less dry atmosphere

burning of the

loaded

are

although the brick

smelting works,
than

machine

chambers

Drying

to four

two

foreman.

one
a

from

pan,

rarely in racks, commonly

height of about

weeks.

the

at

men

especiallyduring the cold

necessary,

The

a

a

two

the bricks, and

remove

trucks, and
two

requires

machine

The

on

in

red-brick.

Boyd " White

the

ordinary

The

brick

Co., CSiicaco,nL

upare

SMELTING

in arches

set up

the

and

long
arches

about

30

side

in the

arches, cordwood

is

and

The

by the

Six

begins

Fires

given
with

$0.20

bum

to

after

for 2

few

a

3

or

3

days

time to cool.

some

hand-labor

to

built

are

It takes from

It burns

cease.

to from

more

or

and

large

a

ton, has been reduced

a

$0.25

ton, excluding

a

of the lime.

probably to-day replaced

has

Lime

substituted

bordt*

with

made

with

the

Its composition is shown

and

of

sugar

plantations.

H-C.

:

The

potash.

some

of that of average

to

bituminous

have

contains

Stubbs," is 37%
coal (HtO 1.68, V.

according

fuel value

satisfactory brick

by the following tablefin percentages

is principally lime

ash

have

molasses

waste

Har-

slimes, others

pan

Very

cement.

binders.

all other

used

clay, Ghurchf

successful

lately been

The

high.

used.

formerly about $2

cost

of machinery

use

cost

been

kiln

then

must

being 20 ft.

100,000 brick.

bricking of fluedust, which

percentage of lime
the

The

arches

kiln 80 ft. long, 10 ft. wide,

after it has been

pulled down

courses

being commonly

of firing,which

hours

9
A

about

to fire a kiln.

to 4 cords

405

high, the

oourses

b^' side.

20 ft. high will hold

and

BLASTFURNACE.

THE

portion about

open

built

are

IN

sylvania
Penn-

28.43, F. C. 64.05,

of 3,577 gr. cal. or 14,200 B. T. U.),
5.83, with calorific power
1 ]b. molasses equaling about 0.37 lb. coal.

ash

Previous

method

of treatment

beratory
it

added

was

or

and

was

thus

Private

Enginetring

melt

in quantities of, say,

covered

and

Mining

ore

was

in bricking, the

the fluedust

in the fuse-box

communication,

*

t

to

was

charged before the

was

of

furnace

made

improvements

to the

in

a

common

special rever-

of the roasting furnace, where
100

drawn

by the roasted

lb. to the roasted
from

ore,

so

the

It

ore.

roasting-hearth,

that little metal

was

1891.

Journal,

Aug. 22, 1885; '^Transactions

of American

Institute

Mining Engineers," xv., p. 6tl.
X '* United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 18.''tables 58 and 68, bis.
and
Planter
Sugar Manufacturer, July 18,1896,p. 25.
{ The UmiMiana

OF

METALLURGY

406

off mechanioally.

carried
there

considerable

was

found

Murray

It helped
loss in

that removing

LEAD,

sinter

to

the

lead, although

charge, bat

little in

the finely divided

carbon

silyer.

ing
by wash-

assisted the fusion.
of 150

charge

A

tons

blast-furnace

of

first 400 ft. of the dust-chamber
Co. gave,

according

In melting

fluedust

fluedust

of the Globe

taken

Smelting

from

the

ing
Refin-

and

to lies :*

SiO, 16.6%, Fe 8.6%,CaO 5.2%^.
Pb
27.6%, Zn 3.0%., S 6.3%, Ag20.0oz., and Au 0.16 oz.
After
fusing it had changed to SiO, 21.0%, Fe 12.4%, CaO
5.2%, Pb 37.8%, Zn 3.2%, S6.4%, Ag 34.0 oz.,and Au 0. 26 oz.
slag

often formed

are

products of

Losses

95.

"

slagging
and

should
with

As

contain

not

bullion ; but

1

oz.

silver, and

such

as

they often

make

often, also, pellets of matte
that

certain

oxide

of iron

(" 68).

from

The
has

an

oz.

not

due

are

to

silver to the

ton

lead

and

to

1%

over

having

dissolved

settle out
due

acting

adheres

:

(" 68). ore-slags

still higher.

to

upon

the

a

One

dele*
of the

in the slag;

completely.

the

especially if they

These

sulphur dioxide, which
them

do

three

satisfactory. Special

remains

is sometimes

slags have,

\

contain

slags run

main

Hering,f

stated

of foreign substances

the presence

of loss is that matte

according

in smelting

considered

are

(" 69), may

to

losses

lead and

terious effect
sources

The

matte.

the

being carried off in by-products

0.75%

over

oz.

causes,

and

has already been

300

about

The

"

to particles of metal

or

recovered.

not

bullion

lies the following percentages

gave

Smelting.

in

reverberatory furnace, beside

base

some

charge

a

the

in

This,

oxidizing action
contain

magnetic

sulphides

pellets of matte

and

set free

hinders

settling.

quantity of b3'-products (speise,matte, fluedust)formed
important

they have

to be roasted

these operations
*

influence

t rivate

an

causes

communicati

t Oe"terreichi"cKe

and

on

the

output of lead

resmelted
unavoidable

several

and

silver,as
times, and each of

loss in metal.

It is diffi-

)d, 1807.

Zeitachri/tfur Berg- und

HuUenrWeMet^,

18S8. p. 238

III.

PART

DESILVERIZATION

OF

BASE

BULLION.

PART

HL

DESILVERIZATION

Intboduotobt.

" 97.

desilverized

did

lead

12.4

from

few

lead

75%

assaying

used

what

for
this

way

idea

new

the

with

compete

lead

metal,

of

silver

bullion

recovered
the

required,

*

the

t

of

Hampers

zxz.,

p.

01;

the

July

Zeitichrift
and

fiir Berg-,

HUtten-

Jotimal^

March

und

ElectrocKemie,

process

x.,

und

with

Salinen-

Dec.

material
obtained
neces-

18i",

15.
p.

base

this, the

lead

xtii..

loss

separation

case

the

have

the

and

therefore,

812;

to

as

to

Below

8, 1888:
p.

In

so

fuel, and

of

is

lead.

the

the

in

Formerly

cost

ton.

June

27, 1878;

En^neers/'

His

found

It becomes,

Mininf?

Mining

Electroteehnik

18,

is

impurity

the

collected
refined

was

labor,

the

litharge.

Institute

E"ngineering
fUr

and

Journal,

Mining

American

criticism;

t Zeitschrift
p.

and

Engineering

of

for

enriched

also

when

the

to

and

seen.

the

are

This

pay.

pay

metal,

this

lead

material.

refined

be

to

but

silver

oz.

hardly

in

reduction

"Transactions

30

will
loss

to

ceases

about

assaying

silver

from

lead

from

electrolyte.

fumes

He

reached

soon

electrolytic

desilverization

to

which

very

the

|

elec-

oxidizing

lb.,

is

Borchers^

as

in

from

remains

among

being

limit

the

applied

cupelled,

was

it.

lead.

litharge

methods

prominent

disadvantages,
in

be

can

present

all argentiferous

of

of

dry

a

ton.

per

lead
Keith*

refractory

ton,

zinc-bearing

production

the

basic

silver

desilverized

minutes

being

2.5%

and

by

Silesia,

per

and

means

of

13,200

silver

oz.

by

chlorides

weighing

196.3

to

lead

with

lined

silver

cupellation.

soale

Tarnowitz,

at

of

success

from

charges

with

of

process

alkali-earth

converter

worked

He

and

BULLION.

separation

pecuniary

a

experimented

Bessemer

a

BASE

working

a

bismuth

alkali

using

Roesing"

a

and

silver

separated

on

make

not

final

by the

bullion

base

tricity, but

process

The

"

aooomplished

universally

in

OF

3":

p,

810.
in

Wesen

Pretmem,

18, 1882.

i.,p. 18;

"The

Mineral

Industiy,'*

iiL,

442.

%

Revue

dea

tmivertelle

Zeitung,

und

1802, p. S70.

Eiaen,

mines,

1892, p.

mdnnieche

1882,

xrli., p.

102; Engineering

110;
and

Tron,

Mining

March

9^

Journal,

ISK;

Berg-

April

16,

und

18K:

Hutten-

Stahl

VEBIZATION

DE8IL

the silver in

to concentrate

8ary

The

cupelling.
The

BASE

BULLION,

a

smaller

amount

the

at

three
added

derived

are

Ems

The

and

used

were

the amount

the actual

from

Smelting

processes

of lead before
do this

fully.
success-

in desilverizingduring the last 60 years

made

"rell illustrated by the following table.
Hermann'*'

411

and Parkes

of Pattinson

processes

progress

OF

figurespublished by

working

results

obtained

Prussia, where

Refining Works,
after another.

one

is

To

of lead to be cupelled and

the

these have been

the traces

of

gold.

Parkes'
Process.

Cost
of lead to be cupelled
Amount
Ii068 in lead and silver
in the lead, per cent.
Impurities remaining
Silver remaining in the lead, ounces
per ton
of gold
Traces

The

they

task of modern
are

also

bullion

not

less than

called)is

not

contained
In

the

Recovered.

only

from

containing from

99.9%

.

desilverizing works

cheaply the precious metals
base

1
5
1
0.016
0.17

to

98^

of lead

to make

in it,such

as

copper,

bullion, although still an

a

tin, arsenic, and antimony.

last.

in the following order
Pattinson
Parkes'

processes

independent

of litharge,will be treated

process

The

Berg- und

1

's Process.
Procesj.

ZeUung,

only

in the

three processes

:

i

now

an

in desilverizing

Cupellation.
*

of

refined lead of

a

following chapters, cupellation, being

be discussed

out

of lead and salable products of the impurities

auxiliary to Pattinson 's and Parkes'
base

also

as

effectively and

separate

lead, but

95 to

(or refining works,

1888,p. 888.

facture
manu-

will

IX.

CHAFPER

PATTINSON'S

"

Introduotobt

98.

discoyered
melted

and

lead

will

original

down

separate

which

of

amount

meltings
have

market

of

lead

collected

and

silver

ready

be

to

the

of

and

silver,

the

By

market

the

a

large

a

small

repeated
will

impurities

the

of

repeated,

result, and

cupelled.

many

drosses,

in

will

than

is

in

is

crystals

process

tenor

fact

lead

silver

in

the

same

in

crystallizations

and

been

low

silver-bearing

if

poorer

the

of

lead

enriched

much

the

on

its fusing-point,

to

removed

lead

is based

process

that

1833,

are

are

fresh

The

"

almost

If they

adding

quantity

in

cooled

lead.

always

Bemakks.

Fattiuson

by

PROCESS.

lead

also

become

purified.
observed

Pattinson'*'
that

in

low

ran

richer

were

which

silver

just

formerly

were

alloy of lead
in

solution

silver

we

will

alloys, and

the

a

found

that

139.03

melting

lead

dilute
in

silver

and

fused
of

solution

this

the

case

of

point
With

solvent.

pure

the

with

low-grade

melting

oz.,

at

'*

Percy,
also

X Berg-

und

Metallurgy

1.89

309''

a

the

high-

cooling,

upon

; and

of
Stahl

HUtienmdnniMche

Lead,*'
und

different

silver

oz.

that

reached.

was

Koesman,

of

points

with

melting-point
*

in

a

solvent,

it, the

of the

lead

as

pure

from

of

the
that

t See

considered
the

A

f

ning
run-

ena,
phenom-

clear

became

solution,

bar

a

These

case.

these

the

out.

measured

G. ; with
lowest

than

of

be

separate

solution

separate

laws

is to

the

lead

of

out,

with

lead, while

was

bar

a

oozed

metal

understood,

cooling,

lower

have

reverse

the

of

drops

residual

not

silver

usual,

as

the
the

of

Upon

being

BeichJ

321''

and

lead.

lead, will,

grade,

than

knowledge

improved

silver

silver

few

a

carefully

heating

on

silver, until

in
in

high

that

with

ton

656.23

If, however,

London,

Eisen^

per

1870, p. 187.

18SN!,p. OOS.

Zeitung,

1882, p. 861.

lead-silver
melted
oz.

the

at

silver
lead

PATTINaON^a

much

contained
much

was

silver,for instance

33

413

figures are

a

The

silver.

that Pattinson's

certain degree.

far the silver

bow

The

process

650

to

^hen

oz.

the

inferences
.process

to

be drawn

is adapted

silver per

ton.

liquid lead

from

only for low-grade
can

the

in the lead

from

approach the
the

be carried

liquid lead

:

650

450
oz.

to 500

from

assays

In practice the concentration
assays

Belch's

following table,by Reich,|shows

be concentrated

can

the crystals,and

become

The

has to stop when

silver contents

the

termined
de-

microscopically alloys of lead with 0.5,1.0,

bullion, and that the enriching of the liquid lead
only to

Tunner'"

silver.

melting points of the following alloys:

Behrensf examined
2.5%

its melting point

50%,

or

higher than that of lead free from
the

1.5 and

PROCESS.

oz.,

as

is stopped
the

liquid lead, especially as this also tends

nearer

silver per ton, the smaller

difficult is it to drain

more

600

off the

solidify at the

to

same

time.
The

process

of concentrating the silver in

be conducted

may

thirds

and

two-thirds
*

according

the method

to two

by eighths.

of the lead contained

a

small amount

of lead

systems, called the method
In the

by

first of these systems

in the kettle is withdrawn

in the

Oesterreichiaehe

ZeischriftfUr Berg- und Hutten-Weten,
1862,p. 80.
und
mikroakopiMike Oe/uge der MetaUe
Legirungen^ Hamburg-Loipsic,
t Berg- und Huttenmdnnische
Zeitung^ 1862,p. 251.
t Da$

1894,p. 47.

MET

414
form

ALL

of crystals, while

The

T

UBO

one-third

crystals will then be about

about

twice

half

one-third

lead approximately

times

which

different

would

to find

the

thirds

and

former.

eighths have

by

The

kettle

of the

contents

liquid lead

one-third

the number

"

crystals and

much

the
rich

where

abandoned
as
on

normal

considerable

it

methods

by

two

with

one

of crystallizations.

two-thirds

"

crystals and

The

liquid lead,

\ liquid lead,four times as
method
has, however, been

The

of slightly enriched

amounts

the original

crystals,assaying one-half

tried, as it complicated the

was

mediary
inter-

| intermediary crystals,assaying

original lead.

the

as

in

mediary
so that intercrystallization,

original lead ; and

the

as

same

"={-

the original lead ;

as

certain tenor

final liquid lead will result. Thus

into

is divided

a

and the crystals taken out.

however, undergoes directly a second
lead

as

standards, especially the

divided

are

of

attain,with

by thirds, the

to reduce

aims
crystals,!

leads

to

lead of

practice the

become

low-

to

general mathematical

a

be divided

of the method

A variation

applied

proportions in which

In

lead.

of the

that of the original

as

is,therefore, to be

show

enriched

an

second

silver contents

much,

in silver should

contents

silver and

the

much, and of the liquid

crystallizations as possible,a market

few

as

the
as

as

Stetefeldt'*'tried

grade bullion.
formula

three

latter method

The

In

original bullion.

crystals is approximately
bullion.

liquid lead.

as

rich, and the liquid lead

as

one-eighth liquid lead, and

and

tals

behind

remains

in the kettle is divided into seven-eighths gt^-b-

the bullion

system

the

rich, as

as

LEAD.

OF

and

process,

leads had

to be

kept

hand.
To

out

Pattinson's

be very

impure

carry

must

not

must

amount
of

or

run

successfully the base bullion
too

All

the foreign metals

and
the crystallization

of the liquid lead from

the crystals.

purified by poling (" 116) and
collects
to any

on

the lead has

to be

the crystallizationcan

contained

removing

can

the

antimony

in

the

(" 104)

proceed.

at

Of the

a

be sufficiently

dross
are

that

present

bright-red

commetalfl|

Zeitvng, 1868, pp. 64, 00,77.
Berg- und HuitenrndnniMcKe
tStetefddt, IMd., 1868, pp. SS7, 881.
Zeitvng^ 1880,p. llC
tBerg- und Huttenmdnniwche
*

cient
suffi-

careful regulation

Ordinary lead

softened

a

the effectual separation

the surface ; if tin, arsenic, and

extent

heat before

high in silver,and

be used to permit the necessary

temperature.

lead interfere with

process

KettU

No.l

2

8

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

18

14

15

Eaoh

row.

the flame

kettle

PATTINSON^S

PROCESS.

has

fireplaq^e,
so

shall pass

beneath

flue encircling it,and

damper

and

same

with

as

the

the

The

that

constructed

the kettle,thence

behind

finally into

regulate the draft.

to

the

are

separate

a

417

which

chimney,

details

of

the

into

a

has

a

construction

desilverizing-kettleof Farkes'

process

(" 108).
The
as

of operation

mode

and, if
and

to

kettle

a

to the

This

His

partner

the bottom

smooth

now

inserts

that has

been

right ("down

the

been

the

until

is continued

two-thirds

in the form

removed

of
of

into the kettle

at the

right, being two-thirds

of the

same

third full of

(}) of

on

bullion

the

on

the market-pot, assays

This
the

on

to

order

be in working
be carried

on,

so

as

to have

process

Freiberg, and

seen

one-

amount

the cooling,
in

as

way

hand

the
the

that

on

oz.

last one,

ton; that to

is reached.
the whole

plant

of crj'stallizations
have
the necessary

required
other

the

silver per

that before

on

some

same

till that of

amounts

of

to fillthe kettles.

in its original form

perhaps

left,being

again filled from

of 650

number

lead of different silver contents
Pattinson's

the

oz.

a

quite

of lead

continued, the lead of the

to 0.5

the foregoing it will be

To the kettle

the liquid lead of

are

the left increasing till the maximum

can

liquid lead is then

heated, and

in

left and

0.3

operation

corresponding

a

are

back

the kettle have

house").

becomes

operations
from

of

the kettle at the

kettles

The

crystals,one-third

kettles to the right decreasing in tenor

From

works

kettle,generally

contents

full of

The

kettle.

Thus

and

neighboring

crystals. The

ladling carried

kettle

crystals of the
the right.

the

is added, and

lead of its tenor.

original

of the

liquid lead,

house").

liquid lead, is filled with

crystallizing,and

at the rim

warmed,

also

becomes

surface

remove

the left (''upthe

ladled

tenor

who,

man,

the

to

the

to

into the lead,

of the kettle to the opposite side, then

he discharges the dry crystals into
one

Crusts

a rose.

one

the

middle, where, after jerking it
the

of

drawn
with-

cooling is

The

pushed down

are

is the work

long-handled skimmer

across

kettle.

down,

is then

the surface from

on

continuously until

metal

rough with crystals.
it

water

they melt again.

stirs the

by thirds is

fire below

neighboring

a

sides of the kettle

to the

adhering
where

transferred

The

poled.

necessary,

by sprinkling

promoted

the method

with

In the central kettle the base bullion is melted

follows:

drossed

in outline

is still in

places.

As

use

in

land,
Eng-

it is improb-

Qoo^"z

METALL

418

be

able

that it will

this

general outline

introduoed
will

LEAD.

Full

suffice.

the United

in

anywhere

details

States,

given in the

are

by Teichmann.**

the paper

In order

reduce

to

the crystals and

the

ladling

hard

liquid lead, machinery
the

the

become
who

standard

stir by

of

to insure

as

of

separation

the

withdrawing

into Pattinson's

original

draw

and

the

process;

has

which

process,

liquid lead

more

a

crystals and

of to-day, is that by Luce

one

steam

well

as

introduced

was

in

neoessary

better

modification

main

work

the lead,

out

regular crystallization and
but

OF

of Percy,'*'
Eerl,t Schnabel,!St6lzel,"
BoBwag,||Gruner^f

works
and

7

URG

Hozan,

and

off,leaving the

crystals in the kettle.

"

100.

The

Luce

of the steam

advantages
and

RozAN'sIfProcess

and

a

purified. Thus

without

forms

with

in which

way

Bohemia,

Figs. 322, 323

as

and

plant, consisting of
and

cakes

of

lead from

"

"

t

''

show

325

MetaUurgy

of
der

Orundriss

and

these
of

this

process,

as

out

at

Pribram,||
of the

the general arrangement

The

a, one

steam

crane

to the

crystallizing-pot/,
is not shown
serves

to transfer the

storage-place, and
The

; it is

thence to

trough-shaped

cast-

Lead/' London, 1870, p. 121.
MetallhUttenkunde,'" Leipsic,1881,p. SS5.

minea.

vol. i.,p. 511.

Rozan,

907.

1868. zili.,p. 879.

**Zeit8chriftfur Berg-^ Huttenft Luce

be

that lead

free from

were

with

% "MetaUurgie,'' Brunswick, 1863-1886,p. IISS.
I " La ddsargentation de plomb,'' Paris, 1884,pp. 211 and
des

can

preferable, as less

is carried

to tip the latter.

$MetallhQttenkunde, Berlin, 18M,

1 Annales

bullion,

appreciable amounts

softened

melting-pans

the molds

the melting-pans, and

base

pure

even

and
the side of the crystallizing-pot,

on

influence

example.

an

two

to the

be satisfactorilydesilverized.

can

large conical molds.

two

placed

be

to

regular crystallization

It is claimed

if it

case

the process

serve

may

the

containing

has

antimony

other, before it

any

The

lead

course,

and

arsenic

be

"

of foreign metals,

is

copper

Peocess).

the crystals, and

exposed

softening.

and

would

than

Of

metals.

a

moderately

cent,

per

previous

little antimony

dross

being much

0.5 to 0.75

containing from

a

causes

good separation of the lead from

of the air becomes

with

that it

are,

that it poles the lead, which

desilverized

(Steam Pattinson

^nna2e"

dM

und
mtne",

SaUnen-We$en

in

Pretusen,

1878, iii.,
p. 160; Cookson,

xv.,

p. 40.

Iron^ Sept. S, 189:

Engineering and Mining Journal, Oct. 8, 1881.
xxxriii., p. 1; private notes, 1890, andcon"^
$tZdr"hal, Oeaierreichisches Jahrbuch^

apondence, 1897.

PULNT.

PROCESS.

PATTINSON'S

holding 15,430 lb. of lead, are

iron melting-pans a" eaoh

their rims

tipping, by

means

on

Each

/.

pan

side, from

the

on

has

322) through
descend

trough (not shown),
fireplace(Figs. 322 and

the

which

first encircle

or

Figs. 322

and

323), and

323) ; the

passage

(Fig.322)

and

h

built two

small

flame may

pass

of

gases,

pot
much

as

is regulated

in

Any

the pan.

the

lead

is discharged

brasque, and

the

dampers

(Fig. 325)
that

from

coming
hearth

g
are

the
ing
leak-

a

(Fig. 322),

of

the

work.
brick-

323) is a flat-bottomed cylindrical

and

It has

melting-pan.

flue/(Fig.

order

outside

holding 44,100 lb. of lead, or

one

to the

323)

by the

part of the

lowest

orystallizerI (Figs. 322

The

off through

pass

gases

and

and

pan,

part of the orystallizer {I,

upper

then

of the

(Figs.322

e

327)
(Fig.

passing upward

bottom

the

flue

the

the

close to

with

tamped

after

(Fig. 323). On the oval hearth
walls k (Figs. 322, 323, 325), in

collects

pan

trough d,

the orystallizer

its separate

either directly through

chimney,

plate c, which

into

long flue,surround

a

They

emptied by

are

stationary cast-iron

the

through

6, and

the inclined

over

crane,

sheet-iron

movable

a

the oast-iron frame

of the

discharges the lead
and

placed

2 ft. 4 in. above, the top of the orystallizer L

behind, and
rest with

419

nearly three

times

the bottom

(Fig.329) near

as

two

B, closed by slide-valves (Figs. 333, 334, 335),for
At a right angle to the plane of these spouts
discharging the lead.

spouts, A and

C

(Figs.328

the

cast-iron

is the steam-inlet
322

and

327)

on

with

a

hood, ending in

conical

steam

and

dust

three

openings

steam-inlet, and
hole

small

is fired

melting-pan
and

by

doors

two

the

sides

at

(Figs. 322

a;

the flames

encircle the lower

forced

to

make

of

the

and
pass

the

front

from

the

the

passage

are

narrow

the flue

discharge-spouts

discharge-spoiats

A

has

above

the

lead-spouts ; and

along the bottom,

through

hood

inlet-pipe. The

water

327)

the

and

r.

m

B

turn

checked
passage

fireplace is (Figs. 326 and

to heat

serves

the

above

is covered

The

the

at

one

cast-

pipe, through which

be condensed.

and off through

the large central
which

sheet-iron

"

by four

(Fig.322)

part of the pot; they

their way

passing downward

Each

closed

the top, for

near

a

pot rests (Figs.

jo, supported

orystallizer

off to

carried

are

The

329).

frame

top of the

The

iron pillars0.

and

On

327)

a

lizer
orystal-

below

the

to the

left,

by being
q before

either side of
a

before

smaller

one,

using them.

(Fig. 329)

has

a

MET

420

perforated cast-iron
by wrought-iron
spouts

is being
h and

arms

is fastened

336), which

closed

are

T

URG

LEAD.

OF

straining-plate to keep baok

tho liquid lead

when

ALL

by

off.

run

slide-valve

c

enrstals

held

are

the cast-iron frame

by key-bolts

a

These

the

in place

(Figs. 329

the baffle-plate
d.

to

a

one

face planed smooth,

red-lead

cement,

plate (Fig. 332) of the

a

having four

those

the central
of the flange; i.e.,

holes

near

m

the rounded

tighten the guide
having

of the screw-bolts

the

crystallizer

The

lb. of lead.
On

f into which

flt the
the

keyed

opening

It

from

into

spouts

which

of

lead

holds

of the crystallizer are

two

about

four bosses

collar of these

the

is placed

baffle-plated, with

circular

cast-iron

it the

to open

consists of the following parts

On

g"

in the center.

c

to distribute

serves

its small

the steam

From

it rise regularly in the pot.

to make

and

and

steam-inlet

screws

lead

two

position of

The

lines.

337), each

the flat bottom

(Fig. 328).
and

the

through

passes

(Figs. 325

tapering molds
6,610

by the dotted

position,shown

the second

to

m

the lever pushed into

loosened, and

are

m

and

plate /", also

the

In order

discharge is closed.

the

the three

o

the

is shown

In Fig. 333

to

these the bolts m' and

is fastened

lever

screws

to correspond

pivot for the lever

a

the

To

n.

planed face.

one

the lever when
nuts

as

the

form, with

same

lead-discharge and

Through

corners.

passed, m! serving

are

openings

The

To

(Figs.333, 334, 335).

flange of the spout (Fig. 331) is fastened with countersunk
and

and

evenly,

it is suspended

eye-bolt i with hexagonal eye, the nozzle ^, into which is
the rod ky moved
the steam-pipe e.
screwed
Through it passes
by

an

by the thread

end

to and

fro at

which

is conical, flts into the

and

closes

or

(Fig. 329)
and

one

rod, and

conducting the
going
from
the
the

on

the

the

through the small annular

space

between

pipe

the valve is open.
is the

the

crystallizer;the
in

one

is simple.

at the stage when

silver

the

Suppose

liquid lead has
have

valves
pan
as

by thirds.

been

will be
the

melted

The

mode

of

to

be

process

been

drained

again closed

off
and

full of liquid lead

crystals to

be

of

charged
dis-

crystallizingpot, while the other will contain
cakes of lead that are
They will have
being melted down.
into

two

at S

process

tenor

A,

nozzle

entering

crystals liquefied. One
same

of the

steam

of working

method

The

valve-seat

steam-outlet.

at A, when

out

conical

The

the

opens

passes

and cross-bar ; the other end,

same

the

silver contents

as

the

crystals remaining

in the crystal-

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

422
The

melting and

other

OF

work

LEAD.

three

require

hours,

that

so

one

operation lasts four hours.
Eleven
from

crystallizations

liquated base

bullion

The

following table shows

ton

of the different leads

The

second

Eureka,

are

column

to

necessary

averaging 146.12
the average

produced

represents

Lead,
L,
n.,
m.,
rv.,
v.,
VI.,
VU.,
Vin.,

1.26 HarlEet

0.87

2.5

1.75

5.0

8.21

9.0

Six charges
to the

run

are

18.98

50.0

29.16

75.0

40.88

100.0

same

at

process

160.0
400.0 Blch

in 24 hours;

his

engineer and

is cupelled, the

rich lead

and

beratory furnace

The

year's work.

80.0

worked
The

two

Lead.

working

men

helper.

rich lead, desilverized

are

works.

per

Lead.

all the handling of
crystallization,

by the

are

whole

ounces

lao

fl.41
10."1

X., 98.38
XI. Blast Furnace
Bullion, 142.91
XU., Rich Lead, 262.49

dust

in

EURXKA.
0.4S

IX., 56.41

process

a

the results of the

PUBIUlf.

done

silver to the ton.

oz.

assay-value

during

market-lead

"*" Nev.

Market

attend

obtain

with

output

material

similar
of metal

consumed

the

is shown

being
of

fluedust.

lead is refined

into market

products

lead

products

lead, dross, and

desilverized

molded

The

partners

as

in

The
rever-

a

lead, the dross and
from

other

fluethe

parts of

by the following table

for desilverizing 100

the

tons

:

lion
of base bul-

excluding the refining of the lead, is : Charcoal, 25 bushels
"Curtis,

"Silver-Lead

Survey, 1884.

p.

Deposits of Eureka,

Nev.," monograph

vij.,U.

S.

;

Geologiosl

168.

Qoo^"z

PATTIN80N'8

bituminous

coal, 26.60

bituminous

coal, 8.23

tons

120

as

daj's, which

It has already been

normally,

on
-

take

to

On

place
of

account

process

because

of the behavior

starting the plant

seems

very

that
of

the

before

outline

values

of which

Pribram

have

have

intermediary

the Farkes

ried
car-

products.

probability, that the
in this country

process

of bismuth, full details of the

at Pribram

given, although

are

of

manner

they involve

220.46
The

given

are

on

retained,

as

to 100

made

course

142.91

per

oz.

be produced,

can

XII., the

"

into pounds

is,of the

kilograms and

blastfurnace

with

ton, and

1, which

in Operation

180

at

would

necessary

these equal

As

262.49

not

actually obtained, and

poling, etc., a considerable
with

is made

quintals
105

Blast

1.

L., XII., which
is

stacked

go

of

with

to 112

furnace

silver

accurate,

quintals, and
of 120.

in

Even

lead obtained

quintals.

I.

B.F.

bullion

to the cupelling

the floor

oz.

is formed, the start
180

180, XL;

furnace

gives 60

(cupel)and

drawn
liquefied in the crystallizer,
on

ton

per

further,in melting,

instead

charged

OPERATION

X., which

93.33

the weight of the market

these larger amounts,

only from

are

as

of dross

amount

quintals instead

190

the operations 130

Charge

X., with

furnish

silver

oz.

the separation according to thirds is never

these figuresare

given

amount

crystallization would

upon

120 quintals crystallizedlead, O. L.
ton.

bullion,B. F. XI,

quintals is the

quintals liquid lead, L. L. XII, with

ranges

more

''quintals" used

it

as

one

lb. avoirdupois.

assaying

with

lead

changing them

quintal is equal

One

The

422.

page

scheme, complicated

the

start is of

below

requiring

market

preceding, before

one

been

deprived

clearness.

and

be

can

gives the 12 grades of argentiferous lead, I.

and

per

crystal-

a

preliminary crystallizations have

each
represents 11 operationa,

the

than

charge

and

the process

necessary

with

40 days, of

as

pan

repetition.

The

60

desilverizing);

low.

the possibility,perhaps the

will be combined

much

melting

a

number

a

and

(forraising steam).

stated

furnish

to

423

(for melting

tons

Balling* gives the life of
lizer

PB00E88.

120

L.

0. L.,

off into the molds,

(floor).

^''Metallbattenkunde/*

p. 205.

Qoo^"z

424

METALLURGY

OF

LEAD.

Qoo^"z

PA

*

After

it has

been

refined in

TTINSON

a

*S PROCESS.

reverberatory furnace

to

425

remove

the As

tains.
and Sb it stillre-

Qoo^z

MET

426

ALL

7

URG

OF

OPERATION

Charge 1. B. F. 180, XI.
120

C. L., X., remaining

added

from

charge 1,

the

gives

L. L., XII., to

capel, and

crystallizing kettle; there

60

pots

60

C. L., X., from

are

Operation

I,

up

2. 180, X.

Charge

n.

in the

melting

to make

;

LEAD.

giyes 60 L.

L., XL,

floor,and

to

120

C.

L., IX., to floor.
OPERATION

1. B.

Charge

F.

120, XL,

charge 2, gives 60 L.
60

remaining

C. L., X., from

L., IX.; add
make

C.

60

and

gives

The

Operation I, charge 1, to make

up.

60

cupel, and

L. L., XL,

L., IX., from

120

to

floor,and

C.

120

IL, charge 2,

Operation

to

up

to

to floor and

120

G. L.,

floor,etc.

preceding table gives systematically arranged all the
steps

market

Operation IL
add

to

Charge 3. 180, IX. gives 60 L. L., X.,
Vm.,

from

60, XL,

C. L., X;

L., XII.,

2. 180, X.;

Charge

in.

arrive

to

necessary

at

the

the

point where

liminary
pre-

first

lead is produced.

It thus

products

requires 66 crystallizationsto obtain

lead from

work.

for normal

necessary

One-half

Operation X, Charge 10 remains

the

intermediary

of the crystallized
to be

over

worked

off

subsequently.
In

the

comparing

Cookson"*"

to

comes

of

processes

the

conclusion

Luce-Bozan
that

by far, as the softening of the lead
the cost of labor only
Pattinson's
amount

obtained

greater original cost, and

renewal, is

than

more

*

and

is to be preferred

is not

imperative,

that of fuel

made

BngineeriTigand

by Pattinson.
the
up

continued

so

of the

40%,
The

cost

by

only 33%

of the

drawback

of the

expense

by the advantages.

Mining

Pattinson,

the former

and, lastly, it produces

process;

of drosses

20%,

and

Journal, April 18, 1679.

of repair and

X.

CHAPTER

PROCESS.

PARKES'

Imtboduotobt

101.

"
the

that

fact

if from

being

it

whence
which

less

taken

has

in

applied

be

The

has

combines

with

Roesing*

the
has

silver

affinity
and

it when

desilverized

is

by

According
form
under

by

lead

*

Zeitscrift

t

Proceedings

to

If

it

Berg-^

fur
of

the

and

AgZus
dendritic

could

the

lead.

been

and

saying

that

therefore

that,
it

lead,

zinc

for

or

argentiferous

to

while

has

less

lead,

pure

lead

extent

kept
und

Society,

than

be

can

either

Salinen-Wesen

in

1890, zlviii.,

p.

some

PrevMen^

82; Engineering

silver

and

former

shows

unstable

an

lead, and

for

molten

is

and

dissolving

zinc

f
The

Ag4Zn5.
forms

of

greater

Hiitten-

Royal

lead

According

for

for

for

(1850-

always

Thompson,

and

Wright

be

why

cause

property
a

either

lead

ready

means

lead,

by

than

the

zinc.

alloys,

the

has

Ag4Zn5.

pound.
com-

is itself

pure

zinc

time,

holding

zxzvii.,

p.

and

Mining

or

solved
disthe
its

76.

Journal^

SO, 1890.
t Behrens,

sic

Alder-

microscope^
It

Dec.

of

zinc

the

bullion.

modified

than

main

means

to

the

alloy

the

definite

two

lead

for

lead,

discovery

has

than

molten

affinity for

greater

this

zinc

the

then

refining

is based

be

to

his

and

crust

to

has

but

of

argentiferous

found

Parkes

for

added

that

zinc,

process

affinity

zinc-bearing

for

that

the

statement

a

of

zinc-silver-lead

which

and

is

alloy,
specific

while

separately;

1842

in

when

surface

refined,

is

use

only

greater

a

the

the

lion,
bul-

an

lower

a

on

base

form

having

on

treated

discovered

by

the
on

float

zinc

some

and

based

melted

into

silver, and

its

lead,

and

is

process

is stirred

of

and

practice

theory

silver

hard

up

workiirg

of

52)

than

desilverized

be

could

fusible

Earsten

market.

the

latter

removed

be

can

Parkes'

"

zinc

2%

to

the

become

will

gravity,

1

deprive

it will

which,

Remarks.

1804,

p.

*'

48.

Die

mikroekopischen

GSefOge

der

Hetalle

und

Legininfi^n,''

Hambure:-Leip-

MET

428
maxim

releases

and
the

some

smaller

than

extent

expected from
the air it

in

Ag^Zus

lead

Under

lighter zinc

hue.

in

which

The

lead

low

always retains

than

When

free

or

would

be

exposed

to

degree of solubility
zinc

some

called

Eoesing

lead, but

either AgZus

of zinc it contains.

definitely what

more

the

components,

of it with

mixture

a

coppery

a

Ag^Zn^

alloy Ag^Zug also dissolves

the amount

assumes

and

by lead,the homogeneous

It is,further, less soluble

would.

of

The

into Zn

up

sinks to the bottom.

into the above

rising to the surface.
Ag

LEAD,

conditions, if held in solution

same

a

OF

of the lead,^hich

alloy will be divided
to

T

UBQ

in solution, it breaks

of lead

am

ALL

the

explains

small

haps
per-

affinityof

silver for zinc-bearing lead.
to the base

zinc added

Before

of silver,it combines
lead and

of the lead

of zinc

small

very

extracted

at

gold

whether

or

seem

but it

copper,

In order

be

as

that

that 2. 87%

bullion

had

zinc

been

not

of

zinc

in

a

silver,and

some

the

lead

additions

of opinion*

desilverized

no

the lead and

required

zinc.

to

as

It would

lead is free from

gold.
with

zinc

fully,
success-

be

The

table

decreased

with

each

on

the

page

addition

the

crude

remove

the

impurities

could

begin.

to desilverize

softened, while 1.75%

lead produced

charged.

so

first with

argentiferous lead

was

preceded

of market

up

market

arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and

copper,

softening had

took

a

the

on

concentrated

difference

a

in the

reasonably pure.
by Eirchhofffon base bullion containing 4. 5% foreign

metals, such

With

is

as

be

can

crust) with

copper

gold,

desilverize

to

Tests made

the

or

gold

retains the least trace

never

it is necessary

showed

of

combines

copper

that it must

of zinc

use

quantity

depending

up

obtained, and by successive

profit. There

a

the

any

contained

copper

taken

amount

amounts

separate crust (the gold

take up

can

gold and

(" 11). By

is thus

in copper

low

the

this, the

saturates

temperature
very

with

bullion

desilverization

43%

were

429 shows

and
how

was

72%
the

That

tities
quan-

of the bullion
silver contents

of zinc.

a

degree that the

the first addition

little silver shows

when

sufficient if

; the relative

lead the first five zinc additions
to such

zinc,

the lead

that

the

served

only to

desilverization

of zinc to the softened
lead

must

have

been

lead
very

coppery.
"Percy, "MetaUur^
^ MetaUurgical

of

Review^

Lead,'' p. 174.
Journal, oczzviil.,p. 205.
L, p. 224; Dingier, Folytechnischea

METALLURGY

430

According
to

to

LEAD.

Balbach,* platinum and palladium, and according

Schnabel,tnickel
The

OF

zinc used

and

cobalt, also

be pure,

must

into the crust.

go

if the desilverization

is to proceed

satisfactorily. The

following analysis by Suppan,| of Missouri,
and Illinois zinc show how
is the spelter used :
pure

Kansas

In experimenting

containing iron, obtained

zinc

cheap

galvanizing works, the writer found

from

retarded, and
no

with

at all

saving

effected by the

was

records

Jernegan"

a

found

to its

to be due

iron, 0.077%

copper,

only in the second

use

the usual

inferior material.

Fohr||mentions

impurity.
and

of tin, arsenic, antimony,

traces

good

; in

so

great, that

of zinc, which

amount

was

2.75% lead,0.61%

brands

the

iron

mium,
cad-

appears

decimal.
have

the effect that foreign metals

From

so

was

It contained

carbon

sulphur, and

of the

experience, and

similar

that he required four times

that the process

zinc required

the quantity of impure

the result

on

of the

it is clear that all argentiferous lead that contains
desilverization,
them

extent

to any

has to be softened.

zinc-desilverizing works

buy base

market

to

less

always

liable to

a

greater

or

contain

OuTUNB

102.

OF

Plant

Process.

desilverizingplant varies somewhat

"

as

as

to

require

as

antimony,

of the

and

The

according

general plan of
to its location

however,

lead, when

X"
I **
I Berg- und

Zeitung^ 18B8, p. 28.

and
must

charged into the

vol.

Huttenmdnnitche

a

by-products

communication,

IhQttenkunde,"

every

to desilverize.

by A. W. Jenks, 18M.
I.,p. 580.
Missouri
BuUetin
Mining Club/' i.,No. 2, p. 51.
Institute of Mining Engiaeen,"
of American
Transactions

Private

t"Meta

is therefore

little handling of lead and

possible. In fact,the bulk
"

in the open

ores

the practice that prevails. Ail the arrangements,
be such

all American

bullion

or

it attempts

and

and

The

arsenic

some

almost

or

bullion

extent.

refinery softens the lead before

"

All

11.,
p. 88S.

a..

1-1

I

I
1

5

^

K-f-

L

'-

PARKE8*

softening furnace
it is ready

until

through
The
and

will in

general

section

arrangement

Figs. 338 and

in

for the kettles.

The

339.

are

is also upon

the

small

kettle for

made

between

and

silver

liquating

kettle

be

used

not

be required.

The

building, the floor of which
contains

departments

two

distilled,and
turned

the

into silver,or

dore

bars

lead

The

that

they
the

market

of the

are

run

are

will be placed

these varies
later

which,
An
which

the

this floor into

where

It

the crusts

are

retort-bullion

is
in

the

The

level,in which

it passes

molds

trucks

on

into

the

placed in the
the scale-floor

on

trucks
bullion-receiving
lead is transferred

weighed

plant for working

treated.

main
The

the

building,
manner

refineries,and

;

into

products
by-

site
oppo-

of dealing
will be discussed

on.

a

a

comparison

horizontal

plane

the whole, is not

the

between
and

favorable

that

on

is built

on

a

of

arrangement
an

inclined

a

plane,

to the latter.

illustrated description of the refinery at Tamowitz,
level plain has been

und
fkUinen-Wesen
ZeittchriftfUr Berg-^ HUttenHuttenmdnnuche
Zeiiung, 1888,p. 8S7.
iZeiUchriftfur Berg-, Hutten- und Salinen-Weten
"

und

on

on

will

the scale-floor.

Thence

greatly in different

Boesing"*"draws
refinery

are

press

the left of the main

or

the next

the side of the

on

the zinc-crusts

to where

with

the

loading-track.

the

on

cars

from

the

on

lead is loaded

scales,and

Howard

In the plant shown

into

as

a

is

Following the desilverized

is dezincified.

construction

same

on

right

reached

these

no

level with

a

desil-

distinction

the

pass

will result.

merchant-kettles, and from
lead-pit.

crusts

silver,bars.

lead, the refining-furnacesare
desilverized

If

cupelling-room, where

the figure only dore

the

that

the retort-room,

"

for liquating zinc

reverberatory furnace

or

on

it

prepare

there the softened

liquating kettle,with

one

to the

is

and

the

are

In the drawing, each

crusts.

liquated

adjoining building, placed

an

bullion

apparatus

liquated lead, showing
gold

the

The

close to it only

verizing-kettle has

section

a

the highest level

stage lower, and

a

again

terrace.

a

the base

floor.

same

is that

result
of

On

receive

latter

be handled

never

refining plant is given in plan

a

is desilverized.

bullion

The

the form
of

431

plant

for shipment.

softening-furnaces,which

crusts

modern

a

refinery will show

a

PROCESS.

Silesia,

published by Saeger.f
in

Preussen, zzzri., p. 108; Ben/

in

Preuaen,

1808,xlL, p. 968.

METALL

432

According
under

outline

to the

T

URG

the following heads

is best treated

process

:

Bullion.

Softening Base

Bullion.

Desilverizing Softened

Bullion.
Lead.

Befining Desilverized
Refined

Lead.

Treatment

of Zinc-Crusts.

Treatment

of By-Products.

Table

LEAD,

given, Parkes'

Beceiving Base

Molding

OF

of Desilverization.

Conclusion.

103.

"

Pattinson's

between

Comparison
Beceivino

Base

Bullion.

on

level with

a

the

is laid

bears

track

be built

as

follows.

of from

A frame

from

is carried out
the

before

the

ft.),it is

The

trucks

in the ''bullion
then

and

from

sampled

run

are

moved

on,

and

more

no

truck

directly upon

handling is required before
The

tory furnaces, on

the
and

bullion

standing

one

or

takes

its

points

two

another, which

same

to

the

places
bullion

is

then

them,

near

is charged

produced in the smelting department

bullion

ot the refinery is loaded

to the "bullion

The

scale-shed," the bullion is weighed, and
one

into the furnaces.

the wheels,

another

scales placed at

on

may

height convenient

and

straight to the softening-furnaces,or

moves

a

which

pieces of channel-

the truck

is filled to

the

railroad,
They

axles of

upon

is

car

Along
the

at

ing-track
(receiv-

of the

diagonally.

loaded

this

track

22-in. gauge,

to

two

running

and

car-door; when

for lifting (about3J

place.

car

arrives

bullion-trucks.

the

to

by two iron bands

steadied

16

consisting of two

bar iron, 3 ft. long, is fastened
and

The

parallel with

of strongly-builtlow

number

a

bullion

Processes.

of the works.

''upper platform"

narrow-gauge

a

base

that the bottom

low

so

length of this platform, and

whole
runs

339)

Parkes'

14 to 20 tons.

the refinery in car-loads of from
of Fig.

The

"

and

at the blast furnaces

kind

of truck, brought

scale-shed," and

then

or

by

reverberaan

elevator

to the softening

passes

furnaces.

"

104.

SoFTBNiNo

Base Bullion.

Remarks.
Introductory

"

of softening is to separate from
in

the

the

blast furnace, impurities, such

arsenic, antimony, etc., that would
It comprises

two

processes,

as

base
a

bullion

copper,

The

ject
ob-

produced

sulphur, tin,

interfere with

the desilverization.

liquation and

oxidation.

Qoo^"z

By

PROCESS,

PARKES'

and

the former, metals
red-hot

blast-furnace

fusible

lead

the

By

their compounds

lead

than

heat with

as

powder

a

or

as

in solution

at

low

a

the readily

bright-red

a

a

the lead oxide,
the surface

slag from

easily

more

the result that these metals
with

by the

temperature.

lead, and

by heating it to

into oxides, and, combining
off either

the

removed

of air,with

access

slowly

with

alloyed

the lead, are

held

separated out again from

are

it down

by melting

latter, metals

oxidized

433

are

are

verted
con-

drawn

of the metallic

lead.
base bullion

When
at

low

a

heat, there

is melted
rises

the

down,
the

from

surface

following analyses

freed

much

as

as

the

analyses from

character
down

of

a

Clausthal

slowly and

impure

sulphur, 96%
only

5.8%

base

slower

a

ture
mix-

the melting

copper,

antimony,

99%
and

to which

may

be

nickel

and

1.54%

entirely in the liquated lead, and

xviii.,
p. 208.
(d) Des, Priyate

demonstrate

ing
by melt-

the two

Freiberg
of

a

viz.,nearly all the

cobalt, 25%

silver.

that

is improved

the foreign matter

removed;

:

in Pretuaen,

Lautenthal
lead

purification
of the dross

adhering lead

Zeitung, 1882, p. 293.

By comparing

seen

the

the composition

pure

drossing.

bullion

show

Salinsn-Wesen

and

comparatively

analyses the degree will be
Tery

The

possible from

(a) Hampe, ZeitBchrift fur Berg-,Huttertr und
(c)Schertel, Berg- und MiittenmdnnimAe
(b) Ibid,
notes, August, 1896.

The

dark-colored, half-

effectual will be the separation of the copper
The

it has been

softening furnace

furnace-dross, consisting of

effected in the lead by liquating and
when

a

a

sulphur, arsenic, etc.

more

lead.

slowly in

the

to

melted, pasty substance, the
of lead, copper,

down

arsenic, and

Bismuth

all the tin excepting

remained

0.9%.

METALLURGY

434
On
a

melting down

OF

this dross

in

LEAD,

crucible, Schertel"*" obtained

a

product consisting of lead, speise,and

matte, in well-separated

la.ver8.

The

absence

of iron in either speise

impurities do not result from
or

matte

It tends

being dissolved
to show

unite

alloy of lead and

might

be

these metals.

been

form

at which

the

of

a

lead

arsenic

and

melted

was

in dross

copper

that tellurium

the arsenic
led
He

to

is due
to the

not

into

a

from
this

attributes

sample, taken
small mold, and

pewter-white
*

t

ble
fusi-

down, and

probably

to the

separation of

readily enters
into the

antimony

and

expect

the lead products contained

a

often thought.

that is not

compound

an

the

allowed

spot will

appear

lead

to cool
on

after

and

skimmings

its affinityfor copper.

to

0.0025%

the following amounts

from

the dross

the similarity between

refining at Pertulosa, Italy,base bullion with

If

speise

copper.

Heberleinffound
one

to

of sulphur and

not follow

that these

finely-divided blast-furnace

by the lead, as has

liquating

on

that the concentration

does

proves

purities
that,being held in solution by the metal, the im-

at the temperature

presence

matte

or

as

it and
In

tellurium

of tellurium

drossing, he

:

poured

slowly, a crystalline,bright,

the

slightly depressed, dull,

Zeitung, 1888,p. 898.
Berg- und Huttenmanniache
Mineral
Industiy," It.,p. 480.
Ibid.,1896,p. 41; "The

MET

436

ing of yellow litharge forms

finallyno

and

When

globules

more

of

sample

a

cool slowly, and

the

blue

small

the

is not

used
works

Furnaces.

The

hearth,
whence

make

is

furnace
which

from

be

also

be

is left

on

and

to

mony,
anti-

rich indigo-

a

scratched

with

the

incision,show

the

tested by cupelling
the

cupel, the lead

to make

the

it reduces

as

the

drosses

all liquated in

a

works

This

the bullion
to

hastens

is the

lengthy, forms
kettle.

tory
reverbera-

of

considerable

of arsenic

It

way.

of

working,

see

a

the

antimony.

of

Even

fuel, is

lead

kettle

a

is in
made

short time.

10%

more

bullion

contents.

from

Mineral

of

product, and ruins

for softening

"The

ducing
by intro-

much

consumes

out.

to hold

constructed

and

used

discharge their

is always

surface

antimoniate

at this place lasts only

8 to

lead

desilverizing

the

renews

the elimination

from

sary.
neces-

liquating and

continually

the

methods

men

oxidized

level,where

were

of

bright redness, and

eaten

more

continuous

in the

the

furnaces
other

down

of oxidized

to hold

liquation

as

plant.""

large amount

they

Fop

contain

is melted

iron, it is

tle,
ket-

a

kind

same

very

which

"

in the

which

reverberatory furnaces

large enough

lead

refineries, both
on

clined
in-

softening furnace

the number

a

especially thick
The

and

expensive

the

an

outside

an

process

most

At

with

contact

softening

for the whole

serves

dry steam, which
thus

from

free

as

with

single liquation furnace, which

kettle,drossed, heated
lead, and

is

American

furnace, and

some

the

apparatus

carried

In

the oxidizing

analysis, ante). It is,however,

are

kept running, and

off into

runs

ready for

entire

the

European

liquating furnace

the lead
out

universally

some

separately from

real

a

In

bullion.

on

obtained

dross

oxidizing smelting

ago

quickly.

of arsenic

assumed

can

can

base

carried

is

Therefore, in

into

It

to soften

it (see Freiberg

economical

the

lead,

mold, allowed

a

reverberatory is the furnace

The

it is ladled
The

proper.

are

into

freshly made

incrustation

"

the liquation

smelting.

one,

it

a

place.

in this country

can

litharge forms

flat piece of wood, it will, when

a

on

the red-hot

on

sufficientlysoftened.

105.

"

seen

which

luster

; if any

sample

and

is poured

with

with

change that has taken
a

readily

of the bar will have

ease

flnger nail, and

are

LEAD.

lost the characteristics

the surface

color; the

OF

more

lead

skimmed

it has solidided, have
and

T

UBO

ALL

are

than

About

generally
the kettle
15

15 to 20 tons

years

of base

Industry/' It.,p. 4tt

Qoo^"z

PROCESS.

PARKED

hold

now

60 tons

even

The

points.

to the width

firebrick,inclosed
11

by

operation, but they

which

pan

it rested

it is

oooled

It is built of

the leakage of lead.

it reaches

cases

is located

the tap-hole

from

varying

22 in.

Its

the

on

side

2 to 5 in., the

Thus

strains, the

in

these

precautions,

old

for

that

contains

the brick

and

suffers

lead

the

to the

has

to

time

has

been

instead

has

prevented

furnace, and

be

antimony
high

somewhat

more

In

acid

the two

on

be

generally

out
a

made

if much
of

mixture
every

few

this repairing
basic

its great

adopted.

of the

the side walls.

instances

of brick

of the anti-

eaten

with

siderable
con-

Thus

the surface

cool to mnke
many

takes

coke, after

firebrick,but

courses

action

to preserve

using the ordinary firebrick,was
2-in. pipe between

to

often

An

brick

expense

ment,
improve-

by introducing
which

a

of

softening

temperature.

patching

to in order

of

The

pan.

clay and

raw

is wasted.

its being

furnace, however,

a

begins

soon

it had

new

corroding

the

after

all

still be found

pans;

of

castings,

there may

pretty

a

fire-clay,or

effective,much
tried

To-day

lieve
re-

Notwithstanding

litharge forming

to be resorted

the furnace

generally cracked

per cent,

firebrick

burned

charges, has

few

requires

and

best
comes

pan

to

free, the

heavy

tie-rods.

greatly from

of lead
The

a

stand

to

and

wrought-iron

a

In order

the pan.
allowed

running

effectually

was

being separate

cast-iron

with

be built into

time

and

roof

little while.

a

furnaces

will always

lead.

the

cast-iron

a

of caet iron ;

walla

the hearth

of

was

pan

place by buckstays

held

moniate

bottom

the

supporting

use

used to be made

air circulating beneath

by the

in

the hearth

variety in construction.

rails su] ported by brick

transverse

on

skewbacks

lead

1.

:

plan; the

shallow, its depth

exceptional

is to hold

it from

been

2

as

of the furnace; it ranges

longitudinally.

hard

often

regards detail,there is considerable

The

in many

same

figure always referring to side-tapping.

smaller
As

is the

to prevent

pan

whether

upon

at the fine end

few

iron

an

in. ; in

16

to

slope depends

As

works, furnaces

some

rectangular in

1^ : 1, or

as

it is dish-shaped;

section

from

is ellipticalor

hearth

length being

raw

At

of the different furnaces

construction

The

or

naces
fur-

bullion, furnishing 30

in successful

are

until most

the exception.

form

In

to the kettle.

bullion

holding 50 and

of base

33 to 35 tons

from

of softened

tons

gradually increased

been

bullion; their size has

437

form

a

the side-

Qoo^"z

MET

438

ALL

URG

lining of the furnace, and
The

inside

of from

course

only

proceeded
thus

cooling has been
iron pan

hearth

the

also

rests

manner

same

rails which

on

doubt

this mode
too much

within

keep

to

required

It does

base bullion

refined

or

by the

again

The

outer

lead

charge.

next

of

pans

is sup.

pan

; the

inner

the

as

While

out
with-

is unquestionably

of fuel that

to soften

necessary

the corrosion

been

has

few

double

pans.

amount

tapped, and

the

is

lead

of the hearth

furnace

the

in

cooling

direction

same

4 in.

or

A

effective,there

litharge remains

whatever

by

these

the

check

was

water-

3

furnace.

have

inner

very

the temperature

up

the

cast-iron pan

and

cooling is

corrosion

the side walls

the

laid in the

it,considering

the given time.

bottom

up

of

of

them

the outer

walls ; stay-bolts connect
of

are

the

circulates,thus

water

the former

as

thickness

another, leaving

to-day

use

a

to

then

inclosing the wrought-

of

within

circulating between

water

ported in the
pan

in

through ii

encouragement

also the bottom

softening furnaces

with

litharge

life of

this

which

the two, in

only the sides but

the

the

to the extreme

carried

holding

between

space

not

With

greatly prolonged.

to circulate

water

before, but

as

slowly, and

very

LEAD.

by the

awa^'

quickly

as

OF

allowing

eaten

was

2 to 3 in.

T

aft^r the

is not

floated

Air-cooling alone has, however,

always proved sufficient for the bottom

cooling is

; water

sary
neces-

for the sides only.
latest softening furnaces

The

sides, and

one

illustrate

some

shows

the

jacket

h

d

the

the

and

bending

7-in. I-beams
The

in the drawing.
of the furnace

behind

through

the

vertically close

take

side of the

place

on

bullion

furnace
the

inclosed

To

the

hearth

spout
at

to

The

e.

the

it,leads

is charged

bulging

not

are

shown

of

bustion
com-

zontal
into the hori-

furnace, and
into

the

at the flue

products

through

then,

the

main

two

doors

the drossing and

side, through

an

to the expansion

/ (Fig. 344)

crosses

(Fig. 341);

opposite

water

is left

the

They

pan.

to

(Fig. 340)

by

counteract

jacket, due

the

the roof

passing down

one

elevation

placed horizontally behind

are

(Fig. 342), which
The

346, is chosen

fire-box and

of the

flue g

underground.

to

discharge of the lead takes place

off through

pass

340

side

hearth

Between

c.

hearth, 3-in. I-beams

jacket, and
end

the

and

pan

The

details.

jackets only at the

water

Figs.

in

(Figs.340, 341, 344).

of the pan

out

of

of the

fireplace a

and

air space

of these, given

have

three doors

canal
h

on

skimming
i

(Figs.

Qoo^"z

841."

Fig.

Hokizontal

Section

A

Line

on

V

rs%

1^

Fig. 842. -Elbtation

I

of

Flus

End.

Fig. 844." Vertical

Fig. 848."

Section

Vertical
Line
C-D

DETAIL

i

THE

Fig.

340

to

846."

Softening

845.

Fig.

Furnace

Kettle.
,

on

OP
TAP

846.

Water

with

Section

E-F.

Line

on

M-

Figs.

B.

Jackets

for

a

30-Ton

MET

440
and

340

The

341).

let in

of

level
iron

the

pan

these

; the

bridge end

is 47

in.

inverted

an

rests

rest

two

on

skimming-doors
7-in.

on

344), being

the

The

U-shaped

bottom

covered

of

mud

that

further

by
is

each

outlet

from

the

jacket is

pieces of bent sheet

To

pipes.

insure

clean

to

cooling

(Figs.

out

The

the complete

through the

pass

intervals

at

the

details

These

water.

jackets

are

in the figures.
side jacket that is found

Another

entire side of the pan.

Near

joins the

rivets

of

plate forming the jacket.

at

furnaces

some

It is open

different construction.

row

an

the jacket at

left open

are

by loose

only

hand-holes

has

settles out

not shown

one

the

to

up

piece of iron; the tops of the

fillingof the bridge jacket, small pieces of pipe
This

j

depth of 42 in.,by

39 in. wide, while

are

wide.

inlet and

1^-in.water

top.

I-beams

is inclosed

iron; the jacket in the bridge is closed (Fig. 344).
have

are

brick walls k running

of the jacket at the flue end

side jackets and
and

hearth

the upper

plates are kept apart by stay-bolts. The side jackets

the

343

level with

a

|-in.boiler iron. The pan is surrounded
also of |-in.boiler iron ; their water
space

of

the jacket at the flue end

by

on

are

(Fig. 343)

and

formed

LEAD,

charging-doors, i.e.,to

jackets made

water

3 in. wide

hearth

The

made

pan

OF

drossing and

the

of

placed transversely, and
longitudinally.

T

oharging-doors

The

in.

URO

jacket; the

edge of the water
3

ALL

at the top and

the bottom

Both

kinds

a

what
some-

the

covers

it is slightly bent, and
side of the pan

and

bottom

has

of

jackets

are

with

the

in satisfactory

use.

The

followed

manner

in

putting in the hearth

at different works.

somewhat

in, and

carefully tamped
laid endwise

give it the

upon

then

inclination

this to be at the flue end
of

to
very

two

o

course

with

a

prevent

of

courses

is

an

mixture
any

cut

out

that the

n

brasque

there

the center
is observed

instead

brick

inferior

toward
the

of

of 7 in. at the sides.

thickness
are

the

5 in. at

little brasque

so

of

course

the

desired

the

tap-hole.

furnace,

as

is most

cement

percolation of lead.

ing
Assumcommon,

will rarely exceed

of the firebridge. In

brick,

shape and

2 in., increasing
the

figure

in the center; it increases
It is made
of

one,

so
as

thin because

is usual.

The

grade of firebrick,set dry, and

of clay and

varies

layer of brasque is first

a

it,shall bring it into

necessary

the thickness

Usually

(Fig. 343)

so

The

as

to stop up
upper

to

a

there
lower

grouted

the joints and

layer p is made

Qoo^"z

of

PABKES'

the

firebrick

best

bricks

have

close

thin

against

is

Figs.

plates of the

make

w

on

to

as

the

crude

oil.

draft

is

With

works

of

by

ramming

the

shown

the outer
the

through

pass

a

clay plug into it.

with

coated

plug

driven

wedge

Commonly

nuts.

clay impossible, the tap-hole

iron

an

It is

oIa3^

vertically between

it and

in place by the vertical ribs

slack
At

The

blast

both

in

best work

writer

50-ton

on

suggest

recalls

the

a

and

grate
base

the

The

of

admission

of

effect of
hot

time.

the grate becomes
blast pipes is

firebridge,with

very

where, with the

in the roof, and

bullion

good

of small

instance

one

required

blast under

series

replaced by

coal, natural

in the

charges in six hours.

record.
the

lead

roof, above

coal, Colorado

bituminous
softened

some

the

under

works

fuel commonly

bituminous

then

coal, and

The

this has been

of

the

soften

to

through

good effect.

works

grade

good

a

use

introduced

would

v

ping
tap-

opening in

between

space

usual

the water
are

conical

a

tween
be-

of

manner

Details

firing of the furnace.

sufficient

necessary.

of

simply

coal ; at many

is bituminous

Many

riail

either side of the spout.

Finally,
used

this

60-lb.

in the

In Fig. 342

bolts

piece of fiat iron, held

horizontal

The

tightened with

are

by

iron

an

mon
Com-

to prevent
a

as

through the flangesof the spout placed

the breaking away

in place by

Two

jacket.

bottom.

is bound

furnace

fillsthe open

they

in the figure is closed

a

the

2-in. tap-hole ^ is

then

plate,and

tap-hole is closed

held

sides of

the tapping-opening.
The

346.

the outside, where

To

The

in place by wedges

special mention.

plate u, which

iron

inner

the

of lead.

bottom

is held

The

joint

either side by

on

with, the

driven
the

as

working

roof is supported

deserves

and

345

jacket and
on

care

same

curved

to inclose

seen

cast

and

the

on

the buckstays.

thefurnace

the

the

passage

is

makes

bucksta^'S (oldrails)and tie-rods.

with

jacket

prevents the

brick

ency
having the consist-

This

it is to face.

rubbing

Each

is removed.

put in place and

4-by-l in. plate t.y which

a

it and
way

brick

this purpose

fitted by

and

the

bottom

For

possible.

clay morfcar

a

gruel, then

the

rising. The

and

into

built with

are

b' they rest
from

then

possible and

as

the furnace

in

and

water

of very
hammer

tightly as

as

the

putting down

all roughness

together until

dipped into

8

joined

In

441

first be carefully selected

they must
them

available.

be

to

PROCESS,

ordinary
This

an

use

impure

hardness

was

is probably the

cold blast in the roof

air, as

is done

in

Lake

Qoo^"z

MET

442

Superior

A LL

URQ

just above

effect complete

might

In the

of

injection with

compressed

gal.with
is the

in

one

The

burner

Conducting

of

the

through

paddle is

l|-in.iron,

a

off and

is rounded

of

air

9

or

has

oz.

Korting inspirators, as
saving of oil when

a

air

pared
com-

being equal

of the Standard

Process.

thb

is about

down

to

145

Oil Company

follows

as

rectangular iron bar about
being flattened

bent

side of the door-frame

to

a

The

:

bullion

of

means

of

a

long-

ft. long, made
distance

a

a

lug is often
It

roller.

of the door-frame, and

for the paddle instead

mode

of

of 2 ft. 6

bar of bullion, while the other
A

support

8

for

out

ring.

a

to

The

"

slowb'.

of 3 in.,to receive

in. to the width

heated

of 8

oharging-doora by

two

melted

end

one

air to

use.

paddle, and

handled

the heated

pressure

forms

operating the softening furnace
is charged

a

air proved

Beed

common

Mode

106.

"

different

The

steam.

the

enters

additional

injection, 100 gal. with

steam

in the

through openings in the firebridge.

replaced most

with

the

roof, and

it delivers

fuel, air under

as

flue ascending

the

If necessary,

combustion.

of oil

use

D,

a

through

the bridge, where

the furnace

enter

LEA

refining furnaces,* where

copper

side wall of the fireplacepasses
furnace

OF

T

cast

serves

thus

either

on

bearing

as

facilitates the

manipulation.
In

the bullion

works

some

are

given in contract
at intervals

charged

as

30-ton

which

kettle).

lead

When

8

new

a

be empty

must

base

ing
mold-

bullion is
do not

bullion, as

lead, is regulated by the

(from

kettle of bullion

16

to 18 hours

has been

to receive

work

of the refinery must
bullion

is melted

ized,
desilver-

the desilverized

the
in.

EglestOD,

"

dross ; sometimes
This

Transact

is very

to be properly

hour

an

fine coal

Institute

the

it has

of the lead held

some

of

is spread
the

(average
whole

continuous.

after

more

or

effective when

ious of American

to the kettle

this general scheme

be based

It is stirred to detach

charged.

bullion

softened

hours). Upon

required

stirred

softening of the

desilverized

the

men,

refining furnace

takes the longest time

time

*

in others,

once;

nace
(average time required 8 hours), and the softening fur-

ready to furnish

by

of four

orew

the kettle and
The

the refining furnace

The

a

the refining of the

desilverization
a

to

when

require their attention.

for

at

the charging, softening, desilverizing,refining,and

where

well

is all charged

bullion

been

in suspension
over

it and

is pure,

so

Mining Engineers,''ix.,P- 690, plat"ii

Qoo^"z

*

MET

444
of

in the form

as

is well covered, the cooling and

operations

two

To

spread

the

over

This

less lead

thus

formed, and
the

furnace

to

with

the subsequent

If the

bullion

Another

through
of

number
main
and

perforations

pipe is bent
held

in

the introduction

and

skimmings

the

they

are

tool

are

drawn

to facilitate the

gently

on

over

the

closed

fresh

a

ducing
by intro-

at the

into the furnace
has

will be pressed

the

a

ends.

furnace-door, which

time

sides of the furnace.

down
While

required

large

a

and

for

amount

ate
antimoni-

It is,therefore,

cases.

at

is the

side

is

a

in

at

use

Freiberg,

is softened.

antimony

firebridge,and

of the furnace

as

wood,

of

the

say

8

furnace

work, and
thus

to

in. long.
in

enable
remove

a

thin

the

fast

long iron hook, to which

of

surface, and

one

the

of

flue end

the

used

out

the

pipes having

of the lead oxide

either

triangular piece

skimmings

two

and

its ends

tin, arsenic, and

removed
The

form.
a

order

in

is

1-in. pipe, to the

disadvantage that it forms

to be mentioned

rich

T,

a

is done

it is introduced

shorten

that the swash

is introduced

skimmings

at

does

only in extreme

bullion

and

introduction

exposing

This

a

side

closed

pipes

steam

of

interfering

parallel to the sides of the furnace.

the

A third method
where

means

by the

two

strongly corrodes
to be used

of

that when

so

run

of

softening, it has

Blast

continually

either

on

place

weighted, the

into the lead, and

addition

of litharge from

the cbarging-doors

of

is

the time required for softening.

lead, thus

screwed, by

are

lime

softening.

of

of hastening the softening is the

each

nace
fur-

altogether.

hard, the addition

very

to stir the

of which

of

Any

proved.

to the oxidizing action of the air.

surface

to the

the

disadvantage

great

greatly shortens

method

of dry steam

of

the

sometimes

lime

during

the lead

necessary.

is

antimoniate

an

is

ordinarily

;

are

lime

refiners add

be

furnace
of

liquation of the antimony' skimmings,

is

cupelling furnace

been

to

better dispensed with

therefore

The

has

three

is' oxidized

effect of lime still remains

lime

end

Some

The

repeated

are

sometimes

the idea that

after drossing, with

it.

the surface

as

skimming

bath.

metal

ming
hard, skim-

is very

soften

furnace, slacked

the cooling of the

hasten

bullion

soon

but
sufficient,

are

LEAD,

If the

again, and

up

OF

sufficient to

be

not

heated

therefore

TJliQ Y

thin crust.

a

will

onoe

ALL

is fastened

With

it the

In

stream.

the workmen

as

to pa^

only skimmings,

but

Qoo^"z

PABKB8'

handle

lead, the

no

PUOCEaS.

is supported

by

445
hook

a

the

suspended from

roof.
the

After
thrown
The

skimmings

is taken

furnace

consumed

fuel
coal

being used
lowing

A

of

values

bullion

silver contained

calculated.

h%
for

the

amount

charged.

softening is about

entire

charged,

or

8.6736

in

of skimmings

the weight of the bullion

iiuedust

The

156 lb. of soft

gal. reduced

oil,air

showed

softening furnaces

from

the fol*

:

furnace

new

The

bullion

atomizer.

as

Samples

the

be

of bullion

ton

per

; thus

assay

of

is about

found

for

sample of the softened

a

are

into the kettle.

it is tapped

can

skimmings

the

and

weighed

are

remoTed, the doors

been

the lead before

to cool

open

in the

have

last skimmings

bottom

for which
stillneeds

absorbs

a

it is difficult to

considerable

give

of base

amount

figure. One

any

satisfactory*
explanation, namely, that

a

proportion of gold collects than

larger

a

silver,considering the

of

liarity
pecu-

average

composition of the bullion treated.

"
"

107.

From

Desilvbbizino

Softened

the

into

i^ashed

with

lime

whitewashing

adhere

to the

tapped into

a

thrown

on

sides when

the bottom

would

would

be

liable

lead

up

trough of cast iron, | in. thick, placed
In order

dross, the lead

runs

from

the

a

which

If the lead
to

crack

to

the

The
beneath

to decrease

trough into

a

will ignite readily.

unnecessarily prolonged.

of the furnace.

where

of silver crusts

be

for bringing the

white-

been

point

the kettle is cooling.

cold kettle,this

temperature

has

the

to

facilitates the removal

the time

a

heated

and

water

bottom, and
into

sufficientlycool, is

desilverizing kettle, which

splinter of dry wood
The

IntroductoryRemarks,

the lead, when

the softening furnace

tapped

Bullion.

on

were

the

required
lead
the

the amount

runs

charge-spout
disof

cast-iron pipe placed

upright in the kettle.
The

kettle-dross

charged.

formed

It is skimmed

amounts

off and

to

added

about

1%

to the next

of

the bullion

charge in the

Qoo^"z

446

METALLURGY

softening furnace

after

The

kettle is

The

the

furnace-dross

ready for the addition

now

quantity of zinc

of the lead, and

the whole

on

formula

new

Z =10.39
where

Z

lead, and T
This

corresponds

Z'=

Boswag
found

also

are

23.32

=

metric

Z'" pounds

These

the

formulated

added

11.66

=

lead

0.0325

+

20.78

=

0.24

+

metric

one

ton

general formulae

to

lead.

2,0001b. of lead and

of

varying

in

30

silver,say
How

zinc

Ulingt

in silver.

tenor

kilogrammes

silver in 100

corresponds

T'" (ounces silver per

lead)

to

ton)

For

rich

of zinc

to

oz.

the amount

is shown

in the

In practice it has
base

the bullion

bullion

so

bullion

base

bullion
be

idea of

approximate

an

desilverize

to

silver contents, irrespectiveof the zinc

running

the figures

added

increases

recovered

are

with

too

the

later by distillation,

following figures given by Plattnar ^

far not

with

a

been

found

single addition

the less difference

is there

possible to desilverize
of zinc.

between

the

The

richer

assay-values

La d^sarKentation de plomb/' Paris, 1884,p. 241.
in Preutaen, zW., p. 61.
ScUinen-We^en
und
Zeitschriftfur Berg-^ Hutten
t Berg- und Huttenmdnnuche
Zeitung, 1889,p. 117.

i

"

T=

T"

probably give

required

*

of

2,000 lb. of base bullion.

total amount

rich

of siWer

T',

bullion ; which

of base

ton

low

a

to

quantities for the

iio desilverize

the

high.

the amount

purity

T,

0.223

+

(grammes

for every

to the

:

Z" kilogrammes

for every

off.

ton.

necessary

They

0.036

+

zinc to be added

pounds

silver per

ounces

taken

to

Z'
where

according

with

silver in 100 kilogrammes

grammes

=

been

is

zinc to be

kilogrammes

=

has

of zinc.

varies

necessary

increases

Boswag's*

present.

LEAD,

OF

PARKE8'

of

zinc-Bilyer crust

the

four zinciugs
and

is desilverized

by

be to concentrate

must

crust, so

and

therefore

are

PROCESS.

much

(as gold crust) with
lead ; then

silver to

enough
silver

thp

bulk

of

form

crust). One,

or

to

the

the

these

silver; hence

more
as

fresh zinc

for

zinc contained
from
back

a

the

18 to 30

ton, while

oz.

silver crusts

third

as

ought

oz.

or

less per

silver crust

the

to

bullion

and

run

ton

some

of the

crust

always

2,000

oz.

goes

oz.

per

The

silver crusts,

drossed

only and

of three liquated gold crusts

gold

tained
ob-

ordinarily

0. 3 to 0. 5

than

of

added

are

The

ranges

from

lower

composition

rich in silver and

of

with

two-thirds

zinc.

new

low-grade bullion that has been

still retains the antimony,
softened

and

second

up

alloy (the first

lead, but the zinc contained

the third silver crust

the first never

from

takes

conditions, combine

is available

following analyses show
obtained

to saturate

suitable

second

The
,

the copper

added, which

zinc-silver-lead

the

kettle assaying 60

to the kettles.

at from

gold and

the first desilverization,and

in them

This is best done

possible, and
is

be

zinc-

one

occasionally two, subsequent additions

will,under

crusts

zinc

rich

zinc will completely desilverize
in

the

remove

can

desilverizing

possible into

as

as

three to

bullion

in

aim

of the zinc.

little silver

as

The

silver

to utilize all the power

as

From

lead.

Low-grade

zincings.

by first adding sufficient zinc
the

residual

necessary.

two
as

the

447

from

:

Salinen-Wesen
und
in
(a) Ztitschrift f"r Berg^ HUttenPreussen, zxyiii., p. 262.
Huttenmdnnische
(r) Berg-y und
(b) Ibid,
Zeitung, 1875, p. 129; Engineering and Mining
Sahnen-Wesen
17, 1877. (d) Zeitschrift fUr Berg-, liutten- und
in PreusJournal, March
xzziv., p. 92. (e) Schnabel,
MetcMhUttenkunde,t, p. 547. (/) lies, private notes,
tten.
1896.
(g) Jea"s, private notes, 1895.

METALL

448

the

Of the gold crusts

oomposition,
silver and

oz.

5

or

containing

bullion

0.15%.

gold

normal

pounds
than

any

Lautenthal

could

which

carried

more

again in

down

any

of the
with

The

silver
and

others, as they are
decomposed
by steam,

if the liquation had

been

required is added

While
be

additions

one-fourth, and

depend

the

cannot

own

if the bullion

assays

Some

following is
dO-ton

a

the

kettle

are

TABLE

OP

extracted

by

number

a

advance.

of zinc

amount

certain number

of the simplest.

one

in

of these tables

of

are

of

Each

that shall
of gold

ounces

complicated.

very

it,the gold and

By

the

on

silver in the lead

that

determined

table to show

proximately
ap-

implicitlyfollowed,

must

at which

rate

in

this corresponds

be

silver to the ton.

a

in

Altenau

from

of zinc is influenced

refinery has its

from

lower

the additions

circumstances

The

dred
hun-

of the

total zinc

successive

bullion.

and

Those

actual practice, it cannot

the amount

be added

Sb

floating in the

much

run

any

one-twelfth.

of the

decreases

the

that

remaining
to

assay

and

of several

portions: first two-thirds, then

separate

finally the

as

0.02%,

brass

from

further.

It is usually stated
three

given

kettle and

a

resulted

alloy.

done
be satisfactorily

not

As

to the amount

than

lead

normal
ab-

an

ordinarily 2,000

crust

of

sponges

true

a

(g) shows

0.37%,

refineries.

American

retain

to be melted

to be

silver crusts

from

This

ton.

formed

They

seem

All the German

by Jenks

bullion assays

per

like small

crust.

and

gold

LEAD,

impurities Cu

as

It looked

analyzed

one

oz.

OF

Y

the retort

as

6

UBO

separately with

silver

three

zinc-

additions.

Ud to 0.10
0 10-0.80
0.80" 0.50

"w.
oz.
oz.

lead, taking
gold

ton, 800 lb. rinc.
gold per ton, 850 lb. zinc.

With

up

ton

are

added

oz.

|

gold and

are

extracted

by

has been

for bullion

oz.
ob.

gold per ton, 400 lb. zinc.
gold per ton, 450 lb. zinc.

etc,

etc.

are

copper

For

zinc.

as

high

an

addition

skimmed

extracted

from

instance, 30

as

300

or

of 300

off the

assaying from

the first silver crust

silver per

GOLD.

400

30

to 40

0.30

kettle, 500

150 to 250
oz., 550

of

lb.

oz.

lb.

are

the kettle will assay

ton, generally from

the

tons

of zinc, require 360 lb. of zinc, while

0.6%

bullion running

After removing
to 50

that

the gold crust

When
of zinc

per

O.BO-0.70
0.70-0.90

I

Kold per ton, 280 lb. rinc.

saturating this with

lead without

FOR

Sold per

It is to be noted

oz.

ZINC-ADDITIONS

oz.

; in

lb.

silver.

given.
from

10

excep-

Qoo^"z

PARKE8'

tional

it may

oases

run

the silver contents

81^

high

as

70

as

of silver-zino,varying from

addition

been

PROCESS.

high

as

from

of

70

as

Bullion

oz.

0.05 to 0.10

the ton, receives
lead running

kettle

the

one

0.2

400

seoond

lb., will reduce
if it has

in gold and

50 to 125

the

oz.

and

ton

silver,

silver to

silver-zinc,the

one

final

and

trace, even

a

low

from

silver to

oz.

to 600

to

running

gold-zinc and

less than

The

oz.

down

and

gold

oz.

449

resulting

generally a

trace.

The

following table for

basis of most

vrith the second

the

copper

and

the

and

the kettle

400

lb.

seoond
to under

lead

(and gold)
of

last crust

in

the

are

;

calls for 512
per

ton, there would

ton.

been

be

saturated

Assuming

oz.

that 140

with

the silver contents

required, according

to

and

all

accomplished this,
ton

require 390

kettle assay

that by

that 500 lb. of zinc

silver per
oz.

zinc

:

The

gave

to 28

the

1

table

lb. of zinc ;
oz.

lb. to bring the silver contents

If the

the

KETTLE.

previous charge have

they reduce

forms

of zinc presupposing

addition
has

by Eurich

THIRTT-TON

removed.

first column

given

oz.

a

A

kettle

:

has given 146

assay

column
4

FOR

TABLB

the first zincing the

shows

30-ton

of the zinc tables
ZINC

It starts

a

oz.

The
down

silver per

third column,

a

MET

460

fourth

ALL

addition, viz.,180 lb.

the fourth

Lately Edelmann
in

richer

a

oxidized

part obstructs

the

produced, and

however,

be free from

arsenic

neutralized

In

unsuccessful.
and

Antwerp,

insure

to

silver crusts

zinc, in

the

On

crust.

lead

the

a

alloy with

or
electrolytically

to

obtained.

difficulties

the

a

"

large

at

the

to below

copper

did

not

enough
*

Berg

Mining
Schnabel.

sulphuric acid

dissolve

in the

copper
und

JwimaU

readily and

very

it

and

Nov.

15, 1890;

Metatlhuttenkunde,

was
near

process

had

to be

0. 1%,

two

4%

equal parts
lead, to be

oxide

worked

was

next
a

refined

of relatively

as

The

crusts.

the granulated
to

way,

satisfactorily,

too expensive and

slow,

rich

of

in the usual

working of the

was

into solution to obtain

Hiittenmdnnitche

antimony

pretty free from

one,

desilverization

was

0.05%

Hoboken,

in sulphuric acid, and

encountered

and

resembling the ordinary silver

one

silver

dissolved

desilverized

Mountains, the

together, about

two

be

gold crust, which

small

electrolytic refining ol the rich crust
with

assisted

desilverization

large scale

a

of the

20%

While

were

addition

thus

0.03%

low-grade partly-oxidized alloy, to be retorted
were

sist
con-

experiments,

copper

the

antimony

on

removal

liquating the

unoxidized

must

The

of their

arsenic; 0.1%

1%

obtained

were

the

alloy rich in silver

effect of the aluminum,

working

the

As

the direct output

reduced.

some

that
and

copper

rich in silver,and

and

oxides ; then

Lautenthal, in the Harz

at

per

alloy distributed

improvements

of zinc

proved unsatisfactory, as beside
heavy

an

is partly oxidized.

be increased, an

necessary

harmful, but with

not

interesting

oz.

rich in silver.

very

should

was

the

to

in obtaining crusts
It was,

on

effect in preventing oxidation, and

favorable

a

0.1

ordinary silver crust, they

of

consumption

aluminum

0.5%

below

ing
satisfactory separation of the zinc-bear-

a

lead would

of desilverized

had

which

preventing the formation

in

carried

zinc-silver alloy, the

the

to

quantity of zinc-silver

zinc-bearing lead

of

The

usual.

through

lead from

additional

the object of concentrating the silver

with

small

a

By giving in

lb., i.e., an

brought

Bossier"^ have

alloy than

consists of

say,

kettle.

the

zincing avoided.

and

series of experiments

LEAD.

of 512

will be

100 lb., the silver contents
thus

OF

clean

to

lb. instead

the third zincing 612

ton, and

T

URO

impossible

ment
treat-

alloy
to

get

silver bullion of sufilcient

Zeitung, 1890, pp. 245, 429; 1891, p. 128; Engineering and
April 4, May 16,1891; Sept 2, Oct. 21, Dec. 9, 18B$:

i.,p. 673.

MET

452
vhioh

enrioh

may

been

made

and rarely
to

one

in American

found

in European

use

in the

of steam

of uniform
Such

kettle

lead

in which

it

367, 371, 372 show

Steel kettles

use.

They have

is refined by

sides of

rests
a

come
means

desilverized.

was

kettle is usually suspended by its rim, which
cast-iron ring covering the top and

2 in. at

or

kettle lasts from

a

desilverizingworks.
the

often

thickness throughout,

being in continual

works, where

same

Kettles have

lead.

bottom, tapering to 1^

made

are

half years,

a

LEAD.

OF

in. in thickness.

1^

over

and

one

not

are

into

at the

At present they

the rim.

T

already desilverized

in. thick

2^

URO

ALL

brick

on

A

circular

a

wall.

Figs.

three

supporting rings; see Fig. 367 for the
desilverizingkettle,Fig. 371 for the liquating kettle,and Fig.
372 for the liquated-leadkettle.
of four separate pieces,shown

The

casting (Fig.367) consists

in section by Fig. 368.

fastened together by bolts passing through flanges,as
The

369.

casting rests

incloses

and

With

brick-work.
of

a

circular

which
pressure

kettle filled with

weight of the
reaches

often

thus

wall

rises 18 in. above

a

thickness

it

as

his

experience

if suspended from

a

rib

cast

Miiller*

gives

then

would

rib

This

fireplace and the
the

of

rim

main

consists

form

that

the

on

the

brick-work.

The

in the front

elevation

seen

section

(Fig.350) shows

kettle lasts longer

kettle at half

its depth.

between

simplifiesthe

place from

side

iron support3 in. exposed.

or

partition wall

encirclingflue,which

fired is

a

to the
The

lead.

of 18 in.,the

entirely covering it or leaving 2

ring either

the

than 9 in.,if it is not to give way

thicker

of the

Fig.

in. wide,

9|

kettles the support of the

many

are

ring, covering only the top of the brick-work

iron
be

must

seen

It is made

(Fig.347).

9-in. wall, which

the

in

the working-platform of the kettle,as

on

in the front elevation

drawn

They

which

(Fig.347).

the
The

the plan of the brick-work

the

tion
construc-

kettles

are

horizontal

with

the ashpits

of the three kettles.
detail of the brick-work, and
Figs. 348, 349, 351 give more
from the grate to
show the road of the products of combustion
In the desilverizingkettle the
the flue leading to the chimney.
flame

upward;

it then

flue

entering

the fireplaced

from

goes

a

passes

around

(Figs.348, 351), first

back

the kettle to the right, in

and
a

cular
cir-

by the arrows),and leaves this at e,
In the
vertical flue leading to the main
chimney.

(as
"

indicated

Berg- wnd

Hiittenmdnntache

Zeitung^ 1880,p. 21"

e
o

31

'a

PLAN

of

h

4i

w

b"
tb
oi
or
ai

in
oi
k"
08

d(
d"
3:
oi
fa
3(
d:
ai

b;
OJ
w

P
w

ri
^
it
T
fi
ti
fi
s"

P

8

t

"
1:

c
"

\

PABKE8*

PROCESS,

453

liquating kettle the products of combustion
under

/ (Figs.349, 351), after passing
flue g.

the

The

(Fig. 351)

to the

go

from

gases

in the bottom

cast

brick-work.

It

lead

by

or

a

clamp

and

Steitz

the
other

for

in. in

2\

kettle

also by

a

e

the

made

kettle

liquating the
shown

in

the

on

The

Here

be shorter

may

usual

spherical form.

be

In

"

bailed

out

The

the

discussed

the

Three

with

no

distinction

2

the

of

to it to

it into

the

reaching into the

arm

of the kettle

than

with

are

of

in

Formerly

given

dogged,

verizing
desil-

first is

kettle

desilverizing kettle and

would

been

The

use.

shallow

a

the

required for

apparatus

sorts

It consists

the

into

after it has been

a

that the

placed

close to it.

discharging

be possible if the kettle had

perforated cast-iron

a

from

at

up

and

small

disk

the opening

works,

as

the

the perforations

do not

open

prevent

spherical kettle,whence

for

every

This
it is

desilverizing kettle

its liquated-lead kettle.

is made

(an
into

passing off with

some

when

the

skimmed.

given show

liquating kettle with
that

from

being carried off by the liquated lead.

spout

drawings

it

cast-iron

a

carries

connection

spout, to prevent particlesof crust

from

rim

of

discharges the lead

placed inside the kettle,over

easily become

a

any

in the center.

the

runs

the

d, having

the

skimmer)

fine particlesfrom

form

h screwed

siphon

old

; this has

present

To the other is attached,

in the center, in order

spout

liquid lead

from

elbow

an

to shorten

to 376.

convex

was

At

piece of gas-pipe

a

The

end.

crystalllzer),

common

vertical section-arm

zinc crusts.

is

the outside

on

is preferable to

A

breaking.

Apparatus.

level with

bottom

through the

inside.

to reach

as

it has

from

lower

must

Figs. 374

same

out

kettle.

a

so

convex

Liquating

h

discharge-

a

the beating surface, the bottom

to increase

109.

"

running

and

It consists of

In order

refining furnace.
is sometimes

by

trough of |-in.iron, which

cast-iron

lead and

emptied

the

use,

emptying

c, the

near

liquated-lead kettle

slide-valve

a

on

common

bottom.

elbow

an

stop-cock
into

thumbscrew

the lead column

prevent

either by

diameter, bent

the

to

kettle,straight into

discharge of the Luce-Bozan

in Fig. 388.

is shown
to

of the kettle and

siphon is in

means

formerly

were

closed

was

the

(similarto

the

the fireplace

left,and join those of the liquating kettle.

Desilverizing kettles
pipe

the

beneath

from

go

between

gold

the result that all the silver produced

crusts

This
and

contains

one

presupposes

silver crusts

gold, and has

Qoo^"z

MET

454
to be

Where

parted.

the

as

being

for

crusts

the

LEAD.

kept separate, the desiWeriz-

silver

small

two

to be parted.

With

a

between

be too small ; it will have

(Fig. 338), will
to leave

a

the

the

gold

the

two

of the

centers

in the general plan
be

to

the two

between

passageway

as

spherical kettles

plant where

desilverizing kettles of 32 ft.,as shown

two

for the

side, one

silver resulting from

kept separate, the distance

are

either

on

crust, the liquated crusts

the

Only the

kept separate.
have

OF

are

liquated lead from

will then

crust

T

liquating kettle

a

other

gold orust, the

URQ

the crusts

ing kettle will have
well

ALL

ciently
enlarged suffi-

small liquated"lead

kettles.
The

second

is

apparatus

reverberatory furnace

a

floor of the

desilverizing kettles.

The

is

hearth

shaped, and
lower

end

outside

having

of the

The

obtained

from

it in

a

crust, and

thus

silver from

the crust

the kettle.
furnace

eliminated

at

a

atmosphere, which
in

a

rails resting

a

for

is probably

is on

than

the

that the liquation of the

performed
from
and
are

With

continuously

the

if it be

the

kettle

driving
result

lead

this

covered

a

small

through
plant

a

a

dryer

a

of

some

in the

the

can

in

one

chute

gradually

a

reducing

in

with

for the

of several

silver crusts

beratory
rever-

be

place

sheet-iron

a

required degree.

advantage

with

posing,
Sup-

the

two

reverberatory,
systems

be

can

furnace, which, being separated

collects all the rich crusts

delivered

writer

that always takes

to the

the desilverizing kettles,does
which

pan

liquating kettle,as he
from

better

that

temperature

remains

The

side.

one

the

It lies

longitudinal walls.

however, the liquation to be equally good
apparatus, there

the

level with

a

of 3 in.

increasing temperature

liquating kettle,even

plate, on

on

prevents the oxidation

raising the

To

wrought-iron

a

two

on

to

time

reason

slowly

:

into the liquated lead, as often happens

back

The

ioto

bullion, without

richer

sides.

inclination

is tamped

shorter

follows

as

liquated-lead kettle of the

an

reverberiatoryfurnace

prefers the

the

discharges the liquated lead

working-doors

two

on

ft.,slightly trough-

along the

small

plate has

transverse

has

furnace

with

a

built

described, the rim of which

one

floor.

supported by
The

into

be
5

by

in. high

of brasque, which

bed

a

a

furnace

the

as

the working
on

4

rim

spout is attached, which

a

form

same

plate, 10

cast-iron

a

It may

placed

into

not

disturb

into

one

the work

place, whence

the bins of the

there,
they

retort-room.

liquating reverberatory furnace

of any

rea-

Qoo^"z

PARKES'

dimenBions

Bonable

for the extra

to

in

third

the

replaced
The

with

diameter;

screw-press

c,

is inclosed
that it

and

the

can

The

method

allowed

stirred with

it

kettle has been

skimmed.

away

well

all extraneous

serving
gives

a

up

a

with

heat, thus

number

flows

into

up

back
to

pushed

into

the

side and

one

alloy will fall

pieces suited for
until

press

lead-discharge and
a

are,

the
that

removing

as

is

being

not

the

(one

press

the

crust

oxidized

it belongs.
in

a

out
spherical kettle with-

the liquated crust

antiquated, if the

to

a

dry crust,

is to be

in this way

If the temperature

obtain

floatingon

crust

it is impossible to obtain

is satisfactory.

sufficiently high

around

room

as

that the liquated lead flows directly

skimmer

distilled,and justly so,

more

the operation

practice of liquating zinc crusts

be raised

the temperature

of compressed

giving

that
kettles),

of

its lead readily,and

dry "!rust that

into the

off of the lead, and

pulled

now

cheapening

simplifying and

the liquid lead with

a

is

press

the crust

advantages of the

into the desilverizing kettle where
The

The

operation is repeated

The

electric

an

liquating kettles and reverberatory furnaces

it does

kettles and

and

lead

it is easily broken
The

/,

filled it is raised,the crust

is

press

the cake

(see " 111).

retorts

or

follows:

as

unalloyed

The

came.

floor,where

as

the

dropped, when

the bottom

the

All

applied.

kettle whence

air

iron rod to assist the running

an

whole

differential pulley h.

a

It is then slightlyraised

When

a

traveler

a

until it has assumed

into the cylinder.

skimmed

to the

there

to remain

The

d.

the kettle,lowered

over

in.

6, and

from

by compressed

track

26

It is generally raised

of

is

works

to

bottom

suspended

working

the overhead

on

pressure

of

22

a,

worm-gear

means

as

reverberatory furnace.

of kettles.

is replaced

of the lead.
or

number

a

into the kettle g by
this

lead and

and

e,

in many

already

of

general,

alloy press,* shown

hinged

means

frame

serve

Sometimes

brought

by

if

even

liquating kettle.

cylinder

perforated

a

to the

the

or

cast-iron

a

operated

in

lowered

motor.

of

is not

is the Howard

kettle

liquating

used,

to pay

desilverizing kettle.

tne

has

to do

be

must

furnace

adhere

which

378,

consists

press

in

and

in

reverberatory

latest device

and

377

Figs.

the work

refining works

several important
The

liquating kettle

extent

some

preference for the

The

so

The

455

sufficient work

have

\"rould not

labor.

it obstructs

PROCESS.

a

of

the lead

considerable

'

*

U. S.

Patent, No. 568,709,July 14, 1896.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

466

OF

quantity of it YtiW be redissolved
CO

the surface when

at the

same

time

FiGB.

to the
to

the

next

877 AND

in silver.

878."

charge that is

retort,

as

by the lead.

the lead cools,but
low

it would

The

to be

with

LEAD,

it will be rich in

It must,

Howard

It will rise again

lead, and

therefore, be returned

Alloy

Press.

liquated, instead of going directly
any

of the

three

apparatus

just

discussed.

Qoo^"z

MET

458

disks

ALL

the lead, from

gliding,on

giving the lead

minutes, thus insuring
stirring-in,which
has always

Howard

hard

effect of

mixing of zinc and

one-half

stirrer

they

and
is

introduced

of the

zinc, i.e.,the temperature
will

bring

silver contained

be

to

the

way

into lead containing

zinc

of the lead.
the melting point

with

crust, and

it

the

of

sie^im

of

some

the

slightly above
will

steam

the

cause

a

melting point of
thorough

mixing

lead.

3. If the temperature

cherry-red, the

be between
will

steam

of zinc, which

3%

at

the kettle is skimmed,

zinc

a

(stirring-in
time), the

of zinc and

hour

an

in the lead.

2. If the temperature
zinc

This

replaced

giving

lead be below

when

surface

the

to

lead.

has been
now

^ye

every

three-quarters of

to

varies greatly according to the temperature
1. If the temperature

reverse

(see below).

when

steam

the periphery,

intimate

steam-stirring, which

by

toward

center

for the workmen,

mechanical

The

the

LEAD,

which

lasts from

been

works

many

an

OF

motion,

rotary

a

Y

URQ

cause

a

dark-red

a

not, however^ take

does

incipient

an

rise,containing about

to

scum

and

silver away

any

from

the lead.'*'
4. If it be
; the

steam
as

resulting zinc

powder

a

The

cherry-red, the

clear

a

the surface

on

steam

The

placed beneath
through

that the steam
to insure

is then

turned

place.

When

may

the

expulsion

down

and

the steam

the lead toward

the rim

ROalng, ZeiUcKrift fur

76,77.

oxide)

collects

any

weighted

b3' means
by

bubbles

waves

the

vnd

a
a

the

to

the vertical pipe,
Before

up,

in

order

the

warm

water.

the

The

pipe
pipe

bar of lead to keep it in

will drive

on,

ing
com-

(with

reaches

the air to

a

trap

coupling

a

in place.

condensed
with

to

are

steam

elbows

two

it with

of the kettle,and

Berg-^ Hutten-

of

the

is turned

a

pipe is turned
into

out

by

pipe, which

connects

of

explosions

the vertical pipe

kettle when

the

first pass

by the first ascending

*

elbow

in. into

To

is joined

horizontal

An

of the kettle.
24

which

valve is opened, the vertical

steam

and

platform.

platform is fastened

the

that will reach

lead

is separated

water

the working

nipple intervening)the
center

with

(mixed

the

decompose

of the lead.

condensed

piece of pipe, to

small

will

be absolutely dry if violent

must

be avoided.

oxide

zinc

of lead
zinc

hardly

ScUinen-WeMen

in

any

caused

floating on
of it would

Pretuten, xzxrfL,

pp^

PARSES'

become

PROCESS.

incorporated with the lead if it

the center

of the kettle to be drawn

current

close to

to the surface

toward

the

after

soon

459

into

the
The

-pipe.

steam

stirring-in has

the center, that they may

take up

pushed toward

not

were

lead by the downward
zinc crusts

begun

also pushed

are

silver.

more

that rise

Thus

the

^^^
f
"

879

Pigs.

to

881." The

Howard
AND

zinc

and

again

then

nearer

the
the

crusts

circumference

again pushed toward
The

tool used

pass

Combined

Zinc

"

"v

"

"

Stirring

Machine

Cover.

at the

down
of

the

center, and

kettle,whence

come

they

up
are

the center.

for this

purpose

is

a

wooden

hoe, consisting of

MET

inch

an

LEAD.

board, 12 by 18 in., into the

center

"Combined

Howard

The

URG

8 to 10 ft.

inch lath from

an

ALL

OF

460

Stirring Machine

381, is the

to

proved successful,the mechanical
obsolete

haying become

^the cover

three

parts

cover

B, made

has

"

to rest

seal the

and

bath

the metal

the

of

by rods R

When

the

the

zinc

metal

and

is being
the

cover,

nipple and

a

for

power

a

of 110

rate

the

the

in

metal

bad

carries

space

has risen

inlet Fon
with

to 20 minutes

with

flow of metal

will be

the steam-main

60-ton

a

crank

minute.

used.

almost

great

to the

and

With

kettle.

The

traveler K

by

means

whole

"U.

S. Patent

t Qraner,

*'

No.

30-ton

Thus

689,617, Nov.

L''6tat actuel

de la

peller
pro-

at the
a

fect
per-

then of the
in the short
in from

15

By reversing the engine the

oxidation

apparatus

T bolted

gear

elliptical
out

kettle and

of
is

of the differential pully M

P, and the four iron rods

kettle,

By the action of the

opposite direction.

completely excluded, the
reduced.

a

horse

bevel
an

surface, is obtained

with

in the

and

side and

one

inclosing cylinder is forced

60-ton

a

pended
sus-

ards
stand-

is of three
for

power

double

a

per

are

7 to 10 minutes

of from

is

the two

being constantly replenished from the top.
circulation and stirring-in,first of the zinc and
that

conductor

by the collar

bottom,

zinc crust

over

air inclosed

cover

is supported

engine, which

revolutions

propellers

kettle two

60-ton

The

the

the rim of the kettle and

steam

rotates the propeller shaft through
at the

the

cover

of five horse

and

30-ton

a

into

pedestals of the oscillating
reversible

The

hose.

W, and

the kettle

in.

From

inlet is connected

The

the outlet opposite.

by

O,

engine E, having its

steam

The

passing

a

of

of the cylinder is the propeller S

The

plate for the

a

others^

consists

over

being

'"^

has

cylinder A^ 2 ft. in diameter
6 in. below

Inside

in the lead.

holding

device

stirred

loss by radiation.

guided by the box

H

and

prevents air from

attached to the vertical shaft (7,which

0, and

that

flange will sink

rim, the

1 ft. 6 in. high, the top being

submerged

The

it is brought

This

sheet-iron

a

stirrer

only

ago.

Cover/

iron, is strengthened by T-irons

on

the

heat, reduces

and

stirrers of Cordurie

years

surface.

while

between

is inserted

B, the stirrer J, and the traveler K.

of sheet

lowered

Z and

lead

many

angle-iron flange F.

an

of which

long.

Zinc

379

represented in Figs.

T

to

As

zinc

the
and

suspended

air is
lead

is

from

a

L, the cross-piece

the T-irons

on

the

covers.

20, 18M.

rndtallurgiedu plomb,'' Paris, 1866,p. 78.

Qoo^"z

PARKE8'

The

traveler

runs

described.
The

The

method

filledand

and

and

raised

is lowered, the

oover

slightlyfor the

the engine

The

has been

in silver,and

the metal

zinc crust made
be

to

combined

mechanicalbs

At

his apparatus

and

raised

over

lead enough

to pay

the

with

their

better

reduced

no

all the

use.

in

the zinc
the

0.65%,

to

dross

retort

of retort

brought

hand, by

hasten

At St. Louis

damped

or

doors

and

the

cooling by

shape of the

kettle,but

pipes did
and

trouble

or

the

to

the

as

steam

and the kettle is allowed

open,

to the

to

ton of crust.

ash-pit

and

tried

favor,

made

made

press

kettle is removed

wide

pipes bent

for

labor,

the

powder

and

10 to 12 lb. per

St. Louis, Meyer*

has found

and

correspondingly increasing

fire-doors

thrown

are

blue

stirred in, either by

coal, the

in the flue

time

air and

stirrer

lastly the

the fire beneath

of water-cooled

they

cool the

not

inconvenience
were

given

nected
con-

up

many

ago.

Another

that has

method

to the

is suspended
about

again

the stir,

to it are

rich, thus reducing the amount

as

been

has

and

has been

cupelled one-half

slack

wet

to cool.

on

After

saves

the

of

of

dOO-oz. bullion

twice

the zinc

After

air

cover

lowered

until it is ready for

up

that it

are

use

insignificantfigure of from

years

heated

little dross

the yield of refined lead, and

means

and

of zinc is reduced, the zinc crust

very

the

with

consumption

damper

the

up,

is brought again

cover

of the exclusion

account

on

retorting. By

with

heated

of zino

removed,' the

stirring,the consumption

an

for the first zino

zinc addition.

and that

buUion

kettle

kettle to be

"When the kettle has cooled, and

advantages of this method

richer

heated

propeller attached

side.

one

the kettle,lowered, and
the next

and

cover

high and pushed to

the zinc crust

the

started, after the zino is melted.

ring-in is finished,the
up

be

addition

previously

press

is $500.

Assuming

to

ready

the

as

press

is simple.

thus

461

rails

same

of stirrer and

cost

of working

addition, the
then

the

on

drossed

PROCESS.

surface

of the lead.

verticallyover

3 ft. above

the surface

lead in the center, which
at the sides.

This

lately

method

the

into

come

A

pipe

center

of the lead.

4

use
or

of the
The

is to blow

5 in. in diameter
kettle

so

as

to be

cold air chills the

sinks to the bottom, while

hot lead rises

is effective after the bulk

"
Mining and ScientificPresa, 1882,"ol. zliv..No. 5; Berg- und
iung^ 1883,p. 801.

cold

of the crust

HUUenmdnnitche

Zei-

MET

462

has been

removed

tendency

of the silver crust

the

7

URQ

ALL

taken

to adhere

hastening the

of

means

it injures the

as

brick, is

in by steam, its
After from
the

then

removed

a

14

to

l|-in.iron gas-pipe,

as

hand-hold.

by

is

pushes with

man

his partner, who

as

hoe

it into the liquating kettlQ,the mold,
that

is important
order

that

kettle

and

much

as

the

lead

pushing the

to work

have

men

back

crusts

it

press,

times, in

several

off into
the

the

end

of

slowly and carefully to
the

into

the crusts

lead, which
have

been

would

removed

the surface, the alloy adhering to the sides of the kettle has

from

brought

to be

first with
blade

a

the

to

an

the fire under
and

and

Skimming

twice, after which

down

is done

no

hour

scraping

zinc.

The

time

been

extracted

eight samples
buttons
The

of

together
gold

crust

an

from

the

and

how

lead

assay-ton

to ascertain

obtained

to

much

handle

The

of 1-in.

see

When

It

finished,

this heated

to melt

required for heating

hours, according

(obtainedfrom liquating zinc crusts)that
is taken

lath.

generally repeated

are

perform this operation.

to

to two

one

wooden
the

the kettle is again started,and

varies from

by scraping them

will rise to the surface.

crusts

more

stir in the next

A sample

a

is of steel,2 by 4 in.,and

bar

iron.

takes about

surface, which

chisel-pointed bar and then with

the

of

round

has

ing
discharg-

Toward

dry.
very

again
When

much.

very

become

Before

gether.
to-

toward

crust

be drained

possible may

as

the

jerked

be well

obtained

crust

the operation both

the work

skimmer

the

work

men

the Howard

or

the

suspending

the skimmer.

with

takes it up

|-in.

handle,

crosspiece

a

Two

lever.

a

wooden

a

by

It is

of

the

and

diameter;

far

so

which, made

of

facilitated

acts

down
kettle.

ft. long, having

is

hook, which

One

in
7

work

The
a

to the sides of the

in.

18

hose

a

in cooling.

lead has cooled

skimmer, the disk

with

much

not

from

sprinkle water

the

to adhere

of

up

has

crust

a

effective afterward

hours

to three

begins

crust

iron, is from

retard

of

cooling, although

to

will be found

use

two

that

avoid

bulk

the fireplace. If the zinc is stirred

inside walls of

against the

skimmer

the

sides, thus reducing

to the

after the

somewhat

off.

Another

used,

LEAD.

that it counteracts

; it is claimed

necessity of scraping them

been

OF

to the amount

is added

to the kettle.

wh""ther

silver.

each, and

all the

It is well
dissolve

if all the gold has been

by the first skimming

of lead

to

the
taken

gold
cupel
silver
out

is collected

in

Qoo^"z

PABEES*

PROOESa.

in flat,
slightly conical molds

use,

The

obtained

crust

liquated,

is broken

While

the kettle

the Howard

second

poor

with

is used

operations
The
molds

two

crusts

of the

into molds.

supposing

There

cools and

put it through

After

each

skimming,

assayed for silver

40

or

the last silver crust

After
0.2

oz.

Should

silver per
it prove

ton,
to

the last crust

above.

If the

hour, the

a

30-ton

an

include

are

taken, and

the progress

taken
to

lead
say

should

is being

0.4

0.6

or

of the

temperature

show
made.

oz.,

the

kettle after

off will be effective in causing
be

is

\ assay-ton

more

given off by the lead, as stated

from

one-half

of the

kettle

to

three-quarters of

will be

kettle four

the time

hours

by four
the

are

allowed

additions

softened
the time

for

of zinc.

reduced, and

bullion

is

the softening furnace

each

zincing if

The

first four

being run

into the

during which

lead is being siphoned into the refiningfurnace.
from

assay

of the desilverization.

less if corroding

slightly higher,

kettle,the last four hours

oomes

to

entire zincing saved.

the silver is extracted
hours

the kettle

crust.

is used

steam

ton, it is

found

has been removed, the assay

crust

crust,

the Howard

before

be

charge
dis-

the third

silver per

It will

press.

works

of second

the surface

on

samples

silver contents

thereby generally
In

the

at the low

has been

silver-bearing zinc

or

be

of steam

introduction

forming

Some

zinc with

necessary

a

tackle,and the

the amount
ounces

on

until needed,

the plate, while

on

more

collected in

remain

crusts

to reduce

check

to

The

is discharged

kettle together.

the

the main

as

of the silver.

sometimes

skimmer

silver crust

the crust

ciently
is suffi-

lead

fresh zinc.

plate is raised by block and

In order

high in silver

as

and

any,

becomes

the previous charge

from

also

the

advisable, after stirring in the
stirrer,to skim

was

the

when

the

from

(which

of the bulk

obtained

the

kettle to show

a

extraction

oftener

slid into

are

already

being

liquated lead

press),and

are

only the second
goes

whitewashed.

111.
up,

crusts

iron plate.

end

one

is in

for the gold crust.

as

third

and

whitewashed
when

same

pressed, but

or

"

crust, if there

the

second

press,

in

silver crust

third

are

Howard

is being heated

hot, the zinc for the
The

been

the

shown

as

up

with

unnecessary

from

that have

of the previous charge is added

first silver crust

an

reverberatory famaoe

of the liquating kettles or, if the

one

463

it is usually hot

the desilverized
When

enough

the lead
to melt

Qoo^"z

ALL

MET

464

the first zino quickly, and

to tap the

necessary

hours, but
Some

softening furnace

desilverize

possible to

has

with

three

the

stirring in by
1,500

gold

oz.

0.3%

hand

the

zinc, and

the entire

ton,

crust

oz.

the

ton

the

making
year's

150
of

oz.

The

copper.

liquation,is about
With
crust

0.5

oz.

coal

ton

and

of oil

or

illustration of

silver and

0.5

oz.

silver per

1.5%' zinc, and
The 1.5% represents

silver. .The
to

about

oz.

per

only three zincs

less.

or

second

3.0

by the second

oz.

ton;

are

silver-zinc

From

the

zino

This

lower.

in the

kettle,which

for

\%

was

averaged

ton, with the usual

amount

required for desilverization, including
a

ton

stirrer and

ounces

of

0.65% (a saving

zinc

is only

time

the fuel is also reduced.

of unsoftened

press,

liquation, the

several

also

the zinc crusts,
by distilling

to the

ready for the retort is 7.5%
furnace

the

Where

reduced
to 0.2

15

kettle

less.

or

oz.

ton.

per

of the

gold

54 lb. for

the Howard

and
per

oz.

for softening bullion

silver and

an

required

actually consumed

amount

run

reduction

liquated gold crust, required

to the kettle part is recovered

added

a

silver to

oz.

The

reverberatory furnace,

a

extract

to

assay

are

30

As

up.

8%,

to 30

added

the

of

was

added, the silver contents
from

is desilverized

considerably, and

silver contents

the

the third to 0.2

ton, and

varies

orusts

5%

gave

zinc

reduces

silver crust

be desilverized

by the substitution

they take

silver contents

the

reduced

gold

length of time.

same

bullion,containing 170

reduced

liquated silver

the

tion,
addi-

When

can

6 to 8 hours.

liquating in

and

of softened
to

metals

for each

kettle which

60-ton

a

16

accomplish

precious

separate.

the

in

crew

fuel.

as

of silver which

amount

tons

zinc

lasting from

weight of the single

The

the

to

give five hours

be still further increased

may

for coal

gas

of

can

it is

zincings in

utilized

silver crust

is that of

zincings, each

a

together, a 45-ton kettle

additions

quickest work

of time

and

kettle

skilled

four

extract

to

of zinc, and

extracted

are

With

be

to

works, therefore,aim

silver

in two

last zinc

the

empty

kettle with

30-ton

a

keeping the gold and

The

of the

and

four hours.

moment

every

three additions

and

LEAD.

the melting down

in the standard

be included

with

OF

of the final orust require but littletime, so that the hour

skimming

it.

T

VBO

silver

with hand

against 13%
bullion assaying 300
as

15%)

bullion.

weight of the

the

gold ; the
of

base

oz.

ring
stirsilver

total consumption

and

through

of

saving of

Qoo^"z

MET

466

the liquated crust

up

into
bottom
with
a

a

of

ALL

has

ribs of the

same

from

silver crust

"

it

112.

Refining

it,of

the

atory
reyerber-

of

the

crust

the gold

ton, that of the

liquated from

first

the

first silver-zinc.

the

flows

course,

that

Lead.

into the

apparatus used

The

"

kettle

same

that

either

that

undergo

a

0.6 to
at

0.7%

the

last

the

with

during

away

zinc

used

in desilverizing,

refining process.
lead is siphoned

for refining,which

lead

quantities of arsenic

entirely taken

not

introduced

were

from

prevailed

this, and also small
were

desilverized

removed,

the desilverizingkettle the

off into the

American

is in most

refining

reverberatory furnace, occasionally a spherical kettle.

siphon (" 115 )isheated

kettle,the stop-cock being
of tbe lead and
closed with

a

the shorter

one

held

the

into

break

emptied, and

it not

it will

way,

for this purpose

an

into

out

construction

of the

a

by

when

a

couple
the

The

the temperature

it,the stop-cock

and

out

lead.

in the

down
runs

taken

arm

it in tbe

it has attained

is filled entirely with

stop-cock is then

cast-iron trough, which
To

keep the
of

of bars

is

suspended, and

lead.

charges
disin

siphon
Should

kettle has, for example, been

the
half-

be possible then to fillthe siphon again in the
be

necessary

iron funnel

the breaking of the lead column
Refining

When

refining apparatus.

place it is weighted
lead column

filled by immersing

and

open.

key, the longer

opened, and the lead

113.

the

or

weight

before

temperature

the lead must

"

lead

has been

crust

remove

the softening, or

usual

of the

The

oz.

Desilvebized

to

To

antimony

The

supi"ort;

as

to the door-frame.

silver per

oz.

With

came.

skimming.

a

high), the

in. thick.

frame

a

atus
appar-

in.),alternating

\

in the kettle

silver crust

press,

zinc, according

works

requires

60%

to

to 200

the

retains,after the last

From

by 2

3 in.

gold
desilverizing kettle before the gold-zinc is

to the

the Howard

and

40

30 to 40

given, that from
whence

(18

liquating

rim

a

it is attached

by liquating

100

from

is added

With

slits

this box

furnace

is from

assays

crust

the

In desilverizing 250-oz. bullion,the lead from

charged.
crust

it from

18 in.,with

(24 by

press

lead recovered
furnace

LEAD,

width, the casting being

the reyerberatory

The

OF

series of

a

liquating kettle and

with

T

is to transfer

cast-iron box
which

UBQ

in

the

invert and

to

be used

may

is

a

very

Reverberatory

reverberatory furnace

fillit by ladling ;

to avoid

rare

But

accident.

Furnace.
used

delay.

"

The

general

for refining is the

Qoo^"z

PROCESS.

PARKES'

same

that for softening.

as

the refining furnace

ton

instance, the

For

kettle

smaller

made

was

13

hearth

of

depth, with

thickness

same

the softening furnace, only making
thus

simplifying the

shown

in Figs. 340

in., it will have

parts.

the

by 8ft., and

of the

the

At

present it is
dimensions

same

slightly shallower,

If in

softening furnace,

the

doors.

In

the hearth

is placed beneath

the flue,as

described; in others, below

the

will fill it to

the

3

ized
desilver-

just below

the lowest

refining furnaces

some

is reduced

receive

to

necessary

.

as

the hearth

kettle, which

skimming

a

13-in.

346, the depth of the hearth

to

the capacity

from

lead

iron

of

to
25-

having

of walls.

give the refining furnace

to

commoner

the

12

order

lead it had

13 in. deep,

side-walls; that of the refining furnace
same

of

amount

softening furnace

a

9 ft. and

by

to make

customary

was

the softening furnace, in

correspond to the smaller

that it might
treat.

it

Formerly
than

467

the

point of

in the softening furnace
door.

skimming

central

By

to the

that the
general plan (Fig. 338) it will be seen
lead is discharged from
below the door
next
to the flue.
The

referring

arrangement

for

tapping is usually the

If, however,

the

refined

the

furnace
instead

tap

the

into

molds,

is to be

from

the

slightly different from

both

furnaces.

directly from

conveyed

still found

is

as

being molded

of

will be

lead

in

same

in

few

a

ces,
instan-

"Merchant-kettle," the

that of the softening furnace

(see " 115).
The

When
heat
and

the

hours

off the

is required to burn
carried

to

the

zinc.

the fumes, and

off with

charge,

to that in the

forms

at the

This

After

the surface of the lead will be covered
The

skimming.
removed,

and

skimming

are

the

doors

second

the last traces of zinc and

removed,

the

rabble

means

while

hot, have

a

should

in

should

held

up

to

be visible.

these

four

heavy lithargelike

seen

is

cooling and
to slag

completely

are

of

the

plates.

light, but

If these

scorified

refiners add

necessary

surface

large, thin
the

a

which

is often

when

high

Ihe skimming

open,

the

bright-yellow color

greenish-yellowwhen
spot (antimony)

from

be

with

When

antimony.

a

heating about

given, after

third beat

litharge drawn

of

a

heat
A

repeated.

thrown

are

and

Some

time.

same

as

is partly volatilized

partly oxidized

in softening.

as

nace.
softening fur-

is filled,the fire is urged,

furnace

by the litharge which
lime

is similar

of operating

mode

lead

by

It should,

in bulk, and
not

one

a

brown

large flakes of lith-

Qoo^"z

METALL

468
should

arge

for

become
time

some

URO

dark

to the

T

show

or

air, the

OF

LEAD,

spots after haying been

lead

is not

exposed

sufficientlyrefined

to

satisfy the requirements for corroding-lead.
bar of lead molded

A

fern-like

the surface

on

angles

to the main

there will form
bunches

small

correct

If the

the surface

lead

is not

in addition

of crystals similar
solidifies

bar

to the fern-like

lead, if all the
the lead

been

has

this color will not

been

the lower

on

If it is allowed

to the

to

fall

to hasten

even

It is introduced

doors

through the
pipes the

steam

1 ft.

about

the
little,

a

the

time

absence

off of the

of

is used.

steam

zinc

operations.
In addition

chemically by

injectors in the

roof

through pipes inserted

or

the

nearly touch
when

is correct

in

With

the

lead is thrown

up

thoroughly melted

and

temperature

liable to be powdery

are

and

into the lead

hearth.

the

skimmings

to obtain

if rightly used, will

Steam,

required for refining with
from

about

contain

120
7

114.

hours; with

amount

skimmings

"

color, if

kept there.

it the dependent

through
to

as

In order

jets it is four

about

so

of steam, ranges

use

about

bar of

a

; if it

high

filled with

and

increase

not

the

of skimmings.

amount
The

either

pressure

lead.

of

shots

with

burning

effect of stirring,it acts

the skimmings

is too low

lip a blue

intensity, and

lead it is essential to keep the

free from

bar of refined

a

it is essential for the temperature

operation,

the bridge

near

times

by the zinc (" 110).

being decomposed
the sides

the

mechanical

mere

three

or

Lastly,

side of the

to ther necessary

will be greatly retarded, and
In order

removed.

surface

that the lead is of inferior quality.

prove

quickly

raised

disappear

satisfactorily refined,although the

In firing the refining furnace
to be

two

blue color of

the

impurities have

lead will often show

crystals,

completely, leaving the

in the bowl

lead will show

right

at

snowflakes, which

to

show

sufficientlyrefined,

finely-crystalline. A ladle filled and emptied
with

should

temperature

crystallineforms, the branches

axis.

on

the

again when

at the

from

to

lb. per

ton

desilverized

in

lead

15

4 to

5%

The

hours; with

coal

is the

Kettle.
one

"

hours.

consumed

four steamThe

refining

charged, and
in refining is

bullion, corresponding

oil,air being used
the

plant, without

30-ton

of the bullion

of unsoftened

gal. of reduced
Refining

to

jets three

six

lead.

of

90%

10

a

The

invented

as

to

atomizer.

second

method

ing
of refin-

by Cordurie, who

intro-

Qoo^"z

PROCESS.

PARKES'

duced
oxidized

be

in by

the

excluded

steam,

pulverulent yellow

from

oxide

zinc

Lautenthal'*'

the

analysis of the oxides

An
Pueblo

12.5%; PbO, 6.0%;

ZnO,

The

plane.

forms

consists

of 60 to

they contain

smelted

are

at

Lautenthalf (Figs.382

lead)
hours,

to

ft. 2

3

a

cherry-red

;

29 to 36 lb. per square

iron

pipe

z, bent

at the

the

to

In order

kettle is covered
the lower

leads the vapor

Zeituchriftfur

t Private
"ol.

i.,p. 444.

inclined

an

of the whole,

reverberatory furnace,

a

covering

It

power.

40%

PbO.

The

residual

for

second-class

lead, as

a

to
a

two

and

of the

the

kettle,

that

all the

sheet-iron

Berg-^ Hutten-

notes, 1890; niustrations

oxides

doors

from

in

a

The

Salinen-Wesen

Schnabel,

has

been

radiation, to

being lost,the
has

in.

the

square)

conical

hood

and

which

pipe into the main

cylinder with
in

''

steam

cylinder, which

sheet-iron

chamber.
und

(4|

It ends
a

from

of
cast-

a

the

zinc

loss of heat by

movable

through

so

four

pressure

through

the

opposite

a

of

tons

introduced

hours

two

having

steam

inch is then

metric

ft.

(6

is finished, in

prevent

dust

kettles

desilverization

form

dust
a

cast-iron

the

12^

steam-pipe.

flue,terminating in
*

:

rated
sepa-

deep, holding

to decrease

by

rim

opening for the

to

are

over

15.44%

good

384)

to

After

bottom.

keep off the air, and

near

33

superheated

from

oxidized.

at Lautenthal

in

intervals

in.

heated, after the

are

Howard

to

antimony'.

some

in diameter, and

enters

according

gave,

by washing

ones

and

ZnO,

67%

previous

the refining kettle of the

paint of

reddish-yellow

a

without

of antimony.

is settled in vats, dried

of lead

shots

At

(Prussia) is
23.775%; PbO, 37.933%;

impalpable powder, forming

floats off and

from

Works

Pb, 81.0%.

by screening, the finer

and

the kettles at

larger shots of lead of the oxides

The

a

taken

from

Befining Co.

Smelting and

of

consists

shots of lead.

is desilverized

taken

the

finely divided

the high percentage

softening ; hence

it is also

as

surface

Befining

at Lautenthal

As

is oxidized, and

the

0.986X;ZnO,

1.893%; FeA,
Pb, 34.236%.
base bullion

lead

when

and

Smelting

SbA,

The

oxides

the lead.

on

surface, and

on

and

powder

a

the

floating

composition of these

The

of

cherry-redness, the

to

up

of the

some

mass

of lead and

mixture

heated

lead

collecting in the form

zinc

the air cannot
carried

the

into

Bteam

469

Pteusaen^

its hood

zxxTiii., p. 2T8.

Metallhattenkunde," Berlin, 18M,

SECTION

A-B

l*F^*

Figs.

382

to

384."

Lead-Repining
Refining

Kettle,
Works.

Lautenthal

Smelting

and

472
and
trav*

pain
mini
part
Pi
Refi:
kett*
trea'

ring
bott
seali
raiai
fron
hori
of tl
beet
inte
the
beir
If
boti
tem
F

kep
lead
fori
tern

oxic
ofh
fact
leac
leac
wh"
of

e

zin"
and

yel]
the

472

MET

ALL

and

pipe is suspended

by

For

traveler.

paint

LEAD.

differential

Jb. of unsoftened

produced, which

are

OF

running

a

100

every

T

URO

is higher than

bullion

4.67

the percentage

in the reverberatory furnace, as the paint forms

part of the total lead taken

Befining Oo., Pueblo, Colo., is shown
kettle,8 ft.

1| in.

of the hood.

joint with

sealing the

lowered

raised and
from

intended

for

a

the kettle,and

is

then

of

has

be

the

entirely excluded

by

The

to

pipes

kettles,while

two

larger number.

It takes three

hours

it,about

two

to steam

hood

sheet-iron

those of the

onb'

serve

to

to receive

vertical

than

The

concentric

differential pulley

a

and

386.

two

groove

a

oxides.

joined

smaller

are

the former

because

Its rim

can

or

means

small

a

is intended

by a
pipe
The
leading into the dust chamber.

horizontal main
of these pipes

air

sand

by

and

traveler

a

The

but

and

ft. deep,

which

rings forming ridges, between
bottom

3

lead.

of desilverized

20 tons

treat

lb. of

of skimmings

Smelting

in Figs. 385

diameter, and

in

a

of the kettle.

out

refining plant of the Pueblo

of the steam

Part

from

pulley

suspended
suspended

a

at

is

dimensions

Lautenthal,

the

latter

hours

are

to heat

up

1,700 lb. of oxides

being produced.
If the kettles
bottom

For

kept

weak

becoming
and

temperature,
the
at

made

were

in heating

yielding

then

cherry-red, as

of

fine powder

a

will be mushy

oxide formed

of lead disseminated
facts

to

as

the

lead retained

this had

of

and

zinc.
a

The

a

incidentally

top of the

on

with

retain

a

hours

its characteristic

gave

yellow litharge

lead

taken

whenever

If the
and

0.116

the

%,

of flattening out
assumed

up

in

its surface

a

the

oxides

ladle

forms

is exposed

the

zincy

readily;
the form

hours, the lead retained
when

the

the following

steaming \ hour

disappeared and the oxides had

of

skimmer.

large quantity of shots

After

:

some

lead in the

is lengthened

Kuhlemann*

0.402% zinc, after 1^

operation is finished

sample

float

of zinc

elimination

required

in steaming.

of steaming

dry powder, i.e.,after two

a

and

and

through it.

lead still showing
when

time

lead to the

zinc, and

readily removed

sinks, the

temperature

be danger of the

it is essential that the lead be

the

lead, will be quickly oxidized
form

the

up

to the pressure

of the operation

success

a

larger, there would

0.0004%
powdery,

are

clean

golden-

to the action

of

the air.
"

Private

notes

from

the Lautenthal

''

Becord

of

Analyaes," 1879.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

474
boiler

iroD, and

carrying
leaves.

The

connection

C\

and

between

the lower

on

pairs of rods

for

one

n,

piston-rod B,
each

of

pin Z",traveling in the

a

the extension

the yoke and

has

a

lock ^to

the

slot

make

of

rigid

a

the piston-rod; the air cylinder

side the air inlet and

opposite to it

latch L

a

to

the projection of C\

secure

the kettle to be ready to be skimmed,

Supposing
be

to

immersed

in the

air will be turned

piston-rod

to rise

When

turning.

have

will

its load

pushed

the

and

the

moved

with

engages

on

leaves to unfold.

used

air is let out

The

of

use

remains

the skimmer

up

the

substituting for the air cylinder

a

this

leaves will

kettle,the yoke

is

locked

air let out

again,

into the lead.
the

work

be had, the skimmer

cannot

now

the skimmer

raised, and

L

makes

air

When

is
For

the

it

with

It

by L.

to be unloaded.

by L.

over

latch

compressed

pulls

are

will sink

skimmer

sufficient pressure

leaves, the pin

of the cylinder, when
latched

piston, the

the closed

when

the

causes

yoke

the

(7' is latched

again, it is brought

Jf to the

with

and

the oxides

drop, the yoke remaining
to be

This

in the slot C* to the position D', when

up

side,where

some

purpose

the skimmer

figure, compressed

The

piston-rod has opened

the yoke extension

one

in the

through the hose.

until the projection of
to

shown

lead, as

and

extending into the lead prevents the leaves from

stationary, and
D

LEAD.

air-cylinder A, with

piston-rod carries

the extension

has

suspended

a

link N, \vith two

a

OF

very

is worked

combination

If

easy.

by hand,

of rack

other

and

gearing.
The

great drawback

kettles.

According

is very

from

free

20 charges, while

to

method

of this

is the

where

Schmieder,"*"at Tamowitz,

antimony, cast-iron
steel kettles

are

kettles

good for

90

and

wear

hold

and

days
under

days.

apparently the

experience
The

120

dezincifying lead, and

for

European

most

As

by the

Berg- und

not

to

same

one

within

serve,

life

foundry,
the

lasts

as

30

over

cast

writer's
a

year.

exclusively

is the

case

in

works, both for desilverizing and refining.

use

into the lead and
*

has

The

figures are

the

month, while another

a

only for

out

greatly prolonged if it is used

kettle is

a

from

conditions,

same

will last only

life of

kettles

Of

the lead

charges.

of cast-iron refiningkettles varies greatly; extreme

in

tear

of steam
some

Hiittenmdnnische

a

considerable

of this oxidized,
Zeitung, 1887, p. 877.

amount

of air is carried

Bosslerf tried

to

replace

t Ibid., 1^90, p. sHS.

PARKES'

it

different

by

heated

dioxide

in

C,

oxide, and

white

With

gases.

to 700"

be skimmed

could

he tried

mixture

a

by pressing air through
a

was

in

metal

present

as

mixture

of carbon

producer,

powder

a

of its zinc

75%

to

oxidized

a

in

metal

as

large scale with

a

formed

gas

of

the

The

use

from

was

of
a

state, the rest

The

present.
was

In

was

700" C,

working

15 to 20 volumes

up

ing
be-

refined lead

kept above

a

gas-

obtained, containing

was

containing from

pose,
pur-

zinc

the

By

state.

top of the lead.

on

a

glowing coal.

finely divided

dioxide

As carbon

for such

nitrogen, drawn

gray

to

nitrogen, obtained

some

zinc if the temperature

zinc crust

a

and

darker

by the carbon

entirely free from
otherwise

a

and

which

finely divided

monoxide
of

dioxide

in

was

to be used

pure

being

converted

the lead.

cylinder filled with

a

powder,

gray

zinc

off from

of carbon

lead

dioxide, the

all the

short time

a

475

carbon

be easily obtained

cannot

result

PROCESS,

of

on

a

carbon

"?"
Fig.

dioxide, too
Schnabel,*

"

lead

of

to make

This

in which

the side away

the

from

gas-pipe is screwed

the

into

pan

with

has

h

(Fig. 389)

the two

by

a

become

furnace

is screwed

by

into

stop-cock
"

''

c

ladling

antiquated.
the reverberatory

part of the

if of cast iron; if of

either side and

the

a

wrought-iron
cast-iron

molding
it from
In

some

furnace

furnace,

to

a

T, whose

Metallhttttenkunde/'

fastened

wrought
together

jacket, the

pipe

plate placed between

sides of the jacket at the tap-hole.

cast-iron

The

"

desilverizing kettle,a piece of 2-in.

on

If the

done

At the lowest

iron, into the flanges placed
bolts.

Fubnacb.

directly from

refined.

according to

practical success.

a

has, however,

it has been

Stfhon

encountered,

were

Eefining

the

the lead is molded

works

on

the process
fbom

Lead

Steitz

formerly universally

was

kettle.

a

The

difficulties

many

Molding

115.

888."

The

pipe h is joined

horizontal

arm

is closed

i.,p. 44t

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

476
with

a

e, with

plug d.

To

the vertical end
at the lower

elbow/

an

7 to 10 ft.),which

A, while

it discharges the

the center

of which

used

commonly

is attached

be moved

can

lies beneath
to

the

long

a

horizontally by the
placed in

circle,
semi-

a

The

nipple.

differ from

392)

nipple

a

is screwed

lead into molds

(Fig.390

now

of the T

end, into which

pipe g (from
arm

LEAD.

OF

molds

the ordinary

-w-

Fig. 889."

blast-furnace
the other

has

a

hook

its former

through it and

to hold

enough

At

place.

rests

the mold

three bars of lead.

above

a, while

this has

hole

a

tiltingthe mold, it is

works

some

Furnace.

wheels

two

on

lip of the mold

the bar tipped out, and

away,

Refining

for

end

one

The

leg 6.
a

Apparatus

in that

molds

'By passing

c.

Molding

Lead

then

the

quickly returned

molds

The

run

are

lip then

made

to

large

has, instead

of

^-

"
PLAN.

^.?.?
"

SECTION

Figs.

ON

890 to

THE

392."

LINE

rtONTVIEW.

A B.

Lead

Mold

Refined

for

Lead.

the hole c,

a

rectangular socket running horizontally,into which

is inserted

a

slightly bent iron handle

the

When
under

the

is to be

stop-cock, and

the

lead of the
into

furnace

elbow, the

emptied

the

refining furnace

to
a

horizontal

to be

and

move

charcoal

pipe

warmed.

stop-cock is opened, and

tilt the mold.
fire is started

immersed

It is then
the lead

in

the

screwed
run

into

Qoo^"z

PARKES*

the first mold

however,

of the

not

semioircle.

necessary.

the molds

otherwise

would
attend

has also to

he does

the

to

with

will have

Another

with

bent

a

method

mold

One

first three

the pigs
molds

filled.

molds

the

width

of the

dropping it
dross

former

bars.

the

on

to the floor

on

method

gives

a

of lead, the

to

of the lead

the

has

the

With

the next

and

need

has

method

in

be good

of the lead directly from

found

much

116.

Molding

a

below, and

kettle

to the

four

contract

up

the rest

required for molding
to attain

molding,

every

the furnace

again for

heating-up of the
for the

the

part

furnace

lining, therefore the

refining furnace

has

not

might be expected.

from

"

tons

disadvantage that the

the

Merchant

Kettle.

to tap the refined lead from

common

into

as

to

holding 30

Thus, after

and

cooling

molding
so

the

to heat

required

cannot

favor

ceiving
re-

ous,
be continu-

considerably for the lead

down

This

charge

every

not

third zincings, and

for molding.

are

charge.

vertical

separate operations, molding

second

The

more

the

charging, softening, desilverizing, and

the

the right temperature
or

the

form

the methods

kettle

a

be given

thus

can

has to be cooled

hours

that

that

advantage

the last crust is rising,the total time

furnace

molds

be less than with

can

the siphon.

between

being six hours.

the

shipping level of refined lead and the

do it in two

refining. They

40 to 60

the fillingof the molds

molding

in addition

from

bullion

with

it must

water,

after the other.

the

level of base

as

with

the
lead-pit (Fig.338), where
weighing, and brought back empty

before

of molding

be discussed; then

the lead in the

wall of the

filled one

are

When

sharp, chisel -pointed bar, and

a

In this way

between

distance

with

of the

it is chilled
solidified,

has

with

off to the

method

This

is thus

another

trimmed

are

semicircle

more

off the

after
four

or

run

while

pipe will still

surface

and

The

to their places.

"

them

piece of hoop-iron.

lead is to be dumped

two

of the

rake

entirely,

bar.

cleaner

men

opened

to be

pieces of board

is to

pipe is,

slightly closed,
who
quickly for the man,

skimming

mold, collectingthe dross between
floor.

of the

warming

of the horizontal

fill too

thin

two

477

stop-cock be

end

After that, the cook

be liquid.

This

This

If the

firstlead arriving at the

the

as

PROCESS.

the merchant

to let it cool

there

kettle

"

the

"

It has

become

nace
reverberatory fur-

(Fig. 338) heated

till it has

attained

the

from
correct

Qoo^"z

MET

478
for

temperature

in the

is done

same

until

low

merchant

a

pole the

under

the

removed

be, completely
atory furnace

non-argentiferous
lead and

zinc, and
dross.

A

long enough
which

lead

to

lead.

reach

wood, this

of

To

downward
The

Two

such

In Figs. 393
made
end

of

be, but ought

it

ft.

a

to

the

to the

stir up

the

the surface

with

a

a

horizontally
of the

couple
say

kettle,

of bars

of

2 ft. 6 in.

which, reaching into the
halfway down
poled with

best

are

work

lead is avoided.
steam

as

piece of fiat iron

arms,

connected

crutch

a

rim

lead is to be

the tedious

1-in. pipe bent

remarks

oxidizing action

on

the

two

at the ends
are

of purifying

few

a

the wood

over

riveted

are

If the

and

Valley,

the stick of wood

1}

a

depressing a

a

billet

green

simpler and

the bottom

near

by

put in place before

of

It is much

to the form

of the

of the kettle and

kettle
ing
pass-

through the lead.

molding of the lead from

refining works

kettle at

smelting the clean,

collect

weighted

they

into hot

a

relining

especially fine

an

can

It consists of

about

effective to introduce

means

the

of arsenic,antimony, copper,
and

keep

to

serves

the kettle is filled,
as thus

by

the

lead.

from

surfaces

slowly oxidized

cross-piece of flat iron.

as

only

from

the small amounts

lead, receive the wood;

just

store

is the best method

vapors

it is placed, and

stick of wood

the

Poling is,however,

Mississippi

and

gases

long and 2 ft. apart, forked

of green

or

operation, be it in the reverber-

one

of the

ores

either side.

on

obtained.

leads obtained

in the molten

depressed

upon

are

crutch

have

that

impression

continually new

Thus

iron

thus

to

lead in the merchant

temperature

pure

The

expose

of the air.

in

low

a

the otherwise

in place.

below,

tle,
ket-

a

in the refining kettle.

or

As this poling at

are

kettle

all the impurities not

as

in

refining kettle

charge of desilverized

refining works

necessary,

of steam

means

the

from

grade of corroding lead is thus
not

by

for molding, and

it is time

temperature,

the tapping of the furnaoe

the softening furnace.

from

either

kettle ready for another
Some

LEAD,

case

lead is refined

off into

lead is siphoned

OF

T

In this

as

way

molding is done

the

URG

molding.

If the desilverized

lead

ALL

always done

is almost

molding

apparatus

and

a

394,

with
shown

are

the Steitz siphon.
in Figs. 393 to

represents the longer

1^-in.pipe, with

it is joined by two

kettle in American

the merchant

arm

of

the cast-iron stop-cock h.

elbows, with

a

396.

the siphon,
At the lower

nipple intervening,to the

Qoo^"z

PARKES*

This

BtviDging-pipe b.
in that

when

and

bavins

with

in molding, the
the

with

weighting
this
the

a

brick-work

with

of

a

the

circle

the

one

As

pair of tongs.
nearly

siphon

in

of

circle;
semi-

a

place by

sufficient.

is not

ends

two

c,

handling is done

2 ft. 3 in. apart

The

of the kettle.

a

horizontal

describe

to

keeping

hoops about

in

that the

couple of bars of lead
iron

two

purpose

siphon

of

way

the oenter

around

is filled just like

pipe has

swinging

ordinary

down

the exception

pipe b, instead

swinging

479

be moved

can

The

at d.

in Fig. 388, with
the

be turned

can

position it

its center

shown

PROCESS.

around

pass

hoop

a

For

oent.

are

393.

Fig.

" dfaun

Fig.

^
FioB.

as

3U3

396."

TO

siphon

fixed

a

it

the

i represents the longer

trunnions

joined to

connected
handle

a

the

swinging
At

cap

having

a

two

is shown

of

arm

hoop-ends, the
in Figs. 395
the

swing in the bearings

arm
some

p,

socket
which

works

bottom.
ti.

They

The

pipe

is moved

with

o.

the bottom

socket, into which

and

stop-cooky;

k, closed at the

3-in. pipe

which

m,

the molds.
a

a

vertical

of the siphon with

pivot rotating in the

with

q over

oloBed with

into

the

Kettle.

h.

molding

arm

Mbrcuakt

The

bolt.

a

J?

for

between
one

for

J_

\

tied by

movable

arrangement

has two

\

Apparatus

in place

discharges the lead

This
are

:

\

I^EAD Molding

is held

and

bolt/

Another
396

\

\

%

in Fig. 393, and

shown

the

\

396.

k is

the

of pipe h is

the pivot, fastened

QoO'^Qi

MET

480

ALL

floor,fits loosely.

to the

detail

found

are

the

In

JJRQ T

Thus

at different

older

a

OF

number

European

works,

satisfactorywork.

Figs. 397 and
oast-iron cylinder
it has

show

398

closed

a

generally

the steam-pipe c, which
any

pipe d, which

into

oome

It is found

at both

the

enters

and

use,

try.
coun-

It con^sts

two

that in

of

it,the other

tom
bot-

one

for

openings,

for the

a

the

cylinder without

nearly to the bottom

reaches

in

level

on

also in this

ends, except

in the top

simply

distance

erected

into universal

its latest form.

globe-valve h and

a

of slight variations

works.

ground, the Bosing lead-pump'*'has
is doing most

LEAD.

tending
ex-

lead-discharge

and

rises well above

the cylinder, delivering the lead iato the swinging-pipe, pivoted
at

The

m.

pipe

has

c

cylinder with

interior of the

It is joined to the
is

a

6, which

The

ends

secured

are

at

a

lid

When

a

with

/,

two

cock

as

set

so

channel
and

steam

excess

open

with

30

of atmospheric

to 15

lb., and

the

Their

cylinder.

lead

to 37

rises

cock

The

the air, and

the steam
the

on

channel, the
lb. pressure

lead outside

(from

15

This

and

;

made.
well

as

the

close

to

valve

as

air

is opened
22

to

lb. in

will close

the

through the discharge

the

lower

steam

end

will pass

will sink from
of the

inside

steam

pressure) admitted.

pressure

by

secured

connection

is turned

uncovered, the

air, the

into the open

iron rods

into it,with the three-way

globe valve 6, and forcing the lead up
pipe will emptj' the cylinder. When
has been

k ; k

coupling

discharging, is covered

interior with

the lid and

the steam

of from

air.

open

emptied, the cylinder, first warmed
the

to connect

discharge-pipe.
and

the

pieces of sheet iron.

In lowering the cylinder, the
in the

top of the

the

connect

in position by two

of lead, is lowered

the kettle is covered

and

expansion

an

kettle Z",while

The

kettle is to be
the bath

to

as

side of the kettle by lugs, at the opposite

semicircular

floatingon

by

in the

eyes

one

side by bars of lead.

g

t, so

steam-pipe

is held

pump

through

pass

the

branch-pipe

globe valve.

cock

three-way

a

30

of

charge-pipe
dis-

through it
40

or

the

lb. down

cylinder will again raise

the globe valve and

enter

the cylinder until the lower

discharge-pipe has

been

sealed, when

the

steam

end

pressure

of the
will

increase, close the globe valve, and force the lead up again and
alternate operaThese
through the discharge-pipe, and so on.
Mining Journal Nov. 28, 1885;Berg- und
und
Salinen-Weten
1889, p. 968; ZeiUchHft fiirBerg-, HUtten"

Enqineenng

and

HUttenmdnnitche
in Preutaen,

1898,

Ztitung,
"4.
rli.,p.

MET

482
tions

repeated

are

At

tion.

4 ft.

drawback

kettle
800

aDout

kettles

head

to attend

by

set of

and

deliver

With

of from
The

fuel
and

25 to

from

fining
re-

men

is

lead

to overwork

much

the lead

to store

it.

separate contract

A

This

cars.

is often

in
is

taken

sample the base bullion,

two

or

one

them.

custom

They also

the different

or

head

contractors

for

a

the market

press

for

man

handling

lead, the labor

simplified and

stirrer and

the

move

good

having

By

very

cheapened.

there

is

a

tion
reduc-

in labor.

50%

in softening, desilverizing,liquating,

consumed

molding

If the

at the blast furnaces

lead produced

of the Howard

use

the

Three

plant.

softening furnaces.

refinery becomes
the

refineries

many

is almost

material, the by-products and

the

in

siphon that deeper

furnace.

30-ton

a

loading into

desilverizing plant and
raw

remaining

is well systematized, do

unload, weigh, and

the

it at

each

general

reverberatory furnaces.
the

there

whole, instead of having

a

at

this

to mold

and

who

base bullion and

each

lb.

refining furnace, it is possible for

the

kettle and

men

day

also, but

for the molding

a

the

become

as

with

necessary

to it

it has

the merchant
made

a

the ordinary hemispherical

In

"

if the work

can,

straight from

Therefore

Lead.

of

by the

man

everything that is
them

35

of

pressure

the

over

to

pumped

softening furnace, desilverizing kettle,and

working

men

molded

steam

a

slight pulsa*

a

are

entirely removed,

is given in contract

good

a

be

cannot

the

furnace

with

being

though

be used.

of

separate

with

continuous

a

is that the lead from

Labob, Fuel, Output

working

D.

of lead

tons

It has the advantage

lb.

can

117.

"

hour

of the pump

LEA

of lead, there

stream

in. every

4^

OF

minute, giving

a

Tarnowitz, Silesia, 8^

height of
A

7

URG

times

30

perfectly smooth

not

ALL

lb. of soft coal

330

is about

per

fining,
re-

of base

ton

bullion.
The

amount

varies somewhat
is about

80%

the

lead in the kettle.
the

"

118.

crust

Many
"

Ken,

This

of the Howard

use

has

Tbeatment

been

methods*
'"Gnindriss

charged,

bullion

figure has

stirrer and

and
have

still is
been

''

market

of

88%
raised

of

lead
It

bullion.

the softened

to

over

working

of

85%

Dy

press.

the

"

weak

tried, but

der Metallhttttenkunde/

Berlin, 1894, vol. i.,p. 549; Roswag.

or

been

Cbcsts.

Zinc

of

form

purity of the base

to the

according
of

in the

recovered

of lead

'

The

the

point of Parkes'
only few

1881,p. 814; Scbnabel,

survive.
'"

zinc

process.

They

MeUaihattenfrniKte,"

de plomb,*' 1884.,p.
D^aarfi^entatipn

89ft.

Qoo^"z

PARKES'

all based

are

which

Flach's

in

crust

the pressure

silica,and
The

consists

off into

retains
taken

by the

up

of

slag, 30%
flux, in

siphon-tap, the
taken

writer

substance

mushy

collected

with

communication
be

fuel, and

found

furnace

the

from

zinc crust, it would
with

the crucible

While
blast

is

there

front

the crusts,

as

of silver and

that

lead

to

made

are

of

Arents

an

running

keep

to be

good

a

up

it should

cases

advisable

be

fillup

to

a

had

furnace.

the

tap the lead and

smelting the

quickly

rich

a
as

It

sary
neces-

part of

matte, when

a

zinc

bullion

crust

to be

regular method

in the

cupelled,

of

treating

is recovered, and the great losses

of the zinc

none

be
to

abandoned

has been

the process

iron

as

of the furnace.

out

doubt

no

furnishes

furnace

and

brasque

will be carried

the mush

with

of

120%

cinder

days'

order

therefore, that if in exceptional
to smelt

it is

copper,

the lead in the crucible, the soft mush

repeatedly remoyed

seems,

large part

the lead, that refused
In

matte.

or

mercury.

with

crust

after two

of

top

on

slag, some

a

any

puddle

blast

that

matte;

contains

crust

circular

either by slag

up

of

of

the resulting rich bullion

smelting zinc

11%

36-in.

small

a

In

zinc

smelting the

exceeding ^ in.

chambers;

If the

matte.

matte,

blast not

dust

little.

but

with

being ferruginous and low in

at

by the slag and

up

the

in

large percentage

a

of the

zinc is partly taken
it passes

to

This

"

with

furnace

the readiness

only will be discussed.

and fluxes,the slag aimed

matte

of

Two

Process.

blast

a

483

the volatilityof the zinc and

on

it is oxidized.

"119.

PROCESS.

up

in

only

a

very

small

degree by

resmelting the zinc-bearing by-products.

"

Distillation

120.

undergone

by Parkes, has
the
used

graphite

permit carrying
is the

merel.y

"
must

a

121.

out

case

many

"

the

process

and

States since

has become
Balbach

at

lower

much

a

pressure,

first

bears

suggested, which

been

atmospheric

under

first used

process,

method, therefore, often
has

vacuo

This

improvements

in the United
The

retorts.

Betorting in

name.

than

used

universally

one

Zinc Cbusts.*

op

his

would

temperature

but

so

for

the

far it is

suggestion.
FuBNACEs.

"

A

furnace,

permit the raising and

*Eflera, ''TransactioDB

of American

Zeittchriftfar Berg-, HuttennUche
Zeitung, 1886,p. 421.

und

to

be

suited

sustaining of
Institute

of

Salinen-W"$en,

a

process,

high temperature,

Mining Engineers/' iii.,
p. 814; ROsing,
HUttenmdnf
zxxiv., p. 91; Berg- und

Fio.

Figs.

399 TO

40S.

403."

Fio. 408.

The

Faber

du

Faur

Retorting

Fcbnacb.

PAUKEff

at the

and
tort

time

same

out, quickly and

that

Faur

and

combustion

in the

as

The

wrought-iron
brick

intended
It

by

the

for

a

while

iron

an

of

means

by

lever.

a

drawing,

pear-shaped
full

retaining their original form,

they hold

from

1,000

of brick.

and

burned

the

clay from

The

the

at

which

sufficient clay

the

stabilityto the
is

bottom

l|in.thick

retorts

with

(45%)
at

A

has

The

furnace

of the inventor
A

set

of

they

been

the

present

retorts,

graphite
lead, and

added

made
to

of

has

with

made

were

front,

thinner

larger and

the
are

was

a

of

to

;

tained
re-

half
raw

protect

were

very

graphite

to

give strength and

1,000-lb.retort is 36 in. high, 8 in. wide

the

belly, and

more

than

has replaced most

expired, proving

of retorting furnaces

13 in. at the

increa8"3s to

A so-called 1,500-lb. retort is shown
not

the

at

of

25%

action

at the neck, and

however, to charge

ft. cube, and

all sides

on

The

lb. of liquated crust.

(Fig.399)

about

; at present

retort.

neck, 18 in.

is lined

corrosive

thick

at the

old

clay mixed

4^

made

are

(as

sometimes

1,500 lb. of crust; the furnace

to

its original size,but
course

about

At

a

front to back,

of brick, except

course

on

in its original form,

holding 260

retort

of

arch

of firebrick.

furnace

was

rests

brick

a

sionally
occa-

rectangular

worm-gear,

a

.4^ in. thick.

was

by

at

the neck

retort

from

courses

by

The

for

The

either

two

one

products of

sets of

two

plate running

heat

furnace

at the side and

edge.

on

is effected

the

a

by

a

be

generally placed

is

opening

an

is

usually has

coke; the

the

is supported

the

the brickwork

where

forms

may

emptied. The

flue,which

a

placed

furnace

lined with

was

run

framework

furnace

roof, which

is formed

bars

from

represented by

as

re*

403)."-This

to

the

retort

for

opening

pillar,which

of

that

At the front is

grate

protected

simpb*^ by

an

bottom

in the flgnre) or

rotation

different

into cast-iron

drawing, but sometimes

in the roof.
the retort.

order

arched

off through

pass

the back,

by

charging

(Figs. 399

of the

the contents

the top

at

opening, the

and

Of

form, built

trunnions, in

on

over

is closed

small

the

broken

a

that has

the rich bullion

Furnace

cubical

of

furnace

swings

turned

that

CDnstruotion

a

collected.

completely

Fc^ber du

The

crucible

485

be cited.

ma^'

1.

be of suob

be readily exchanged, and

oan

three

PROCESS.

bottom.

It

2 in. at the bottom.

in Fig. 404.

It is advisable,

1,300 lb.
other
the

furnaces

since the patents

general favor

is arranged

in two

ways.

it has

They

won.
are

METALLURGY

486
either placed

both

on

the openings into

into
With
2.

the

stack

both
The

Bides of

and

crucible

a

(Figs.405

Furnace

back

Pig. 404." aRAPHiTB

top of the furnace

The

opening.

products of combustion
one

side, leading into

be shut
from

off by

a

back

the

to the

run

out

of the

and

clinkers

are

The

bottom

front, is made

is elevated

furnace.

The

removed

a

with

a

the

to two

common

flue leading to

directly through

on

ary
station-

lb. of
a

sine
at

support

arched

small

Retobt.

is covered

flue that is

damper.

in the center, and
may

a

rests

a

day tile; the

off through three small openings

pass

in the main

terminates

feet.

few

is

hrolds 500

through

front

the

coke

at the bottom

It has

in order

gutters toward
at

flue

can

furnace, inclining

of brasque.

is fed

on

furnaces,and
Each

stack.

of the

at the sides
two

are

extending

a

407)."This

position. It

protrudes at the

and

to

retort, which

The

furnace.

for

they

or

flue

that

wi^

of the draft is aYoided.

obstruction

any

a

other,

upward

continuing

crust, has the usual inclined
the

flue in such

stack, each

central

then

arrangements
Tatham

horizontal

a

it shall not be opposite each

eight, around

built, sa3'

LEAD.

OF

ridge
lead

the front and

the top, and

through

a

that any

the ashes

the large open*

Qoo^"z

PARKE8'

ing in the front.
admission

of

air

bricks.

The

and

residue

bored

the

\\

retort

Both

front and

rich lead is tapped
raked

however,

ON

have

from

the

removed

UNE

THE

stoking-holes. The
of the

neck.

The

The

the

through

Figs. 406

with
a

most

F

to

407."

rod

F

F

The

The

charges.

Steitz*

of

a

neck,

"

at using

Egleston,

"

of the
is done

as

ago

the

As

it have

Silver,Gold, and

no

been

UNE

CD.

J'

for this purpose

end, and

one

having

is
an

It is good for six

other.

constructed

reliance

THE

Furnace.

ladle used
at

ON

F

Retorting

a

siphon

Sometimes

stationary retort.

again it did not.

all attempts

to

several years

the contents
well and

riveted

ft. long

V

P

Tatham

stationary retorts.
5

tap-hole is

A B.

6-in. piece of 3-in. gas-pipe, closed

iron

by

retort,

entire contents

8ECTI0N

fin^T

closed

are

bottom

the

the side wall.

be

487

openings which

through

out

from

SECTION

back

is regulated by

in. away

can"

PROCESS.

could

be

to discharge

it worked

placed

on

it,

abandoned.

Mercury," New

York, 1887,vol L, p. lOSS.

Qoo^"z

MET

488

This
Lead

which

Works^

Other

3.

which

had

with

two

heated

are

furuace*

at the Delaware

above

one

furnace

back,

much

the

other.

The

by the writer have

been

front, the aim

the back

the front

has

with

appear

proved

not

so

white

which

Further, the facilitywith
stationary

The

retorts.

reason

here

much

so

finished

replaced the coke

instances
122.

Condensers.

differ very

The

"

in the required time.
of

old retorts; others

form

tort
tilting re-

the discarding of

fuel

not been

has

for

used
material.

and

crucibles

plumbago

are

a

cessful
suc-

has in many

satisfactoryresults.

condensers

in

much

keep

is absolutely

;t coal oil,however,

with

way

to

care

heat, which

gaseous

it has in Germany

as

given

cases

many

the hot contents

of

use

writer

good results; retorts

be discharged has probably influenced

can

The

that retorts

in

a

flame.

the

they require

at

the retort

to expose

The

effective.

uniformly

of bituminous

use

firingfrom

so

have

are

while
satisfactory-,

be

if the retorting is to be

necessary

of

to

using coke, is because

temperature

being

the side with

coal

bituminous

that

use

the side of the retort, at the

on

always

fired from

retort

a

fired from

to those

be built

described,

in

are

reverberatory furnace for the

a

the

furnaces

furnaces

few

a

the

to

iiossibleto the full action

as

has worked

heated

coke,

fireplacemay

at

or

addition

In

"

with

like

The

coal.

zinc

LEAD.

retorts,

Tatham

the

Furnaces.

constructed

"

OF

satisfactory.

very

the

T

URG

has replaced the Brodie

furnace

results obtained

as

ALL

collecting the

Some

are

simply

(diameterat

bottom,

ness,
7 in. ; at top, 11 in. ; height at front, 18 in. ; at back, 22 in. ; thick1

distilled

the

for

of

iron having the form
class is 2 ft. long, and

suspended

supported

tripod.
with

it has, in addition

the base
to

a

cylinder lined

sheet-iron

hold

a

the

thin

chain

the

of cast

condenser

of this

either side by which
of

iron frame

Another

form

is

is hooked

to

A

3

ft. long

that

of

firebricks.

specially molded
tapping-hole,

it is

the furnace.

of clay ; it is about

to the

which

on

structed
con-

also hold
are

One

cone.

specially
made

Again, they

handles

is also made

by

on

zinc.

from

a

tripods, which

truncated

has

hooks

two

condenser

conical
and

on

a

by

supported

are

; the latter rest

buggy
receivers

former

The

in.).

two

the

small
frame

a

At

pivots
of

the

furnace, thus supporting the condenser.
""

t

'*

Transactions

of American

Institute

of

Mining Engineers,*' iii.,
p. SM.

R()8ing,Loc. cit.

Qoo^"z

tiates this.

much

as

30%^

to

If it

in

Some

few

alloy, howcYer,

(a)By difference.

distillation is finished

The

to the size

and
laid

of

the draft

the

of the

draft.

the

upon

furnace.
The

failure in distilling off the

consequent

points
the

temperature,

better the output
of zinc remaining
blue powder
may

harden

beneath

ing
permits the condens-

is oxidized,

and

five to six hours, according

emphasis

cannot

be

slightest obstruction

means

a

much

the operation

zinc

in the crust,

be suddenly

will

lead.

some

are

be

the

the lower

main

the quick
The

ing
rais-

higher

distillation,the
the percentage

If the temperature

by the zinc yapors

is raised

many

The

of the crust floatingon

broken

the heat

losses.

it high.

keeping

zinc, and

rich

forms, and

the crust, when

rich in tellurium

Too

rapid

more

the

from

seen

of

the

of metallic
in

as

zinc in the required time, and

and

the

daylight.

to

percentage

after during

of the temperature,

its

it is quickly oxidized;

disturbances, inoonyeniences, and

to be looked

and

(6)Volumes.

after from

charge, the

as

of zinc changes

is very

which

zinc

zinc

by

up

if exposed

hot

of

the zinc, gaYe

made

in the condenser

sample of blue powder

selected

some

days

air while

with

atmosphere

of the alloy.

a

telluride
of

Telluride

in the table.
black

in contact

comes

the reducing

to

of tellurium, the rest being

grayish

a

LEAD.

carmine-oolored

the

iron condenser, and

the impurities shown
color

of

Samples

to the

adhering

a

OF

METALLURGY

490

again, and

is lowered,
the lead

developed
thus

canse

Qoo^"z

PARKK8'

The

explosion.

an

the neck

of

condenser,
oxidized

At

retort.

iron

an

zinc, and

closed

is to go

on

with

only

the zinc

the

rod, free the neck

of the retort

taken
in the retort

The

off and

from

of the furnace

and

in the

condenser

last zinc

is then

removed

ladled

the

into small

This

lead emptied

has

iron

an

molds,

into

of the

removal
so

in the

of the

grate bars

This

are

for the next

ready

from

taken

to

side of the retort.
of contact

sometimes

it gently,

To

avoid

changed,

allowed

the surface, is

for the

size for

The

retort

into it to prevent

be

The

as

this, as well

again.

to the furnace

is added, and

to

care

off the lower

wear

to

as

for

required

In scraping,

not

now

turned

charged

time

20 minutes.

is

the oxidation

to the sides ; it is then

so

The

life of the retort

removed, fresh coke

do

the surface

with

the lead is

charcoal, is removed

is ready to

is about
discharging and refilling
be

in front

bars of suitable

operation.

a

prevent

is then

cleaned, clinkers adhering

now

sides of the retort

all is then

thrown

position, and

are

While

distillation.

globules of lead adhering

to its normal

or

after each

fine charcoal

some

to

English cupelling furnace.

essential

is

denser
con-

the vapors

brick

it.

dross

obtain

to

as

It

scraper.

that it be well cleaned

raised, and

the

to be emptied.

now

with

in the retort, consisting of slag and

residue

and

is assisted by throwing

is taken.

for assay

the subsequent treatment

is

a

is kept

cracking the cold bottom, is wheeled

and, after the

to cool

must

tillation
dis-

the distillation

In the meantime

slag-pot, lined

a

out, the sample

running

walls

lead.

because

tap-hole, which

into the retort, which

the hot metal

The

the

one

to collect

scraped clean.

tilting furnace,

a

back

it from

well if the

mistaken

the

"

off into the air.

pass

chips of wood

with

a

with

floating on

to smoke

ought

opening

one

upper

the crust

stir up

is
satisfactorily,

ceases

is finished.

With

opening in the

intervals,through
then

from

gives excellent results.

"

When

few

the condenser

w*orks it is the practice to introduce

most

the saying that the condenser

condenser

491

effect of this is to loosen

certain

at

But

the

PROCESS.

change

the

line

of the lead, the position of the retort

after

it has

worked

about

25

charges,

by turning it 180".
With

the

that the lead
raked

"

out

124.

Tatham

furnace

is tapped

from

the

operations

the

bottom, and

are

similar, except
only the

residue

through the neck.
Tools.

"

The

tools required by

one

man

in retorting

are:

Qoo^"z

METALL

192
two

of

to the width

grate;

pots lined with
one

and

deep, with

of

from

of silver and
the form

80% of lead
0.75 to 1.50% of
is about 10% of

of metal

that in the form

of blue powder

than

for desilverizing over
in the kettles.
stirrer

and

5 to

from

been

of

uniform

size (egg

from

to four

to add

there is liable to be

some

showed
stated

Zn

above, reduced

steam

both

in six

coal.

are

injection,and
cases

the Beid

very

novel

way.
"

0.20

was

Berg- und

heats

good

a

the

quality

expensive

at

the

and

retort

attends

man

coke

the

from
per

the cost

to

ton

escapes

ash, but

retort

placed

ovens

(Res).

makes

at

with

As

it possible,
550

gal. oil in six hours

lb.

with

air injection ; in

the side.

distillingof zinc

the retort, having

HuttenmdnniKhe

;

ton

every

1,000-lb. charge the

a

to facilitate the

He

great deal

a

retort,which

a

oz.

gal. in five hours

burner

Boesing"*"proposes

With

again

the Howard

more

Fluedust

replaced by 52
26

use

away

oil has, whenever

or

hours

throw

Au

quired
re-

shift.

charge.

12.2%, Ag 16.8, and

replaced coke
coke

to

zinc

For

One

leakage in

not

it to the blast-furnace

To

life of

12-hour

a

in

40 charges; formerly

now

considered.

in

attention, it is advisable

the

\Q%

to

fair figure, before

a

coke), although

are

furnaces

two

As

obtained

results

with

average.

required.

are

first,is cheaper in the end, when
better

was

good

a

The
4

to be used

varies

lasts

retort

considered

1,100 lb. of coke

of coke

A

one

summer.

all the

70%

to

quantity of dross

improvements.
was

Of

1%.

raised

to

zinc recovered

is recovered

60%

for

weight of the crust, and

the

of the weight of the crust

25 charges
of crust

has
The

press.

8%

the Howard

This

in

The

zinc.

about

1,000

five to six hours

containing from

70 to

yields from

crust;

for each

is from

charge

the

operation; less time is required in winter
crust

molds

slag-

molds.

it takes from

1,300 lb. of zinc crust, and

the zinc

receive

to

ladle

one

handle) ; two

4-f t.

the retort; two

charge
weight

feed the coke;
a

wheelbarrow

to

The

"

of

after tilting

the residue

out

to

scoop

the zinc ; 10 bullion

Results.

126.

a

shovel

to receive

retort

one

3 in.

brick;

and

scoop

"

walls;

in diameter

(6 in.

to rake

end

one

stir the contents

in.)to

3

up

at

the clinkers
|-in.iron) to remove
(8ft. long, }-in.steel)to break off

bar

one

the

from

clinkers

iron flattened out

of

(6ft. long,

pokers

the

bent

in. and

distilling and

after

the retort

from

3

LEAD,

OF

(6 ft. long, f-io.round

scrapers

; two

7

URQ

a

basic

Zeitung, 1890,p. 889.

in

a

lining in

a

crust

PARKE8*

When

tiltingfurnaoe.
fuel to drive

some

the crust
all the

out

493

has become

air, and

soft,he in trod

above

caught in

a

poured
126.

OF

smelting of the zinc

then

again and

over

GoHPABiBON

volatilizes the zinc

By tiltingthe retort, firstthe iron is

condenser.

off to be used

Two

THB

the rich lead.

PROCESSES.

In

"

in the blast furnace

crust

of silver

loss

greater

practice has shown

incurred

that there

the silver crust, and

entirely abolished.
is the

which

is

the

one

its low

and

ton

of silver per

prefer to smelt this
thus

a

Since
rich

which

bullion
the base

in

gold

127.

is rich
crust

bullion

with

the

the

128.

one

op

a

By-Products.

main

operations, so
and

once

Softening

method

One

base

tons

Furnace

found

the

more

The

one

become

has

of telluride

so
ores

the

important

very

a

carried

simultaneously

on

by-products

used

economical

products

posed
be dis-

may

as

a

much

of

products
a

antimony

to

have

furnace

10 in. deep, and

side

is built

one

(forexample,
having

just like

a

the

two

one

for the two

working

a

influence

it is

tions.
opera-

hearth

doors

softening furnace.
corroding

tion
construc-

skimmings,

with

stantly
con-

for liquating

different

treat the

a

plant treating

a

furnace

somewhat

in

silver

lead and

dimensions, if kept

While

day.

According

"

first liquated

are

to

reverberatory

jacket to counteract

SKivHiNas.

and

to extract

to have

12 ft. and

only)

is easily cupelled.

is

This

be

Dross

per

the dross ought properly
from

of matte, obtaining

amounts

of reasonable

furnace

bullion

oz.

separate gold crust:

in use, is able to liquate both
100

to 800

allowed to accumulate.

not

of working, these

possible.

400

in the

works, therefore,

and

"

that

heavy,

retorting, very

from

Some

large

be doubtful

it being obtained

copper

of the

reverberatory furnace, in order

water

In

addition

refiners make

Treatment

of at

as

of

almost

is very

crust

silver.

copper.

with

tilling
profit in dis-

it may

produced in blast furnaces

account

on

in

part of refining. It requires to

to

gold

in

is free from

treated, few, if any,

"

when

of blue powder ; the retort bullion assays

form

General

smelting has been

case

contents

of

margin

of the

account

on

latter method.

a

zinc is recovered, most

little metallic

"

even

profitable. The

more

with

compared

is

hence

There

the

in

distillation,

by the amount

up

zinc recovered, it is preferable to smelting,

the

Comparing

with

it is clear that if the cost of distillingis made
of

aces

pig-iron, heated

pours

its melting point, into the retort, which

to be

"

PROCESS,

on

8 by
one

It also has

a

of the anti-

MET

494

skimmings

mony

ALL

when

tap-holes of such

they

furnace

a

Y

URQ

OF

LEAD.

being melted

are

placed in

are

down.

The

of the sides

one

two

the

near

center.

In liquating dross^ the furnace
lead

that

has

floats,the
has

liquated

comes

float on;

a

low, in

kept

The

form

ore

matte,

a

or

the

to

by-product

the lead
outside

an

continued

are

is always

temperature

again by the

up

(galena,matte

low

of the

matte

the

grade

charge.

The

lead

with

a

in copper)
that

the

to

goes

to

until

in the blast furnace

raise

to

or

may

lead

following

next

be taken

is smelted

the

the

level of

charge
The

up.

through
with

tapped into

drossing

dross

no

liquated dross

added

been

that

dry dross

out

the

is

the

the

contact

When

for

until the

sufficient dry dross

raked

door, enough

is worked

order

sulphur-bearing
to

the end.

of lead

dross

of

until

directly in

heated

which

on

be

to

charging, heating, and

batch

lead.

a

lead,

furnace
bath

bath

continued

dross

till toward

kettle to leave

the

on

the

near

the

The

door.
touched

is not

being

operation

accumulated

furnace

forms

is charged and

has

softening

furnace.
In liquating the

of metallic

at, the elimination

aimed
of

fumaxie skimmings, two
softening

the

down

Both

skimmings.
the

skimmings

melted

floating

with

bath

it into the metal

is spread

the charge.

over

well melted, the
upper

tap-hole

hole into

into

tap-hole, and

to tap

kettle that has
the kettle

some

can

liquated skimmings

the furnace

When

the

and

entire

the

lead

verted
con-

descending

contents

While

fine coal

some

from

the

ceases,

the

skimmings

the

the lower
back

tap-

to the

have only
furnace

one

into

a

the lead is flowing into
As

soon

as

they will rise in the kettle and

through the spout into slag-pots placed beneath.
flow

thing
every-

from

tapped

is to

of

the silver

carry

into bars to go

be ladled out, if necessary.
appear,

lead oxide,

is filled and

are

better way

spout.

the

If necessary,

it is ladled

overflow

an

and

ening
the soft-

; from

flame, will,while

below.

flame in

off from

of the hearth

these

are

by melting

once

top, part of the

slag-pots, and
Another

softening furnace.

at

a
smoky)
(i.e.,

liquated skimmings

kettle,whence

a

on

desilverize

skimmings,

the

the bottom

reducing

the

by

into metal

through

on

objects

the desilverization

All the lead carried

will collect

skimmings

reducing

a

the reverberatory furnace.
furnace

accomplished

are

with

lead and

still floating

on

When

the lead

will

tne
flow
over-

the
soon

Qoo^"z

PARKES'

hardeD, and
bars and

silver
the

of

lead

and

the

to

a

skimmings
quickly

it

and

as

broken,

there

assaying

3

the

on

preferable

pieces, but

to

silver

oz.

tap the

to

they chilled

iron plate, as

an

speise
copper,

300

as

oz.

and

cone,

40%

as

high

as

considered

easily broken

were

much

often

assays

was

of

into

of liquated

silvery-white antimonial

a

overflow

let them

bulk

the

contains

bullion,

Formerly
or

of

which

copper,

ton.

the cake

slag-pot and

ton, forming

small cake

250-oz.

and, with

When

products: liquated skimmings

two

bottom

the

from

out

less to the

or

at

the lead in the kettle is cast

removed;

is rolled

be found

495

softening furnace.

to the

goes

skimmings
will

then

are

PROCESS.

they

higher

ran

in silver.
The

liquated skimmings

furnace, with about
taken

to avoid

otherwise
GaO

60%,

slag that

a

A

10%.

A

according
from

a

sample

the writer

lead produced

made

is

as

by A. W.

speise might

Sb

Davis

Jenks

FeO

the antimonial

30.5%,
The

to

speise has

reduce

tained,
con-

in 1896,

:

cleavage planes similar
In order

being

SiO, 30%,

by F. H.

63.3% and
assaying 18% antimony.

spiegeleisen and is sectile.

(36-in.)blast

in smelting skimmings

Pb

amethystine color, shows

small

of fuel, care

11%

analyses made

to two

a

ferruginous,

is very

speise produced

gave

in

slag and

slag frequently

sample furnished

Another

of

100%

form.

smelted

are

the

a

tiful
beau-

to those

of

loss of antimony

by volatilization (which is considerable),non-argentiferous
galena is added
agent, doing
monoxide.
matte

to

thus

The

shall

to

it is from

13 to

this addition

from

paid for at the

same

In order

to reduce

much

25

as

14 to
rate

the

lb. of gypsum

sulphur
the work

of galena added

20%
as

copper

is of

a

of carbon
so

reducing
or

carbon

regulated that

no

consequence,

(a common

the lead contains
contained

is added

as

no

the percentage of antimony

antimony
when

is

acts

of the weight of the skimmings.

28%

reduces

resultinghard lead, this

lead assays

The

extent

some

amount

form;

While
in the

the charge.

in

the

to the charge.

as,

if hard

figure),this is
from 7 to 10%.
skimmings,
The

as

resulting

Qoo^"z

496

slag is liable

to

the

always

rich

and

back

of hard

lead

contain

amount

This

lead poor

in silver

kettle

a

beratory furnace
that the copper

at

lead

hard

lead has been

by ladling from
into which

the
it

of the refined hard

The
them

surface

the
to

as

beratory furnace
base

bullion, a
free

built into

by water

an

or

in

much

are

The

from

as

of silver

silver to be

however,

improved

The

hard

to be

with

iron pan,

bars without

it is advisable

to

for

the ring.

free
A

a

from

or

The

the

surface
with

covered

being forced
place

a

to

wrought-

the ladle to pass
Thus

only

and

skimmings

a

very

in
The

a

rever-

result is

mings
iron, and refined skim-

from

furnace

silver.

is to smelt

made

for this purpose

10 ft. 6 in. long by 9 ft. 6 in. and

jackets. It has

but

copper,

poled,

becomes

galena free from

copper.

40^

the softening furnaces

matte

copper

as

kept bright.

from
some

the

enters

lead is usually molded

liquid,soon

lead from

rever-

for this is

reason

it has been

clean

a

by

liquating the crude

much

just large enough

come

soft

the proportion

liquating it in

dross from

of treating the dross

they

hard

with

amount

the liquating furnace.

to obtain

will have

latest way

just

The

from

dip the

a

ton.

lead

hours

10%.

lead

to smelt

lead, which,

temperature.

lead by skimming,

and

through

hard

few

a

lead, when

in order

on

is

Yalley),in

The

silver per

kettle where

ran

is

rest

to make

enou";h

hard

to contain

about

over

from

run

softening furnace

low

are

oz.

being smelted.

generally contains

small

6

found

a

is reduced, the softening facilitated,

low

a

over

remaining in the softening skimmings

hard

ring

for

and

in every

and

the Mississippi

grade and grain of the

poling it in

iron

the

into

bullion

as

smelting

ore-charge ; the

lead to four soft lead.

high

as

bring

Therefore,

softening skimmings

directly into marketable

much

required.

produced
the

would

every

run

not

run.

(say from

hard

ordinarily runs

waste

be

to

resulting skimmings

dross, and

with

is

antimony.

furnace

bullion, and

the

treat

in the original hard

one

ore

excess,

is charged

one

on

blast

slag would

antimony

bullion.

The

the

considerable

liquating,in the blast furnace

them, without

smelted

in

this

although

contain

to

ore

to

way

the

LEAD.

lead,

fluxes,given back

for the next

of

OF

of slag is often kept apart and

and

Another

and

in

to the base

fresh

T

URO

only the small

again, and
saved

be

slag again

the antimony

coke-ash

ALL

case,

the

Smelting

MET

lead well ; the

fire-box

is

inclosed

is 4 by

4| ft.;

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

498

in the matte, make
and

half times

a

metallic

for

LEAD,

for the

allowance

no

much

as

OF

lead, and

desilverizing matte

OF

HARD

LBAD

AND

HARD

LEAD

(c) Ber^ und HuUenmdnnieche
(a) Private notes,
ib)Ibid,
Oesterreichisches
JoArducA, xxxlZf p. 64. (e)Howard, Private

129.

silver

Tin

"

that it is only

ores

an

becomes

ores

bullion.

concentrated

The

produced.

the softening furnace

occurs

ore

exceptional

in softening base

tin of the
bullion

Skiuuinos.

Tin

formed

are

two

they do for

as

copper.

ANALYSES

"

charge

following composition:*

PbO,

to the ton.

Plattner

has

introduced

v/hen tin skimmings

At Freiberg

rise to

has been

and

which

contains

Sn, 33%;

lead.

Details

surface
have

72.9

contain

method

Sb, 14%;

the

removed

concentrating the tin in

these skimmings

in the base

the

oz.

silver

of desilverizing
marketable

a

the

As, 1%;

rest

analyses of intermediary products

with

in

SnOji,12.53%; Sb^O^,

and
a

(Saxony) the

extent

some

70.36%;

AsjOfi,
4.73%; CuO, 0.61%;

12.50%;

18B6.

rarely vrith lead-

so

that

after the dross

Zeitung, IStO, p. 1081 (d)
notes,

case

to

skimmings

DROSS.

alloy

being
given

are

in the reference.

"
are

130.
very

metallic

Dboss.

Kettle
few.

It consists

lead, and

the next

This

is the best way
131.

refining skimmings
trace.

The

in this dross

principally of lead oxides
into the
dross

mixed

with

softening furnace

has

been

drawn

off.

of disposing of it.
Skimmings
gave

none

percentage
"

impurities contained

is usually put back

Eefining

Cu, trace; As,

The

charge after the furnace

with

"

"

"

An

analysis

lies,SiO,. 1.6%; Fe, 0.6%;

Sb, 4.02%;
of antimony

Plattner, Berg^ und

Polings.

and

Pb, 75.0%;

Ag, 1

of

Zn, 8.0%;

oz.;

andAu,

is exceptionallyhigh. It is also

Huttenmdnnische

Zeitung^ 1888,p. 417.

PARKE8*

skimmings

is used

for

other

no

lead, in which

the

lead

skimmings,

then

for this purpose

suited

have

inclination

an

the main
of

of 3 in. from

door

working

of the sides to introduce

one

be

10

and

the fiue discharges the lead

kettle haying

fireplacebeneath.
furnace

(" 46) reyerberatory
The

mode

also

of operation is

dark-red

from

The

layer of fine coal to protect it from
It is then

skimmings.

of fine coal, leaying

charge reaches
time

to time

into

the

as

room

only to the

when

Four

exhausted

tons

The

hearth

no

of the furnace,
with

a

mixed

pass.

with

Sometimes

doors, being renewed

the

2-in.

charge heats, lead
interyals.

at

10^
the
from

will flow

The

fire is

lead flows the charge is rabbled,

more

drawn.

yielding about

60%

lead, are

worked

attending the furnace.

men

residue, which

arsenic,and

As

of skimmings,

in 12 hours, two

gases

well.

yery

corroding effect of the
to

it is tapped

whence

sump,

The

:

skimmings

working

it shrinks.

gradually urged; when
and

for the

The

small spherical

a

the purpose

the

filled with

pan.

is in the middle

preyious charge, is coyered

a

9 in.

English (" 44) or Silesian

seryes

follows

as

a

It will

the charge.

into

of

the fine,where

to

distribute

hearth

5 ft.,and

door

tap-hole below
a

The

by

bridge

second

a

it has

the regular

in with

wrought-iron

a

the

is placed;

mings
refining skim-

produced.

in

that

only for reducing refining

may

deep, built of firebrick inclosed

gold.

of the copper

be worked

can

refining charges and corroding lead
furnace

the

account

on

is used

resulting lead

and

perhaps for liquating hard

resulting from

lead

If the reverberatory

up.

of copper

reverberatory furnace

a

except

second-class

as

in

treated

purpose^

case

is sold
taken

best

are

499

be present traces

singular that there should
The

PROCESS,

contains

lead,zinc,antimony, perhaps
to the

coal-ashes,is added

some

smelting charge of liquated

softening skimmings.
The

rarely, smelted
skimmings
are

in the

has been

ore

to reduce

it unfit for

Owing

some

to the

blast furnace

come

are

with

the silyer contents

remoyed, in order

of the bullion, but
the skimmings

polings

charged into the

also sometimes

dross

and

refining skimmings

to be smelted

of its uses,

as

in

enters

the

for example

scarcity of lead

ores

now

though

the original softening
of the latter.

softening furnace

to oxidize

zinc

some

sometimes,

the arsenic
the

hard

They

after the
and

mony
anti-

lead when

blast furnace, making
in acid works.

preyailing, nearly all

MET

600
refiners

use

ALL

URQ

OF

T

LEAD.

their refining skimmings

up

for lead-flux in smelting

dry argentiferous ores.
The

of oxides

working-up

has already been

referred

obtained

in
be

It may

to.

sell this product readily refiners have

to

forced

grind it

to

forms

and

excellent

an

Rich

132.

"

with

up

Lead

It always contains
133.

"

Betobt

material

Dross

rich in silver,which

very

ling

little at

a

a

time,

silver,with which

a

furnace, after its

own

be taken

by

to the

from

dross

4 to 5

oz.

At

charge

The

quickly.

free

from

that

removed,

often

per

some

of zinc

of

that

zinc

oxide, always

ton.

It is not

works

contains

coarse

it is added

crust; at others

zinc

the lead with

are

particles and
works

use

sold

while

softening
the

silver
and

dross

33

is

charged

the

blue

is then

sold

it is dissolved
or

converted

of the Howard

at

into

to

first zinc

be taken up.
a

the kettle,but

powder

55^^

time into the

the softening furnace.

to assist in

zinc and

to

with the following

with the

this is rising in

silver from

Sometimes

vitriol

since the

much

remove

European

in

silver, say

some

it is fed back to the retort

into the bullion

all

low

the

of charcoal, it yields from

It is stirred

copper.

or

readily disposed of. If distilled

the lead is tapped into it from

and

ulate,
accum-

of finely divided

mixture

a

kettle before

to saturate

to

impurities oxidized

It is not

If this is done, 50 lb. of blue powder

not

into

is usually

to the

to the desilverizingkettle,that the metallic zinc may

It does

dross,

charged back

is added

the

is

the regular cupel-

it is

been

the lead, and

by itself with the addition
of zinc.

has

dross

retort

charge of the bullion blast furnace.

zinc and

metallic

The

of lead

dross

powder, consisting

blue

to

in desilverizing.

for this, it is allowed

retort

by the skimmings.

up

The

up

body

goes

test of the cupelling furnace
the

been

good

a

former

off in

works

some

the bath

new

Sometimes

charged.

added

at

on

order

work.

"

be extracted

must

or

is scorified

and

taken

Powder.

If there is too much

the retort.

may

Blue

in small quantities,is worked

if formed

has

The

"

in

instances

some

pigment
Zinc.

that

of silver.

ounces
and

in

the latter is used

(" 139);
few

a

added

for ground

Metallio

and

the cupelling furnace

The

oil.

refining in the kettle

the

removing

the gold
to

works.

in sulphuric

rather

serves

is screened
zinc

kettle.

remove

In

acid

some

and

the

Lithopon (" 67). Happily,

stirrer and

press,

these products

are

Qoo^"z

PARKES*

being formed

in small

PB0CE88,

601

have

quantities only and

lost the

tance
impor-

they formerly had.
134.

"

is reduced

Litharge

blast furnace

to the bullion

of lead

Western

treating

in

by-products
old

smelt

to

causes

losses in lead and

for

make

to
and

over

cal
purely metallurgi-

dry

common

silver,as these

in

ore

not

is expensive

slags become

a

scarcity

some

slag, and

which

over,

at

ores

suffer from

new

as

use,

silver

refinery to smelt

a

goes

litharge in

of

more

smelters, who

order

slag

forced

to smelt

a

or

ing
to the soften-

reduction

is in

furnace

It is important

ores.

the

enabled

thus

are

charge than

smaller

While

vieWy the blast

refining works

it is added

is preferable from

the reverberator}' furnace
of

reverberatory furnace

a

; sometimes

after drossing.

furnace

point

in

be
and

gradually

rich in zinc.
135.

"

Eetobts, Cupel

Old

Bottoks,

etc.,

added

are

to the

charges of the bullion blast furnace.
136.

"

shown

Desilverization.

(2),softening

Gold

Crust

Gold

blue

gives

:

reverberatory furnace

yields

(7),softening skimmings

(8).

in kettle yields kettle dross

crust

a

desilverizingworks,

(11),desilverized

liquated yields liquated gold

:

gold-bearing base bullion
Liquated

in

dross

(3),silver

crust

1), gold

4.

following table

American

an

desilverized

2. Soft Bullion:

3.

in

softened

Bullion:

soft bullion

to

done

The

"

in detail in the preceding pages

Base

1.

of

of the work

summary
as

Table

lead
crust

(back

(12).
(4), and

(2.)

Crust:

retorted

yields retort

dross

(14),zinc (2),retort (dore) bullion (5).
5. Eetort
cupelled yields dore
(dore) Bullion:
litharge(17),cupel-bottom (17).

(15),

powder

6.

Dore

Silver

:

sold,

or

parted by sulphuric acid

yields gold, silver, blue

or

green

vitriol,or

or

silver

(6),

sis,
electroly-

precipitated

copper.

7. Softening Dross

:

liquated in reverberatory I. yields base

bullion (1),and

liquated dross (17),or smelted with (8).
8. Softening Skimmings:
liquated in reverberatory I. yields

base bullion
7 and

(1),and

(9),or

smelted

with

galena in reverberatory III. yields base bullion (2),matte

(16),copper

bottoms

9. Liquated
and

liquated skimmings

slag (18).

(sold),and skimmings

Skimmings:

smelted

in

18

(9).
yield hard lead (10),

MET

602
10. Hard

Lead

11. Silver

hard

Crust

lead and

Desilverized

lead and

12

Lead

Betort

14.

Dross

(4),to softening
Blue

15.

:

:

either fed

on

furnace

Parkes'

General

and 0.5
but

oz.

gold it is

few

98

to

rich in

and
is

reduction

paid

as

both

silver;

smelter
common

Below

and

varies

to

A

refiner

is

2

or

e.g.,

to

the

other

but

the

and

ery.
b. refin-

o.

make

cent

one

for

a

eral
gen-

for every

quotations and
make

a

ing
work-

for loss in silver; e.g.,

silver per

oz.

and

base

99.5%.
f.

Others

3

of

dross,

less than

never

York

New

$10

in use,

comes

silver,

oz.

unless

items

from

number
are

on

deduction

a

it

as

150 to 300

being delivered

up

of

and

ton

from

being deducted.

York

amounts

above.

regarding

for loss in treatment

sum

ounce

charge

working

to

slight surplus of silver; with

a

bullion

refining works

charge by the

bullion

100%
(a surplus is rare
gold); with lead from 99

working, the base

the freight to New

base

antimony)

of silver,the lead being paid

the

back

ton, being pretty free from

per

its deduction

charge b}' the
ounce

(17).

first zinc),or

general remarks

average

arsenic

some

generally there

from

Some

(as

(running

less,gold

A refinery makes
cost of

blast furnace

in place.

or

is very

bullion

A

"

smelting works

more

and

to retort

(sold) and slag (17).

of silver with

containing

99.5^,

back

goes

in

ore

sold.

copper

Beharks.
are

output
Western

from

2

to

with

Blast Furnace.

process

The

smelted

(18),or

to bullion

either
and

in reverberatory II. yield

Blast Furnace.

Hard-Lead

137.

"

5.

in reverberatory similar to cupelling furnace,

yields metallic
18.

separate apparatus,
like 4 and

cupel (5),or

(1),or

goes

smelted

17. Bullion

5 in

(13.)

reduced
dross

is screened

16. Matte

(16).

refined in reverberatory yields corroding

:

sold) and

Powder:

(4),or

retort

or

liquated in reverberatory

or

dross

refining skimmings

(eitherto
(16.)

LEAD,

by-products treated

13. Befining Skimmings:
lead

OF

3, 4, and

to

goes

:

yielding fine silver and
12.

T

poled in kettle

:

II. yields market

URG

ALL

to

$14

the

settling between

quoted

two

ton, and

ton, the lead being
of

ways

per

are

the most

ones.

is reproduced the scheme

important

one

of all the books.

of the

Kettle-Book, the

It presupposes

most

that the Howard

Qoo^"z

PARKE8'

for liquating and

is used

press

of fuel consumed

the amount

PROCESS,

shows

503

the

various

products and

:

KBTTLB-BOOK.*

*

tbtheformof

Owing

rows

one

opposite

two

No
that

this volume, it has been necessary to put the headings In
the other, while in the actual
kettle-book
across
they simply run
in one
line.
pages

detailed
would

be

statement

can

be

made

In

a

that the actual operating expenses,
from

about

generally applicable,

greatly in different refineries.

vary

four
the

beneath

$6 to $6

per

ton

of base

as

the

general

the

of refining

cost

single items
way

it may

be

vary

said

including interest and taxes,
bullion.

If the

general

ex-

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

504

such

penses,

$8.

to the last

be found

to yary

each

how

know

kinds

so

silver,gold, and

quantities

of bullion

treated.

the metals

able to follow up

until they leave
It is to be noted

It is therefore

from

adding the pounds

the

the

kettle dross

softening furnace.

of zinc used

weight of the gold crust

from

this

principal books

refiningskimmings and
and

skimmings

ing
add-

of

from

the base

The
in

a

weights of
lion
bul-

weight in

''net

similar

way,

by

and

deducting the

sum.

kept in

refinery are

a

:

the retort-

for reverberatory furnaces

and

skimmings), 11. (reducing
liquating hard lead),and III. (smelting
with galena),and special assay-books

(liquatingsoftening-dross

dross

the refinery

enter

sum

made

was

book, the cupellation-book, and the books
I.

be

for extracting the gold to the net

weight before the first zinc addition
other

essential to

they

after adding the first zinc, is found

kettle"

in

the different

in kettle," before

by deducting

softening dross, skimmings, and

The

time

the

that the ''net weight

into

is contained

great deal with

a

vary

lead

tial
essen-

it.

the first zinc, is found

charged

incidentals

b^'-products result,it is

many

much

These

of them.

and

figure,giving the total final cost, this will
from $10 to $12 per ton.

refinery where

to

added, this figure

If, finalbs the loss in metal

be added

a

LEAD.

salaries,marketiog, etc., be

as

rises to $7 and

In

OF

for the softening furnace,desilverizingkettle,retorts, and

ing
cupell-

furnaces.

"

Relative

138.

The

"

many

in the

United

Nevada)

that

is,however,
Parkes.

made

have

States,there
desilverizes
instance

one

Pabkes'

of

It is when

the

when
market
removed
a

this

Pattinson

the

bullion

base

lead thus

(" 98).

small extent

refined lead may
*

preferred

is rich

in

bismuth.

follows the liquid lead

cupelled.

bismuth

very

much

the

and

bismuth

of

contents

enters

not

the

quite

only to

crust, with the result that the

richer in bismuth

Phillipe*Engineering

can

(" 98).

be recovered

lowered, although

process

into the zinc

become

be

The

In Parkes'

("101)

is to

lead, and

becomes

There

process.

rich

in

is being

Luce-Eozan

the

concentrated

used

refinery (at Eureka,

one

in which

During the crystallization bismuth
It is thus

has

process

it the desilverizing process

being only

with

cesses.
Pro-

Pattinson's

and

advantages* ("97) that the Parkes

that of Pattinson

over

to

Advantages

Mining

than

the original bul-

Journal^ May 21, 1S87.

Qoo^"z

XI.

CHAPTER
CUPELLATION.

Iktboductobt

" 139.
has

for

its object

in

melting

lead

with

forms

the

final

and

remains

the

is principally

playing

over

formed,

as

and

its

bulk

arsenic

of

and

bullion

drossing,
less

caused

not

the

with

(" 104).

The

litharge

cuprous

of

cuprous

oxide

of

the

less

loss

Eerlf

that

in

from

as

2

when
:

a

cupriferous

lead

I

copper

1%

absent,

was

The

litharge

seems

if the
tons

of

that

litharge.

"

Berthier,
**GniD(lriBS

""

Tralt6
der

des

easais,''

Li6Re,

Melallhattenkunde/'

large

quantity

W

reversed

a

ith

oxidizing
be

to

free

lasted
losses

24
in

1"I7,

vol.
p.

it.,p.

270.

578.

be

action

the

cause

and

from

argentiferous

1881,

As

by

7.

t

after

must

were

the

softening
lead

quickl.v

operation

and

the

the

all

oxidation

more

lead

in

as

copper.

lead.

the

copper,

as

is cupelled

30

cupelling

in

to

than

the

air

of

oxidizes

silver

the

amount

in

and

of

lead

copper,

and

the

its

lead,

when

the

are

with

by

blast

gold.

just

gradually

the

to

dross

remaining

action

small

the

for
of

litharge

silver, and
with

than

of

these

skimmings,

very

contained

that

states

than

on

of

by

oxidation

it off again

important

copper

litharge

affinity

by the

gives

sists
con-

absorbed

action

assisted

and

which

The

the

It

ous
argentifer-

any

state.

through

the

oxide*

lead

metallic

oxygen

by the

acting

conditions

fact

for

is in

scarcely

tellurium,

only

up

much

having

is removed

antimony

so

part

most

copper

affinity

off

is also

bismuth,

furnace

run

and

cupellation

silver.

at

oxygen

The

taken

is

it has

of

absorbs

antimony,

The

but

and

lead

temperature

the

in

its surface,

of

the

effected

impurities.

arsenic,

base

behind

this

is

of

process

reverberatory

a

silver,

the

oxygen,

lead

to

This

while

hearth,

in

air

of

access

The

"

separation

heating

its surface.

on

the

Bemabks.

with

copper.

lead

taining
con-

hours

less

metal

were

CUPELLATION,

Bismuth
toward

is ooncentrated
of the process,

the end

If the

only to
which

is then

of the

hearth

certain

a

cupelled in
this

of

Tellurium*

has

In

copper.

greatly retards the

cupelling

the

50

separate furnace

a

furnace

and

the

of bismuth

Pertulosa, Italy, the following products

is

centrated
con-

part

the

raw

way.

that

to

of

tellurium

0.31%
obtained

were

great

saturated

silver, similar
with

hearth

in the lead,

litharge form

in the wet

bullion

retort

litharge,

silver

; the

ress
prog-

with

60%)

or

until

b.y the

bismuth

some

degree (say to

lead

the

enters

is absorbed

strong affinityfor

a

and

in

is to be recovered, the

bismuth

for the extraction

material

then

the silver also retains

material, while
tenacity.

silver

color, and

greenish

a

and

the

It is finallyoxidized

of the work.

giving this

with

507

at

:

(a) By difference.

A

sample of the silver shown
had

bluish-gray color,

a

In

fractuze.

"

order

added, giving the

was

150.

)

entered

Of

the

tellurium

difference, 37.6%,
The

by

Silver

*

the

in

and

Heberlein,

as

Berg- und

the

contained
remained

from

the crude

**

Handbuch

der

70

to

90

those

probably

Analytischen Chemie/'

(See

silver, 61%

that

by

was

the

the

hearth

clearly shown

ft. away

from

the

close by.

always present both
silver oxide

begins

Zeitung, 1805,p. 41; ''The Mineral

fy.,p. 481.
*

grained
finelead

refined silver.

absorbed

or

than

states

H"ttenmdnnische

a

impurities, some

of tellurium

in tellurium

Eosef

in

during brightening,
showed

in the refined silver,and

volatilized

litharge, is

metal.

was

remove

volatile character

being richer

brittle and

litharge and

of fluedust,samples

assays

furnace

oxide

was

to

second

the litharge, \A%

material.

in the table,taken

Leipsic, 1867,vol. i.,p. Saft

as

to

Industry/*

ALL

MET

508

at 260^

lose its oxygen

Debray,*

well

as

the

studied

Troost

as

and

temperatures

found

39%, according

length

that

of time

it

the

to

elevated

oxide

used, the

to heat.

the

acid,

in acetic

silver dissolved

with

of time
Thus

the

During

in the litharge.

have

silver is liable to be

richer, more

enriched

by the

it again reduced

of argentiferous lead

of the

silver

both

litharge will increase

is contained

the lead

Fine

from

the

with

as

its silver.

of

less

particles

being

therefore, the

causes,

18.67

length

any

operation

lead.

prevented

from

present

oxidized, and

metallic

be

cannot

by the litharge. From

away

been

in contact

of the

progress

the

silver is insoluble

lead having little silver,it loses

metallic

trace

a

and

acid,

beginning of the cupellation little silver

at the

becomes

from

also dissolved

metallic

must

high

at

silver with

of acetic

means

If silver-bearinglitharge remains

oxide.

Wait^

temperature

He"

As

of the silver present.

19.25%

varied

and
oxide

temperature.

silver is oxidized

of silver oxide

litharge containing 2.94% silver,by
and

Claire-Deville

heating finely divided

on

exposed

was

D.

to Sainte

which

the formation

oxides

metallic

LEA

Haute-Feuille.f the

very

a

under

conditions
and

OF

Y

C; according

to be able to exist at

appears

to

URG

carried
in

tenor

of

progress

the

cupellation.
Gold, finally,follows the silver in the cupellation, but
it,or perhaps
According

trace, is found

of the

furnace, and

the

of operating, cupellation is generally discussed
A.

heads:

two

of

in the litharge.

construction

the general

to

mode

consequent
under

a

none

German

Cupellation ;|| B.

English

Cupellation.
A.

" 140.

Characteristics.

roof, that the

bullion

carried

cupellation was
*

characteristics

The

"

be

to

that the silver is not

and

Cupellation.

with

large reverberatory furnace

: a

are

German

a

cupelled
in the

refined

fixed bed

and

a

movable

is all charged
furnace

same

at

where

once

the

on.

1884, iii.,
p. 985.

''Anorganiache Chemie,'' BruDSwick,

Qraham-Otto-Michaelis,

method

of this

t Ibid.

X Journal
S

**

writer

I The
country;

in

here
in

in

common

more

Chemical

of the American
of American

Transactions
is

fully aware

fact,he

detail than
with

the

of

knows
may

Sociftty,zviii.,
p. 254.
of Mining Engineers/'
that the German
cupelling furnace
Institute

only
seem

English furnace

refinery that

one

necessary,
can

be

the
more

uses

reason

xv.,

p. 488.

is not

much

found

in this

nevertheless,it is treated
is that operations which
it has
it.

If,

easily dealt with und

r

A. than

B.

MET

5 10

The

141.

"
the

improvement
and

it.

on

in

unite

and

410

Fig.

through

downward

pass
one

main

411

are

vertical

two

The

parts that

of the

the exception

by the cross-hatching.
in the

and

side walls

of the furnace

the back

tuyere-pipes
g, which

are

are

introduced.

can

be closed

serves

on

a

brick

prevent

any

bottom

have

is

pit is closed

"
may

142.

a

the

a
as

mixture

be mentioned

It has the form

hearth

i.

On

is

the

drain

the

through

movable

with

a

is

Beneath

its

of bituminous

The

shown

inj.

and

and

coal

beneath

Fubnace.

Plattner|modified
reverberatory

"

plate

o, to

d, should

drains.

upper

ential
differ-

foundation

in cast-iron

is encased
to the

are

the

plate
breast-

way.

other

hearth

which

cast-iron

a

At

The

being set dry.
n,

ward
out-

nel
litharge chan-

is removed

traveler.

dicated,
in-

moisture.

cast-iron

a

together by buckstays

a

reaching

e

for the

be injured in any

of

flame, as

front is the

upper

cavity

Cupelling
the

d and

drains

the blast is introduced

Plattner's

line EF,

tion
part of the founda-

sliding door;

brick

corresponding

is well bound

fuel used

channels

the fireplacea to the

openings

furnace

a

bustion
com-

brick, with

to the

In the upper

ring I,and

part of the furnace

firebrick

red

common

openings /, through

by

second

b, which

same

three

leakage of metal
or

the

a

In Figs.

as

the

m,

working-hearth crack
leading from

flues

serve

from

point, just below

lowest

a

products of

on

exposed

are

At the

L

an

pulley suspended
built

of

before. Fig. 411 after,tamping

support for the

as

roof k rests

arched

sections

small

These

left open.

are

The

separate

is built of

furnace

an

represents

flue c, leading to the dust-chambers.
seen

in the hearth.

h

four

representing the furnace

410

Fig. 409

the fireplacea

being built in pairs.

furnace, the furnaces

is

and

the fireplacea at the right,

and

furnace

one

It differs

411).
form,f

to

circular

hearth.

left,of the

of

section

horizontal

(Figs.408

shows

Fig. 408

flue b at the

the

seleoted for illustration is

furnace

the generally accepted

from

somewhat

The

"

LEAD.

OF

operation at Pribram*

in

one

Fqbnaoe.

T

URQ

ALL

the
flues
The

plates that
The

tie-rods.

whole
The

lignite; the ash*
the grate bars.

In

this

German
furnace

connection

nace.
cupelling fur; the

hearth

is

OesterreickiBches Jahrbuch, xxxviil.,p. 46; Privates notes, 1890,
ScUinen-Weaen
in Preua"en, xxli.,p. 89; Bery- ^"^
und
ZeitachriftfiirBerg-, HUttenHuttenmdnniache
Zeitung, 1872,p. 416.
der Metalle/' Leipsic,1888, Heft
**Die Gewinnung
in Arche,
i.,plate L;
tDrawingB
Schnabel, '* MetalUitlttenkunde.'' i.,p. 580; Besults in Berg- und HUttenmdnmiaeheZeituiig
*

t

1886,p. 211.

CUPELLATION.

511

rectangular in plan (13 by 8^ ft.),and receives its blast from

two

pipes

the flue,which

the opposite end, beneath
of combustion
and

the

to such

cupelling

Most

of the

143.

a

they

as

charge

a

bullion, cupelling the

1.

the hearth, the material

litharge,and

some

metallic

The

Wimmer,"*"

and

22.24%

65.65

For

66.41%

to

material

AlA,

;

is

a

to

a

5-mesh

1.05

to

from

the

a

a

moisture

If left

over

again the
when

may

next

The

day.

pressed in the

sufiScient moisture

turned

must

to

*

absorb

to

;

the

with

CaCO,,
hearth

fire-clay.

on

three parts of

The

to pass

hearth

in the furnace.

down

with

over

a

through

with

as

floor,sprinkled with

the

and

so

sieve.

it is beaten

SiO,,

MgCO,,

49.86%;

part of clay

8-mesh

over

SiOg, 21.22

Usually

At Pribram

one

before

The

marl.

a

5.39%

to

CaCO^

of clay.

be covered

shovel, that
the

cloths and

wet

powder.
worked

is of the right consistency if,

material

hand, it coheres
adhere

be attacked

of the composition,

4.10%;

to the

material, it is sifted,just before

t

ver,
sil-

varies,according

3.54

be equally disseminated

night, it

is

limestone

dolomite

it is spread

hose, and

used

Mountains

or

places, an

this purpose

For

the

for preparing

suitable

2.22%.

dolomite

has to be moistened

material

water

at other

the crude

that will not

one

FeA,

ground together with

sieve;

be

most

;

6.00%; A1A"
7."0%; FeA,
32.82%; is mixed with 25%
are

preparing

:

reducing agent (organic matter,

6.76%

instance, at Tarnowitzf

limestone

are

operations

the following limits:

within

of

The

"

be sufficientl.y
porous

material

MgCOj,

mixture

present

at

number

To

in the Harz

5.39
;

erected

in

"

be

must

any

to Kerl
to

Bottom,

free from

of that used

the fuel gases.

bullion, removing

must

composition

enter

firing the furnace, softening the

crack,

sulphide).

be

silver.

Preparing the Working

by the litharge,nor

not

fumes

no

off with

Pbocess.

six

are

softened

refining the crude

and

liquid ; and

the

and

bottom, charging

working

litharge need

model.

Conducting

work

the

cupelling furnaces

of

fuel is required

Less

all carried

are

the Flattner

Mode
to

remain

is at

carries off the products

fumes.

lead

to

degree

room,

on

necessary

the

as

volatilized, because

English

constructed

"

well

as

metal

less

heated

firebridge; the litharge channel

either side of the

on

to

hand.

a

To

obtain

using, through

Berg- und Huttenmdnnische
Zeitung, 1868,p. 241.
und
ScUinen-We"en
Zeitschriftfur Berg-, Hutten-

has

lump, but

a

in PreuMsen^

a

coarse

not

uniform
hand-

xxzil., p. 107.

MET

612

sieve, and
thrown

Before

fillingis put

water, that it

to the form
in

shown

g-iron, is

in

not

may

a

4 ft.

of

form

a

a

taken

in part those

the lower

This

putting down

is done

in the

same

that the hearth

have

should

If too
not

hard

was

too

hard, it will crack and

enough, it will absorb
to the desired

to the

thickness

of the hearth

the finishing. When

hearth

the

deep and 34 in. in diameter) is
the silver.

a

little to

the firebridge,that

toward

at the end

2.

It is located

bottom

upper

importance

hand

after

little experience.

a

heated

If the material

; if too

In order

to

wet, it

and
and

not
can-

its

prevent

The

slightly warmed.

are

if

sides varies somewhat;
8 in. at the sides.

is that the

more

concave

the harder

the cupellation and
a

The

the finishing

the easier

cavity

n

(1 in.

in the deepest part to receive
one

side of the

the silver may

be

medial

line,

kept easily molten

of the operation.

Charging

receives

adhere

may

right degree of hardness.

is completed,

cut

a

only the surface, when

of the hearth

bed, the harder

of

the point of

lead.

at the bottom

is

surface

the

of the

the bed is the easier will be the cupelling and
; the flatter the

which

down,

is of prime

hardness.

curvature

lap
over-

much

too

the least is perhaps 6 in. at the bottom

general rule for the

shall

sufScientlyporous;

tamping-irons, these

adhering

ner,
man-

not be

will peel when

dry, the hearth

be beaten

and

ear

about

giving attention

bottom,

one,

just the

to the

is easily indicated

This

By

tamping
It

1 in.

same

indentations

to be put down

be perfectly smooth.

finished,must

down

and

in the

evenly beaten

the lower

hearth

center, proceeds in the

the upper

The

the

handle

by scratching it with

as

way

from

returns

that the bottom

as

bottom.

is sprinkled with

fits a wooden

outward.

will be

lower

tool required, the tamp-

at the

in working

sometimes

Pribram,

at

6 in. in diameter

walls, and

already in place.

one

is done

is begun

is roughened

one

The

or

up

i' is first tamped

bottom

into which

surface

Before

bottom

that the circular

made

point, the

essential.

to the

socket

way

i' the

moisture

any

disk of about

tamping

being

chisel.

up

spiral to the side

care

to this

in

all at once,

and

upper

hroken

are

is the

the brick

the lower

cast-iron

The

long.

the

in the drawing.

thickness, with

formed

latter

take

At Pribram

material.

The

being

%

LEAD.

it is introduced

layers.

shows,
the

OF

have

may

Sometimes

separate

Fig. 411

T

URQ

that

lumps

any

aside.

in two

ALL

and

its charge

Firing
of 25 tons

the

Furnace.

"

of lead, enriched

The

furnace

by the Luce

now

and

Qoo^"z

MET

514
flattened out

at both

One

the

of

with

done

at which

and

chisel-pointed bar,

a

off in

litharge runs
is lowered.
decreases

If it

a

too

too

If it

it.

broad

lead will be
sufficiently,

side farthest

a

in

large cake

U-shaped

piece

removing

and

separate

As

watched
The

the

opening;
surface

a

Van

be

not

mechanically by

the

the

the

and

two

products

making

a

breast

be

the

toward

drawn

a

way

a

as

off

as

to form

instances

some

in

front

a

of the

rectangular block.
that is still liquid

cake.

The

according

litharge

to the silver

(copper,bismuth, etc.),
to be

toward

progresses

blast

treated

by
the

increased, the side
introduced

tuyere-pipes

appears
finally,the last film of litharge disof

the

lead

with

a

characteristic
reader

every

has

silver assay.

of the Pribram

cupelling furnace

have, according

of composition

:

Riemsdijk, Berg- und Huttenmdnniache
Zeitungy 1880, pp. 1^7, 275, and
made
interestinginvestigations on this subject

cit.^1880, p. 409, have

on

of the litharge,when

the so-called brightening,* which

while

to

temperature

by-product

to Dietrich, the following percentages
*

the

center

cupellation

closed, and

are

central

the

into

the lead

is again loss in

upright

of

not

litharge becomes

such

in

is

keep

In

of impurities

is raised

end, the temperature

from

in

cupellation is graded

litharge and

tuyere-openings

current

collect

bottom

the percentage

phenomenon,

of

furnace.

may

the

process.

through the

rim

this,the litharge in the
near

into marketable
a

litharge

the

resulting from
contents

with

gradually moved

is placed

sheet-iron

of

from

is tapped

the

of

front

the

channel, that
Before

contact

out

furnace, is directed

of the

the

the blast

as

is required

carried

The

rate

when

a

final litharge may

the

the firebridgeas possible.

flowing out

soon

; there

the bridge and

from

away

opposite side, that

near

as

litharge gutter is first cut into the

litharge. The

The

litharge

if the

of litharge liquid, and

larger amount

the

that

temperature

out, it is

the

cupellation is retarded

the

and

of the

one

be cut

ter,
gut-

of litharge in the furnace

slowly, the

too

runs

silver by the higher

raised

stops

short

too

not

is correct

depth

which

a

the depth of the gutter

on

fast,the rim

from

catting the

to

aro

the lead is volatilized,while

and

sufficientlydesilverized
beneath

The

blast.

In

in. in diameter.

J

say

encircle

to

slightly flattened, is

be used, and

breast

thin stream

runs

is bent

hook.

a

off depends

the litharge runs

the strength of the

these

must

pieces of the

If larger

LEAD.

other, only

the entire edge of the tool
corners.

OF

of

to the form

bent

sharpened and

T

URQ

ends.

while

handle,

wooden

ALL

Bock, Op.

OUPBLLATION.

CRUDE

615

SILVER.

(a) [joc. cit. (ft)
StOlzel, '* Metallurgies' Brunswick.
of American
Institute of Mining Engineers/' ii.,
p. 97.

The

time

It is divided

required
as

1868-86,p. 1188.

(c)*' Transactions

to oupel the 25 tons of rich lead

follows

is 80 hours.

:

Hours.

Preparing the hearth-material, making the hearth, and
Melting down and wheeling the necessary
coal
Dressing.
Drawing the tin skimmings
Drawing the antimony skimmings
Running off market
Utharge
Running off rich litharge

charging the lead

8
16
6
6
8
88
18
80

The

oupellation is in charge of three

working in eight-hour shifts.

For

each

men,

every

100

tons

with
of

a

helper*

base

bu^

MET

516

lion

are

material
silver is

oonsumed

19.63

(which

includes

0.83%;

Y

of

tons

OF

LEAD.

ooal

23

and

the refining of the

hearth

The

figuresdo

enough

which

from

of

loss in

not include

of the by-products.

litharge is low

the market, the bullion

bushels

silver).

The

in re-treatingsome

of the

cent,

UBG

that in lead, 4.33%.

the loss endured
six per

ALL

Thirtj-

in silver to be sold in

it is made

167

averaging

oz.

silver to the ton.
5.

Crude

the

Reniomng

the blast is shut

Silver,

pieces
channel

cold, water

then

removed

through

day, when

the

that have

adhered

Part

This
the

with
soaked
6.

are

introduced

is allowed

cleaned, weighed,

in.

a

pressed into the

then

pick.

with

iron

wrought

and

the

hearth

upper

SUver.

Crude

Refining the

10%.

this

Formerly

the flue-end,and

the

of fuel

Foehrf have
the

done

firing was
refining in

the

charge, while

the

a

3

or

in

lead-

the

in

of

means

crucible

These

Berg- und

door

of similar

big

very

are

one

much

smaller

crude

a

entirely at
on

at small

the crucible
stiffened

to the

the

than

if

and

facts,and

check.

silver in

sulphate, the

at

or

Ohl*

to the

2

oval

side

loss in silver and

received

has

silver

Huttenmdnnische

small

a

composition

to correspond

to refine

is carried

at

silver
from

vary

cupelling furnace.

abolished

the silver,uncovering

impurities.

refining of the crude

considered

were

has been

a

*

a

with

depth of 2
is mixed

being that the

reason

Boessler|how

by

separate furnace

down

next

particlesof silver

exclusively in

separate furnace

a

the discovery by

Refining in

It is

till the

part, which

working

a

since proved this not

crucible

back.

of impurities, which

working bottom

a

cupelling bottom, the
consumption

The

"

done

was

furnace, having

reverberatory

the

the silver

to the blast furnace.

goes

has for its object the removing
to

next

litharge

First warm,

is then removed

litharge to

the

for

the

is left to cool

the unsoaked

hearth-material

at

the

knife-shaped

silver.

for small

with

of it is soaked

Two

through

hearth

ened,
bright-

removed, and

are

opening

furnace

The

has

into the furnace, and

run

is examined

to it.

silver

clay.

of crude

central

The

etc.

ball of

cake

to

is separated from

part

the

off,the tuyere-pipes

litharge gutter is closed
of

After

"

Since
a

bago
plum-

refining in

some

works

a

works.

by melting

that the air may

oxidize

by sprinkling bone-ash

or

Zeitung, 1879,p. 274.

t Ibid., 1885, p. 381.

t Ibid.,18", p. 887.

Qoo^"z

'

CUPELLATION.

hearth

material

repeated till no

being

more

1.837%; SbA.

Ag,

Mich., sand

to silioate of

lead,

0.203%; BiA,
As,0" 0.005%" total,

(NiCo) O, 0.560%; CuO,

the following metals:

0.026%;

impurities rise to the

in refining,contained, in addition

being used

skimmer,

a

by Curtis'** at Wyandotte,

A slag obtained

surface.

it with

the silver and then remoTing

on

the operation

517

0.639%;

3.260%.
that if silver sulphate is added

found

Roessler

crucible, first the lead and

in

a

to

sulphates, the
removed

is not

small

of slag,to be treated

amount

contains

attacked, he
silver,and
sand

the

introduces

then

the

with

a

time

skimmer.

The

the

of

acid

66^

allowed

cool, is then

to

dilute

remaining

acid

required

are

redness

molds

into

oast

oast-iron

out

as

driven

with

and

lead-lined

a

the
The

is then

by the writer

seen

at

in 1890, differs
It is

follows:

as

kettle.

The

off

as

much

as

they

as

The

nearly all the

carry

sulphate, which
The

mass.

Special arrangements
finelydivided

temperature

use.

is

possible,and the

off by heating.

is ready for

solution

slightlyyellow cheesy

a

them.

wooden

being
of

top

slag, which

is raised to

when

color of

sulphate is grayish-green; it is hygroscopic, and
kept in

from

on

60^ B., when

to

to fuse the silver

in order

crucible

above.

to cool the vapors,

silver sulphate along

the first slag

by dissolving silver in sulphuric

liquor is drawn

supernatant

comparatively

a

Eefining Works

diluted

sulphate will fall

silver
The

small

a

as

process,

indicated

manner

in

B.

the

to stiffen the

silver sulphate is produced

The

separate the

separately,while

prevent

and

Smelting

slightly from

in

Copper

silver sulphate in the middle.

same

Lautenthal

set free.

layer of quartz-sand

a

stirs in the

at

serves

removed

To

of the lead.

most

bismuth

silver

converted

are

keeping

By

the

concentrates

time

same

silver sulphate.

by

slags he

different

the bismuth

then

silver being at the

to melted

liquid is

the

melted

is therefore

box; 1,000 parts contain

650 parts

of silver.
Crude
is melted

silver of

a

down

a

with

is heated
lower

part two

stir in the

plumbago

coke in

a

it got beneath
of American

thousandths

crucible holding 700 lb. The

1^-in.openings

"Transactions

950 to 980

small cylindricalfurnace

silver sulphate,

that sometimes
*

in

fineness varying from

as

having

for the blast-pipes. On
advised

by Boessler,it

of

in the

trying
was

the layer of sand, spread
Institute

ble
cruci-

over

to

found
the

Mining Engineers/' ii.,
p. 96.

Qoo^"z

METALL

518
corroded

silver,and
iron

coated

either side with

on

silver.

Into

the

lb. of sulphate
As

soon

it

as

When

the

slag has
added

second,

a

hen's

that

has

in contact

with

been

of

make

about

an
sufficient,

crude

of the

be

removed

with

fourth

addition

may

a

silver fine.

an

silver,and

The

form

precipitatemust

test with

silver with

an

average

to 1 part of

base

a

fineness

All the

a

is

skimmer.

A

of silver sulphate
ness
for fine-

to supersaturate

after standing.
the

silver is
Thus

metal,
in three

this not

prove

700

to be

In 1890, 107,031 lb.

is made.

of

of 970 required 6,009 lb. of

silver of
;

2 parts of

sulphate

the sulphate

part of it enters

by the following analysis made

shown

after

quartz

to be added

should

ammonia

by the silver in the crucible

up

iron rod

21 lb. of base

corresponds to about

metal.

warmed.

test made

even

fine,contain

addition

extra

6 to 8

25 to 30 minutes

silver in nitric acid and

silver sulphate, which

taken

From

require 31 lb. of silver sulphate

If the

portions.

on

this is completely decomposed,

silver,being 970

would

the

the silver this begins to boil.

times the total quantity of base metal present.

lb. of crude
which

been

of silver sulphate required to fine

amount

1^

placed

surface

the

some

No

ammonia.

The

the

it,that it

is to dissolve
with

egg)

is

high)

ladle from

silver is stirred with

added

on

to

7 in.

a

are

third,and, if necessary,

a

is given

as

a

of the sulphate.

collected

to stiffen

diameter, and

3-in. layer of clay,and

the effect decreases, the

sulphate has

this, a wrought-

prevent

with

(thesize

to assist the action

D.

introduced

center

comes

in. in

10|

LEA

To

the crucible.

{\ in. thick,

ring

OF

Y

UEO

by Hampe

is not

the slag,

:*

0.64%;
SO,, 0.61%; S, 0.15%; FeO,
SiO^ 40.7%; PA.
13.47%; Al,Os, 0.43%; BiA, 6.01%; PbO,
33.50%; AgA
2.05% (=1.88 Ag.);Cu, 0.45%; Sb, 0.02%; CaO, 1.73%;
MgO,
0.64%; Na,0, 0.26%.
0.25%; KA
of refiningis to be
The main
advantage of Boessler's method
in the larger direct output

found

of the bismuth

in

easily worked

more

the reverberatory

a

comparatively
than

used
B.

"
a

small
*

Nov.

Hiitttnm"nnitcht

amount

the concentration
of

slag that is

litharge obtained

in

for refining the silver.
English
"

The

reverberatory furnace

Berg- und
H, 1891.

small

cupel-bottom and

Chabagteristics.

144.

of silver and

Cupellation.
characteristics of this method
with

a

movable

bed

Zeitungy 1891,p. 187; Engineering and

and

a

are

fixed

Mining Journal,

CUPELLATION,

the

roof, and

fact

that

bullion

the

gradually and the silver refined
carried

cupellatioQ was
The

145.

"

represent

This

"

oupelled is charged

"

where

furnace

same

has undergone

the

described

as

changes from

many

by Percy.*

Figs. 412

that is commonly

Fig.

412.

Fig.

?

the

be

of cupelling furnace

form

one

in

to

on.

FuBNACE.

the original English furnace
to 416

519

413.

m

"^

a
-"^T^

Fig. 414.

il

ON

8E0TION

D.

0

ON

SECTION

irv

i* ^

^^

V k" \* t' t*

Fio.

A

B.

415.

Fig. 416.
section

FiGB.

used

in

413)

412 TO

American

shows

firebridge

top by the
place.

The

English

refining

works.

the general construction

a, the vertical

the

416. "The

on

wall

f.

Furnace.

Cupelling

The

vertical

the

fine

and

the test when

part of the

plates; the side castings have
*

a

"Metallurgy

wall

furnace

e.

the space
This

is encased

Lead,'* p. 178.

c

rib

been

(Fig.

the fireplace
between

is closed

it has

strengthening
of

section

of the furnace, with

fixieb, to the right, and
d and

compass-ring/
upper

e

at

the

put in

in cast-iron
to

resist the

MET

520

ALL

URG

OF

Y

LEAD,

thrust of the roof.

In addition, the front g of the ash-pit A, and
well as the inner sides of t and j, are
of the furnaoe,
as

the flue-end

The

protected by castings.
been

in the drawings.

left out

buckstays

usual

be noted

To

the

are

have

tie-rods

large grate

k to the roof

the hearth
|
in. by 3 ft. 6 in.),the height from the grate bearer
I (2 ft. 4 in.)and the short distance (9^ in.)between

the roof and

the top of the compass

ffc.6

in.

(4
(4 ft. 4

area
area

for

2 ft.

by

flame

The

good working.

downward

in.)in

and

through the small

is directed

grate-bars

the shallow

roof and

pass

By paying special attention
it is possible to

obtain

a

being forced

In fact,with

coal.

for cupelling, and

blast, slack coal is good enough

to

the hearth,

to refine silver without

special kinds of bituminous

use

all essential

are

roof, and, being forced

the lead.

on

sufficientlyhigh temperature
to

the

construction

part of the

this

to

from

between

space

all its heating force

exerts

ring, as they

pitch of the

by the

with

comparison

undergrate
coal is

nut

quired
re-

only for fining,the coal being of ordinary grade.
The
as

stoking, is done

place

grate-bars

and

to

a

side

has

door,

two

say

and

oblong

in width

(11, 13,

front, the object
line

shortest
somewhat
on

the

this

front

flue is

to

the

toward

toward

conditions
toward

being
the

part

lead

into

five

of the draft

are

such

the furnace

the flue,which
there

is only

will
one

blast-pipe and

through which

Many

have

furnaces

blast-pipe and
lead

two

is gradually

three

from

taking the

hot.

At

flues.

flame rushes

by placing

one

door

through which

forward

central

melted

bricks
fire-

more

at

a

away.

of
the

time.

for the

one

through each of which
and

much

passes

pig of lead
a

the

At the back

the

openings,

If

too

or

correct

evil.

works

some

the

small

it

litharge floating

that

one

draw

to

smaller

is fed

the

toward

six

n,

on

in Figs.

seen

or

lateral ones,

pushed

the

is kept

the center, this is remedied
in

hinges

flue and

whereby

front,

of the

divided

flame

of the

center

stoking
cast-iron

a

of the furnace

the

prevent

is

in

flues m', increasing

smaller

the back

in.)from

16

by

its two

to

place,
fireIf

the

at

(Fig.413)

m

into three

to be divided

416

flue

is

the

furnace.

casting

high, having

horizontal

The

side.

6 in.

of

to be closed

well

plan

ends

of the

is used, the

openings, each

21 in. long and

the

side

the

from

Another

front.

parallel with

blast

forced

case

the lower
415

stoke

arranged that firing,as

so

the

from

the

such

is

drawing

grate in the

a

pig of

Having

Qoo^"z

MET

522

brick-work

bound

It rests

cast-iron

on

a

at the front

of the test; at

pair of jackscrews,

looped rods RR
with

SS.

gorew

raised and

with angle-iroDs and
and

rest

F

by

lowered

of support

they

F, which

bed-plate

and

rests

Thd

419).

action of the litharge,a pair of water-pipes

419)

A furnace

of matte
The

cupelling ; if used

just given and

one

has been

{w

the

and

while

used

previously described

is water-cooled

test

lowered

and

raised

from

watersive
corro-

w\ Fig.

in it.

similar to the

(page 371).

the caai-

on

is not

test

cooled, but in order to protect the fillingmaterial
is imbedded

be

can

difficulty. Into the loop at the front

(Figs.417

t

is connected

right and left hand-

fits the cast-iron breast-jacket (Fig. 423), which
iron

in place by the

the front of the test

W

is

bar B, supported

held

are

iron.

of

along the bottom

run

the

of

means

without

Its

the yoke

from

by

loop-shaped
manner

of

bottom

top and

the rounded

on

consists

422)
band

rails A A'

turning the wheel

By

a

t.

at the other

suspended
yoke

second

a

Two

they

end

one

by

bed-plate

Figs. 424 and 425.

in

a

LEAD.

of boiler-iron,
strengthened at

r

flanges 8, and

by

OF

flue/. The flue is bound
test (Figs.417, 418, 419, 421

The

oval ring

shown

T

URO

of the

tie-rods.
an

ALL

this

the

English

and

the

purpose

test

centration
con-

illustrated

easily be

can

It is very

working.

for

and

for the

well

ought

suited
be

to

for

made

shallower.
In

instance

one

modified
and

"

as

the fireplaceat the

to have

146.

in.

of

test

been

so

of the ellipticaltest,

Figs. 426 and
It has

cavity on

427

present
show

a

are

surface

its upper

of the

compass

which

is closed

being rammed

ring

test

and

when
in.

the
The

many

a

will be

t

resting on

changes

in

A few

of

a

has rounded

in Figs. 412
on

In

a

forming
of

riage.
car-

further

on.

It

comers.

the

front it has

rectangular form

test

When

to 416.

line with

filling material

to 435.

pattern of the

cast-iron

will be discussed

shown

(Fig. 413).

p

(4|in. wide,

fillingmaterial.

test ring is rectangular in plan and

in place

in.), which

of wrought-iron

cast-iron

fits into the cupelling furnace

ft. 6

represented in Figs. 426

of which

the inside, both

2

has undergone

bottom

concave

a

ft. by

of support, and

at

use

(4

oval frame

an

thick) filled with bone-ash,

tests in

The

The

Rings."

Test

construction, manner
the

end

has

converging blast -pipes at the side.

two

originally consisted

\

cupelling furnace

a

the

upper

rim

3-in. slot j
hearth

test offers

a

is

large

Qoo^"^

-"^w-

Fig.

426

section

on

FlO.
a

b.

SECTION

427.
ON

0

D.

-Si

^^
-ji^tiL

inri'

"

^

Fig.
bottom

^

"

i?

"

"

428.

t

jr

"

Fig.

429.
upwards

bottom

downwards

A-

Mi^-^i^m^
section

Fig.

on

a

b.

480.

Fig.

432.

foTjI^a^^
ii

Plf"0"flM

'^dtpnHo^

Fig.

Fig.

438.

434.

i:"!s!a:a!i'

u.^J I
Figs. 426

Fig.

485.

to

435."

ELEVATIOH.

Test

Kings.

L--e"

MET

524
surfaoe

on

Figs. 428

430

to

horizontal

line with

the

distance

between

loop is

not

hearth

may

on

in plaoe, the uper

side of this will

edge of the

In

lead

of the

as

the

horizontal

down

the

fillingmaterial

the

that the litharge oyerflowing from

the

hot litharge and

of the test ring

small

as

flange at

through it into the litharge-pot below

pass

the

making

over

tamping

filled,in order

ring, thus

the surface

ring

ring itself will be in

test

compass

ring protrudes

test

side of the compass

the lower

edge of the

loop d.

a

the bottom

be oupelled

can

test ring" having

the roof and

between

contact

with

the upper

upper

The

forming

lead

more

oval cast-iron

an

When

in contact

or

/ (Fig. 413), and

c,

therefore

represent

flange a.

possible.

LEAD.

OF

oval hearth.

an

be close to

T

URG

for oxidation^ and

it than

a

ALL

iron frame

four

are

; thus

Across

is avoided.

cast-iron

arms

any

to hold

e

the

fillingin place.
both

With

the

time

the

at

same

litharge gutter,
is fastened

wrought

by

a

furnace,

jacket, as shown

The

not

somewhat,

protects the

cast-iron

by
are

an

placed

two

d is rammed

As

but

pipes, and

Figs. 434

"ont,
of

and

the

435,

sides alone

an

in the

usual

its bad

the hot

The

slowly.

litharge in

3-in. rim
so

culating
cir-

water

far

of
as

to

filling.
bring

the hot litharge.

front

in Fig. 433.

band.

On

these effectivelycounteract

on

to

a

a

is

a

test ring
The

filling

nace
lea4" while the fur-

at the

the

device

It is surrounded

top of the

The

kept about

effect only

Here

circulates.

water

way.

A

is protected.

bed-plate 5.

a

iron

with

rarely

is shown

on

gutters cut

by the
very

a

or

the test ring

as

only

it by
or

with

1-in. pipes in which

show

and

of the

off through

out

never

the

only

is running, being always

litharge can

furnace

lowering

or

this is cooled

eaten

contact

tied by

down

comparatively

the

depth

same

in contact

test ring, resting

iron hoop

in

litharge runs

come

By this arrangement
that

the

jacket has

casting into direct

the

a

corrosion

raising

it is protected from

as

in

soon

very

of bolts to the test ring, be this cast iron

jacket, it is

out

wears

the

water

(Fig. 435).

jacket itself does

the

counteract

permit

the breast.

in the

This

litharge

from

removed

time

The

into the fillingb

the

To

means

iron.

forms

and

to be

test has

replaced by another.
and

of the

action

the filling,
especiallyat the front, and

eats out

short

tests the corrosive

height, the

same

level

of

great extent

the waterthe

sive
corro-

action.

Qoo^"z

CUPELLATION.

A

of

oombination

Going

the

step further

one

a

rectangular

having

jacket

water

c, which

plate

supports

the fillingd.

furnace

the

filling lasts

is

than

longer than
of the

to be

147.

Test-King

various

changes.

wedges

between

bullion

two

and

four

The

the

while

The

rings.

test

breast

has for concentrating

of the

litharge gutter

unavailable

for

bringing

the

removal

uniform

of

the last

of bringing the tests

has of late years
consisted

of the

two

transverse

the

test frame

4 in. below

the fiue wall

e

undergone

in driving four iron

ring and

test

inserted

were

represented
walls

It is then

are

still retained

running

It is not

(Fig.413).

brings it

use

up

to its final

is made

where

the hearth

walls rest

as
on

to

are

the

is placed

are

the

and

test
on

the

placed beneath

By

ring.

compass

The

the

the brick posts

usual

way,

ever,
how-

satisfactory if the

entire

position.

in

large

a

height of 12 in.,

the bed-plate and

between

accessible

This

to the

high,

nearly

jackscrews, which

hearth

adjust

432.

gradually
bricks

to

the firebridge wall

along

raised

pillars,each three

test is adjusted

and

in Figs. 431

driving flat wedges
is to

has to be

preserving the

to

manner

there

old method

wedges

bed-plate, which
then

tected
pro-

of the lead in

fine silver,as

The

"

fixing them
the bottom

9-in. brick

flue wall.

jackets are

now.

Sometimes
as

test

jacketing is that

other

indefinitelythe

into the firebridgewall d and

frame,

cast-iron

quickly, and

depth

to

up

Supports.

bars, the ends of which
used

the

in the silver.

into position and

much

jacket

by the litharge^ and

arrangements,
the

a

open

to

jacket then

the

it,however,

level of the gutter prolongs

"

bolts

a

regulated by the cupeller,but always remains

70%,

lead contained

with

effect of

addition

The

water

on

Steitz
Here

bronze

both

done

with

other

renders

rich, say

be

482.

the surface

on

The

jacket, in

This

same.

Here

breast

can

advantage, that

have

not

This

being used.

any

and

placed

is attacked

alone

e

or

are

time ; the

some

front

another

very

gutter

for another.

the

does

jackets

to the

come

it is fastened

The

after

out

exchanged

better

cast-iron

6;

in Fig. 419.

boiler iron.

of

jacket.

The

the furnace.

cast-iron

made

a

we

in Figs. 431

the hot litharge forming

from

is eaten

by

litharge gutter

a

wrought-iron

the

in water-cooling

in front is closed

space

is shown

arrangements

represented

water-jacket test,as
is

two

525

modern

oast-iron

cupelling furnace

supports.

A

common

Qoo^z

Fig.

Fias.

436

to

438."

Thb

Eraser

and

Test

Chalmbrs

437.

Carriage.

Fig. 440.
a

b

Fig.

Block
Bolta

Pulley
Turn

jC

Svpporl-"ia%

d

Sermim
Back
TestPlaU

"

Figs.

439

and

439.

440." The

j

j"^^fm|

Lynch

Test

^

Support.

METALL

528
the turD-bolta

it

of the litharge,should
than

this corrode

movable

side of the

one

carriage o, with
back

two

on

its movable

screws

and

e

a

to the

openings he

raises

or

lowers

test.

Into the upper

other

upper

extends

more

of the

bottom

frame

If this

test.

The

stability.

rails running

carriage to right
The

support

with

back

at the

the

being fastened
of two

blocks

fastened

resting

at the back

has been

wheeled

this is done

on

by liftingit

a

few

crowbar
it.

sinks

the frame
When

the

slightly raised, the
the frame

on

two

U-shaped

The

to be withdrawn
movable

test ring is then
from

test

Co., Milwaukee,

under

support,

Wis.,

was

To

screws.

two

a\

the

avoid

pivots which,

When

with

the

a

these.

be

is io

wide

On

withdrawing
then

exchanged, the frame
thrown

are

two

enough

castings, which

castings

raised,

then

crowbar;

height, and

it will

frame,

supporting the test,

position and

these two

is slowly lowered, when

the pivots.

and

inches

test is to be

having

d', fit into circular openings

placed around

inclose the pivots, are

By

out,

a

XT-shaped castings, of the correct

required

the carriage is taken

pivots and

into its correct

the

the

d and

two

beams

more

disadvantage that when

replaced by

to the beams

these

a

least

before

been

into the blocks

concave

all shifting of

and

e

difficultyis experienced in turning the

there

e' have

each

to

e' has, at

screws

much

and

thus

position is avoided.

aa'has

e

of its

one

it that of the

grooved.

frame

screws

right

left,and

or

frame

(Fig. 412)

c

the old cupelling furnace, the

this the

into

line,two

carriage are

by the

to be lowered

At

A to be

b'\ riveted

left to get it into correct

or

wheel

support for the

as

give

the space

across

d\

in the

with

h V

unbroken

an

of the

wheels

and

straight the surface of beam

were

sufficient to

c' being

and

0

serve

right

auo!and

cross-beams

represent in the section

would

to

a

in front of the

inserting a hook
wheel

the

let in, which

in pairs, are

short distance

a

by

rests at the

d

working

^,

front of the frame

the

supported

This

for the
sufficiently

outward

turns

oa'.

in the blocks

screw

right of the cupeller. By

circular

test is

frame

by the

of the frame, which

furnace, and is turned

A

hearth

by F. ". F. Bhodes,

one

The

e\ working

the front, it is supported
arm

is the

test support

in Figs. 426, 427, 441.

represented

two

the action

to counteract

the other.

Another

like

LEAD.

sideways

be moved

oan

OF

Y

UBG

to

the
port
sup-

is again

off,and

again be supported by

sufficentlylow for the carriage

the compass

rins.

manufactured
described

on

by
page

the

E.

P.

Allis

371.

Qoo^"z

CUPELLATION.

Another

movable

has been

invented

Movable

tests

in much

are

Whatever

test

to plaster

to protect it

as

and

at the

time

This

jet.

steam

machines

in

the

has

given

The

and

The

Tools.

and

a

\ in. wide, 2
iron),to out
iron, with

a

in.

Boot

and

the breast;

cast-iron

or

small

kettles

(13 in.

4

oz.

3

on

per

in.

in

times
nozzle, some-

the air through

aperture

an

simply flattening
the

required by

in

to

a

; one

diameter

handle

or

hook;

a

are
one

saw

bullion

litharge buggies having

more

and

to

ladle ; 10

; one

scoop

cupeller

(9 in. long,
(6 ft. long, of ^-in.
(10 ft. long, of 1-in.

fire-hook

one

three

silver molds, and

molds

The

blowers, and

about

is better than

tools

by 10-in. head)

4

a

pipe.

deep),attached

down

by

blower.

a

rods

two

so

flame,

usually supported

are

sheet-iron

This

The

"

to

(7 ft. long, of ^-in.iron),bent
chisel-pointed bar (7 ft. long, of |-in.iron); one

few:

the

of the blast is about

delivers

in. wide.

^

of the sheet-iron

149.

"

engine

pressure

water-cooled, which
the end

Baker

the

blast-pipe is of

4 in. long and

with

ring,

rushing in between

entirely

It is frequently fitted into

diameter.

of the

contact

be

always

originally produced

was

way

are

fan ; blower

The

in.

blast

use

bed-plate.

same

sq.

The

"

common

the Sturtevant

surface

the air from

are

until lately.
should

care

upper

in direct

to prevent

rings that

test

used

by

test ring.

Blast.

The

148.

been

not

clay the

against coming

water-

lead is gradually lowered

be in use,

may

with

over

ring and

compass

"

support

same

the test ring is not

when

jacketed they have

entirely water

Tarnowitz, Silesia.

at

litharge gutter; with

the

cutting deeper

favor

is used

level of the

the

test ring

speoially constructed

by Boesing,'*'and

oooled, Le.f where

taken

with

support

629

8

in.

deep)

to

hold

the

litharge.
Mode

160.

"

include

Conductino

op

fillingthe

Pbocess.

the

The

"

operations

putting it in place, cupelling, and

test and

refining.
1.

Filling

the

originally used
to pass
way
a

to

a

12-me8h
*

Jan.

Berg- m\d
19" 1884.

and

to fillthe

26-mesh

a

Test

mixture

sieve.
of

Putting

test

was

limestone

Place

bone-ash

This, being

sieve, the proportions
HUttenmdnnische

it in

and

too

"

The

ground fine enough
expensive, has

fire-clay ground

being three

material

giveu

through

parts hy volume

ZeitunQt 1888,p. 577; Bngineering

and

Mining

of

Journal,

MET

530
limestone

to two,

the plasticity.
best

Portland
more

ground

used

on

Some

as

works

add

the

shown

wood

then

is taken

wood

dried,
The

then

cavity
insure

top

tam

the

of

the

is scraped

scooped

out.

A

rim

6 and

concentrated

of

of the

in. wide, and

the

usual

tamping.

test with

"ssential
before

over

beat down

to

at

that

the

the cement

material, and
good

very
a

wooden

ring, and

the

the

removed,

The

mold

the

an

be

shows

any

the
to
on

hearth
of

excess

and

sides,
The

better

2,500 lb. of lead.
cement,

method

having the
done

fillingmaterial

oval test 4 ft. 6 in. long, 2 ft 1

with

or

is moistened

moistened

work

at

point, and the depth

lowest

and

is to
form

cement.

quickly,

a

of

the

down

of
in

during

the

the

test

place

cavity, and

In using
as

mixture

tamped

formed

cavity, however, being

a

has

the cavity then
back

at

wry

frame

fill it with

in. wide

the

Portland

quicker and

upward

bottom
then

A

place

been

deep, holds about

the

way,

4 in. in diameter

fine silver.

or

ground brick, this

and

cement

test

the front to facilitate the dipping

near

5 in. Thus

5 in.

fillingthe

In

point

bullion

cavity about

to

partly

to 4

3

be at least 4 in. thick

should

the

10 in. at the front,is left untouched.

even

cavity has its lowest
out

about

to the test

from

in

finished, the

only when

are

is

has

off down

be

to

d is put

loop

When

down.

trowel.

a

then

frame

430) is

is less danger of breaking off part

surface

ring, and

test

ring.

the slot for the discharge of the

ping-irons

hard

the

layers; others

to

of the

form

A

material

sometimes

the

open

out

into

ring (Figs. 428

test

with

When

material.

once

the

scooped

much

not

are

begin then with the

and

test is filled entirely with

uniformly

a

all at

there

then

as

resist the corrosive

tamped

is best withdrawn

of the filling. The
the base.

then

fillingbeaten

wood

has

test

limestone-clay mixture, this is

mass

out, leaving

coarsely

The

cement.

in three separate

having

the

litharge. The
somewhat

"

cast-iron

filled,a piece of
place, and

the

material

If the

tamping.

one-third

other material,

any

143, and

the

beat down

necessary

and

pure

if of

cost.

great

in

works, and

some

limestone-Gla.vfilling.

cement

of

than

In fillingthe test-ring with

moistened,

at

the

; magnesia-brick, which

of the

account

than

instead

of litharge better

action

part of clay,according to

one,

of two-thirds

brick-lined

LEAD

is used

cement

firebrick is used

also been

OF

only

durable

mixture

a

T

URQ

Bometimes

or

is

quality

Sometimes

ALL

cement

it nfust

it is

be finished

signs of setting.

Qoo^"z

CUPELLATION.

The

test frame

bottom

solid cast-iron

with

k is oiled and

down

in the

is then

in

a

test is

a

is to be used
In

in

a

dry and
the

up

the

v, to

space

working

then

a

tom
bot-

thoroughly

sides, the

east-iron
is beaten

cement

top of the

test-frame

;

carefully removed.

filled,it has

for

to stand

fortnight and

a

cupelling-room) to

cold furnace, a small

for

longer

Before

dry.

fire is made

charcoal

the fire is kept low

furnace

warm

a

build

place (usuallythe

warm

is set

that has

one

The

put in place, and moistened

intervening

the iron frame

is the only

427)

; it is slightlyconcave.

fire-clay. To

frame

When

and

of firebrick,which

is made

grooted

(Figs.426

i

531

three

it.

on

four

or

it

hours

after the test is in place.

Cupelling and

2.

well warmed,
to

a

"

down.

let

and

on

lead

some

When

this has

and

to

the back, where

supplied from

one

through openings into the furnace
the lead

to keep

as

the

in

litharge is collected in
8 in. deep)

running

to-day

use

a

melted

are

always

two

advantages.

presents

the

handled

and

With

litharge in

the

is

than

a

a

into

the

A

movable

rate

in

loose central

a

The

partition

object of the
of

cone

This

form, which

is

easily

the disadvantage that

has

been

a

there

not

often

abandoned.

run

off through

that

litharge; generally there

an

has

for the cupeller and

gutter

one
are

after the other to prevent excessive

test gives

tition
par-

litharge. The

water-box.

a

mon
com-

granular litharge is charged

filling. It is

one

a

that in the blast furnace

Granulating

of the

for the passage

and often four, opened

the

same

stationary iron test ring, the litharge is

gutter cut

serves

granulated

used, and

form.

if it is in lump

With

a

silver when

and

loss in lead

more

replaced by

It has, however,
be

cupel-carriage cannot

at such

the large furnaces

the temperature

It reduces

sampled.

protruding

and

time

one

lead is

cast-iron pot (say 13 in. in diameter

is to facilitate the breaking of
at

fresh

The

on

wall has replaced the small litharge-pots.

litharge-pot was

down
the

between

cupellation.

bars

small

two

or

ordinary slag-pot with

an

German

is

level.

test

wheels.

on

the

and

blast

is made

off at the front, and

run

and

the front

cherry-red, the

distinction
in

place

is gradually brought

through
a

No

litharge, as

litharge is made

The

become

is in

test

introduced

cupellation started.

dross, skimmings,

the

of the furnace

the temperature

dark-red, and

melted

When

Refining.

additional

flow of litharge by lowering and

mode

three
rosion.
cor-

of regulating

raising the front.

With

the

Qoo^"z

OF

METALLURGY

532

LEAD.

Steitz water-jacket test the flow of the litharge is regulated only

back

of the furnace.

The

gutter

flow of the litharge is

surface

the

of

lead

works.

many

to 60

furnace.
it

as

of silver

this concentrating,

can

be

practice

has

to

be

a

smaller

are

too

the

out

has to

thin and

days;

and

lasts

The
The

or

addition

of rich bullion

off and

the

has

to be fined.

has

taken

from

progressed.

on

Bone-ash

is sometimes

works

silver at least

the bottom

becomes

a

stone
lime-

lasts

purpose

same

limestone
A

test

clay, used

ring

having

days.

aeven

iron test ring.

an

usually not

the silver-lead alloy becomes
has

temperature

to

considerably

be

su"5cientlyconcentrated
The

last lithargesare

filled with

time

show

crude

the

drawn

silver,which

the

of

action

given in small
the surface

nitrate of soda
997 fine,as

or

is used

this

has

how

the

seen.

far the cupellation

exposing the

usually in

fining consists
to

on

bath

metal

for
with

filled

refining lasts

test

is stopped.

the

The

impurities that float

concentrating

a

in concentrating, but

almost

degree,

It is not often that the brightening is

some

some

the

days.

as

remains

silver for

At

for

60

sary.
neces-

daily for finishing,lasts only

the silver has become

When

Samples

dividing the

A test ring filled with

five hours

done

fusible, the

test

judgment

cupellers is

Thus

certain time

the end, when

raised.

now

a

used

same

Toward

less readily

while

is excellent,

the finishing furnace, and

to

goes

exchanged.

finishing is always

continuous.

separate

a

to the desired

is again filled.

only

operation is the

the bullion

thus

reliable

and

for concentrating and

used

at

the litharge gutter

test where

a

water-jacket test filled with

concentrating,
cement

and

cement-test

a

A

abandoned

man,

cupeller. By

After

be

clay, if used four
30

practice of

to fine it in

is concentrated

furnace

constantly.

runs

months.

the

bullion

concentration

been

the

operations of concentrating and finishing,

poured

or

has

one-half

the water-jacket test

of experienced

number

it is ladled

furnace

with

necessary

the two

into

former

inexperienced

an

regulated by

When

the

by

run

The

and

test

one

on

time

piece of clivy.

a

to concentrate

common

For

and

cupelling

furnace

same

At present it is

70%

or

covered.

short

a

regulated that about

so

remains

cupelling and fining in the

for

there, or with

by allowing litharge to accumulate
The

be closed

can

the bars at the

off from

by the quantity of the lead that is melted

heat

and

the

blast.

quantities to absorb
have

collected

in the furnace
become

the

on

the

the edge.

to make

standard

the

below

Qoo^"z

CUPELLATION,

which

fine silver should

not

The

go.

(about 12 lb.)at

silver,a shovelful

corroding the fillingof the

from

brick

finelyground

the

over

About

cast into

molds.

50,000

of silver.

the

refining plant) with

much

spread

nitre

the behavior

of tellurium

refining of dore

from

mud

to be

ready

required for

are

second

the

on

electrolytic

an

nitre, the resulting slag contained

tellurium, in the form

20%

as

refiners

is fine and

of

anode

the soda

prevent

some

the

on

slag, floating

silver

In this connection

(obtainedin working

copper

The

15 shovelfuls

is spread

To

ring,

Ulke'*' states that in the

is of interest.
silver

test

the

niter

time.

a

nitre.

only when

silver, is removed

oz.

533

of tellurite of sodium

as

(see"

139).
of fine silver

indications

The

are:

smooth, clean

a

the

that stirring fails to bring impurities to
held

by dipping in
and
a

have

a

rod

and

to make

a

the surface,

on

sample taken with

of

gram

half

good test.

be finelygranular

in the dry way,

is done

granulated sample and
placed in

cupels

hour

assay

a

\

in the wet

using ferric sulphate

as

row

with

way,

by weighing
of

gram

the

c.

any

as

amount

same

A second
has been

progress

potassium-sulphocyanide,

indicator, will give the

an

out

silver

p.

in the muffle.

whether

later will show

etc.

the fining is progressing is

cupelling the three samples with

an

An

made.

a

three

on

definitelyhow

This

assay.

check, and

of lead

a

the surface,which

should

fracture, which

to know

way

an

\

assay

color; and that

taken

silky luster; test for malleabilityby hammering,

a

only

twice

spots whatever

no

small sample-bar, examine

a

; the

be smooth

show

The

will show

silver-white

pure,

refiners cast

should

a

a

tool

a

sample

a

will spurt while cooling, although this is not

spoon

Some

surface ; that

the silver is clearly reflected in it ; that

over

surface;

same

result

quicker than cupelling.

999^, it

and

test-support is used, it

Lynch

into

done

water,

a

to

crucible, a

plumbago
or

is either ladled

be

into warmed

molds,

can

be poured.

Sometimes

retort

separate cupelling furnace.

silver

is covered

ladled

from

if smooth

with

charcoal.

the test in which

bars

are
"*

to be

Engineering

between

out

remelted

new

it ranges

is, when

the silver is fine,that

When

at

a

lower

(heated in
If in

the

temperature
a

if the
this is
in

a

tilting furnace),

last,the

granulated

If the silver is to be poured

it has been

or

refined, it is advisable,

obtained,

to

and

Journal^ Not.

Mining

or,

997

cover

it about

20 minutes

28, 1890.

Qoo^"z

METALLURGY

534

before
have

been

warmed

the surface

with

When

3.

and

from

and
the

on

silver to

W^hen

poured
of

rim

on

definite quantity

4.

the impurities
"

bullion
it is

when

being
varies

much

too

Samples of fume

used,

base bullion

1\

bullion

to 2 tons

to

as

a

150

1^

tons

2,000

Litharge

from

50 to 60

of

to 200

the

and

process

are

from

to the ton ;

oz.

retort

oz.

"*"

coming

The

silver to give any

bullion

are

bottom

cupel

figure.

average

cupelling rich retort bullion

go

to the

already stated,
test 4

ft. 6

blast furnace

ore

hasten

to

tons
oz.

of

retort
*

bullion, 6

retort

coal.

in. and

In

a

bullion

Blake, Journal

similar
are

ft. 6

in 24

men

to the

of coal, according
4 ft. 10

in. by 3

three

cupelledby

are

2,000 lb.

with

tion.
opera-

gave

:

larger test, 7 ft. by

1,500

easy

the

litharge

;

softening of

that is especially bard.

5. Results."In
retort

The

ing
weigh-

evenly distributed.

not

drosses

dust from

and

make

quick and

^

fluedust.

from

by-products always

is sometimes

rule

a

it is pure,

lead

in

the following values

These

as

impure, e,g., when

scorified,often

and

small

assaj'

tion
posi-

(Eurich).

water

very

inclined

an

different parts of the bar is unsatisfactory,

and

when

runs,

resting in

are

the

it,and the sample

by-products of the cupellation

litharge, cupel-bottom,
retort

filled,a long-handled

filled with

for

are

The

By-Products,

saiople of the fine silver is best

board

basin

a

ities.
impur-

or

on.

this has been

wet

in contact

piece of paraffine is thrown

silver stirred with

a

Taking chips from
as

The

"

molds, which

collect floating slag

the lid quickly put
Silver,

fillingthe

small stick is held

a

is filled,
a small

collecting in the basin

granules
a

the

is inserted, the

out

of

smoked,

the mold.

iron spoon
taken

and

Fine

Sampling

taken

of

LEAD,

While

charcoal.

mold

a

the metal

on

with

pouring

OF

in., 7,000 lb. of

hours,using

from

quality of the fuel.

On

4

deep, holding

from

24

hours

tons

in.
are

test, 7

cupelled in
ft. by 5

ft. 4

a

in., 6|

cupelled in 24 hours, 89 gal. of

of Chemistry^ 1888, p. 71.

Qoo^"z

INDEX.
(Figures refer

to pages,

of

Analyses
Accretions

of

Agglomerating

876.

838,

walls,

furnace

Od

157, 405.

fine ore,

Blast-furnace

gases,

Blast-furnace

slag

of, in the blast furnace, 250.
of, to the blast furnace,
Supplying

148.
and

the

of, with

blast

nace,
fur-

Volume

Furnace

Akerman

New

Wright

of

alloys

on

Clinkers

silver, 427.

Alloys
Of

zinc

18, 17.

lead,

the

Alloy-press,

on

tbe

of fuel

amount

required
In roasting, 202.
304.
In smelting,
"

of, in the

Aluminum

Use

furnace,

287.

lead, 17.
of, in zinc-desilverization, 450.
back
waterore-hearth, the,
of,

on

119.

Analyses of
Antimony

"

from

skimmings

cupel la-

tion, 515.

Antimony-speise,
Base
Base

From
From

"

Effect

American

blast

bullion.
bullion

ing, 483.

after

from

rever-

hard

lead, 498.
softening, raw

From
Fluedust

the

dross-

and

melted,

cupelling-furnace,

515.

"

From

the

blast furnace,
379, 406.
515.
cupelling furnace,
ore-hearth, 85.

From

the

retort,

From

the

From

the

the

From

173,

the

490.

reverberatory

Tarnowitz,
and

181, 189, 198.

bottom

quartz

438, 434.

From

495.

847.
before

process,

"

"

Action

Bartlett

167.
roasting furnace,
Crude
silver, 507, 515.
Crystals of slag-roasted galena, 172.
515.
Cupel-bottom,
Dolomite, 286, 511.
Dross

Alumina

reverberatory

beratorv

455.

Howard,

effect of,

Altitude,

the

from

Corroded

silver, 427.

and

in

104.

Coke-ash, 299, 801, 811.
Copper-ore concentrates,

"

Of

galena

142.

the, 188.

furnace,

Allen-0*Hara

M., 86.

N.

mines.

29.

87.

Nov.,

mine,

smelting.

and

mine,

district, Colo.,

Mountain

Changes

zinc

Colo., 28.
Utah, 88.

mine.

Chance

of

88.

Utah,

mine,

Sierra

88.

Colo.,

mine,

Telegraph

Red

87, 38.

Utah,

mine,

Richmond

803.

coke,

and

dust

mine,

Colo., 80, 32.

York

Old

dioxide

effect of carbon

the

on

chaicoal

on

Hornsilver

Mammoth

*

Colo., 28.
Utah, 88.

mine,
Hill

Eureka

Madonna

"

Analyses of products of the, 95.
in the, 98.
Lead- smelting
Air- reduction
the, 11. 88.
process,
hot
Aitken
plates repelling
on
particles, 890.

Alder-

lead-ore:

Leadville,

250.

ore-hearth,185.

the

from

powder

Carbonate

Amethyst

250.

of, in cupelling, 518.
the
blast
of, with
furnace,

Volume

Co.,

Refining

229.
Blue

250.

Air

Pueblo

308, 309.

"

process,

"

Pressure

Temperature

slag-eye furnace,

Smelting

Bartlett

Air

the

130.

842, 877.

hearth,

the

Id

"

slag from

Black

"

sections.)

to

not

111,

roasting furnace,

186.

furnace,

114.

171, 172.

INDEX.

538
Analyses of"
Flaedust
445.
Fluedust

from

Analyses of
Snlphide lead
"

the

softeniDg^urnace,

brick, 898.
the ore-hearth,126,
slag from

ore

"

Leadville, Colo., 82.
Magnet mine. Mo., 27.

Mine La Motte, Mo., 26.
Ontario
mine, Utah, 39.
Hard
Raibl, Carinthia,88.
lead, 498.
Hearth
Silver King mine, Utah, 39.
accretions, 377.
Hearth
for
and
Warn per
material
the
mine.
Stephenson
cupelling
Mo.. 27.
furnace, 511.
Iron fluxes,81, 282, 311.
St. Louis and Aurora
mine. Mo., 27.
Lead before and after drossing, 433.
mine, Idaho, 40.
Tiger Poor man
Of commerce.
14, 91, 95, 125, 505.
Ute-Ulay mine. Colo., 28.
Lime flaxes,286,311.
Tin skimmings, 498. 515.
Wall accretions, 876.
Litharge,515.
the slag-eyefurWhite
nace,
paint from
Manganese fluxes,31, 284.
188.
Marl, 511.
Zinc crusts, 447.
Matte, 357.
Matte and matte-slag from Clausthal
Zincy lead slags 292.
and Freiberg,368, 378.
21.
Anglesite,
Anthracite in the blast furnace, 302.
Matte, raw and heap-roasted,360.
Antimonial
Matte, sUllroasted, 365.
speise,assay of, 495.
Molasses, 405.
Antimony
Oxides, from steaming zinc-bearing AflUnity
of, for zinc. 429.
Action of, in the blast furnace, 296.
lead, 469.
Products
from
Effect of, on lead, 16.
dross,
melting down
434.
506.
In cupelling,
Raw
Influence of, in the roasting and reaction
fume, 145.
Reflned fume, 147.
process, 87.
429.
In zinc desilverization,
Refiningoxides, 469.
ing
Refiningskimmings, 498.
Antimony-skimmings from the softenResidue
from
the reverberatory
furnace
furnace, 485, 448.
Liquatingof, 494.
Engis, 93.
Smelting of, in the blast furnace, 495.
Missouri, 95.
matter, influence of, in the
Argillaceous
Tarnowitz, 111.
roasting and reaction process, 86.
blue powder from
Roasted
the oreArents, automatic tap of, 289.
hearth, 135.
Arizona, lead ores of, 41.
Roasted
the hand
from
Arsenic
galena ore
reverberatoryfurnace, 171, 172.
AflSnityof, for zinc, 429.
Action*of, in the blast furnace, 297.
Silver refining
slag,517, 518.
Effect of, on lead, 16.
Slag from the ore-hearth,126.
In cupelling, 506.
furnace fume, 435.
SofteningIn flltered fluedust, 394.
Sows, 3T7.
Influence of in the roasting and reaction
Speise, 854.
Spelter,430.
process, 87.
In zinc-desilverization,429.
Sulphide lead ore
Ashcroft
Arsenical skimmings from the softening
mine. Mo., 27.
furnace, 435.
Aspen mines, Colo. , 34.
Ash in coke, analysis of, 299. 301, 811.
Bingham Canon, Utah, 38.
Bonne
Ash in coke, per cent, of, 298.
Terre, Mo., 166.
Bunker
Hill and
Sullivan
mine, Assay
Book, form of, 846.
Idaho, 40.
Calculation of average of, 73. 854.
Caribou mine, Colo., 28.

Graj

127.

"

"

"

"

"

Cceur d'Alene, Idaho. 40.
Coffman
mine. Mo., 27.
Colonel
Sellers mine, Colo.,83.
Engis, Belgium, 92.
Hecla mine, Mont., 85.
Henrietta mine. Mo., 27.

Assay of"
Antimonial
speise,495.
matte-blast
from
Base
bullion
371.
nace,
in silver-lead, 415.
Bismuth
Blue powder, 500.

fur.

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

Assay of^
Carbona^^ore, Terrible mine, Colo.,29.
Corroded
iron, 247.
Decrease

of

and

gold

silver in

ing,
zinc-

447. 448, 449, 468, 464, 466.
Desilverized
antimony
skimmings,
495, 497.
Dross from softening,488, 448.
Filtered lead fame, 144, 898.

539

Barite"
Influence

from

144.

refiningsilver,684.

to

and

lioaatingcharges

skimmings, 469.
Altenaa, Mech-

from

and Pribram, 169.
emicb
Shell of slag, 265.
Salphide ore from:
Bassick mine, Colo., 29.

Base

20, 21, 26, 29. 82, 85,

Peak mine, N. M., 86.
Raibl, Carinthia,88.

Cook*s
Rich

galena,21.

Stiperstones,England, 95.
Wood
River, Idaho, 40.
Assay sample of base ballion, 850.
Of* ores, 44.
Of

fine

bullion

"

Analyses of, 847.
Bessemerizing of. 410.

Ball Domingo mine, Colo., 29.
Bonne
Terre, Mo., 26.
Cceur
d*Alene, Idaho, 40.

Concentrates,
86, 40. 88.

blowing-up furnace of, adapted
roasting-furnacegrates,162.
The smelting process of, 188.
Barytanace
Manner
of figuring in a blast-furcharge,2W), 812.
The

lead, 496.

Kefiningoxides

Desilverization of, 410.
Dross, assays of, 488.
Purifying of, 885.
Receivingof, 482.
Requirements of, for zinc-desilverization, 428.
Sampling of, 850.

Softening of, 482, 442.
definition of, 76.
excess,
Basic lining
In cupel tests, 580.

Base

"

silver, 584.

In

matte

concentrating furnaces,

minerals of galena,20.
Atlantic coast, lead ores of the, 24.
Atmosphere, action of the, on lead, 5.

In softening furnaces, 487.
Batopilas,channellingat, 52.

Austin

Bell-

Associated

"

Diagram of typicallead slags,277.
On binding the shaft furnace, 288.
On handling slag,887.
On sampling basisbullion, 851.
On

of

ase

fuels in the

mixed

blast

furnace, 801.
Tuyere-pipe,the, 255.
Automatic
tap, 289.
Available

iron

for

fluxing,812.
B

Bag-house. Bartlett

on

the, 145.

Bag- process, the Lewis and Bartlett,131.
Baker on
the effect of silver on lead of
15.
commerce,
Baker, the, blower. 250.
Balbach, on platinum and palladium in
zinc-desilverization, 480.
process, the, 488.

Balling, slag-tableof, 275.

Banking
Bauer

on

a

furnace. 344.
the

effect of bismuth
15.

on

lead

of commerce,

Barite"
Action

872.

the effect of carbon dioxide on
charcoal and coke, 808.
On the use of burnt lime in the blast
furnace, 285.
Berthier on alloys of nickel,cobalt,and
On

lead, 16.
Bessemerizing base bullion,410.
Bessemerizing matte, 858.
Binon and Orandfils,separatingof zinc

Average assay, calculation of, 78, 854.

Balbach

action
re-

process, 86.
Use
of, in smelting roasted matte,
878.
Barring down of wall accretions,889.
Bartlett"
On sulphideore rich in zinc,82.
the form
of zinc oxide in slags,
On

Flaedust, 144. 880.
Fame
Hard

of, in the roastingand

of, in the blast furnace, 289.

from lead ore, 294.
Bins and beds, records of, 75.
Bismuth"
15.
Effect of, on lead of commerce,
In cupelling,507.
In Pattinson's process, 415, 505.
In Parkes* process, 429.
the slag-eye furnace,
Black slag from
analysisof, 180.
nace,
Blake on gaseous fuel in the blast fur802.
Blake ore crusher, the, 74.
dissociation of carbon dioxide,
306.
of, 228. 250, 804.
Blast, pressure
Use of, for coolinglead, 461.

Blass

on

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

540
Blast apparatus
For

For
For

"

cooling lead, 461

.

the blast furnace, 250.
the cupellingfurnace, 529.

Blast furnace
Action of fluxes in the, 282.
Austin, on binding the shaft, 283.
for the, 250.
Blowers
Calculation of chaige for the, 310.
Capacity of the, 229.
Chemistry of the, 805.
Cost of smelting in the, 407.
in the, 830, 841.
Fine ores
of the. 226.
Foundation
Forehearth, the Eurich, 287.
"

Forehearth,

Mathewson,

the

287.

in the, 298.
of the, 808, 309.
Qirders for support of shaft,231.
Influence
in the,
of foreign matter
282.
in the, 337.
Irregularities
Lead smelting in the, 149.
Matte-smelting in the, 367.
Murray on supporting the shaft, 238.
Of the Globe
Smelting and Refining
Co., 228.
Of the Montana
Smelting Co., 232.
Iron Works, 230.
Of the Colorado
Operations in the, 819.
Ores suited to the, 149.
Reducing agents in the, 805.
Slags of the, 274.
Waterblock
below the breast of the,
239.
With
closed top, 235.
With
open top, 233.
Blast-gauge,the Bristol, 251.
Blast-pipe,form of the ordinary, 252.

Fuels

used

Oases

Blue powde
the ore-hearth, 135.
From
Bone-ash
For cupel-test,529.
Use of, in finingsilver. 582.
Bonne
Terre, hand reverberatory roast
lug furnace at, 164.
"

Books, kept In
Smelting works, 44, 75, 846.
Refining works, 502.
Borchers
on
electrolyticdesilverization,
"

410.
Boshes

furnaces, 280.

in blast
from

Bottoms

concentrating matte, 373,

497.

Bouhy, analysisof galena ore, 92.
Boyd, brick-press,tne, 400.
Brasque, 92, 239, 440.
Breast of the blast furnace, 244.
Bretherton
on
granulating matte, 366.
lime in the blast
On the use of burnt
furnace. 284.
Brickingfluedust, 898.
plant, 401.
Brickingof,for fluedust,399.
Bricking, principles
Brick-kiln for burning fluedust, 404.
Brick-press,the Boyd. 400.
Brick-work, used in liningcupel-tests,
580, 531.

Bridgman*s
"

Automatic

sampler, 59.
Laboratory sampler. 70.
Mixer and divider,72.
Brighteningof silver,the, 514, 532.
Bristol Co., air-gaugeof the, 251.
Brown
The
The

"

horseshoe

roasting fu

,

furnace

roasting

of, 186.

Blast, pressure of
In bio wing- in, 822.

Brown-O'Hara, the roasting furnace

the blastfurnace,
228, 229, 250.
251.
In the cupellingfurnace, 514, 529.
BlendeAction
of, in the blast furnace, 291.
Influence
action
of, in the roasting and reprocess, 87.
Influence
of, in roasting ores, 153,
156.
Separating of. from lead ore, 295.
Blow, analysis of lead ore, 82.
250.
Blowers
for the blast furnace
Blow-holes, 839.

Browse

"

In

Blowing-in

from
the ore-hearth, 117.
of, 198.
BrUckner, the roasting famaoe

Brunton's
Automatic
"

sampling machine,
Quarteringshovel, 60.
Table

Of the blast
Blue

furnace. 319.
the blast furnace, 344.

powder
From
retorting,489, 492, 500.

of

ores,

Burgraf
the

Cadmium,

Charges, 826.
Blowing-out of

of,

190.

Cahen

"

182.

of

mace

mechanical
straight-line

on

on

largest
46.
the

effect of

of lead,
ductility

effect of,
15.

on

sampling

in

sizes

57.

bismuth
15.

lead

of

the

lead-smeltingin

on

merce,
com-

beratory
rever-

furnace, 114.

Calcining. (See Roasting.)
Calcium

"

Use

sulphate, action
blast furnace, 290.
of (see Qypsnm).

of. in

the

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

sulphidein

Galclam

blast-furnace

slags, Charge

284.
Calculation
Calculation

of

smeltingcharges,78.

of the

Average assay, 78, 854.

541

"

Made
for sampling ores, 78.
for smeltingin the blast
To be made
furnace, calculation of, 78.
Charging floor, work on the, 827.
Chemistry of tbe blast furnace, 805.

Blast-furnace
charge,810.
Value of an ore, 78.
Chenhall
on
separating zinc from lead
California, lead ores of, 41.
ore, 294.
Canadian
Copper Co., slag-granulatingChimney in roast heaps, 860.
Chisholm, manganiferous iron ores, 288.
plant of the, 272.
292.
Church
in lead slags,
on
Canbj on zincy lead-slags,
manganese
283.
Carbonate of lead. (See Lead Carbonate. )
Classificacion of smeltingmethods, 82.
Carbonate
ore, sampling of, 48.
Carbon
Claudet, analysis of lead ore, 87.
dioxide, dissociation of, 806.
fusinf -chargesfor roastCarbon
dioxide for refining
on
zinc-bearingClausbruch
^
lead, 475.
ing furnaces, 169.
Carinthian method
of smelting lead ores,
Clausthal, drawing off of blast-furnace
88.
fumes, 215.
the boilingpoint Clay as fliling
material of cupel-tests,
on
Camelly- Williams
of lead, 6.
511, 529.
Use of, in brickingfluedust,405.
Carpenter on gold in matte, 858.
Cast-iron water
use
Coal, bituminous,
of, in the blast
jackets,248.
ores
from, 85.
furnace, 800.
Castle,Mont., leiad
CobaltPast steel for tapping jackets,245.
Effect of, on lead of commerce,
Caswell
of lead in tiie arts,
16.
on
uses
18.
In zinc-desilverizatioD,
480.
Present in matte, 874.
Cement
as
fillingmaterial of cupelCoketests, 580.
As blast-furnace
Cerussite,21.
fuel, 298.
Blowiug-in with, 826.
Chalcopyrit^"
Action
With
anthracite, bituminous
coal,
of, in the blast furnace. 290.
nace,
Effect of, on
and charcoal in the blast furnace,
zinc in the blast fur299.
291.
Influence of, in the roastingand reaction Cole, Gaylord " Keller, cast-iron, spoke
of, 265,
process, 87.
Chamber-dust, 878.
Colorado, lead ores of, 27.
Changes of galena in the English re- Colorado Iron Works
Blast furnace of tbe, 280.
verberatory furnace, 104.
for support of the blast-furGirders
nace
Channelling,58.
Charcoal
shaft, 281.
Water
Blowing-in, with, 820, 821.
jacketsof the, 245.
In the blast furnace, 299.
Colorado
stallSmelting Company,
from the, 869.
roasted matte
Charge
Calculation of a, for the blast furnace, Color of lead, 4.
810.
6.
Of lead oxide Oitharge),
of a, for bricking flueCalculation
Of lead silicates,
8.
Of lead slags,281.
dust, 405.
Calculation of a, for the hand
ing
roastComparison of cupellationmethods, 585.
furnace
with slagginghearth.
Of sampling methods, 69.
Of smelting in the ore hearth
and
Descent of, in the blast furnace, 881,
the reverberatory
furnace, 116.
887.
Composition of lead slags,274.
Importance of the size of, in the blast Concrete for dust flues,888.
Condensation
of fluedust, 880.
furnace. 881.
Thickness
of retorts, 488.
of, in the reverberatory Condensers
and
roasting furnace, 157, 168, 164, Conductivityof lead for electricity
166, 168, 175, 182, 189, 190, 195,
heat, 5.
198.
Conductivity for electricity
Of
Thickness
lead oxide, 7.
of, in the reverberatory
Of lead sulphate, 11.
smelting furnace, 115.
"

"

"

"

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

542

CoDductivityfor electricity
"

Crystals of"

Of lead sulphide, 9.
Lead slags,274.
Of matte, 9.
Litharge (lead oxide),6.
Kansas
Consolidated
City S. " R. Co."
Slag-roasted galena. 172.
Refined lead, 14.
Cupel bottom, method of working, SOL
Hunt
and
Douglas process at the Cupellation,^6.
works
of the, 871.
Comparison of methods, 585.
Works
at El Paso, Tex., 221.
Comparison with other desilveriziDg
mechanical
55.
Continuous
sampling,
processes, 411.
The English, 518.
terials,
Cooling effect of different buildingma385.
The German, 508.
The productsof, 515, 534.
Cooling of
Fluedust, 881.
of, in
Cuprous sulphide, the behavior
Lead in a kettle,461.
roasting,152.
of silver,517.
Curtis, refining
Copper
Effect of, on lead in the blast furnace, Cutting out of wall accretions, 889.
290.
Cycloid, the, blower, 250.
Effect of, on lead of commerce,
14.
Cylinder, the, blower, 250.
In cupelling, 506.
428.
In zinc desilverization,
"

"

of, in bricking fluedust, Darby, drawing off of blast-fnmaoe
fumes, 285.
nace, Davies on desilverizingspeise,856.
Copper ores, action of, in the blast fur290.
Davis, analysis of antimonial
speise"
of refininglead,468.
495.
Corduri^, method
Cost of"
Davis, slagescape of, 255, 258.
An
oblong blast furnace, 226.
Decomposition of lead silicates. 8.
Blowing down a blast furnace, 845.
Decopperization of lead by zinc, 428.
Brickingfluedust,405.
Depth of the blast-furnace crucible,
289.
by Parkes* process, 502.
Desilverizing

Copperas,

use

*

898.

the relative,411.
Desilverizing,
Roasting furnaces

of the charge in the blast furnace,
887.
The AIlen-O'Hara, 189.
Desilverization of base bullion,410.
The Brown
horseshoe, 186.
By cupellation,506.
The Brackner, 201.
By Luce-Rozan's
process, 418.
The hand furnace, 167.
By Parkes* process, 427.
The
Keller automatic, 195.
By Pattinson*s process, 412.
The Pearce turret, 181.
Desilverization of
The Ropp straight-line,
174.
Matte, 858, 87L
The Wethey double, 197.
Slag, 875.
Speise, 855.
Roastingin a furnace with fuse-box,
169.
kettles,451.
Desilverizing
Desilverizing plant, level and inclined
Smelting a neutral ore, 78.
Smelting by the Bartlett process, 148.
planes, 481.
Desulphurization. (See Roasting)
Smelting in the blast furnace, 407.
Cramer
lead glazes,8.
on
Devereux, slag-potof, 265.
Crocoite, 23.
Devereux, tuyere-box of, 257.
Crooke
Dezincification of lead, 4i96.
process, the, 871.
Croselmire, separating zinc from lead Diaphaneity of lead-slags,
281.
Dilatation of lead by heat, 5.
ore, 294.
Crucible castings of the blast furnace. Discharge of lead-kettles,
458.
236.
Distillation of lead, 5.
Crucible fillingwith
lead in the blast Distillation of zinc crusts, 483.
Distribution
furnace, 825.
of impurities, silver and
Crucible walls of the blast furnace,289.
gold in base bullion, 847.
Distribution of the charge on the feed
Crusher, the Blake, 74.
Crusts formed
in blowing-in,822.
floor,829.
Divider and mixer
of Bridgman, 72.
Crystals of
Galena, 19.
Dobers, analysis of fluedust. 114.
Lead, 4, 468.
Dolomite, analysisof, 286, 611.
Descent

"

.

"

"

INDEX.

544
Flaedust

brick, analysisof, 398.
Fluegger,analysisof lead ore, 30.
Fluorspar

Fuel, consumption of, in

zinc

desilveri-

zation, 483.

Fuel consumption under the kettles in
Action of, in the blast furnace, 286.
464.
zinc-desilverizing,
Influence
of, in the roastingand reaction Fuel, fifaseous, for roasting,162.
In the bla.st furnace, 302.
process, 86.
FluxesFuel, weight of,in the blast famace,303.
"

Action

of, in tbe blast furnace, 282.

Purchasing of, 79.
Receivingand sampling of, 75.
lead
Fluxing properties of
7.
(litharge),
Foehr

on

Fuels

oxide

bv

means

of

a, 263.

matter, influence
of, in the
blast furnace, 282.
In the ore-hearth, 117.
In the reverberatory furnace, 85.
of book for
Form
Assays, 346.
Furnace
records,346.
Receiving ores, 44.
Record of bins and beds. 75.
508.
Zinc-desilverization,
the, 161.
"Fortschaufelungsofen,"
Foundation
of the blast furnace, 226.
Fractional selection, the, 51.
Fraser " Chalmer*s
slag-pots,259, 260.
Fraser " Chalmer's
527.
test-carriage,
Freeland, analysisof lead ore, 32.
Freiberg,cooling of fluedust,886.
Freiberg, Freudenberg plates at, 390.
Freiberg, Monier flues at, 384.
Freiberg,smelting of roasted matte, 372.
Freudenberg. plates for settlingfluedust, 389.
Fuel best suited for the blast furnace,300.
Fuel, consumption of, in the
Bartlett process, 189, 148, 145.
Blast furnace, 298, 808.
horseshoe
Brown
furnace, 185.

Foreign

"

"

BrUckner
furnace, 208.
Hand
roasting furnace
With
level hearth, 163, 164.
With
sinter hearth, 171.
With
slagginghearth, 168.
Keller automatic
furnace, 195.
Luce-Rozan
process, 428.
O'Hara
furnace, 189, 190.
Ore-hearth. 124.
Pearce turret
furnace, 180.

Refiningfurnace,

468.

Retorting furnace, 492.

Roast-heap,361.
Roast-stall,211, 361.
furnace, 175.
Ropp straight-line
Smelting reverberatory famaoe, 112.

Softeningfurnace,
Wethey

445.

furnace, 198.

Fumes,

drawing off of, in the blast

nace,
fur-

:

the effect of flourspar,286.

Forehearth, settlingmatte

"

Purchasing of, 79.
Receiving and sampling of, 75.

Fumes, issuing from the cupel. 534.
Fumes.
(See Chamber-dust, Fluedust.)
Furman.on
78.
Furnace

purchasingsilver-lead

ores,

"

Accretions,376, 877.
Books, form of, 346.
Cleanings, 878.
Floor, work on the, 332.
Gases, analysisof, 308, 309.
Plant, general arrangement of. 203.
Products, 347.
Refuse, 878.
Site, selection of, 203
Sows. 377.

204.

Furnace, the
483.
Crucible, for retorting,

Reverberatory,

for

concentrating

matte, 371.
For cupelling,
510, 519.
For liquating,454, 465.
For refining
lead, 466.
For roasting,158.
For smelting, 83.
For softening base bullion,486.
Fuse-box
in roasting furnaces, 166.
Fusion of fluedust,405.
Fusibilityof"

Lead,
Lead
Lead

5.

oxide, 7.
silicates,8.

Lead-slags,279, 307.
Lead sulphide, 9.
C

Galena, 19.
Associated minerals of, 20.
(Joncentration of, 19.
9.
Conductivityof, for electricity,
Decompositionof, 9.
Roastingof, 11, 151.
Use of, in softening,435.
Gaseous
fuel, use of. in the blast fu^
nace, 302.
Gases from the blast furnace, 308, 309.
Gases from the rotorts, 490.
Gauge for blast pressure, 251.
General arrangement
of a
Plant for Parkes' process, 430.
"

INDEX.

General

arrangement of

a

"

Roasting plant, 171.
Sampling plant,74.
Smelting plant, 203.
arrangement of dust-cbambers,

545

Guyard

on

"

speise,855.
807.
Melting temperature of|lead-8lags,
Tbe
cbemistry of tbe blast furnace,
Leadville

805.

Oeneral

of lime against wall accreuse
tions,
841.
of
General,
smelting
arrangement
works
Gypsum, use of, in smelting
Roasted matte, 878.
Kansas
Consolidated
Citj Smelting
and RefiningCo., "1 Paso, Tex.,
Softeningskimmings, 495
221.
Globe Smeltingand RefiningCo., 217.
dust-flues of, 885.
and Omaba
finingHagen, water-cooled
Grant
Smelting and ReHabnCo., 219.
alumina
in blast-furnace
On
Montana
slags,
Smelting Co., 218.
287.
Pueblo
Smelting and Refining Co.,
216.
On blowing-inwitbout
lead, 326.
On lead slags,274, 276.
Small plant, 222.
tbe consumption of fuel in tbe
On
Union
smelter, 206.
United Smeltingand RefiningCo.,209.
blast-furnace,804, 805.
tbe number
of
General
reduction process, 182.
On
tuyeres in tbe
508.
blast furnace, 252.
German
cupellation,
of copperas
nace
tbe use
lead works, tbe Keller furOn
Germania
in bricking
at tbe, 195.
fluedust,898.
' '
Hammers.
GestUbbe. "
(See Brasque.)
(See Tools.)
for support of blast-furnace
Girders
Hampe on tbe effect of antimony, bisleiiid
sbaft, 281.
mutb, and
of
on
copper
Glenn, on feeding tbe blast furnace,880.
14, 15, 16.
commerce,
Hanauer
Globe
works, slag-granulatingplant
Smelting Worksof tbe, 270.
Bag process at tbe, 898.
Hand
Blast furnace of tbe, 228.
ing,
reverberatoryfurnace for roastof tbe, 217.
General arrangement
162, 166, 170.
159.
Goetz, on tbe melting temperature of Hand vs. mecbanical
roasting,
807.
Hannay on supposed new
lead-slags,
sulpbur-lead
Tbe

894.

"

"

Gold"
Bebavior

compounds, 10.
Harbordt
on
magnesia and manganese
in lead-slags,208, 206.
Harbordt
tbe use of clay as a binder
Distribution of, in base bullion, 847.
on
for fluedust, 405.
Occurrence
of, in carbonate ores, 28.
Hard leadOccurrence
of, in galena, 21.
In tbe beartb-bottoms, 445.
Analyses of, 498.
In matte, 858.
Assay of, 496.
In speise,355.
Liquatingand polingof, 496.
Yield of, in Parkes' process, 502.
Softeningof, 814.
Hardness
of lead,4.
Grab sample, tbe, 76.
Gray-slagfrom tbe roastingand reaction Harz Mountains
Analyses of lead, 14.
process, 84.
Omaba
Grant and
tle,
Smelting Works,
Refiningdesilverized lead in tbe ket469.
generalarrangement of, 219.
Grant
smelter, bag process at tbe, 898.
Separatingzinc from lead ore, 294.
Granulating slag, 270.
Smelting of roasted matte, 867.
Hasse
Grtiner on
on
magnesium-zinc in desilverLead
smelting in tbe reverberatory
ization,451.
Headden
furnace, 114.
On tbe use of burnt lime in tbe blast
On tbe effect of altitude on tbe consumption
of fuel in tbe blast
furnace, 285.
furnace, 804.
Guyard on
Calcium
sulpbide in blast-furnace, Heap-roastingof
Matte, 858.
slags,284.
Ore, 158.
Feeding tbe biast furnace, 830.
of, in cupelling,508.
Crust, 428, 448, 462, 498.

"

"

"

"

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

546
Hearth
Hearth

accretions, 377.
the roastingand
-bottom
from
reaction process, 85.
of the blast furnace, 236.
Hearth
Hearth
of the reverberatory
furnace for
Cupelling, 511, 529.
Roasting,160, 163, 166.
Softening,440.
499.
Smelting litbarge,
Smelting ore, 88, 92, 93, 95, 105.

Hes"
the distribution of the
the feed floor,329.

On

charge on
of

melting temperatures

On

lead

slags,807.
On

painting sheet-iron

On

382.
the use

of

coolingfines,
the

scrap-ironin

blast

furnace, 291.
On

wall accretions, 838.

Heberdej, analysisof crystallizedslag- Iles-Keiper,
slag-potof, 261.
the
of zinc requiredin
amount
roasted galena, 172.
on
lUing

^Heightof the blast furnace, 228.
Height of the blast furnace, of

446.
desilverizing,
rever-

lead
Illinois,

ores

of, 25.

beratory furnace, above sea-level, Impuritiesin base bullion,distribution
the consumption of
its effect on
of, 347.
their effect on the value of
fuel, 202, 304.
Impurities,

Height

the

of

stack of

blast furnaces,

ore.

Indications

397.
of the stack

76.
of

good working

"

361.
of stalls,

On the feed floor,331.
Height
On the furnace floor,335.
Henrich
Influence of foreignmatter
in
Dumping-car of, 269.
in blast-furnace
On
alumina
slags, The blast furnace, 282.
The ore-hearth,117.
288.
On blowingin, 326.
The reverberatory furnace, 85.
On feeding the blast furnace, 331.
Intermediarycrystals,414.
On lead-slags,274.
Intermittent mechanical
sampling, 57.
furnace, Iowa, lead ores of, 25.
On the action of pyrite in the blast290.
Iron
Water-cooler
Action of. in the blast furnace, 282.
of, 249.
"

"

-

"

lead sulphide,9.
312.
Available for fluxing,
17.
Hermann,
comparison of desilverizing Effect of, on lead of commerce,
Fluxes, analyses of, 282.
methods, 411.
278.
In lead-slags,
History of lead, 1.
Hodge'son offsets in the roasting Iron ores, manganiferous,analyses of,
284.
hearth, 166.
the melting-pointof lithHonsell
arge, Iron ring,use of, in ladlinglead,496.
on
in bricking flue7.
Iron vitriol,
its use
Hot air, in the blast furnace, 350.
dust, 398.
337.
in the blast-f umaoe,
Horizontal section of the blast furnace, Irregularities

Hering
Hering

^

on
on

fined ust, 392.
losses in smeltins;,406.

And

228.
Howard

"

oxides,469.
Analysis of refining
The alloy-pressof, 455.

Jacket.
(See Water-Jacket.)
Jaw crusher, the Blake, 74
The skimmer
of, 473.
Jenks, on a rich gold-crust, 448.
machine
and cover
The
zinc-stirring
nace
Jossa on barium
sulphide in blast-furof, 460.
289.
slaes,
alumina
Howe
in blast furnace slags,
on
Junge on the effect of bismuth, copper
288.
lead of commerce,
and silver on
" Douglas process No. 2, the, 371.
Hunt
15.
I

Idaho, lead

ores

of, 39.

On
On
On
On

Earmarsch
Karsten

lies"
in the blast furnace, 287.
analysis of fluedust,378, 492.
corrosion
of iron by matte, 247.
274, 276, 280, 281.
lead-slags.

on
on

the tenacityof lead, 5.

by
desilverizing

means

of

zinc, 427.

alumina

Eedzie, analyses of lead ore, 29.
on
electricityin desilverizing
base bullion, 410.

Keith

INDEX.

Kellerand

raw

ore,

centrated,
con-

83.
On

requiredin

Labor

Analyses of lead
On

547

375.
desilverizing
lead-slags,
levelingthe surface of the slagdump, 337.

the presence of magnetic oxide in
iron matte, 356.
The
automatic
of,
roasting furnace
191.

On

"

Roasting in the hand
reverberatory
furnace, 163, 164, 168.
Sampling base bullion, 351.
With
the blast furnace on the dump,
337.
the

With

blast furnace

on

the

feed

floor,331.
With

the blast furnace

the furnace

on

floor,835.
With
With

the ore-hearth, 124.
the reverberatory furnace
in
smeltingore, 113.
On sampling base bullion,351.
Laboratorysampler, the Bridgman, 70.
Kerl"
Ladles.
(See Tools.)
Hearth
naces, Ladling hard lead, 496.
material
for cupellingfur511.
Landsberg on the effect of antimony,
On the early use of the Devereux
iron,silver,and zinc on lead of
pot,
265.
15, 16, 17.
commerce,
Kettle-book, the, 503.
Lang"
On removing fine ore through tuyere
Kettle-dross,working of, 498.
Kettles for"
pipes. Ml,
On loss of heat through water
461.
jackets,
Desilverizing,
242.
Liquating zinc crusts, 458.
On use of wood
in the blast furnace,
ReHning lead,468.
800.
Softeningbase bullion,486.
Kettles, the breaking of, 466.
Langen on the dissociation of carbon
The life of, 452, 474.
dioxide, 806.
Kiliani
Latent heat of lead, 5.
On the conductivityfor electricity
of Lautenthal, steamingzincylead at,469.
galena, 9.
Leaclringcarbonate ores, 22.
On the conductivity for electricity
of l^ead analyses. (See Analyses.)
Leadlead sulphate, 11.
Kiln-burningof fiuedust brick,899,404.
Alloys of, 17.
of matte, 365.
Amount
Kiln-roasting
of,from retortingzinc crusts,
of ore, 158.
492.
Kiln-roasting
Kirchoff
lion,
on
zincing impure base bulBlowing in without, 826.
428.
Carbonate, 21.
Kosmann
alumina
in blast-furnace
on
Changing of, in the blast-furnace
slags,289.
crucible,827.
Krom
On dry concentration,22.
Consumption of, in the arts, 13.
Kahlemann
on
zincy lead in the
refining
Cooling of, 461.
kettle,472.
Decopperizationof. with zinc, 428.
Knmakoflf on Iwrium sulphidein blastDezincification of, 466.
furnace
Distribution
of, in roasted
slags,289.
matte,
859.

Kempf, Nenninger

" Co.
distribution of
bullion,350.

On

"

the

gold

in base

"

"

Extraction

of, from
104, HI.

Extraction
Labor

required in
Bricking fiuedust, 408, 404.
Cupelling, 515, 534.
Desilverizing with Luce-Rozan's

or

process,

464,482.

(See these.)

solid

(See Fiuedust.)
History of, 1.
Level

Quartering,50.
Retorting,492.
Roasting in mechanical

silver from, 409.
into a
liquid mass, 4.

Fume.
cess,
pro-

422.
Parkes'

slags, 91,

of

Finely divided, pressed

"

Desilverizingwith

gray

furnaces.

of, in the blast furnace, 834.

zinc crusts, 465.
Loss of.
(See Yield of.)
Markets
and prices of, 3.
in the blast furnace
Melting down
crucible,825.
Mould
on
wheels, 476.

Liquated from

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

548
Lead"
Of commerce,

Lead, yieldof, in the

its imparities and their
effects,18.
OresDistribution of, 24.
the
the
the
the

Atlantic coast, 24.

blast-furnace

in

throogh tnyere-ba^,

silver ores, purchasingof, 76.
siphon, the Steitz,458. 466, 475,
479, 487.

slags
"
Composition of, 274.
"

of, 875.
Desilverizing
Melting temperatures of, 807.
Physicalpropertiesof, 279.
in manganese,

294.

288.

In the blast-furnace,49.
In the ore-hearth,116.
In the ore-hearth, table

Lewis

Bartlett,the bag-process

and
81.

results,

124.

"

"

Analyses of, 286, 811.
Influence

In the reverberatory furnace, 88.
In the reverberatory furnace, comments
by Cahen and Qri"ner, 114.
In the reverberatory furnace, table of
results,112.
Lead speise. (See Speise.)
Lead, statistics of, 1.

Lead, steaming in kettles,458, 468.

subsulphides,8.

of, in

the

roastingand

86.
process,
base
Life of kettles in desilverizing

action
re-

lion,
bul-

452.
In refining
lead, 474.
Life of retorts, 492.
Lining, the, of the blast furnace, 280.
Liquated lead, adding of, to the kettle,
468.
Liquating of zinc-crusts
Apparatus, 458, 465.
Ijead obuined
from, 466.
"

muth
sulph-antimonites,arsenites,bis-

ites,28.
Lead sulphate, propertiesof, 10.
Lead sulphide
And other metallic sulphides,
9.
Properties of, 8.
Roastingof, 11, 151.
Lead-tap of the blasi furnace, 286.
"

Lead-well, the, 289.
the, 845.

411.
Lead, yield of, in desilverizing,
Lead, yield of, in the
Blast furnace, 407.
Luce-Rozan
process,
Ore-hearth, 124.

of,

Lime
Action of, in the blast furnace, 284.
Effect of, on slagcrystals,
280.
Effect of, on the consumption of fuel
in the blast furnace, 804.
278.
In lead-slags,
Magnesia and zinc oxide in lead- slags,
286.
Lime, use of
In brickingfluedust,398.
In removing wall accretions, 841.
In the roasting and
reaction process,
84.
Lime, use of
In the refining
furnace, 467.
In the softeningfurnace, 444.
Limestone

of

reverberatory

"

"

of

in the hand

furnace, 168.

"

Types of, 275.
Used in smeltingmatte, 870.
Lead smelting

Clogging up

Ghatelier

ores,

Silicates,propertiesof, 7.

Lead

air

Level-hearth

Refiningof, 466.

Lead

of

the crystallization
of
on
litharge,6.
Melting point of lead, 5.
lead
L^trange, separating zinc from
Le

Properties of, 4.
Pump, the ROsing,480.
Purification by crystallization,
412.
Refined, appearance
of, 468.

Rich

of, 245.

Mending

Leakage

Pacific coast, 36.

Percentage of,
charges,810.
Poling of, 478.

Lead

a,

843.

Mississippivalley,25.

Rocky Mountains, 27.
Oxide, propertiesof, 6.

Lead
Lead

Reverberatory furnace, 112.
Leak, in a water
jacket,effects of

of, 81.

treatment
Metallurgical

Of
Of
Of
Of

"

process, 502.

Parkes

422.

279.
Liquidityof lead-slag,
Litharge
513.
Flow of, in cupelling,
"

Properties of, 6.
Working of, 501.
Lithopon,294, 500.
Livingstone:
Analysis of a fluedust brick, 898.
Lead-slag of, 276.
System of settlingmatte, 267.
Terra cotta dust-chambers, 882.
Lodin

on

the interaction of
and oxide, 12.

lead sulphide

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

Lodin

the

on

melting and

volatilization

points of lead sulphide,9.
in

Losses

Cupelling, 516, 535.
Desilverizing,411.

Desilverization of, 358, 371.
dross and
From
melting down
with galena, 497.

Roasting,157.
blast

furnace, 406,

407.

Smelting in the ore-hearth,124.
in the reverberatorj furnace,

112.
Losses in the"
Luce-Rozan
process, 422.
Parkes process, 502.
zinc from lead ore, 294.
Lowe, separating
Luce and Rozan
process, the, 418.
Lumaghi, separating zinc from lead
ore, 294.
On

"

the

Granulatingof

mings
skim-

"

LeadviUe, 366.
At Sudbury, 272.
Heap- roastingof, 359.
At

Smelting

Lunge

Matte9.
Conductivity of, for electricity,
Corrosive effect of, on cast iron, 247.

"

Smelting in the

549

action

of

sulphuric acid

on

lead,5.
the effect of antimony
bilitjof lead, 16.
On the effect of copper
bilityof lead, 14.
Luster of lead,4.
2S1.
Of lead-slags,
Lynch, cupel-test of, 527.
On

on

on

of, 365.
Kiln-roasting
Nickel-cobalt
in, 374.
Presence
of oxygen
in, 356.

Reverberatory roasting of, 366.
Roasted, lead and silver in, 359.
Roastingof, 358.

Settlingof"
By the Livingstonesystem, 267.
By the Rhodes system, 263.
Shell,the Rhodes, 264.
Matte slags,368, 370.

the sola-

Matte, smeltingof
In the blast furnace, 367.

the solu

In the reverberatoryfurnace, 371.
Matte, stall-roastingof, 361.
Matte tap, the detachable, of Terhune,

"

262.

Maxwell-Lyte,separating
lead ore,

of

zinc from

295.

McArthur, granulating trough of, 272.
Machinery, the
205,206.
Macintosh
358.

Magnesia

on

the

placing of,

in works,

compositionof matte,

"

Action

of, in the blast furnace, 286.

of figuring,
286, 812.
in matte,
iron
oxide
of
Magnetic
Magnetism of lead-slags,281.
Malleabilityof lead, 4.

Manner

Manganese

856.

"

Action of, in the blast furnace, 288.
17.
Effect of, on lead of commerce,
of fifiruring,
Manner
283, 312.
164.
Sulphide, behavior in roasting,
of slag brick,362.
Manufacture
Markets
of lead, 3.
Marl, analysis
of, 511.

Massicot, 6.
ore

Matte-

Analyses of, 357.
in roasting,154.
Bessemerizing, 358.
Capacity of blast furnace for, 371.
Behavior

vs.

Mechanical
217.
Mechanical

feedingof

naces,
reverberatoryfurthe blast furnace,

sampling
"

Continuous, 55.
Intermittent,57.
double-hearth
Mechemich,
furnace
Melting down
Base-bullion
Zinc on base

roasting

at, 161.
of

samples, 352.
bullion,457.

7.
Melting point of lead oxide Oitbarge),
412.
Melting points of silver-leads,
Merchant
kettle, molding lead from

the, 477.
treatment
of lead ores, 80.
Metallurgical
of smelting,classification of,82
Methods
Meyer
"

beds, 75.
forebear th of, 287.

Matching, in making
Mathewson,

hand
159.

Mechanical

On
On

the cooling of lead,461.
dissociation of carbon dioxide,306.
Mimetite, 23.
Mine La Motte
Nickel matte
at, 874.
"

Roastingfurnaces
Mineral

press,

at, 163.
the White, 404.

Concentration
MississippiValley
of, in the blast furnace
Lead ores of, 25.
with siphon-tap, 871.
Concentration
of, in the reverberatory Percentage of ore
furnaces, 93.
furnace, 371.
"

worked

in

various

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

660
Missouri, lead ores of, 26.
Moffet ore-hearth, the, 121.

Moisture
Determination
of, 48.
Sample of ores, 42.
for bricking flueMolasses, a bond
dust, 405.
Mold for base bullion samples, 358.
Molding lead,475, 477.
Molds for lead on wheels, 476.
Monell on roasting furnaces, 168.
Monier
system, the, for dust-flues,888.
Montana, lead ores of, 85.
Montana
Smelting Co.
Blast furnace of the, 282.
Dust-chambers
of the,896.
General arrangement of works of the,
218.
Tuyere-box of the, 256.
Movable
ing
vs.
stationaryhearths in roastfurnaces, 161.
the effect of antimony on
Mrazek
on
alloys of nickel (cobalt)and lead,
16.
Mtlller on
the supporting of kettles,
452.
the composition of matte,
Mfinster
on
368.
"

"

Murray

"

Lead-slagof, 276.
Method
of calculating
a charge,813.
Support of blast-furnace shaft, 288.
Tuyere-box of, 257.
Washing of fluedust,406.

NickelBehavior
of,in the Pattinson proce"s
415.
Behavior
of, in zinc desilverization,
480.
Effect of. on lead of commerce,
16.
In speise.354.
Matte, 874.
Nitre, use of, in finingsilver. 532.
Nolte ou the red nc lion of lead sulphide
by iron, 10.

Non-argentiferouslead

ores,

ing
purchas-

of, 79.
Nose

formed
335.

in

the blast furnace, 332,

O'Hara, the roasting furnace of, 186.
and air, 443,
Oil,atomizing with steam
492.

Oil, use
of, as fuel in
Concentrating matte, 372.
"

Cupelling,584.
Retorting,488, 492;
Roasting. 176. 180.
Softening,442, 445.
Old retorts, workinir of, 501.
and Grant Works, Denver
Omaha

"

Blast furnace
of the, 226.
Dust-flues of the, 382.
General arrangement of the, 219.
Slag-dump of the, 337.
Works
of the, 219.
Omaha
and Grant Works, Omaha
fluedust at the, 392.
Filtering
"

plant at the, 271.
Slag-granulating
the effect of bismuth
lead
on
15.
of commerce,
Natural gas in the blast furnace, 802.
Neill"
coal in the
On coke and bituminous

Napier on

Open stalls,362.

Ore-fines trickling
through the charge,
341.
Ore-hearth
Blue powder from the, 185.
blast furnace, 800.
Comparison with the reverberator/
On magnetism of lead-slags,281.
furnace, 116.
Influence
of foreign matter
in the,
On nickel-matte, 874.
117.
of melting bullion
Nenninger, method
Lead smeltingin the, 116.
samples, 851.
Pattinson on the. 125.
Nesmith, dumping cars of,269.
of the, 117.
Products
and
of
Neutral
cost
ore, definition
of fluedust from
78.
Recovery
the, 131.
77,
smelting,
Slags from the, 126.
Nevada, lead ores of, 86.
Table of results, 124.
Newberry, analysis of lead ore, 87.
The American
24.
lead
water- back, 119.
ores
New
of,
England,
The Moffet, 121.
Newhouse
The Rossie, 120.
the calculation of blast-furnace
On
The Scotch, 117.
810.
charges,
Treatment
of slags,125.
155,
On the loss of metal in roasting,
157.
Ore-sample, drying of the, 43.
New
Ore-sampling machines, 55.
Mexico, lead ores of. 35.
Ores, assay sample, of, 44.
New
York, lead ores of, 24.
"

"

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

652
Pribram

Rapid smelting with zincyores, 292.

"

at, 510.
Capelling fomace
Stall-roastingat, 362.

coke
and
anthracite
in the
on
blast furnace, 302.
Raw
ore, brickingof, 399.
Reactions,special,with lead sulphide,
11.
Reducing agents in the blast furnace,
305.

Bopp

The Lace-Hozan
process at, 418.
Price of lead, the, 8.
Process*"
The Bartlett, i: 8.
The blast furnace, 149.
The Crooke, 871.
Receiving
The c^pellation,506.
Base bullion, 432.
The ffeneral redaction, 149.
Flaxes and fuels, 75.
The Rant and
Ores, 42.
Doaglas, No. 2, 871.
The Parkes, 427.
Record of bins and beds, 75.
The PaUinson, 412.
of
Reduction
The Pattinson.Parkes. 604.
Lead sulphate, 11.
The precipitation
Lead
in the blast furnace,
sulphide by copper,
149.
zinc, 9.
The precipitation
in the reverberatorj Lead silicates,7.
"

"

f arnace, 84.
The roasting and reaction, 84.
The roasting and reduction, 149.
of lead in the world, 3.
Production
Propertiesof lead, 4.
Prost on the redaction of zinc oxide and
sulphide, 295.
Pueblo
Smelting and RefiningCo.
Refining lead in the kettle at the,472.
The Crooke
at the, 871.
process
Works
of the, 216.
"

Purchasing
"

finzes and fueis,79.
Of lead-silver ores, 76.
Of non-argentifierousores, 79.
Of

Pyrite"
Action of, in the blast furnace, 290.
Influence of, in the roasting and reaction
process, 86.
Manner
of figuring,290.
Pjromorphite,23.

A

flux

873.
flux in

Refined

sampling

lead-

Analyses of. 14, 91. 95, 126, 506.
Molding of, 475, 477.
411.
Yield of, in desilverizing.
Yield of. in the Luce-Rozan
process,
422.
Yield of, in the Parkes process 502.

Refining
"

Crude silver,516.
Desilverized
lead, 466.
Furnace
for lead, 466.
Furnace, molding lead from the, 475.
Kettles,468.
Oil used in, 468.
Oxides from, 469.
Raw
fume
in the Bartlett process.
145.

Refiningskimmings
Amount

Reich

Quartering,48.
Quarteringshovel, the Brunton,
a

in

ore, 45.

"

of. 468.

Working of. 498.

Q

Quartz,

Reed, table of largestsizes

iron, and

50.
in concentrating matte,

galena
slag-roasting

ores,

156, 168, 169.
R

Rabbling,in roasting in

"

the melting points of silver-leads,
412.
On the percentage of iron in lead, 17.
On the specific
gravity of pare lead,4.
Reid, oil burner of, 442.
Repairingcast-iron water Jackets,245
Residue
from lead smelting in the reOn

furnace, 91, 93, 95,

verberatorv

the reverbera-

'

104, 111.
tory furnace, 157, 159, 163, 166,
Rpsults from
168, 175, 180, 183, 189, 190.

Cooling with

Raht"
Lead -slag of, 185.
On

of lead-slags,
280.
crystallization

On
On

distribution

of silver in lead, 348.

sampling base bullion,862.
Raibl, lead smelting at, 88.
Rammelsberg
"

On
On

the composition of matte.
the

roasting of

lead

868.

sulphide, 12.

different boildingmaterials,
885.
Cupelling, 615, 616. 636.
Filteringfluedost,144, 893.

Freudenberg plates,390.
Roesing's

wire

system, 392.

Results

from roasting in
Heaps, 361.

Kilns, 366.

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

Results

Rifl3e sampler, the, 64.

roastingin

from

mechanical
Rittinger,

Stalls,368.
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The

Alleo-O'Hara
furnace, 189.
horseshoe
Brown
furnace, 185.

Roasted

Brown-O'Hara
furnace, 190.
Brtlckner furnace, 208.
hand reverberatory furnace, 168,
164, 166. 168, 171.
Keller automatic
furnace, 195.
Pearce double-hearth
turret
nace,
fur181.
Pearce
nace,
furturret
single-hearth
180.

Roasted
Roasted

The Kopp straight-line
furnace, 175.
The Wethey furnace, 198.
Results from smelting
In the blast furnace, 229, 406.
In the slag-eye furnace, 127, 185.
Results from
The Luce-Rozan
process, 422.
The Parkes process, 492, 502.
of oil in
Results from use
854.
Cupelling,
Concentrating matte, 872.
Retorting,492.
Roasting,176, 180.
Softening,442, 445.
Results with the Howard
alloy press
and zinc-stirringmachine, 461,
464, 482.
Results, table of, from lead smelting
In the ore-hearth, 124.
In the reverberatory furnace, 112.
"

"

"

"

Retorting

"

Dross from, 492, 500.
Fluedust
from, 492.
488.
In vacuo,
Oil used in, 488, 492.
Zinc crusts, 488.
Retorts"
zinc crusts, 485.
For distilling
Working up of old, 501.
Reverberatory furnace
For liquating zinc crusts, 454, 465.
For refining zincy lead, 466.
For roasting matte
and ore, 158.
For
smelting dross and
softening
skimmings, 496, 497.
"

For
For
The
Use

553

smelting ores, 88.
smeltingrefiningskimmings, 499.
Rhodes, for settlingmatte,
of oil in the, 442, 488.

blue

sampler of, 54.

powder

from

the

ore-

hearth, 135.
matte,

smeltingof, 867.

analyses of, 171, 172c

ore,

Roast-heaps, 859.
Roast-kilns, 865.
861.
Roast-stalls,
Roasting
Cuprous sulphide,152.
"

In general,150.
Iron disulphide, 152.
Iron sulphide, 151.
Lead sulphide, 11, 151.
Manganese sulphide, 154.
Matte, 154.
Silver sulphide, 154.
Speise, 355.
The necessity of, 155.
Zinc sulphide,153.
Roastingand reaction process, the,12,83.
of foreign matter
Influence
in the,
85, 117.
Products
of the ,84.117.

Roasting

and

reduction

process,

the,

149.

Roasting furnaces,analyses of products,
171, 172.
Filteringfumes from, 894.
In general, 158.
The Allen-O'Hara, 188.
The Brown
horseshoe, 182.
The Brown-O'Hara, 190.
The BrUckner, 198.
hand reverberatory,
161.
Keller automatic, 191.
O'Hara, 186.
Pearce turret, 175.

The
The
The
The
The
The

Ropp

178.
straight-line,

Wethey, 195.
Roasting galena, 11,
Roastingmatte, 858.
In heaps,859.

151.

In kilns. 865.
In reverberatory furnaces, 866.
In stalls,
861.
Roastingores, 150.
Products
of, 171, 172.
Roberts- Austen
and liqueon
fying
solidifying

268.

powdered
sure,

metals

by pres"

4.

On the specificgravity of lead, 4.
Revolving cylinder for roasting,198.
Rocky Mountains, lead ores of the, 27.
Rhodes, matte-shell of, 264.
silver in coppery
Rhodes
on
bullion, Rolker, analyses and assays of lead ores,
849.

Richmond,

81.
Nev.

"

Dust-flue at, 382.
The Luce-Kozan
process at, 422.
Richter on the cooling of fluedust,887.

Roller

259.
bearingsfor slag-pots,

Hoot, the, blower, 250.

Rising

"

Improvements of,

in

492.
retorting,

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

554

Ore, tables of largestsizes,45, 47.
Lead pump
of, 480.
On Bessemerizingbase bollioD,410.
On
the
plant for Parkes' process.
431.
the theory
On
of Parkes'
process),

427,428.
Test support
of, 529.
for settling
Wires
fluedust of, 392.
Rossie, the ore-hearth at. SK).
R6ssler
On crystallization
of lead sulphide, 9.
"

On

enrichingzinc

On
On

refiningsilver,517.
steaming of zincj lead, 475.

On

the

cru8t8, 460.

of

zinc

retained

Sampling

"

Principlesof, 44.
Sand in finingsilver,517.
Sawing base bullion,a method
ling,352.

of samp"

Scales"
For determining the moisture, 43.
For weighing charges,829.
Schertel
"

Analyses
On
On

of matte

and
gases, 807.

furnace

slag.372, 373.

meltingtemperature

of lead

-slags,

807.

by

On

softening dross,433.

On

the

distribution of silver in lead,
847.
Schl5sser
and
Roswag
Ernst, cooling of flueof zinc in desilverizing,
On the amount
dust, 888.
446.
Schmid
On the distribution of silver in base
On the action of solpharic acid on
bullion,848.
lead, 5.
On the effect of antimony and copper
the solubility
of lead, 14.
on
Schmieder
the support of kettles,
on
474.
desilverizing
Saeger on the Tarnowitz
Schnabel"
plant,481.
lead with carbon dioxide,
Salamanders.
(See Hearth Accretions.) On refining
475.
Sample"
On the R588ler-"delmann
Finishingthe, 69.
process, 451.
Schneider
Of base bullion after drossing,
484.
On alumina
Of base bullion after softening,485.
in lead-slags,
288.
lead after refining.
On lead-slags,
274.
Of desilverized
On lime in lead-slags,
468.
279, 284.
Schweder
Of fine silver, 584.
On the composition of matte, 358.
Sample bar, 858.
On the decomposition of barite,289.
Sample grinder,70.
Scotch ore-hearth,the, 117.
Sampler
Season
of the year, effect of, on
The Bridgman, 59.
the
The Brunton, 57.
consumption of fuel in the blast
The Constant, 68.
furnace, 804.
The Jones, 54.
Seger on lead glazes,8.
Selection
The Riffle,54.
Of a furnace site,208.
The Rittinger,54.
The Vezin, 64.
Fractional,51.
259.
Semi-Eteel,use of, for slag-pots,
Sampling
Settlingof fluedust,888.
Charges made for, 78.
amount

lead, 17.
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Department, generalarrangement of, Sexton, analysisof gray slag,127.
74.
Fluxes and

Shaft

fuels, 79.

Methods, comparison of, 69.
Mechanical
Mechanical

continuous, 55.

intermittent,57.
Mill with Bridgman's sampler, 222.
Mill with Brunton's
sampler. 58.
Mill with Vezin's sampler, 67.

Of base bullion. 850.
fine silver, 534.
Of retort bullion,491.
Of slag, 875.
Of

furnace

"

Matte-roasting
experiment,366.
(See Blast Furnace.)
Shaft of the blast furnace, 182.
Shovel system of charging,the, 227.
Siemens
and
Halske, separating zinc
from lead ore, 294.
Silesian method
of lead smelting,105.
Silica and lead sulphate,11.
Silica"
As flux in concentrating
matte, 373.
As flux in refining
silver,517.

Qoo^"z

INDEX.

Siphon-tap,the Arents,

Silica"
As

555

flux

in

galena,11,
slag-roasting

Size

of

164, 166.

236.

charge, importance of, in

the

blast furnace, 831.

of, in the

for roastingin the reverberaore
tory furnace, 156.
278.
For smelting in the
In lead-slags,
reverberatory
Silicates of lead.
furnace, 83.
(See Lead Silicates.)
473.
a
paint for sbeet-iron Skimmer, the Howard.
Silicon-grapbite,
tbe
from
furnace
fines,882.
refining
Skimmings
Silver and
Amount
of, 468.
gold, behavior of, in tbe
Working of, 499.
roastingand reaction process, 87.
the
Silver and xinc, 427.
nace
Skimmings from
softening furSilver"
Amount
Bebavior
of, 445.
of, in cupellation,507.

Influence

process,

roasting and

action
re-

Size of

86.

"

"

Castingof, 533.
Crusts. 427, 445, 464, 482.
Distribution of
In base ballion,847.
In fluedust,144, 880.
In Pattinsonizing,415.
In raw
matte, 888.
In roasted matte, 859.
In slag,358.
In speise.355.
Effect of, on lead of commerce,
15.
Extraction
of, from lead, 409.
In carl)onate ores, 22, 23.
In fluedust, 380.
In galena ores, 20, 21.
of softening furIn heartb-bottom
nace,
445.
In litharge,
507, 515, 534.
In raw
358.
matte.
In refined lead,14, 411, 449.
In roasted matte, 359.
In softening dross, 433.
In softening skimmings, 496, 497.
In zinc crusts, 447.
the melting point of
Its effect on
lead, 412, 413.
Islet,channellingat, 58.
Loss in concentrating lead-ore,20.
Loss in cupelling,516.
Loss in desilverizing,
411.
Loss in roasting,157.
Loss in smelting in tbe blast furnace,
407.
Loss in smelting in the reverberatorj
"

Desilverized,assay of, 495.

Working of, 493.
Skimming zinc crusts, manner
Slag. (See also Lead Slag.)
SlagAddition

of, 462.

of, to tbe blast furnace, 287.

Sampling of, 375.

Slag-brick,

manufacture

of, 862.

Slag, desilverization of, 375.
Slag-dump, tbe, 336.
Slag escape, the Davis, 255, 257.
Slag-eyefurnace, tbe, 126, 127.
Slag for smelting antimony skimmings,
495.

Slag from refiningsilver,517, 618
Slag from the"
Ore hearth, 125, 126.
Slag-eyefurnace, 126.

Slagging-hearth
ing-heartL in roastingfurnaces,
164,166.

Slag,granulatingof, 270.
Slag-lead, from

Raibl, 91.

258, 531.
Slag-pots,
Slag-tap of tbe blast furnace, 236, 244.

Slag, tapping of,
Uses

from

the

blast

nace,
fur-

382.
of, 375.

tbe composition of, 275
lead ore,
Slater,separating zinc from

Slags,Balling on

295.
blast-furnace
plant, plans of a,
222.
Smelting of roasted matte, 262.
Smelting. (See Lead Smelting.)
furnace, 111.
Smelting dross and skimmings with
in
the
Luce-Rozan
Loss
nace,
galena in the reverberatoryfurprocess,
496.
422.
Loss in tbe Parkes process, 502.
Smelting zinc-lead sulphides, 188.
in roasting,Sodium
Silver sulphide, bebavior
sulphate,action of, in the blast
154.
furnace, 145.
Silver sulphate in refiningsilver, 517.
Softeningbase bullion,432, 442.
lead
Simmonet,
Softening dross, working of the, 493.
separating zinc from
Furnaces. 436.
ore, 294.
Sinter hearth in the band reverberatory Skimmings, working of the, 493.
Softening, oil used in, 442, 445.
roaster, 170.
Solubilityof lead, 5.
Siphon, tbe Steitz,453, 466, 475, 487.
Small

Qoo^z

INDEX.

556
of
Solubility

South

lead oxide

Dakota, lead

ores

7.
(litharge),

Of lead

"

157,
ore,
163, 164. 166, 170. 171. 172. 175,
180, 185. 189, 190, 195. 198. 203.
Sulphuricacid,action of, on lead. 5.

Sows, 877.
Specificgravity of lead,4.

slags,281.

Specificheat of lead, 5.
Speise,297, ^54. 856, 495, 497.
Roast iDg of, 855.
Spelter,analyses of, 480.
Spenser, analyses of galena

Sulphur

Percentage of, in roasted

of, 34.

Sulphuric acid

made

from

lead matte,

365.

Sulphur
Support
trates,
concen-

of, 153.

kettles. 453.
desilverizing
Swinging pipe for molding lead, 476.

27.

Split-shovel,the, 51.
248.
Spray jackets,
Stack, heightof

trioxide, action
of

479.

Swinging test-support,371. 527.
413.
Systems of crystallization,

"

For blast furnaces, 897.
861.
For stalls,
SUll-roastinff of matte, 861.
Of

ore,

168.

Starting the smelting in

the blast furnace,
822.
hearth in mechanical
Stationary vs. movable
roasters, 161.
Statistics of lead, 1.
dioxide in refining
and carbon
Steam

lead,459, 474.
Steam
Effects of, on zincy lead,458, 468.
Use of, in atomizing oil,442, 492.
Use of, in condensing fiuedust,880.
Steaming to refine lead, 475.
additional zinc crusts,468.
To remove
To soften lead, 444.
Steam- Pattlnson
process, the, 418.
Steel, kettles of, 452, 474.
246.
Low-carbon, for water-jackets,
of cast, 245.
Tapping-jackets
"

Table
Table

for Parkes'

process, 501.

of"

Blowing-in charges,327.
Changes of galena in the English reverberatory furnace, 104.
Concentration
of silver in the LuceRozan
418.
process,
Enrich, for zinc additions for silver.
449.
Fusible compounds of lead oxide with
metallic oxides, 7.

Largestsizes

in sampling ores. 45, 47.
Raw
and dressed galena ores, 20.
Results
of lead-smelting
in the orehearth. 124.
Results of lead-smelting
in the reverberatory furnace, 112.
Slags,by Balling,275.
merits
The
of
the
desilverization
methods, 411.
The world's production of lead,8.
Steitz,lead-siphon of, 458, 466, 475,
487.
275.
Typicallead-slags.
Zinc additions for gold,448.
of, for
roasting
Stetefeldt, furnace
For silver,449.
matte, 866.
Stetefeldt on Pattinson's process, 414.
512, 580.
Tamping.irons,
of
England, lead smelting at, Tap-hole, difficulty
Stiperstones,
opening, 338,
841.
95.
Tapping jacket,244.
Stirringin of zinc,457.
Tap. the automatic, of Arents. 239.
Stolzite,28.
in blast-furnace slags, Tarnowitz,
Stone on alumina
Silesia, lead-smeltinf
at,
289.
105.
Water
S. " R. works, wet
St. Louis
densation
contower
at, 886.
at the, 881.
Tatham, retortingfurnace of, 486.
Stubbs, fuel value of molasses,405.
Taylor and Brunton, analysesof Aspen
Sturtevant. the, blower, 529.
ores, 82.
Sulphate of lead. (See Lead Sulphate.) Telescope-stack,the, 285.
Telluride ores, sampling of. 48
Sulphates,behavior in heating,150.
Sulphide of lead. (See Lead Sulphide.) Tellurium, behavior of, in
Sulphide ores, 19.
Cupelling,507.
Sulphides,their effect on roasting lead
Refiningsilver.583.
sulphide,12.
Retorting,489.
Softening, 434.
Sulphur
Zinc desilverization,
429.
Percentageof. in roasted matte, 175,
180, 203, 860, 864, 865.
Temperature in cupelling,
513.
"

"

Qoo^"z

INDEX,

Templet, a gaide in sampling base
lioD, "50.

bal-

557

Tools

required
"

the Scotch ore-hearth,122.
At the Silesian reverberatory
Tenacity of"
furnace,
108.
Lead, 4.
281.
At the softening furnace, 442, 443.
Lead-slags,
Terbune
On the dump, 887.
Detachable
On the feed floor,881.
matte-tap, of 262.
On roasting matte, 866.
335.
On the furnace floor,
Sectional slag-potof, 260,
lion,
Torrey and Eaton on gold in base bul850.
plant of, 270.
Slag-granulating
of litharge,
6. Transportation of slag,836.
Ternier,on crystallization
Terra cotta, dust chambers
Tunner
on
of, 882.
melting points of silver-lead
Test rings,522.
alloys,418.
of, while the blast
Test-ringsupports, 525.
Tuyere, appearance
Tests for fine silver, 583.
furnace is running, 882.
Texas, lead ores of, 27.
Bags, leakageof air, ^2.
Thickness
of charge
Boxes, 256.
In roasting in tie reverberatory furnace,
Devereux, the, 257.
157, 168, 164, 166, 168, 176,
Eilers,the, 256.
182, 189, 190, 195, 198.
Murray, the, 257.
In smeltingin the reverberatory furnace,
Nozzles, water-cooled,280.
15.
Tuyeres
Number
252.
of, in the blast-furnace,
Thompson on zinc-silver alloys,427.
Thum, separating zinc from lead ore, Position of
i244.
294.
In cast-iron water
jackets,
remain
blast furnace
can
In the English cupellingfurnace, 520.
Time
a
In the German
banked, 344.
cupelling furnace, 510.
Time requiredfor
In the Plattner cupelling furnace, 511.
In the softening furnace, 444.
Blowing-in, 328.
The Austin, 255.
Cupelling at Pribram, 515.
in the Luce-Rozan
The Davis, 265, 268.
Desilverizing
cess,
proThe Ordinary, 252.
422, 442.
The Unziger,255.
Desilverizingin the Parkes process,
468.
The Werner,
258.
276.
Heap-roasting, 860.
Types of lead-slags,
At

"

"

"

"

"

Quartering.50.
Refininglead in the kettle,469, 472.
Refining lead in the reverberatory
furnace, 442, 468.

Union

smelter, works

of

the, 206.

United S. " R. Co., works of the, 209.
Retorting,490.
United States, lead ores of the. 24.
Sampling base bullion,'851.
Smelting a charge in the ore-hearth, Unziger,the tuyere-pipe of, 255.
128.
oS
Upper Mississipi Valley,lead ores
tory
Smelting a charge in the reverberathe, 25.

furnace. 112.

UUh,

lead

Value

of ore,

ores

of, 87.

Softening,441, 442.
Sullroasting, 368, 865.
Tin, arsenic, antimony, lead alloy,498.
16.
Tin, effect of, on lead of commerce,
from
Tin skimmings
softening base
bullion,482, 485, 448, 498.
Tools required
At the cupellingfurnace, 518, 529.
At the desilverizing
kettles,457.
nace,
At
the English
reverberatory fur102.
At the Mo"fet ore-hearth,122.
At the retortingfurnace, 491.
with
fuseAt the roasting furnace
box, 167.
"

calculation

of the, 78.

Vanadinite, 28.
Vertical section
280.

of

the

blast

furnace,

Vezin, sampler of, 64.
Table of largestsizes in sampling, 45.
Victor, Colo., sampling works at, 58.

Virginia,lead ores of, 24.
Virgin lead of Carinthia,91.
265.
Vivian, on the Devereux
slag-pot,
Volatilization of"
Lead. 6.

Qoo^"z

mDEX.

558

Werner, adjustabletuyere pipe of,253.
lead ore"
West, separatingzinc from

Volatilization of"
7.
Lead oxide (litharge),
Lead
sulphide,9.
Metal in the blast furnace. 878.
Zinc in the blast furnace, 208.
Zinc in refininglead, 467.
Zinc in treatingzinc crusts, 482.

Wet

of fluedust, 398.
down
mineral
White,
press of, 404.
from
concentrating leadmeUl
White
878.
matte,

Wetting

silver in litharge,508.
accretions,888, 876.
Warming
Of the blast-furnace crucible,819.

Wickes,

"

Of the cupel test, 58L
Of the retort, 489.
Washing fluedust, 406.

galena

its

ore,

effect in

the

loss in silver, 20.
Water-

Acid, its effect in

paint, composition of, 188, 147.

White

on

Washing

of fluedust,880.
roastingfurnace of, 195.
of treatinglead ores, 82.
methods

Wethey,

W
Wait
Wall

294.
condensation

Wet

bricking fluedust,

898.
249.
Amount
of, used in jackets,
Back, the, in the blast furnace, 242.
Back, the,in the ore hearth, 119.
Box, the, in the ore hearth, 121.

Mont., lead

from, 35.

ores

WilliamsBlast-furnace
charging car, 217.
nace,
Pearce turret furtwo-hearth
On the
181.
from the air furnace, 95.
Products
Screen-filtering
apparatus of, 894.
Wilson, separatingzinc from lead ore,
295.
hearth material for the
Wimmer,
furnace, 511.
Wire system, the Roesing, 892.
Wisconsin, lead ores of, 25.
needed"
Wood, amount
In the ore-hearth,124.

ling
cupel-

tuyeres, when first used, 242.
Cooler, the Henrich, 249.

In

the

nace,
reverberatory roasting fur-

firebridge,164. 167, 498.
Cooling of the matte-concentrating

In

the

nace.
reverberatory smelting fur-

Cooled

Cooling

of

furnace, 872.
Cooling of the refiningfurnace, 467.
Cooling of the softening furnace, 487.
524.
Cooling of test-rings,
tion,
circulation,and distribuFor jackets,
247.

Impure, its effect

on

the

jacket,247.

164. 185.
112.
In the roast-heap,861.
864.
In the roast-stall,
Wood, use of
"

replacing charcoal,800.
In blowing in, 820.
the reverberatory
In removing crusts from
roastingfurnace, 161.
plant,
Works
of a small blast-furnace
As

.

Jackets, 241.
222.
Jackets, effect of a leak in, 848.
of the"
Works
Jackets of cast-iron,248.
City S. " B. Co., El
Consol. Kansas
Jackets, cast-iron vs. low-carbon steel,
246.
Paso, Tex., 221.
217.
Globe S. " R. Co., Denver, CV"lo..
steel,246.
Jackets of low-carbon
Falls. Mont.,
Iron Works,
S. Co., Great
Montana
Jackets of the Colorado
226.

218.
" Grant S. " R. Co., Denver,
Omaha
Colo.. 219.
S. " R. Co., Pueblo. Colo.,
Pueblo
211.
^^
Smelter, Leadville, Colo.. 206.
Union
Helena,
R. Co., East
S. "
United
Mont., 209.
World, productionof lead of the, 8.
.

of, 245.
Jackets, repairing
Jackets, temperature of, 882.
Supply of, for the blast furnace, 205.
209, 211, 222.
at Tarnowitz, 886.
Tower
Use of, in condensing fluedust, 880.
Use of, in cooling fluedust, 886.
Use
of, in cooling lead, 417, 421,
461.

Wulfenite,

280.
of, in cooling tuyere-nozzles,

Wuth,

Use

Weighing of ores, 42.
Weight of bar of base

ore,

88.

bullion, 847.

charge of the blast furnace,
importance of, 881.
Weinberg on zincy lead slags,292.
Weight

28.

analysis of lead

of

Yield of metol"
In the Bartlett process, 144.

Qoo^"z