Economic Geography REPORT

GLOBAL WARMING

Global Warming

A Group Project Report On Global Warming

Group- RAINBOW

Submitted by Name
ujja!an "atima Rajmi Ra*+!an Nat! Nandita .a+an /d. /onir 1ani2 /unia .a+an Ra*ib

ID NO.
#$-%%&'() #$-%%',$-) #$-%%&%--) #0-#-''--) #$-%%$0&-) #$-#--()-%

A Di++ertation Submitted to
A++ociate Pro3e++or DR. 1A4I AN5IR /A./6D 7P!D8 In partial completion o3 t!e re9uirement+ 3or :conomic Geograp!y D!a*a %(t! Dec; )##<: :R O" RANS/I 15th December, 2009 Dr. Kazi Tanvir Mahmud Associate Professor De artment of !usiness Administration American "nternationa# $niversit%&!an'#adesh, Dha(a. Permi++ion 3or +ubmitting t!e Group Project Report A<

Dear )ir, *e are #eased to submit our +rou ro,ect re ort on -+#oba# *armin'.. /ur re ort focused on the definition, causes, effects of '#oba# 0armin' and re#ated so#utions. *e have 'athered information as much as ossib#e. This re ort is main#% based on secondar% data. Much of our secondar% data came from some different boo(s and different 0ebsites. *e en,o%ed 0or(in' on this re ort and ho e %ou 0i## find it innovative. )incere#% %ours,

Ac*no=ledgement>
The stud% on the +#oba# *armin' is one of our assi'nments 'iven as inte'ra# art of stud%. The main aim of this stud% 0as to assess the overa## icture of +#oba# *armin' in a## over the countr%, the causes of '#oba# 0armin', effects of '#oba# 0armin'. This stud% is carried out a## over the 0or#d. The causes, effects and so#utions of '#oba# 0armin' 0as a art of our stud%, " cou#d hard#% finish the ,ob un#ess there 0ere some other fe##o0s to assist me in formu#atin' 1uestionnaire, co##ectin' data, rocessin' of data, tabu#ation and com i#ation of data. There 0ere some other scho#ars assisted b% editin' the re ort. " shou#d than( a## of them.

" am than(fu# to m% friends 0ho have assisted me in desi'nin' the research and formu#ation of 1uestionnaire, data co##ection and rocessin'.

2ina##% " e3 ress m% heart&fe#t than(s to m% teacher for 'ivin' me such a 'ood to ics to carr% out stud%. "t has he# ed me a #ot to ac1uire (no0#ed'e in the '#oba# 0armin'. " ho e this re ort sha## of use to man% researchers in future.

able o3 content+
Tit#e Pa'e 4umber

"ntroduction

5

!ac('round of the stud%

5

/b,ective of the stud%

5

Methodo#o'%

5

Prob#ems identification 7ecommendations

6&12 18&15

9onc#usion

1A

endi3

7eference

<i+t o3 "igure+>

2i'&1: ;a%ers of the <arth=s atmos here

2i'&2: The <arth=s Atmos here

2i'&8: Annual Greenhouse +as <missions b% )ectors

2i'&5: emission of 'reenhouse 'ases

2i'&5: 7econstructed Tem erature

2i'&6: Global Temperature

2i'&>: )urface Tem erature 7ecord

2i'&?: 9/2 <missions Tra,ectories b% )ectors

2i'&9: <mission reduction otentia#s b% sectors

Introduction>
+#oba# *armin' is one of the ma,or environmenta# issues facin' the 0or#d toda%. "t is a ver% rea# scientific stud% and a art of our #ives. "t is an increase in the avera'e tem erature of the earth@s atmos here due to the burnin' of fossi# fue#s and deforestation. "ts im ortance #ies in the fact that the chemica# com osition of the earth@s atmos here is a#read% 1uite different from 0hat it 0as a centur% a'o. The definition of '#oba# 0armin' is& -+#oba# 0armin' is the observed and ro,ected increases in the avera'e tem erature of earth@s atmos here and ocean.. *ithin the #ast ten to fifteen %ears the resu#ts of '#oba# 0armin' have been hard to i'nore. )even out of ten of the 0armest %ears in recorded histor% have been in the 1990@s. )o, ever% countr% is ver% much concern about this matter. !ecause, if 0e i'nore the facts no0 the resu#ts cou#d be catastro hic.

Bac*ground o3 t!e +tudy
"n environment art '#oba# 0ormin' is a bi' issue in toda% 0or#d. 4o0 '#oba# 0armin' is continuous#% increasin' da% b% da%. "f, this condition 'oin' in the ha hazard 0a%, this '#oba# 0armin' rob#em 0i## destro% the #ivin' condition in the 0or#d. +#oba# 0armin' is a ver% rea# scientific stud% and a art of our #ives. "t is an increase in the avera'e tem erature of the earth@s atmos here due to the different reasons. *ithin the #ast ten to fifteen %ears the resu#ts of '#oba# 0armin' have been hard to i'nore.

Objecti?e o3 +tudy
*e have set our ob,ective in the fo##o0in' 0a% !road /b,ective: /ur main ob,ective of re arin' this re ort to identif% the causes, effects and so#utions of '#oba# 0armin'. ) ecific /b,ectives: 2irst#% 0e 0anted to find out 0hat is '#oba# 0armin'. *hat are the causes of '#oba# 0armin'. "n this ro,ect 0e tried to find out 0hat t% es of rob#ems the 0or#d is facin' due to '#oba# 0armin'. *h% the 0ho#e 0or#d is 0orried about '#oba# 0armin'. *e a#so 0anted to find out 0hat shou#d be done to 'et rid of this rob#em.

/et!odology
After 'ettin' a roved our to ic at first, 0e discussed about our to ic amon' ourse#ves and did some brain stormin'. ;i(e, 0hich oints 0e have to cover, from 0here 0e can co##ect data, 0ho have to do 0hat res onsibi#it% etc. Then 0e tried to do some #ibrar% 0or( to co##ect some recent data on '#oba# 0armin' on !an'#adesh ers ective. After submittin' the ro osa# for the re ort on '#oba# 0armin', 0e tried to 'ive the 'ood effort on this re ort 0ritin'. Then 0e tried to 'ather some 'enera# information, recent statistics, 'ra hs etc. about '#oba# 0armin' from different secondar% sources #i(e, boo(s, 0ebsites, ,ourna#s, 9Ds etc. Then 0e started ana#%zin' a## the data and tried to 'et some idea about '#oba# 0armin' from those data. Then 0e started or'anizin' a## the data to re are this re ort. After com #etin' re arin' the re ort 0e started ta(in' re aration for resentation

G<OBA< WAR/ING >
+#oba# 0armin' is the increase in the avera'e tem erature of the <arth=s near&surface air and oceans since the mid&20th centur% and its ro,ected continuation. +#oba# surface tem erature increased 0.>5 A 0.1? B9 C1.88 A 0.82 B2D bet0een the start and the end of the 20th centur%.E1FEAF The "nter'overnmenta# Pane# on 9#imate 9han'e C"P99D conc#udes that most of the observed tem erature increase since the midd#e of the 20th centur% 0as caused b% increasin' concentrations of 'reenhouse 'ases resu#tin' from human activit% such as fossi# fue# burnin' and deforestation .The "P99 a#so conc#udes that variations in natura# henomena such as so#ar radiation and vo#canoes roduced most of the 0armin' from re&industria# times to 1950 and had a sma## coo#in' effect after0ard. These basic conc#usions have been endorsed b% more than 50 scientific societies and academies of science inc#udin' a## of the nationa# academies of science of the ma,or industria#ized countries.

+#oba# 0armin' && a 'radua# increase in #anet&0ide tem eratures && is no0 0e## documented and acce ted b% scientists as fact. A ane# convened b% the $.) 4ationa# 7esearch 9ounci#, the nation=s remier science o#ic% bod%, in Gune 2006 voiced a Hhi'h #eve# of confidenceH that <arth is the hottest it has been in at #east 500 %ears, and ossib#% even the #ast 2,000 %ears. )tudies indicate that the avera'e '#oba# surface tem erature has increased b% a ro3imate#% 0.5&1.0B2 C0.8&0.6B9D over the #ast centur%. This is the #ar'est increase in surface tem erature in the #ast 1,000 %ears and scientists are redictin' an even 'reater increase over this centur%. This 0armin' is #ar'e#% attributed to the increase of 'reenhouse 'ases C rimari#% carbon dio3ide and methaneD in the <arth=s u er atmos here caused b% human burnin' of fossi# fue#s, industria#, farmin', and deforestation activities.

Avera'e '#oba# tem eratures ma% increase b% 1.5&5.?I9 Cthat=s 2.5 & 10.5I 2D b% the end of the 21st centur%. A#thou'h the numbers sound sma##, the% can tri''er si'nificant chan'es in c#imate. CThe difference bet0een '#oba# tem eratures durin' an "ce A'e and an ice&free eriod is on#% about 5I9.D +#oba# 0armin' cou#d further affect the h%dro#o'ic c%c#e b% the me#tin' of ice and sno0 in the +reen#and and Antarctic ice ca s and in mountain '#aciers, resu#tin' in the transfer of 0ater to the oceans. This rocess, to'ether 0ith therma# e3 ansion of the oceans because of '#oba# 0armin', cou#d #ead to a s#o0 rise in sea #eve# of about 0.> metre over the ne3t centur%. "f the *est Antarctic ice sheet 0ere to disinte'rate, a much #ar'er and more ra id rise in sea #eve# of 5J 6 metres cou#d occur over the ne3t severa# hundred %ears. The me#tin' of a## '#acia# ice 0ou#d raise the sea #eve# about 56 metres. "t is a#so ossib#e that a '#oba# 0armin' cou#d resu#t in a reduction in the area# e3tent and thic(ness of sea ice in the Arctic and circum&Antarctic re'ions. 9om #ete me#tin' of the Arctic sea ice mi'ht occur, causin' a north0ard shift in storm trac(s and a reduction in 4orthern Kemis heric reci itation durin' the s rin' and fa##. 2urthermore, a 0or#d0ide reduction in sea ice mi'ht #ead to increased eva oration from the ocean and increased #o0&a#titude c#oudiness, 0hich 0ou#d ref#ect so#ar radiation and cause coo#in'.

@ompo+ition o3 t!e Atmo+p!ere>
The ori'ina# atmos here ma% have been simi#ar to the com osition of the so#ar nebu#a and c#ose to the resent com osition of the +as +iant #anets, thou'h this de ends on the detai#s of ho0 the #anets condensed from the so#ar nebu#a. That atmos here 0as #ost to s ace, and re #aced b% com ounds out 'assed from the crust or Cin some more recent theoriesD much of the atmos here ma% have come instead from the im acts of comets and other #anetesima#s rich in vo#ati#e materia#s. The o3%'en so characteristic of our atmos here 0as a#most a## roduced b% #ants Cc%anobacteria or, more co##o1uia##%, b#ue&'reen a#'aeD. Thus, the resent com osition of the atmos here is >9L nitro'en, 20L o3%'en, and 1L other 'ases.

<ayer+ o3 t!e Atmo+p!ere>
The atmos here of the <arth ma% be divided into severa# distinct #a%ers, as the fo##o0in' fi'ure indicates.

;a%ers of the <arth=s atmos here 2i'&1: ;a%ers of the <arth=s atmos here

%. !e ropo+p!ere
The tro os here is 0here a## 0eather ta(es #aceM it is the re'ion of risin' and fa##in' ac(ets of air. The air ressure at the to of the tro os here is on#% 10L of that at sea #eve# C0.1 atmos heresD. There is a thin buffer zone bet0een the tro os here and the ne3t #a%er ca##ed the tro o ause.

). !e Strato+p!ere and O2one <ayer
Above the tro os here is the stratos here, 0here air f#o0 is most#% horizonta#. The thin ozone #a%er in the u er stratos here has a hi'h concentration of ozone, a articu#ar#% reactive form of o3%'en. This #a%er is rimari#% res onsib#e for absorbin' the u#travio#et radiation from the )un. The formation of this #a%er is a de#icate matter, since on#% 0hen o3%'en is roduced in the atmos here can an ozone #a%er form and revent an intense f#u3 of u#travio#et radiation from reachin' the surface, 0here it is 1uite hazardous to the evo#ution of #ife. There is considerab#e

recent concern that manmade f#uorocarbon com ounds ma% be de #etin' the ozone #a%er, 0ith dire future conse1uences for #ife on the <arth.

'. !e /e+o+p!ere and Iono+p!ere
Above the stratos here is the mesos here and above that is the ionos here Cor thermos hereD, 0here man% atoms are ionized Chave 'ained or #ost e#ectrons so the% have a net e#ectrica# char'eD. The ionos here is ver% thin, but it is 0here aurora ta(e #ace, and is a#so res onsib#e for absorbin' the most ener'etic hotons from the )un, and for ref#ectin' radio 0aves, thereb% ma(in' #on'&distance radio communication ossib#e. The structure of the ionos here is stron'#% inf#uenced b% the char'ed artic#e 0ind from the )un Cso#ar 0indD, 0hich is in turn 'overned b% the #eve# of )o#ar activit%. /ne measure of the structure of the ionos here is the free e#ectron densit%, 0hich is an indicator of the de'ree of ionization. Kere are e#ectron densit% contour ma s of the ionos here for months in 195> to the resent. 9om are these simu#ations of the variation b% month of the ionos here for the %ear 1990 Ca eriod of hi'h so#ar activit% 0ith man% suns otsD and 1996 Ca eriod of #o0 so#ar activit% 0ith fe0 suns otsD:

!e :art!A+ Atmo+p!ere>
The atmos here is a thin #a%er of 'as 0hich surrounds the <arth. This icture sho0s the t0o most im ortant #a%ers (no0n as the tro os here and the stratos here. The air 'ets thinner and thinner the hi'her %ou 'o, 90L of a## the mo#ecu#es in the atmos here are in the tro os here. Air is a mi3ture of various 'ases, information on the uses of some of these 'ases can be found here.

2i'&2: The <arth=s Atmos here The resent com osition of the atmos here is: 21L /NO+<4 C/2D >?L 4"T7/+<4 C42D 0.05L 9A7!/4 D"/N"D< C9/2D P0.9L A7+/4 CArD

!esides 0ater va or, severa# other 'ases are a#so resent in much sma##er amounts:
• • • • •

9arbon mono3ide Cformu#a 9/D 4eon C4eD /3ides of nitro'en Methane C9K5D Kr% ton CKrD mD.

9oncentrations of these 'ases are measured in arts er mi##ion C

General @irculation /odel+ o3 @limate>
9#imate is made b% the 'enera# circu#ation of the atmos here Q the '#oba# attern of air movements, 0ith its semi&tro ica# trade 0inds, its air masses risin' in the tro ics to descend farther north, its c%c#onic storms that carr% ener'% and moisture throu'h midd#e #atitudes, and so forth. Man% meteoro#o'ists sus ected that shifts in this attern 0ere a main cause of c#imate chan'e. The% cou#d on#% 'uess about such shifts, for the 'enera# circu#ation 0as oor#% ma ed before the 1950s Ceven the ,et streams remained to be discoveredD. The )econd *or#d *ar and its aftermath brou'ht a henomena# increase in observations from 'round #eve# u to the stratos here, 0hich fina##% revea#ed a## the main features. Oet u to the 1960s, the 'enera# circu#ation 0as sti## on#% crude#% (no0n, and this (no0#ed'e 0as strict#% observationa#. 2rom the 19th centur% for0ard, man% scientists had attem ted to e3 #ain the 'enera# attern b% a #%in' the #a0s of the h%sics of 'ases to a heated, rotatin' #anet. A## their in'enious efforts fai#ed to derive a rea#istic mathematica# so#ution. The best mathematica# h%sicists cou#d on#% offer sim #e ar'uments for the character of the circu#ation, ar'uments 0hich mi'ht seem #ausib#e but in fact 0ere mere hand&0avin'. And 0ith the 'enera# '#oba# circu#ation not e3 #ained, attem ts to e3 #ain c#imate chan'e in terms of shifts of the attern 0ere #ess science than stor%&te##in'. The so#ution 0ou#d come b% ta(in' the rob#em from the other end. "nstead of startin' 0ith 'rand e1uations for the #anet as a 0ho#e, one mi'ht see( to find ho0 the circu#ation attern 0as bui#t u from the #oca# 0eather at thousands of oints.

!e Atlantic !ermo!aline circulation>
The At#antic thermoha#ine circu#ation , 0hich inc#udes the +u#f )tream, acts #i(e an oceanic conve%er be#t that carries heat from the tro ics to the 4orth At#antic re'ion. *arm surface 0ater from the tro ics trave#s north0ard b% the +u#f )tream. As the 0arm 0ater coo#s in the 4orth At#antic, it sin(s to the ocean f#oor, and then s#o0#% moves south0ard unti# it returns once a'ain to the tro ics. This ocean circu#ation attern is caused b% differences in 0ater tem erature and sa#init% in the ocean. +#oba# 0armin' is e3 ected to increase ocean tem eratures and to increase the f#o0 of fresh0ater into the ocean throu'h reci itation, run&off, and me#tin' of '#aciers. Man% c#imate

mode#s have ro,ected that increased surface ocean tem eratures and reduced sa#init% cou#d s#o0 the thermoha#ine circu#ation.

@A6S:S O" G<OBA< WAR/NING>
.uman acti?ity>
*hi#e there are man% natura# causes of '#oba# 0armin', these causes do not account for the e3tra 0armin' 0e are current#% seein' on our #anet. The current 0armin' is anthro o'enic, created b% humans.*e are acce#eratin' the natura# c#imato#o'ica# c%c#es 0ith our human&created emissions of 'reenhouse 'ases. The rimar% 'as, carbon dio3ide, is re#eased ever% time %ou use fossi# fue#s& current#% our main ener'% source. $n#ess %ou he# sto those emissions, there is #itt#e ho e of a secure future for human . 2rom an ob,ective ers ective, it #oo(s #i(e 0e are #a%in' 7ussian rou#ette 0ith a## of #ife on <arthR

!e /ain @au+e+> .uman :mi++ion+
The rimar% 'reenhouse 'ases inc#ude: 1.9arbon dio3ide 2. methane 8.nitro'en o3ides, and 5.f#uorinated 'ases "f %ou 0ant to he# sto '#oba# 0armin', %ou have to understand ho0 %our actions are causin' it. The main causes of '#oba# 0armin', in order of the ma'nitude of their im act, are: 1.9arbon Dio3ide from: A. 2ossi# 2ue# !. Deforestation 9. 2ai#in' )in(s 2. Methane from: A. 9att#e and 7ice Paddies !. The Artic Tundra

9. 9#athrates 8. 4itro'en /3ides from 2armin' 5. /ther +ases

!e /o+t Signi3icant @au+e>
The bui#du of carbon dio3ide in the atmos here, main#% from %our fossi# fue# emissions, is the most si'nificant human cause of '#oba# 0armin'. 9arbon dio3ide is re#eased ever% %ou burn somethin', be it a car, air #ane or coa# #ant. This means %ou must burn #ess fossi# fue# if %ou 0ant the <arth=s c#imate to remain stab#eR And unfortunate#%, 0e are current#% destro%in' some of the best (no0n mechanisms for storin' that carbon&& #ants.

%.De3ore+tation> +#oba# 0armin' as 0e##. 9arbon dio3ide is re#eased from the human
conversion of forests and 'rass#ands into farm#and and cities. A## #ivin' #ants store carbon. *hen those #ants die and deca%, carbon dio3ide is re#eased bac( into the atmos here. As forests and 'rass#ands are c#eared for %our use, enormous amounts of stored carbon enter the atmos here.

). !e ocean : The ocean is a hu'e carbon sin(, ho#din' about 50 times as much carbon as
the atmos here. !ut no0 scientists are rea#izin' that the increased therma# stratification of the oceans has caused substantia# reductions in #eve#s of h%to #an(ton, 0hich store 9/2F "ncreased atmos heric carbon is a#so causin' an acidification of the ocean, since carbon dio3ide forms carbonic acid 0hen it reacts 0ith 0ater. The tin% #ants of the ocean, the ver% bottom of that vast 0ater% food chain, are sufferin' from the effects of '#oba# 0armin',

'. /et!ane> Per unit of vo#ume, it is t0ent% times more otent than carbon dio3ide 0hen
its im act is measured over the course of a centur%. *hen %ou consider its effects 0ithin a sin'#e decade, methane is 100 times as o0erfu# as carbon dio3ide as a 'reenhouse 'as. 9arbon #eve#s in the atmos here are about 8?5 arts er mi##ion C mD current#%, 0hereas methane is on#% about 1.? m. !ut because methane is so o0erfu#, it has the otentia# to have si'nificant im acts on the future of '#oba# 0armin'.

,. Radioacti?e 3orcing :<3terna# forcin' is a term used in c#imate science for rocesses
e3terna# to the c#imate s%stem Cthou'h not necessari#% e3terna# to <arthD. 9#imate res onds to severa# t% es of e3terna# forcin', such as chan'es in 'reenhouse 'as concentrations, chan'es in so#ar #uminosit%, vo#canic eru tions, and variations in <arth=s orbit around the )un.E2F Attribution of recent c#imate chan'e focuses on the first three t% es of forcin'. /rbita# c%c#es var% s#o0#%

over tens of thousands of %ears and thus are too 'radua# to have caused the tem erature chan'es observed in the ast centur%.

heric carbon dio3ide C9/2D increases. Month#% 9/2 measurements dis #a% seasona# osci##ations in overa## %ear#% u trendM each %ear=s ma3imum occurs durin' the 4orthern Kemis here=s #ate s rin', and dec#ines durin' its 'ro0in' season as #ants remove some atmos heric 9/2. The 'reenhouse effect is the rocess b% 0hich absor tion and emission of infrared radiation b% 'ases in the atmos here 0arm a #anet=s #o0er atmos here and surface. "t 0as discovered b% Gose h 2ourier in 1?25 and 0as first investi'ated 1uantitative#% b% )vante Arrhenius in 1?96.E19F <3istence of the 'reenhouse effect as such is not dis uted, even b% those 0ho do not a'ree that the recent tem erature increase is attributab#e to human activit%. The 1uestion is instead ho0 the stren'th of the 'reenhouse effect chan'es 0hen human activit% increases the concentrations of 'reenhouse 'ases in the atmos here. 4atura##% occurrin' 'reenhouse 'ases have a mean 0armin' effect of about 88 B9 C59 B2D. The ma,or 'reenhouse 'ases are 0ater va or, 0hich causes about 86J>0 ercent of the 'reenhouse effectM carbon dio3ide C9/2D, 0hich causes 9J26 ercentM methane C9K5D, 0hich causes 5J9 ercentand ozone C/8D, 0hich causes 8J> ercent. 9#ouds a#so affect the radiation ba#ance, but the% are com osed of #i1uid 0ater or ice and so are considered se arate#% from 0ater va or and other 'ases. Kuman activit% since the "ndustria# 7evo#ution has increased the amount of 'reenhouse 'ases in the atmos here, #eadin' to increased radiative forcin' from 9/2, methane, tro os heric ozone, 929s and nitrous o3ide. The concentrations of 9/2 and methane have increased b% 86L and 15?L res ective#% since the mid&1>00s. These #eve#s are much hi'her than at an% time durin' the #ast 650,000 %ears, the eriod for 0hich re#iab#e data has been e3tracted from ice cores.E25F ;ess direct 'eo#o'ica# evidence indicates that 9/2 va#ues this hi'h 0ere #ast seen about 20 mi##ion %ears a'o. 2ossi# fue# burnin' has roduced about three&1uarters of the increase in 9/2 from human activit% over the ast 20 %ears. Most of the rest is due to #and&use chan'e, articu#ar#% deforestation.

5. Green!ou+e Ga+ :7ecent atmos

&. Aero+ol+ and +oot>)hi trac(s over the At#antic /cean on the east coast of the $nited
)tates. The c#imatic im acts from aeroso# forcin' cou#d have a #ar'e effect on c#imate throu'h the indirect effect. +#oba# dimmin', a 'radua# reduction in the amount of '#oba# direct irradiance at the <arth=s surface, has artia##% counteracted '#oba# 0armin' from 1960 to the resent. The main cause of

this dimmin' is aeroso#s roduced b% vo#canoes and o##utants. These aeroso#s e3ert a coo#in' effect b% increasin' the ref#ection of incomin' sun#i'ht. Games Kansen and co##ea'ues have ro osed that the effects of the roducts of fossi# fue# combustionQ9/2 and aeroso#sQhave #ar'e#% offset one another in recent decades, so that net 0armin' has been driven main#% b% non& 9/2 'reenhouse 'ases. "n addition to their direct effect b% scatterin' and absorbin' so#ar radiation, aeroso#s have indirect effects on the radiation bud'et. )u#fate aeroso#s act as c#oud condensation nuc#ei and thus #ead to c#ouds that have more and sma##er c#oud dro #ets. These c#ouds ref#ect so#ar radiation more efficient#% than c#ouds 0ith fe0er and #ar'er dro #ets. This effect a#so causes dro #ets to be of more uniform size, 0hich reduces 'ro0th of raindro s and ma(es the c#oud more ref#ective to incomin' sun#i'ht.

0. Solar ?ariation: Sariations in so#ar out ut have been the cause of ast c#imate
chan'es, but so#ar forcin' is 'enera##% thou'ht to be too sma## to account for a si'nificant art of '#oba# 0armin' in recent decades. Ko0ever, a recent henomeno#o'ica# ana#%sis indicates that the contribution of so#ar forcin' ma% be underestimated. +reenhouse 'ases and so#ar forcin' affect tem eratures in different 0a%s. *hi#e both increased so#ar activit% and increased 'reenhouse 'ases are e3 ected to 0arm the tro os here, an increase in so#ar activit% shou#d 0arm the stratos here 0hi#e an increase in 'reenhouse 'ases shou#d coo# the stratos here. /bservations sho0 that tem eratures in the stratos here have been stead% or coo#in' since 19>9, 0hen sate##ite measurements became avai#ab#e. 7adiosonde C0eather ba##oonD data from the re&sate##ite era sho0 coo#in' since 195?, thou'h there is 'reater uncertaint% in the ear#% radiosonde record. A re#ated h% othesis, ro osed b% Kenri( )vensmar(, is that ma'netic activit% of the sun def#ects cosmic ra%s that ma% inf#uence the 'eneration of c#oud condensation nuc#ei and thereb% affect the c#imate. /ther research has found no re#ation bet0een 0armin' in recent decades and cosmic ra%s. A recent stud% conc#uded that the inf#uence of cosmic ra%s on c#oud cover is about a factor of 100 #o0er than needed to e3 #ain the observed chan'es in c#ouds or to be a si'nificant contributor to resent&da% c#imate chan'e

.uman cau+e+ o3 global =arming are a muc! bigger problem>
Man% of the activities %ou ta(e for 'ranted u#timate#% contribute to '#oba# 0armin', inc#udin'
• • •

Drivin' %our car Turnin' on %our air conditionin' or heat <atin' food that is #oca##% out of season Cor not #oca##% 'ro0nD, and shi ed from other arts of the countr% or 0or#d

A## of these activities re#% on the use of fossi# fue#s. !urnin' of these fue#s re#eases carbon dio3ideT but 9/2 that e3ists in a ver% different art of the carbon c%v#e. 2ossi# fue#s are se1uestered carbon: the e#ementa# remains of or'anic entities C #ants, anima#sD that 0ere -stored a0a%. b% natura# s%stems in order to maintain stabi#it% in the c#imate. Oou ma% find it ironic that man% scientists and en'ineers are searchin' for 0a%s to se1uester carbon emissions: 4ature had a#read% done it 1uite 0e##R *hen %ou re#ease carbon from fossi# fue#s b% burnin' them, %ou@re essentia##% contributin' to an -overf#o0. of 'reenhouse 'ases in the atmos here. This overabundance of heat&tra in' 'ases can #ead to:
• • • • •

7isin' sea #eve#s 9han'es in seasona# 0eather and reci itation atterns "ncreased severe 0eather effects ;o0er rivers and #a(es that are fed b% sno0 and ice me#t&off Kabitat chan'es for a 0ide variet% of #ants and anima#s

.uman-@au+ed Global Warming Dangerou+>
Much concern e3ists 0ithin the scientific communit% about '#oba# 0armin', the main cause of 0hich is an accumu#ation of heat&tra in' 'ases in the atmos here. Karmfu# chan'es 0ere redicted in the "P99=s 2ourth Assessment 7e ort E2F, some of 0hich inc#ude: 1. "ncreased f#oodin': in 0et areas and coasta# re'ions

2. "ncreased drou'hts: in dr% areas, as 0e## as the 'ro0th of drou'ht&affected areas 8. Death and dis #acement: of coasta# o u#ations as a resu#t of sea #eve# rise 5. "ncreased famine: due to the #oss of fresh 0ater current#% stored in '#aciers and sno0

Natural @au+e+>
"n short, 0e (no0 from stud%in' the earth=s histor% that there have been "ce A'es and '#oba# 0armin' eriods #on' before humans e3isted. )cientists do not (no0 0h% these ma,or c#imate chan'es have occurred, but there are some ossibi#ities:
• • • • •

<3 #osions on the sun CHsun s otsHD So#canic eru tions on a massive sca#e 9han'es in earth orbit 9han'es in earth=s orientation to0ard the sun <3 #osions caused b% #ar'e meteors hittin' the earth

As the 0or#d evo#ves, chan'es in the earth=s environment affect the c#imate in various 0a%s. 2or e3am #e, e3 #osions on the sun 'enerate even more heat than the sun norma##% 'ives off and some of this heat ma(es it to the earth causin' risin' tem eratures. So#canic eru tions on <arth can cause tem eratures to decrease, because the smo(e and 'ases 'iven off can act #i(e an umbre##a shade and revent sun#i'ht from assin' throu'h the atmos here. An% s#i'ht chan'e in the earth=s orbit cou#d cause the earth to move c#oser or farther a0a% from the sun. This cou#d radica##% chan'e tem eratures, because the earth 0ou#d be c#oser or farther a0a% from its rinci #e source of heat.

%."o++il 3uel+>
2ossi# fue#s are com osed a#most entire#% of carbon, and in the case of oi# a#so com osed of a #ot of to3ic materia#s that 0hen burned or 0hen the fumes are inha#ed are (no0n to cause cancer in humans, and the 0a% the% cause '#oba# 0armin' is that 0hen %ou burn them, such as 0e burn coa# for e#ectricit% or oi# in the form of 'aso#ine and diese#s fue# for trans ortation ener'%, 0hen 0e burn those thin's the% re#ease that carbon bac( into the atmos here in the form of carbon dio3ide, 0hich is a '#oba# 0armin' 'as, 'reenhouse 'as as it=s ca##ed, because the 9/2 and other (inds of '#oba# 0armin' 'ases from these roducts act #i(e a b#an(et over the earth=s atmos here and the% tra more heat than 0ou#d other0ise be tra ed in the atmos here.

Ant!ropogenic green!ou+e ga+e+

Fig-3: Annual +reenhouse +as <missions !% )ectors

2i'. 2rom 0hich sectors do the ma,or 'reenhouse 'as emissions come fromU The #o0er art of the icture sho0s the sources individua##% for the 'ases carbon dio3ide, methane and nitrous o3ide, res ective#%. C+ra h from htt :VVen.0i(i edia.or'V0i(iV"ma'e:+reenhouseW+asWb%W)ector. n'D

The seven sources of 9/2 from fossi# fue# combustion are C0ith ercenta'e contributions for 2000J2005D:
1. )o#id fue#s Ce.'., coa#D: 85L 2. ;i1uid fue#s Ce.'., 'aso#ine, fue# oi#D: 86L

8. +aseous fue#s Ce.'., natura# 'asD: 20L 5. 2#arin' 'as industria##% and at 0e##s: X1L
5. 9ement roduction: 8L

6. 4on&fue# h%drocarbons: X 1L >. The Hinternationa# bun(ersH of shi in' and air trans ort not inc#uded in nationa# inventories: 5L

). 5olcanoe+ B @limate> So#canic eru tions can a#ter the c#imate of the earth for both short and #on' eriods of time. 2or e3am #e, avera'e '#oba# tem eratures dro ed about a de'ree 2ahrenheit for about t0o %ears after the eru tion of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and ver% co#d tem eratures caused cro fai#ures and famine in 4orth America and <uro e for t0o %ears fo##o0in' the eru tion of ambora in 1?15. So#cano#o'ists be#ieve that the ba#ance of the earth=s mi#d c#imate over eriods of mi##ions of %ears is maintained b% on'oin' vo#canism. So#canoes affect the c#imate throu'h the 'ases and dust artic#es thro0n into the atmos here durin' eru tions. The effect of the vo#canic 'ases and dust ma% 0arm or coo# the earth=s surface, de endin' on ho0 sun#i'ht interacts 0ith the vo#canic materia#. So#canic dust b#asted into the atmos here causes tem orar% coo#in'. The amount of coo#in' de ends on the amount of dust ut into the air, and the duration of the coo#in' de ends on the size of the dust artic#es. Partic#es the size of sand 'rains fa## out of the air in a matter of a fe0 minutes and sta% c#ose to the vo#cano. These artic#es have #itt#e effect on the c#imate. Tin% dust& size ash artic#es thro0n into the #o0er atmos here 0i## f#oat around for hours or da%s, causin' dar(ness and coo#in' direct#% beneath the ash c#oud, but these artic#es are 1uic(#% 0ashed out of the air b% the abundant 0ater and rain resent in the #o0er atmos here. Ko0ever, dust tossed into the dr% u er atmos here, the stratos here, can remain for 0ee(s to months before the% fina##% sett#e. These artic#es b#oc( sun#i'ht and cause some coo#in' over #ar'e areas of the earth.

:33ect+ o3 Global Warming>

!ere are t=o major e33ect+ o3 global =arming:
• • "ncrease of tem erature on the earth b% about 8B to 5B 9 C85B to 51B 2ahrenheitD b% the %ear 2100. 7ise of sea #eve#s b% at #east 25 meters C?2 feetD b% the %ear 2100.

%. !e green!ou+e e33ect
*hen sun#i'ht reaches <arth=s surface some is absorbed and 0arms the earth and most of the rest is radiated bac( to the atmos here at a #on'er 0ave#en'th than the sun #i'ht. )ome of these #on'er 0ave#en'ths are absorbed b% 'reenhouse 'ases in the atmos here before the% are #ost to s ace. The absor tion of this #on' 0ave radiant ener'% 0arms the atmos here. These 'reenhouse 'ases act #i(e a mirror and ref#ect bac( to the <arth some of the heat ener'% 0hich 0ou#d other0ise be #ost to s ace. The ref#ectin' bac( of heat ener'% b% the atmos here is ca##ed the H'reenhouse effectH. /ther 'reenhouse 'ases inc#ude, but are not #imited to, nitrous o3ide, su#fur he3af#uoride, h%dro f#uorocarbons, er f#uorocarbons and ch#orof#uorocarbons. $nited )tates of America is the bi''est emitter of 'reenhouse 'asses in the 0or#d Another cause of '#oba# 0armin' is it too( more than 20 %ears to broad#% acce t that man(ind is causin' '#oba# 0armin' 0ith the emission of 'reenhouse 'ases. The drastic increase in the emission of 9/2 Ccarbon dio3ideD 0ithin the #ast 80 %ears caused b% burnin' fossi# fue#s has been identified as the ma,or reason for the chan'e of tem erature in the atmos here. More than ?6L of the 0or#d&0ide ener'% demand is current#% su #ied b% the fossi# fue#s coa#, oi# or 'as. "t 0i## be im ossib#e to find a#ternative sources, 0hich cou#d re #ace fossi# fue#s in the short or medium term. The ener'% demand is sim #% too hi'h. The use of ener'% is 'iven be#o0."n this chart 0e can see that ?6L ener'% comes from fossi# fue#s. 6L comes from nuc#ear ener'% and on#% ?L comes from other areas. 2or each 'a##on of etro# fue# consumed, 10.5 (' carbon dio3ide is emitted. As a resu#t emission of 'reenhouse 'as is ver% hi'h. )o, the 0or#d tem erature

is a#so increasin'. "n the fo##o0in' chart 0e can see emission rate of 'asses from different sectors. 2i'&5: emission of greenhouse gases

'reenhouse

). emperature @!ange+>
!ecause of 'reenhouse effect and other reasons #i(e, deforestation, unconcerned urbanization and industria#ization '#oba# tem erature has increased massive#% in #ast fe0 %ears. "ncreasin' '#oba# tem eratures are causin' broad ran'e of chan'es. The <arth=s avera'e tem erature rose about 0.6B 9e#sius C1.1B 2ahrenheitD in the 20th centur%M 0e can see the increase in '#oba# tem eratures from the fo##o0in' 'ra hs

2i'&5: 7econstructed Tem erature

Definition for '#oba# 0armin': Tem . "ncrease in the #ast 1=000 %ears C'ra h from htt :VV000.'#oba#0armin'art.comVima'esVbVbbV1000WOearWTem eratureW9om arison. n'D

2i'&6: +#oba# Tem erature Definition for '#oba# 0armin': Tem . increase in the #ast 150 %ears C'ra h from htt :VV000.'#oba#0armin'art.comV0i(iV"ma'e:"nstrumenta#WTem eratureW7ecordW n'D

2i'&>: )urface Tem erature 7ecord Definition for '#oba# 0armin': Tem . increase in the #ast 25 %ears C'ra h from htt :VV000.'#oba#0armin'art.comVima'esVaVafV)hortW"nstrumenta#WTem eratureW7ecord. n'

"n these 'ra hs 0e can see that in the ast tem erature increase 0as not so much but in #ast fe0 %ears tem erature is increasin' continuous#% and it is a bi' threat for the 0or#d. "ncreasin' '#oba# tem eratures are causin' a broad ran'e of chan'es. )ea #eve#s are risin' due totherma# e3 ansion of the ocean, in addition to me#tin' of #and ice. Amounts and atterns of reci itation are chan'in'. The tota# annua# o0er of hurricanes has a#read% increased mar(ed#% since 19>5 because their avera'e intensit% and avera'e duration have increased. 9han'es in tem erature and reci itation atterns increase the fre1uenc%, duration, and intensit% of other e3treme 0eather events, such as f#oods, drou'hts, heat 0aves, and tornadoes. /ther effects of '#oba# 0armin' inc#ude hi'her or #o0er a'ricu#tura# %ie#ds, reduced summer stream f#o0s, s ecies e3tinctions. As a further effect of '#oba# 0armin', diseases #i(e ma#aria are returnin' into areas 0here the% have been e3tin'uished ear#ier.

'.@limatic c!ange>
)cientists had redicted a '#oba# chan'e in tem erature in the ran'e of 1.5I & 5.5I9 0ith the doub#in' of carbon dio3ide in the atmos here./ver the ast 100 %ears, tem erature has increased b%.0.5I9, but in the ne3t 50 %ears, that is, b% 2050 AD the tem erature in !an'#adesh is e3 ected to rise b% 1.5I&2.0I9. As tem erature increases on a '#oba# sca#e, the rate of eva oration is e3 ected to increase b% 12L. This, in turn, 0i## increase the #eve# of reci itation '#oba##%. "P99

indicate that !an'#adesh ma% e3 erience 10 to 15 ercent more rainfa## b% 2080 AD. "n the ast t0o decades, e3tensive f#oodin' had occurred in 19?>, 19??, 199? and 200>. )cientists a#so redict that '#oba# 0armin' 0i## increase the fre1uenc% and intensit% of tro ica# storms. +#oba# 0armin' 0i## raise the sea surface tem erature more than 0hat it is no0, thus increasin' the ossibi#it% of c%c#one occurrences.

,.Sea le?el c!ange> ;on'&term sea #eve# chan'es occur on#% due to chan'es in the
'#oba# c#imate. +#oba# 0armin' 0i## cause a therma# e3 ansion of the sea0ater. A rise in tem erature 0i## a#so me#t the o#ar and a# ine ice sheets. )ince !an'#adesh is de#taic, vast areas of the countr% 0i## be submer'ed 0ith the rise of the sea #eve#. Ko0 much of the countr% 0i## be #ost to the sea 0i## de end on the re#ative chan'e in the sea #eve#. The sea f#oor is a#so risin' because of de osition of sediments brou'ht do0n b% the rivers. A Tas(force re ort redicts that for one meter rise in the sea #eve# 0i## #ead to #oss of about 22,??9 s1 (m of #and, 0hich is about 15.?L of the tota# area of !an'#adesh.

(.@!ange+ in t!e pattern o3 di+tribution and den+ity o3 population>
!ein' a dense#% o u#ated countr% !an'#adesh 0ou#d be 0orst hit b% an% rise in the sea #eve#. A rise in sea 0ater 0i## enab#e sa#ine 0ater to intrude further in#and durin' hi'h rides. Destruction of a'ricu#tura# #and cou#d a#so occur.To sum u , for !an'#adesh, the c#imate chan'es caused b% '#oba# 0armin' ma% #ead to more rainfa##, massive f#oods, 'reat c%c#ones and drou'hts. C!an'#a edia, 2008D.

&.Acid Rain
A#thou'h the combustion of urer coa#s sti## resu#ts in the emmision of carbon dio3ide into the air, the advanta'e is that urer coa#s roduce fe0er b% roducts. 2or instance, im ure coa# sam #es contain residues of su#fur and nitro'en. *hen the coa# is burned, o3%'en in the air can unite 0ith su#fur to form t0o otentia##% oisonous roducts, su#fur dio3ide C)/2D and nitro'en dio3ide C4/2D. <3cess su#fur dio3ide in the air is the main cause of abnorma# amounts of somethin' ca##ed acid rain: )/2C'asD Y K2/C#i1uidD &&&Z K2)/8Cin so#utionD As sho0n in the above sam #e e1uation, 0hen 'aseous su#fur dio3ide comes in contact 0ith #i1uid 0ater CrainD, somethin' ca##ed Hsu#furous acidH CK2)/8D is roduced. Oou ma% have heard of somethin' ca##ed Hsu#furic acidH CK2)/5D, a simi#ar substance. !oth are re#ative#% stron' acids and dan'erous at hi'h concentrations, and both ma% be found in acid rain. )imi#ar#%, nitro'en dio3ide can form nitric acid, an e3treme#% dan'erous substance resent in acid rain. The

formation of nitric acid is a #itt#e more com #icated than that of su#furous acid in that hotochemica# reactions are invo#ved.

"uture :?olution o3 global =arming>
To so#ve the '#oba# 0armin' issue, a #on'&term #an Cmore than 100 %ears from no0D needs to be formu#ated. 7educin' 'reenhouse 'ases has been the centra# com onent of the ar'ument. Ko0ever, in the area 0here the inf#uence of 0armin' is a#read% seen, ada tation measures a'ainst 0armin' need to be e3amined and im #emented. Moreover, in order to im #ement measures to reduce ma,or 'reenhouse 'ases and the effective ada tation measure, deve#o in' countries need to coo erate. The Asia&Pacific re'ion, 0here more than ha#f the 0or#d@s o u#ation #ives, 'ras s the (e% to so#vin' the '#oba# 0armin' issue. "n order to ana#%ze the measures a'ainst 0armin', the 4ationa# "nstitute for <nvironmenta# )tudies is deve#o in' the Asia&Pacific "nte'rated Mode#in' Ccommon&name A"M mode#D in co##aboration 0ith the research or'anizations in 9hina, "ndia, )outh Korea, and Thai#and and at K%oto $niversit%. The fo##o0in' are e3am #es 0here the A"M mode# 0as a #ied to Ga an, 9hina, and "ndia.

%.

!e e?aluation o3 global =arming countermea+ure tec!nology in Capan>

*e investi'ated and estimated the 9/2 emissions of techno#o'% that cou#d be introduced b% 2012 if a ro3. 550 ener'%&savin' and ne0 ener'% techno#o'ies 0ere tar'eted and im #emented for three %ears. "n addition, the Htechnica# fi3ed caseH in the fi'ure assumes that ne0 techno#o'% is not introduced. Thus, since the ener'% service demand increases, 9/2 emissions a#so increase. *hen the Htechnica# fi3ed caseH 0as com ared 0ith the Hcarbon ta3 0ith subsid% caseH to maintain the same #ife #eve#, the former indicates that the 9/2 emissions in

2010 0i## increase b% about 18.>L, 0hi#e the #atter sho0s that it 0i## decrease b% about 2.8L b% advancin' ne0 techno#o'ies and ener'%&savin' techno#o'ies.

2i'&?: 9/2 <missions Tra,ectories b% )ectors

).

!e e?aluation o3 global =arming countermea+ure tec!nology in @!ina>

Prediction of the 'ro0th in ener'% consum tion, 9/2, and emissions of air o##utants b% 2080 0as erformed for each section of industr%, commerce, trans ortation, rura# homes, and urban homes. The estimation of the ossib#e reduction of 9/2 for ever% section in 2080 is sho0n in 2i'. 2 The ossib#e 1uantit% of reduction is com ared 0ith a technica# fi3ed case. The ossib#e 1uantit% of reduction in o0er 'eneration, stee#, and the cement section is hi'h.

2i'&9: <mission reduction otentia#s b% sectors

'.

!e e?aluation o3 global =arming countermea+ure tec!nology in India>

The ener'% use in "ndia is increasin' ra id#% 0ith industria#ization, a'ricu#tura# modernization, and the rise in income. The "ndian +DP sho0ed an avera'e of 6.5L of 'ro0th bet0een 1990 and 2000. 2i'. 8 indicates a mar'ina# reduction cost curve in the stee# section in 2020. The stee# section of "ndia 0as 'ro0in' at an annua# rate of >L in the 1990s,and roduced 2>,100,000t of iron in 2000. 2rom the ros ect of infrastructure investment b% the 'overnment and the increase in residentia# construction, it is estimated that roduction 0i## become 52,500,000t b% 2010, ?1 mi##ion t b% 2020 and 108 mi##ion b% 2080. )ince the resent stee# roduction rocess of "ndia consumes about 1.5 times as much ener'% as that of the most advanced techno#o'% in the 0or#d, a drastic reduction of 9/2 b% introduction of ener'%&savin' techno#o'ies can be e3 ected.

@limate c!ange+ are eDpected in t!e 3uture>
To redict the future c#imate, severa# 'reenhouse 'as emission scenarios 0ere deve#o ed and fed into com uter mode#e: • The% ro,ect for the ne3t centur% that, 0ithout s ecific o#ic% chan'es.

• • •

+#oba# mean tem erature shou#d increase b% bet0een 1.5 and 5.?B9 C2.5 to 10B2D. The 4orthern Kemis here cover shou#d decrease further, but the Antarctic ice sheet shou#d increase. The sea #eve# shou#d rise b% bet0een 9 and ?? cm C8.5H to 85HD.

@limate @!ange a33ect+ u+ in t!e 3uture>
Pro,ected chan'es in c#imate are e3 ected to have both beneficia# and adverse effects on 0ater a'ricu#ture, natura# ecos%stems and human hea#th. !ut the #ar'er the chan'es in c#imate the more the adverse effects shou#d dominate 2or instance, some cro and forest roductivities cou#d benefit from a sma## c#imate chan'e. !ut for man% other natural +y+tem+, the adverse effects shou#d be dominant, es ecia##% if 0armin' e3ceeds a fe0 de'rees. .uman population+ are e3 ected to face increasin' f#oodin' and heat 0aves but reduced co#d s e##s. The 'eo'ra hic ran'e for infectious diseases shou#d increase. The im acts shou#d var% amon' re'ions, but the% cannot %et be redicted accurate#%, es ecia##% for sma##&sca#e areas. Ko0ever, it is e3 ected that: • The more the 'reenhouse 'ases are emitted, the hi'her the tendenc% for the earth to 0arm. The 'reater and faster the 0armin', the more the adverse effects 0i## dominate . the ossibi#it%, a#thou'h im acts robab#% remote, of #ar'e&sca#e and ossib#% irreversib#e

• •

!e +tep +!ould be 3ollo= about global climate c!ange>
There is no sin'#e cause of '#oba# c#imate chan'e and there is no sin'#e ans0er. Most e3 erts be#ieve that techno#o'% 0i## rovide the so#utions. Techno#o'ies that reduce emissions Cener'% efficienc%, h%dro'en fue#s, carbon stora'e, nuc#ear ener'% and rene0ab#e ener'%D and techno#o'ies that remove carbon from the atmos here ma% a## #a% a ro#e. +overnment o#icies that encoura'e businesses to deve#o and use these and other techno#o'ies are a#so ver% im ortant. Man% states and businesses have a#read% found the% can reduce emissions 0hi#e savin' mone%. )ee H9#imate 9han'e Activities in the $.).: 2005 $ dateH for a #oo( at 0hat is a#read% bein' done at the state #eve#, the nationa# #eve#, and in the business communit%. 2or a #oo( at a nationa# o#ic% that 0ou#d combat '#oba# 0armin', read about the ;ieberman& Mc9ain 9#imate )te0ardshi Act.

A=arene++; Opinion+ about Global Warming 5ary World=ide>
This artic#e is the first of a t0o& art series on vie0s about '#oba# 0armin'. The first focuses on a0areness of the issue and its causes. The second 0i## e3amine the re#ationshi bet0een these vie0s and ob,ective indicators of a nation=s ener'% efficienc%. *A)K"4+T/4, D.9. && +a##u Po##s conducted in 12> countries in 200> and 200? revea# that more than a third of the 0or#d=s o u#ation has never heard of '#oba# 0armin'. The ercenta'e of eo #e 0ho re ort (no0in' Hsomethin'H or a H'reat dea#H about '#oba# 0armin' ran'ed from a #o0 of 15L in ;iberia to a hi'h of 99L in Ga an. Across these 12> countries, the median ercenta'e of eo #e 0ho re ort (no0in' about '#oba# 0armin' is 62L. This #eaves a 0or#d0ide median of 8?L 0ho either re ort havin' never heard about it or did not have an o ine.

/o+t <i*ely
9/$4T7O Ga an $nited )tates +erman% Kon' Kon' Tai0an

o Report 1no=ing About Global Worming
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Pub#ic a0areness of '#oba# 0armin' tends to be hi'her in hi'h#% deve#o ed countries and #o0er in #ess deve#o ed countries. "n Ga an and 2in#and, for e3am #e, near#% ever%one surve%ed re orted (no0in' about '#oba# 0armin'. Ko0ever, in African countries such as ;iberia and !enin, #ess than a 1uarter of eo #e surve%ed sa% the% (no0 about it. "n fact, 16 of the 20 countries 0ith the #o0est ub#ic a0areness of '#oba# 0armin' are in Africa.

Recent a=arene++ acti?itie+>
1.

Politic+ undermine @open!agen +ummit> 9#imate 'ate emai#s cou#d have hu'e
im act on summit, sa%s )audi Arabia@s #ead c#imate ne'otiator. /thers sa% the controversia# #ea(ed emai#s rovide an o ortunit% to educate the ub#ic about c#imate science.

). Pre+ident o3 6SA; Barac* .. Obama +cienti+t +ee+ +trong con+en+u+ on climate>
*A)K"4+T/4, Dec 2 & The science sho0in' that 'reenhouse 'as emissions from human activities are causin' a dan'erous 0armin' of the 0or#d=s c#imate is sound, President !arac( /bama=s to scientists said on *ednesda%, des ite controversia# e& mai#s sto#en from c#imate researchers. The hearin' came as Democratic #eaders in 9on'ress tr% to ush for0ard #e'is#ation aimed at contro##in' c#imate chan'e b% #imitin' 'reenhouse 'as emissions. The Kouse has assed its bi##, but the #e'is#ation has bo''ed do0n in the )enate.

#'. Bill @linton; Remarks by the President to Weather Forecasters: Mr. 9#inton
admits that '#oba# 0armin' is a threat to America=s future. /n the other hand, the President does not 0ant to harm the econom% and thus refuses to meanin'fu##% cut emissions. The President re'ards c#imate chan'e as Hone of the rinci a# cha##en'es that 0e face.H /n the other hand, he c#aims that H0e have 0or(ed too hard here, from the first da%, to revita#ize the American econom% to ,eo ardize our ro'ress no0.

,.

!e Stolen @limate :mail+>

4/7*"9K, $K, December 5, 2009 C<4)D & /n Tuesda%, 4ovember 1>, the 0ebmai# server at the $niversit% of <ast An'#ia 0as hac(ed and a fi#e inc#udin' over 1,000 emai#s sent from or sent to members of the 9#imatic 7esearch $nit at the universit% 0as sto#en. The emai#s 0ere osted on severa# ub#ic 0ebsites, a#thou'h the brea(in' into of com uters and re#easin' rivate information is i##e'a#, and ostin' rivate corres ondence 0ithout ermission is unethica#.
5.

W!ite .ou+e +till +ee+ +eriou+ climate t!reat>

The *hite Kouse and 9on'ress have ba#(ed at investi'atin' the issue. *hite Kouse science adviser Gohn Ko#dren sa%s the reve#ations have not s0a%ed the administration be#ief that '#oba# 0armin' is a serious threat that needs o#ic% rescri tion, inc#udin' a ca &and&trade bi## that 0ou#d reduce $) carbon emissions b% u to 20 ercent b% 2020. There a ears to be no so& ca##ed smo(in' 'un in the emai#s that dis roves the theor% of human&inf#uenced c#imate chan'e.
6.

Political pre++ure to reduce uncertainty>

Po#iticians sa%, - [*e need to reduce the uncertaint%,@ and " thin( that@s contributed to a certain mind&set 0here Ec#imate scientistsF tr% to reduce the uncertaint%. 0hen the% ta#( about their research, Gudith 9urr%, chair of the schoo# of <arth and atmos heric sciences at +eor'ia Tech, to#d the *ashin'ton Post. -"@m a #itt#e bit 0orried about that o#itica# ressure. !ut if scientists faced o#itica# ressure to roduce resu#ts that 0ou#d su ort the '#oba# 0armin' theor%, 0hat 0i## ha en no0 as the debate is crestin' on the eve of the 9o enha'en summit.

Pre?enting Step>
• • • • • • 7educe emissions. 9ost&effective techno#o'ies. Ma(e a0areness for o##ution. )to Deforestation. 7educe %our use of fossi# fue#s. Protect native forests as Hcarbon storehouses.

Recommendation

The '#oba# 0armin' does indeed e3ist and it 0as main#% caused b% human(ind 0ho is even sti## acce#eration it. *e can ta(e the fo##o0in' incentives • *e must contro# roducin' 9/2. 2or each 'a##on of etro# fue# consumed, 10.5 (' carbon dio3ide is emitted. "t is a#0a%s best to trave# b% ub#ic trans ortation because trave#in' b% car harms the environment 8 times as much as trave#in' b% ub#ic trans ortation and trave#in' b% #ane harms the environment 8 times as much as trave#in' b% car. • +#oba# 0armin' is not about the others, '#oba# 0armin' is about us and our ersona# behavior. <ver%one must assume res onsibi#it% and brin' do0n his or her ersona# contribution. • "n search for '#oba# 0armin' so#utions, 0e have to thin( about a#ternative ener'ies. More than ?0L of our ener'% is current#% ta(en from the fossi# sources. "t is not ossib#e to su • • • • #% this much of a#ternative sources but must start s0itchin'. *e can use so#ar ener'%. "t is ver% much eco friend#%. This techno#o'% has been 'eneratin' e#ectricit% successfu##% in different #aces in the 0or#d. ;i(e, 9a#ifornia. *e must contro# o u#ation 'ro0th. !ecause, as the o u#ation is increasin' demand for ener'% is a#so increasin'. $rbanization and industria#ization shou#d be accordin' to ro er #an. *e shou#d not destro% trees and forests. Peo #e shou#d use h%brid cars. !ecause these cars 'et e3ce tiona# 'as mi#ea'e and o##ute considerab#% #ess than the conventiona# automobi#es.

@onclu+ion
!% e3chan'in' inefficient machines for ener'%&savin' ones, ener'% consum tion and 9/2 emissions are e3 ected to decrease. *ith res ect to advanced techno#o'% 0hich is e3 ensive, economica# efficienc% 0i## be rea#ized in the #on' run due to the ener'%&savin' effect and the environment 0i## benefit. Ko0ever, if one ta(es on#% short&term rofits into consideration, the hi'h hurd#e of investment is rea#. The earth=s c#imate has chan'ed over the #ast centur%. There is ne0 and stron'er evidence that most of the 0armin' observed the #ast 50 %ears is attributab#e to human activities. <vo#vin' com uter mode#s are redictin' that, because of 'reenhouse 'as emissions, tem eratures shou#d continue to rise over the 21 st centur%, im actin' nature and man(ind both ositive#% and ne'ative#%. The im acts shou#d var% amon' re'ions, but the% cannot %et be redicted accurate#%, es ecia##% for sma##&sca#e areas. Ko0ever, it is e3 ected that: the more the 'reenhouse 'ases are emitted, the hi'her the tendenc% for the earth to 0arm. The 'reater and faster the 0armin' , the more the adverse effects 0i## dominate, and the hi'her the ossibi#it%, a#thou'h robab#% remote, of #ar'e& sca#e and ossib#% irreversib#e im acts.

Bibliograp!y

Re3erence+ on =or*ing Global Warming
:i2en+tat; Stuart. e+timony on Global Warming> htt :VV000.state.'ovV000V o#ic%Wremar(sV199?V9?0211Weizenstat.htm# :ncyclopaedia Britannica. Green!ou+e :33ect > htt :VV000.britannica.comVebVartic#eV3ref V0,5V16,5151,00.htm# :ncyclopaedia Britannica . Green!ou+e :33ect > htt :VV000.britannica.comVbcomVebVartic#eVid3refV5V0,5V16,298551,00.htm# :PA. !e :PA Global Warming Site> "uture - 6.S. @limate> htt :VV000.e a.'ovV'#oba#0armin'Vc#imateVfutureVusc#imate.htm# :PA. :PA Global Warming> Impact+ E .ealt!> htt :VV000.e a.'ovV'#oba#0armin'Vim actsVhea#thVinde3.htm# :PA. :PA Global Warming> Impact+ E Agriculture> htt :VV000.e a.'ovV'#oba#0armin'Vim actsVa'ricu#tureVinde3.htm# :PA. :PA Global Warming> Impact+ E "ore+t+> htt :VV000.e a.'ovV'#oba#0armin'Vim actsVforestsVinde3.htm# Some Ot!er Re3erence> htt :VV000.'#oba#0armin'art.comVima'esVbVbbV1000WOearWTem eratureW9om arison. n' htt :VVen.0i(i edia.or'V0i(iV"ma'e:+reenhouseW+asWb%W)ector. n' htt :VVtimeforchan'e.or'Vdefinition&for&'#oba#&0armin'&0hat&is&'#oba#&0armin' 000.'eocities.comVfran(ieWmeehanV9ause:33ect.htm 000.as(asia.or'VstudentsVc#imateWbanglade+!Wcs.htm